وڪيپيڊيا sdwiki https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%88 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter ذريعات خاص بحث واپرائيندڙ واپرائيندڙ بحث وڪيپيڊيا وڪيپيڊيا بحث فائل فائل بحث ذريعات وڪي ذريعات وڪي بحث سانچو سانچو بحث مدد مدد بحث زمرو زمرو بحث باب باب بحث TimedText TimedText talk ماڊيول ماڊيول بحث Event Event talk 0 3246 390271 389530 2026-07-01T02:03:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|ايشيائي کنڊ جو ذيلي علائقو}} {{Infobox continent |title = ڏکڻ ايشيا |image = South Asia (orthographic projection).svg |area = {{convert|5,222,321|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |population = 2.04 ارب (2024) |density = {{convert|362.3|/km2|abbr=on}} |GDP_nominal = $5.04 کرب (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPD@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |title=GDP, Current Prices, Purchasing Power Parity; Billions of International Bollars, Billions of U.S. Dollars |publisher=عالمي مالياتي فنڊ}}</ref> |GDP_PPP = $18.05 کرب (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPGDP@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD/PRK |title=GDP, current prices |website=عالمي مالياتي فنڊ}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita = $2,650 (نامياتي) (2024)<br />$9,470 (قوتِ خريد برابري) (2024)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/PPPPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD |title=GDP per capita, current prices |website=عالمي مالياتي فنڊ}}</ref> |HDI = {{increase}} 0.672 (2022) (''<span style="color:orange">درميانو</span>'')<ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[گڏيل قومن جو ترقياتي پروگرام]] |language=en}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[هند-آريائي ماڻهو|هند-آريائي]]|[[دراوڙي ماڻهو|دراوڙي]]|[[ايراني ماڻهو|ايراني]]|[[تبتو-برمي ٻوليون|تبتو-برمي]]|[[آسٽرو ايشيائي ٻوليون|آسٽرو ايشيائي]]|[[ترڪ ماڻهو|ترڪ]]|[[انڊماني ماڻهو|انڊماني]]}} |religions = * [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ هندو ڌرم|هندو ڌرم]] ([[ڀارت ۾ هندو ڌرم|ڀارت]] ۽ [[نيپال ۾ هندو ڌرم|نيپال]] ۾ اڪثريت) * [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ اسلام|اسلام]] ([[پاڪستان ۾ اسلام|پاڪستان]]، [[ڪشمير ۾ اسلام|ڪشمير]]، [[بنگلاديش ۾ اسلام|بنگلاديش]]، [[افغانستان ۾ اسلام|افغانستان]] ۽ [[مالديپ ۾ اسلام|مالديپ]] ۾ اڪثريت) * [[عيسائيت]] * [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|ٻڌ ڌرم]] ([[سري لنڪا ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|سري لنڪا]] ۽ [[ڀوٽان ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|ڀوٽان]] ۾ اڪثريت) * [[سک ڌرم]] * [[جين ڌرم]] * ٻيا: [[لوڪ مذهب]]، [[زرتشتيت]]، [[لامذهبيت]] |demonym = {{hlist|[[ڏکڻ ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه|ڏکڻ ايشيائي]]}} |countries = {{collapsible list | title = [[ايشيا جي خودمختيار رياستن ۽ تابع علائقن جي فهرست|7 ملڪ]] | <!-- مضمون ۾ وضاحت ٿيل آهي ته افغانستان هتي ڇو شامل ڪيو ويو آهي --> | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | {{flag|Bhutan}} | {{flag|India}} | {{flag|Maldives}} | {{flag|Nepal}} | {{flag|Pakistan}} | {{flag|Sri Lanka}} }} {{collapsible list |title = [[ايشيا جي خودمختيار رياستن ۽ تابع علائقن جي فهرست|1 اڪثر شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي]] |{{flag|Afghanistan}} }} |list_countries = |dependencies = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = [[تابع علائقو|ٻاهريون]] (1) | {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}}{{refn|group=note|برطانيا جي انتظام هيٺ؛ [[ماريشس]] ان کي [[چاگوس ٻيٽ-سمونڊ]] طور دعويٰ ڪري ٿو.}} (برطانيا) }} |unrecognised = |languages = {{collapsible list | title = سرڪاري ٻوليون (قومي سطح) | [[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]] ([[بنگلاديش]]) | [[دري ٻولي|دري]] ([[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]]) | [[اردو]] | [[هندي]] | [[پشتو]] | [[نيپالي ٻولي|نيپالي]] | [[زونگکا]] | [[ڌويهي ٻولي|ڌويهي]] | انگريزي | [[سنڌالا ٻولي|سنڌالا]] | [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] }} {{collapsible list | title = ٻيون سرڪاري ٻوليون (صوبائي/علائقائي سطح) | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | '''[[آسٽرو ايشيائي ٻوليون|آسٽرو ايشيائي]]''': {{hlist | [[کاسي ٻولي|کاسي]] | [[سنتالي ٻولي|سنتالي]] }} | '''[[دراوڙي ٻوليون|دراوڙي]]''': {{hlist | [[مليالم]] | [[ڪناڊا]] | [[ڪروخ ٻولي|ڪروخ]] | [[تيلگو ٻولي|تيلگو]] }} | '''[[هند-ايراني ٻوليون|هند-ايراني]]''': {{hlist | [[آسامي ٻولي|آسامي]] | [[ڀوجپوري ٻولي|ڀوجپوري]] | [[ڇتيس ڳڙهي ٻولي|ڇتيس ڳڙهي]] | [[ڊوگري ٻولي|ڊوگري]] | [[گجراتي ٻولي|گجراتي]] | [[ڪامتپوري]] | [[ڪشميري ٻولي|ڪشميري]] | [[ڪونڪڻي ٻولي|ڪونڪڻي]] | [[ڪرمالي ٻولي|ڪرمالي]] | [[ميٿلي ٻولي|ميٿلي]] | [[مراٺي ٻولي|مراٺي]] | [[اوڊيا ٻولي|اوڊيا]] | [[پنجابي ٻولي|پنجابي]] | [[راج بنشي ٻولي|راج بنشي]] | [[سنسڪرت]] | [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌي]] }} | '''[[تبتو-برمي ٻوليون|تبتو-برمي]]''': {{hlist | [[بوڊو ٻولي|بوڊو]] | [[گورنگ ٻولي|گورنگ]] | [[لمبو ٻولي|لمبو]] | [[ميزو ٻولي|ميزو]] | [[ميتي ٻولي|ميتي]] | [[سڪيمي ٻولي|سڪيمي]] | [[تمانگ ٻولي|تمانگ]] | [[معياري تبتي|تبتي]] | [[نيپال ڀاشا|نيواري]] }} | '''[[ترڪ ٻوليون|ترڪ]]''': {{hlist | [[ترڪماني ٻولي|ترڪماني]] | [[ازبڪ ٻولي|ازبڪ]] }} }} |time = {{collapsible list | title = 5 وقتي پٽا | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | bullets = true | '''[[يو ٽي سي+04:30]]''': {{hlist | [[افغانستان ۾ وقت|افغانستان]] }} | '''[[يو ٽي سي+05:00]]''': {{hlist | [[مالديپ ۾ وقت|مالديپ]] | [[پاڪستان ۾ وقت|پاڪستان]] }} | '''[[يو ٽي سي+05:30]]''': {{hlist | [[ڀارت ۾ وقت|ڀارت]] | [[سري لنڪا ۾ وقت|سري لنڪا]] }} | '''[[يو ٽي سي+05:45]]''': {{hlist | [[نيپال ۾ وقت|نيپال]] }} | '''[[يو ٽي سي+06:00]]''': {{hlist | [[بنگلاديش معياري وقت|بنگلاديش]] | [[ڀوٽان وقت|ڀوٽان]] }} }} |internet = [[.af]]، [[.bd]]، [[.bt]]، [[.in]]، [[.io]]، [[.lk]]، [[.mv]]، [[.np]]، [[.pk]] |calling_code = [[ملڪن جي ٽيليفون ڪوڊن جي فهرست|زون 8 ۽ 9]] |cities = {{Collapsible list | title = [[وڏن شهرن جي فهرست|ڏکڻ ايشيا جا 10 سڀ کان وڏا شهر]] | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-right:4em;font-weight:normal;background-color:white; | # {{flagicon|India}} دهلي # {{flagicon|India}} [[ممبئي]] # {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[ڍاڪا]] # {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[ڪراچي]] # {{flagicon|India}} [[ڪولڪتا]] # {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[لاهور]] # {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[ڪابل]] # {{flagicon|India}} [[بنگلور]] # {{flagicon|India}} [[چنئي]] # {{flagicon|India}} [[حيدرآباد، ڀارت|حيدرآباد]] }} |m49 = <code>034</code> – [[ايشيا لاءِ گڏيل قومن جي جاگرافيائي رٿا|ڏاکڻي ايشيا]]<br /><code>142</code> – [[ايشيا]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[دنيا]] |footnotes = }} '''ڏکڻ ايشيا''' [[ايشيا]] جو ڏاکڻو [[ذيلي علائقو]] آهي، جنهن جي وصف جاگرافيائي ۽ [[نسليت|نسلي]]-[[ثقافت|ثقافتي]] ٻنهي بنيادن تي ڪئي ويندي آهي. ڏکڻ ايشيا، 2.04 ارب آبادي سان، دنيا جي آباديءَ جو چوٿون حصو، يعني 25 سيڪڙو، رکي ٿو. عام تصور موجب، جديد ڏکڻ ايشيائي [[رياست|رياستن]] ۾ [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[ڀارت]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[نيپال]]، [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[سري لنڪا]] شامل آهن؛ [[افغانستان]] پڻ اڪثر شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جڏهن ته ان کي [[وچ ايشيا]] جو حصو پڻ قرار ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.{{sfn|Saez|2012|p=58|ps=: "Afghanistan is considered to be part of Central Asia. It regards itself as a link between Central Asia and South Asia."}}<ref>{{cite web |title=South Asia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Asia |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اتر اوڀر ۾ [[اوڀر ايشيا]]، اتر اولهه ۾ [[وچ ايشيا]]، اولهه ۾ [[اولهه ايشيا]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] واقع آهن. ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا ۽ [[سامونڊي ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ايشيا جا اهي ئي ذيلي علائقا آهن، جيڪي جزوي طور [[ڏکڻ اڌ گول]] ۾ واقع آهن. [[برطانوي هندي سمنڊ علائقو]] ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ مالديپ جي [[مالديپ جا اٽول|26 اٽولن]] مان ٻه مڪمل طور ڏکڻ اڌ گول ۾ واقع آهن. مٿاڇري جي بناوٽ جي لحاظ کان هن علائقي تي [[هندستاني ننڍو کنڊ]] غالب آهي؛ ڏکڻ ۾ [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۽ اتر ۾ [[هماليا]]، [[قراقرم]] ۽ [[پامير جبل]] ان جون حدون ٺاهين ٿا.<ref name="Chapman, Graham P. p. 10">{{cite book|last1=Baker|first1=Kathleen M.|last2=Chapman|first2=Graham P.|title=The Changing Geography of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-KIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|date=11 March 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-93384-6|pages=10– |quote=This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian sub-continent, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east.}}</ref> [[نئين پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] ۾ مستقل آباديءَ واري زندگي [[سنڌو درياهه]] جي [[سنڌو طاس]] جي اولهندي ڪنارن تي لڳ ڀڳ 9,000 سال اڳ ظاهر ٿي، جيڪا آهستي آهستي ٽئين هزاري قبل مسيح ۾ [[سنڌو ماٿريءَ جي تهذيب]] ۾ ترقي ڪري وئي.<ref name="Combined-2"> * {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}}. * {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 33]}}. </ref> 1200 ق.م تائين [[سنسڪرت]] جي هڪ قديم صورت، جيڪا [[هند-يورپي ٻولي]] هئي، اتر اولهه کان ڀارت ۾ پکڙجي چڪي هئي.<ref name="Lowe2015">{{cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The syntax and semantics of adjectival verb forms |publisher=[[آڪسفورڊ يونيورسٽي پريس]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3 |pages=1–2}}</ref> ان سان گڏ اتر ۽ اولهه وارن علائقن ۾ [[دراوڙي ٻوليون]] آهستي آهستي پوئتي هٽي ويون.<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref> 400 ق.م تائين [[هندو ڌرم]] اندر [[سماجي درجابندي]] ۽ [[سماجي خارجيت]] ذاتي نظام جي بنياد تي نمايان ٿي چڪي هئي،<ref name="Dyson2018-16a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}}.</ref> جڏهن ته [[ٻڌ ڌرم]] ۽ [[جين ڌرم]] اڀريا، جن اهڙن [[سماجي نظام]]ن جو اعلان ڪيو جيڪي وراثتي بنيادن سان ڳنڍيل نه هئا.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}.</ref> وچئين دور جي شروعاتي صدين ۾ [[عيسائيت]]، [[اسلام]]، [[يهوديت]] ۽ [[زرتشتيت]] ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ڏاکڻين ۽ اولهندين سامونڊي ڪنارن تي قائم ٿي ويون.<ref name="Combined-8"> * {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 54]}}. * {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA78 78–79]}}. * {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 76]}}. </ref> [[وچ ايشيا]] مان ايندڙ [[مسلمان]] فوجن وقت بوقت اتر ڀارت جي ميداني علائقن تي حملا ڪيا،<ref name="Combined-13"> * {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 68–70]}}. * {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA19 19], 24}}. </ref> ۽ آخرڪار تيرهين صديءَ ۾ [[دلي سلطنت]] قائم ڪئي. ان سان گڏوگڏ هي علائقو [[اسلامي سنهري دور]] جي بين الاقوامي ثقافتي ۽ علمي نيٽ ورڪن سان ڳنڍجي ويو.<ref name="Combined-10"> * {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 48]}}. * {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA53 52]}}. </ref> 1526ع ۾ اسلامي [[مغل سلطنت]] قائم ٿي، جنهن تقريباً ٻن صدين تائين لاڳاپيل امن جو دور پيدا ڪيو.<ref name="AsherAsher2006-152">{{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA152 152]}}.</ref> هن سلطنت شاندار ۽ روشن تعميراتي ورثو ڇڏيو، جنهن جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[تاج محل]] آهي.<ref name="Fisher2018-106">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106]}}.</ref> ان کان پوءِ [[ڀارت ۾ ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني جي حڪومت|برطانوي ايسٽ انڊيا ڪمپني]] جي حڪمراني آهستي آهستي وڌندي وئي، جنهن ڏکڻ ايشيا جي گهڻن حصن کي نوآبادياتي معيشت ۾ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو، پر ساڳئي وقت علائقي جي سياسي وحدت ۽ اقتدار کي به منظم ڪيو.<ref name="Combined-11"> * {{harvnb|Asher|Talbot|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC&pg=PA289 289]}}. * {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 120]}}. </ref> 1858ع ۾ [[برطانوي راڄ]] شروع ٿيو. هندستانين سان واعدو ڪيل سياسي حق آهستي آهستي ڏنا ويا،<ref name="Combined-12">{{citation |last=Taylor |first=Miles |title=Crowns and Colonies: European Monarchies and Overseas Empires |pages=38–39 |year=2016}}</ref> پر ان دوران [[صنعتي انقلاب]] مان نڪتل ٽيڪنالاجي، جديد تعليم ۽ عوامي زندگيءَ جا نوان تصور به متعارف ڪرايا ويا.<ref name="EmbreeHay1988">{{citation |last1=Embree |first1=Ainslie Thomas |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan |page=85 |year=1988}}</ref> 1947ع ۾ [[برطانوي هندستاني سلطنت]] کي ورهائي ٻن آزاد [[ڊومينين]] رياستن ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويو: هڪ هندو اڪثريتي [[ڊومينين آف انڊيا|ڀارت]] ۽ ٻي مسلمان اڪثريتي [[ڊومينين آف پاڪستان|پاڪستان]].<ref name="fisher-partition" /><ref name="chatterji-partition" /><ref name="talbot-sing" /><ref name="khan-great-partition" /> هي ورهاڱو وڏي پيماني تي انساني جانين جي نقصان ۽ تاريخ جي بي مثال لڏپلاڻ سان گڏ ٿيو.<ref> * {{harvnb|Copland|2001|pp=71–78}}. * {{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=222}}. </ref> 1971ع جي [[بنگلاديش آزاديءَ جي جنگ]]، جيڪا [[ايشيا ۾ سرد جنگ|سرد جنگ]] جو هڪ اهم واقعو هئي، [[اوڀر پاڪستان]] جي الڳ ٿيڻ ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] جي قيام تي ختم ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Cold War Shaped Bangladesh's Liberation War |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/how-the-cold-war-shaped-bangladeshs-liberation-war/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> اهو ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ نئين رياست جي قيام جو سڀ کان تازو مثال آهي. ڏکڻ ايشيا جو ڪل پکيڙ تقريباً 5.2 ملين چورس ڪلوميٽر (2 ملين چورس ميل) آهي، جيڪو ايشيا جي ڪل ايراضيءَ جو لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو آهي.<ref name="EoMA">"[http://www.bookrags.com/research/indian-subcontinent-ema-03/ Indian Subcontinent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121100141/http://www.bookrags.com/research/indian-subcontinent-ema-03/|date=21 January 2012}}" ''Encyclopedia of Modern Asia'' Macmillan Reference USA (Gale Group), 2006.</ref> ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آباديءَ جو اندازو 2.04 ارب لڳايو ويو آهي،<ref name="Chapman, Graham P. p. 10"/> جيڪا دنيا جي ڪل آباديءَ جو تقريباً چوٿون حصو آهي. انهيءَ ڪري هي علائقو دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ گنجان آباد جاگرافيائي خطو شمار ٿئي ٿو.<ref name="South Asia Regional Overview">{{cite web |url=http://www.sardeg.org/marketana.asp |title=South Asia Regional Overview |website=South Asian Regional Development Gateway |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121043924/http://www.sardeg.org/marketana.asp |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> 2022ع ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا ۾ [[هندو ڌرم|هندن]]، [[اسلام|مسلمانن]]، [[سک ڌرم|سکن]]، [[جين ڌرم|جينن]] ۽ [[زرتشتيت|زرتشتين]] جي سڀ کان وڏي آباديءَ جو گهر هو.<ref name="dip8Jan2016" /> سڄي دنيا جي هندو آباديءَ مان 90.47 سيڪڙو، سکن مان 95.5 سيڪڙو، ۽ مسلمانن مان 31 سيڪڙو ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ رهن ٿا. ان کان علاوه هن علائقي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 35 ملين [[عيسائيت|عيسائي]] ۽ 25 ملين [[ٻڌ ڌرم|ٻڌ]] پڻ رهن ٿا.<ref name="Pew Research 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/ |title=Religion population totals in 2010 by Country |year=2012 |website=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209223553/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-numbers/ |archive-date=9 December 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Ruffle|2013|p=193}}<ref name="pewforum.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/ |url-status=live |title=Region: Asia-Pacific |date=27 January 2011 |website=Pew Research Center |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061404/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/ |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="pew2Apr2015" /> == وصف == === ابهام === {{Anchor|Northwestern boundary (Afghanistan and Pakistan)}} [[File:South Asia (ed)update.PNG|thumb|340px|ڏکڻ ايشيا جون مختلف وصفون، جن ۾ [[گڏيل قومن جي جاگرافيائي رٿا]] واري وصف به شامل آهي. اها رٿا “شمارياتي سهولت” لاءِ ٺاهي وئي آهي ۽ ان مان ملڪن يا علائقن جي سياسي يا ٻين لاڳاپن بابت ڪو مفروضو مراد نه آهي.<ref name="Millenniumindicators.un.org">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |title=Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use |publisher=گڏيل قومون |access-date=25 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711220015/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live}} Quote: "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations."</ref>]] ڏکڻ ايشيا جي جاگرافيائي حد صاف ۽ قطعي نه آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن علائقي ۾ شامل ملڪن جون رياستي بناوٽون ۽ پرڏيهي پاليسيءَ جون رخ بنديون هڪ ٻئي کان ڪافي مختلف آهن.<ref name="Ghosh1989">{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Partha Sarathy |date=1989 |title=Cooperation and Conflict in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0TBqJCE4k8C&pg=PA5 |publisher=Technical Publications |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-81-85054-68-1 |access-date=12 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516185842/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0TBqJCE4k8C&pg=PA5 |archive-date=16 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[هندستاني سلطنت]] جي بنيادي علائقن، يعني انهن علائقن کان ٻاهر جيڪي [[برطانوي راڄ]] جي نظام هيٺ [[برطانوي سلطنت]] جو حصو هئا، ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ ٻين ملڪن جي شموليت بابت ڪافي اختلاف ملي ٿو.<ref>Bertram Hughes Farmer, ''An Introduction to South Asia'', pages 1, Routledge, 1993, {{ISBN|0-415-05695-0}}</ref><ref name=Razzaque3>{{cite book|first=Jona|last=Razzaque|title=Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3|year=2004|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=978-90-411-2214-8|pages=3 with footnotes 1 and 2|access-date=11 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120534/https://books.google.com/books?id=7E7al37aYBEC&pg=PA3|archive-date=7 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mmann>{{cite book|first=Michael|last=Mann|title=South Asia's Modern History: Thematic Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh0cBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-62445-5|pages=13–15}}</ref><ref name=anderson5>{{cite book|first1=Ewan W.|last1=Anderson|first2=Liam D.|last2=Anderson|title=An Atlas of Middle Eastern Affairs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n-VJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 |year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-64862-5|page=5}}, Quote: "To the east, Iran, as a Gulf state, offers a generally accepted limit to the Middle East. However, Afghanistan, also a Muslim state, is then left in isolation. It is not accepted as a part of Central Asia and it is clearly not part of the Indian subcontinent".</ref> ڏکڻ ايشيا ۽ ايشيا جي ٻين حصن، خاص طور [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۽ [[اولهه ايشيا]]، جي وچ ۾ ڪا هڪ واضح جاگرافيائي، جاگير-سياسي، سماجي-ثقافتي، معاشي يا تاريخي حد موجود نه آهي.<ref>Dallen J. Timothy and Gyan P. Nyaupane, ''Cultural Heritage and Tourism in the Developing World: A Regional Perspective'', page 127, Routledge, 2009, {{ISBN|978-1-134-00228-3}}</ref> هن علائقي جو وڏو حصو اپٻيٽ جهڙو آهي، جيڪو [[هندستاني پليٽ]] تي بيٺل آهي ۽ وڏين جبلائي رڪاوٽن جي ڪري باقي ايشيا کان گهڻو الڳ نظر اچي ٿو.<ref> [http://www.answers.com/topic/Asia#Columbia_Encyclopedia_d_ans "Asia" > Geology and Geography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223002115/http://www.answers.com/topic/asia#Columbia_Encyclopedia_d_ans|date=23 February 2012}}. ''The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia'', 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003.</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38479/Asia "Asia" > Geologic history – Tectonic framework] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501014535/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/38479/Asia|date=1 May 2011}}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2009.</ref> مٿاڇري جي بناوٽ ۾ هي علائقو هڪ هيري جهڙي شڪل رکي ٿو، جنهن کي اتر ۾ [[هماليا]]، اولهه ۾ [[هندو ڪش]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[اراڪاني جبل]] حدبند ڪن ٿا.<ref name="Baker2002">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Kathleen M. |title=The Changing Geography of Asia |last2=Chapman |first2=Graham P. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-134-93384-6 |page=10 |orig-year=First published 1992}}: "This greater India is well defined in terms of topography; it is the Indian peninsula, hemmed in by the Himalayas on the north, the Hindu Khush in the west and the Arakanese in the east."</ref> هي علائقو ڏکڻ طرف [[هندي سمنڊ]] تائين پکڙيل آهي؛ ان جي ڏکڻ-اولهه ۾ [[عربي سمنڊ]] ۽ ڏکڻ-اوڀر ۾ [[بنگال جي نار]] واقع آهن.<ref name="Oxford" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=John |title=The History of India |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-313-31459-9 |page=2}}</ref> {{Multiple image | image1 = South Asia (orthographic projection) without national boundaries, with ambiguities indicated.svg | image2 = Map of Central Asia.svg | total_width = 230 | align = left | footer = ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اتر-اولهندي حد بابت اختلاف آهي؛ [[افغانستان]] کي ڪڏهن ڏکڻ ايشيائي ۽ ڪڏهن وچ ايشيائي ملڪ طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. }} ڏکڻ ايشيا جي عام وصف وڏي حد تائين [[هندستاني سلطنت]] جي انتظامي حدن مان ورثي ۾ ملي آهي، پر ان ۾ ڪجهه اهم استثنا پڻ آهن.<ref>Navnita Chadha Behera, ''International Relations in South Asia: Search for an Alternative Paradigm'', page 129, SAGE Publications India, 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-7829-870-2}}.</ref> موجوده [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀارت]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جا علائقا، جيڪي 1857ع کان 1947ع تائين [[برطانوي سلطنت]] جا بنيادي علائقا هئا، ڏکڻ ايشيا جا به بنيادي علائقا سمجهيا وڃن ٿا.<ref name="The World Bank">{{cite web|title=The World Bank|url=http://data.worldbank.org/region/SAS|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110061347/http://data.worldbank.org/region/SAS|archive-date=10 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="eldis.org">{{cite web |title=Institute of Development Studies: Afghanistan |url=http://www.eldis.org/go/home&id=16238&type=Document |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601015811/http://www.eldis.org/go/home%26id%3D16238%26type%3DDocument |archive-date=1 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[نيپال]] ۽ [[ڀوٽان]] جبلائي ملڪ آهن. اهي ٻئي آزاد ملڪ [[برطانوي راڄ]] جي سڌي حڪمراني هيٺ نه هئا، پر برطانوي سلطنت جي تحفظ هيٺ رياستون هئا.<ref>{{cite book|author=Saul Bernard Cohen |title=Geopolitics: The Geography of International Relations|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers| edition=2| page=329| isbn=978-0-7425-8154-8}}</ref> [[ٻيٽائي ڏکڻ ايشيا]] جا ملڪ، يعني [[سري لنڪا]] ۽ [[مالديپ]]، پڻ عام طور ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ شامل ڪيا وڃن ٿا.<ref name="McLeod2002">{{cite book |last1=McLeod |first1=John |title=The History of India |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=1 |isbn=978-0-313-31459-9}}</ref> مختلف سببن تي ٻڌل ڪجهه وصفن ۾ [[برطانوي هندي سمنڊ علائقو]] ۽ [[تبت خودمختيار علائقو]] به شامل ڪيا وڃن ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keith |first1=Arthur Berriedale |author-link=Arthur Berriedale Keith |title=A Constitutional History of India: 1600–1935 |year=1936 |publisher=Methuen & Co |pages=440–444 |oclc=18526}}</ref><ref>N. D. Arora, ''Political Science for Civil Services Main Examination'', page 42:1, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, 9780070090941.</ref><ref>Stephen Adolphe Wurm, Peter Mühlhäusler & Darrell T. Tryon, ''Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas'', pages 787, International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 1996, {{ISBN|3-11-013417-9}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/south-asia#Columbia_Encyclopedia_d_ans "Indian subcontinent" > Geology and Geography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220121713/http://www.answers.com/topic/south-asia#Columbia_Encyclopedia_d_ans|date=20 February 2012}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haggett |first=Peter |title=Encyclopedia of World Geography (Vol. 1) |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2001 |page=2710 |isbn=978-0-7614-7289-6}}</ref><ref>[http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Sentinel-Security-Assessment-South-Asia/Territories-British-Indian-Ocean-Territory.html Territories (British Indian Ocean Territory)], Jane's Information Group.</ref> [[ميانمار]]، جيڪو اڳوڻي برطانوي نوآبادي هو ۽ هاڻي گهڻو ڪري [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] جو حصو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو، ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ به شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي.<ref name="Ghosh1989" /><ref name="Razzaque3" /><ref name="mittal" /> [[افغانستان]] کي به ڪجهه ذريعا ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ شامل ڪن ٿا.<ref name="Ghosh1989" /><ref name="Razzaque3" /><ref>{{cite book|first=Keith|last=Robbins|title=Transforming the World: Global Political History since World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dxknBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT386 |year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-29656-6|page=386}}, Quote: "Some thought that Afghanistan was part of the Middle East and not South Asian at all".</ref>{{sfn|Saez|2012|p=58|ps=: "Afghanistan is considered to be part of Central Asia. It regards itself as a link between Central Asia and South Asia."}} === تنظيمي وصفون === [[File:South Asia UN.png|thumb|left|ڏکڻ ايشيا بابت [[گڏيل قومن]] جو نقشو.<ref name="unmapsworld">[https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm United Nations Cartographic Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630232206/http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/htmain.htm|date=30 June 2017}} Retrieved 18 June 2015.</ref> بهرحال، گڏيل قومون پاڻ ڪنهن خاص جاگرافيائي تعريف يا سرحدن جي سرڪاري توثيق نٿيون ڪن.{{refn|group=note|گڏيل قومن جي نقشه سازي واري شعبي جي وضاحتي نوٽ موجب، ويب سائيٽ تي ڏيکاريل سرحدون، جاگرافيائي نالا، فهرستون، جدولون، دستاويز ۽ ڊيٽابيس غلطي کان پاڪ هجڻ جي ضمانت نٿا ڏين، ۽ نه ئي انهن مان گڏيل قومن جي سرڪاري منظوري يا قبوليت جو مطلب ورتو وڃي.<ref name=unmapsworld />}}]] [[ڏکڻ ايشيائي علائقائي سهڪار تنظيم]] (SAARC) ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ملڪن جو هڪ لڳاتار علائقائي اتحاد آهي، جيڪو 1985ع ۾ قائم ٿيو. شروعات ۾ ان جا ست ميمبر ملڪ هئا: [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[ڀارت]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[نيپال]]، [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[سري لنڪا]]. 2007ع ۾ [[افغانستان]] کي اٺين ميمبر طور شامل ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=53216 |title=SAARC: Afghanistan comes in from the cold |author=Sarkar, Sudeshna |date=16 May 2007 |website=Current Affairs – Security Watch |publisher=Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich |access-date=6 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614091639/http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=53216 |archive-date=14 June 2011 }}</ref><ref name="SAARC Summit">{{cite web |url=http://www.saarc-sec.org/ |title=South Asian Organisation for Regional Cooperation (official website) |publisher=SAARC Secretariat, Kathmandu, Nepal. |access-date=6 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216014912/http://saarc-sec.org/ |archive-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[چين]] ۽ [[ميانمار]] پڻ سارڪ جي مڪمل رڪنيت لاءِ درخواستون ڏئي چڪا آهن.<ref>Chatterjee Aneek, ''International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications'', page 166, Pearson Education India, {{ISBN|978-81-317-3375-2}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2014 |title=SAARC Membership: India blocks China's entry for the time being |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/saarc-membership-india-blocks-chinas-entry-for-the-time-being/articleshow/45342607.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times| access-date=17 March 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181218222754/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/saarc-membership-india-blocks-chinas-entry-for-the-time-being/articleshow/45342607.cms |archive-date=18 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ڏکڻ ايشيا آزاد واپاري معاهدو]] (SAFTA) 2011ع ۾ افغانستان کي پڻ شامل ڪيو.<ref>[http://globalsummitryproject.com.s197331.gridserver.com/archive/saarc/saarc-sec.org/areaofcooperation/detailfeb2.html?activity_id=36 Global Summitry Project] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712052452/http://globalsummitryproject.com.s197331.gridserver.com/archive/saarc/saarc-sec.org/areaofcooperation/detailfeb2.html?activity_id=36|date=12 July 2020}}, SAARC.</ref> [[ورلڊ بينڪ]] ۽ [[گڏيل قومن جو ٻارن لاءِ فنڊ]] (UNICEF) ڏکڻ ايشيا جي تعريف لاءِ سارڪ جي سڀني اٺن ميمبر ملڪن کي تسليم ڪن ٿا.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00.html South Asia: Data, Projects and Research] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414234252/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00.html|date=14 April 2008}}, The World Bank.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saarc-sec.org/areaofcooperation/detail.php?activity_id=36|title=SAFTA Protocol|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315005650/http://saarc-sec.org/areaofcooperation/detail.php?activity_id=36|archive-date=15 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=South Asia|url=https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/southasia.html|website=Unicef.org|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220203433/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/southasia.html|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=UNICEF ROSA|url=https://www.unicef.org/rosa/where.html|website=Unicef.org|access-date=16 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220203418/https://www.unicef.org/rosa/where.html|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ٻئي طرف [[گڏيل قومن جي ايشيا ۽ پئسفڪ لاءِ اقتصادي ۽ سماجي ڪميشن]] (UNESCAP) پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ هرشمن–هر فِنڊال اشاري ۾ افغانستان کي ڏکڻ ايشيا مان خارج ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>[http://www.unescap.org/tid/projects/agrnego_sama.pdf Mapping and Analysis of Agricultural Trade Liberalization in South Asia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319013359/http://www.unescap.org/tid/projects/agrnego_sama.pdf|date=19 March 2009}}, Trade and Investment Division (TID), United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</ref> [[آبادي ڄاڻ نيٽ ورڪ]] (POPIN) مالديپ کي پنهنجي ڏکڻ ايشيائي فهرست ۾ شامل نٿو ڪري، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان کي پئسفڪ POPIN جي ذيلي علائقائي نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيو ويو آهي.<ref>[https://www.un.org/Depts/escap/pop/bulletin/v07n2ft1.htm Asia-Pacific POPIN Consultative Workshop Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025033612/http://www.un.org/Depts/escap/pop/bulletin/v07n2ft1.htm|date=25 October 2012}}, Asia-Pacific POPIN Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1995), pages 7–11.</ref> گڏيل قومن جي شمارياتي شعبي جي [[گڏيل قومن جي جاگرافيائي رٿا]]، جيڪا شمارياتي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، [[ايران]] سميت سارڪ جي سڀني اٺن ميمبر ملڪن کي [[ڏاکڻي ايشيا (گڏيل قومن جي جاگرافيائي رٿا)]] جو حصو قرار ڏئي ٿي.<ref>[http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia Geographical region and composition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia|date=13 July 2011}}, Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, United Nations.</ref> === هندستاني برصغير === {{See also|Indian subcontinent#Geopolitics}} [[File:Indian subcontinent.JPG|thumb|1992ع جي ايشيا جي جاگرافي بابت هڪ ڪتاب موجب: ”وڏو هندستان مٿاڇري جي بناوٽ جي لحاظ کان واضح نموني سڃاڻپ رکي ٿو؛ اهو هندستاني اپٻيٽ آهي، جيڪو اتر ۾ هماليا، اولهه ۾ هندو ڪش ۽ اوڀر ۾ اراڪاني جبلن سان گهيريل آهي.“<ref name=mittal/><ref name="Baker2002" />]] اصطلاح ’’[[هندستاني برصغير]]‘‘ ۽ ’’ڏکڻ ايشيا‘‘ ڪيترن ئي موقعن تي هڪ ٻئي جي بدران استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref name=McLeod2002/><ref name=Oxford>"Indian subcontinent". ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English|New Oxford Dictionary of English]]'' ({{ISBN|0-19-860441-6}}) New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; p. 929.</ref><ref name=norwineplus/><ref name="BoseJalal2004" /><ref>''The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia'', 6th ed. Columbia University Press, 2003.</ref> هندستاني برصغير بنيادي طور هڪ ارضياتي اصطلاح آهي، جيڪو انهيءَ زميني پٽيءَ ڏانهن اشارو ڪري ٿو جيڪا قديم [[گونڊوانا]] براعظم کان ڌار ٿي اتر-اوڀر طرف سرڪندي لڳ ڀڳ 55 ملين سال اڳ، پاليوسين دور جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾، يوريشيائي پليٽ سان ٽڪرائي هئي. هن ارضياتي علائقي ۾ عام طور [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[ڀارت]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[نيپال]]، [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[سري لنڪا]] شامل سمجهيا وڃن ٿا.<ref name="Jones2011p267">{{cite book|author=Robert Wynn Jones|title=Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrPiq_8pkAwC&pg=PA267 |year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49920-0|pages=267–271}}</ref> مورخ [[ڪيٿرين ايشر]] ۽ [[سنتھيا ٽالبوٽ]] جي راءِ موجب ’’هندستاني برصغير‘‘ جو اصطلاح ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اهڙي قدرتي زميني ڪاميٽيءَ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جيڪا تاريخي طور يوريشيا جي ٻين حصن کان نسبتاً الڳ رهي آهي.<ref name="AsherTalbot2006">{{citation|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B.|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India Before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|date=16 March 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7|pages=5–8, 12–14, 51, 78–80|access-date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424074737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|archive-date=24 April 2016|url-status=live}}.</ref> ’’هندستاني برصغير‘‘ وارو اصطلاح برطانوي سلطنت جي دور ۾ عام ٿيو ۽ خاص طور انهن ملڪن ۾ گهڻو استعمال ٿيندو رهيو جيڪي ان سلطنت جا جانشين بڻيا.<ref name="norwineplus">Milton Walter Meyer, ''South Asia: A Short History of the Subcontinent'', pages 1, Adams Littlefield, 1976, {{ISBN|0-8226-0034-X}}.</ref> جڏهن ته ’’ڏکڻ ايشيا‘‘ وارو اصطلاح خاص طور تڏهن استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي جڏهن عالمن يا سرڪاري ادارن کي هن علائقي کي [[اوڀر ايشيا]] کان الڳ نموني بيان ڪرڻو هوندو آهي.<ref name=inden>Ronald B. Inden, ''Imagining India'', page 51, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, {{ISBN|1-85065-520-0}}.</ref> مورخ [[سوگاتا بوس]] ۽ [[عايشه جلال]] لکن ٿا ته وڌيڪ جديد ۽ غيرجانبدار اصطلاح طور هندستاني برصغير کي هاڻي ’’ڏکڻ ايشيا‘‘ به چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="BoseJalal2004">{{cite book |last1=Bose |first1=Sugata |last2=Jalal |first2=Ayesha |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1998 |title=Modern South Asia |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |page=3 |isbn=0-415-30787-2 }}</ref> هيءَ ’’غيرجانبدار‘‘ اصطلاح خاص طور [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[بنگلاديش]] جي حساسيتن کي نظر ۾ رکندي استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڀارت ۽ پاڪستان جي بار بار تڪرارن سبب ’’هندستاني برصغير‘‘ جهڙي اصطلاح ۾ ’’هندستان‘‘ جي نمايان موجودگي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن سياسي اعتراض جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref name=mittal/> پاڪستان ۾ ته هڪ وقت اهڙو به هو جو ’’ڏکڻ ايشيا‘‘ واري اصطلاح کي به حد کان وڌيڪ ڀارت-مرڪز تصور ڪيو ويندو هو. [[ضياءُ الحق]] جي وفات کان اڳ تائين [[ڪراچي يونيورسٽي]] جي بين الاقوامي لاڳاپن واري شعبي ۾ هن اصطلاح جي استعمال تي پابندي پڻ هئي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaidi |first1=S. Akbar |editor1-last=Sridharan |editor1-first=E. |title=International Relations Theory and South Asia: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boM8DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22South+Asia%22+term+academic+banned+as+too+India+centric+Pakistan&pg=PT305 |volume=II |year=2011 |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807080-1 |page=379 |chapter=A Conspicuous Absence: Social Science Teaching and Research on India in Pakistan}}</ref> تاريخي ۽ ثقافتي ادب ۾ هن علائقي کي ’’هندستان‘‘ (قديم ۽ وچئين دور جي مفهوم ۾) ۽ ’’[[وڏو هندستان]]‘‘ پڻ سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref name="mittal">Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, ''Religions of South Asia: An Introduction'', page 3, Routledge, 2006, {{ISBN|978-1-134-59322-4}}.</ref><ref name="Baker2002" /> == تاريخ == {{For-multi|موضوعاتي رهنمائي لاءِ|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي تاريخ جو خاڪو|تاريخوار رهنمائي لاءِ|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي تاريخي وقت-ليڪ}}{{For|هن علائقي جي 1947ع کان اڳ واري تاريخ لاءِ|ڀارت جي تاريخ|پاڪستان جي تاريخ|بنگلاديش جي تاريخ}} === قبل تاريخ === {{See also|ڀارت ۾ انسانن جي آمد}} مرڪزي ڏکڻ ايشيا جي تاريخ انساني سرگرميءَ جي ثبوتن سان شروع ٿئي ٿي، جن ۾ ''[[جسماني طور جديد انسان|هومو سيپيئنس]]'' جا نشان لڳ ڀڳ 75,000 سال اڳ تائين ملن ٿا؛ ان کان به اڳ وارا انساني نسل، جن ۾ ''[[هومو ايريڪٽس]]'' شامل آهي، لڳ ڀڳ 500,000 سال اڳ تائين موجود هئا.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bongard-Levin |first=G. M. |title='A History of India |year=1979 |location=Moscow |publisher=Progress Publishers |page=11 |isbn=0-7147-1336-8}}</ref> سڀ کان اوائلي قبل تاريخي ثقافت جون پاڙون [[وچ پٿر وارو دور|ميسوليٿڪ]] ماڳن ۾ ملن ٿيون، جيئن [[ڀيمبيٽڪا پٿري پناهه گاهون|ڀيمبيٽڪا جي پٿري پناهه گاهن]] جون غاري چٽساليون ظاهر ڪن ٿيون، جيڪي 30,000 قبل مسيح يا ان کان به اڳ جي دور سان لاڳاپيل آهن،{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Doniger|2010|p=66}}: "Much of what we now call Hinduism may have had roots in cultures that thrived in South Asia long before the creation of textual evidence that we can decipher with any confidence. Remarkable cave paintings have been preserved from Mesolithic sites dating from {{Circa|30,000 BCE}} in [[Bhimbetka rock shelters|Bhimbetka]], near present-day Bhopal, in the Vindhya Mountains in the province of Madhya Pradesh."}} ۽ اهڙا نشان [[نئين پٿر وارو دور|نئين پٿر واري دور]] تائين به پهچن ٿا.{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=xvii}}: "Some practices of Hinduism must have originated in Neolithic times (c. 4000 BCE). The worship of certain plants and animals as sacred, for instance, could very likely have very great antiquity. The worship of goddesses, too, a part of Hinduism today, maybe a feature that originated in the Neolithic."}} === قديم دور === [[File:Indus Valley Civilization, Mature Phase (2600-1900 BCE).png|thumb|left|2600–1900 قبل مسيح دوران [[سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب]] جو پختو مرحلو]] [[سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب]]، جيڪا {{Circa|3300}} کان 1300 قبل مسيح تائين موجوده [[پاڪستان]]، [[اتر ڀارت]] ۽ [[افغانستان]] ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اتر-اولهندي حصي ۾ پکڙجي ۽ وڌي ويجهي، ڏکڻ ايشيا جي پهرين وڏي تهذيب هئي.{{sfn|Thapar|1966|p=23}} 2600 کان 1900 قبل مسيح تائين [[پختو هڙپا دور]] ۾ هڪ ترقي يافته، پيچيده ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي طور اڳتي وڌيل شهري ثقافت پيدا ٿي.{{sfn|Thapar|1966|p=24}} انسانيات جي ماهر [[گريگري پوسيل|پوسيل]] موجب، سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب ڏکڻ ايشيائي مذهبن لاءِ هڪ منطقي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه حد تائين اختياري، شروعاتي نقطو مهيا ڪري ٿي؛ پر سنڌو مذهب کان پوءِ واري ڏکڻ ايشيائي روايتن تائين انهن لاڳاپن بابت عالمن ۾ اختلاف موجود آهي.{{sfn|Possehl|2002|p=141–156}} [[File:Mauryan Empire ca. 265 BCE.png|thumb|right|265 قبل مسيح ۾ موريا سلطنت]] [[هند-آريائي ماڻهو|هند-آريائن]] جي ويدي مذهب تان نالو ورتل ويدي دور،{{refn|group=note|Michaels: "They called themselves ''arya'' ("Aryans," literally "the hospitable," from the Vedic ''arya'', "homey, the hospitable") but even in the Rgveda, ''arya'' denotes a cultural and linguistic boundary and not only a racial one."{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=33}}}} لڳ ڀڳ {{Circa|1900}} کان 500 قبل مسيح تائين هليو.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=32}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=3-4}} هند-آريائي [[ابتدائي هند-يورپي ماڻهو|هند-يورپي]] ٻوليون ڳالهائيندڙ چرواها ماڻهو هئا،{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} جيڪي سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب جي زوال کان پوءِ اتر-اولهه ڀارت ۾ لڏي آيا.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=33}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=30–35}} ٻوليائي ۽ آثار قديمه جا انگ اکر 1500 قبل مسيح کان پوءِ ثقافتي تبديلي ظاهر ڪن ٿا،{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=33}} جڏهن ته ٻوليائي ۽ مذهبي شاهديون هند-يورپي ٻولين ۽ مذهب سان لاڳاپا ڏيکارين ٿيون.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=33}} لڳ ڀڳ 1200 قبل مسيح تائين ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اتر-اولهه ۽ اتر واري گنگا ميداني علائقي ۾ ويدي ثقافت ۽ زرعي زندگيءَ جو انداز قائم ٿي چڪو هو.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}}{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=43–45, 48}} رياست جي ابتدائي صورتون ظاهر ٿيون، جن مان [[ڪرو بادشاهت|ڪرو]]-پنچالا اتحاد سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتو هو.{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=6}}{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=52–53}} ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ پهريون رڪارڊ ٿيل [[رياست|رياستي سطح وارو سماج]] لڳ ڀڳ 1000 قبل مسيح ۾ موجود هو.{{sfn|Witzel|1995}} برهمڻا، آرانياڪا ۽ انهن سان گڏ وڌندڙ اپنشدن رسمن جي معنيٰ بابت سوال اٿارڻ شروع ڪيا، ۽ فلسفي ۽ مابعدالطبيعي سوچ جا وڌندڙ درجا شامل ڪيا،{{sfn|Samuel|2008|p=25}} جنهن کي ”[[هندو سنگم]]“ پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} 800 کان 400 قبل مسيح جي وچ ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ شهري آباديءَ جي واڌ، ۽ ممڪن طور شهري بيمارين جي پکڙجڻ، گوشه نشين تحريڪن ۽ اهڙن نون خيالن جي اڀار ۾ مدد ڪئي، جن روايتي [[برهمڻ مت]] کي چئلينج ڪيو.{{Sfn|Flood|1996|pp=81–82}}{{Failed verification|date=June 2020}} انهن خيالن مان [[شرمڻ]] تحريڪون پيدا ٿيون، جن ۾ [[مهاوير]] ({{Circa|549}}–477 قبل مسيح)، جيڪو [[جين ڌرم]] جو حامي هو، ۽ [[ٻڌ]] ({{Circa|563|483}})، جيڪو [[ٻڌ ڌرم]] جو باني هو، سڀ کان نمايان شخصيتون هيون.<ref name="World Religions">{{cite book |first=Jacob |last=Neusner |year=2009 |title=World Religions in America: An Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA183 |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |isbn=978-0-664-23320-4 |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418085646/https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C&pg=PA183 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[سڪندر اعظم]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ يوناني فوج ڪيترن سالن تائين ڏکڻ ايشيا جي [[هندو ڪش]] علائقي ۾ رهي ۽ پوءِ سنڌو ماٿري واري علائقي ۾ داخل ٿي. بعد ۾، ٽئين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ [[موريا سلطنت]] ڏکڻ ايشيا جي وڏي حصي تائين پکڙجي وئي. ٻڌ ڌرم هندستاني برصغير کان ٻاهر، اتر-اولهه طرف [[وچ ايشيا]] تائين پکڙيو. افغانستان جا [[باميان جا ٻڌا]] ۽ [[اشوڪ جا فرمان]] ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته ٻڌ ڀڪشو ٻڌ ڌرم، يعني ڌرم، کي [[سيليوسڊ سلطنت]] جي اوڀر وارن صوبن ۾، ۽ ممڪن آهي ته ان کان به اڳتي [[اولهه ايشيا]] تائين، پکيڙيندا رهيا.{{Sfn| Gombrich|2006|p=135}}{{Sfn|Trainor|2004|pp=103, 119}}{{sfn|Neelis|2011|pp=102–106}} ٿيرواد اسڪول ٽئين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ ڀارت کان ڏکڻ طرف [[سري لنڪا]]، ۽ پوءِ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] تائين پکڙيو.{{sfn|Guy|2014|pp=9–11, 14–15, 19–20}} پهرين هزاري قبل مسيح جي آخري صدين تائين ٻڌ ڌرم هماليائي علائقي، [[گنڌارا]]، هندو ڪش علائقي ۽ [[باختر]] ۾ نمايان ٿي چڪو هو.{{sfn|Neelis|2011|pp=114–115, 144, 160–163, 170–176, 249–250}}<ref name=deborahkh>{{cite book |last=Klimburg-Salter |first=Deborah |title=The Kingdom of Bamiyan: Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3623 |url-access=registration |year=1989 |publisher=Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |isbn=978-0-87773-765-0 |oclc=25902336}} (Reprinted by Shambala)</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Barbara |last=Crossette |title=So Close to Heaven: The Vanishing Buddhist Kingdoms of the Himalayas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iCQAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0-679-74363-7 |pages=84–85}}</ref> لڳ ڀڳ 500 قبل مسيح کان 300ع تائين ويدي-برهمڻي سنگم، يا ”هندو سنگم“، جاري رهيو.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} ڪلاسيڪي هندو ۽ شرمڻ، خاص طور ٻڌ ڌرمي، خيال ڏکڻ ايشيا اندر ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا کان ٻاهر پکڙيا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klimkeit |first1=H.-J. |editor-last1=Boxworth |editor-first1=C. E. |editor-last2=Asimov |editor-first2=M. S. |chapter=Manichaeism and Nestorian Christianity |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000111664 |year=2000 |volume=IV.2 |publisher=UNESCO |pages=79–80 |isbn=978-92-3-103654-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Samuel|2008|pp=76–78, 194–201}}{{sfn|Guy|2014|pp=10–11}} [[گپتا سلطنت]] چوٿين کان ستين صدي عيسويءَ تائين هن علائقي جي وڏي حصي تي حڪومت ڪئي. هن دور ۾ وڏا مندر، خانقاهون ۽ يونيورسٽيون، جهڙوڪ [[نالندا]]، ٺهيون.{{sfn|Michell|1977|p=18, 40}}<ref name=scharfe2002p144>{{cite book|first=Hartmut|last=Scharfe|title=Handbook of Oriental Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC|year=2002|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-12556-8|pages=144–153|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126123255/https://books.google.com/books?id=7s19sZFRxCUC|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Craig|last=Lockard|title=Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC|year=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|isbn=978-0-618-38612-3|page=188|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126122832/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJPlCpzOY_QC|archive-date=26 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> هن دور ۾، ۽ ڏهين صديءَ تائين، ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ ڪيترائي غاري خانقاهون ۽ مندر تعمير ٿيا، جهڙوڪ [[اجنتا غارون]]، [[بادامي غاري مندر]] ۽ [[ايلورا غارون]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Walter M.|last=Spink|title=Ajanta: History and Development, Volume 5: Cave by Cave|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPqUHXlwXdcC|year=2005|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-15644-9|pages=1–9, 15–16|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629134751/https://books.google.com/books?id=UPqUHXlwXdcC|archive-date=29 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243 |title=Ellora Caves – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209142802/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/243 |archive-date=9 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Lisa|last=Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC|year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20629-8|pages=1–10|access-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205083836/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> === وچئين دور === {{See also|وچئين دور وارو ڀارت}} [[File:Rajendra map new.svg|thumb|ابتدائي وچئين دور جي [[چولا خاندان]] جي اثر رسوخ جي وسعت]] اسلام اٺين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي سرحدي علائقن ۾ هڪ سياسي قوت طور ظاهر ٿيو، جڏهن عرب سپهه سالار [[محمد بن قاسم]] موجوده پاڪستان جي علائقي [[سنڌ]] ۽ ڏاکڻي پنجاب جي [[ملتان]] کي فتح ڪيو.<ref name="infopak">{{cite web|url=http://www.infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx |title=History in Chronological Order |publisher=Government of Pakistan |access-date=9 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723113602/http://www.infopak.gov.pk/History.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2010 }}</ref> 962ع تائين ڏکڻ ايشيا جي هندو ۽ ٻڌ بادشاهتن تي وچ ايشيا مان ايندڙ مسلمان فوجن جي حملي جو سلسلو شروع ٿي چڪو هو.<ref name=mrpislam>See: * {{cite book |last1=Pirbhai |first1=M. Reza |title=Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context |year=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-17758-1}} * {{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=J. F. |title=The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |date=October 1974 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=91–109 |doi=10.1080/00856407408730690| issn=0085-6401}} * {{cite book |last1=Shokoohy |first1=Mehrdad |title=Bhadreśvar: The Oldest Islamic Monuments in India |year=1988 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-08341-7}}; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat</ref> انهن حملي آورن مان [[محمود غزنوي]] به شامل هو، جنهن 997ع کان 1030ع جي وچ ۾ سترهن ڀيرا سنڌو درياهه جي اوڀر ۽ جمنا درياهه جي اولهه ۾ واقع اتر ڀارت جي بادشاهتن تي حملا ڪري سندن خزانا لٽيا.<ref name=pj03/> محمود غزنوي خزانا ته ڦريا، پر هر ڀيري واپس هليو ويو ۽ صرف اولهندي پنجاب تائين اسلامي حڪمراني وڌائي سگهيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heathcote |first1=T. A. |year=1995 |title=The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=6 |isbn=978-1-78383-064-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Barnett |first=Lionel D. |title=Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnoREHdzxt8C&pg=PA1 |year=1999 |orig-year=First published 1913 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors |pages=73–79|isbn=9788171564422 }}</ref> مسلمان فوجي اڳواڻن طرفان اتر ۽ اولهندي ڀارت جي بادشاهتن تي حملا محمود غزنوي کان پوءِ به جاري رهيا، جن ۾ انهن بادشاهتن کي ڦريو ۽ ڪمزور ڪيو ويو.<ref>Richard Davis (1994), Three styles in looting India, History and Anthropology, 6(4), pp 293–317, {{doi|10.1080/02757206.1994.9960832}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي حملا مستقل اسلامي رياستن جون حدون قائم ڪرڻ يا انهن کي وسيع ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب نه ٿيا. [[معزالدين محمد غوري]] 1173ع ۾ اتر ڀارت ۾ باقاعده توسيعي جنگ شروع ڪئي.<ref>Muhammad B. Sam Mu'izz Al-Din, T. W. Haig, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VII, ed. C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1993)</ref> هن اسلامي دنيا کي وڌائيندي پنهنجي لاءِ هڪ نئين سلطنت قائم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي،<ref name=pj03/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor-last1=Boyle |editor-first1=J. A. |year=1968 |chapter=The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/political-and-dynastic-history-of-the-iranian-world-ad-10001217/024AA8933D346C06170E0D72EA6D71A4 |volume=5 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=161–170 |isbn=978-0-521-06936-6}}</ref> جنهن سان ان مسلم سلطنت جو بنياد پيو جيڪا پوءِ [[دهلي سلطنت]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿي.<ref name=pj03>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |year=2003 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=3–30 |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}</ref> ڪجهه مورخ دهلي سلطنت جي شروعات 1192ع کان شمار ڪن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ ته ان وقت تائين معزالدين محمد غوري ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ موجود ۽ اثرانداز ٿي چڪو هو.<ref>[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/southasia_timeline.htm History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211053208/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/southasia_timeline.htm |date=11 December 2013 }} Columbia University (2010).</ref> دهلي سلطنت ڏکڻ ايشيا جي مختلف حصن تي پکڙيل هئي ۽ ان تي مختلف خاندانن حڪومت ڪئي، جن ۾ [[مملوڪ خاندان|مملوڪ]]، [[خلجي خاندان|خلجي]]، [[تغلق خاندان|تغلق]]، [[سيد خاندان|سيد]] ۽ [[لودي خاندان|لودي]] خاندان شامل هئا. [[محمد بن تغلق]] 1325ع ۾ اقتدار ۾ آيو ۽ وڏي پيماني تي توسيعي مهم هلائي. سندس 26 سالن جي حڪمراني دوران دهلي سلطنت ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي جاگرافيائي وسعت تي پهتي.<ref name=ebmit>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq Muḥammad ibn Tughluq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427052630/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396460/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq |date=27 April 2015 }} Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> سني سلطان محمد بن تغلق نه رڳو هندو غير مسلم آباديءَ تي، پر شيعا ۽ مهدي جهڙن غير سني مسلمان فرقن تي پڻ ظلم ڪيو.<ref>Firoz Shah Tughlak, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n393/mode/2up Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Autobiographical memoirs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019003453/http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n393/mode/2up |date=19 October 2016 }}, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp. 377–381.</ref><ref name=vsoxfordmbt>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Vincent A. |author-link=Vincent Arthur Smith |year=1919 |title=The Oxford History of India |url=https://archive.org/stream/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft#page/252/mode/1up |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=249–251 |oclc=839048936}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |author-link=Annemarie Schimmel |year=1980 |title=Islam in the Indian Subcontinent |location=Leiden |publisher=E.J. Brill |pages=20–23 |isbn=978-90-04-06117-0}}</ref> چوڏهين صديءَ دوران دهلي سلطنت جي خلاف ڏکڻ ايشيا جي مختلف علائقن ۾ بغاوتون ٿيون.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} اتر-اوڀر ۾ [[بنگال سلطنت]] 1346ع ۾ آزاد ٿي وئي ۽ سورهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين اقتدار ۾ رهي. ان سلطنت جو سرڪاري مذهب اسلام هو.<ref name="Lewis2011">{{cite book |first=David |last=Lewis |author-link=David Lewis (academic) |title=Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44 |year=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=44 |isbn=978-1-139-50257-3 |quote=In 1346 ... what became known as the Bengal Sultanate began and continued for almost two centuries.}}</ref><ref name="Hussain2003">{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Ejaz |year=2003 |title=The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (A.D. 1205–1576) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFyd95ECLwkC |publisher=Manohar |page=325 |isbn=978-81-7304-482-3 |quote=The rulers of the Sultanate Bengal are often blamed for promoting Islam as state sponsored religion.}}</ref> [[ڏکڻ ڀارت]] ۾ هندو [[وجي نگر سلطنت]] 1336ع ۾ طاقتور ٿي ۽ سورهين صديءَ جي وچ تائين قائم رهي. آخرڪار [[تاليڪوٽا جي جنگ]] ۾ دکن جي مسلم سلطنتن جي گڏيل اتحاد هٿان شڪست کاڌائين ۽ تباهه ٿي وئي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulke |first1=Hermann |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |last2=Rothermund |first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |title= A History of India |year=2004 |orig-year=First published 1986 |edition=4th |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-32919-4 |pages=187, 191–192}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Nilakanta Sastri|first= K. A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|year=2002|orig-year=First published 1955|edition=4th|publisher=Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |pages=216, 239–250}}</ref> 1526ع جي لڳ ڀڳ پنجاب جي گورنر [[دولت خان لودي]] مغل حڪمران [[ظهيرالدين محمد بابر|بابر]] سان رابطو ڪيو ۽ کيس دهلي سلطنت تي حملي جي دعوت ڏني. بابر 1526ع ۾ [[پاني پت جي پهرين جنگ]] ۾ [[ابراهيم لودي]] کي شڪست ڏئي قتل ڪري ڇڏيو. ابراهيم لودي جي موت سان دهلي سلطنت جو خاتمو ٿيو ۽ ان جي جاءِ تي [[مغليه سلطنت]] قائم ٿي.<ref name="eblodi"> [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345985/Lodi-dynasty#ref222519 Lodi Dynasty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427010347/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345985/Lodi-dynasty#ref222519 |date=27 April 2015 }} ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2009).</ref> === جديد دور === [[File:Emperor Shah Jahan and Prince Alamgir (Aurangzeb) in Mughal Court, 1650.jpg|thumb|شهنشاهه [[شاهجهان]] ۽ سندس پٽ شهزادو [[اورنگزيب عالمگير]] مغل درٻار ۾، 1650ع]] سترهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري مغليه سلطنت ڏکڻ ايشيا جي سڀ کان طاقتور سياسي قوت بڻجي چڪي هئي. شاهجهان جي دور ۾ سلطنت پنهنجي دولت، فنِ تعمير ۽ شاهي شان و شوڪت جي بلند ترين مرحلي تي پهتي. هن دور ۾ [[تاج محل]]، [[لال قلعو]] ۽ ڪيترائي شاندار مغل يادگار تعمير ٿيا، جيڪي اڄ به ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ثقافتي ورثي جو اهم حصو سمجهيا وڃن ٿا. [[اورنگزيب عالمگير]] 1658ع ۾ اقتدار سنڀالڻ کان پوءِ مغليه سلطنت کي پنهنجي سڀ کان وڏي جاگرافيائي وسعت تائين پهچايو. سندس دور ۾ سلطنت تقريباً سڄي هندستاني برصغيرَ جي وڏي حصي تي پکڙجي وئي. بهرحال، ڊگهي فوجي مهمن، خاص طور دکن جي رياستن خلاف جنگين، سلطنت جي مالي وسيلن تي وڏو بار وڌو. اورنگزيب جي وفات 1707ع کان پوءِ مغليه سلطنت اندر سياسي عدم استحڪام، صوبائي خودمختياري ۽ جانشيني جي تڪرارن ۾ اضافو ٿيو، جنهن سلطنت جي زوال جي شروعات ڪئي. ارڙهين صديءَ دوران مغل مرڪزي اقتدار ڪمزور ٿيڻ لڳو ۽ ڪيترن ئي علائقائي طاقتن اڀار ورتو. [[مرهٽا سلطنت]] اولهه ۽ وچ ڀارت ۾ هڪ وڏي فوجي ۽ سياسي قوت طور سامهون آئي. [[سک سلطنت]] پنجاب ۾ مضبوط ٿي، جڏهن ته [[حيدرآباد رياست]]، [[ميسور سلطنت]]، [[بنگال نوابي]] ۽ ٻين علائقائي حڪومتن پڻ عملي خودمختياري حاصل ڪئي. انهيءَ دور ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو سياسي منظرنامو گهڻ مرڪزي بڻجي ويو. ساڳئي وقت يورپي واپاري قوتون ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ وڌيڪ سرگرم ٿيڻ لڳيون. [[پورچوگال]]، [[نيدرلينڊ]]، [[فرانس]] ۽ [[برطانيا]] جي واپاري ڪمپنين سامونڊي واپار ذريعي علائقي ۾ پنهنجو اثر وڌايو. انهن مان [[برطانوي اوڀر هند ڪمپني]] آهستي آهستي واپاري اداري کان سياسي طاقت ۾ تبديل ٿي وئي. 1757ع ۾ [[پلاسي جي جنگ]] برطانوي اوڀر هند ڪمپني لاءِ هڪ اهم موڙ ثابت ٿي. هن جنگ ۾ ڪمپني بنگال جي نواب سراج الدوله کي شڪست ڏني، جنهن کان پوءِ ڪمپني بنگال جي مالي ۽ انتظامي وسيلن تي ڪنٽرول حاصل ڪيو. 1764ع ۾ [[بڪسر جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ڪمپني جي طاقت وڌيڪ وڌي وئي ۽ هن اتر ڀارت جي وڏن حصن تي پنهنجو اثر قائم ڪيو. ارڙهين ۽ اوڻيهين صديءَ دوران برطانوي اوڀر هند ڪمپني فوجي مهمن، سفارتي معاهدن ۽ انتظامي قدمن ذريعي ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اڪثر علائقن تي پنهنجو ڪنٽرول وڌايو. ڪيترين رياستن کي سڌو سنئون برطانوي راڄ هيٺ آندو ويو، جڏهن ته ٻيون رياستون ماتحت يا اتحادي رياستن جي صورت ۾ برقرار رهيون. 1857ع ۾ وڏي پيماني تي بغاوت برپا ٿي، جنهن کي مختلف نالن سان ياد ڪيو وڃي ٿو، جهڙوڪ [[1857ع جي هندستاني بغاوت]]، [[سپاهين جي بغاوت]] يا [[هندستان جي پهرين آزاديءَ جي جنگ]]. هن بغاوت ۾ فوجي سپاهين، مقامي حڪمرانن ۽ عام ماڻهن جو وڏو حصو شامل ٿيو. جيتوڻيڪ بغاوت آخرڪار ناڪام ٿي، پر ان جا سياسي نتيجا تمام گهرا هئا. 1858ع ۾ برطانوي حڪومت اوڀر هند ڪمپني کان سڌو سنئون اقتدار پنهنجي هٿ ۾ ورتو ۽ [[برطانوي راڄ]] قائم ٿيو. ان کان پوءِ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو وڏو حصو برطانوي تاج جي انتظام هيٺ آيو. برطانوي دور ۾ جديد ريلويون، ٽيليگراف، بندرگاهون، يونيورسٽيون ۽ نوان انتظامي ادارا قائم ڪيا ويا. ساڳئي وقت نوآبادياتي معاشي پاليسين مقامي صنعتن، زراعت ۽ سماجي ڍانچي تي گهرو اثر ڇڏيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر ۽ ويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ قومي شعور ۽ سياسي تنظيمون تيزيءَ سان اڀريون. 1885ع ۾ [[انڊين نيشنل ڪانگريس]] جو قيام ٿيو، جڏهن ته مسلمان سياسي نمائندگيءَ لاءِ 1906ع ۾ [[آل انڊيا مسلم ليگ]] قائم ڪئي وئي. انهن تنظيمن بعد ۾ آزاديءَ جي سياسي جدوجهد ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو. ويهين صديءَ دوران آزاديءَ جي تحريڪ وڌيڪ منظم ٿي وئي. [[مهاتما گانڌي]] جي عدم تشدد واري تحريڪ، سول نافرماني، سياسي احتجاجن ۽ عوامي تحريڪن برطانوي راڄ تي دٻاءُ وڌايو. ٻي عالمي جنگ کان پوءِ برطانوي حڪومت لاءِ هندستاني سلطنت کي برقرار رکڻ وڌيڪ مشڪل ٿي پيو. 1947ع ۾ برطانوي هندستان کي ٻن آزاد ڊومينينن، [[ڀارت]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]]، ۾ ورهايو ويو.<ref name="fisher-partition">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|pp=173–174}}</ref><ref name="chatterji-partition">{{citation |last1=Chatterji |first1=Joya |title=Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora |year=2013 |editor-last=Chatterji |editor-first=Joya |chapter=Introduction: Concepts and Questions |place=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-48010-9}}</ref><ref name="talbot-sing">{{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=The Partition of India |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4}}</ref><ref name="khan-great-partition">{{citation |last=Khan |first=Yasmin |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |year=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-23032-1}}</ref> هي ورهاڱو انساني تاريخ جي سڀ کان وڏي لڏپلاڻن مان هڪ هو. لکين ماڻهو نئين سرحدن جي ٻنهي پاسن ڏانهن لڏي ويا ۽ وڏي پيماني تي تشدد، جاني نقصان ۽ بي گهر ٿيڻ جا واقعا پيش آيا.<ref> * {{harvnb|Copland|2001|pp=71–78}}. * {{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p=222}}. </ref> پاڪستان شروعاتي طور ٻن جغرافيائي حصن، اولهه پاڪستان ۽ اوڀر پاڪستان، تي مشتمل هو. سياسي، لساني ۽ معاشي اختلافن سبب اوڀر پاڪستان ۾ خودمختياريءَ جون تحريڪون وڌنديون ويون. 1971ع ۾ [[بنگلاديش جي آزاديءَ جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ اوڀر پاڪستان هڪ آزاد رياست [[بنگلاديش]] جي صورت ۾ وجود ۾ آيو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Cold War Shaped Bangladesh's Liberation War |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/how-the-cold-war-shaped-bangladeshs-liberation-war/ |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> آزاديءَ کان پوءِ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ملڪن مختلف سياسي ۽ معاشي رستا اختيار ڪيا. ڀارت دنيا جي وڏي جمهوري رياستن مان هڪ بڻيو، پاڪستان مختلف دورن ۾ جمهوري ۽ فوجي حڪمرانيءَ مان گذريو، بنگلاديش 1971ع کان پوءِ قومي تعمير جي مرحلي ۾ داخل ٿيو، جڏهن ته [[نيپال]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[سري لنڪا]] ۽ [[مالديپ]] پڻ پنهنجن سياسي ادارن ۽ معاشي نظامن کي ترقي ڏني. جديد دور ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ آباديءَ وارن علائقن مان هڪ آهي. هي علائقو معاشي واڌ، شهري آباديءَ جي تيزي سان وڌڻ، ٽيڪنالاجي ترقي، علائقائي تعاون، ماحولياتي چئلينجن ۽ سياسي تڪرارن جي ڪري عالمي سطح تي وڏي اهميت رکي ٿو. ===همعصر دور=== {{Multiple image | image1 = India & Pakistan on eve of Independence.png | image2 = India Pakistan China Disputed Areas Map.png | total_width = 240 | caption1 = آزاديءَ وقت 15 آگسٽ 1947ع تي ڀارت (ناسي رنگ) ۽ پاڪستان (سائي رنگ) جا علائقا. | caption2 = ڀارت ۽ پاڪستان ويهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري پنهنجا علائقا منظم ڪيا، پر [[ڪشمير]] بابت سندن تڪرار اڃا تائين جاري آهي. | align = left }} 1947ع ۾ آزادي حاصل ڪرڻ کان پوءِ نون قائم ٿيل [[ڀارت]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] کي اهو فيصلو ڪرڻو پيو ته برصغيرَ جي انهن سوين [[نوابي رياست]]ن سان ڪيئن ورتاءُ ڪيو وڃي جيڪي وڏي حصي تي حڪمراني ڪري رهيون هيون، ۽ انهن يورپي (غير برطانوي) نوآبادين جو مستقبل ڇا هجي جيڪي اڃا باقي هيون.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Remained a Portuguese Colony when India Became Independent |url=https://thewire.in/history/goa-remained-a-portuguese-colony-when-india-became-independent |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> جلد ئي عوامي راءِ شماري، فوجي ڪارروائين ۽ سياسي الحاقن جو هڪ سلسلو شروع ٿيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڪجهه سالن اندر [[ڀارت جي سياسي يڪجائي]] ۽ [[پاڪستان جون نوابي رياستون|پاڪستان جي اڪثر نوابي رياستن]] کي نئين قومي رياستن ۾ ضم ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asrar |first=Shakeeb |title=How British India was divided |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/14/how-india-pakistan-and-bangladesh-were-formed |access-date=9 May 2024 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2021 |title=Why Pakistan ended up with so few princely states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/why-pakistan-ended-up-with-so-few-princely-states-7453288/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[File:India and Pakistan November 1971.png|thumb|182x182px|1971ع جي [[هند-پاڪستان جنگ (1971ع)|هند-پاڪستان جنگ]] جي قانوني شروعات کان ٿورو اڳ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو نقشو، جيڪا [[اوڀر پاڪستان]] جي آزاد رياست [[بنگلاديش]] ۾ تبديل ٿيڻ سان ختم ٿي.]] آزاديءَ کان پوءِ ايندڙ ڏهاڪن ۾ [[ڀارت]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] ڪيترائي ڀيرا هڪ ٻئي سان جنگين ۽ فوجي تڪرارن ۾ ملوث ٿيا، جن ۾ [[ڪشمير تڪرار]] هڪ اهم عنصر رهيو.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2023 |title=India and Pakistan came close to nuclear war: Pompeo |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64396138 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> 1971ع ۾ پاڪستان جو اوڀر وارو حصو، ڀارت جي مدد سان، [[بنگلاديش جي آزاديءَ جي جنگ]] کان پوءِ الڳ ٿي ويو ۽ [[عوامي جمهوريه بنگلاديش]] جي صورت ۾ هڪ نئين خودمختيار رياست طور وجود ۾ آيو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What has been the Impact of the Creation of Bangladesh? |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/head-head/what-has-been-impact-creation-bangladesh |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=History Today}}</ref> ان واقعي سان گڏوگڏ ڀارت ۽ پاڪستان طرفان ٿوري ئي عرصي بعد ايٽمي هٿيار حاصل ڪرڻ ٻنهي ملڪن جي وچ ۾ ڇڪتاڻ کي وڌيڪ وڌايو.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The nuclear arsenals of China, India and Pakistan are growing |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/08/11/the-nuclear-arsenals-of-china-india-and-pakistan-are-growing |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> [[سرد جنگ]] جي دور ۾ به علائقي جي سياسي ورهاست تي اثر پيو. پاڪستان اولهه جي ملڪن سان ويجهو رهيو، جڏهن ته ڀارت [[سوويت يونين]] سان لاڳاپا مضبوط ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Somdeep |title=Why is India standing with Putin's Russia? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/3/14/why-is-istandwithputin-trending-in |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> 1962ع جي [[چين-ڀارت جنگ]] کان پوءِ ڀارت ۽ چين جا لاڳاپا وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿيا، جڏهن ته پاڪستان ۽ چين وچ ۾ ويجها سفارتي ۽ فوجي تعلقات قائم ٿيا.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How India Sees China's Ties with Pakistan and Bhutan |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-india-sees-chinas-ties-with-pakistan-and-bhutan/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> [[پاڪستان]] آزاديءَ کان پوءِ دهشتگردي، معاشي مسئلن ۽ فوجي اثر رسوخ جهڙن چئلينجن کي منهن ڏيندو رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mir |first=Asfandyar |date=28 February 2023 |title=Pakistan's Twin Crises |language=en-US |work=Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/pakistan/pakistans-twin-crises |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> پاڪستان جي سياسي تاريخ ۾ اڃا تائين ڪو به وزيراعظم مڪمل پنجن سالن جي آئيني مدي تائين اقتدار ۾ برقرار نه رهي سگهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Pakistani prime minister has completed a full term in office |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/9/factbox-no-pakistani-prime-minister-has-completed-a-full-tenure |access-date=1 September 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ٻئي پاسي [[ڀارت]] معاشي ۽ صنعتي ترقيءَ ۾ نمايان واڌ حاصل ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's rise is beyond doubt |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/India-s-rise-is-beyond-doubt |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي کان پوءِ اقتصادي آزادڪاريءَ جي پاليسين سبب انتهائي غربت جي شرح ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي ۽ 2010ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران في فرد قومي آمدنيءَ جي لحاظ کان ڀارت پاڪستان کان اڳتي نڪري ويو. [[بنگلاديش]]، جيڪو 1971ع کان پوءِ ڪيترن ڏهاڪن تائين سياسي بحرانن ۽ معاشي مشڪلاتن سان وڙهندو رهيو، هاڻي علائقي جي تيز ترين ترقي ڪندڙ معيشتن مان هڪ شمار ٿئي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2022 |title=There are lessons for Pakistan in the 1971 secession of Bangladesh |url=https://arab.news/cm7f4 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Arab News PK |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangal |title=Bangladesh Liberation War: Economic Exploitation |url=https://www.virtualbangladesh.com/the-basics/history-of-bangladesh/independence/history-prelude-independence/economic-exploitation/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Virtual Bangladesh |language=en-US}}</ref> ڪجهه سالن دوران في فرد مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار جي لحاظ کان بنگلاديش ڀارت کان به اڳتي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bangladesh's economic miracle is in jeopardy |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/03/01/bangladeshs-economic-miracle-is-in-jeopardy |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Shishir |date=7 May 2023 |title=Per capita GDP for Bangladesh higher than India till 2022 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/per-capita-gdp-for-bangladesh-higher-than-india-till-2022/article66823548.ece |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> [[افغانستان]] گذريل ڪيترن ئي ڏهاڪن دوران ڪيترن فوجي حملن، گهرو جنگين ۽ اسلام پسند حڪومتن مان گذريو آهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ لکين افغان پناهگير پاڪستان ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ٻين ملڪن ڏانهن منتقل ٿيا، جتي ثقافتي اثرن جي ڏي وٺ پڻ ٿي، جنهن ۾ [[ڪرڪيٽ]] جي مقبوليت هڪ نمايان مثال آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2011 |title=A historical timeline of Afghanistan |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-jan-june11-timeline-afghanistan |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2014 |title=From refugee camps to Kabul: The story of Afghan cricket |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24614257 |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref> ويهين ۽ ايڪويهه صديءَ ۾ [[مذهبي قومپرستي]] ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ وڌيڪ طاقت حاصل ڪئي آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malji |first=Andrea |year=2022 |title=Religious Nationalism in Contemporary South Asia |series=Elements in Religion and Violence |doi=10.1017/9781108919050 |isbn=978-1-108-91905-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Sudha |date=21 August 2023 |title=Muqtedar Khan on Why Religious Nationalism Is Poisoning South Asia |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/08/muqtedar-khan-on-why-religious-nationalism-is-poisoning-south-asia/ |access-date=11 May 2024 |magazine=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> ڪجهه ذريعن موجب پاڪستان ۽ بنگلاديش ۾ مذهبي اقليتن، خاص طور هندو ۽ عيسائي برادرين، خلاف امتيازي سلوڪ ۽ تشدد سبب لکين ماڻهن لڏپلاڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Navtan |date=30 November 2019 |title=Hindus under attack in Bangladesh, Pakistan, face annihilation |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/news/hindus-attack-bangladesh-pakistan-face-annihilation |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=The Past has yet to Leave the Present: Genocide in Bangladesh |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/the-past-has-yet-to-leave-the-present-genocide-in-bangladesh/ |first1=Kimtee |last1=Kundu |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en}}</ref> ساڳئي وقت [[هندوتوا]] سان لاڳاپيل هندو قومپرستي به ڀارت ۾ 2014ع کان پوءِ، [[ڀارتيه جنتا پارٽي]] جي اقتدار ۾ اچڻ کان پوءِ، وڌيڪ نمايان ٿي آهي. هاڻوڪي دور جو هڪ اهم جيوسياسي رجحان [[چين-ڀارت سرحدي تڪرار]] ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ اثرورسوخ جي مقابلي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. چين پاڪستان سان ويجها لاڳاپا برقرار رکندي پنهنجي معاشي طاقت ذريعي علائقي جي ڪيترن ملڪن سان تعاون وڌايو آهي، جڏهن ته [[چوڪنڊي سلامتي ڳالهه ٻولهه]] (ڪواڊ) جي فريم ورڪ ۾ [[آمريڪا]] ۽ ٻين ملڪن ڀارت سان پنهنجا لاڳاپا مضبوط ڪيا آهن ته جيئن وسيع [[هند-پئسفڪ خطو]] ۾ چين جي وڌندڙ اثر جو توازن قائم ڪري سگهجي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Limited Hard Balancing: Explaining India's Counter Response to Chinese Encirclement |language=en-US |work=Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs |publisher=Air University |date=24 April 2023 |author=Tanveer Ahmad Khan |url=https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3371481/limited-hard-balancing-explaining-indias-counter-response-to-chinese-encircleme/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426222747/https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3371481/limited-hard-balancing-explaining-indias-counter-response-to-chinese-encircleme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuman |first=Michael |date=1 March 2023 |title=What Limits Any U.S. Alliance With India Over China |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/03/india-relations-us-china-modi/673237/ |access-date=9 May 2024 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> ڏسو پڻ: [[2025ع ڀارت-پاڪستان ڇڪتاڻ]] == جاگرافي == {{See also|هندستاني برصغير#جاگرافي}} {{Further|ڀارت جي جاگرافي|پاڪستان جي جاگرافي|افغانستان جي جاگرافي|بنگلاديش جي جاگرافي|ڀوٽان جي جاگرافي|سري لنڪا جي جاگرافي|نيپال جي جاگرافي|مالديپ جي جاگرافي}} سائول ڪوهن موجب، شروعاتي نوآبادياتي دور جي حڪمت عملي ٺاهيندڙن ڏکڻ ايشيا کي اوڀر ايشيا سان گڏ ڏٺو، پر حقيقت ۾ افغانستان کان سواءِ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو علائقو هڪ الڳ [[جاگير-سياسي]] خطو آهي، جيڪو ويجهن ٻين جاگير-حڪمت عملي وارن علائقن کان جدا آهي ۽ جاگرافيائي طور تمام گهڻو متنوع آهي.<ref>Saul Bernard Cohen, ''Geopolitics of the world system'', pages 304–305, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8476-9907-2}}.</ref> هن علائقي ۾ مختلف جاگرافيائي خاصيتون ملن ٿيون، جهڙوڪ [[گليشيئر]]، [[برساتي ٻيلو]]، [[وادي]]ون، [[ريگستان]] ۽ [[چرگاهه]]، جيڪي عام طور گهڻن وڏن کنڊن ۾ ملندڙ خاصيتون آهن. هي علائقو ٽن آبي جسمن، يعني [[بنگال جي نار]]، [[هندي سمنڊ]] ۽ [[عربي سمنڊ]]، سان گهيريل آهي ۽ ان ۾ آب و هوا جا تمام مختلف پٽا موجود آهن. هندستاني اپٻيٽ جي چوٽيءَ وٽ اعليٰ معيار جا موتي ملندا هئا.<ref>{{cite book |last=Xinru |first=Liu |title=The Silk Road in World History |url=https://archive.org/details/silkroadinworldh0000liux |url-access=registration |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40}}</ref> === هندستاني پليٽ === {{Main|هندستاني پليٽ}} هن علائقي جو وڏو حصو [[هندستاني پليٽ]] تي واقع آهي، جيڪا [[هند-آسٽريلوي پليٽ]] جو اتر وارو حصو آهي ۽ باقي [[يوريشيائي پليٽ]] کان ڌار آهي. هندستاني پليٽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو وڏو حصو شامل ڪري ٿي ۽ هڪ اهڙي زميني ڪاميٽي ٺاهي ٿي جيڪا [[هماليا]] کان هندي سمنڊ هيٺان طاس جي هڪ حصي تائين پکڙيل آهي. ان ۾ [[ڏکڻ اولهه چين|ڏکڻ چين]] ۽ اوڀر [[انڊونيشيا]] جا حصا پڻ شامل آهن، گڏوگڏ [[ڪنلون جبل]] ۽ [[قراقرم]] سلسلا پڻ شامل ٿين ٿا،<ref>Sinvhal, ''Understanding Earthquake Disasters'', page 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-07-014456-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=M. Ravi |last2=Bhatia |first2=S. C. |title=A new seismic hazard map for the Indian plate region under the global seismic hazard assessment programme |journal=Current Science |date=August 1999 |volume=77 |issue=3 |page=447 |jstor=24102967}}</ref> ۽ اها [[لداخ]]، [[ڪوھستان ضلعو، خيبر پختونخوا|ڪوھستان]]، [[هندو ڪش]] سلسلي ۽ [[بلوچستان]] تائين پهچي ٿي، پر انهن کي مڪمل طور شامل نٿي ڪري.<ref>M. Asif Khan, ''Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya'', page 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-86239-061-4}}.</ref><ref>Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ''Concepts in Frame Design'', page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, {{ISBN|978-99929-52-21-4}}</ref><ref>A. M. Celâl Şengör, ''Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region'', Springer, 1989, {{ISBN|978-0-7923-0067-0}}.</ref> هتي اهو نوٽ ڪرڻ جهڙو آهي ته [[جاگير-طبعيات|جاگير-طبعياتي]] لحاظ کان تبت جو [[يارلونگ تسانگپو درياهه]] علائقائي بناوٽ جي سرحد کان ٻاهر واقع آهي، جڏهن ته تاجڪستان جا [[پامير جبل]] ان سرحد جي اندر واقع آهن.<ref>Valentin Semenovich Burtman & Peter Hale Molnar, ''Geological and Geophysical Evidence for Deep Subduction of Continental Crust Beneath the Pamir'', page 10, Geological Society of America, 1993, {{ISBN|0-8137-2281-0}}.</ref> [[هندستاني برصغير]] اڳ ۾ عظيم کنڊ [[گونڊوانا]] جو حصو هو. اهو [[ڪريٽيشيس]] دور ۾ ان کان الڳ ٿيو ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 50 کان 55&nbsp;ملين سال اڳ يوريشيائي پليٽ سان ٽڪرائجي [[هماليائي سلسلو]] ۽ [[تبتي مٿانهون پٽ]] پيدا ڪيائين. هي [[اپٻيٽ]] وارو علائقو [[هماليا]] ۽ [[ڪنلون]] جبلن جي ڏکڻ ۾، ۽ [[سنڌو درياهه]] ۽ [[ايراني مٿانهون پٽ]] جي اوڀر ۾ واقع آهي. اهو ڏکڻ طرف هندي سمنڊ ۾ پکڙجي ٿو، جتي ڏکڻ-اولهه ۾ عربي سمنڊ ۽ ڏکڻ-اوڀر ۾ بنگال جي نار واقع آهن. === آب و هوا === [[File:South Asia map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|right|ڏکڻ ايشيا جو [[ڪوپن آب و هوا درجابندي]] نقشو<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |issn=1027-5606 |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210144308/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.html |archive-date=10 February 2017 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref> ڏيهي نباتات، گرمي پد، برسات ۽ انهن جي موسمي ترتيب تي ٻڌل آهي. {{columns-list|colwidth=12em| {{legend|#0000FE|<small>[[استوائي برساتي ٻيلو آب و هوا|(Af) '''استوائي برساتي ٻيلو''']]</small>}} {{legend|#0077FF|<small>[[استوائي چوماسي آب و هوا|(Am) '''استوائي چوماسي''']]</small>}} {{legend|#46A9FA|<small>[[استوائي ساوانا آب و هوا|(Aw) '''استوائي ساوانا'''، آلو ۽ سڪو]]</small>}} {{legend|#FE0000|<small>[[گرم ريگستاني آب و هوا|(BWh) '''گرم ريگستان''']]</small>}} {{legend|#FE9695|<small>[[ٿڌي ريگستاني آب و هوا|(BWk) '''ٿڌو ريگستان''']]</small>}} {{legend|#F5A301|<small>[[گرم نيم خشڪ آب و هوا|(BSh) '''گرم نيم خشڪ''']]</small>}} {{legend|#FFDB63|<small>[[ٿڌي نيم خشڪ آب و هوا|(BSk) '''ٿڌي نيم خشڪ''']]</small>}} {{legend|#FFFF00|<small>[[گرم-اونهاري ميڊيٽرينين آب و هوا|(Csa) '''ميڊيٽرينين'''، سڪي ۽ گرم اونهاري]]</small>}} {{legend|#C6FF4E|<small>[[آلي ذيلي استوائي آب و هوا|(Cfa) '''ذيلي استوائي'''، آلي]]</small>}} {{legend|#96FF96|<small>[[آلي ذيلي استوائي آب و هوا|(Cwa) '''ذيلي استوائي'''، آلي اونهاري، سڪي سياري]]</small>}} {{legend|#63C764|<small>[[ذيلي استوائي مٿانهين زمين جي آب و هوا|(Cwb) '''ذيلي استوائي مٿانهين زمين'''، سڪي سياري]]</small>}} {{legend|#FF00FE|<small>[[آلي کنڊائتي آب و هوا|(Dsa) '''کنڊائتي'''، گرم اونهاري]]</small>}} {{legend|#C600C7|<small>[[آلي کنڊائتي آب و هوا|(Dsb) '''کنڊائتي'''، گرم-معتدل اونهاري]]</small>}} {{legend|#5A77DB|<small>[[آلي کنڊائتي آب و هوا|(Dwb) '''کنڊائتي'''، سڪي سياري]]</small>}} {{legend|#4C51B5|<small>[[ذيلي قطبي آب و هوا|(Dwc) '''کنڊائتي ذيلي قطبي'''، سڪي سياري]]</small>}} }}]] هن وسيع علائقي جي آب و هوا هنڌ کان هنڌ تمام گهڻو بدلجي ٿي: ڏکڻ ۾ استوائي چوماسي آب و هوا کان وٺي اتر ۾ معتدل آب و هوا تائين. هي تنوع رڳو اوچائيءَ سبب نه، پر سامونڊي ڪناري جي ويجهڙائي ۽ [[چوماسو|چوماسي]] جي موسمي اثر جهڙن عنصرن سبب به پيدا ٿئي ٿو. ڏاکڻا حصا گهڻو ڪري اونهاري ۾ گرم هوندا آهن ۽ چوماسي دور ۾ برسات حاصل ڪندا آهن. [[هند-گنگا ميدان]]ن جو اتر وارو پٽو پڻ اونهاري ۾ گرم، پر سياري ۾ نسبتاً ٿڌو هوندو آهي. اتر جا جبلائي علائقا وڌيڪ ٿڌا آهن ۽ هماليائي سلسلن جي مٿاهين اوچائين تي برفباري ٿيندي آهي. [[هماليا]] اتر ايشيا مان ايندڙ سخت ٿڌين هوائن کي روڪي ٿو، تنهنڪري هيٺين ميداني علائقن ۾ گرمي پد نسبتاً معتدل رهي ٿو. وڏي حصي ۾ هن علائقي جي آب و هوا کي چوماسي آب و هوا چيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا اونهاري ۾ علائقي کي آلو ۽ سياري ۾ سڪو رکي ٿي. اها آب و هوا هن علائقي ۾ [[جوٽ]]، چانهه، چانور ۽ مختلف ڀاڄين جي پوک لاءِ سازگار آهي. ڏکڻ ايشيا کي وڏي پيماني تي چار وسيع آب و هوا پٽن ۾ ورهايو ويندو آهي:<ref name="olive1">John E. Olive, ''The Encyclopedia of World Climatology'', page 115-117, Springer, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-3264-6}}.</ref> * اتر ڀارت جي ڪناري ۽ اتر پاڪستان جي مٿانهين علائقن ۾ سڪي ذيلي استوائي [[کنڊائتي آب و هوا]] آهي. * ڀارت جي انتهائي ڏاکڻي حصي ۽ ڏکڻ-اولهه سري لنڪا ۾ [[خط استوا واري آب و هوا]] آهي. * اپٻيٽ جي وڏي حصي ۾ استوائي آب و هوا آهي، جنهن ۾ هي فرق ملن ٿا: ** اتر-اولهه ڀارت ۾ گرم [[ذيلي استوائي]] آب و هوا ** بنگلاديش ۾ ٿڌي سياري ۽ گرم [[استوائي آب و هوا]] ** وچين حصي ۾ استوائي [[نيم خشڪ آب و هوا]] * هماليا ۽ [[هندو ڪش]] جي وڏي حصي ۾ [[الپائن آب و هوا]] آهي. [[کاسي ۽ جينتيا ٽڪريون|کاسي ۽ جينتيا ٽڪرين]] ۽ سري لنڪا ۾ وڌ ۾ وڌ نسبتاً نمي 80 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ رڪارڊ ڪئي وئي آهي، جڏهن ته پاڪستان ۽ اولهه ڀارت جي ويجهن علائقن ۾ اها 20 کان 30 سيڪڙو کان گهٽ رڪارڊ ٿئي ٿي.<ref name=olive1/> ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آب و هوا جو وڏو خاصو چوماسا آهن. ڏکڻ ايشيا چوماسي برسات تي انتهائي دارومدار رکي ٿو.{{sfn|Mitra|Kumar|Kumar|Abrol|2002|p=83}} هن علائقي ۾ ٻه چوماسي نظام موجود آهن:{{sfn|Mitra|Kumar|Kumar|Abrol|2002|p=76}} * اونهاري جو چوماسو: هوا ڏکڻ-اولهه کان علائقي جي گهڻن حصن ڏانهن وهندي آهي. اها سالياني برسات جو 70 کان 90 سيڪڙو فراهم ڪري ٿي. * سياري جو چوماسو: هوا اتر-اوڀر کان وهندي آهي. اهو سري لنڪا ۽ مالديپ ۾ وڌيڪ غالب آهي. سال جو سڀ کان گرم دور چوماسي موسم کان اڳ، مارچ کان جون جي وچ تائين، هوندو آهي. اونهاري ۾ گهٽ دٻاءَ جا مرڪز [[سنڌو-گنگا ميدان]] تي ٺهن ٿا ۽ هندي سمنڊ مان تيز هوائون ان مرڪز ڏانهن وهنديون آهن. وڌيڪ نمي ۽ ڪڪرن جي ڍڪ سبب چوماسا سال جي ٻئي ٿڌي موسم سمجهيا وڃن ٿا. پر جون جي شروعات ۾ [[تبتي مٿانهون پٽ]] مٿان جيٽ وهڪرا ختم ٿي وڃن ٿا، [[سنڌو ماٿري]] مٿان گهٽ دٻاءُ وڌيڪ گهرو ٿئي ٿو ۽ [[بين-استوائي گڏجڻ وارو پٽو]] (ITCZ) اڳتي وڌي ٿو. اها تبديلي اوچتي ۽ تيز هوندي آهي. بنگال جي نار ۾ وچولي شدت وارا چوماسي گهٽ دٻاءَ ٺهن ٿا ۽ جون کان سيپٽمبر تائين خشڪيءَ تي پهچن ٿا.<ref name=olive1/> ==== آب و هوا جي تبديلي ==== {{Main|ايشيا ۾ آب و هوا جي تبديلي}} [[File:Guo 2023 Asia IVT projections.jpg|thumb|وڌيڪ گرمائش ايشيا مٿان فضا ۾ نمي جو مقدار وڌائي ٿي، جنهن سان انتهائي برسات سڌي طرح وڌي ٿي. ايشيا ۾ گرمائش سان گڏ 20 ساله، 50 ساله ۽ 100 ساله انتهائي واقعن جو امڪان لڳاتار وڌي ٿو. ڏکڻ ايشيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متاثر حصن ۾ {{convert|3|C-change|F-change}} گرمائش هيٺ 100 ساله انتهائي واقعن ۾ سراسري طور 15 ڀيرا تائين واڌ ممڪن آهي.<ref name="Guo2023" />]] چوماسي نموني جي وڌيڪ شدت سبب ڏکڻ ايشيائي ملڪن ۾ مستقبل ۾ ٻوڏن ۾ واڌ جو امڪان آهي.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10">Shaw, R., Y. Luo, T. S. Cheong, S. Abdul Halim, S. Chaturvedi, M. Hashizume, G. E. Insarov, Y. Ishikawa, M. Jafari, A. Kitoh, J. Pulhin, C. Singh, K. Vasant, and Z. Zhang, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter10.pdf Chapter 10: Asia]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 1457–1579 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.012.</ref>{{rp|1459}} سڄي ايشيا ۾، آبي ٻاڦ جي آمدرفت جا 100 ساله انتهائي واقعا، جيڪي انتهائي برسات سان سڌي طرح لاڳاپيل آهن، عالمي {{convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} گرمائش هيٺ 2.6 ڀيرا وڌيڪ ٿيندا؛ جڏهن ته {{convert|2|C-change|F-change}} ۽ {{convert|3|C-change|F-change}} گرمائش هيٺ اهي ترتيبوار 3.9 ۽ 7.5 ڀيرا وڌيڪ ٿيندا. ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ اهي 15 ڀيرا تائين وڌيڪ ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="Guo2023">{{cite journal |last1=Guo |first1=Lianyi |last2=Shi |first2=Yi |last3=Zhao |first3=Yang |date=1 August 2023 |title=Future Projections of Extreme Integrated Water Vapor Transport and Population Exposure Over the Asian Monsoon Region |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=1, 8 |article-number=e2023EF003583 |doi=10.1029/2023EF003583 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023EaFut..1103583G }}</ref> ساڳئي وقت، وڌيڪ گرمائش هيٺ 2100ع تائين هندو ڪش علائقي جي گليشيئر برف جو ٻه-ٽيون حصو تائين ڳري سگهي ٿو، ۽ اهي گليشيئر 220 ملين کان وڌيڪ ماڻهن جي آبي طاسن کي پاڻي فراهم ڪن ٿا.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1487}} 2050ع کان پوءِ جڏهن گليشيئر ڳرڻ واري پاڻيءَ جو وهڪرو گهٽجڻ لڳندو، تڏهن [[آبي بجلي]] جي پيداوار گهٽ اڳڪٿي جوڳي ۽ گهٽ ڀروسي جوڳي ٿيندي، جڏهن ته زراعت اڳ جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ شدت اختيار ڪندڙ چوماسي تي دارومدار رکندي.<ref name=":HKH2019Climate">{{Cite book |last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghavan |last2=Shrestha |first2=Arun Bhakta |last3=Ren |first3=Guoyu |last4=Rajbhandari |first4=Rupak |last5=Saeed |first5=Sajjad |last6=Sanjay |first6=Jayanarayanan |last7=Syed |first7=Md. Abu. |last8=Vellore |first8=Ramesh |last9=Xu |first9=Ying |last10=You |first10=Qinglong |last11=Ren |first11=Yuyu |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=5 January 2019 |chapter=Unravelling Climate Change in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: Rapid Warming in the Mountains and Increasing Extremes |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 |pages=57–97 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |s2cid=134572569 }}</ref><ref name=":HKH2019Cryo">{{Cite book |last1=Bolch |first1=Tobias |last2=Shea |first2=Joseph M. |last3=Liu |first3=Shiyin |last4=Azam |first4=Farooq M. |last5=Gao |first5=Yang |last6=Gruber |first6=Stephan |last7=Immerzeel |first7=Walter W. |last8=Kulkarni |first8=Anil |last9=Li |first9=Huilin |last10=Tahir |first10=Adnan A. |last11=Zhang |first11=Guoqing |last12=Zhang |first12=Yinsheng |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=5 January 2019 |chapter=Status and Change of the Cryosphere in the Extended Hindu Kush Himalaya Region |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_3 |pages=209–255 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_7 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |s2cid=134814572 }}</ref><ref name=":HKH2019Water">{{Cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Christopher A. |last2=Zhang |first2=Fan |last3=Mukherji |first3=Aditi |last4=Immerzeel |first4=Walter |last5=Mustafa |first5=Daanish |last6=Bharati |first6=Luna |title=The Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment |date=5 January 2019 |chapter=Water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 |pages=257–299 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-92288-1_8 |isbn=978-3-319-92287-4 |s2cid=133800578 }}</ref> 2050ع جي لڳ ڀڳ [[گنگا]] ۽ [[سنڌو درياهه|سنڌو]] درياهن جي طاسن ۾ رهندڙ ماڻهو، جتي غير چوماسي آبپاشي جو 60 سيڪڙو تائين حصو گليشيئرن مان اچي ٿو،<ref name="Biemans2019">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Biemans H, Siderius C, Lutz AF, Nepal S, Ahmad B, Hassan T, von Bloh W, Wijngaard RR, Wester P, Shrestha AB, Immerzeel WW | display-authors = 6 |date=July 2019 |title=Importance of snow and glacier meltwater for agriculture on the Indo-Gangetic Plain |journal=Nature Sustainability |language=en |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=594–601 |doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0305-3 | bibcode = 2019NatSu...2..594B | hdl = 1874/385008 |issn=2398-9629 |s2cid=199110415| url = https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/102562/ }}</ref> آب و هوا ۽ سماجي-معاشي ٻنهي سببن ڪري شديد پاڻي کوٽ کي منهن ڏئي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1486}} 2030ع تائين ڀارت جا وڏا شهر، جهڙوڪ [[ممبئي]]، [[ڪولڪتا]]، [[ڪٽڪ]] ۽ [[ڪوچي]]، پنهنجي علائقي جي وڏي حصي کي لهر جي سطح کان هيٺ ڏسڻ جي امڪان ۾ آهن.<ref>{{cite news |title=These Indian Cities Could Be Underwater in Less Than 9 Years Due to Climate Change |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/these-indian-cities-could-be-underwater-in-less-than-9-years-due-to-climate-change-4401983.html |access-date=12 November 2021 |agency=News18 |date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112124611/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/these-indian-cities-could-be-underwater-in-less-than-9-years-due-to-climate-change-4401983.html |url-status=live }}</ref> صرف ممبئي ۾، جيڪڏهن ان سان مطابقت پيدا نه ڪئي وئي ته 2050ع تائين 112 کان 162&nbsp;ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن جو نقصان ٿي سگهي ٿو، جيڪو 2070ع تائين لڳ ڀڳ ٽيڻ ٿي ويندو.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> بنگلاديش ۾ [[سمنڊ جي سطح ۾ واڌ]] 2050ع تائين 0.9 کان 2.1&nbsp;ملين ماڻهن کي بي گهر ڪري سگهي ٿي ۽ 2030ع تائين بجلي گهرن جي هڪ-ٽئين حصي تائين منتقل ڪرڻ تي مجبور ڪري سگهي ٿي.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" /> [[خوراڪي تحفظ]] وڌيڪ اڻبرابر ٿيندو، ۽ ڪجهه ڏکڻ ايشيائي ملڪ عالمي خوراڪ قيمتن جي اٿل پٿل سبب اهم سماجي اثرن کي منهن ڏئي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1494}} ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ [[وچڙندڙ دست]] سبب موت ۽ [[ڊينگي بخار]] جي واقعن ۾ واڌ جو پڻ امڪان آهي.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1508}} ڏکڻ ايشيا جا ڪجهه حصا، گهٽ ۾ گهٽ اخراج واري [[آب و هوا تبديلي منظرنامو|آب و هوا تبديلي منظرنامن]] کان سواءِ، سڀني منظرنامن هيٺ [[گرمي دٻاءُ]] لاءِ “نازڪ صحت حدن” تائين پهچي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1465}} وڌيڪ اخراج واري منظرنامي هيٺ، 2050ع تائين آب و هوا جي تبديلي سبب 40 ملين ماڻهو، يعني ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آبادي جو لڳ ڀڳ 2 سيڪڙو، اندروني لڏپلاڻ تي مجبور ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="AR6_WGII_Chapter10" />{{rp|1469}} [[File:HKH-Glacier-Mass-Change.png|thumb|left|ويهين صديءَ کان وٺي [[هندو ڪش]] [[هماليا]] علائقي ۾ مشاهدي هيٺ آيل گليشيئر ڪاميٽيءَ جو نقصان<ref name=":HKH2019Cryo" />]] === علائقا === {{Main category|ڏکڻ ايشيا جا علائقا}} ==== اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== [[نسلي-لساني گروهه|نسلي-لساني]] لحاظ کان [[اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ گهڻو ڪري [[هند-آريائي ماڻهو|هند-آريائي]] آبادي غالب آهي،<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivani |first1=Jessica K. |last2=Paudyal |first2=Netra |last3=Peterson |first3=John |date=30 August 2021 |title=Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/216529/ |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=287–326 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2029 |issn=2196-078X |s2cid=237343508 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ishii |first1=Hiroshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmVKvwEACAAJ |title=Social Dynamics in Northern South Asia |last2=Gellner |first2=David N. |last3=Nawa |first3=Katsuo |date=2007 |publisher=Manohar |language=en}}</ref> جڏهن ته [[افغانستان]] ۽ [[بلوچستان]] ۾ [[ايراني ماڻهو|ايراني آباديون]]، ۽ هماليا جي ويجهن علائقن ۾ مختلف لساني برادريون پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daurio |first1=Maya |last2=Turin |first2=Mark |year=2020 |title="Langscapes" and language borders: Linguistic boundary-making in northern South Asia |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03083475 |journal=Eurasia Border Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.14943/ebr.10.1.21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bradley |first1=David |last2=Mohanty |first2=Panchanan |chapter=Sociolinguistics of South Asia: Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic and other languages |year=2023 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World |pages=184–196 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003198345-17/sociolinguistics-south-asia-david-bradley-panchanan-mohanty |access-date=4 October 2023 |edition=2 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003198345-17 |isbn=978-1-003-19834-5|url-access=subscription }}.</ref> هن علائقي جون حدون گهڻو تڪراري رهيون آهن، خاص طور [[ڀارت جا علائقائي تڪرار|ڀارت]] ۽ ان جي پاڙيسري ملڪن، يعني [[ڀارت-پاڪستان سرحدي تڪرار|پاڪستان]] ۽ [[چين-ڀارت سرحدي تڪرار|چين]]، جي وچ ۾؛ ان سان گڏ [[اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۾ بغاوت|اتر اوڀر ڀارت جي عليحدگي پسند تحريڪن]] پڻ حدن ۽ انتظام بابت تڪرارن جو حصو رهيون آهن.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31797 |title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822355427 |editor-last=Gellner |editor-first=David |language=English |doi=10.26530/oapen_625238|hdl=20.500.12657/31797 }}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=In the North of South Asia, an arc of peace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/in-the-north-of-south-asia-an-arc-of-peace-101666705026927.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chowdhory |first1=Nasreen |last2=Mohanty |first2=Biswajit |date=4 July 2023 |title=Dispossession, Border and Exception in South Asia: An Introduction |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=537–547 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2023.2226404 |issn=0886-5655 |s2cid=259697352 |doi-access=free}}</ref> علائقي جي هن ڇڪتاڻ سبب اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ملڪن وچ ۾ درياهن جي پاڻيءَ جي ورڇ ڏکي ٿي وئي آهي؛<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Doug |title=Alternative Institutional Arrangements: Managing Transboundary Water Resources in South Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/3096107 |journal=Academia}}</ref> آب و هوا جي تبديلي هن مسئلي کي وڌيڪ سنگين بڻائڻ جو امڪان رکي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Crow |first1=B. |last2=Singh |first2=Nirvikar |date=March 2008 |title=The management of inter-state rivers as demands grow and supplies tighten: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12433/1/MPRA_paper_12433.pdf |website=Munich Personal RePEc Archive |s2cid=129209899 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Putting policy into practice to clean up South Asia's dirty air (commentary) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/putting-policy-into-practice-to-clean-up-south-asias-dirty-air-commentary/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[هند-گنگا ميدان]] جي غلبي هيٺ هي علائقو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ ارب ماڻهن جو گهر آهي ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو سڀ کان غريب ذيلي علائقو شمار ٿئي ٿو.<ref name=":03" /> ==== اتر اولهه ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== اتر اولهه ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي ڪيترين اوائلي تهذيبن جو ماڳ رهيو آهي، جن ۾ [[سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب]] پڻ شامل آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE) |url=https://www.science.smith.edu/climatelit/decline-of-the-indus-river-valley-civilization-c-3300-1300-bce/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Climate in Arts and History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Thornton |first1=Christopher P. |title=Introduction: Between Two Civilizations |year=2016 |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/20329 |access-date=5 October 2023 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |language=en |isbn=978-1-934536-06-3 |last2=Cable |first2=Charlotte}}</ref> تاريخي طور اهو ڏکڻ ايشيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ فتح ٿيل علائقو رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اولهه کان ايندڙ حملي آور فوجن کي هندستاني برصغير ۾ داخل ٿيڻ لاءِ سڀ کان پهريان هن علائقي مان گذرڻو پوندو هو.<ref>[https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/120933/2010_08_South%20Asias%20Geography%20of%20Conflict_Robert%20D.%20Kaplan_0.pdf South Asia's Geography of Conflict] https://www.files.ethz.ch/ Robert D. Kaplan</ref> انهن ڪيترين يلغارن سبب اتر اولهه ڏکڻ ايشيا تي ڏکڻ ايشيا کان ٻاهر جي مختلف ذريعن، خاص طور [[مسلم دنيا]]، جا نمايان اثر پيا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/38155 |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |hdl=20.500.12657/38155 |isbn=978-90-04-19458-8 |language=English}}</ref> ==== اوڀر ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== [[اوڀر ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ [[بنگلاديش]]، يعني [[اوڀر بنگال]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[اوڀر ڀارت|اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر اوڀر ڀارت|اتر اوڀر]] ڀارت جا حصا، ۽ [[نيپال]] شامل آهن. هن علائقي جون اهم هندو ۽ ٻڌ بادشاهتون ۽ سلطنتون [[ڪيڪٽ بادشاهت|ڪيڪٽ]]، [[وديهه بادشاهت|وديهه]]، [[وجي وفاق|وجي]]، [[مگڌا]]، [[نندا سلطنت|نندا]]، [[گنگاريدائي]]، [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]]، [[انگ]]، [[ڪلنگا]]، [[ڪامروپا]]، [[سمتتا]]، [[ڪنوا خاندان|ڪنوا]]، [[گپتا سلطنت|گپتا]]، [[پالا سلطنت|پالا]]، [[گوڙ بادشاهت|گوڙ]]، [[سينا سلطنت|سينا]]، [[کڙگا خاندان|کڙگا]]، [[چندرا خاندان|چندرا]] ۽ [[ديوا خاندان|ديوا]] شامل آهن. جاگرافيائي لحاظ کان اهو علائقو [[اوڀر هماليا]] ۽ [[بنگال جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. دنيا جا ٻه وڏا درياهه، [[گنگا]] ۽ [[برهمپترا]]، هن علائقي مان گذري سمنڊ ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿا. هن علائقي ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو ڊيلٽا، [[گنگا ڊيلٽا]]، شامل آهي. هتي آب و هوا [[الپائن آب و هوا|الپائن]] ۽ [[جبلائي ماحولياتي نظام#ذيلي الپائن پٽو|ذيلي الپائن]] کان وٺي [[ذيلي استوائي علائقو|ذيلي استوائي]] ۽ [[استوائي علائقو|استوائي]] تائين ڦهليل آهي. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ نيپال، ڀوٽان، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ اوڀر ڀارت جا ڪجهه حصا [[بند ملڪ|سامونڊي ڪناري کان محروم]] آهن، تنهنڪري بنگلاديش ۽ اوڀر ڀارت، خاص طور [[اولهه بنگال]] ۽ [[اوڊيشا]] جا سامونڊي ڪنارا، هن علائقي جا اهم داخلي دروازا آهن. 441 ملين کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان اوڀر ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 6 سيڪڙو ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آباديءَ جو 25 سيڪڙو رکي ٿو. ==== مرڪزي-اولهندي سامونڊي ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== ==== مرڪزي ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== ==== ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== [[ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ [[ڏکڻ ڀارت]]، [[مالديپ]] ۽ [[سري لنڪا]] شامل آهن،<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cardoso |first=Hugo |title=The synchrony and diachrony of an Asian-Portuguese causal morpheme |url=https://www.academia.edu/76842442 |journal=Academia}}</ref><ref name=":05">[https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/balances-and-benefits-in-the-southern-south-asia/ Balances and benefits in Southern South Asia: The Maldives and Sri Lanka in 2021] https://www.orfonline.org/ Aditya Gowdara Shivamurthy</ref> ۽ هي علائقو گهڻو ڪري [[دراوڙي ماڻهو|دراوڙي]] آهي.<ref>[https://www.asianz.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Future-Potential-and-the-Invisible-Diaspora-New-Zealand-and-South-Asia-diaspora.pdf Future potential and the invisible diaspora: New Zealand and South Asia diasporas] https://www.asianz.org.nz/ Robert Didham</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Walter |year=2017 |title=Eurasian Literature through the Eighteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12757 |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732679.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-873267-9}}</ref> هندي سمنڊ جي اهم واپاري گذرگاهه ۾ واقع هجڻ سبب ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا قديم زماني ۾ عالمي واپار جو مرڪز هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Roberts Made National Geographic 'Explorer' |url=https://www.shh.mpg.de/1827734/patrick-roberts-nat-geo-explorer-grant |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=shh.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref> تاريخي طور ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي حڪومتن لڳ ڀڳ 300ع کان 1300ع تائين عوامي سياسي اظهار لاءِ [[سنسڪرت]] اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هي علائقو وسيع [[وڏو هندستان|ڏکڻ ايشيائي ثقافتي دائري]] سان وڌيڪ ڳنڍجي ويو.<ref>[http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/bj001564378.pdf Comparing East Asian and Southeast Asian Buddhism: Looking at Traditional China from the Margins] http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/ John R. McRae</ref> هن عمل علائقي جي ٻولين تي گهرو اثر وڌو، جنهن سبب تامل کان سواءِ سڀ وڏيون دراوڙي ٻوليون گهڻي حد تائين [[سنسڪرتڪاري]] جو شڪار ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Setting the record straight |url=https://www.economist.com/johnson/2013/05/13/setting-the-record-straight |access-date=5 October 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2023 |title=Sanskrit is the mother of all Indian languages: Bhyrappa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sanskrit-is-the-mother-of-all-indian-languages-bhyrappa/article66350430.ece |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> هن علائقي ۾ تامل اثر پڻ نهايت اهم رهيو آهي. [[چولا خاندان]] جهڙين نمايان سلطنتن [[تامل ثقافت]] کي سري لنڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا کان ٻاهر تائين پهچايو. سري لنڪا ۾ هڪ قديم [[سري لنڪائي تامل]] اقليت موجود آهي، ۽ ملڪ جي اڪثريتي ٻولي [[سنڌالا ٻولي|سنڌالا]] پڻ دراوڙي اثر رکي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020 |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/sri-lankan-civil-war/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Perera |first1=Sasanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzBREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |title=Against the Nation: Thinking Like South Asians |last2=Pathak |first2=Dev Nath |last3=Kumar |first3=Ravi |date=30 December 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89812-33-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=23 March 2022 |title=How a unique Tamil dialect survived among a fishing community in Sri Lanka |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1020026/how-a-unique-tamil-dialect-survived-among-a-fishing-community-in-sri-lanka |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> === علائقا === {{Main category|ڏکڻ ايشيا جا علائقا}} ==== اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== [[نسلي-لساني گروهه|نسلي-لساني]] لحاظ کان [[اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ گهڻو ڪري [[هند-آريائي ماڻهو|هند-آريائي]] آبادي غالب آهي،<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ivani |first1=Jessica K. |last2=Paudyal |first2=Netra |last3=Peterson |first3=John |date=30 August 2021 |title=Indo-Aryan – a house divided? Evidence for the east–west Indo-Aryan divide and its significance for the study of northern South Asia |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/216529/ |journal=Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=287–326 |doi=10.1515/jsall-2021-2029 |issn=2196-078X |s2cid=237343508 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ishii |first1=Hiroshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PmVKvwEACAAJ |title=Social Dynamics in Northern South Asia |last2=Gellner |first2=David N. |last3=Nawa |first3=Katsuo |date=2007 |publisher=Manohar |language=en}}</ref> جڏهن ته [[افغانستان]] ۽ [[بلوچستان]] ۾ [[ايراني ماڻهو|ايراني آباديون]]، ۽ هماليا جي ويجهن علائقن ۾ مختلف لساني برادريون پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daurio |first1=Maya |last2=Turin |first2=Mark |year=2020 |title="Langscapes" and language borders: Linguistic boundary-making in northern South Asia |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03083475 |journal=Eurasia Border Review |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.14943/ebr.10.1.21}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bradley |first1=David |last2=Mohanty |first2=Panchanan |chapter=Sociolinguistics of South Asia: Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic and other languages |year=2023 |title=The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World |pages=184–196 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003198345-17/sociolinguistics-south-asia-david-bradley-panchanan-mohanty |access-date=4 October 2023 |edition=2 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781003198345-17 |isbn=978-1-003-19834-5|url-access=subscription }}.</ref> هن علائقي جون حدون گهڻو تڪراري رهيون آهن، خاص طور [[ڀارت جا علائقائي تڪرار|ڀارت]] ۽ ان جي پاڙيسري ملڪن، يعني [[ڀارت-پاڪستان سرحدي تڪرار|پاڪستان]] ۽ [[چين-ڀارت سرحدي تڪرار|چين]]، جي وچ ۾؛ ان سان گڏ [[اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۾ بغاوت|اتر اوڀر ڀارت جي عليحدگي پسند تحريڪن]] پڻ حدن ۽ انتظام بابت تڪرارن جو حصو رهيون آهن.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/31797 |title=Borderland Lives in Northern South Asia |date=3 March 2014 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9780822355427 |editor-last=Gellner |editor-first=David |language=English |doi=10.26530/oapen_625238|hdl=20.500.12657/31797 }}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=In the North of South Asia, an arc of peace |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/opinion/in-the-north-of-south-asia-an-arc-of-peace-101666705026927.html |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |type=Opinion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chowdhory |first1=Nasreen |last2=Mohanty |first2=Biswajit |date=4 July 2023 |title=Dispossession, Border and Exception in South Asia: An Introduction |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |language=en |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=537–547 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2023.2226404 |issn=0886-5655 |s2cid=259697352 |doi-access=free}}</ref> علائقي جي هن ڇڪتاڻ سبب اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ملڪن وچ ۾ درياهن جي پاڻيءَ جي ورڇ ڏکي ٿي وئي آهي؛<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=Doug |title=Alternative Institutional Arrangements: Managing Transboundary Water Resources in South Asia |url=https://www.academia.edu/3096107 |journal=Academia}}</ref> آب و هوا جي تبديلي هن مسئلي کي وڌيڪ سنگين بڻائڻ جو امڪان رکي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Crow |first1=B. |last2=Singh |first2=Nirvikar |date=March 2008 |title=The management of inter-state rivers as demands grow and supplies tighten: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/12433/1/MPRA_paper_12433.pdf |website=Munich Personal RePEc Archive |s2cid=129209899 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2019 |title=Putting policy into practice to clean up South Asia's dirty air (commentary) |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/putting-policy-into-practice-to-clean-up-south-asias-dirty-air-commentary/ |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> [[هند-گنگا ميدان]] جي غلبي هيٺ هي علائقو لڳ ڀڳ اڌ ارب ماڻهن جو گهر آهي ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جو سڀ کان غريب ذيلي علائقو شمار ٿئي ٿو.<ref name=":03" /> ==== اتر اولهه ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== اتر اولهه ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي ڪيترين اوائلي تهذيبن جو ماڳ رهيو آهي، جن ۾ [[سنڌو ماٿري جي تهذيب]] پڻ شامل آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE) |url=https://www.science.smith.edu/climatelit/decline-of-the-indus-river-valley-civilization-c-3300-1300-bce/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Climate in Arts and History |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Thornton |first1=Christopher P. |title=Introduction: Between Two Civilizations |year=2016 |url=https://rune.une.edu.au/web/handle/1959.11/20329 |access-date=5 October 2023 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology |language=en |isbn=978-1-934536-06-3 |last2=Cable |first2=Charlotte}}</ref> تاريخي طور اهو ڏکڻ ايشيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ فتح ٿيل علائقو رهيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اولهه کان ايندڙ حملي آور فوجن کي هندستاني برصغير ۾ داخل ٿيڻ لاءِ سڀ کان پهريان هن علائقي مان گذرڻو پوندو هو.<ref>[https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/120933/2010_08_South%20Asias%20Geography%20of%20Conflict_Robert%20D.%20Kaplan_0.pdf South Asia's Geography of Conflict] https://www.files.ethz.ch/ Robert D. Kaplan</ref> انهن ڪيترين يلغارن سبب اتر اولهه ڏکڻ ايشيا تي ڏکڻ ايشيا کان ٻاهر جي مختلف ذريعن، خاص طور [[مسلم دنيا]]، جا نمايان اثر پيا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelis |first=Jason |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/38155 |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |hdl=20.500.12657/38155 |isbn=978-90-04-19458-8 |language=English}}</ref> ==== اوڀر ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== [[اوڀر ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ [[بنگلاديش]]، يعني [[اوڀر بنگال]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[اوڀر ڀارت|اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر اوڀر ڀارت|اتر اوڀر]] ڀارت جا حصا، ۽ [[نيپال]] شامل آهن. هن علائقي جون اهم هندو ۽ ٻڌ بادشاهتون ۽ سلطنتون [[ڪيڪٽ بادشاهت|ڪيڪٽ]]، [[وديهه بادشاهت|وديهه]]، [[وجي وفاق|وجي]]، [[مگڌا]]، [[نندا سلطنت|نندا]]، [[گنگاريدائي]]، [[موريا سلطنت|موريا]]، [[انگ]]، [[ڪلنگا]]، [[ڪامروپا]]، [[سمتتا]]، [[ڪنوا خاندان|ڪنوا]]، [[گپتا سلطنت|گپتا]]، [[پالا سلطنت|پالا]]، [[گوڙ بادشاهت|گوڙ]]، [[سينا سلطنت|سينا]]، [[کڙگا خاندان|کڙگا]]، [[چندرا خاندان|چندرا]] ۽ [[ديوا خاندان|ديوا]] شامل آهن. جاگرافيائي لحاظ کان اهو علائقو [[اوڀر هماليا]] ۽ [[بنگال جي نار]] جي وچ ۾ واقع آهي. دنيا جا ٻه وڏا درياهه، [[گنگا]] ۽ [[برهمپترا]]، هن علائقي مان گذري سمنڊ ۾ ڇوڙ ڪن ٿا. هن علائقي ۾ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو ڊيلٽا، [[گنگا ڊيلٽا]]، شامل آهي. هتي آب و هوا [[الپائن آب و هوا|الپائن]] ۽ [[جبلائي ماحولياتي نظام#ذيلي الپائن پٽو|ذيلي الپائن]] کان وٺي [[ذيلي استوائي علائقو|ذيلي استوائي]] ۽ [[استوائي علائقو|استوائي]] تائين ڦهليل آهي. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ نيپال، ڀوٽان، اتر اوڀر ڀارت ۽ اوڀر ڀارت جا ڪجهه حصا [[بند ملڪ|سامونڊي ڪناري کان محروم]] آهن، تنهنڪري بنگلاديش ۽ اوڀر ڀارت، خاص طور [[اولهه بنگال]] ۽ [[اوڊيشا]] جا سامونڊي ڪنارا، هن علائقي جا اهم داخلي دروازا آهن. 441 ملين کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان اوڀر ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي آباديءَ جو 6 سيڪڙو ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آباديءَ جو 25 سيڪڙو رکي ٿو. ==== مرڪزي-اولهندي سامونڊي ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== ==== مرڪزي ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== ==== ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا ==== [[ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۾ [[ڏکڻ ڀارت]]، [[مالديپ]] ۽ [[سري لنڪا]] شامل آهن،<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cardoso |first=Hugo |title=The synchrony and diachrony of an Asian-Portuguese causal morpheme |url=https://www.academia.edu/76842442 |journal=Academia}}</ref><ref name=":05"/> ۽ هي علائقو گهڻو ڪري [[دراوڙي ماڻهو|دراوڙي]] آهي.<ref>[https://www.asianz.org.nz/assets/Uploads/Future-Potential-and-the-Invisible-Diaspora-New-Zealand-and-South-Asia-diaspora.pdf Future potential and the invisible diaspora: New Zealand and South Asia diasporas] https://www.asianz.org.nz/ Robert Didham</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Walter |year=2017 |title=Eurasian Literature through the Eighteenth Century |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12757 |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=academic.oup.com |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732679.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-873267-9}}</ref> هندي سمنڊ جي اهم واپاري گذرگاهه ۾ واقع هجڻ سبب ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا قديم زماني ۾ عالمي واپار جو مرڪز هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrick Roberts Made National Geographic 'Explorer' |url=https://www.shh.mpg.de/1827734/patrick-roberts-nat-geo-explorer-grant |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=shh.mpg.de |language=en}}</ref> تاريخي طور ڏکڻ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي حڪومتن لڳ ڀڳ 300ع کان 1300ع تائين عوامي سياسي اظهار لاءِ [[سنسڪرت]] اختيار ڪئي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ هي علائقو وسيع [[وڏو هندستان|ڏکڻ ايشيائي ثقافتي دائري]] سان وڌيڪ ڳنڍجي ويو.<ref>[http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-BJ001/bj001564378.pdf Comparing East Asian and Southeast Asian Buddhism: Looking at Traditional China from the Margins] http://buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw/ John R. McRae</ref> هن عمل علائقي جي ٻولين تي گهرو اثر وڌو، جنهن سبب تامل کان سواءِ سڀ وڏيون دراوڙي ٻوليون گهڻي حد تائين [[سنسڪرتڪاري]] جو شڪار ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Setting the record straight |url=https://www.economist.com/johnson/2013/05/13/setting-the-record-straight |access-date=5 October 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2023 |title=Sanskrit is the mother of all Indian languages: Bhyrappa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sanskrit-is-the-mother-of-all-indian-languages-bhyrappa/article66350430.ece |access-date=5 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> هن علائقي ۾ تامل اثر پڻ نهايت اهم رهيو آهي. [[چولا خاندان]] جهڙين نمايان سلطنتن [[تامل ثقافت]] کي سري لنڪا ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا کان ٻاهر تائين پهچايو. سري لنڪا ۾ هڪ قديم [[سري لنڪائي تامل]] اقليت موجود آهي، ۽ ملڪ جي اڪثريتي ٻولي [[سنڌالا ٻولي|سنڌالا]] پڻ دراوڙي اثر رکي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2020 |title=The Sri Lankan Civil War and Its History, Revisited in 2020 |url=https://hir.harvard.edu/sri-lankan-civil-war/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Harvard International Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Perera |first1=Sasanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzBREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA99 |title=Against the Nation: Thinking Like South Asians |last2=Pathak |first2=Dev Nath |last3=Kumar |first3=Ravi |date=30 December 2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89812-33-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=23 March 2022 |title=How a unique Tamil dialect survived among a fishing community in Sri Lanka |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1020026/how-a-unique-tamil-dialect-survived-among-a-fishing-community-in-sri-lanka |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> === زميني ۽ سامونڊي پکيڙ === {{See also|خصوصي معاشي علائقو|هندي سمنڊ}} هن فهرست ۾ خودمختيار رياستن سان لاڳاپيل [[تابع علائقا]] (غير آباد علائقن سميت) شامل آهن، پر [[انٽارڪٽڪا]] بابت دعوائون شامل ناهن. '''EEZ+TIA''' مان مراد [[خصوصي معاشي علائقو]] (EEZ) ۽ ڪل اندروني پکيڙ (TIA) جو مجموعو آهي، جنهن ۾ زمين ۽ اندروني آبي ايراضيون شامل آهن. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | ملڪ ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | زميني پکيڙ<br> (چورس ڪلوميٽر) ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | خصوصي معاشي علائقو ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | براعظمي کنڊ ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | ڪُل پکيڙ<br>(EEZ+TIA) |- | [[افغانستان]] | 652,864 | 0 | 0 | 652,864 |- | [[بنگلاديش]] | 148,460 | 86,392 | 66,438 | 230,390 |- | [[ڀوٽان]] | 38,394 | 0 | 0 | 38,394 |- | [[ڀارت]] | 3,287,263 | 2,305,143 | 402,996 | 5,592,406 |- | [[نيپال]] | 147,181 | 0 | 0 | 147,181 |- | [[مالديپ]] | 298 | 923,322 | 34,538 | 923,622 |- | [[پاڪستان]] | 881,913 | 290,000 | 51,383 | 1,117,911 |- | [[سري لنڪا]] | 65,610 | 532,619 | 32,453 | 598,229 |- ! style="background:#D9E2F3;" | ڪُل ! style="background:#D9E2F3;" | '''5,221,093''' ! style="background:#D9E2F3;" | '''4,137,476''' ! style="background:#D9E2F3;" | '''587,808''' ! style="background:#D9E2F3;" | '''9,300,997''' |} == سماج == {{See also|ڏکڻ ايشيا جا نسلي گروهه}} === آبادي === ڏکڻ ايشيا جي آبادي لڳ ڀڳ '''1.938 ارب''' آهي، جيڪا هن علائقي کي دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو علائقو بڻائي ٿي.<ref> United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2014 Revision, custom data acquired via website. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm </ref> هي علائقو سماجي لحاظ کان انتهائي گهڻ رخو آهي، جتي ڪيترائي لساني گروهه، مذهب ۽ ثقافتي روايتون موجود آهن. هڪ علائقي جون سماجي رسمون ۽ رهڻي ڪهڻي ٻئي علائقي کان ڪافي مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=249|isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;" ! style="background:#4472C4;color:white;" rowspan="2" | ملڪ ! style="background:#4472C4;color:white;" rowspan="2" | آبادي (هزارن ۾)<br />(2023) ! style="background:#4472C4;color:white;" rowspan="2" | ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ حصو ! style="background:#4472C4;color:white;" rowspan="2" | دنيا جي آبادي ۾ حصو ! style="background:#4472C4;color:white;" rowspan="2" | آبادي جي گهڻائي<br />(في چورس ڪلوميٽر) ! style="background:#5B9BD5;color:white;" colspan="3" | آبادي واڌ جي شرح (%) ! style="background:#70AD47;color:white;" colspan="7" | آباديءَ جو اندازو (هزارن ۾) |- !2005–10 !2010–15 !2015–20 !1950 !1975 !2000 !2025 !2050 !2075 !2100 |- | [[افغانستان]] | 42,240 | 2.17% | 0.525% | 61.8 | 2.78 | 3.16 | 2.41 | 7,752 | 12,689 | 20,779 | 44,516 | 74,075 | 98,732 | 110,855 |- | [[بنگلاديش]] | 172,954 | 8.92% | 2.15% | 1301 | 1.18 | 1.16 | 1.04 | 37,895 | 70,066 | 127,658 | 170,937 | 203,905 | 201,891 | 176,366 |- | [[ڀوٽان]] | 787 | 0.04% | 0.00978% | 20.3 | 2.05 | 1.58 | 1.18 | 177 | 348 | 591 | 797 | 874 | 803 | 654 |- | [[ڀارت]] | 1,428,628 | 73.7% | 17.5% | 473.4 | 1.46 | 1.23 | 1.10 | 376,325 | 623,103 | 1,056,576 | 1,454,607 | 1,670,491 | 1,676,035 | 1,529,850 |- | [[مالديپ]] | 521 | 0.03% | 0.00647% | 1738.2 | 2.68 | 2.76 | 1.85 | 74 | 136 | 279 | 515 | 570 | 543 | 469 |- | [[نيپال]] | 30,897 | 1.59% | 0.384% | 204.1 | 1.05 | 1.17 | 1.09 | 8,483 | 13,420 | 23,941 | 31,577 | 37,401 | 38,189 | 33,770 |- | [[پاڪستان]] | 240,486 | 12.4% | 2.98% | 300.2 | 2.05 | 2.09 | 1.91 | 37,542 | 66,817 | 142,344 | 249,949 | 367,808 | 453,262 | 487,017 |- | [[سري لنڪا]] | 21,894 | 1.13% | 0.272% | 347.2 | 0.68 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 7,971 | 13,755 | 18,778 | 22,000 | 21,815 | 19,000 | 14,695 |- class="sortbottom" ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | ڏکڻ ايشيا ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | '''1,938,407''' ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | '''100٪''' ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | '''24.094٪''' ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | '''377.5''' !- !- !- ! 476,220 ! 800,335 ! 1,390,946 ! 1,974,898 ! 2,376,939 ! 2,488,455 ! 2,353,676 |- | colspan="15" | <small> گڏيل قومن جي انگن اکرن موجب 1950ع، 1975ع، 2000ع، 2025ع، 2050ع، 2075ع ۽ 2100ع لاءِ ڏکڻ ايشيائي ملڪن جي آباديءَ جا اندازا جدول ۾ ڏيکاريا ويا آهن. اهي اندازا وچولي زرخيزي شرح (Medium Fertility Variant) جي بنياد تي تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. ڀارت ۽ بنگلاديش ۾ زرخيزي جي شرح تيزي سان متبادل سطح (Replacement Level) ڏانهن وڌڻ سبب ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ آبادي واڌ جي رفتار نمايان گهٽجڻ جو امڪان آهي، ۽ 21هين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري آبادي واڌ منفي به ٿي سگهي ٿي. |} === ٻوليون === {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا جون ٻوليون}} {{See also|هندستاني ڳالهائيندڙ دنيا}} [[File:South Asian Language Families.png|thumb|right|ڏکڻ ايشيا جو نسلي-لساني ورڇ وارو نقشو]] <imagemap> File:States of South Asia by language.png|thumb|400px|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي هر رياست يا صوبي ۾، مالديپ کان سواءِ، ڳالهائي ويندڙ سرڪاري ٻولي يا عام رابطي جي ٻولي جو ڪلڪ ڪرڻ لائق نقشو. هند-آريائي ٻوليون سائي رنگ ۾، ايراني ٻوليون ڳاڙهي سائي رنگ ۾، دراوڙي ٻوليون واڱڻائي رنگ ۾، تبتو-برمي ٻوليون ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾، ۽ ترڪ ٻوليون نارنگي رنگ ۾ ڏيکاريل آهن. rect 30 70 355 230 [[w:Provinces of Afghanistan#UN Regions]] rect 10 130 430 305 [[w:Pashtunistan]] rect 185 435 330 585 [[w:Sindh]] rect 215 590 450 695 [[w:Gujarat]] rect 90 320 275 500 [[w:Balochistan, Pakistan]] rect 375 270 515 430 [[w:Punjab]] rect 445 255 670 565 [[w:Hindi belt]] rect 320 480 900 720 [[w:Hindi belt]] rect 430 50 710 255 [[w:Kashmir]] rect 980 345 1075 510 [[w:Bhutan]] rect 670 380 920 500 [[w:Nepal]] rect 900 540 1070 685 [[w:Bengal]] rect 985 360 1250 640 [[w:Northeast India]] rect 550 805 740 1070 [[w:Telugu states]] rect 410 690 660 845 [[w:Maharashtra]] rect 760 660 980 850 [[w:Odisha]] rect 460 830 550 1100 [[w:Karnataka]] rect 430 1100 550 1380 [[w:Kerala]] rect 550 1070 655 1160 [[w:Tamil Nadu]] rect 660 1140 760 1220 [[w:Sri Lankan Tamils]] rect 650 1220 780 1520 [[w:Sinhalese people]] </imagemap> ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ ڪيتريون ئي ٻوليون ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون. علائقي جون ڳالهائجندڙ ٻوليون گهڻو ڪري جاگرافيءَ سان لاڳاپيل آهن ۽ مذهبي حدن کان مٿي گڏيل طور استعمال ٿين ٿيون، پر انهن جون لکڻيون مذهبي حدن موجب نمايان طور ورهايل آهن. خاص طور ڏکڻ ايشيا جا مسلمان، جهڙوڪ افغانستان ۽ پاڪستان ۾، [[عربي رسم الخط]] ۽ فارسي [[نستعليق رسم الخط|نستعليق]] استعمال ڪن ٿا. 1952ع تائين مسلمان اڪثريت وارو بنگلاديش، جيڪو تڏهن اوڀر پاڪستان سڏبو هو، پڻ صرف نستعليق رسم الخط کي لازمي قرار ڏيندو هو؛ پر ان کان پوءِ، [[بنگالي ٻولي تحريڪ|ٻولي تحريڪ]] جي نتيجي ۾ بنگالي کي ان وقت جي اوڀر پاڪستان جي سرڪاري ٻولي طور قبول ڪرڻ بعد، علائقائي رسم الخط، خاص طور بنگالي، اختيار ڪيا ويا. ٻئي طرف ڏکڻ ايشيا جا غير مسلم، ۽ ڀارت جا ڪجهه مسلمان، هند-يورپي ٻولين لاءِ [[براهمي رسم الخط]] مان نڪتل رسم الخط، ۽ [[دراوڙي ٻوليون|دراوڙي ٻولين]] ۽ ٻين لاءِ غير براهمي رسم الخط استعمال ڪن ٿا.{{sfn|Bhatia|2008|pp=122–127}}{{sfn|Pandharipande|2008|pp=419–423}} [[ناگري رسم الخط]] روايتي ڏکڻ ايشيائي رسم الخط ۾ ''[[برابرن ۾ پهريون]]'' رهيو آهي.<ref name=george>{{cite book |first1=George |last1=Cardona |first2=Dhanesh |last2=Jain |date=2003 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Routledge |pages=75–77 |isbn=978-0-415-77294-5}}</ref> [[ديوناگري]] رسم الخط 120 کان وڌيڪ ڏکڻ ايشيائي ٻولين لاءِ استعمال ٿئي ٿو،<ref name="devasilusa">[http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Deva Devanagari (Nagari)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702003440/http://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Deva |date=2 July 2017 }}, Script Features and Description, [[SIL International]] (2013), United States.</ref> جن ۾ [[هندي]]،<ref>[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm Hindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528075558/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hindi.htm |date=28 May 2012 }}, Omniglot Encyclopedia of Writing Systems and Languages</ref> [[مراٺي ٻولي|مراٺي]]، [[نيپالي ٻولي|نيپالي]]، [[پالي]]، [[ڪونڪڻي ٻولي|ڪونڪڻي]]، [[بوڊو ٻولي|بوڊو]]، [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌي]] ۽ [[ميٿلي ٻولي|ميٿلي]] سميت ڪيتريون ٻيون ٻوليون ۽ لهجا شامل آهن؛ ان ڪري اهو دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ۽ [[استعمال موجب لکڻين جي نظامن جي فهرست|اختيار ڪيل لکڻين جي نظامن]] مان هڪ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm|title=Devanagari script|publisher=Omniglot|first=David|last=Templin|access-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401062015/http://www.omniglot.com/language/articles/devanagari.htm|archive-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ديوناگري رسم الخط ڪلاسيڪي سنسڪرت متنن لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندو آهي.<ref name=devasilusa/> هن علائقي ۾ سڀ کان وڏي ڳالهائجندڙ ٻولي [[هندستاني ٻولي]] آهي، جنهن کان پوءِ بنگالي، تيلگو، تامل، مراٺي، گجراتي، ڪناڊا ۽ پنجابي اچن ٿيون.{{sfn|Bhatia|2008|pp=122–127}}{{sfn|Pandharipande|2008|pp=419–423}} جديد دور ۾ هن علائقي ۾ نيون گڏيل ثقافتي ٻوليون پڻ پيدا ٿيون، جهڙوڪ [[اردو]]، جيڪا [[اتر ڏکڻ ايشيا]]، خاص طور پاڪستان ۽ ڀارت جي اترين رياستن، جي مسلمان برادري استعمال ڪري ٿي.<ref> Shamsur Rahman Faruqi (2008), [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_symcretism_2008.pdf Urdu Literary Culture: The Syncretic Tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026133552/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/srf_symcretism_2008.pdf |date=26 October 2012 }}, Shibli Academy, Azamgarh.</ref> [[پنجابي ٻولي]] ٽن مذهبن، يعني اسلام، هندو ڌرم ۽ سک ڌرم، سان لاڳاپيل برادرين ۾ پکڙيل آهي. ڳالهائجندڙ ٻولي گهڻي حد تائين ساڳي آهي، پر اها ٽن رسم الخطن ۾ لکي وڃي ٿي. [[سک]] [[گرمکي رسم الخط]] استعمال ڪن ٿا، [[پاڪستان]] جا [[مسلمان پنجابي]] [[نستعليق رسم الخط]] استعمال ڪن ٿا، جڏهن ته ڀارت جا [[هندو پنجابي]] [[گرمکي]] يا [[ناگري رسم الخط]] استعمال ڪن ٿا. گرمکي ۽ ناگري رسم الخط الڳ آهن، پر سندن بناوٽ ويجهي آهي؛ جڏهن ته فارسي نستعليق رسم الخط انهن کان بلڪل مختلف آهي.<ref name="Bright1996p395">{{cite book|first1=Peter T.|last1=Daniels|first2=William|last2=Bright|title=The World's Writing Systems |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA395 |year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-507993-7|page=395}}</ref> [[چين-تبتي ٻوليون]] علائقي جي اترين پٽن، خاص طور [[هماليا|هماليائي]] علائقن، ۾ ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون ۽ اڪثر [[تبتي رسم الخط]] استعمال ڪن ٿيون.<ref name="BRILL">{{cite book |last1=Zielser |first1=B |last2=Turin |first2=M |title=Himalayan Languages and Linguistics: Studies in Phonology, Semantics, Morphology and Syntax |date=21 April 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-19448-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5MoDCJP3VPUC |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref> اهي ٻوليون گهڻو ڪري ڀوٽان ۽ نيپال، برما جي ڪجهه حصن، ۽ اتر ڀارت جي [[سڪم]] رياست ۽ [[لداخ]] علائقي ۾ ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون.<ref name="Walter de Gruyter">{{cite book |last1=Saxena |first1=A |title=Himalayan Languages: Past and Present |date=2004 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-017841-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdqy7PKHUXQC |access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> ڀوٽان جي قومي ٻولي [[زونگکا]] آهي، جڏهن ته [[ليپچا ٻولي|ليپچا]]، [[لمبو ٻولي|لمبو]]، [[گورنگ]]، [[مگر ٻولي|مگر]]، [[رائي ٻوليون|رائي]]، [[نيوار ٻولي|نيواري]]، [[تمانگ ٻولي|تمانگ]]، [[تسانگلا]]، [[ٿڪالي ٻولي|ٿڪالي]] ۽ [[سڪيمي ٻولي|سڪيمي]] پڻ ڀوٽان، نيپال ۽ سڪم ۾ ڳالهايون وڃن ٿيون، ۽ [[لداخي ٻولي|لداخي]] لداخ ۾ ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي.<ref name="Walter de Gruyter"/> [[ٻڌ ڌرم]] ۽ [[بون]] اڪثر انهن علائقن ۾ غالب هوندا آهن جتي اهي ٻوليون موجود آهن.<ref name="Walter de Gruyter"/><ref name="BRILL"/> [[گلگت بلتستان]] جي ڪجهه علائقن ۾ [[بلتي ٻولي]] پڻ ڳالهائي وڃي ٿي، پر ڳالهائيندڙ اڪثر ان کي [[اردو رسم الخط]] ۾ لکندا آهن.<ref name="BRILL"/> پاڪستاني [[بلتستان]] ۾ علائقي جي [[اسلام]] اختيار ڪرڻ کان پوءِ، سوين سال اڳ [[تبتي رسم الخط]] جو استعمال ختم ٿي ويو.<ref name="BRILL"/> برطانوي هِجي سان انگريزي شهري علائقن ۾ عام استعمال ٿئي ٿي ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي هڪ اهم معاشي [[رابطي جي ٻولي]] آهي؛ ڏسو پڻ [[ڏکڻ ايشيائي انگريزي]].{{sfn|Bhatia|Baumgardner|2008|pp=391–394}} === مذهب === {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ مذهب}} {{Further|بنگلاديش ۾ مذهب|ڀوٽان ۾ مذهب|ڀارت ۾ مذهب|نيپال ۾ مذهب|پاڪستان ۾ مذهب|سري لنڪا ۾ مذهب}} [[File:Religious Diversity in South Asia (2).png|thumb|قومي ذيلي ورهاستن موجب ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ مذهبي گوناگونيت]] {{Pie chart |thumb = right |caption = 1871–1872ع جي آدمشماري موجب برطانوي هندستان ۾ مذهب؛ ان ۾ هاڻوڪو ڀارت، بنگلاديش، پاڪستان جو وڏو حصو ۽ سامونڊي ميانمار شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite journal| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/2339124 | title = The Census of British India of 1871–72 | journal = Journal of the Statistical Society of London | publisher = Journal of the Statistical Society of London Vol. 39, No. 2 | pages = 413 | date = June 1876| volume = 39 | issue = 2 | jstor = 2339124 }}</ref> |label1 = [[هندو ڌرم]] |value1 = 73.07 |color1 = darkorange |label2 = [[اسلام]] |value2 = 21.45 |color2 = green |label3 = [[ٻڌ ڌرم ۽ جين ڌرم]] |value3 = 1.49 |color3 = gold |label4 = [[سک ڌرم]] |value4 = 0.62 |color4 = chartreuse |label5 = [[عيسائيت]] |value5 = 0.47 |color5 = blue |label6 = ٻيا |value6 = 2.68 |color6 = Magenta |label7 = مذهب نامعلوم |value7 = 0.22 |color7 = black }} 2010ع ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي [[هندو]] آباديءَ جو گهر هو،<ref name="pewforum.org" /> ۽ هتي لڳ ڀڳ 510 ملين [[مسلمان]]،<ref name="pewforum.org" /> 27 ملين کان وڌيڪ [[سک]]، 35&nbsp;ملين [[عيسائي]] ۽ 25&nbsp;ملين کان وڌيڪ [[ٻڌ ڌرم|ٻڌ]] رهندا هئا.<ref name="Pew Research 2012" /> ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ڪل آباديءَ ۾ هندن جو حصو لڳ ڀڳ 68 سيڪڙو، يعني اٽڪل 900&nbsp;ملين، ۽ مسلمانن جو حصو 31 سيڪڙو، يعني 510&nbsp;ملين، هو،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia|title=Region: South Asia|access-date=1 January 2017|date=27 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229210603/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته ٻڌ، جين، عيسائي ۽ سک باقي آباديءَ جو وڏو حصو ٺاهين ٿا. هندو، ٻڌ، جين، سک ۽ عيسائي گهڻو ڪري ڀارت، نيپال، سري لنڪا ۽ ڀوٽان ۾ مرڪوز آهن، جڏهن ته مسلمان افغانستان (99٪)، بنگلاديش (90٪)، پاڪستان (96٪) ۽ مالديپ (100٪) ۾ مرڪوز آهن.<ref name="pewforum.org" /> برصغير ۾ سڀ وڏا مذهب رائج هجڻ ڪري ڏکڻ ايشيا مذهبي گوناگونيت لاءِ مشهور آهي ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مذهبي طور متنوع علائقن مان هڪ آهي. [[هندستاني مذهب]] اهي مذهب آهن جيڪي هندستاني برصغير ۾ پيدا ٿيا؛ يعني [[هندو ڌرم]]، [[جين ڌرم]]، [[ٻڌ ڌرم]] ۽ [[سک ڌرم]].<ref name = EB>Adams, C. J., [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38030/classification-of-religions Classification of religions: Geographical] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214003036/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38030/classification-of-religions |date=14 December 2007 }}, [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا]], 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2010; Quote: "Indian religions, including early Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism, and sometimes also Theravāda Buddhism and the Hindu- and Buddhist-inspired religions of South and Southeast Asia".</ref> هندستاني مذهب پاڻ ۾ الڳ آهن، پر انهن ۾ اصطلاح، تصور، مقصد ۽ خيال ڪيترن هنڌن تي گڏيل آهن، ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا مان اهي [[اوڀر ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] تائين پکڙيا.<ref name="EB"/> اوائلي عيسائيت ۽ اسلام ڏکڻ ايشيا جي سامونڊي علائقن ۾ انهن واپارين ذريعي پهتا جيڪي مقامي آباديءَ ۾ اچي آباد ٿيا. بعد ۾ [[سنڌ]]، [[بلوچستان، پاڪستان|بلوچستان]] ۽ [[پنجاب علائقو|پنجاب علائقي]] جي ڪجهه حصن تي [[اموي خلافت|عرب خلافتن]] جون فتحون ٿيون، ۽ فارس ۽ وچ ايشيا مان مسلمان آباديءَ جي آمد پڻ ٿي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اتر-اولهندي حصن ۾ شيعه ۽ سني اسلام ٻنهي جي پکڙجڻ ۾ واڌ آئي. پوءِ اسلامي سلطنتن ۽ مغل سلطنت جي مسلمان حڪمرانن جي اثر هيٺ اسلام ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ وڌيڪ پکڙيو.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Alberts |editor1-first=Tara |editor2-last=Irving |editor2-first=D. R. M. |title=Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World |date=2013 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85772-283-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Lisa|last=Balabanlilar|title=Imperial Identity in Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC|year=2012|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-726-1|pages=1–2, 7–10|access-date=27 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610154458/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PS6PrH3rtkC|archive-date=10 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> دنيا جي مسلمانن جو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ-ٽيون حصو [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ اسلام|ڏکڻ ايشيا]] مان آهي.{{sfn|Ruffle|2013|p=193}}<ref name="pew2Apr2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050|date=2 April 2015|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207115222/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|archive-date=7 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dip8Jan2016">{{Cite magazine |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |date=8 January 2016 |title=How South Asia Will Save Global Islam |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |magazine=The Diplomat |access-date=7 February 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208040252/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" rowspan="2" | ملڪ ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" rowspan="2" | رياستي مذهب ! style="background:#70AD47; color:white;" colspan="8" | ڪل آباديءَ ۾ مذهبي آباديءَ جو سيڪڙو |- ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[ٻڌ ڌرم]] ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | عيسائيت ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[هندو ڌرم]] ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[اسلام]] ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[ڪرات ڌرم]] ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[سک ڌرم]] ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | ٻيا ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | رپورٽ جو سال |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|AFG}} | اسلام | – | – | – | [[افغانستان ۾ اسلام|99.7٪]] | – | – | 0.3٪ | 2019<ref name="AfgCIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2021 |title=CIA The World Factbook – Afghanistan |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 March 2012 }}</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|BGD}} | اسلام | [[بنگلاديش ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|0.6٪]] | [[بنگلاديش ۾ عيسائيت|0.4٪]] | [[بنگلاديش ۾ هندو ڌرم|9.5٪]] | [[بنگلاديش ۾ اسلام|90.4٪]] | – | – | – | 2011<ref name="বাংলাদেশ">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256513.pdf |script-title=bn:জানুন |language=bn |trans-title=Bangladesh |publisher=US department of States |access-date=16 October 2019 }}</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|BHU}} | [[وجريانا]] ٻڌ ڌرم | [[ڀوٽان ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|74.8٪]] | [[ڀوٽان ۾ عيسائيت|0.5٪]] | [[ڀوٽان ۾ هندو ڌرم|22.6٪]] | 0.1٪ | – | – | 2٪ | 2010<ref name="IndCIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111035155/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bhutan |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2021 |title=CIA The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name="pew2010">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf Pew Research Center – Global Religious Landscape 2010 – religious composition by country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213072625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf |date=13 December 2016 }}.</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|IND}} | {{N/A}} | [[ڀارت ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|0.7٪]] | [[ڀارت ۾ عيسائيت|2.3٪]] | [[ڀارت ۾ هندو ڌرم|79.8٪]] | [[ڀارت ۾ اسلام|14.2٪]] | – | [[ڀارت ۾ سک ڌرم|1.7٪]] | 1.3٪ | 2011<ref name="Census2011religion">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C −1 Population by religious community – 2011 |publisher=[[Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner]] |access-date=25 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><ref>ڀارت ۾ احمدين کي اسلام جو هڪ فرقو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ٻين اقليتن ۾ 0.4٪ [[جين ڌرم|جين]] ۽ 0.23٪ لامذهبي آبادي شامل آهي.</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in the|Maldives}} | اسلام | – | – | – | [[مالديپ ۾ اسلام|100٪]] | – | – | – |<ref name="MdvCIA">{{cite web |url=http://www.themaldives.com/Maldives/Maldives_Religion.htm |title=religion |publisher=Maldives |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928220750/http://www.themaldives.com/Maldives/Maldives_Religion.htm |archive-date=28 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=EmoryLaw>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/maldives.htm |title=Maldives |publisher=Law.emory.edu |date=21 February 1920 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211221153/http://www.law.emory.edu/ifl/legal/maldives.htm |archive-date=11 February 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm Maldives – Religion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207024431/http://countrystudies.us/maldives/7.htm |date=7 December 2010 }}, ''countrystudies.us''</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|NEP}} | {{N/A}} | [[نيپال ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|8.21٪]] | [[نيپال ۾ عيسائيت|1.76٪]] | [[نيپال ۾ هندو ڌرم|81.2٪]] | [[نيپال ۾ اسلام|5.09٪]] | 3.17٪ | – | 0.57٪ | 2021<ref>{{cite book|title=National Population and Housing Census 2021|date=2021|publisher=National Statistics Office|location=Kathmandu|page=29|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/files/result-folder/Caste%20Ethnicity_report_NPHC_2021.pdf|access-date=23 August 2025}}</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|PAK}} | اسلام | – | [[پاڪستان ۾ عيسائيت|1.59٪]] | [[پاڪستان ۾ هندو ڌرم|1.85٪]] | [[پاڪستان ۾ اسلام|96.28٪]] | – | – | 0.07٪ | 2010<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Population by Religion|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf|journal=Pakistan Burau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan|pages=1|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329204115/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20RELIGION.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag+link|Religion in|Sri Lanka}} | [[ٿيراوادا]] ٻڌ ڌرم | [[سري لنڪا ۾ ٻڌ ڌرم|70.2٪]] | [[سري لنڪا ۾ عيسائيت|6.2٪]] | [[سري لنڪا ۾ هندو ڌرم|12.6٪]] | [[سري لنڪا ۾ اسلام|9.7٪]] | – | – | 1.4٪ | 2011<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=SriLanka&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |publisher=Department of Census and Statistic |access-date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106095548/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=SriLanka&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} === سڀ کان وڏا شهري علائقا === {{Update section|date=February 2026}} ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارن شهري علائقن مان ڪجهه جو گهر آهي. ''ڊيموگرافيا عالمي شهري علائقا'' جي 2023ع واري اشاعت موجب، هن خطي ۾ دنيا جي 35 وڏن ميگا شهرن (يعني 10 ملين کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارن شهري علائقن) مان 8 شامل آهن:<ref name="demographia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |last=Cox |first=Wendell |author-link=Wendell Cox |date=June 2020 |publisher=[[ڊيموگرافيا]] |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | درجو ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | شهري علائقو ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | رياست / صوبو ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | ملڪ ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" class="unsortable" | منظرنامو ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | آبادي<ref name="demographia1" /> ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | ايراضي (ڪلوميٽر²)<ref name="demographia1"/> ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | گهاٽائي (في ڪلوميٽر²)<ref name="demographia1"/> |- | 1 | [[دهلي]] | [[قومي راڄڌاني علائقو (ڀارت)|قومي راڄڌاني علائقو]] | {{Country|India}} | [[File:Skyline of Cannaught Place, New Delhi.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 31,190,000 | 2,344 | 13,307 |- | 2 | [[ممبئي]] | [[مهاراشٽر]] | {{Country|India}} | [[File:R16f3ncq53gc1.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 25,189,000 | 1,046 | 24,073 |- | 3 | [[ڪولڪاتا]] | [[اولهه بنگال]] | {{Country|India}} | | 21,747,000 | 1,352 | 16,085 |- | 4 | [[ڪراچي]] | [[سنڌ]] | {{Country|Pakistan}} | [[File:Sadar Neighborhood Karachi.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 20,249,000 | 1,124 | 18,014 |- | 5 | [[ڍاڪا]] | [[ڍاڪا ڊويزن]] | {{Country|Bangladesh}} | [[File:Dhaka Skyline at Night.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 19,134,000 | 619 | 30,911 |- | 6 | [[بينگلورو]] | [[ڪرناٽڪ]] | {{Country|India}} | [[File:Ubcity2.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 15,257,000 | 1,743 | 8,753 |- | 7 | [[لاهور]] | [[پنجاب، پاڪستان|پنجاب]] | {{Country|Pakistan}} | [[File:Eye Of Lahore (Minar e Pakistan) evening.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 13,504,000 | 945 | 14,285 |- | 8 | [[چنائي]] | [[تامل ناڊو]] | {{Country|India}} | [[File:Chennai skyline.JPG|center|100x100px]] | 11,570,000 | 1,225 | 9,444 |- | 9 | [[حيدرآباد، تلنگانا|حيدرآباد]] | [[تلنگانا]] | {{Country|India}} | [[File:High Rise buildings in Madhapur from Golkonda hill.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 9,797,000 | 1,689 | 5,802 |- | 10 | [[احمدآباد]] | [[گجرات]] | {{Country|India}} | [[File:SG Highway Skyline.jpg|center|100x100px]] | 8,006,000 | 505 | 15,852 |} == ثقافت == {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ثقافت}} {{See also|:Category:ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ثقافت}} === رانديون === {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ رانديون|ڏکڻ ايشيائي جسماني ثقافت}} [[File:Cricket in Kunar Province.jpg|thumb|196x196px|هڪ [[افغان سپاهي]] ڪرڪيٽ کيڏي رهيو آهي. پاڪستان ۽ ڀارت ۾ رهندڙ افغان پناهگير هيءَ راند ٻيهر افغانستان ۾ کڻي آيا، ۽ هاڻي اها ملڪ جي سڀ کان مشهور راندين مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=":3" />]] [[فيلڊ هاڪي]] ڪيترن ئي ڏکڻ ايشيائي ملڪن جي سرڪاري قومي راند رهي آهي، ۽ گڏيل طور تي انهن ملڪن [[اولمپڪ رانديون ۾ فيلڊ هاڪي]] ۾ گهڻن تمغن تي قبضو ڪيو آهي. بهرحال، [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ ڪرڪيٽ|ڪرڪيٽ]] ڏکڻ ايشيا جي سڀ کان مشهور راند آهي،<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2006 |title=South Asia's cricket obsession |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6171549.stm |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> ۽ هن راند جي دنيا جي لڳ ڀڳ 90 سيڪڙو مداحن جو تعلق هندستاني برصغير سان آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India constitutes 90 percent of one billion cricket fans: ICC research |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-constitutes-90-percent-of-one-billion-cricket-fans-icc-research/articleshow/64760726.cms |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> هن علائقي ۾ [[ڏکڻ ايشيا جون روايتي رانديون|روايتي رانديون]] پڻ مشهور آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪبڊي]] ۽ [[کو-کو]]، جيڪي سڄي خطي ۾ کيڏيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ سرڪاري طور [[ڏکڻ ايشيائي رانديون]] ۽ [[ايشيائي رانديون]] ۾ پڻ شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2016 |title=Indian Traditional Games for Children, Traditional Games of Tamilnadu for Kids, Old Ancient Tamil Games of Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.parentcircle.com/9-indian-traditional-games-for-children/article |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=ParentCircle |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OCA » Ancient tag game of kho kho catching on fast |url=https://ocasia.org/news/231-ancient-tag-game-of-kho-kho-catching-on-fast.html |access-date=4 November 2022 |website=ocasia.org |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104231940/https://ocasia.org/news/231-ancient-tag-game-of-kho-kho-catching-on-fast.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://olympics.com/en/news/kabaddi-asian-games-history-winners-champions-list Kabaddi at Asian Games: Indian men and women rule the roost] https://olympics.com/ Rahul Venkat</ref> انهن روايتي راندين لاءِ قائم ڪيل ليگن، جهڙوڪ [[پرو ڪبڊي ليگ]] ۽ [[الٽيميٽ کو-کو]]، هن خطي ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏٺل راندين جي مقابلن مان شمار ٿين ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khosla |first=Varuni |date=17 January 2023 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho S1 claims total reach of 41 million viewers from India |language=en |work=mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119051136/https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ultimate-kho-kho-s1-claims-total-reach-of-41-million-viewers-from-india-11673930091871.html |archive-date=19 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taneja |first=Nidhima |date=27 January 2023 |title=Pro kabaddi, kho-kho leagues chase IPL viewership. India rediscovering regional sports |language=en-US |work=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/feature/pro-kabaddi-kho-kho-leagues-chase-ipl-viewership-india-rediscovering-regional-sports/1337725/ |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref> === سئنيما === {{Excerpt|ڏکڻ ايشيائي سئنيما|paragraphs=2|files=0|templates=0|references=0}} === موسيقي === {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي موسيقي}} === طعام === {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيائي طعام}} == معيشت == {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي معيشت}} {{Further|افغانستان جي معيشت|بنگلاديش جي معيشت|ڀوٽان جي معيشت|ڀارت جي معيشت|مالديپ جي معيشت|نيپال جي معيشت|پاڪستان جي معيشت|سري لنڪا جي معيشت}} [[File:BackBay skyline.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.25|[[ممبئي]] ڀارت جو مالي گاديءَ وارو شهر آهي، جنهن جي مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار (GDP) لڳ ڀڳ 400 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India needs its own $1 trillion states; Is Mumbai the answer? |work=Financial Express |language=en |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/india-needs-its-own-1-trillion-states-is-mumbai-the-answer/1540497/ |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>]] [[File:GDP per capita development in South Asia.png|thumb|ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ في فرد مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار (GDP) جي واڌ، 1950ع کان 2022ع تائين]] ڀارت هن خطي جي سڀ کان وڏي معيشت رکي ٿو (4.18 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر) ۽ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي مجموعي معيشت جو لڳ ڀڳ 82 سيڪڙو حصو ٺاهي ٿو. اها اسمي بنياد تي دنيا جي ڇهين وڏي معيشت ۽ خريداري قوت جي برابري (PPP) موجب دنيا جي ٽين وڏي معيشت آهي (17.64 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر).<ref name="IMF">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=82&pr.y=15&sy=2017&ey=2018&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C556%2C513%2C514%2C558%2C564%2C524%2C534&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> ڀارت خطي مان [[جي-20]] ۽ [[برڪس]] جو ميمبر آهي. اها دنيا جي تيز ترين وڌندڙ وڏين معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ مالي سال 2022–23 دوران 7.2 سيڪڙو واڌ رڪارڊ ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhoot |first=Vikas |date=31 May 2023 |title=India's GDP expanded 6.1% in 2022-23's last quarter |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/gdp-grows-61-in-march-quarter-72-in-fy23/article66915856.ece |access-date=1 September 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ڀارت کان پوءِ [[بنگلاديش]] اچي ٿو، جنهن جي مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار 446 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر آهي. ان وٽ ايشيا ۾ GDP واڌ جي تيز ترين شرح آهي. بنگلاديش دنيا جي تيزي سان اڀرندڙ ۽ ترقي ڪندڙ معيشتن مان هڪ آهي ۽ [[نيڪسٽ اليون]] ملڪن ۾ پڻ شامل آهي. 2022ع دوران بنگلاديش جي معاشي واڌ 6.4 سيڪڙو رهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ventura |first=Luca |date=18 July 2023 |title=Global Finance Magazine – Countries with Highest GDP Growth 2022 |url=https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/countries-highest-gdp-growth |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Global Finance Magazine |language=en}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ [[پاڪستان]] اچي ٿو، جنهن جي معيشت 340 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر آهي. ان کان پوءِ [[سري لنڪا]] آهي، جنهن وٽ خطي ۾ في فرد GDP جي لحاظ کان ٻيو نمبر ۽ مجموعي معيشت جي لحاظ کان چوٿون نمبر آهي. [[عالمي بئنڪ]] جي 2015ع واري رپورٽ موجب، ڀارت جي مضبوط معاشي واڌ ۽ تيل جي سازگار قيمتن جي نتيجي ۾ 2014ع جي آخري چوٿين کان ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جو تيز ترين وڌندڙ علائقو بڻجي ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/04/13/south-asia-cheap-oil-reform-energy-pricing|title=South Asia, now the fastest-growing region in the world, could take greater advantage of cheap oil to reform energy pricing|access-date=16 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417182523/http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/04/13/south-asia-cheap-oil-reform-energy-pricing|archive-date=17 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته [[اوڀر ايشيا جي معيشت|اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ علائقائي واپار مجموعي واپار جو لڳ ڀڳ 50 سيڪڙو آهي، ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ اهو صرف 5 سيڪڙو کان ٿورو وڌيڪ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2018 |title=Realizing the Promise of Regional Trade in South Asia |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/10/09/realizing-the-promise-of-regional-trade-in-south-asia |access-date=23 October 2019 |publisher=[[عالمي بئنڪ]]}}</ref> ڏکڻ ايشيا جا ڪجهه علائقا ٻين جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو امير آهن. ڀارت جون چار رياستون [[مهاراشٽر]]، [[تامل ناڊو]]، [[گجرات]] ۽ [[ڪرناٽڪ]] 2030ع تائين ڀارت جي GDP جو لڳ ڀڳ 50 سيڪڙو حصو پيدا ڪرڻ جي اميد رکن ٿيون، جڏهن ته [[ڏکڻ ڀارت]] جون پنج رياستون، جيڪي ڀارت جي آبادي جو فقط 20 سيڪڙو رکن ٿيون، 2030ع تائين ملڪ جي GDP جو 35 سيڪڙو حصو فراهم ڪنديون.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title=Southern states to contribute 35% of India's $7 trillion economy by 2030 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/southern-states-to-contribute-35-of-indias-7tn-economy-by-2030/articleshow/100862819.cms |access-date=6 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> {{sort under}} {| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" rowspan="2" | ملڪ<br /><ref name="CIA Names">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |title=Field Listing :: Names |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701201536/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2142.html |archive-date=1 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="UN_Names">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |title=UNGEGN List of Country Names |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names |year=2007 |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144159/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/9th-uncsgn-docs/UNGEGN%20WG%20Country%20Names%20Document%20-%20August%202009.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Europa">{{cite web |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |title=List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa |date=9 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122658/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm#fn-tw1 |archive-date=7 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> ! style="background:#70AD47; color:white;" colspan="4" | [[غربت جي حد کان هيٺ رهندڙ آبادي جي سيڪڙي موجب ملڪن جي فهرست|غربت جي حد کان هيٺ آبادي]]، روزانو 1.9 آمريڪي ڊالر ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" rowspan="2" | [[عالمي بک اشاري]] (2021)<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |title=Global Hunger Index Scores by 2021 GHI Rank |website=Global Hunger Index |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225183607/https://www.globalhungerindex.org/ranking.html |archive-date=25 February 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" rowspan="2" | غذائي کوٽ واري آبادي (2015)<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web|title=Regional Overview of Food Insecurity Asia and the Pacific - Towards a Food Secure Asia and the Pacific |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=2015 |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011158/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4624e.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref> ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" rowspan="2" | [[زندگي جي اميد]] (2023) عالمي درجو ! style="background:#70AD47; color:white;" colspan="3" | عالمي دولت رپورٽ (2019)<ref name="CS 2019-1">{{Cite web|title=Global wealth report|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/about-us/en/reports-research/global-wealth-report.html|access-date=25 October 2019|website=[[Credit Suisse]]|date=October 2019}}</ref><ref name="CS 2019-2">{{Cite web|title=Global wealth report 2019|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-report-2019-en.pdf|access-date=25 October 2019|website=[[Credit Suisse]]}}</ref><ref name="CS 2019-3">{{Cite web|title=Global wealth databook 2019|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2019.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023104250/https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-databook-2019.pdf|archive-date=23 October 2019|access-date=25 October 2019|website=[[Credit Suisse]]|date=October 2019}}</ref> |- ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[عالمي بئنڪ]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) {{!}} Data|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=CO&view=map&year_high_desc=true|access-date=26 August 2017|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> (سال) ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[گهڻ رخي غربت اشاري|2022ع گهڻ رخي غربت اشاري رپورٽ]] (MPI ذريعو سال)<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2022-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi |title=2022 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) |author=United Nations |date=17 October 2022 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[انتهائي غربت]] ۾ آبادي (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Poverty Clock|url=https://worldpoverty.io/|access-date=27 February 2022|website=worldpoverty.io|language=en}}</ref> ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[ورلڊ فيڪٽ بڪ|سي آءِ اي فيڪٽ بڪ]] (2015)<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109070125/https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html|archive-date=9 November 2015|access-date=23 August 2016|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" data-sort-type="number" | [[ڪل دولت موجب ملڪن جي فهرست|ڪل قومي دولت]]، ارب آمريڪي ڊالر (عالمي درجو) ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" | [[بالغ في فرد دولت موجب ملڪن جي فهرست|بالغ في فرد دولت]]، آمريڪي ڊالر ! style="background:#D9EAD3;" data-sort-type="number" | [[بالغ في فرد دولت موجب ملڪن جي فهرست|بالغ في فرد وچين دولت]]، آمريڪي ڊالر (عالمي درجو) |- | '''{{Country|Afghanistan}}''' | align="right" |54.5% (2016) | align="right" |55.91% (2015–16) | align="right" |18% | align="right" |36% | align="right" |28.3 (103rd) | align="right" |26.8% | align="right" |66.03 (178th) | align="right" |25 (116th) | align="right" |1,463 | align="right" |640 (156th) |- | '''{{Country|Bangladesh}}''' | align="right" |24.3% (2016) | align="right" |24.64% (2019) | align="right" |4% | align="right" |31.5% | align="right" |19.1 (76th) | align="right" |16.4% | align="right" |74.67 (105th) | align="right" |697 (44th) | align="right" |6,643 | align="right" |2,787 (117th) |- | '''{{Country|Bhutan}}''' | align="right" |8.2% (2017) | align="right" |37.34% (2010) | align="right" |4% | align="right" |12% | align="right" |No data | align="right" |No data | align="right" |72.97 (120th) | align="right" |No Data | align="right" |No Data | align="right" |No Data |- | '''{{Country|India}}''' | align="right" |21.9% (2011) | align="right" |16.4% (2019–21) | align="right" |3% | align="right" |29.8% | align="right" |27.5 (101st) | align="right" |15.2% | align="right" |72.00 (131st) | align="right" |12,614 (7th) | align="right" |14,569 | align="right" |3,042 (115th) |- | '''{{Country|Maldives}}''' | align="right" |8.2% (2016) | align="right" |0.77% (2016–17) | align="right" |4% | align="right" |16% | align="right" |No data | align="right" |5.2% | align="right" |81.04 (43rd) | align="right" |7 (142nd) | align="right" |23,297 | align="right" |8,555 (74th) |- | '''{{Country|Nepal}}''' | align="right" |25.2% (2010) | align="right" |17.50% (2019) | align="right" |8% | align="right" |25.2% | align="right" |19.1 (76th) | align="right" |7.8% | align="right" |70.35 (146th) | align="right" |68 (94th) | align="right" |3,870 | align="right" |1,510 (136th) |- | '''{{Country|Pakistan}}''' | align="right" |24.3% (2015) | align="right" |38.33% (2017–18) | align="right" |5% | align="right" |12.4% | align="right" |24.7 (94th) | align="right" |22% | align="right" |67.65 (164th) | align="right" |465 (49th) | align="right" |4,096 | align="right" |1,766 (128th) |- | '''{{Country|Sri Lanka}}''' | align="right" |4.1% (2016) | align="right" |2.92% (2016) | align="right" |5% | align="right" |8.9% | align="right" |16 (65th) | align="right" |22% | align="right" |77.48 (73rd) | align="right" |297 (60th) | align="right" |20,628 | align="right" |8,283 (77th) |} === اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج === هن خطي جا اهم اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج [[ڀارت جو نيشنل اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج|نيشنل اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] (NSE) ڀارت آهن، جنهن جي مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري 5.70&nbsp;ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي ۽ اهو [[اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينجن جي فهرست|دنيا جو پنجون وڏو اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] آهي؛ [[بمبئي اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] (BSE) ڀارت، جنهن جي مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري 5.30&nbsp;ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالر آهي ۽ اهو [[اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينجن جي فهرست|دنيا جو ستون وڏو اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] آهي؛ [[ڍاڪا اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] (DSE) بنگلاديش؛ [[ڪولمبو اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] (CSE) سري لنڪا؛ ۽ [[پاڪستان اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] (PSX)، جنهن جي مارڪيٽ سرمائيداري 72&nbsp;ارب آمريڪي ڊالر آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.psx.com.pk/ |title=Company Profile |website=Pakistan Stock Exchange |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185944/https://www.psx.com.pk/ |archive-date=30 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> معاشي انگ اکر [[بين الاقوامي مالياتي فنڊ]] مان ورتل آهن، اپريل 2017ع تائين موجوده آهن، ۽ آمريڪي ڊالرن ۾ ڏنل آهن.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193,273,223,156,924,922,132,184,134,534,536,136,158,112,111,542&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP&grp=0&a=|title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects|website=International Monetary Fund|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010173821/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=83&pr.y=16&sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=193%2C273%2C223%2C156%2C924%2C922%2C132%2C184%2C134%2C534%2C536%2C136%2C158%2C112%2C111%2C542&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP&grp=0&a=|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> == تعليم == {{See also|هندستاني برصغير ۾ تعليم جي تاريخ}} [[File:Durbar High School 6.jpg|thumb|[[دربار هاءِ اسڪول]]، [[نيپال]] جو سڀ کان پراڻو ثانوي اسڪول، جيڪو 1854ع ۾ قائم ٿيو]] [[File:Sri Lanka Photo159.jpg|thumb|سري لنڪا ۾ هيٺين درجي جو اسڪول]] [[File:College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan-min.jpg|thumb|قدرتي وسيلن جو ڪاليج، [[ڀوٽان جي رائل يونيورسٽي]]]] ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ تعليم جي معيار جو جائزو وٺڻ ۾ هڪ اهم چئلينج علائقي اندر حالتن جي وڏي گوناگونيت آهي، جنهن سبب ملڪن جي وچ ۾ سڌي ڀيٽ ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.<ref name=SZ13>{{cite web |last=Brinkmann |first=Suzana |title=Improving Education Quality in South Asia (I) |url=https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/6991/file/Improving%20Education%20Quality%20in%20South%20Asia%20(I)_30Aug_019_Web.pdf.pdf |year=2018 |publisher=UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia |location=Kathmandu |page=13}}</ref> 2018ع ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ پرائمري سطح جا 11.3&nbsp;ملين ٻار ۽ هيٺين ثانوي سطح جا 20.6&nbsp;ملين ٻار اسڪولن کان ٻاهر هئا، جڏهن ته لکين ٻارن پرائمري تعليم مڪمل ڪئي پر بنيادي ڳڻپ ۽ پڙهڻ-لکڻ جون بنيادي صلاحيتون حاصل نه ڪري سگهيا.<ref name=ESAFS>[https://www.unicef.org/rosa/what-we-do/education#:~:text=Education%20is%20a%20basic%20human,are%20out%2Dof%2Dschool. Education: South Asia], UNICEF</ref> [[يونيسڪو]] موجب، 2017ع ۾ ڏاکڻي ۽ وچ ايشيا ۾ 6 کان 14 سالن جي عمر جا 241 ملين ٻار، يعني ڪل جو 81 سيڪڙو، سکيا حاصل نه ڪري رهيا هئا. صرف ذيلي صحارا آفريڪا ۾ سکيا نه وٺندڙ ٻارن جي شرح ان کان وڌيڪ هئي. انهن ٻارن مان ٻه-ٽيون حصو اسڪول ۾ موجود هو ۽ ڪلاسن ۾ ويٺل هو. پرائمري ۽ هيٺين ثانوي اسڪولن ۾ پڙهندڙ ٻارن مان صرف 19 سيڪڙو ٻار پڙهڻ ۽ رياضي ۾ گھٽ ۾ گھٽ مهارت جي سطح حاصل ڪن ٿا.<ref name="MoreT">[http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs46-more-than-half-children-not-learning-en-2017.pdf ''More than One-Half of Children and Adolescents are not learning worldwide''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906200858/http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/fs46-more-than-half-children-not-learning-en-2017.pdf |date=2020-09-06 }}, Fact Sheet No. 46, UNESCO Institute for Statistics September 2017.</ref><ref name=SZ3>{{cite web |last=Brinkmann |first=Suzana |title=Improving Education Quality in South Asia (I) |url=https://www.unicef.org/rosa/media/6991/file/Improving%20Education%20Quality%20in%20South%20Asia%20(I)_30Aug_019_Web.pdf.pdf |year=2018 |publisher=UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia |location=Kathmandu |page=3}}</ref> شهري اڳواڻيءَ ۾ ڪيل جائزي موجب، ڀارت جي سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ صرف 48 سيڪڙو ۽ پاڪستان جي سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ 46 سيڪڙو ٻار پنجين ڪلاس تائين پهچڻ وقت ٻئي ڪلاس جي سطح جو متن پڙهي سگهندا هئا.<ref>[http://aserpakistan.org/report ASER Pakistan]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (2015). Annual Status of Education Report (Facilitated by SAFED). ASER Centre.<br />[http://www.asercentre.org//p/289.html ASER India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903005918/http://www.asercentre.org//p/289.html |date=3 September 2020 }} (2016). Annual Status of Education Report (Facilitated by Pratham). ASER Centre.</ref><ref name=SZ3/> تعليم جي هن گهٽ معيار دنيا جي سڀ کان اوچين اسڪول ڇڏڻ وارين شرحن ۾ پڻ حصو وڌو آهي، جڏهن ته اڌ کان وڌيڪ شاگرد ثانوي اسڪول مڪمل ڪرڻ باوجود گهربل صلاحيتون حاصل نٿا ڪن.<ref name=SZ3/> ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ ڪلاس روم گهڻو ڪري استاد-مرڪز ۽ رٽا تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ٻارن کي اڪثر جسماني سزا ۽ امتيازي سلوڪ کي منهن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو.<ref name=ESAFS/> ڏکڻ ايشيا جي مختلف ملڪن ۾ تعليمي ڍانچا مختلف آهن. 2018ع تائين ڀارت ۽ پاڪستان وٽ نسبتاً وڌيڪ ترقي يافته ۽ وڌندڙ غير مرڪزي تعليمي نظام هئا، جڏهن ته بنگلاديش ۾ اڃا به انتهائي مرڪزي نظام موجود هو، ۽ نيپال مرڪزي نظام کان غير مرڪزي نظام ڏانهن منتقلي واري حالت ۾ هو.<ref name=SZ13/> گهڻن ڏکڻ ايشيائي ملڪن ۾ ٻارن جي تعليم نظرياتي طور مفت آهي؛ استثنا مالديپ آهي، جتي آئين موجب مفت تعليم جي ضمانت موجود ناهي، ۽ ڀوٽان ۽ نيپال آهن، جتي پرائمري اسڪول فيسون وٺن ٿا. پر والدين اڃا به ٻيون مالي گهرجون پوريون ڪرڻ ۾ ڏکيائين کي منهن ڏين ٿا، جن ۾ تعليمي نظام جي گهٽتائين کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ خانگي ٽيوشن به شامل آهي.<ref name="Oxfam4">[https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/120598/pi-girls%27-education-south-asia-192305-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Girls' Education in South Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117041332/https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/120598/pi-girls%27-education-south-asia-192305-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |date=2020-11-17 }}, page 4, Education and Gender Equality Series, Programme Insights, Oxfam GB. February 2006.</ref> علائقي جا وڏا ۽ غريب ملڪ، جهڙوڪ ڀارت ۽ بنگلاديش، پنهنجي وسيع آبادي لاءِ گهربل تعليمي نظام کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ ڪافي وسيلا حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مالي طور جدوجهد ڪن ٿا، ۽ ان سان گڏ اسڪولن کان ٻاهر ٻارن جي وڏي تعداد کي اسڪولن ۾ داخل ڪرائڻ جو چئلينج پڻ موجود آهي.<ref name=SZ13/> تعليم لاءِ سرڪاري مالي وسيلن جي گهٽ سطح سبب انهن ملڪن جي شموليت واري ۽ برابريءَ واري معياري تعليم مهيا ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت محدود رهي ٿي،<ref name=ESAFS/> جڏهن ته سري لنڪا، مالديپ ۽ ڀوٽان جهڙا ننڍا اڀرندڙ وچولي آمدني وارا ملڪ عالمي پرائمري اسڪول مڪمل ڪرڻ جو هدف حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب رهيا آهن ۽ هاڻي تعليم جي معيار تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏيڻ جي بهتر حيثيت ۾ آهن.<ref name=SZ13/> هن علائقي ۾ ٻارن جي تعليم قدرتي ۽ انساني پيدا ڪيل بحرانن، جن ۾ قدرتي خطرا، سياسي عدم استحڪام، وڌندڙ انتهاپسندي ۽ گهرو تڪرار شامل آهن، سبب پڻ متاثر ٿئي ٿي، جنهن سان تعليمي خدمتون مهيا ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوي ٿو.<ref name=ESAFS/> افغانستان ۽ ڀارت انهن ڏهن ملڪن ۾ شامل آهن جتي قدرتي خطرن ۽ تڪرارن سبب رپورٽ ٿيل آفتن جو انگ سڀ کان وڌيڪ آهي. افغانستان جي غير مستحڪم سلامتي صورتحال قومي سطح تي تعليمي پروگرام لاڳو ڪرڻ ۾ وڏي رڪاوٽ آهي.<ref name=SZ13/> [[يونيسف]] موجب، هن علائقي ۾ ڇوڪريون تعليم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ غير معمولي رڪاوٽن کي منهن ڏين ٿيون،<ref name=ESAFS/> جڏهن ته يونيسڪو 2005ع ۾ اندازو لڳايو ته علائقي ۾ پرائمري اسڪول جي عمر جون 24 ملين ڇوڪريون ڪنهن به رسمي تعليم کان محروم هيون.<ref>[https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/report/2006/literacy-life Global Monitoring Report 2006: Literacy for Life], UNESCO, Paris.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/120598/pi-girls%27-education-south-asia-192305-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Girls' Education in South Asia |date=February 2006 |publisher=Oxfam GB |series=Education and Gender Equality Series, Programme Insights |page=1}}</ref> 1900ع کان 2005ع جي وچ ۾ علائقي جي گهڻن ملڪن ڇوڪرين جي تعليم ۾ ترقي ڏيکاري، جنهن ۾ سري لنڪا ۽ مالديپ ٻين کان گهڻو اڳتي هئا، جڏهن ته پاڪستان ۽ افغانستان ۾ تعليم بابت صنفي فرق وڌيو. هن عرصي ۾ بنگلاديش علائقي ۾ سڀ کان وڏي اڳڀرائي ڪئي، جتي ڏهن سالن ۾ ڇوڪرين جي ثانوي اسڪول داخلا 13 سيڪڙو کان وڌي 56 سيڪڙو ٿي وئي.<ref name=ERC>{{cite book |last1=Unterhalter |first1=Elaine |last2=Rajagopalan |first2=Rajee |last3=Challender |first3=Chloe |year=2005 |title=A Scorecard on gender equality and girls' education in Asia 1990–2000 |publisher=UNESCO |location=Bangkok |isbn=92-9223-041-7}}</ref><ref name=Oxfam2>{{cite web |url=https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/120598/pi-girls%27-education-south-asia-192305-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Girls' Education in South Asia |date=February 2006 |publisher=Oxfam GB |series=Education and Gender Equality Series, Programme Insights |page=2}}</ref> 2011ع ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 700 يونيورسٽين ۽ 40 هزار ڪاليجن ۾ 21 ملين شاگردن سان ڀارت وٽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏن اعليٰ تعليمي نظامن مان هڪ موجود هو، جيڪو ڏکڻ ايشيا جي اعليٰ تعليم جي شاگردن جو 86 سيڪڙو هو. بنگلاديش، 2 ملين شاگردن سان، ۽ پاڪستان، 1.8&nbsp;ملين شاگردن سان، هن علائقي ۾ گهڻو پوئتي ٻئي ۽ ٽئين نمبر تي هئا. نيپال ۾ 390,000 ۽ سري لنڪا ۾ 230,000 شاگردن سان انگ ڪافي گهٽ هئا. ڀوٽان ۾ صرف هڪ يونيورسٽي هئي ۽ مالديپ ۾ ڪا به يونيورسٽي نه هئي؛ ٻنهي ملڪن ۾ گڏيل طور 2011ع ۾ اعليٰ تعليم جا شاگرد لڳ ڀڳ 7000 هئا. 2011ع ۾ مجموعي داخلا شرح پاڪستان ۽ افغانستان ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 10 سيڪڙو کان وٺي ڀارت ۾ 20 سيڪڙو کان مٿي تائين هئي، جيڪا عالمي سراسري 31 سيڪڙو کان ڪافي گهٽ هئي.<ref name=Tilak>Jandhyala B.G. Tilak, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24372963?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Higher Education in South Asia: Crisis and Challenges], page 5, Social Scientist, Vol. 43, No. 1/2 (January–February 2015)</ref> [[File:IOE,Central Campus.jpg|thumb|244x244px|[[انجنيئرنگ انسٽيٽيوٽ]]، [[پلچوڪ ڪيمپس]]، [[نيپال]]]] {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" colspan="2" | معيار ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | افغانستان ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | بنگلاديش ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | ڀوٽان ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | ڀارت ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | مالديپ ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | نيپال ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | پاڪستان ! style="background:#4472C4; color:white;" | سري لنڪا |- | style="background:#D9EAD3;" colspan="2" | پرائمري اسڪول داخلا<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.NENR|title=School enrollment, primary (% net) {{!}} Data|publisher=World Bank|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701185547/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.PRM.NENR|archive-date=1 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | 29% | 90% | 85% | 92% | 94% | 96% | 73% | 98% |- | style="background:#D9EAD3;" colspan="2" | ثانوي اسڪول داخلا<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR/countries|title=Gross enrolment ratio, secondary, both sexes (%) – Data|publisher=World Bank|access-date=3 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516152545/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.SEC.ENRR/countries|archive-date=16 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | 49% | 54% | 78% | 68% | N/A | 72% | 45% | 96% |} == صحت ۽ غذائيت == [[File:Babyimmunization.jpg|thumb|upright|بنگلاديش ۾ [[توسيع يافته حفاظتي ٽيڪاڪاري پروگرام]] (EPI) تحت هڪ ٻار کي حفاظتي ٽيڪو لڳايو پيو وڃي]] [[عالمي صحت تنظيم]] (WHO) موجب ڏکڻ ايشيا دنيا جي انهن ٽن ملڪن مان ٻن جو گهر آهي، جتي اڃا تائين پوليو موجود آهي، يعني پاڪستان ۽ افغانستان. 2014ع دوران پاڪستان ۾ پوليو جا 306 ۽ افغانستان ۾ 28 ڪيس رجسٽر ٿيا هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polioeradication.org/Infectedcountries/Afghanistan.aspx|title=GPEI|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706045955/http://www.polioeradication.org/Infectedcountries/Afghanistan.aspx|archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> ٻنهي ملڪن ۾ پوليو جي خاتمي لاءِ هلندڙ مهمن کي شدت پسندن جي مخالفت سبب سخت نقصان پهتو آهي. انهن جو دعويٰ آهي ته هي پروگرام سندن سرگرمين بابت جاسوسي ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ پردو آهي. ڊسمبر 2012ع کان وٺي حفاظتي ٽيڪاڪاري ٽيمن تي ٿيندڙ حملن ۾ 78 ماڻهو حياتي وڃائي چڪا آهن.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1151027 |title=Lost — The battle against polio |last1=Haider |first1=Sajjad |last2=Khan |first2=Shameen |newspaper=Dawn |date=31 December 2014 |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605081706/http://www.dawn.com/news/1151027 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[عالمي بينڪ]] جي اندازي موجب هندستان انهن ملڪن مان هڪ آهي جتي غذائي کوٽ جو شڪار ٻارن جو تعداد دنيا ۾ تمام گهڻو آهي. هندستان ۾ گهٽ وزن وارن ٻارن جي شرح دنيا جي بلند ترين شرحن مان هڪ آهي ۽ اها [[صحارا کان ڏکڻ آفريڪا]] جي مقابلي ۾ لڳ ڀڳ ٻيڻي آهي، جنهن جا نقل و حرکت، موت جي شرح، پيداواري صلاحيت ۽ معاشي واڌ ويجهه تي سنگين اثر پون ٿا.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title= World Bank Report|access-date= 13 March 2009|publisher= The World Bank|year= 2009|quote= World Bank Report on Malnutrition in India.|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081218015506/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|archive-date= 18 December 2008|url-status= live}}</ref> [[File:PRT Farah visits Children's Supplemental Feeding Center in Farah City 130119-N-LR347-327.jpg|thumb|افغانستان جي [[فراه]] شهر جي هڪ اسپتال ۾ ٻار جو هفتيوار طبي معائنو]] [[عالمي بينڪ]] موجب 2022ع ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي 64 سيڪڙو آبادي ڳوٺاڻن علائقن ۾ رهندي هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> 2008ع ۾ تقريباً 75 سيڪڙو غريب ماڻهو ڳوٺاڻن علائقن ۾ رهندا هئا ۽ سندن اڪثريت پنهنجي گذر سفر لاءِ زراعت تي ڀاڙيندي هئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20750711~menuPK:452772~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html|title=Agriculture in South Asia|publisher=World Bank|access-date=21 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706154611/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20750711~menuPK:452772~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html|archive-date=6 July 2008|url-status=dead }}</ref> گڏيل قومن جي خوراڪ ۽ زراعت واري اداري موجب انهن جي معيشت جو بنياد گهڻو ڪري زرعي سرگرمين تي هو. 2021ع ۾ اندازاً 330 ملين ماڻهو ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ غذائي کوٽ جو شڪار هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunger in Asia |url=https://www.compassion.com/poverty/hunger-in-asia.htm |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Compassion International |language=en}}</ref> 2015ع جي هڪ رپورٽ موجب نيپال خوراڪ بابت عالمي سربراهه اجلاس (WFS) ۽ هزار سالا ترقياتي هدفن (MDG) ٻنهي جا هدف حاصل ڪري ورتا هئا ۽ غذائي کوٽ وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب آبادي جي 5 سيڪڙو کان به گهٽ ڪرڻ ڏانهن وڌي رهيو هو.<ref name="fao.org" /> بنگلاديش قومي خوراڪ پاليسي جي فريم ورڪ ذريعي هزار سالا ترقياتي هدف حاصل ڪري ورتا هئا ۽ اتي صرف 16.5 سيڪڙو آبادي غذائي کوٽ جو شڪار هئي. هندستان ۾ غذائي کوٽ وارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 15 سيڪڙو کان ٿورو وڌيڪ هو. جيتوڻيڪ گذريل 25 سالن دوران پاڙيسري ملڪن ۾ غذائي کوٽ وارن ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽ ٿيو، پر پاڪستان ۾ غذائي کوٽ جو رجحان وڌندڙ رهيو. 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ پاڪستان ۾ 28.7 ملين ماڻهو بک ۽ غذائي کوٽ جو شڪار هئا، جيڪو وڌندي 2015ع ۾ 41.3 ملين تائين پهچي ويو، جڏهن ته ملڪ جي 22 سيڪڙو آبادي غذائي کوٽ جو شڪار هئي. ساڳئي وقت هندستان ۾ تقريباً 194.6 ملين ماڻهو غذائي کوٽ جو شڪار هئا، جيڪو ڪنهن به هڪ ملڪ ۾ بک ۽ غذائي کوٽ سان متاثر ماڻهن جو دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڏو انگ هو.<ref name="fao.org" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1184959|title=India home to world's largest number of hungry people: report|newspaper=Dawn|date=29 May 2015|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604142045/http://www.dawn.com/news/1184959|archive-date=4 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> 2006ع جي هڪ رپورٽ ۾ چيو ويو ته "ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ملڪن ۾ عورتن جي گهٽ سماجي حيثيت ۽ غذائيت بابت سندن محدود ڄاڻ، علائقي ۾ گهٽ وزن وارن ٻارن جي وڏي شرح جا اهم سبب آهن." رپورٽ موجب هندستان ۾ غذائيت سان لاڳاپيل مسئلن ۾ بدعنواني ۽ حڪومتي سطح تي مناسب قدمن جي کوٽ به اهم رڪاوٽون رهيون آهن. ڳوٺاڻن علائقن ۾ اڻپڙهيل هجڻ کي به هڪ اهم مسئلو قرار ڏنو ويو، جنهن تي وڌيڪ سرڪاري ڌيان جي ضرورت آهي. رپورٽ ۾ اهو پڻ ذڪر ڪيو ويو ته جيتوڻيڪ [[سبز انقلاب]] جي نتيجي ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ غذائي کوٽ ۾ گهٽتائي آئي، تنهن هوندي به اڃا تائين اهو خدشو موجود آهي ته ننڍن ٻارن لاءِ خوراڪ مهيا ڪرڻ ۽ سندن سنڀال جا طريقا مناسب معيار جا ناهن.<ref name="southasiahunger">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6046718.stm|title='Hunger critical' in South Asia|work=BBC News|date=13 October 2006|access-date=4 January 2010|first=Geeta|last=Pandey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112084920/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6046718.stm|archive-date=12 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> == حڪمراني ۽ سياست == === حڪومتي نظام === {{See also|ڏکڻ ايشيا جي قانونساز ادارن جي فهرست|حڪومتي نظام موجب ملڪن جي فهرست}} {{sort under}} {| class="wikitable sortable sort-under" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border:2px solid #a7c7e7; background:#f8fbff;" ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | ملڪ ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | گاديءَ جو هنڌ ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | حڪومت جو نمونو ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | رياست جو سربراهه ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | حڪومت جو سربراهه ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | قانونساز ادارو ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | سرڪاري ٻولي ! style="background:#d9ecff;" class="unsortable" | ڪرنسي ! style="background:#d9ecff;" width="90px" class="unsortable" | قومي نشان / قومي علامتون |- | style="white-space:nowrap; background:#eef7ff;" |{{Country|افغانستان}} |[[ڪابل]] |[[وحداني رياست|وحداني]] [[ڪليتي رياست|ڪليتي]] [[ديني حڪمراني|ديني]] [[اسلامي رياست|اسلامي]] [[امارت]] |[[افغانستان جو سپريم اڳواڻ|سپريم اڳواڻ]] |[[افغانستان جو وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] |ڪوبه ناهي |[[پشتو]]<br />[[دري]] |'''؋''' [[افغان افغاني|افغاني]] | style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg|50x50px|link=افغانستان جو قومي نشان]] |- | style="white-space:nowrap; background:#ffffff;" |{{Country|بنگلاديش}} |[[ڍاڪا]] |وحداني [[پارلياماني نظام|پارلياماني]] [[جمهوريت]] |[[بنگلاديش جو صدر|صدر]] |[[بنگلاديش جو وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] |[[جاتيا سنگسد]] |[[بنگالي ٻولي|بنگالي]] |'''৳''' [[بنگلاديشي ٽڪا|ٽڪا]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Coat of arms of Bangladesh.svg|50x50px|link=بنگلاديش جو قومي نشان]] |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" |{{Country|ڀوٽان}} |[[ٿمفو]] |وحداني پارلياماني [[نيم آئيني بادشاهت]] |[[دروڪ گيالپو|بادشاهه]] |[[ڀوٽان جي وزيراعظمن جي فهرست|وزيراعظم]] |[[قومي ڪائونسل (ڀوٽان)|قومي ڪائونسل]]<br />[[قومي اسيمبلي (ڀوٽان)|قومي اسيمبلي]] |[[ڊزونگکا]] |'''Nu.''' [[ڀوٽاني نگلترم|نگلترم]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Emblem of Bhutan.svg|50x50px|link=ڀوٽان جو قومي نشان]] |- | style="background:#ffffff;" |{{Country|هندستان}} |[[نئين دهلي]] |[[وفاقي جمهوريت|وفاقي]] پارلياماني جمهوريت |[[هندستان جو صدر|صدر]] |[[هندستان جو وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] |[[راجيا سڀا]]<br />[[لوڪ سڀا]] |[[هندي]]<br />انگريزي |'''₹''' [[هندستاني روپيو|روپيو]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Emblem of India.svg|85x85px|link=هندستان جو قومي نشان]] |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" |{{Country|مالديپ}} |[[ماليه]] |وحداني [[صدارتي نظام|صدارتي]] جمهوريت | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"|[[مالديپ جو صدر|صدر]] |[[عوامي مجلس]] |[[مالديپي ٻولي|مالديپي]] |'''ރ''' [[مالديپي روفيا|روفيا]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Emblem of Maldives.svg|56x56px|link=مالديپ جو قومي نشان]] |- | style="background:#ffffff;" |{{Country|نيپال}} |[[کٽمنڊو]] |[[ڪارڪي عبوري ڪابينا|عبوري حڪومت]] هيٺ وفاقي پارلياماني جمهوريت |[[نيپال جو صدر|صدر]] |[[نيپال جي وزيراعظمن جي فهرست|وزيراعظم]] |[[قومي اسيمبلي (نيپال)|قومي اسيمبلي]]<br />[[نمائندن جو ايوان (نيپال)|نمائندن جو ايوان]] |[[نيپالي ٻولي|نيپالي]] |'''रु''' [[نيپالي روپيو|روپيو]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Emblem of Nepal.svg|57x57px|link=نيپال جو قومي نشان]] |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" |{{Country|پاڪستان}} |[[اسلام آباد]] |وفاقي پارلياماني [[اسلامي جمهوريت]] |[[پاڪستان جو صدر|صدر]] |[[پاڪستان جو وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] |[[سينيٽ آف پاڪستان|سينيٽ]]<br />[[پاڪستان جي قومي اسيمبلي|قومي اسيمبلي]] |[[اردو]]<br />انگريزي |'''₨''' [[پاڪستاني روپيو|روپيو]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|57x57px|link=پاڪستان جو رياستي نشان]] |- | style="background:#ffffff;" |{{Country|سري لنڪا}} |[[سري جياوردنيپورا ڪوٽي]] |وحداني [[نيم صدارتي نظام|نيم صدارتي]] جمهوريت |[[سري لنڪا جو صدر|صدر]] |[[سري لنڪا جو وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] |[[سري لنڪا جي پارليامينٽ|پارليامينٽ]] |[[سنهالا ٻولي|سنهالا]]<br />[[تامل ٻولي|تامل]]<br />انگريزي |'''රු/₨''' [[سري لنڪائي روپيو|روپيو]] | style="text-align:center;" |[[File:Emblem of Sri Lanka.svg|71x71px|link=سري لنڪا جو قومي نشان]] |} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image1 = Glimpse of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi.jpg | caption1 = [[پارليامينٽ هائوس، نئين دهلي|سنسد ڀون]]، نئين دهلي، هندستان | image2 = Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg | caption2 = پارليامينٽ هائوس، [[اسلام آباد]]، پاڪستان | image3 = National Assembly (25967498804).jpg | caption3 = [[جاتيا سنگسد ڀون]]، [[ڍاڪا]]، بنگلاديش | image4 = The Parliament of Sri Lanka.jpg | caption4 = [[سري لنڪا پارليامينٽ بلڊنگ]]، [[سري جياوردنيپورا ڪوٽي]]، سري لنڪا }} هندستان هڪ [[سيڪيولر رياست|سيڪيولر]] [[وفاق|وفاقي]] [[پارلياماني نظام|پارلياماني جمهوريت]] آهي، جنهن ۾ [[هندستان جو وزيراعظم|وزيراعظم]] حڪومت جو سربراهه هوندو آهي. دنيا جي سڀ کان وڏي آبادي واري فعال جمهوريت<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/india-worlds-largest-democracy/10104.html |title=India: world's largest democracy |website=BBC Learning Zone Class Clips |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114055717/http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/india-worlds-largest-democracy/10104.html |archive-date=14 January 2011}}</ref> ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان ڊگهي لکيل آئين سان،<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/Celebrate-the-supreme-law/article14011992.ece|title=Celebrate the supreme law|last=Krithika|first=R.|date=21 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=24 July 2018|publisher=[[N. Ram]]|issn=0971-751X|oclc=13119119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Constitution|last=Pylee|first=Moolamattom Varkey|publisher=R. Chand & Company|year=1994|isbn=978-81-219-0403-2|edition=5th rev. and enl.|location=New Delhi|pages=3|oclc=35022507}}</ref> هندستان 1950ع ۾ اختيار ڪيل سياسي نظام کي مستحڪم نموني برقرار رکيو آهي، جتي اقتدار جي تبديلي صرف جمهوري چونڊن وسيلي ٿي آهي، ڪنهن به ٻي حڪومتي تبديلي وسيلي نه. هندستان جون لڳاتار جمهوري آزاديون دنيا جي نون قائم ٿيل ملڪن ۾ منفرد آهن. [[يوم جمهوريت (هندستان)|جمهوريت جي قيام]] ۽ [[گورنمينٽ آف انڊيا ايڪٽ 1935|برطانوي قانون]] جي خاتمي کان پوءِ هندستان شهري آزادين، سرگرم سپريم ڪورٽ ۽ وڏي حد تائين آزاد پريس سان هڪ جمهوريت طور برقرار رهيو آهي.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 304}} هندستان علائقي ۾ [[جمهوريت انڊيڪس]] ۾ اڳڀرو آهي. اندروني ۽ علائقائي سياست ۾ ان وٽ [[گهڻ جماعتي نظام]] آهي،{{sfn|Burnell|Calvert|1999|p = 125}} جڏهن ته قومي حڪومت ۾ هندستان جي [[گڏيل ترقي پسند اتحاد|کاٻي ڌر]] ۽ [[قومي جمهوري اتحاد|ساڄي ڌر]] جي سياسي اتحادن وچ ۾ اقتدار جي مٽاسٽا ان کي [[ٻه جماعتي نظام|ٻه جماعتي رياست]] جهڙيون خاصيتون ڏئي ٿي.<ref name="Political Parties in India">{{cite web|title = Political Parties in India|url = http://electionaffairs.com/parties/parties.html|publisher = electionaffairs.com|access-date = 7 August 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150707215933/http://electionaffairs.com/parties/parties.html|archive-date = 7 July 2015}}</ref> هندستان کي نمايان اندروني مذهبي تڪرارن ۽ عليحدگي پسندي کي منهن ڏيڻو پيو آهي، پر [[نازڪ رياستن جي فهرست|وقت سان گڏ اهو مسلسل وڌيڪ مستحڪم ٿيندو رهيو آهي]]. پاڪستان جو بنياد [[تحريڪ پاڪستان]] ۾ آهي، جيڪا [[برطانوي راڄ|نوآبادياتي هندستان]] ۾ [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ مسلم قوم پرستي|اسلامي قوم پرستي]] جي بنياد تي شروع ٿي. پاڪستان هڪ [[وفاقي جمهوريت|وفاقي]] [[پارلياماني نظام|پارلياماني]] [[اسلامي جمهوريت]] آهي ۽ اهو دنيا جو پهريون ملڪ هو، جنهن 1956ع ۾ پنهنجي بظاهر سيڪيولر آئين هيٺ جمهوري حيثيت کي تبديل ڪري اسلامي جمهوري نظام اختيار ڪيو. پاڪستان جي حڪمراني دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ تڪراري حڪمرانيءَ وارن نظامن مان هڪ آهي. [[پاڪستان ۾ فوجي بغاوتون|پاڪستان ۾ فوجي حڪمراني ۽ غير مستحڪم حڪومتون]] ڏکڻ ايشيائي خطي لاءِ ڳڻتي جو سبب رهيون آهن. مقرر ٿيل 22 [[پاڪستان جي وزيراعظمن جي فهرست|پاڪستاني وزيراعظمن]] مان ڪوبه پنهنجي عهدي جو مڪمل مدو پورو نه ڪري سگهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title = No One Has Ever Completed a Term as Pakistan's PM|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/25/no-one-has-ever-completed-a-term-as-pakistans-pm/|date = 25 July 2018|access-date = 18 October 2019|magazine=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> [[پاڪستان جي سياست]] جي نوعيت کي [[گهڻ جماعتي نظام]] طور بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو. [[وحداني رياست|وحداني]] [[نيم صدارتي نظام|نيم صدارتي]] آئيني جمهوريت [[سري لنڪا]] ايشيا جي سڀ کان پراڻي لڳاتار جمهوريت آهي. [[سنهالي ماڻهو|سنهالين]] ۽ [[سري لنڪائي تامل|تاملن]] وچ ۾ ڇڪتاڻ سبب [[لبريشن ٽائيگرز آف تامل ايلم]] نالي هڪ عليحدگي پسند [[سري لنڪائي تامل ويڙهاڪ گروهه]] اڀريو ۽ [[سري لنڪائي گهرو جنگ]] شروع ٿي. اها جنگ، جيڪا 2009ع ۾ ختم ٿي، ملڪ جي استحڪام کي اڍائي ڏهاڪن کان وڌيڪ عرصي تائين ڪمزور ڪندي رهي.<ref name="mod-defeat">{{cite news |title=LTTE defeated; Sri Lanka liberated from terror |date=18 May 2009 |url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090518_10 |work=Ministry of Defence |access-date=19 October 2019|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521113622/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090518_10 |archive-date=21 May 2009 }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به سري لنڪا [[انساني ترقياتي اشاريي|انساني ترقياتي اشاريي]] ۾ علائقي ۾ اڳڀرو رهيو آهي، ۽ في ماڻهو قومي پيداوار ۾ هندستان، پاڪستان ۽ بنگلاديش کان گهڻو اڳتي آهي. سري لنڪا ۾ [[گهڻ جماعتي نظام]] آهي، ۽ ملڪ جي سياسي صورتحال تي [[سنهالي قوم پرستي]] جي وڌندڙ جارحاڻي نظريي جو اثر غالب رهيو آهي. [[بنگلاديش]] هڪ [[وحداني رياست|وحداني]] [[پارلياماني نظام|پارلياماني جمهوريت]] آهي. بنگلاديش جو قانون ان کي اسلامي<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24549%7CSection|title=2A. The state religion|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> ۽ گڏوگڏ سيڪيولر<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/sections_detail.php?id=367&sections_id=24560%7CSection|title=12.}}</ref> قرار ڏئي ٿو. [[بنگلاديش جي سياست]] جي نوعيت کي [[گهڻ جماعتي نظام]] طور بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو. بنگلاديش هڪ وحداني رياست ۽ [[پارلياماني جمهوريت]] آهي.<ref>{{cite web|title=The world factbook-Bangladesh|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110162611/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bangladesh |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2021 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> بنگلاديش مسلم اڪثريتي جمهوريتن مان به هڪ نمايان مثال آهي. بنگلاديش ۾ آمريڪي سفير [[ڊين موزينا]] چيو ته "هي دنيا جي هڪ تمام پريشان علائقي ۾ [[تشدد پسند انتهاپسندي]] جو هڪ معتدل، عام طور تي سيڪيولر ۽ روادار — جيتوڻيڪ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هن وقت اها رواداري دٻاءَ هيٺ اچي رهي آهي — متبادل آهي." جيتوڻيڪ بنگلاديش جو قانوني ضابطو سيڪيولر آهي، پر وڌيڪ شهري [[اسلام]] جي قدامت پسند صورت اختيار ڪري رهيا آهن، ۽ ڪجهه ماڻهو [[شريعت قانون]] لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ زور ڏئي رهيا آهن، تجزئي نگار چون ٿا. ماهرن موجب قدامت پسندي ۾ واڌ پرڏيهي مالي مدد سان هلندڙ اسلامي خيراتي ادارن جي اثر ۽ [[فارسي نار]] جي ملڪن ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ مهاجر مزدورن طرفان واپس آندل اسلام جي وڌيڪ سخت صورت جي اثر کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gowen|first1=Annie|title=Bangladesh's political unrest threatens economic gains, democracy| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/bangladeshs-political-unrest-threatens-economic-gains-democracy/2014/03/22/baf1807c-a369-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=6 June 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140702060029/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/bangladeshs-political-unrest-threatens-economic-gains-democracy/2014/03/22/baf1807c-a369-11e3-84d4-e59b1709222c_story.html|archive-date=2 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> ارڙهين صديءَ تائين هندو [[گورکا بادشاهت]] [[نيپال جي وحدت]] حاصل ڪئي. هندومت رياستي مذهب بڻيو ۽ هندو قانون قومي پاليسين طور ترتيب ڏنا ويا. گورکا علائقي سان لاڳاپيل [[نيپالي سياسي خاندانن جي فهرست|هندو ٺڪوري ۽ ڇيتري سياسي خاندانن]] جو هڪ ننڍو اوليگارڪي گروهه، [[رانا خاندان]] جي حڪومت جي خاتمي ۽ [[1951ع نيپالي انقلاب|1951ع ۾ پارلياماني جمهوري نظام جي قيام]] تائين قومي سياست، فوج ۽ شهري معاملن تي غالب رهيو. اهو پارلياماني نظام نيپالي بادشاهن 1960ع ۽ 2005ع ۾ ٻه ڀيرا معطل ڪيو. نيپال دنيا جي آخري هندو رياست هئي، ان کان اڳ جو اهو [[يوم جمهوريت (نيپال)|2008ع ۾ سيڪيولر جمهوري رياست]] بڻيو. ملڪ جي جديد ترقي مختلف اهم واقعن سبب متاثر ٿي، جهڙوڪ [[1990ع نيپالي انقلاب]]، 1996ع کان 2006ع تائين [[نيپالي گهرو جنگ]]، [[اپريل 2015ع نيپال زلزلو]]، ۽ هندستان طرفان [[2015ع نيپال ناڪابندي]]، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ سنگين [[نيپال انساني بحران (2015-2017)|2015ع–2017ع نيپال انساني بحران]] پيدا ٿيو. [[نيپال جي وزيراعظمن جي فهرست|نيپال جي وزيراعظم]] جي عهدي ۾ به تمام گهڻي تبديلي ٿيندي رهي آهي، جنهن سبب [[سياسي عدم استحڪام]] بابت سنجيده خدشا پيدا ٿيا آهن. ملڪ کي في ماڻهو قومي پيداوار جي لحاظ کان غريب ملڪن مان هڪ شمار ڪيو ويو آهي، پر ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ [[بک]] جي مسئلي جي سڀ کان گهٽ سطحن مان هڪ به اتي موجود آهي.<ref name="Archived copy"/> جڏهن ملڪ جو [[نازڪ رياستن جي فهرست|استحڪام نسبتاً تازو يقيني ٿيو]]، تڏهن ان ترقياتي اشارن ۾ به نمايان اڳڀرائي ڪئي ۽ ڪيترين ٻين ڏکڻ ايشيائي رياستن کان اڳتي نڪري ويو. [[افغانستان]] 2021ع کان هڪ [[وحداني رياست|وحداني]] [[ديني حڪمراني|ديني]] [[اسلامي رياست|اسلامي]] [[امارت]] آهي. [[افغانستان ۾ جنگ|ڪيترين پرڏيهي چڙهاين، گهرو جنگين، انقلابن ۽ دهشتگرد گروهن]] جي نتيجي ۾ افغانستان دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ غير مستحڪم حڪومتن مان هڪ جو شڪار رهيو آهي. ڏهاڪن کان جاري عدم استحڪام ملڪ جي معيشت کي بيٺل ۽ تباهه حال ڇڏي ويو آهي، ۽ اهو ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان غريب ۽ [[گهٽ ترقي يافته ملڪ|گهٽ ترقي يافته ملڪن]] مان هڪ آهي، جنهن سبب افغان پناهگير پاڙيسري ملڪن جهڙوڪ [[ايران]] ڏانهن ويا آهن.<ref name="AfgCIA"/> [[ڀوٽان]] هڪ ٻڌ ڌرم واري رياست آهي، جتي [[آئيني بادشاهت]] آهي. 2016ع ۾ ملڪ کي علائقي جو سڀ کان گهٽ بدعنوان، سڀ کان پرامن ۽ سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاشي آزادي وارو ملڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. [[مالديپ]] هڪ وحداني صدارتي جمهوريت آهي، جتي [[سني اسلام]] سختيءَ سان رياستي مذهب آهي. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border:2px solid #a7c7e7; background:#f8fbff;" |+ style="font-weight:bold; background:#d9ecff; padding:6px;" | حڪمراني ۽ استحڪام ! colspan="2" style="background:#d9ecff;" | پيمانا ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | افغانستان ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | بنگلاديش ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | ڀوٽان ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | هندستان ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | مالديپ ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | نيپال ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | پاڪستان ! style="background:#d9ecff;" | سري لنڪا |- | colspan="2" style="background:#eef7ff;" | [[نازڪ رياستن جو اشاريون]]<ref name = "FSI 2020">{{cite web|title = Fragile States Index 2020|url = https://fundforpeace.org/2020/05/11/fragile-states-index-2020/ |publisher=[[Fund for Peace|The Fund for Peace]]|date = 11 May 2020|access-date = 25 September 2020}}</ref> | 102.9 | 85.7 | 69.5 | 75.3 | 66.2 | 82.6 | 92.1 | 81.8 |- | colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;" | [[بدعنواني بابت تاثر جو اشاريون]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?/news/feature/cpi-2019|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2019|website=Transparency International|date=24 January 2020|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190641/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2019?%2Fnews%2Ffeature%2Fcpi-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>، عالمي درجو 179 ملڪن مان | 16 (173هون) || 26 (146هون) || 68 (25هون) || 41 (80هون) || 29 (130هون) || 34 (113هون) || 32 (120هون) || 38 (93هون) |- | rowspan="4" style="background:#eef7ff;" | عالمي حڪمراني جا<br />اشارا (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports|title=Worldwide Governance Indicators|year=2015|publisher=World Bank|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705084108/http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports|archive-date=5 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | style="background:#eef7ff;" | حڪومتي اثرائتيت |8%|| 24% || 68% || 56% || 41% || 13% || 27% || 53% |- | style="background:#ffffff;" | سياسي استحڪام ۽ تشدد/دهشتگردي جي غير موجودگي |1%|| 11% || 89% || 17% || 61% || 16% || 1% || 47% |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" | قانون جي حڪمراني |2%|| 27% || 70% || 56% || 35% || 27% || 24% || 60% |- | style="background:#ffffff;" | آواز ۽ جوابدهي | 16%|| 31% || 46% || 61% || 30% || 33% || 27% || 36% |} === علائقائي سياست === {{See also|افغانستان ۾ جنگ (2001–2021)|هندستان-پاڪستان جنگيون ۽ تڪرار|ڏکڻ ايشيائي علائقائي سهڪار تنظيم}} {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 220 | image2 = | caption2 = [[ڪارگل جنگ]] (1999ع) دوران هندستان ۽ پاڪستان وچ ۾ [[بٽالڪ]] ۾ هندستاني سپاهي | caption4 = [[شيخ حسينه]]، بنگلاديش جي وزيراعظم، [[نريندر مودي]]، هندستان جي وزيراعظم، سان نيويارڪ ۾ (2019ع) }} [[File:India Pakistan China Disputed Areas Map.png|thumb|189px|پاڪستان ۽ چين سان هندستان جي سرحدي تڪرارن ڏکڻ ايشيا ۾ پيچيده جيوسياسي حرڪتون پيدا ڪيون آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lou |first=Chunhao |date=3 July 2022 |title=Geopolitical "Entanglements" and the China-India-Pakistan Nuclear Trilemma |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2022.2156252 |journal=Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=281–295 |doi=10.1080/25751654.2022.2156252 |issn=2575-1654|url-access=subscription }}</ref>]] هندستان [[علائقائي طاقت|علائقي ۾ غالب جيوسياسي طاقت]] رهيو آهي{{sfn|Buzan|2004|p=71}}<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |title=Is India a Major Power? |last=Perkovich |first=George |journal=The Washington Quarterly |issue=27.1 Winter 2003–04 |access-date=12 August 2020|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014858/http://www.twq.com/04winter/docs/04winter_perkovich.pdf |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Regions and powers">{{harvnb|Buzan|Wæver|2003|p=55}}</ref> ۽ اڪيلو ئي علائقي جي زميني پکيڙ، آبادي، معيشت ۽ فوجي خرچن جي وڏي حصي تي مشتمل آهي.{{sfn|Ali|Aitchison|2005}} هندستان هڪ [[جي 20|وڏي معيشت]]، [[جي 4 ملڪ|جي 4]] جو ميمبر، دنيا جي [[فوجي خرچن موجب ملڪن جي فهرست|ٽئين وڏي فوجي بجيٽ]] رکندڙ ملڪ آهي<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shaurya Karanbir Gurung|title=India third largest military spender in world, after US and China|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/global-military-spending-saw-largest-increase-in-decade-in-2019-china-india-in-top-3-study/articleshow/75404166.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=27 April 2020|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> ۽ علائقي تي مضبوط [[عظيم هندستان|ثقافتي]] ۽ [[علائقائي بالادستي|سياسي اثر]] وجهي ٿو.<ref name="college">{{cite journal |last=Fussman |first=Gérard | title= History of India and Greater India |journal=La Lettre du Collège de France |issue=4 |pages=24–25 |year=2008–2009 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lettre-cdf/756 |access-date=12 August 2020|doi=10.4000/lettre-cdf.756|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="ASAN">{{Cite journal|author=Deepa M. Ollapally|title=India's Evolving National Identity Contestation: What Reactions to the "Pivot" Tell Us|url=http://www.theasanforum.org/indias-evolving-national-identity-contestation-what-reactions-to-the-pivot-tell-us/|access-date=12 August 2020|language=en|journal=[[Asan Institute for Policy Studies#Asan Forum|The Asan Forum]]|volume=8|issue=4|issn=2288-5757|date=July–August 2020|orig-year=2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929210245/http://www.theasanforum.org/indias-evolving-national-identity-contestation-what-reactions-to-the-pivot-tell-us/ |date=29 September 2020 }}</ref> ڪڏهن ڪڏهن پنهنجي وڏي ۽ وڌندڙ معاشي ۽ فوجي صلاحيتن سبب هندستان کي [[عظيم طاقت]] يا [[اڀرندڙ سپر طاقت]] به چيو ويندو آهي؛ هندستان ڏکڻ ايشيا جي مرڪزي ڪڙي طور ڪم ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Immanuel|last=Wallerstein|author-link=Immanuel Wallerstein|title=India: The In-Between Great Power|url=https://iwallerstein.com/india-the-in-between-great-power/|date=1 June 2017|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Madhavi|last=Bhasin|title=India's Role in South Asia Perceived Hegemony or Reluctant Leadership?|url=https://silo.tips/downloadFile/india-s-role-in-south-asia-perceived-hegemony-or-reluctant-leadership|format=PDF|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> [[بنگلاديش]]، [[پاڪستان]] ۽ [[سري لنڪا]] [[وچولي طاقت|وچوليون طاقتون]] آهن، جن وٽ وڏي آباديون ۽ معيشتون آهن ۽ اهي علائقائي سياست تي اهم اثر رکن ٿيون.<ref name="balancing">{{cite web|url=https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/strategic-monitor-2018-2019/a-balancing-act/|title=A Balancing Act: The Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy |first1=Willem |last1=Oosterveld |first2=Bianca |last2=Torossian |work=Strategic Monitor 2018–2019 |publisher=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael|Clingendael Institute]] |access-date=18 May 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|Buzan|2004|pp=71, 99}} [[File:Bamboo Curtain.svg|left|thumb|166px|1959ع جو نقشو، جنهن ۾ ڏيکاريل آهي ته ايشيا جو وڏو حصو ڪميونسٽ هو (ڳاڙهي رنگ ۾)، جڏهن ته پاڪستان (نيري رنگ ۾) هندستان جي ڀيٽ ۾ سرمائيدار طاقتن سان وڌيڪ لاڳاپيل هو.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=India and Pakistan: A tale of two economies |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/JlxwNQwWgLIGX3XQlhDbVP/India-and-Pakistan-A-tale-of-two-economies.html |work=Livemint}}</ref> ان جي نتيجي ۾ پيدا ٿيل [[ايشيا ۾ سرد جنگ|سرد جنگي حرڪتن]] ويهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ ڏکڻ ايشيا جي جيوسياسي صورتحال تي اثر وڌو.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rotter |first1=Andrew J. |editor1-last=Immerman |editor1-first=Richard H. |editor2-last=Goedde |editor2-first=Petra |chapter=South Asia |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War |url=https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34525/chapter-abstract/292917436?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=11 September 2024 |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236961.013.0013 |isbn=978-0-19-923696-1 | pages=211–229}}</ref>]] 1947ع ۾ [[ورهاڱو هندستان|هندستان جي ورهاڱي]] دوران پوءِ ٿيندڙ تشدد ۽ علائقائي تڪرارن هندستان ۽ پاڪستان جا لاڳاپا خراب ۽ انتهائي دشمني وارا بڻائي ڇڏيا.<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen P. |last=Cohen |author-link=Stephen P. Cohen |year=2004 |title=The Idea of Pakistan|url=https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe |url-access=registration |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe/page/59 59] |isbn=978-0-8157-9761-6 |quote=American scholar Allen Mcgrath.}}</ref> مختلف [[هندستان-پاڪستان جنگيون ۽ تڪرار|ٽڪراءَ ۽ جنگيون]] علائقي جي سياست کي وڏي حد تائين شڪل ڏينديون رهيون ۽ [[بنگلاديش آزادي جي جنگ|بنگلاديش جي هڪ آزاد ملڪ طور اڀار]] ۾ به حصو وڌائون.<ref>{{cite book|title=Crossing the Frontiers of Conflict in the North East and Jammu and Kashmir: From Real Politik to Ideal Politik|author=V.K. Nayar|year=2005|page=198|publisher=Shipra Publications |isbn=978-81-7541-218-7|quote=Though Indian victory in the India- Pakistan War 1971 and the liberation of Bangladesh refurbished India's image.}}</ref> [[يوگوسلاويا]] سان گڏ هندستان [[غير وابسته تحريڪ]] جو بنياد وڌو، پر پوءِ پاڪستان لاءِ اولهه جي حمايت کان پوءِ اڳوڻي [[سوويت يونين]] سان [[هند-سوويت دوستي ۽ سهڪار جو معاهدو|معاهدي]] ۾ داخل ٿيو.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hanhimaki|2004|p=165}}</ref> [[1971ع هندستان-پاڪستان جنگ]] دوران آمريڪا پنهنجي [[يو ايس ايس انٽرپرائز (CVN-65)|يو ايس ايس ''انٽرپرائز'']] کي هندي سمنڊ ڏانهن موڪليو، جنهن کي هندستان طرفان [[ائٽمي خطرو]] سمجهيو ويو.<ref name=Santosh>{{cite book|last=Burne|first=Lester H.|title=Chronological History of U.S. Foreign Relations: 1932–1988|publisher=Routledge|year=2003|isbn=0-415-93916-X}}</ref> هندستان جي 1974ع واري [[مسڪرائيندڙ ٻڌ|ائٽمي آزمائش]] پاڪستان جي ائٽمي پروگرام کي اڳتي وڌايو،<ref>{{Citation | publisher = Associated Press of Pakistan (APP) and Pakistan Television (PTV) | title = Prime minister Secretariat Press Release | quote = India's so-called Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE) is tested and designed to intimidate and establish "Indian hegemony in the subcontinent", most particularly Pakistan... | first = Zulfikar Ali | last = Bhutto | date = 18 May 1974 | url = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html |archive-date = 18 September 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> جنهن 1998ع ۾ [[چاگائي-ون]] ۾ ائٽمي آزمائشون ڪيون، هندستان جي [[پوکرن-ٽو|گرمي ائٽمي هٿيارن]] لاءِ ائٽمي آزمائشن جي سلسلي کان صرف 18 ڏينهن پوءِ.<ref name="Ministry of External Affairs, 1998">{{cite web|title=Official press release by India|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/Indianofficial.txt|website=meadev.gov.in/|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, 1998|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> 1979ع ۾ [[سوويت-افغان جنگ|افغانستان تي سوويت حملي]] علائقائي سلامتي جي خراب ٿيندڙ صورتحال کي ٻيهر مضبوط ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ اتحاد ٺاهڻ جون ڪوششون تيز ڪيون.<ref name="NIHCR in Islamabad">{{cite web|last=Muhammad|first=Jamshed Iqbal|title=SAARC: Origin, Growth, Potential and Achievements |url=http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/SAARC_Jamshed_Iqbal.pdf|work=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research in Islamabad|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131111092347/http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/SAARC_Jamshed_Iqbal.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> معاهدن کان پوءِ اهو اتحاد، جنهن کي [[ڏکڻ ايشيائي علائقائي سهڪار تنظيم]] (SAARC) سڏيو وڃي ٿو، آخرڪار ڊسمبر 1985ع ۾ ڍاڪا ۾ قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="About SAARC">{{cite web |url=http://www.mohe.gov.af/saarc.afg/about%20us.html |title=About SAARC |website=SAARC Secretariat |access-date=11 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111090614/http://www.mohe.gov.af/saarc.afg/about%20us.html |archive-date=11 November 2013 }}</ref> تنهن هوندي به [[هندستان-پاڪستان لاڳاپا|هندستان-پاڪستان لاڳاپن]] جي خرابيءَ سبب هندستان ذيلي علائقائي گروهن [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ذيلي علائقائي معاشي سهڪار|ساسيڪ]]، [[بمسٽيڪ]] ۽ [[بي بي آءِ اين]] تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو آهي. [[عواميت]] هندستان جي اندروني سياست جي هڪ عام خاصيت آهي.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title = The Global Populist Surge Is More than Just a Western Story—Just Look at Asia|url = https://thediplomat.com/2016/12/the-global-populist-surge-is-more-than-just-a-western-story-just-look-at-asia/|date = 10 December 2016|access-date = 23 October 2019|magazine= [[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> ==== ملڪن جا علائقائي گروهه ==== {{Update|part=section|date=October 2024|reason=Statistics need to be updated}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border:2px solid #a7c7e7; background:#f8fbff;" |- style="background:#d9ecff;" ! نالو ! [[ايراضي موجب ملڪن ۽ ماتحت علائقن جي فهرست|ايراضي]]<br />(km²) ! [[آبادي موجب ملڪن ۽ ماتحت علائقن جي فهرست|آبادي]] ! [[آبادي جي گهاٽائي موجب ملڪن ۽ ماتحت علائقن جي فهرست|آبادي جي گهاٽائي]]<br />(في km²) ! گاديءَ جو هنڌ يا سيڪريٽريٽ ! class="unsortable" | ڪرنسي ! class="unsortable" | ملڪ ! [[سرڪاري ٻولي]] |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" | ڏکڻ ايشيا جي [[#وصف|بنيادي وصف]] | style="text-align:right;" | 5,220,460 | style="text-align:right;" | 1,726,907,000 | style="text-align:right;" | 330.79 | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[هندستان]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[نيپال]]، [[پاڪستان]]، [[سري لنڪا]] | {{n/a}} |- | style="background:#ffffff;" | ڏاکڻي ايشيا بابت [[گڏيل قومن جو جيو اسڪيم|يو اين ايس ڊي وصف]] | style="text-align:right;" | 6,778,083 | style="text-align:right;" | 1,702,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" | 270.77 | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | [[افغانستان]]، [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[هندستان]]، [[ايران]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[نيپال]]، [[پاڪستان]]، [[سري لنڪا]] | {{n/a}} |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" | [[ڏکڻ ايشيائي علائقائي سهڪار تنظيم|سارڪ]] | style="text-align:right;" | 4,637,469 | style="text-align:right;" | 1,626,000,000 | style="text-align:right;" | 350.6 | style="text-align:center;" | [[کٽمنڊو]] | {{n/a}} | [[افغانستان]]، [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[هندستان]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[نيپال]]، [[پاڪستان]]، [[سري لنڪا]] | style="text-align:center;" | انگريزي |- | style="background:#ffffff;" | [[ڏکڻ ايشيا ذيلي علائقائي معاشي سهڪار|ساسيڪ]] | style="text-align:right;" | 3,565,467 | style="text-align:right;" | 1,485,909,931 | style="text-align:right;" | 416.75 | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[هندستان]]، [[مالديپ]]، [[ميانمار]]، [[نيپال]]، [[سري لنڪا]] | {{n/a}} |- | style="background:#eef7ff;" | [[بي بي آءِ اين]] | style="text-align:right;" | 3,499,559 | style="text-align:right;" | 1,465,236,000 | style="text-align:right;" | 418.69 | {{n/a}} | {{n/a}} | [[بنگلاديش]]، [[ڀوٽان]]، [[هندستان]]، [[نيپال]] | {{n/a}} |} == پڻ ڏسو == {{Portal|ايشيا}} <!-- {{Main|ڏکڻ ايشيا جو خاڪو|ڏکڻ ايشيا سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن جي فهرست}} --> <!-- * [[ڏکڻ ايشيا جي ببليوگرافي]] --> * [[ڏکڻ ايشيا جي جينياتيات ۽ آثار-جينياتيات]] * [[هندستاني اپکنڊ جي سڀ کان اوچين عمارتن ۽ اڏاوتن جي فهرست]] * [[علائقائي تڪرارن جي فهرست]] * ''[[اي ريجن ان ٽرموئل|اي ريجن ان ٽرموئل: 1947ع کان پوءِ ڏکڻ ايشيائي تڪرار]]''، راب جانسن جو ڪتاب === وسيع علائقا === * [[عظيم هندستان]] * [[هماليائي ڪنارو]] * [[هند-ميڊيٽرينين]] ** [[هندستان-وچ اوڀر-يورپ اقتصادي راهداري]] * [[هند-پئسفڪ]] == حوالا == === حوالا جات === {{reflist|30em}} <references group="note"/> === ماخذ === {{refbegin|40em}} * {{citation |last1=Ali |first1=J. 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D. |editor-last2=Fuchs |editor-first2=R. |editor-last3=Fu |editor-first3=C. |editor-last4=Lebel |editor-first4=L. |editor-last5=Vloemans |editor-first5=H. |editor-last6=Odada |editor-first6=E. |editor-last7=Perry |editor-first7=J. |editor-last8=Steffen |editor-first8=W. |editor-last9=Virji |editor-first9=H. |display-editors=4 |chapter=Global Change and Biogeochemical Cycles: the South Asia Region |title=Global-Regional Linkages in the Earth System: With 43 Tables |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVwQ8akR8mgC |year=2002 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-42403-1}} * {{cite book |last1=Neelis |first1=Jason |title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC |year=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18159-5}} * {{cite book |last1=Pandharipande |first1=Rajeshwari V. |editor1-last=Kachru |editor1-first=Braj B. |editor2-last=Kachru |editor2-first=Yamuna |editor3-last=Sridhar |editor3-first=S. N. |chapter=Language of religion |title=Language in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC |year=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-78141-1}} * {{cite book |last=Peers |first=Douglas M. |author-link=Douglas Peers |title=India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyQuAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-88286-2}} * {{Citation |last=Possehl |first=Gregory L. |author-link=Gregory Possehl |title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVgeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 |year=2002 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1642-9 |pages=141–156 |chapter=Indus religion}} * {{cite book |last=Robb |first=Peter |title=A History of India |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJNKEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-0-230-34549-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Ruffle |first1=Karen G. |editor-last1=Pechilis |editor-first1=Karen |editor-last2=Raj |editor-first2=Selva J. |chapter=Islam in South Asia: Practicing Tradition Today |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=kaubzRxh-U0C}} |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-44851-2}} * {{citation |last=Saez |first=Lawrence |title=The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTzKWI42uR4C&pg=PT58 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67108-1}} * {{Citation |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |author-link=Geoffrey Samuel |year=2008 |title=The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87351-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=A History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindia0000unse_q7l4 |url-access=registration |year=1966 |volume=1 |publisher=Penguin Books |oclc=12263284}} * {{Citation |last=Trainor |first=Kevin |year=2004 |title=Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517398-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC}} * {{Citation |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |number=4 |pages=1–26 |url=http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611142934/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf |archive-date=11 June 2007 }} * {{cite book |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |editor=Gavin Flood |title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism |year=2003 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=0-631-21535-2 |chapter=Vedas and Upanișads |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&pg=PA68}} {{refend}} == وڌيڪ پڙهڻ لاءِ == * {{Citation |last=Anthony |first= David W. |year= 2007 |title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World |publisher= Princeton University Press |ref=none}}. * {{Citation |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |year=2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road |publisher= Princeton University Press |ref=none}}. == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons}} * [http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar ڏکڻ ايشيا]، عالمي بينڪ * [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/ ڊجيٽل ڏکڻ ايشيا لائبريري]، يونيورسٽي آف شڪاگو * [http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/southAsian.cfm ڏکڻ ايشيائي ۽ هماليائي فنون] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006204801/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/southAsian.cfm |date=6 October 2017 }}، فريئر اينڊ سيڪلر گيلريون، سمٿسونين * [https://www.brookings.edu/topic/south-asia/ ڏکڻ ايشيا]، بروڪنگز انسٽيٽيوشن * [https://www.adb.org/countries/subregional-programs/sasec ڏکڻ ايشيا ذيلي علائقائي اقتصادي سهڪار]، ايشيائي ترقياتي بينڪ {{Geographic location |Centre = ڏکڻ ايشيا |North = وچ ايشيا، اوڀر ايشيا |Northeast = اوڀر ايشيا |East = ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا |Southeast = [[بنگال جو اپسمنڊ]]<br />هندي سمنڊ |South = هندي سمنڊ |Southwest = [[عربي سمنڊ]] |West = اولهه ايشيا |Northwest = وچ ايشيا<br />اولهه ايشيا }}{{South Asian topics}}{{Regions of Asia}} {{GeoSouthAsia}} {{Languages of South Asia}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ايشيا-پئسفڪ]] [[زمرو:ايشيا جا علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڏکڻ ايشيا| ]] fpfwibu8ew3k9l0mtynulnbi7lybxh9 0 10378 390183 385764 2026-06-30T12:32:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمہ<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]] | caption2 = [[The Clock Towers]] | caption3 = [[Mount Arafat]] | caption4 = [[Jabal al-Nour]] | caption5 = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia | other_name = {{ubl|مقدس راڄڌاني({{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}})|سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})}} | settlement_type = شھر | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = {{Script|Arab|مكة}} | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> The City of Mecca , which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and [[Ta'if]], even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province since 16 May 2007 is [[House of Saud|Prince]] [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] egwjtbl2dnzaqdlvfma9skse47qc1gz 390184 390183 2026-06-30T12:33:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمہ<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]] | caption2 = [[The Clock Towers]] | caption3 = [[Mount Arafat]] | caption4 = [[Jabal al-Nour]] | caption5 = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia | other_name = {{ubl|مقدس راڄڌاني({{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}})|سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})}} | settlement_type = شھر | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = {{Script|Arab|مكة}} | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. == تاريخ == هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. == شهر == مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> The City of Mecca , which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and [[Ta'if]], even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province since 16 May 2007 is [[House of Saud|Prince]] [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] nhqwwoz4j5nywj6n0g3assvenu7u98e 390185 390184 2026-06-30T12:34:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 390185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمہ<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]] | caption2 = [[The Clock Towers]] | caption3 = [[Mount Arafat]] | caption4 = [[Jabal al-Nour]] | caption5 = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia | other_name = {{ubl|مقدس راڄڌاني({{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}})|سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})}} | settlement_type = شھر | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = {{Script|Arab|مكة}} | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. == تاريخ == هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] mrhnus4tzuqt9j7qqujomllqlvy9hzr 390186 390185 2026-06-30T12:35:39Z Ibne maryam 17680 390186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمہ<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]] | caption2 = [[The Clock Towers]] | caption3 = [[Mount Arafat]] | caption4 = [[Jabal al-Nour]] | caption5 = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{lang|ar|مكة المكرمة}}) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Saudi Arabia | other_name = {{ubl|مقدس راڄڌاني({{lang|ar|العاصمة المقدسة}})|سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ({{lang|ar|أم القرى}})}} | settlement_type = شھر | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = {{Script|Arab|مكة}} | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> The City of Mecca , which constitutes Mecca and the surrounding region, is the capital of the Mecca Province, which includes the neighbouring cities of Jeddah and [[Ta'if]], even though Jeddah is considerably larger in population compared to Mecca. The Provincial Governor of the province since 16 May 2007 is [[House of Saud|Prince]] [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]].<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] sg7ef8d6pxm983ghgs8va3m4itbv3ht 390187 390186 2026-06-30T12:43:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[Masjid al-Haram]] (Great Mosque of Mecca) and [[Kaaba]] | caption2 = [[The Clock Towers]] | caption3 = [[Mount Arafat]] | caption4 = [[Jabal al-Nour]] | caption5 = [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] tent | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|25|21|N|39|49|24|E|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] fvkr60ncgf9gwwqzpl0p5fc3aamk530 390188 390187 2026-06-30T12:52:42Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = Clock Tower Makkah from Marwa.jpg | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = [[عرفات]] ۾ | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] 9plctab9o28gefwnqga8jjz8j82nvif 390189 390188 2026-06-30T12:54:15Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = [[Holy Capital Governorate]] | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 2,385,509 | population_as_of = 2022 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (Mecca Governorate) | leader_name1 = [[Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud]] | leader_title1 = Provincial Governor | leader_title = Mayor | leader_name = [[Saleh Al-Turki]] | subdivision_type2 = [[List of governorates of Saudi Arabia|Governorate]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[Mecca Province]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Saudi Arabia|Province]] | subdivision_name = [[Saudi Arabia]] | subdivision_type = Country | established_title = Settled by [[Jurhum]] | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = Mecca governorate (green) within <br /> Mecca province | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type = | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] hi4tyfhkgs6qp0x07qf9zoxghdpfzy4 390190 390189 2026-06-30T13:04:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==تاريخ== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] kk8w7of2mvp0thxghy55f7v0xhxvfj9 390192 390190 2026-06-30T13:17:06Z Ibne maryam 17680 390192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] boqh54o0kmlp3zxb1qmng43kr8ie4pe 390193 390192 2026-06-30T13:25:03Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* معيشت */ 390193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * مدينه منوره * مڪه صوبو * تاريخ اسلام ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] kq71mexyc4tdlmym6ogo9q85t8bnpoe 390194 390193 2026-06-30T13:26:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* پڻ ڏسو */ 390194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] rdow1ijxsxgax0y5bv157c3x9bzgqur 390195 390194 2026-06-30T13:29:05Z Ibne maryam 17680 390195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000407212305/http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm Saudi Information Resource – Holy Makkah]}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Authority control}} {{Characters and names in the Quran}} {{Mecca}} {{Islam topics}} {{Saudi cities}} {{Makkah Province}} {{Saudi Arabia topics}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] mx5aiz47ck8zx4e9m1wpzwuwr3mkdqe 390196 390195 2026-06-30T13:33:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 390196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000407212305/http://www.saudinf.com/main/a83.htm Saudi Information Resource – Holy Makkah]}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Characters and names in the Quran}} {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] g04kx0o4fzs5zxnoki3cjaea04zy7t1 390197 390196 2026-06-30T13:34:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا */ 390197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] rz8c7bdixqebku8lupl3lhha25aqgci 390212 390197 2026-06-30T16:31:42Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* وڌيڪ پڙهڻ */ 390212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] nddbxgv69gqy217fmbj8pa8n64e3xa1 390213 390212 2026-06-30T16:33:32Z Ibne maryam 17680 390213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] p2r7moc0rvni3yt52cmy11n8xmzlafo 390214 390213 2026-06-30T16:35:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 390214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== {{for timeline|Timeline of Mecca}} ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] ny96yse4igl5m6mi817b7por7qwy4ko 390215 390214 2026-06-30T16:36:22Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* تاريخ */ 390215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] 40mpso0qfljfypfz2i0nxuvwh9vus81 390269 390215 2026-07-01T01:33:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] 1hsb9g022w520nokemtnsjr4tvyg977 390272 390269 2026-07-01T08:03:59Z Ibne maryam 17680 390272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.]] Mecca is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] p5pnt94dsum0ivdbj6rc5l09ducyurv 390273 390272 2026-07-01T08:05:53Z Ibne maryam 17680 390273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== Mecca has been referred to by many names. Its [[etymology]] is obscure as with many Arabic words.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> Widely believed to be a synonym for {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}}, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein. At the same time, Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the [[Kaaba]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation.<ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The government adopted {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} as the official spelling in the 1980s, but it is not universally known or used worldwide.<ref name="Hamp76" /> The full official name is {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{Langx|ar|مكة المكرمة||lit=Makkah the Honored}}).<ref name="Hamp76" /> {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} is used to refer to the city in the Quran in [[Surah]] [[Al-Fath]] (48), verse 24.<ref name="Versteeghp513" /><ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> The word ''Mecca'' in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive.<ref name="Hamp76" /> Nonetheless, ''Mecca'' is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city. ''Macoraba'', another ancient city name [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] says was within [[Arabia Felix]], was also claimed to be Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Some studies have questioned this association.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> Many etymologies have been proposed: the traditional one is that it is derived from the [[Ancient South Arabian|Old South Arabian]] root M-K-R-B which means "temple."<ref name="Morris" /> ===Other names=== Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called {{transliteration|ar|Umm al-Qurā}}<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> ({{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى}}}}, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<ref name="Hittip6" /> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and {{transliteration|ar|[[Hadith|ahadith]]}}. Another name used historically for Mecca is {{transliteration|ar|[[Tihamah|Tihāmah]]}}.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> According to an Islamic suggestion, another name for Mecca, {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}}, is synonymous with the [[Desert of Paran]] mentioned in the [[Old Testament]] at [[Vayeira|Genesis 21]]:21.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the [[Tihamah|Tihamah coastal plain]] and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<ref name="Khanp74" /> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}} was "an Arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> ===={{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}==== {{main|Bakkah}} The Quran refers to the city as [[Bakkah|{{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}]] in [[Surah]] [[Al Imran]] (3), verse 96: "Indeed the first [[Place of worship|House [of worship]]], established for mankind was that at Bakkah." This is said to have been the name of the city at the time of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and it is also transliterated as {{transliteration|ar|Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca}} and {{transliteration|ar|Bekka}}, among others.<ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> It was a name for the city in the ancient world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.]] Mecca is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] kjnmmuduozeyo7i4ducje6nj2upt8mk 390274 390273 2026-07-01T08:13:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* نالو ۽ اشتقاق */ 390274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي. ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي. وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ان کي وڌيڪ خاص طور تي ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ڪعبو به شامل آهي. * مڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي. حڪومت 1980 جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مڪي کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪي المڪرمة آهي (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي 'مڪة عزت وارو'). قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪي جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. <nowiki>*</nowiki> انگريزي ۾ لفظ مڪي ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو، ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. <nowiki/>* مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو ڪلاڊيئس ٽالمي چوي ٿو ته عرب فيلڪس اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو. ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي "مندر". ٻيا نالا: قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي آهي جتي ان کي ام القراء (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") سڏيو ويندو آهي. قرآن ۽ حديثن ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو تهامة آهي. هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، فاران، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي. عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تيامة ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو. 12 صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." * بڪة: * قرآن سورة آل عمران (3)، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بکة جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر جيڪو [عبادت جو]، انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪة ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ باڪا، باڪا، باڪا، باڪا ۽ باڪا جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو. has been referred to by many names. Its [[etymology]] is obscure as with many Arabic words.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> Widely believed to be a synonym for {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}}, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein. At the same time, Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the [[Kaaba]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation.<ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The government adopted {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} as the official spelling in the 1980s, but it is not universally known or used worldwide.<ref name="Hamp76" /> The full official name is {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{Langx|ar|مكة المكرمة||lit=Makkah the Honored}}).<ref name="Hamp76" /> {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} is used to refer to the city in the Quran in [[Surah]] [[Al-Fath]] (48), verse 24.<ref name="Versteeghp513" /><ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> The word ''Mecca'' in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive.<ref name="Hamp76" /> Nonetheless, ''Mecca'' is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city. ''Macoraba'', another ancient city name [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] says was within [[Arabia Felix]], was also claimed to be Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Some studies have questioned this association.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> Many etymologies have been proposed: the traditional one is that it is derived from the [[Ancient South Arabian|Old South Arabian]] root M-K-R-B which means "temple."<ref name="Morris" /> ===Other names=== Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called {{transliteration|ar|Umm al-Qurā}}<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> ({{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى}}}}, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<ref name="Hittip6" /> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and {{transliteration|ar|[[Hadith|ahadith]]}}. Another name used historically for Mecca is {{transliteration|ar|[[Tihamah|Tihāmah]]}}.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> According to an Islamic suggestion, another name for Mecca, {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}}, is synonymous with the [[Desert of Paran]] mentioned in the [[Old Testament]] at [[Vayeira|Genesis 21]]:21.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the [[Tihamah|Tihamah coastal plain]] and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<ref name="Khanp74" /> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}} was "an Arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> ===={{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}==== {{main|Bakkah}} The Quran refers to the city as [[Bakkah|{{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}]] in [[Surah]] [[Al Imran]] (3), verse 96: "Indeed the first [[Place of worship|House [of worship]]], established for mankind was that at Bakkah." This is said to have been the name of the city at the time of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and it is also transliterated as {{transliteration|ar|Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca}} and {{transliteration|ar|Bekka}}, among others.<ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> It was a name for the city in the ancient world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.]] Mecca is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] 2manioeh37w56xoo7ppxwk6aey12mo4 390275 390274 2026-07-01T08:29:40Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* نالو ۽ اشتقاق */ 390275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي. ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي. وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف، ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو مسجد الحرام جي فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ان ۾ بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) به شامل آهي. مڪه سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي. حڪومت 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ مڪي کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪه المڪرمة آهي (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي 'مڪة عزت وارو'). قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪه جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. <nowiki>*</nowiki> انگريزي ۾ لفظ مڪي ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو، ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. تنهن هوندي به، مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. <nowiki/>* مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو ڪلاڊيئس ٽالمي چوي ٿو ته عرب فيلڪس اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو. ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب آهي "مندر". ٻيا نالا: قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي آهي جتي ان کي ام القراء (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") سڏيو ويندو آهي. قرآن ۽ حديثن ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو تهامة آهي. هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، فاران، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي. عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تيامة ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو. 12 صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." * بڪة: * قرآن سورة آل عمران (3)، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بکة جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر جيڪو [عبادت جو]، انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪة ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ باڪا، باڪا، باڪا، باڪا ۽ باڪا جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو. has been referred to by many names. Its [[etymology]] is obscure as with many Arabic words.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> Widely believed to be a synonym for {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}}, it is said to be more specifically the early name for the valley located therein. At the same time, Muslim scholars generally use it to refer to the sacred area of the city that immediately surrounds and includes the [[Kaaba]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} is the official transliteration used by the Saudi government and is closer to the Arabic pronunciation.<ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The government adopted {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} as the official spelling in the 1980s, but it is not universally known or used worldwide.<ref name="Hamp76" /> The full official name is {{transliteration|ar|Makkah al-Mukarramah}} ({{Langx|ar|مكة المكرمة||lit=Makkah the Honored}}).<ref name="Hamp76" /> {{transliteration|ar|Makkah}} is used to refer to the city in the Quran in [[Surah]] [[Al-Fath]] (48), verse 24.<ref name="Versteeghp513" /><ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> The word ''Mecca'' in English has come to be used to refer to any place that draws large numbers of people, and because of this some English-speaking Muslims have come to regard the use of this spelling for the city as offensive.<ref name="Hamp76" /> Nonetheless, ''Mecca'' is the familiar form of the English transliteration for the Arabic name of the city. ''Macoraba'', another ancient city name [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemy]] says was within [[Arabia Felix]], was also claimed to be Mecca.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> Some studies have questioned this association.<ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> Many etymologies have been proposed: the traditional one is that it is derived from the [[Ancient South Arabian|Old South Arabian]] root M-K-R-B which means "temple."<ref name="Morris" /> ===Other names=== Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called {{transliteration|ar|Umm al-Qurā}}<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> ({{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى}}}}, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<ref name="Hittip6" /> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and {{transliteration|ar|[[Hadith|ahadith]]}}. Another name used historically for Mecca is {{transliteration|ar|[[Tihamah|Tihāmah]]}}.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> According to an Islamic suggestion, another name for Mecca, {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}}, is synonymous with the [[Desert of Paran]] mentioned in the [[Old Testament]] at [[Vayeira|Genesis 21]]:21.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the [[Tihamah|Tihamah coastal plain]] and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<ref name="Khanp74" /> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}} was "an Arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> ===={{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}==== {{main|Bakkah}} The Quran refers to the city as [[Bakkah|{{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}]] in [[Surah]] [[Al Imran]] (3), verse 96: "Indeed the first [[Place of worship|House [of worship]]], established for mankind was that at Bakkah." This is said to have been the name of the city at the time of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and it is also transliterated as {{transliteration|ar|Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca}} and {{transliteration|ar|Bekka}}, among others.<ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> It was a name for the city in the ancient world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.]] Mecca is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] s80gk8bhtrax1nh4l3mtmi7nel4rqdu 390276 390275 2026-07-01T09:20:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* نالو ۽ اشتقاق */ 390276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي، ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف، ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو مسجد الحرام جي فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ان ۾ بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) به شامل آهي.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> مڪه لاء انگريزي لفظ "Makkah" سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ هن کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪه المڪرمة (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي عزت وارو مڪه) آهي. <ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪه جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> انگريزي ۾ لفظ جو اسپيلنگ "Mecca" ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. <ref name="Hamp76" /> تنهن هوندي به، اها مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. ٽالمي پاران مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو، جيڪو عرب فيلڪس (<small>Arabia</small> <small>Felix</small>) جي اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب "مندر" آهي. <ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> === ٻيا نالا === قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي آهي جتي ان کي ام القراء (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") سڏيو ويندو آهي. قرآن ۽ حديثن ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو تهامة آهي. هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، فاران، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي. عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تيامة ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو. 12 صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." * بڪة: * قرآن سورة آل عمران (3)، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بکة جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر جيڪو [عبادت جو]، انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪة ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ باڪا، باڪا، باڪا، باڪا ۽ باڪا جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو. Another name used for Mecca in the Quran is at 6:92 where it is called {{transliteration|ar|Umm al-Qurā}}<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> ({{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى}}}}, meaning "Mother of all Settlements").<ref name="Hittip6" /> The city has been called several other names in both the Quran and {{transliteration|ar|[[Hadith|ahadith]]}}. Another name used historically for Mecca is {{transliteration|ar|[[Tihamah|Tihāmah]]}}.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> According to an Islamic suggestion, another name for Mecca, {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}}, is synonymous with the [[Desert of Paran]] mentioned in the [[Old Testament]] at [[Vayeira|Genesis 21]]:21.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> Arab and Islamic tradition holds that the wilderness of Paran, broadly speaking, is the [[Tihamah|Tihamah coastal plain]] and the site where Ishmael settled was Mecca.<ref name="Khanp74" /> [[Yaqut al-Hamawi]], the 12th-century Syrian geographer, wrote that {{transliteration|ar|Fārān}} was "an Arabized Hebrew word, one of the names of Mecca mentioned in the Torah."<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> ===={{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}==== {{main|Bakkah}} The Quran refers to the city as [[Bakkah|{{transliteration|ar|Bakkah}}]] in [[Surah]] [[Al Imran]] (3), verse 96: "Indeed the first [[Place of worship|House [of worship]]], established for mankind was that at Bakkah." This is said to have been the name of the city at the time of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and it is also transliterated as {{transliteration|ar|Baca, Baka, Bakah, Bakka, Becca}} and {{transliteration|ar|Bekka}}, among others.<ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> It was a name for the city in the ancient world.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.]] Mecca is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] l9u9d2inh5mv0w1lq5gtlqdk1ja3k8z 390277 390276 2026-07-01T09:34:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* ٻيا نالا */ 390277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي، ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف، ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو مسجد الحرام جي فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ان ۾ بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) به شامل آهي.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> مڪه لاء انگريزي لفظ "Makkah" سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ هن کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪه المڪرمة (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي عزت وارو مڪه) آهي. <ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪه جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> انگريزي ۾ لفظ جو اسپيلنگ "Mecca" ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. <ref name="Hamp76" /> تنهن هوندي به، اها مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. ٽالمي پاران مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو، جيڪو عرب فيلڪس (<small>Arabia</small> <small>Felix</small>) جي اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب "مندر" آهي. <ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> === ٻيا نالا === قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي '''ام القري''' (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") آهي.<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> قرآن ۽ حديث ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو '''تهامه''' آهي.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، '''فاران'''، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تهامه ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو.<ref name="Khanp74" /> 12هين صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." هو.<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> === بڪه === قرآن سورة آل عمران، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بڪه جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر (عبادت لاء)، جيڪو انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪه ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ بيڪه، باڪه، بڪا ۽ بڪاه جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref><ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|Mecca as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Haram is visible in the center while Mina is visible in the east.]] Mecca is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] gh9jqzbnjltn5x96bddkc88azamxjfi 390278 390277 2026-07-01T09:45:26Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* جاگرافي */ 390278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي، ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف، ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو مسجد الحرام جي فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ان ۾ بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) به شامل آهي.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> مڪه لاء انگريزي لفظ "Makkah" سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ هن کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪه المڪرمة (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي عزت وارو مڪه) آهي. <ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪه جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> انگريزي ۾ لفظ جو اسپيلنگ "Mecca" ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. <ref name="Hamp76" /> تنهن هوندي به، اها مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. ٽالمي پاران مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو، جيڪو عرب فيلڪس (<small>Arabia</small> <small>Felix</small>) جي اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب "مندر" آهي. <ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> === ٻيا نالا === قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي '''ام القري''' (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") آهي.<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> قرآن ۽ حديث ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو '''تهامه''' آهي.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، '''فاران'''، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تهامه ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو.<ref name="Khanp74" /> 12هين صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." هو.<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> === بڪه === قرآن سورة آل عمران، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بڪه جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر (عبادت لاء)، جيڪو انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪه ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ بيڪه، باڪه، بڪا ۽ بڪاه جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref><ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|بين الاقوامي خلائي اسٽيشن تان مڪي جو ڏيک. حرم (مسجد الحرام) مرڪز ۾ نظر اچي ٿو جڏهن ته مني جي وادي اوڀر ۾ نظر اچي ٿي. ]] مڪو حجازي علائقي ۾ واقع آهي، جبلن جي 200 ڪلو ميٽر (124 ميل) ويڪري پٽي جيڪا نافد ريگستان کي ڳاڙهي سمنڊ کان جدا ڪري ٿي. هي شهر جده جي بندرگاهه شهر کان 70 ڪلو ميٽر (43 ميل) اوڀر ۾ ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ وادي ۾ واقع آهي. مڪي حجازي علائقي ۾ بلندي ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ شهرن مان هڪ آهي. سمنڊ جي سطح کان 277 ميٽر (909 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي واقع آهي. 21º23' اتر ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ۽ 39º51' اوڀر ڊگھائي تي. مڪي کي 34 ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي. * شهر الحرام علائقي تي مرڪز آهي. جنهن ۾ مسجد الحرام شامل آهي. مسجد جي چوڌاري علائقو پراڻو شهر آهي. ۽ مڪي جو سڀ کان مشهور ضلعو آهي. اجياد. الحرام ڏانهن ويندڙ مکيه گهٽي ابراهيم الخليل گهٽي آهي. جنهن جو نالو حضرت ابراهيم جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي. مقامي پٿر مان ٺهيل روايتي ۽ تاريخي گهر. ٻه کان ٽي منزلون ڊگها اڃا تائين شهر جي مرڪزي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. جديد هوٽلن ۽ شاپنگ ڪمپليڪس جي نظر ۾. جديد مڪي جو ڪل علائقو 1,200 چورس ڪلوميٽر (460 چورس ميل) کان وڌيڪ آهي. * اوچائي: * مڪي سمنڊ جي سطح کان 277 ميٽر (909 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي آهي. ۽ بحر احمر کان تقريبن 70 ڪلوميٽر (44 ميل) اندرئين پاسي آهي. اهو حجازي علائقي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آهي. جيتوڻيڪ مڪي ۾ ڪجهه جبلن جي چوٽيون 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تائين پهچن ٿيون. * ٽپوگرافي: شهر جو مرڪز جبلن جي وچ ۾ هڪ لنگهه ۾ آهي. جنهن کي اڪثر ڪري "بطن مڪي" (مڪي جو سوراخ) سڏيو ويندو آهي. هن علائقي ۾ التنعيم جي وادي، بقيه جي وادي ۽ عبقر جي وادي شامل آهن. هي جبل واري هنڌ شهر جي جديد واڌ کي بيان ڪيو آهي. is located in the Hijazi region, a {{convert|200|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide strip of mountains separating the [[An Nafud|Nafud desert]] from the [[Red Sea]]. The city is situated in a valley with the same name around {{convert|70|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} east of the port city of [[Jeddah]]. Mecca is one of the lowest cities in elevation in the Hejazi region, located at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level at 21º23' north latitude and 39º51' east longitude. Mecca is divided into 34 districts. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] jr9xtej3qfll7xzq0vgwnjvhee8z99m 390279 390278 2026-07-01T10:00:01Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* جاگرافي */ 390279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي، ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف، ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو مسجد الحرام جي فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ان ۾ بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) به شامل آهي.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> مڪه لاء انگريزي لفظ "Makkah" سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ هن کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪه المڪرمة (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي عزت وارو مڪه) آهي. <ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪه جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> انگريزي ۾ لفظ جو اسپيلنگ "Mecca" ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. <ref name="Hamp76" /> تنهن هوندي به، اها مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. ٽالمي پاران مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو، جيڪو عرب فيلڪس (<small>Arabia</small> <small>Felix</small>) جي اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب "مندر" آهي. <ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> === ٻيا نالا === قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي '''ام القري''' (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") آهي.<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> قرآن ۽ حديث ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو '''تهامه''' آهي.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، '''فاران'''، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تهامه ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو.<ref name="Khanp74" /> 12هين صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." هو.<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> === بڪه === قرآن سورة آل عمران، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بڪه جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر (عبادت لاء)، جيڪو انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪه ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ بيڪه، باڪه، بڪا ۽ بڪاه جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref><ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|بين الاقوامي خلائي اسٽيشن تان مڪي جو ڏيک. حرم ([[مسجد الحرام]]) مرڪز ۾ نظر اچي ٿو جڏهن ته [[مني|مني جي وادي]] اوڀر ۾ نظر اچي ٿي. ]] مڪه المڪرمه [[حجاز]] جي علائقي ۾، جبلن جي <small>200</small> ڪلو ميٽر (<small>124</small> ميل) ويڪري پٽي، جيڪي [[نفود ريگستان]] کي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کان جدا ڪري ٿي، ۾ واقع آهي. شهر [[جده]] جي بندرگاهه شهر کان 70 ڪلو ميٽر (43 ميل) اوڀر ۾ ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ وادي ۾ واقع آهي. مڪي حجاز جي علائقي ۾ بلندي ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ اچي شهرن مان هڪ آهي، جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي، <small>21°23</small> اتر ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ۽ <small>39°51</small> اوڀر ڊگھائي ڦاڪ تي واقع آھي. مڪه کي 34 ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي. شهر حرم جي چوڌاري علائقي تي مرڪز آهي. جنهن ۾ مسجد الحرام شامل آهي. مسجد جي چوڌاري علائقو پراڻو شهر آهي، ۽ ان ۾ مڪي جو سڀ کان مشهور ضلعو، "اجياد" شامل آهي. مسجد الحرام ڏانهن ويندڙ مکيه گهٽي ابراهيم الخليل روڊ (شارع ابراهيم خليل الله) آهي، جنهن جو نالو حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي. مقامي پٿر مان ٺهيل روايتي ۽ تاريخي گهر، ٻه کان ٽي منزلون ڊگها اڃا تائين شهر جي مرڪزي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. جديد هوٽلن ۽ شاپنگ ڪمپليڪس جي وچ ۾ نظر ايندا آهن. جديد مڪي جو ڪل علائقو 1,200 چورس ڪلوميٽر (460 چورس ميل) کان وڌيڪ آهي. * اوچائي: * مڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان 277 ميٽر (909 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي آهي. ۽ بحر احمر کان تقريبن 70 ڪلوميٽر (44 ميل) اندرئين پاسي آهي. اهو حجازي علائقي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آهي. جيتوڻيڪ مڪي ۾ ڪجهه جبلن جي چوٽيون 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تائين پهچن ٿيون. * ٽپوگرافي: شهر جو مرڪز جبلن جي وچ ۾ هڪ لنگهه ۾ آهي. جنهن کي اڪثر ڪري "بطن مڪي" (مڪي جو سوراخ) سڏيو ويندو آهي. هن علائقي ۾ التنعيم جي وادي، بقيه جي وادي ۽ عبقر جي وادي شامل آهن. هي جبل واري هنڌ شهر جي جديد واڌ کي بيان ڪيو آهي. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] fq9kusrv02wmuc7y1niti6ax4v1gea6 390300 390279 2026-07-01T11:01:33Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Holiest city in Islam, Saudi Arabian provincial capital}} {{Infobox settlement | name = مڪہ المڪرمه<!-- As this is the English Wikipedia, "Mecca", the name commonly used in English goes here. For a longer explanation, see the article talk page --> | subdivision_name2 = عاصمه المقدس گورنريٽ | image_skyline = {{Multiple image | total_width = 300 | image1 = View of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, Saudi Arabia (2).jpg | image2 = | image3 = Pilgrims cover Arafat's roads, plains and mountain - Flickr - Al Jazeera English.jpg | image4 = Jabbal An-Nour - Makkah (2241558560).jpg | image5 = Mina's tents.JPG | caption1 = [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[ڪعبه شريف]] | caption2 = | caption3 = [[عرفات (جبل)|جبل عرفات]] | caption4 = [[غار حرا|جبل نور]] | caption5 = منيٰ ۾ خيمن جو نظارو | perrow = 1/2/2 | border = infobox }} | image_seal = | population_demonym = {{transliteration|ar|Makki}} ({{lang|ar|{{script|arab|مكي}}}}) | population_rank = 3rd in Saudi Arabia | population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mecca Governorate |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/0201__makkah_al_mukarramah/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=City Population}}</ref> | population_total = 23,85,509 | population_as_of = 2022ع آدمشماري | population_density_km2 = auto | population_note = | population_metro = 2,427,924 (مڪه گورنريٽ) | leader_name1 = خالد بن فيصل آل سعود | leader_title1 = صوبائي گورنر | leader_title = ميئر | leader_name = صالح الترڪي | subdivision_type2 = [[سعودي عرب جا گورنريٽ|گورنريٽ]] | official_name = مكة المكرمة (عربي) | subdivision_name1 = [[مڪه صوبو]] | subdivision_type1 = [[سعودي عرب جا صوبا|صوبو]] | subdivision_name = [[سعودي عرب]] | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | established_title = بنو جرهم پاران آباد ڪيو ويو | coordinates = | pushpin_map = | other_name = {{ubl|العاصمة المقدسة (مقدس راڄڌاني)|أم القرى (سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ)}} | settlement_type = [[شهر|بلاد]] | native_name_lang = ar | native_name = مكة | image_map = Makkah Region - Makkah Al Mukarramah.svg | map_caption = مڪي صوبي جي اندر مڪه گورنريٽ (سائي رنگ ۾) | timezone1 = [[Arabian Standard Time|AST]] | utc_offset = +3 | area_code = +966-12 | website = {{URL|https://hmm.gov.sa/}} | elevation_m = 277 | flag_size = 135px | blank_emblem_size = 100px | total_type =ڪل | coor_pinpoint = | area_total_km2 = 1200 | area_land_km2 = 760 | translit_lang1 = | area_urban_km2 = }} '''مڪه المڪرمه''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: مكة المكرمة)، [[اسلام]] ۾ سڀ کان وڏو مقدس شهر ۽ [[عرب جزيري نما|عربستان]] ۾ [[سعودي عرب]] جي علائقي [[حجاز]] ۾ [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبي]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA724|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary|publisher=Merriam-Webster|year=2001|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9|page=724}}</ref> هن شهر ۾ پيغمبر [[محمد ﷺ]] جي سال <small>572</small>ع ۾ ولادت ٿي. هتي بيت الله، جنهن کي [[ڪعبه شريف]] ٻه سڏيو وڃي ٿو ۽ هن جي چوڌاري [[مسجد الحرام]] واقع آهي ۽ سڃي دنيا کان ايندر مسلمان هتي [[حج]] ۽ عمري لاء ايندا آهن. اهو [[جده]]، [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] تي عربستان جي سڀ کان وڏي بندرگاهه، کان <small>70</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>43</small> ميل) تي اوڀر ڏانهن، هڪ تنگ وادي، "وادي بطحا" ۾ سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي واقع آهي. شهر جي آبادي سال <small>2022</small>ع ۾ <small>23,85,509</small> هئي.<ref name="cdsi.gov.sa22">{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|عنوان=|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117112400/https://www.stats.gov.sa/sites/default/files/ar-g-serv-2015-makkah.pdf|تاريخ أرشيف=17 نوفمبر 2018}}</ref> سال <small>2024</small>ع تائين هن جي آبادي <small>30</small> لک کان مٿان آهي. مڪي المڪرمه کي عام طور تي "اسلام جو مرڪز" سمجهيو ويندو آهي. اسلام ۾ مڪه المڪرمه کي پيغمبر محمد جي جنم ڀومي جي حيثيت سان عزت ڏني ويندي آهي. شهر کان ٻاهر جبل نور جي مٿان غار حرا آهي. غار حرا اهو هنڌ آهي جتي مسلمانن جو يقين آهي ته قرآن پهريون ڀيرو محمد تي نازل ٿيو هو. <ref>{{cite book|author=Khan, A M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMHD5WWL7AC&pg=PA26|title=Historical Value Of The Qur An And The Hadith|publisher=Global Vision Publishing Ho|year=2003|isbn=978-81-87746-47-8|pages=26–}}; {{cite book|author=Al-Laithy, Ahmed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ShMqiiJbNYC&pg=PA61|title=What Everyone Should Know About the Qur'an|publisher=Garant|year=2005|isbn=978-90-441-1774-5|pages=61–}}</ref> حج لاءِ مڪه المڪرمه وڃڻ سڀني قابل مسلمانن تي فرض آهي. مڪي جي عظيم مسجد، جنهن کي مسجد الحرام جي نالي سان سڃاتو وڃي ٿو، ڪعبه بيت الله جو گھر آهي جنهن کي مسلمان مڃيندا آهن ته ابراهيم ۽ اسماعيل تعمير ڪيو هو. اهو اسلام جو مقدس ترين مقام ۽ دنيا جي سڀني مسلمانن لاءِ نماز (نماز) جي هدايت آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed |author-link=Hossein Nasr |year=2005 |title=Mecca, The Blessed, Medina, The Radiant: The Holiest Cities of Islam |publisher=Aperture |isbn=0-89381-752-X}}</ref> خطي جي اندر ۽ چوڌاري مسلمان حڪمرانن ڊگهي عرصي کان شهر کي پنهنجي قبضي ۾ رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ۽ حجاز جي اڪثر علائقي وانگر شهر ۾ ڪيتريون ئي حڪومتي تبديليون ڏٺيون آهن. شهر تازو ئي <small>1925</small>ع ۾ [[شاهه عبدالعزيز بن عبدالرحمان آل سعود|ابن سعود]] ۽ سندس اتحادين پاران حجاز تي سعودي فتح ۾ فتح ڪيو ويو هو. ان کان پوءِ، مڪي ۾ سائيز ۽ انفراسٽرڪچر ۾، جديد عمارتن، جهڙوڪ ابراج البيت، دنيا جي چوٿين سڀ کان وڏي عمارت ۽ فرش جي لحاظ کان ٽئي نمبر وڏي عظيم مسجد جي مٿان، زبردست واڌ ڏٺي وئي آهي. سعودي حڪومت ڪيترن ئي تاريخي اڏاوتن ۽ آثار قديمه جي جڳهن، جهڙوڪ اجياد قلعي، جي تباهي پڻ ڪئي آهي.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Wahhābī (Islamic movement) |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |date=9 June 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |quote=Because [[Wahhabism|Wahhābism]] prohibits the veneration of shrines, tombs, and sacred objects, many sites associated with the [[early history of Islam]], such as the homes and graves of [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]], were demolished under Saudi rule. [[Preservationist]]s have estimated that as many as 95 percent of the historic sites around Mecca and [[Medina]] have been razed. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wahhabi |archive-date=26 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |location=London |work=[[The Independent]] |first=Jerome |last=Taylor |date=24 September 2011 |title=Mecca for the rich: Islam's holiest site 'turning into Vegas' |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616174556/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/mecca-for-the-rich-islams-holiest-site-turning-into-vegas-2360114.html |archive-date=16 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>A Saudi tower: Mecca versus Las Vegas: Taller, holier and even more popular than (almost) anywhere else, [[The Economist]] (24 June 2010), Cairo.</ref> بهرحال ڪيتريون ئي تباهيون سرڪاري طور تي مڪي ۾ مسجد الحرام ۽ مديني ۾ مسجد نبوي جي مسلسل توسيع جو حصو آهن ۽ انهن جي معاون سهولتن کي حج ادا ڪندڙ مسلمانن جي وڌندڙ تعداد کي ترتيب ڏيڻ لاءِ، ڪوششن جو حصو آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-11/india/35749248_1_islamic-heritage-islamic-cooperation-aiumb-general-secretary|title='Cultural genocide of Islamic heritage' in Saudi Arabia riles Sunni Sufis |date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 April 2013}}</ref> غير مسلمن کي شهر ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کان سختي سان منع ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="peters 206">{{cite book|last=Peters|first=Francis E.|url=https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete|title=The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-691-02619-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/hajjmuslimpilgri0000pete/page/206 206]|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=What everyone needs to know about Islam |last=Esposito |first=John L. |author-link=John Esposito |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2011 |page=25 |quote=Mecca, like Medina, is closed to non-Muslims |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wSVQI3Ya2EC&pg=PA25 |isbn=978-0-19-979413-3}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت جي تحت، مڪه المڪرمه تي مڪه ريجنل ميونسپلٽي، هڪ ميونسپل ڪائونسل جيڪا 14 مقامي طور تي چونڊيل ميمبرن جي سربراهي ۾ آهي جنهن جي سربراهي ميئر، جيڪو سعودي حڪومت پاران مقرر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جي حڪومت آهي. جنوري 2022ع ۾ صالح الترڪي کي شهر جو ميئر مقرر ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2014476/saudi-arabia | title=Who's Who: Saleh Al-Turki, the new mayor of Makkah | date=29 January 2022 }}</ref> مڪي جو شهر، جيڪو مڪي ۽ ان جي آس پاس جي علائقي کي شامل ڪري ٿو، مڪه صوبي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي، جنهن ۾ پاڙيسري شهر جده ۽ طائف شامل آهن، جيتوڻيڪ جده مڪي جي مقابلي ۾ آبادي ۾ تمام وڏو آهي. <small>16</small> مئي <small>2007</small>ع کان مڪه صوبي جو گورنر شهزاده خالد بن فيصل آل سعود آهي.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 May 2007|title=Prince Khalid Al Faisal appointed as governor of Makkah region|url=http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230063703/http://www.spa.gov.sa/English/details.php?id=450421|archive-date=30 December 2007|access-date=1 January 2008|publisher=Saudi Press Agency}}</ref> ==نالو ۽ اشتقاق== مڪه المڪرمه کي ڪيترن ئي نالن سان سڏيو ويو آهي، ان جي اشتقاق ڪيترن ئي عربي لفظن وانگر غير واضح آهي.<ref name="Versteeghp513">{{cite book|author=Versteegh, Kees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4|publisher=Brill|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-14476-7|editor1=C.H.M. Versteegh|edition=Illustrated|page=513|editor2=Kees Versteegh}}</ref> وڏي پيماني تي مڪي جو مترادف، ان ۾ واقع وادي جو ابتدائي نالو چيو ويندو آهي. ساڳئي وقت، مسلمان عالم عام طور تي ان کي شهر جي مقدس علائقي جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪندا آهن جيڪو مسجد الحرام جي فوري طور تي چوڌاري آهي ۽ ان ۾ بيت الله (ڪعبه شريف) به شامل آهي.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{qref|3|96|b=y}}</ref><ref name="Petersonp22">{{cite book|author=Peterson, Daniel C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC&pg=PA47|title=Muhammad, prophet of God|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0|pages=22–25}}</ref> مڪه لاء انگريزي لفظ "Makkah" سعودي حڪومت پاران استعمال ٿيندڙ سرڪاري ترجمو آهي ۽ عربي تلفظ جي ويجهو آهي.<ref>{{cite book|last=Long|first=David E.|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long|title=Culture and Customs of Saudi Arabia|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-313-32021-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00long/page/14 14]|url-access=registration}}</ref> سعودي حڪومت 1980ع جي ڏهاڪي ۾ هن کي سرڪاري اسپيلنگ طور اختيار ڪيو، پر اهو عالمي طور تي مشهور يا استعمال ٿيل نه آهي. مڪمل سرڪاري نالو مڪه المڪرمة (عربي: مكة المكرمة، لفظي طور تي عزت وارو مڪه) آهي. <ref name="Hamp76">{{cite book|author1=Ham, Anthony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PddTr1X7hEgC&pg=PA76|title=Saudi Arabia|author2=Brekhus Shams, Martha|author3=Madden, Andrew|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|year=2004|isbn=978-1-74059-667-1|edition=illustrated|name-list-style=amp}}</ref> قرآن ۾ سورة الفتح (48)، آيت 24 ۾ شهر جي حوالي سان مڪه جو استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="Hittip6">{{cite book|author=Philip Khûri Hitti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9niSNOCIoL8C&pg=PA25|title=Capital cities of Arab Islam|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1973|isbn=978-0-8166-0663-4|edition=Illustrated|page=6}}</ref> انگريزي ۾ لفظ جو اسپيلنگ "Mecca" ڪنهن به اهڙي جڳهه جي حوالي سان استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي جتي ماڻهن جو وڏو انگ اچي ٿو ۽ ان ڪري ڪجهه انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ مسلمان شهر لاءِ هن اسپيلنگ جي استعمال کي ناگوار سمجهن ٿا. <ref name="Hamp76" /> تنهن هوندي به، اها مڪي شهر جي عربي نالي لاءِ انگريزي ترجمي جي واقف شڪل آهي. ٽالمي پاران مڪورابا، هڪ ٻيو قديم شهر جو نالو، جيڪو عرب فيلڪس (<small>Arabia</small> <small>Felix</small>) جي اندر هو، پڻ مڪي هجڻ جو دعويٰ ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Maacah, Maacah, Macoraba|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:alphabetic+letter=M:entry+group=1:entry=macoraba-geo|access-date=13 May 2020|website=perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> ڪجهه مطالعي هن تعلق تي سوال اٿاريا آهن. ڪيتريون ئي تشبيهون تجويز ڪيون ويون آهن: روايتي هڪ اهو آهي ته اهو پراڻي ڏکڻ عربي جڙ M-K-R-B مان نڪتل آهي جنهن جو مطلب "مندر" آهي. <ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal|last=Morris|first=Ian D.|date=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:22167/|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā|language=en-US|volume=26|page=3|doi=10.17613/zcdp-c225|issn=1068-1051}}</ref> === ٻيا نالا === قرآن ۾ مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيل هڪ ٻيو نالو 6:92 تي '''ام القري''' (أُمّ ٱلْقُرَى‎، معنيٰ "سڀني آبادين جي ماءُ") آهي.<ref>{{qref|6|92|b=y}}</ref> قرآن ۽ حديث ۾ هن شهر کي ڪيترائي ٻيا نالا ڏنا ويا آهن. تاريخي طور تي مڪي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ هڪ ٻيو نالو '''تهامه''' آهي.<ref>AlSahib, AlMuheet fi Allughah, p. 303</ref> هڪ اسلامي تجويز موجب، مڪي جو ٻيو نالو، '''فاران'''، پيدائش 21:21 ۾ پراڻي عهد نامي ۾ ذڪر ڪيل صحرا فاران سان هم آهنگ آهي.<ref name="Khanp74">{{cite book|author=Sayyid Aḥmad Khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75|title=A series of essays on the life of Muhammad: and subjects subsidiary thereto|publisher=Trübner & co.|year=1870|location=London|pages=74–76}}</ref> عرب ۽ اسلامي روايتن جو خيال آهي ته فاران جو بيابان، وسيع طور تي، تهامه ساحلي ميدان آهي ۽ اهو هنڌ جتي اسماعيل آباد ٿيو هو، اهو مڪي هو.<ref name="Khanp74" /> 12هين صدي جي شامي جاگرافيدان ياقوت الحموي لکيو آهي ته فاران "هڪ عرب عبراني لفظ هو، تورات ۾ ذڪر ڪيل مڪي جي نالن مان هڪ." هو.<ref name="Firestonep65">{{cite book|author=Firestone, Reuven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA205|title=Title Journeys in holy lands: the evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael legends in Islamic exegesis|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1990|isbn=978-0-7914-0331-0|pages=65, 205}}</ref> === بڪه === قرآن سورة آل عمران، آيت 96 ۾ شهر کي بڪه جي نالي سان سڏي ٿو: "بيشڪ پهريون گھر (عبادت لاء)، جيڪو انسانن لاءِ قائم ڪيو ويو اهو بڪه ۾ هو." چيو وڃي ٿو ته هي ابراهيم جي زماني ۾ شهر جو نالو هو ۽ ان کي ٻين جي وچ ۾ بيڪه، باڪه، بڪا ۽ بڪاه جي نالي سان پڻ ترجمو ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهو قديم دنيا ۾ شهر جو نالو هو.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Carrasco |first1=David |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |last2=Warmind |first2=Morten |last3=Hawley |first3=John Stratton |last4=Reynolds |first4=Frank |last5=Giarardot |first5=Norman |last6=Neusner |first6=Jacob |last7=Pelikan |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Campo |first8=Juan |last9=Penner |first9=Hans |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |editor=[[Wendy Doniger]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 |page=703 |language=en |author-link=David Carrasco |author-link4=Frank Reynolds (academic) |author-link6=Jacob Neusner |author-link7=Jaroslav Pelikan}}</ref><ref name="Kipferp342">{{cite book|author=Kipfer, Barbara Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C&pg=PA342|title=Encyclopedic dictionary of archaeology|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-306-46158-3|edition=Illustrated|page=342}}</ref><ref name="Glassep302">{{cite book|author1=Glassé, Cyril|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA302|title=The new encyclopedia of Islam|author2=Smith, Huston|publisher=[[Rowman Altamira]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7591-0190-6|edition=Revised, illustrated|page=302|name-list-style=amp}}</ref><ref name="Phippsp85">{{cite book|author=Phipps, William E.|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip|title=Muhammad and Jesus: a comparison of the prophets and their teachings|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8264-1207-2|edition=Illustrated|page=[https://archive.org/details/muhammadjesuscom0000phip/page/85 85]|url-access=registration}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== [[File:Mecca seen from international space station.png|thumb|بين الاقوامي خلائي اسٽيشن تان مڪي جو ڏيک. حرم ([[مسجد الحرام]]) مرڪز ۾ نظر اچي ٿو جڏهن ته [[مني|مني جي وادي]] اوڀر ۾ نظر اچي ٿي. ]] مڪه المڪرمه [[حجاز]] جي علائقي ۾، جبلن جي <small>200</small> ڪلو ميٽر (<small>124</small> ميل) ويڪري پٽي، جيڪي [[نفود ريگستان]] کي [[ڳاڙهو سمنڊ|ڳاڙهي سمنڊ]] کان جدا ڪري ٿي، ۾ واقع آهي. شهر [[جده]] جي بندرگاهه شهر کان 70 ڪلو ميٽر (43 ميل) اوڀر ۾ ساڳئي نالي سان هڪ وادي ۾ واقع آهي. مڪي حجاز جي علائقي ۾ بلندي ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ اچي شهرن مان هڪ آهي، جيڪا سمنڊ جي مٿاڇري کان <small>277</small> ميٽر (<small>909</small> فوٽ) جي اچائي تي، <small>21°23</small> اتر ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ۽ <small>39°51</small> اوڀر ڊگھائي ڦاڪ تي واقع آھي. مڪه کي 34 ضلعن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي. شهر حرم جي چوڌاري علائقي تي مرڪز آهي. جنهن ۾ مسجد الحرام شامل آهي. مسجد جي چوڌاري علائقو پراڻو شهر آهي، ۽ ان ۾ مڪي جو سڀ کان مشهور ضلعو، "اجياد" شامل آهي. مسجد الحرام ڏانهن ويندڙ مکيه گهٽي ابراهيم الخليل روڊ (شارع ابراهيم خليل الله) آهي، جنهن جو نالو حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي. مقامي پٿر مان ٺهيل روايتي ۽ تاريخي گهر، ٻه کان ٽي منزلون ڊگها اڃا تائين شهر جي مرڪزي علائقي ۾ موجود آهن. جديد هوٽلن ۽ شاپنگ ڪمپليڪس جي وچ ۾ نظر ايندا آهن. جديد مڪي جو ڪل علائقو 1,200 چورس ڪلوميٽر (460 چورس ميل) کان وڌيڪ آهي. * اوچائي: * مڪو سمنڊ جي سطح کان 277 ميٽر (909 فوٽ) جي بلندي تي آهي. ۽ بحر احمر کان تقريبن 70 ڪلوميٽر (44 ميل) اندرئين پاسي آهي. اهو حجازي علائقي ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آهي. جيتوڻيڪ مڪي ۾ ڪجهه جبلن جي چوٽيون 1,000 ميٽر (3,300 فوٽ) جي اوچائي تائين پهچن ٿيون. * ٽپوگرافي: شهر جو مرڪز جبلن جي وچ ۾ هڪ لنگهه ۾ آهي. جنهن کي اڪثر ڪري "بطن مڪي" (مڪي جو سوراخ) سڏيو ويندو آهي. هن علائقي ۾ التنعيم جي وادي، بقيه جي وادي ۽ عبقر جي وادي شامل آهن. هي جبل واري هنڌ شهر جي جديد واڌ کي بيان ڪيو آهي. The city centers on the al-Haram area, which contains the Masjid al-Haram. The area around the mosque is the old city and contains the most famous district of Mecca, Ajyad. The main street that runs to ''al-Haram'' is the Ibrahim al-Khalil Street, named after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]]. Traditional, historical homes built of local rock, two to three stories long are still present within the city's central area, within view of modern hotels and shopping complexes. The total area of modern Mecca is over {{convert|1200|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca Municipality|url=http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529170352/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/|archive-date=29 May 2007|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Holymakkah.gov.sa}}</ref> === Elevation === Mecca is at an elevation of {{convert|277|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, and approximately 70&nbsp;km (44&nbsp;mi) inland from the Red Sea.<ref name="world-13">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 13</ref> It is one of the lowest in the Hejazi region, although some mountain peaks in Mecca reach {{convert|1,000|m|abbr=on}} in height. === Topography === The city center lies in a corridor between mountains, which is often called the "Hollow of Mecca." The area contains the valley of al-Taneem, the valley of Bakkah and the valley of Abqar.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="EIModern">"Makka – The Modern City," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref> This mountainous location has defined the contemporary expansion of the city. === Sources of water === [[File:بئر زمزم الأثري.jpg|thumb|The mouthpiece of the [[well of Zamzam]]]] Due to Mecca's climatic conditions [[water scarcity]] has been an issue throughout its history. In pre-modern Mecca, the city used a few chief sources of water. Among them were local wells, such as the [[Zamzam Well]], that produced generally brackish water. Finding a sustainable water source to supply Mecca's permanent population and the large number of annual pilgrims was an undertaking that began in the Abbasid era under the auspices of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]], the wife of the caliph [[Harun al-Rashid|Harun ar-Rashid]].{{Efn|Possibly following their pilgrimage in 805 and seeing the city's issues with its water supply.}} She donated funds for the deepening of Zamzam Well and funded a massive construction project likely costing 1.75 million [[gold dinar]]s. The project encompassed the construction of an underground [[Aqueduct (water supply)|aqueduct]] from the {{Langx|ar|عين حنين|translit=ʿAyn Ḥunayn|lit=Spring of [[Hunayn, Saudi Arabia|Hunayn]]}} and smaller water sources in the area to Mecca in addition to the construction of a waterworks on [[Mount Arafat]] called {{Langx|ar|عين زبيدة|translit=ʿAyn Zubayda|lit=Spring of [[Zubaidah bint Ja'far|Zubayda]]}} using a separate conduit to connect it to Mecca and the Masjid al-Haram. Over time however the system deteriorated and failed to fulfil its function. Thus in 1245, 1361, 1400, 1474, and 1510 different rulers invested into extensive repairs of the system. In 1525, due to the system's troubles persisting however the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] began a construction project to rebuild the aqueduct in its entirety, the project took until 1571 to be completed. Its water quality was greatly lacking during the 19th century until a restoration and cleaning project by Osman Pasha began.<ref name="Literary">{{Cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title=Mecca: a Literary History of the Muslim Holy Land. |date=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-8736-1 |location=Princeton |pages=135–136 |oclc=978697983}}</ref> Another source which sporadically provided water was rainfall which was stored by the people in small reservoirs or [[cistern]]s. According to al-Kurdī, there had been 89 floods by 1965. In the last century, the most severe flood was that of 1942. Since then, dams have been built to ameliorate this problem.<ref name="EIModern" /> In the modern day, [[water treatment]] plants and [[desalination]] facilities have been constructed and are being constructed to provide suitable amounts of water fit for human consumption to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FCC Aqualia wins contract to operate two wastewater treatment plants in Mecca, Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=water-technology.net |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011162006/https://www.water-technology.net/uncategorised/newsfcc-aqualia-wins-contract-to-operate-two-wastewater-treatment-plants-in-mecca-saudi-arabia-4617046/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sun, Sand And Water: Solar-Powered Desalination Plant Will Help Supply Saudi Arabia With Fresh Water |website=GE News |url=https://www.ge.com/news/reports/sun-sand-and-water-solar-powered-desalination-plant-will-help-supply-saudi-arabia-with |access-date=2022-10-11 |language=en}}</ref> === Climate === {{main|Climate of Mecca}} Mecca features a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh''), in three different [[Hardiness zone|plant hardiness zones]]: 10, 11 and 12.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Millison|first=Andrew|title=Climate Analogue Examples|url=https://open.oregonstate.education/permaculturedesign/chapter/climate-analogue-examples/|journal=Permaculture Design: Tools for Climate Resilience|date=August 2019|publisher=Oregon State University|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> Like most Saudi Arabian cities, Mecca retains warm to hot temperatures even in winter, which can range from {{convert|19|C}} at night to {{convert|30|C}} in the afternoon. Summer temperatures are extremely hot and consistently break the {{convert|40|C}} mark in the afternoon, dropping to {{convert|30|C}} in the evening, but humidity remains relatively low, at 30–40%. Rain usually falls in Mecca in small amounts scattered between November and January, with heavy thunderstorms also common during the winter. Occasional summer rainfall in recent years has been associated with the northward movement of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. {{Weather box | location = Mecca (1991-2020) | metric first = 1 | single line = 1 | Jan record high C = 39.0 | Feb record high C = 40.0 | Mar record high C = 42.4 | Apr record high C = 44.7 | May record high C = 49.4 | Jun record high C = 51.8 | Jul record high C = 51.0 | Aug record high C = 50.0 | Sep record high C = 49.8 | Oct record high C = 47.0 | Nov record high C = 41.2 | Dec record high C = 39.4 | year record high C = | Jan high C = 30.9 | Feb high C = 32.6 | Mar high C = 35.4 | Apr high C = 39.0 | May high C = 42.4 | Jun high C = 43.9 | Jul high C = 43.2 | Aug high C = 42.9 | Sep high C = 42.9 | Oct high C = 40.4 | Nov high C = 35.6 | Dec high C = 32.5 | year high C = | Jan mean C = 24.3 | Feb mean C = 25.4 | Mar mean C = 27.8 | Apr mean C = 31.3 | May mean C = 34.6 | Jun mean C = 36.2 | Jul mean C = 36.2 | Aug mean C = 35.9 | Sep mean C = 35.2 | Oct mean C = 32.5 | Nov mean C = 28.7 | Dec mean C = 25.9 | year mean C = | Jan low C = 19.2 | Feb low C = 19.9 | Mar low C = 21.8 | Apr low C = 25.1 | May low C = 28.1 | Jun low C = 29.3 | Jul low C = 29.8 | Aug low C = 30.1 | Sep low C = 29.2 | Oct low C = 26.5 | Nov low C = 23.4 | Dec low C = 20.7 | year low C = | Jan record low C = 11.0 | Feb record low C = 10.0 | Mar record low C = 13.0 | Apr record low C = 15.6 | May record low C = 20.3 | Jun record low C = 22.0 | Jul record low C = 23.4 | Aug record low C = 23.4 | Sep record low C = 22.0 | Oct record low C = 18.0 | Nov record low C = 16.4 | Dec record low C = 12.4 | year record low C = 10.0 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 20.7 | Feb precipitation mm = 2.5 | Mar precipitation mm = 5.2 | Apr precipitation mm = 8.3 | May precipitation mm = 2.6 | Jun precipitation mm = 0.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 1.4 | Aug precipitation mm = 5.8 | Sep precipitation mm = 6.3 | Oct precipitation mm = 14.1 | Nov precipitation mm = 23.2 | Dec precipitation mm = 24.7 | year precipitation mm = 104.6 | daily = Y | Jan humidity = 58 | Feb humidity = 54 | Mar humidity = 48 | Apr humidity = 43 | May humidity = 36 | Jun humidity = 33 | Jul humidity = 34 | Aug humidity = 39 | Sep humidity = 45 | Oct humidity = 50 | Nov humidity = 58 | Dec humidity = 59 | year humidity = 46 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 1.8 | Feb precipitation days = 0.3 | Mar precipitation days = 0.6 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.3 | Jun precipitation days = 0.0 | Jul precipitation days = 0.1 | Aug precipitation days = 0.8 | Sep precipitation days = 0.7 | Oct precipitation days = 1.1 | Nov precipitation days = 1.7 | Dec precipitation days = 1.3 | year precipitation days = 9.6 | Jan sun = 260.4 | Feb sun = 245.8 | Mar sun = 282.1 | Apr sun = 282.0 | May sun = 303.8 | Jun sun = 321.0 | Jul sun = 313.1 | Aug sun = 297.6 | Sep sun = 282.0 | Oct sun = 300.7 | Nov sun = 264.0 | Dec sun = 248.0 | year sun = | Jand sun = 8.4 | Febd sun = 8.7 | Mard sun = 9.1 | Aprd sun = 9.4 | Mayd sun = 9.8 | Jund sun = 10.7 | Juld sun = 10.1 | Augd sun = 9.6 | Sepd sun = 9.4 | Octd sun = 9.7 | Novd sun = 8.8 | Decd sun = 8.0 | yeard sun = 9.3 | source 1 =[[NOAA]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/SaudiArabia/CSV/Makkah_41030.csv | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020: Makkah-41030 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | format = CSV | access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref> Jeddah Regional Climate Center<ref name="JRCC">{{cite web |url=http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |title=Climate Data for Saudi Arabia |publisher=Jeddah Regional Climate Center |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512182826/http://jrcc.sa/reports_files/1985_2010Reports/Mecca.RTF |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> | source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (sunshine hours, 1986–2000)<ref name="DWD">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_410300_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Mekka (al-Makkah) / Saudi-Arabien |work=Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref> | source = }} ==تاريخ== ===ما قبل تاريخ=== {{See also|Prehistoric Arabia}} In 2010, Mecca and the surrounding area became an important site for [[paleontology]] with respect to [[primate]] evolution, with the discovery of a ''[[Saadanius]]'' fossil. ''Saadanius'' is considered to be a primate closely related to the common ancestor of the [[Old World monkey]]s and [[ape]]s. The fossil habitat, near what is now the Red Sea in western Saudi Arabia, was a damp forest area between 28 million and 29 million years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=14 July 2010 |title=Ape ancestors brought to life by fossil skull of 'Saadanius' primate |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927160050/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/jul/14/ape-ancestors-fossil-skull-saadanius |archive-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Paleontologists involved in the research hope to find further fossils in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Laursen|first=Lucas|year=2010|title=Fossil skull fingered as ape–monkey ancestor|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/news.2010.354|issn = 0028-0836 }}</ref> ===Early history (up to 6th century CE)=== {{See also|Pre-Islamic Arabia}} The early history of Mecca is still largely shrouded by a lack of clear sources. The city lies in the hinterland of the middle part of western Arabia of which there are sparse textual or archaeological sources available.<ref name="Literary" /> This lack of knowledge is in contrast to both the northern and southern areas of western Arabia, specifically the Syro-Palestinian frontier and Yemen, where historians have various sources available such as physical remains of shrines, inscriptions, observations by Greco-Roman authors, and information collected by church historians. The area of the Hejaz that surrounds Mecca was characterized by its remote, rocky, and inhospitable nature, supporting only meagre settled populations in scattered oases and occasional stretches of fertile land. The Red Sea coast offered no easily accessible ports and the oasis dwellers and bedouins in the region were illiterate.<ref name="Literary" /> One study by Majied Robinson, based on early Islamic genealogical records, estimates that at the time of Muhammad the population of Mecca was around 550.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=M. Robinson|year=2022|title=The Population Size of Muḥammad's Mecca and the Creation of the Quraysh|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=99|pages=10–37|doi=10.1515/islam-2022-0002|s2cid=247974816 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/25835|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Muslim scholars using traditional sources may place the number as high as 10,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Ateeqi |first=Binimad |title=Makkah at the Time of Prophet Muḥammad (PBUH) |year=2020 |isbn=978-1710858853 |publication-date=March 17, 2020 |pages=146–149 |publisher=independently published}}</ref> The first clear reference to Mecca in non-Islamic literature appears in 741, long after the death of Muhammad, in the Byzantine-Arab Chronicle or ''[[Chronicle of 741]]''. However, English writer [[Tom Holland (author)|Tom Holland]] claims that here the author places the region in [[Mesopotamia]] rather than the Hejaz.<ref name= TH>{{cite book |last= Holland |first= Tom |author-link= Tom Holland (author) |title= In the Shadow of the Sword: The Birth of Islam and the Rise of the Global Arab Empire |chapter= III.6. Hijra: More questions than answers |year= 2012 |publisher= Doubleday |page= 471 |isbn= 978-0385531368 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1f_BR2DulRIC&q=%22midway+between+Ur+and+Harran%22&pg=PT471 |access-date= 18 July 2025}} Republished in the US from original UK edition of the same year published by Little, Brown.</ref> Possible earlier mentions are ambiguous. The Greek historian [[Diodorus Siculus]] writes about Arabia in the 1st century BCE in his work ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]'', describing a holy shrine: "And a temple has been set up there, which is very holy and exceedingly revered by all Arabians."<ref>Translated by C.H. Oldfather, ''Diodorus Of Sicily, Volume II'', William Heinemann Ltd., London & Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1935, p. 217.</ref> Claims have been made this could be a reference to the [[Kaaba]] in Mecca.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533456 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire |year=1862 |series=Book 5 |pages=223–224}}</ref> However, the geographic location Diodorus describes is located in northwest Arabia, around the area of [[Leuke Kome]], within the former [[Nabataean Kingdom]] and the Roman province of [[Arabia Petraea]].<ref>Jan Retsö, The Arabs in Antiquity (2003), 295–300</ref><ref>Photius, Diodorus and Strabo (English): Stanley M. Burnstein (tr.), Agatharchides of Cnidus: On the Eritraean Sea (1989), 132–173, esp. 152–3 (§92).)</ref> Ptolemy lists the names of 50 cities in Arabia, one going by the name of Macoraba. There has been speculation since 1646 that this could be a reference to Mecca. Historically, there has been a general consensus in scholarship that Macoraba mentioned by [[Ptolemy]] in the 2nd century CE is indeed Mecca, but more recently, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crone, Patricia|title=Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1987|isbn=978-1-59333-102-3|pages=134–135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris, Ian D.|year=2018|title=Mecca and Macoraba|url=https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|journal=Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā|volume=26|pages=1–60|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2018|access-date=16 November 2018}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117022342/https://islamichistorycommons.org/mem/wp-content/uploads/sites/55/2018/11/UW-26-Morris.pdf |date=17 November 2018 }}</ref> Historian [[Glen Bowersock]] favors the identity of the former, with his theory being that "Macoraba" is the word "''Makkah"'' followed by the aggrandizing [[Aramaic]] adjective ''rabb'' (great). The Roman 4th-century historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] also enumerated many cities of Western Arabia, most of which can be identified. According to Bowersock, he did mention Mecca as "Geapolis" or "Hierapolis," the latter one meaning "holy city" potentially referring to the sanctuary of the [[Kaaba]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bowersock|first1=G. W.|title=The crucible of Islam|date=2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-05776-0|location=Cambridge (Mass.)|pages=53–55}}</ref> Danish writer [[Patricia Crone]], from the [[Revisionist school of Islamic studies]] on the other hand, writes that "the plain truth is that the name Macoraba has nothing to do with that of Mecca [...] if Ptolemy mentions Mecca at all, he calls it Moka, a town in [[Arabia Petraea]]."<ref>Crone, P. ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam'', 1987, p.136</ref> [[Procopius]]' 6th century statement that the [[Ma'add]] tribe possessed the coast of western Arabia between the [[Ghassanids]] and the [[Himyar|Himyarites]] of the south supports the Arabic sources tradition that associates [[Quraysh]] as a branch of the Ma'add and Muhammad as a direct descendant of Ma'add ibn Adnan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shahid |first1=Irfan |title=Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, volume 1, part 1 |date=1995 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |isbn=978-0-88402-284-8 |page=163}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Procopius |title=History |pages=I.xix.14}}</ref> Patricia Crone and Tom Holland has cast doubt on the claim that Mecca was a major historical trading outpost.<ref name="ReferenceB">Crone, Patricia; ''Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam''; 1987; p.7</ref><ref>Holland, Tom (2012). ''In the Shadow of the Sword''; Little, Brown; p. 303</ref> However, other scholars such as Glen W. Bowersock disagree and assert that Mecca was a major trading outpost.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Abdullah Alwi Haji Hassan|title=Sales and Contracts in Early Islamic Commercial Law|year=1994|isbn=978-969-408-136-6|pages=3 ff|publisher=Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowersock|first=Glen. W.|title=Bowersock, G. W. (2017). The crucible of Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. pp. 50 ff.|year=2017}}</ref> Crone later on disregarded some of her theories. She argues that Meccan trade relied on skins, hides, manufactured leather goods, clarified butter, Hijazi woollens, and camels. She suggests that most of these goods were destined for the Roman army, which is known to have required colossal quantities of leather and hides for its equipment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crone |first1=Patricia |title=Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade. |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |date=2007 |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=63–88 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700002X |jstor=40378894 |s2cid=154910558 }}</ref> The earliest Muslim inscriptions are from the Mecca–[[Taif]] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyland |first1=Robert |title=Seeing Islam as others saw it |date=1997 |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=0-87850-125-8 |page=565}}</ref> '''Islamic narrative''' In the Islamic view, the beginnings of Mecca are attributed to the [[Biblical people in Islam|Biblical figures]], [[Adam]], [[Abraham]], [[Hagar]] and [[Ishmael]]. It was Adam himself who built the first God's house in Mecca according to a heavenly prototype but this building was destroyed in the [[Genesis flood narrative|Noahic Flood]].<ref name="Literary" /> The civilization of Mecca is believed to have started after [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrāhīm]] (Abraham) left his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife [[Hagar in Islam|Hājar]] (Hagar) in the valley at [[Allah]]'s command.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Some people from the Yemeni tribe of [[Jurhum]] settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing the first, on Ibrahim's advice. At least one man of the Jurhum helped Ismāʿīl and his father to construct or according to Islamic narratives, reconstruct, the ''[[Kaaba]]'' ('Cube'),<ref>{{qref|2|127|b=y}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{qref|22|25-37|b=y}}</ref> which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.<ref name="Glasse1991">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=Kaaba|encyclopedia=The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam|publisher=[[HarperSanFrancisco]]|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlPuAAAAMAAJ|isbn=0-0606-3126-0}}</ref><ref name="Lings1983">{{cite book |last=Lings |first=Martin |author-link=Martin Lings |title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources |publisher=Islamic Texts Society |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-946621-33-0|title-link=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources }}</ref> Muslims see the mention of a pilgrimage at the [[Bakkah#Valley of the Bakha|Valley of the Bakha]] in the [[Old Testament]] chapter [[Psalm 84]]:3–6 as a reference to Mecca, similar to the Quran at Surah {{qref|3|96|}} In the ''[[Al Imran|'āl ʿimrān]]'', a commentary on the [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] [[midrash]]ic chronology of the Patriarchs, of unknown date but probably composed in the 10th century CE, it is claimed that Mecca was built by the sons of [[Nebaioth]], the eldest son of Ismāʿīl or [[Ishmael]].<ref>Crown, Alan David (2001) [https://books.google.com/books?id=e5iW24esf-sC&pg=PA27 ''Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'']. Mohr Siebeck. p. 27</ref><ref>Crone, Patricia and Cook, M.A. (1977) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 ''Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World,''] Cambridge University Press. p. 22.</ref><ref>Lazarus-Yafeh, Hava (1992). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mzQABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 ''Intertwined Worlds: Medieval Islam and Bible Criticism'']. Princeton University Press. pp.61–62</ref> <gallery> File:Makkah mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331dated to 652-765 CE with 95.4% probability.png|Mecca mentioned in Quranic manuscript Codex Arabe 331 ([[Al-Fath#Summary|Q48:24]]) File:OldmapofMecca.jpg|A 1787 [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turkish map of Masjid al-Haram, and related religious sites, such as Jabal al-Nour File:Hajr Ismail, Makkah.jpg|The ''[[Hijr Ismail|Hateem]]'' near the [[Kaaba]] where [[Muslim]]s believe that [[Ishmael in Islam|Isma'il]] ([[Ishmael]]) and [[Hagar in Islam|Hajar]] ([[Hagar]]) dwelt </gallery> ====Under the Quraysh==== Sometime in the 5th century, the Ka'bah was a place of worship for the deities of [[Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia|Arabia's pagan tribes]]. Mecca's most important [[Paganism|pagan]] [[deity]] was [[Hubal]], which had been placed there by the ruling [[Quraysh]] tribe,<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hawting, G.R.|year=1980|title=The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the 'Well of the Kaaba'|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=1|pages=44–54 (44)|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00110523|jstor=616125|s2cid=162654756}}</ref><ref>[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], p. 20</ref> and remained until the [[Conquest of Mecca]] by [[Muhammad]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In the 5th century, the Quraish took control of Mecca, and became skilled merchants and traders. In the 6th century, they joined the lucrative [[spice trade]], since battles elsewhere were diverting [[trade route]]s from dangerous sea routes to more secure overland routes. The [[Byzantine Empire]] had previously controlled the [[Red Sea]], but [[piracy]] had been increasing.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} Another previous route that ran through the [[Persian Gulf]] via the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers was also being threatened by exploitations from the [[Sasanian Empire]], and was being disrupted by the [[Lakhmid kingdom]], the [[Ghassanids]], and the [[Roman–Persian wars]]. Mecca's prominence as a trading center also surpassed the cities of [[Petra]] and [[Palmyra]].<ref name="EIE">"Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods," ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''</ref><ref name="lapidus-14">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 14</ref> The Sassanids however did not always pose a threat to Mecca, as in 575 they protected it from a Yemeni invasion, led by its Christian leader [[Abraha]]. The tribes of southern Arabia asked the Persian king [[Khosrow I]] for aid, in response to which he came south to Arabia with foot-soldiers and a fleet of ships near Mecca.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bauer, S. Wise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u2oP2RihIgC&pg=PA243|title=The history of the medieval world: from the conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-05975-5|page=243}}</ref> By the middle of the 6th century, there were three major settlements in northern [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], all along the south-western coast that borders the Red Sea, in a habitable region between the sea and the Hejaz mountains to the east. Although the area around Mecca was completely barren, it was the wealthiest of the three settlements with abundant water from the renowned [[Zamzam Well]] and a position at the crossroads of major [[Camel train|caravan]] routes.<ref name="world-13" /> The harsh conditions and terrain of the Arabian peninsula meant a near-constant state of conflict between the [[Tribes of Arabia|local tribes]], but once a year they would declare a truce and converge upon Mecca in an annual pilgrimage. Up to the 7th century, this journey was intended for religious reasons by the pagan Arabs to pay homage to their shrine, and to drink [[Zamzam Well|Zamzam]]. However, it was also the time each year that disputes would be arbitrated, debts would be resolved, and trading would occur at Meccan fairs. These annual events gave the tribes a sense of common identity and made Mecca an important focus for the peninsula.<ref name="lapidus-16">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], pp. 16–17</ref> ====Year of the Elephant (570)==== The "[[Year of the Elephant]]" is the name in [[Islam]]ic history for the year approximately equating to 570–572, when, according to Islamic sources such as [[Ibn Ishaq]], [[Abraha]] descended upon Mecca, riding an elephant, with a large army after building a [[Church (building)|cathedral]] at [[Sanaa|San'aa]], named ''al-Qullays'' in honor of the [[Negus]] of [[Axum]]. It gained widespread fame, even gaining attention from the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Abraha attempted to divert the pilgrimage of the Arabs from the Ka'bah to al-Qullays, effectively converting them to Christianity. According to Islamic tradition, this was the year of Muhammad's birth. Abraha allegedly sent a messenger named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i to Mecca and [[Tihamah]] with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols.<ref name="Hajjah">{{cite book |last=Hajjah Adil |first=Amina |title=Prophet Muhammad |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadmessenge0000adil |year=2002 |publisher=[[Islamic Supreme Council of America|ISCA]] |isbn=1-930409-11-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref> When Muhammad ibn Khuza'i got as far as the land of [[Kinana|Banu Kinana]], the people of the lowland, knowing what he had come for, sent a man of [[Banu Hudhayl|Hudhayl]] called ʿUrwa bin Hayyad al-Milasi, who shot him with an arrow, killing him. His brother Qays who was with him, fled to Abraha and told him the news, which increased his rage and fury and he swore to raid the Kinana tribe and destroy the Ka'bah. Ibn Ishaq further states that one of the men of the [[Quraysh]] tribe was angered by this, and going to Sana'a, entering the church at night and defiling it; widely assumed to have done so by [[defecation|defecating]] in it.<ref name="DACB">[http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html "Abraha."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113213718/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/_abraha.html|date=13 January 2016}} ''Dictionary of African Christian Biographies''. 2007. (last accessed 11 April 2007)</ref><ref name="Muller">Müller, Walter W. (1987) [http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm "Outline of the History of Ancient Southern Arabia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010075912/http://www.yemenweb.com/info/_disc/0000002c.htm|date=10 October 2014}}, in Werner Daum (ed.), ''Yemen: 3000 Years of Art and Civilisation in Arabia Felix''.</ref> Abraha marched upon the Kaaba with a large army, which included one or more [[war elephant]]s, intending to demolish it. When news of the advance of his army came, the Arab tribes of Quraysh, Kinanah, [[Banu Khuza'ah]] and Hudhayl united in the defense of the Kaaba and the city. A man from the [[Himyar|Himyarite Kingdom]] was sent by Abraha to advise them that Abraha only wished to demolish the Ka'bah and if they resisted, they would be crushed. [[Abd al-Muttalib]] told the Meccans to seek refuge in the hills while he and some members of the Quraysh remained within the precincts of the Kaaba. Abraha sent a dispatch inviting Abdul-Muttalib to meet with Abraha and discuss matters. When Abdul-Muttalib left the meeting he was heard saying: "The Owner of this House is its Defender, and I am sure he will save it from the attack of the adversaries and will not dishonor the servants of His House."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-10-18|title=The Year of the Elephant|url=https://www.al-islam.org/life-muhammad-prophet-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/year-elephant|access-date=2021-07-07|website=Al-Islam.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Significance Behind Prophet Mohammad's Birth in the Year of the Elephant|url=http://aliftaa.jo/ArticleEn.aspx?ArticleId=2462|access-date=2021-07-07|website=aliftaa.jo}}</ref> Abraha eventually attacked Mecca. However, the lead elephant, known as Mahmud,<ref>{{cite web|author=ʿAbdu r-Rahmān ibn Nāsir as-Saʿdī|title=Tafsir of Surah al Fil – The Elephant (Surah 105)|date=23 December 2009 |url=http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220090653/http://islaam.net/main/display.php?id=1480&category=176|archive-date=20 December 2010|access-date=15 March 2013|translator=Abū Rumaysah |publisher=Islamic Network|quote=This elephant was called Mahmud and it was sent to Abrahah from [[Negus|Najashi]], the king of Abyssinia, particularly for this expedition.}}</ref> is said to have stopped at the boundary around Mecca and refused to enter. It has been theorized that an epidemic such as by [[smallpox]] could have caused such a failed invasion of Mecca.<ref>{{cite journal|author-link=John S. Marr|vauthors=Marr JS, Hubbard E, Cathey JT|date=2015|title=The Year of the Elephant|journal=WikiJournal of Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|doi=10.15347/wjm/2015.003|doi-access=free}}<br />In turn citing: {{cite web|author=Willan R.|date=1821|title=Miscellaneous works: comprising An inquiry into the antiquity of the small-pox, measles, and scarlet fever, now first published; Reports on the diseases in London, a new ed.; and detached papers on medical subjects, collected from various periodical publi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEFAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Cadell|page=488}}</ref> The reference to the story in [[Quran]] is rather short. According to the 105th [[Surah]] of the Quran, [[Al-Fil]], the next day, a dark cloud of small birds sent by Allah appeared. The birds carried small rocks in their beaks, and bombarded the Ethiopian forces, and smashed them to a state like that of eaten straw.<ref>{{qref|105|1-5|b=y}}</ref> ====Economy==== {{See also|Economy and trade of pre-Islamic Arabia}} Camel caravans, said to have first been used by Muhammad's great-grandfather, were a major part of Mecca's bustling economy. Alliances were struck between the merchants in Mecca and the local nomadic tribes, who would bring goods – leather, livestock, and metals mined in the local mountains – to Mecca to be loaded on the caravans and carried to cities in [[Syria (region)|Shaam]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="world">[[#iw|''Islamic World'']], pp. 17–18</ref> Historical accounts also provide some indication that goods from other continents may also have flowed through Mecca. Goods from Africa and the Far East passed through en route to Syria including spices, leather, medicine, cloth, and slaves; in return Mecca received money, weapons, cereals, and wine, which in turn were distributed throughout Arabia.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The Meccans signed treaties with both the Byzantines and the [[Bedouin]]s, and negotiated safe passages for caravans, giving them water and pasture rights. Mecca became the center of a loose confederation of client tribes, which included those of the [[Banu Tamim]]. Other regional powers such as the [[Habesha peoples|Abyssinians]], Ghassanids, and Lakhmids were in decline leaving Meccan trade to be the primary binding force in Arabia in the late 6th century.<ref name="lapidus-16" /> === Muhammad and the conquest of Mecca === {{Main|Muhammad|Conquest of Mecca|Muhammad in Mecca|List of expeditions of Muhammad}} [[File:Site of the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, Mecca, Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Al Mukarramah Library]] is believed to stand on the spot where Muhammad was born, so it is also known as the ''Bayt al-Mawlid'' (House of the Birth)]] Muhammad was [[mawlid|born]] in Mecca in 570, and thus Islam has been inextricably linked with it ever since. He was born into the faction of [[Banu Hashim]] in the ruling tribe of [[Quraysh]]. It was in the nearby mountain cave of Hira on [[Jabal al-Nour]] that Muhammad began receiving divine [[revelation]]s from God through the [[archangel]] [[Gabriel|Jibreel]] in 610, according to Islamic tradition. Advocating his form of [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic monotheism]] against Meccan paganism, and after enduring persecution from the pagan tribes for 13 years, Muhammad emigrated ([[Hijrah]]) in 622 with his companions, the ''[[Muhajirun]]'', to Yathrib (later renamed [[Medina]]). The conflict between the Quraysh and the Muslims is accepted to have begun at this point. Overall, Meccan efforts to annihilate Islam failed and proved to be costly and unsuccessful.<ref>*{{cite book |last=Watt |first=William M. |author-link=William Montgomery Watt |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1961|page=96 |isbn=0-19-881078-4 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadprophets00watt |url-access=registration}}</ref> During the [[Battle of the Trench]] in 627, the combined armies of Arabia were unable to defeat Muhammad's forces (as the trench surrounding Muhammad's forces protected them from harm and a storm was sent to breach the Quraysh tribe).<ref name="lapidus-32">[[#Lapidus|Lapidus]], p. 32</ref> In 628, Muhammad and his followers wanted to enter Mecca for pilgrimage, but were blocked by the Quraysh. Subsequently, Muslims and Meccans entered into the [[Treaty of al-Hudaybiya]], whereby the Quraysh and their allies promised to cease fighting Muslims and their allies and pledged to permit Muslims into the city to perform the pilgrimage the following year. It was meant to be a ceasefire for 10 years; however, just two years later, the [[Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraish, violated the truce by slaughtering a group of the Banu Khuza'ah, allies of the Muslims. Muhammad and his companions, now 10,000 strong, marched into Mecca and conquered the city. The pagan imagery was destroyed by Muhammad's followers and the location [[Spread of Islam|Islamized]] and rededicated to the worship of [[Allah]] alone. Mecca was declared the holiest site in Islam ordaining it as the center of Muslim pilgrimage (''[[Hajj]]''), one of the Islamic faith's [[Five Pillars of Islam|Five Pillars]]. Muhammad then returned to Medina, after assigning [[Attab ibn Asid]] as governor of the city. His other activities in Arabia led to the unification of the Arabian Peninsula under the banner of Islam.<ref name="EIE" /><ref name="lapidus-32" /> Muhammad died in 632. Within the next few hundred years, the area under the banner of Islam stretched from North Africa into Asia and parts of Europe. As the [[Rashidun Caliphate|Islamic realm]] grew, Mecca continued to attract pilgrims from all across the [[Islamic world|Muslim world]] and beyond, as Muslims came to perform the annual Hajj pilgrimage. Mecca attracted a year-round population of scholars, pious Muslims who wished to live close to the Kaaba, and local inhabitants who served the pilgrims. Due to the difficulty and expense of the Hajj, pilgrims arrived by boat at Jeddah, and came overland, or joined the annual caravans from Syria or Iraq.<ref>{{cite book |last=Peters |first=F. E. |title= The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK5MqskDYC0C&pg=PA4|year=1994 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[New Jersey]] |isbn= 0-691-02120-1|page=164}}</ref> === Medieval and pre-modern times === Mecca was never the capital of any of the [[caliphate|Islamic states]]. Muslim rulers did contribute to its upkeep, such as during the reigns of '[[Umar]] (r. 634–644) and [[Uthman]] (r. 644–656) when concerns of flooding caused the caliphs to bring in Christian engineers to build barrages in the low-lying quarters and construct dykes and embankments to protect the area around the Kaaba.<ref name="EIE" /> Muhammad's return to Medina shifted the focus away from Mecca and later even further away when '[[Ali]], the fourth caliph, took power and chose [[Kufa]] as his capital. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] moved the capital to [[Damascus]] in Syria and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] to [[Baghdad]], in modern-day Iraq, which remained the center of the Islamic Empire for nearly 500 years. Mecca re-entered Islamic political history during the [[Second Fitna]], when it was held by [[Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr|Abdullah ibn az-Zubayr]] and the Zubayrids.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city was twice besieged by the Umayyads in [[Siege of Mecca (683)|683]] and [[Siege of Mecca (692)|692]], and for some time thereafter, the city figured little in politics, remaining a city of devotion and scholarship governed by various other factions. In 930, Mecca was [[Sack of Mecca|attacked and sacked]] by [[Qarmatians]], a [[millenarianism|millenarian]] [[Shia Islam|Shi'a]] [[Ismailism|Isma'ili]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Muslim sect]] led by [[Abu Tahir al-Jannabi]] and centered in eastern Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mecca|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817083014/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0832430.html|archive-date=17 August 2010|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Infoplease.com}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] [[pandemic]] hit Mecca in 1349.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Black Death)|url=https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721033845/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/blackDeath.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=6 April 2010|publisher=Ucalgary.ca}}</ref> ==== Ibn Battuta's description of Mecca ==== <!-- This entire paragraph has a single source; probably should be merged with other paragraphs --> One of the most famous travelers to Mecca in the 14th century was a Moroccan scholar and traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]]. In his ''rihla'' (account), he provides a vast description of the city. Around the year 1327 (729 AH), Ibn Battuta arrived at the holy city. Immediately, he says, it felt like a holy sanctuary, and thus he started the rites of the pilgrimage. He remained in Mecca for three years and left in 1330. During his second year in the holy city, he says his caravan arrived "with a great quantity of alms for the support of those who were staying in Mecca and Medina." While in Mecca, prayers were made for (not to) the King of Iraq and also for [[Saladin|Salaheddin al-Ayyubi]], Sultan of Egypt and Syria at the Ka'bah. Battuta says the Ka'bah was large, but was destroyed and rebuilt smaller than the original. According to Ibn Battuta, the original Kaaba, prior to the conquest of Makkah by the Prophet, contained images of angels and prophets including Jesus (Isa in Islamic tradition), his mother Mary (Maryam in Islamic tradition), and many others - Ibn Battuta however states these were all destroyed by the Prophet in the year of victory. Battuta describes the Ka'bah in his time as an important part of Mecca due to the fact that many people make the pilgrimage to it. Battuta describes the people of the city as being humble and kind, and also willing to give a part of everything they had to someone who had nothing. The inhabitants of Mecca and the village itself, he says, were very clean. There was also a sense of elegance to the village.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Battuta|first=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta|publisher=Cosimo|year=2009}}</ref> ====Under the Ottomans==== [[File:Khalili Collection Hajj Mecca panorama.jpg|alt=|thumb|Panorama of Mecca, 1845, from the [[Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage]]]] In 1517, the Sharif of Mecca, Barakat bin Muhammad, acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman Caliph]] but retained a great degree of local autonomy.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mecca|volume=17|page=952}}</ref> In 1803 the city was captured by the [[First Saudi state]],<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721222356/http://countrystudies.us/saudi-arabia/7.htm|date=21 July 2011}}." [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> which held Mecca until 1813, destroying some of the historic tombs and domes in and around the city. The Ottomans assigned the task of bringing Mecca back under Ottoman control to their powerful ''[[Khedive]]'' (viceroy) and ''[[Wali (administrative title)|Wali]]'' of Egypt, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]]. Muhammad Ali Pasha successfully returned Mecca to Ottoman control [[Capture of Mecca (1813)|in 1813]]. In 1818, the Saud were defeated again but survived and founded the [[Second Saudi state]] that lasted until 1891 and led on to the present country of Saudi Arabia. In 1853, Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]] undertook the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina disguised as a Muslim. Although Burton was certainly not the first non-Muslim European to make the ''Hajj'' ([[Ludovico di Varthema]] did this in 1503),<ref>{{cite web|author=Leigh Rayment|title=Ludovico di Varthema|url=http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617222339/http://www.win.tue.nl/~engels/discovery/varthema.html|archive-date=17 June 2012|work=Discoverers Web}}</ref><ref name="Webb_01-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Webb |first=Peter |date=2023-01-01 |title=The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mill-2023-0004/html |journal=Millennium |language=en |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=33–63 |doi=10.1515/mill-2023-0004 |issn=1867-0318}}</ref> his pilgrimage remains one of the most famous and documented of modern times. Mecca was regularly hit by [[cholera]] [[History of cholera|outbreaks]]. Between 1830 and 1930, cholera broke out among pilgrims at Mecca 27 times.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics#ref=ref886683 Cholera (pathology)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627012745/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/114078/cholera/253250/Seven-pandemics|date=27 June 2009}}. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.</ref> === Modern history === [[File:Makkah-1910.jpg|thumb|Mecca in 1910]] ====Hashemite revolt and subsequent control by the Sharifate of Mecca==== In [[World War I]], the Ottoman Empire was at war with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. It had successfully repulsed an attack on [[Istanbul]] in the [[Gallipoli campaign]] and on Baghdad in the [[Siege of Kut]]. The British intelligence officer [[T. E. Lawrence]] conspired with the Ottoman governor, [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussain bin Ali]], the Sharif of Mecca to revolt against the Ottoman Empire and it was the first city captured by his forces in the [[Battle of Mecca (1916)]]. Sharif's revolt proved a turning point of the war on the eastern front. Hussein declared a new state, the [[Kingdom of Hejaz]], declaring himself the Sharif of the state and Mecca his capital. News reports in November 1916 via contact in [[Cairo]] with returning Hajj pilgrims, stated that with the Ottoman Turkish authorities gone, the Hajj of 1916 was free of the previous massive extortion and monetary demands made by the Turks who were agents of the Ottoman government.<ref>''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Saturday 25 November 1916, reprinted in ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' Friday 25 November 2016 issue (p. 36)</ref> ====Saudi conquest==== Following the [[Capture of Mecca (1924)]], the Sharif of Mecca was overthrown by the Saud family, and Mecca was incorporated into Saudi Arabia.<ref name="encarta">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091028055612/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761577367/Mecca.html "Mecca"] at [[Encarta]]. (Archived) 1 November 2009.</ref> Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of the Saudi government fearing these sites might become sites of association in worship besides Allah (''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]''). The city has been expanded to include several towns previously considered to be separate from the holy city and now is just a few kilometers outside the main sites of the Hajj, Mina, Muzdalifah, and Arafat. Mecca is not served by any airport, due to concerns about the city's safety. It is instead served by the [[King Abdulaziz International Airport]] in [[Jeddah]] (approx. 70&nbsp;km away) internationally and the [[Taif International Airport]] (approx. 120&nbsp;km away) for domestic flights.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The city today is at the junction of the two most important highways in all of the Saudi Arabian highway system, Highway 40, which connects the city to Jeddah in the west and the capital, [[Riyadh]] and [[Dammam]] in the east and Highway 15, which connects it to [[Medina]], [[Tabuk, Saudi Arabia|Tabuk]] and onward to [[Jordan]] in the north and [[Abha]] and [[Jizan]] in the south. The Ottomans had planned to extend their railway network to the holy city, but were forced to abandon this plan due to their entry into [[World War I]]. This plan was later carried out by the Saudi government, which connected the two holy cities of Medina and Mecca with the modern [[Haramain High Speed Railway]] system which runs at 300&nbsp;km/h (190&nbsp;mph) and connects the two cities via Jeddah, King Abdulaziz International Airport and [[King Abdullah Economic City]] near Rabigh within two hours.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The [[Haram (site)|haram area]] of Mecca, in which the entry of non-Muslims is forbidden, is much larger than that of Medina. ====1979 Grand Mosque seizure==== {{See also|Grand Mosque seizure}} On 20 November 1979, two hundred armed dissidents led by [[Juhayman al-Otaybi]], [[Grand Mosque seizure|seized the Grand Mosque]], claiming the Saudi royal family no longer represented pure Islam and that the [[Masjid al-Haram]] and the Ka'bah, must be held by those of true faith. The rebels seized tens of thousands of pilgrims as hostages and barricaded themselves in the mosque. The siege lasted two weeks, and resulted in several hundred deaths and significant damage to the shrine, especially the [[Safa and Marwa]] gallery. A multinational force was finally able to retake the mosque from the dissidents.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 August 2007|title=The Siege of Mecca|publisher=Doubleday(US)|url=http://www.siegeofmecca.com|access-date=3 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018060953/http://www.siegeofmecca.com/|archive-date=18 October 2014}} </ref> Since then, the Grand Mosque has been expanded several times, with many other expansions being undertaken in the present day. ====Destruction of Islamic heritage sites==== {{Main|Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia}} [[File:Makkah_Aerial_View.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Mecca, as seen from [[Jabal al-Nour]]. [[The Clock Towers]] is visible in the skyline.]] Under Saudi rule, it has been estimated that since 1985, about 95% of Mecca's historic buildings, most over a thousand years old, have been demolished.<ref name="independent" /><ref name="independent.co.uk">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html 'The destruction of Mecca: Saudi hardliners are wiping out their own heritage'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119151341/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-destruction-of-mecca-saudi-hardliners-are-wiping-out-their-own-heritage-501647.html|date=19 January 2011}}, The Independent, 6 August 2005. Retrieved 17 January 2011</ref> It has been reported that there are now fewer than 20 structures remaining in Mecca that date back to the time of Muhammad. Some important buildings that have been destroyed include the house of [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadijah]], the wife of Muhammad, the house of [[Abu Bakr]], Muhammad's birthplace, and the Ottoman–era [[Ajyad Fortress]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090310011511/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/shame-of-the-house-of-saud-shadows-over-mecca-474736.html 'Shame of the House of Saud: Shadows over Mecca'], The Independent, 19 April 2006 | archived from the original on 10 March 2009</ref> The reason for much of the destruction of historic buildings has been for the construction of hotels, apartments, parking lots, and other infrastructure facilities for Hajj pilgrims.<ref name="independent.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bsheer|first=Rosie|date=20 December 2020|title=How Saudi Arabia obliterated its rich cultural history|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/opinion/saudi-arabia-obliterated-rich-cultural-history|access-date=2022-01-17|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref> ====Incidents during pilgrimage==== {{main|Incidents during the Hajj}} Mecca has been the site of several incidents and failures of crowd control because of the large numbers of people who come to make the Hajj.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 December 2006|title=What is the Hajj? ("Hajj disasters")|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4180965.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124121049/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4180965.stm|archive-date=24 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 December 2007|title=History of deaths on the Hajj|publisher=BBC|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4607304.stm|url-status=live|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610220505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4607304.stm|archive-date=10 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ruthven|first=Malise|title=Islam in the World|year=2006|isbn=978-1-86207-906-9|page=10|publisher=Granta Books |author-link=Malise Ruthven}}</ref> For example, on 2 July 1990, a pilgrimage to Mecca ended in tragedy when the ventilation system failed in a crowded pedestrian tunnel and 1,426 people were either suffocated or trampled to death in a [[1990 Mecca tunnel tragedy|stampede]].<ref>[https://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html Express & Star] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200651/http://www.expressandstar.com/days/1976-2000/1990.html|date=3 March 2016}}. ''Express & Star''. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</ref> On 24 September 2015, 700 pilgrims [[2015 Mina stampede|were killed]] in a stampede at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia|Mina]] during the stoning-the-Devil ritual at Jamarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 700 Dead, 800 Injured in Stampede Near Mecca During Haj|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|url-status=live|access-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103415/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/at-least-100-dead-390-hurt-in-stampede-during-haj-in-saudi-arabia-say-officials-1221489?pfrom=home-lateststories|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> ====2027 total solar eclipse==== Mecca will experience a [[Solar eclipse of August 2, 2027|total solar eclipse]] on Monday, 2 August 2027, for a duration of 5 minutes and 8 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total Solar Eclipse on August 2, 2027: Path Map and Times |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/map/2027-august-2 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}</ref> ==اسلام ۾ اهميت== [[فائل:Kaaba_2.JPG|thumb|مڪي شھر ۾ ڪعبةالله]] هن جاء کي <small>7000</small> سال اڳ، پيغمبر [[ابراهيم]] عليه السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره ۽ پٽ حضرت [[اسماعيل عليہ السلام|اسماعيل عليه السلام]] جي سڪونت لاء منتخب ڪيو ۽ هتان بيت الله شريف جي حضرت آدم واري نقش تي بيهر تعمير ڪيو، جنهن جي باري ۾ [[قرآن]] ۾ آيو آهي ته؛ "ان اول بيت وضع ..........." ([[قرآن|القرآن]]، [[سورة ابراهيم|سوره ابراهيم]]) هنن جاء جي ترقي ۽ خوشحالي جي دعا ڪيو، پوء هي جاء پيغمبر اسماعيل ۽ ٻئي عرب قبيلن جي آبادي سان هڪ شهر بڻجي ويو، جتي سڄي عربستان کان عرب زيارت لاء ايندا هئا. جاهليت جي زماني ۾ به ان کي وڏي حيثيت حاصل هئي. سرڪاري طور تي مڪه المڪرمه، عام طور تي مڪه (سنڌي ۾ مڪو) طور مختصر ڪيو ويندو آهي، سال 2022ع ۾ ان جي ميٽروپوليٽن جي آبادي 24 لک هئي، جيڪو رياض ۽ جده کان پوءِ سعودي عرب جو ٽيون نمبر وڏو آبادي وارو شهر آهي. تقريبن 44.5 سيڪڙو آبادي سعودي شهري آهي ۽ تقريبن 55.5 سيڪڙو ٻين مسلمان ملڪن جا پرڏيهي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/saudiarabia/makkah/makkah_al_mukarramah/02002__makkah/|title=Makkah (Makkah al-Mukarramah, Mecca Region, Saudi Arabia) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map, Location, Weather and Web Information|website=City Population|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref> ذوالحج جي مهيني ۾ هر سال حج ۽ جي زيارت دوران حاجين جي اچڻ سان آبادي ٽن ڀيرا کان به وڌيڪ ٿي ويندي آهي. سال 2023ع ۾ حج ۽ عمري لاء اچڻ واري هڪ ڪروڙ اٺ لک (10.8 ملين) زائرين سان گڏ، مڪو دنيا جي 10 سڀ کان وڌيڪ دورو ڪيل شهرن مان هڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euromonitor.com/press/press-releases/dec-2023/euromonitor-internationals-report-reveals-worlds-top-100-city-destinations-for-2023|title=Euromonitor International's report reveals world's Top 100…|date=2023-12-13|website=Euromonitor|access-date=2024-02-29}}</ref> ان جي شروعات ۾، اهو هڪ ننڍڙو ڳوٺ هو،<ref name="ReferenceAF2">كتاب الجامع اللطيف في فضل مكة وأهلها وبناء البيت الشريف (الباب السادس، في نشأة مكة وفضلها وحكم مجاورتها)، ابن ظهيرة القريشي المخزومي، مطبعة دار احياء الكتب العربية، تاريخ النشر [[1921]]</ref> جيڪو هڪ سڪل وادي ۾ واقع هو، جنهن جي چوڌاري جبلن سان گڏ هئا، پوء ماڻهو ان ڏانهن وڌڻ شروع ڪيو ۽ حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام ۽ حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام جي دور ۾، جڏهن حضرت ابراهيم علیہ السلام پنهنجي زال، هاجره کي ھتی ڇڏي ویا.<ref name="ReferenceB2">[https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?p=ml&m=4 تاريخ مكة المكرمة] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|date=28 مارس 2016}} الإدارة العامة للتربية والتعليم، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=19 مارس 2018|تاريخ أرشيف=28 مارس 2016|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328034705/https://www.makkahedu.gov.sa/indexsub.php?m=4&p=ml|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> هاجره ۽ ان جو پٽ اسماعيل اللہ جي حڪم جي تعميل ۾ هن وادي ۾ رهيا، ان دور ۾ حضرت ابراهيم عليه السلام ۽ ان جو پٽ، حضرت اسماعيل علیہ السلام هٿان ڪعبي جو بنياد رکڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>[https://www.jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/ قصة هاجر وإبراهيم وإسماعيل] موسوعة الأسرة المسلمة، تاريخ الوصول [[20 سبتمبر]] [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228100639/http://jr7ee.com/islame/book14-3.html/|date=28 فبراير 2018}}</ref> مڪي ۾ ڪيترائي مقدس اسلامي يادگار شامل آهن، جن مان شايد سڀ کان نمايان مسجد الحرام آهي، جيڪا مسلمانن لاءِ زمين تي مقدس ترين جڳهه آهي. ان جو سبب اهو آهي ته ان ۾ ڪعبة الله شامل آهي جيڪو نماز ۾ مسلمانن جو قبلو آهي ۽ اها پڻ انهن ٽن مسجدن مان هڪ آهي، جن ڏانهن مسلمان کي متوجه ڪيو وڃي ٿو. اهو حضرت محمد صلي الله عليه وسلم جن جي قول مطابق آهي؛ «لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد [[المسجد النبوي|مسجدي هذا]] و[[المسجد الحرام]] و[[المسجد الأقصى]]» <ref name="islamweb.net2">[https://islamweb.net/ar/library/index.php?page=bookcontents&ID=610&idfrom=4098&idto=4100&flag=0&bk_no=53&ayano=0&surano=0&bookhad=0 صحيح مسلم، كتاب الحج، باب لا تشد الرحال إلا إلى ثلاثة مساجد.] المكتبة الإسلامية، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=4 نوفمبر 2011|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104201500/http://www.islamweb.net/newlibrary/display_book.php?idfrom=4098&idto=4100&bk_no=53&ID=610%2F|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.islamonline.net/551 فضل المساجد الثلاثة]، إسلام أون لاين.نت، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]] [[2009]] {{استشهاد ويب|مسار=http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|عنوان=نسخة مؤرشفة|تاريخ الوصول=20 نوفمبر 2022|تاريخ أرشيف=1 يونيو 2010|مسار أرشيف=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601223948/http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-Arabic-Ask_Scholar%2FFatwaA%2FFatwaA&cid=1122528614022|حالة المسار=bot: unknown}}</ref> "ٽن مسجدن کان سواءِ سفر ۾ نه وڃو: هي مسجد ([[مسجد نبوي|مسجد النبوي]])، [[مسجد الحرام]] ۽ [[مسجد اقصي|مسجد اقصيٰ]]". ان کان علاوه، مڪو حج ۽ عمري جي موسم ۾ مسلمانن جي منزل آهي،<ref>[https://www.tohajj.com/ الحج وأحكامه وطريقته]، موقع الحج والعمرة، تاريخ الوصول [[6 أغسطس]]؛ [[2009]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225194308/http://tohajj.com/|date=25 ديسمبر 2018}}</ref> ڇاڪاڻ ته ان ۾ اهي علائقا شامل آهن جيڪي مسلمان ان دوران ویندا آهن، جيڪي مزدلفه، مني ۽ عرفات آهن. ==معيشت== ==انساني وسيلا== ==آباديات== ==ثقافت== ==مواصلات== ==ٽرانسپورٽ== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|سعودي عرب|اسلام}} * [[مدينه منوره]] * [[مڪہ صوبو|مڪه صوبو]] * [[اسلام جي تاريخ]] ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{Cite book|title=What life was like in the lands of the prophet: Islamic world, AD 570–1405|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7835-5465-5|ref=iw|year=1999}} * {{Cite book|ref=Lapidus|author=Lapidus, Ira M.|title=A History of Islamic Societies|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1988|isbn=978-0-521-22552-6}} ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ETH Zurich]] |isbn=978-3-7281-1972-8 |location=Zurich |title=Urban Form in the Arab World |author=Bianca, Stefano|author-link=Stefano Bianca |date=2000 |id=0500282056 |chapter=Case Study 1: The Holy Cities of Islam – The Impact of Mass Transportation and Rapid Urban Change |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkq3a0bXBa0C&pg=PA218 }} * {{cite book |title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World |editor=Bosworth, C. Edmund |year=2007 |publisher=[[Koninklijke Brill]] |location=Leiden |chapter=Mecca }} * {{Cite book |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, CA|editor1=Dumper, Michael R. T.|editor2=Stanley, Bruce E. |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa |date=2008 |chapter= Makkah }} * {{Cite book |author1=Rosenthal, Franz |author2-link=Ibn Khaldun |author2=Ibn Khaldun | title=The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=1967| isbn=978-0-691-09797-8}} * Watt, W. Montgomery. "Makka – The pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods." ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 6 June 2008 * Winder, R.B. "Makka – The Modern City." ''Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 2008 * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Quraysh |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |publisher=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (online) |year=2007 |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia/45979/Quraysh |access-date=19 February 2007}} ===آنلائن=== * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mecca Mecca Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by John Bagot Glubb, Assʿad Sulaiman Abdo, Swati Chopra, Darshana Das, Michael Levy, Gloria Lotha, Michael Ray, Surabhi Sinha, Noah Tesch, Amy Tikkanen, Grace Young and Adam Zeidan ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Mecca}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170317055002/http://www.holymakkah.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx Holy Makkah Municipality] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050721135336/https://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/richard/b97p/chapter27.html Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Makkahh, by Richard Burton] {{Islam topics}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:مڪه المڪرمه]] [[زمرو:اسلامي جایون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:حج]] [[زمرو:مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:ڳاڙهو سمنڊ]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:اسلامي مقدس شهر]] [[زمرو:خلافتن جا گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] [[زمرو:مڪه صوبي ۾ آباد علائقا]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جا صوبائي گاديءَ جا هنڌ]] cr9w4kbu5uq134ngfjyewjdorvmmdnk 0 29513 390191 324384 2026-06-30T13:11:58Z Indus Asia 5725 390191 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Durga Pooja at Bhopal (7).jpg|thumb|Durga Pooja at Bhopal (7)]] لفظ '''هندو''' ({{lang-en|Hindu}}) نه ته [[سنسڪرت]] جو لفظ آهي ۽ نه ئي [[ڀارت]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]] جي ڪنهن ٻوليءَ ۾ اهو لفظ آهي. هندو ڪنهن مذهب يا ڌرم جو نالو ناهي. ڇو جو ڪنهن به پراڻي ويد ۾ لفظ ”هندو“ جو ڪو ذڪر ئي ٿيل ناهي. سنسڪرت ۾ سنڌو ندي جي لاءِ ”[[سنڌو]]“ لفظ آهي. فارسي (پارسي) زبان ۾ لفظن جي شروع ۾ اکر ”س“ کي ”هه“ سان بدلائڻ جو لاڙو رهيو آهي. تاريخدانن پهريون دفعو لفظ ”هندو“ [[سنڌو]] دريا جي لاءِ ڪتب آندو. زنداوستا ۾ به ان کي هندو دريا سڏيو ويو آهي ۽ ان جي ڪناري تي رهڻ وارن کي به [[سنڌي]] جي بدرآن ”هندو“ سڏيو ويو آهي. 517 قبل مسيح ۾ جڏهن فارس جي شاهه دارا (داريوس) اول جڏهن پنهنجي سلطنت [[سنڌو]] دريا تائين پهچائي ورتي ته [[سنڌ]] جا رهاڪو به ان جي فوج ۾ ڀرتي ٿي ويا، جن کي اهي ”هندو“ چوندا هئا. ان کان پوءِ يونانين ۽ آرمينيائي تاريخدانن پڻ اهو اُچار جيئن جو تيئن ئي رکيو. ٿر جي پار واري علائقي کي ڀارت چيو ويندو هو. ويدن جي مڃڻ وارن کي ڪڏهن به هندو نه سڏيو ويو آهي. انهن کي سنتنا ڌرما سڏيو ويو آهي. ڇو جو هندو رڳو سنڌو دريا جي ڪناري رهڻ وارا سڏيو ويندو هئا.<ref>[https://iaob.wordpress.com/2016/09/30/hindu-means-sindhi/ هندو معنا سنڌي | Indus Asia Online Blog<!-- Bot generated title -->]{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> پر هاڻي وقت سان گڏ هن لفط جي معنا ۾ ڦيرو اچي ويو آهي ۽ هندوازم جي پوئلڳن کي هِندو سڏيو وڃي ٿو. هنن جي گهڻائي نيپال ۽ [[ڀارت|انڊيا]] ۾ آهي. == سنڌي ھندو سماج == نڌي ھندو پوري ھندوستان کان مختلف ۽ منفرد سماج جوڙي ويٺا ھئا. جنھن وقت پورو ڀارت جاتي واد سماج يا اوچ نيچ، ۽ ڇوت ڇات ۾ گھيريل ھو، ان وقت سنڌي ھندن ۾ ڪو بہ اڇوت، شودر يا دلت نہ ھئو. سنڌ جون سموريون ھندو سنڌي بردريون برابري ۽ ڀائيچاري جي بنياد تي رھنديون ھيون. سنڌي ھندن جي اڪثريت لوھاڻا ھئي، جڏھن تہ اروڙا ۽ ڀاٽيا پڻ ساڳئي سماج جو حصو ھئا. سنڌي ھندن ۾ برھمڻ صرف ھڪ سيڪڙو ھئا پر سنڌي سماج ۾ ڪو بہ ھيٺئين طبقي سان تعلق نہ رکندو ھئو. سنڌ ۾ موجود ڪولھي، ڀيل، ميگھواڙ، اوڏ، باگڙي سنڌ جي ريگستاني علائقي ٿر ۾ رھندا ھئا. انتظامي طور ٿر راجپوت راڻن جي ھٿ ۾ ھئو جنھن ڪري ريگستاني علائقي ٿر ۾ اوچ نيچ، ذات پات ۽ طبقاتي ورھاست ٿيل ھئي. سنڌي ھندو حڪومتي عھدن کان پري رھي ذاتي ڪاروبار ۾ مصروف رھندا ھئا، ھر ھڪ ننڍي وڏي ڳوٺ ۾ سنڌي ھندن جو پنچائتي نظام ھوندو ھئو، ذاتي مسئلن کان ويندي خانداني جھيڙن جھڳڙن، ملڪيت جي تڪرار کان ويندي شھري مسئلن تائين پنچائت ئي فيصلو ڪندي ھئي. سنڌي ھندن جون ذاتيون اڪثر پنھنجي ڏاڏي جي نالي سان گڏ (واڻي) لفظ جي اضافي سان سڏبيون ھيون جيئن آڏي جي اولاد آڏواڻي، ڪيسوءَ جي اولاد ڪيسواڻي، ساڌوءَ جي اولاد ساڌواڻي، دادلي جي اولاد دادلاڻي، من سُک جي اولاد منسُکاڻي سڏجڻ لڳي. سندن ذاتين جي پويان (واڻي) ھجڻ جي ڪري سنڌي ھندن کي گڏي ڪري (واڻيا) چوندا ھئا. واڻين جون ذاتيون (جن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ واڻي لڳل ھجڻ) لوھاڻا ھئا. ڪجھ ھندو سنڌي ذاتيون سمن (سماٽ) نسل مان نڪتل ھيون، جيڪي ابڙيجا (ڄام ابڙي جي اولاد ۽ پڳدار ھئا) آھوجا، راھوجا، راھيجا، سکيجا، ناروءَ جا (ناريجا)، ساريجا، تلريجا، جوڻيجا، جاڙيجا، ڪوريجا، سونيجا. سنڌي ھندن جو پنچائتي سرشتو ويھين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ ڊھي ختم ٿي ويو. اترادي سنڌين جي اڪثريت ھاڻي دريا پنٿي (جھولي لال) ڇڏي، نانڪ پنٿي (واھگرو) ڏانھن وڌيڪ جھڪاءُ رکي ٿي. سنڌي واڻڪو سماج جنھن عربن جي اچڻ کان پوءِ بہ ساڍا ٻارھن سئو سال پنھنجو وجود قائم رکيو، سنڌ جو اھو واڻڪو سماج 1980ع جي ڏھاڪي کان پوءِ ڊھي پٽ پيو آھي جنھن جو بنيادي سبب پاڪستان ۽ ھندوستان جي سرد جنگ ۾ پيڙھجندڙ سنڌي ھندو وٽ ٻيو ڪو رستو ئي ناھي بچيو. <ref>محقق؛ ڊاڪٽر برڪت نوناري</ref> == يڌهشٽر == هندو ڌرم جي پَوِتر بزرگ يڌهشٽر لاءِ روايت آهي ته، سندس سچائيءَ ڪري سندس رٿ (گهوڙي گاڏي) زمين کان مٿي هلندي هئي.<ref>{{Citation |title=انسانيت جي تعمير (مولانا وحيد الدين خان / خالد ڀٽي) {{!}} سنڌ سلامت ڪتاب گهر<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=307 |accessdate=2016-09-13 |archive-date=2017-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912090236/http://books.sindhsalamat.com/book.php?book_id=307 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:ھندو]] [[زمرو:ھندومت]] [[زمرو:مذھب]] [[زمرو:سنڌ]] [[زمرو:پاڪستان]] [[زمرو:ڀارت]] [[زمرو:تاريخ]] 5ay58imtlft57qf2i2o96ici05x0voq 0 44394 390267 390005 2026-07-01T00:49:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390267 wikitext text/x-wiki سافٽ پاور وارو نظريو{{ٻيا نالا|انگريزي=theory of soft power}} آمريڪي پوليٽيڪل سائنس جي ماھر [[جوزف نائي]]، جيڪو ڪلنٽن انتظاميہ ۾ آفيسر بہ رھيو ھو، ھڪ نظريو پيش ڪيو تہ آمريڪا ٻي عالمي جنگ کانپوءِ واري دؤر جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڪمزور محسوس ٿيندي بہ طاقت جو ھڪ بي مثال ذريعو آهي جيڪو ان کي پھرين پوزيشن ۾ آڻي ٿو سگھي ٿو.ان لاءِ معاملن کي پنھنجي مطابق ڪرڻ، حالتن۽ واقعن کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ فوجي طاقت جي استعمال کان علاوه بہ آمريڪا وٽ ھڪ شئي موجود آهي يعني سافٽ پاور جيڪا ھڪ عدم تشدد واري قوت آھي جنھن ذريعي آمريڪا دنيا ۾ پنھنجي ليڊرشپ واري پوزيشن کي مستحڪم ۽ مضبوط ڪري سگھي ٿو.جوزف نائي سافٽ پاور کي ٽن حصن ۾ ورهايو آهي: ڪلچرل، آئيڊيولاجيڪل ۽ انسٽيٽيوشنل. ھن جي خيال مطابق جيڪڏهن ڪو ملڪ پنھنجي طاقت اھڙي ٺاھي جيڪا ٻين جي نظر ۾ جائز ھجي تہ پوء ان کي پنھنجي خواهش کي عملي شڪل ڏيڻ جي سلسلي ۾ گھٽ مزاحمت کي منھن ڏيڻو پوي ٿو. ڊيموڪريٽڪ پوليٽڪس، فري مارڪيٽ معيشت۽ بنيادي قدر جھڙوڪ انساني حق ، ٻين لفظن ۾ لبرل ازم، آمريڪي سافٽ پاور جا بنياد آھن.<ref>{عالمي منظرنامو:سافٽ پاور جي دنيا: روزاني سوڀ ڪراچي:29آگسٽ 2018: صفحو 9}</ref> == تصور جي وضاحت == [[فائل:Soft Power (2004) by Joseph Nye.jpg|thumb|left|[[جوزف نائي]] جو 2004ع ۾ شايع ٿيل ڪتاب، جنهن ۾ ”نرم طاقت“ جي تصور جي وضاحت ڪئي وئي آهي]] ''[[آڪسفورڊ انگريزي لغت]]'' موجب، "نرم طاقت" (Soft power) جو اصطلاح، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "اهڙي طاقت (ڪنهن قوم، رياست، اتحاد وغيره جي) جيڪا فوجي قوت يا جبر بدران معاشي ۽ ثقافتي اثر رسوخ مان پيدا ٿئي"، پهريون ڀيرو 1985ع ۾ درج ڪيو ويو.<ref> {{oed | soft power}} - "S. Boonyapratuang Mil. Control in S.E. Asia iii. 72 Musjawarah (decision by discussion) and 'soft power' became the stances of his control." </ref> [[بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا|بين الاقوامي لاڳاپن]] جي مشهور عالم [[جوزف نائي]] 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر ۾ "نرم طاقت" جي تصور کي عام شهرت ڏني.<ref> {{cite book |last1 = Nye |first1 = Joseph S. |author-link1 = Joseph Nye |date = 16 March 2004 |title = Soft Power: The Means To Success In World Politics |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wuqOAAAAMAAJ |publication-place = New York |publisher = PublicAffairs |page = ix, xi |isbn = 978-1-58648-225-1 |access-date = 16 March 2023 |quote = [...] I had coined the term 'soft power' a decade or so earlier. [...] I first developed the concept of 'soft power' in ''Bound to Lead'', a book I published in 1990 [...]. }} </ref> نائي جي نظر ۾، طاقت مان مراد ٻين جي رويي تي اهڙو اثر وجهڻ آهي، جنهن سان گهربل نتيجا حاصل ڪري سگهجن. اهو مختلف طريقن سان ممڪن آهي: ٻين کي ڌمڪين ذريعي مجبور ڪري سگهجي ٿو، مالي فائدن ذريعي آماده ڪري سگهجي ٿو، يا وري کين اهڙو متوجهه ۽ هم خيال بڻائي سگهجي ٿو جو هو پاڻ ئي اهي نتيجا چاهين، جيڪي توهان چاهيو ٿا. اهڙيءَ ريت نرم طاقت، ٻين کي زبردستي مجبور ڪرڻ بدران انهن کي رضاڪارانه طور پنهنجي مقصد ڏانهن مائل ڪري ٿي.{{sfn|Nye|1990}} نرم طاقت جو مقابلو [[سخت طاقت]] (Hard power) سان ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ جبر يا مالي ادائيگين جو استعمال شامل هوندو آهي. نرم طاقت صرف رياستن تائين محدود ناهي، پر بين الاقوامي سياست ۾ سرگرم ٻيا فاعل، جهڙوڪ [[غير سرڪاري تنظيم]]ون (NGOs) ۽ بين الاقوامي ادارا پڻ ان کي استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا.{{sfn|Nye|2004a}} ڪجهه عالمن جي نظر ۾ نرم طاقت، "طاقت جي ٻئي چهري" جو هڪ مثال آهي،<ref> {{cite book |editor-last1 = Parlak |editor-first1 = Bekir |date = 15 October 2022 |title = The Handbook of Public Administration, Vol. 2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5tWYEAAAQBAJ |publisher = Livre de Lyon |page = 346 |isbn = 978-2-38236-300-3 |access-date = 16 March 2023 |quote = The second face of power is soft power. }} </ref> جيڪو اڻسڌيءَ طرح گهربل نتيجا حاصل ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏئي ٿو.<ref> {{cite book |last1 = Sobrinho |first1 = Blasco José |year = 2001 |title = Signs, Solidarities, and Sociology: Charles S. Peirce and the Pragmatics of Globalization |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BtwpzP9qKawC |publication-place = Lanham, Maryland |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |page = 115 |isbn = 978-0-8476-9179-1 |access-date = 16 March 2023 }} </ref><ref> {{cite book |last1 = Mattern |first1 = Mark |year = 2006 |title = Putting Ideas to Work: A Practical Introduction to Political Thought |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QTCTywjlr-IC |series = Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series |publication-place = Lanham, Maryland |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |page = 372 |isbn = 978-0-7425-4890-9 |access-date = 16 March 2023 }} </ref> نائي جي مطابق، ڪنهن ملڪ جي نرم طاقت ٽن بنيادي وسيلن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي: "ان جي ثقافت (جتي اها ٻين لاءِ پرڪشش هجي)، ان جون سياسي قدرون (جڏهن ملڪ اندر ۽ ٻاهر انهن تي عمل ڪيو وڃي)، ۽ ان جون پرڏيهي پاليسيون (جڏهن ٻيا انهن کي جائز ۽ اخلاقي اختيار واريون سمجهن)."{{sfn|Nye|2011|p=84}} {{Blockquote| "ڪو ملڪ عالمي سياست ۾ اهي نتيجا حاصل ڪري سگهي ٿو، جيڪي هو چاهي ٿو، جيڪڏهن ٻيا ملڪ سندس قدرن جي تعريف ڪن، سندس مثال جي پيروي ڪرڻ چاهين، يا سندس خوشحالي ۽ کليل معاشري جهڙي سطح حاصل ڪرڻ جا خواهشمند هجن. انهيءَ لحاظ کان عالمي سياست ۾ رڳو فوجي طاقت يا معاشي پابندين ذريعي ٻين کي مجبور ڪرڻ ئي اهم ناهي، پر عالمي ايجنڊا جو تعين ڪرڻ ۽ ٻين کي پاڻ ڏانهن متوجهه ڪرڻ به اهم آهي. اهڙي نرم طاقت، ٻين کي اهي نتيجا پاڻمرادو اختيار ڪرڻ تي آماده ڪري ٿي، جيڪي توهان چاهيو ٿا، ۽ کين زبردستي مجبور نٿي ڪري."{{sfn|Nye|2004a}} }} نرم طاقت جا وسيلا اهڙا اثاثا هوندا آهن، جيڪي ڪشش پيدا ڪن ٿا، ۽ اها ڪشش اڪثر قبوليت جو سبب بڻجي ٿي.{{sfn|Nye|2004a}} نائي جو چوڻ آهي ته "دلڪشي هميشه جبر کان وڌيڪ اثرائتي هوندي آهي، ۽ جمهوريت، انساني حقن ۽ فردي موقعن جهڙا ڪيترائي قدر نهايت پرڪشش هوندا آهن."{{sfn|Nye|2004a|p=x}} [[اينجيلو ڪوڊيويلا]] نشاندهي ڪئي آهي ته نرم طاقت جو هڪ اهم، پر اڪثر نظرانداز ٿيل پهلو اهو آهي ته آبادي جا مختلف طبقا مختلف شين، خيالن، تصويرن يا امڪانن ڏانهن متوجهه يا متنفر ٿيندا آهن.<ref name="Angelo M. Codevilla 2008">Angelo M. Codevilla, "Political Warfare: A Set of Means for Achieving Political Ends", in Waller, ed., ''Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare'' (IWP Press, 2008).</ref> جڏهن ڪنهن ملڪ جون پاليسيون، ثقافت يا قدر ٻين کي متوجهه ڪرڻ بدران کين پري ڌڪين، تڏهن نرم طاقت ڪمزور ٿي ويندي آهي. نائي پنهنجي ڪتاب ۾ دليل ڏئي ٿو ته حڪومتن لاءِ نرم طاقت، سخت طاقت جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ ڏکيو اوزار آهي، ٻن سببن جي ڪري: پهريون، ان جا ڪيترائي اهم وسيلا حڪومت جي سڌي ڪنٽرول کان ٻاهر هوندا آهن؛ ٻيو، نرم طاقت اڻسڌيءَ طرح پاليسيءَ جي ماحول کي شڪل ڏيندي آهي، ۽ گهربل نتيجا پيدا ڪرڻ ۾ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪيترائي سال لڳي ويندا آهن.{{sfn|Nye|2004a|p=x}}<ref name="Lord, Carnes 2008. p 59-71">Lord, Carnes, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power", in Waller, ed., ''Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare'' (IWP Press, 2008.) pp. 59–71.</ref> هن ڪتاب ۾ نرم طاقت جا ٽي بنيادي ذريعا بيان ڪيا ويا آهن: "ثقافت"، "سياسي قدر"، ۽ "پاليسيون". پنهنجي ڪتاب ''The Future of Power'' (2011ع) ۾ نائي ٻيهر واضح ڪري ٿو ته نرم طاقت هڪ وضاحتي تصور آهي، نه ڪي معياري يا اخلاقي تصور.{{sfn|Nye|2011|p=81}} تنهن ڪري نرم طاقت جا منفي مقصدن لاءِ به استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا. سندس چوڻ آهي ته "[[ايڊولف هٽلر|هٽلر]]، [[جوزف اسٽالن|اسٽالن]] ۽ [[مائو زيڊونگ]] پنهنجن پوئلڳن جي نظر ۾ وڏي نرم طاقت جا مالڪ هئا، پر ان جو مطلب اهو نه هو ته اها طاقت سٺي هئي. ذهنن کي موڙڻ، هٿن کي موڙڻ کان لازمي طور بهتر ناهي."{{sfn|Nye|2011|p=81}} نائي اهو به بيان ڪري ٿو ته نرم طاقت، [[حقيقت پسندي (بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا)|حقيقت پسندي]] واري نظريي جي ابتڙ ناهي. "نرم طاقت مثاليت يا لبرلزم جي ڪا صورت ناهي، بلڪه اها طاقت جو ئي هڪ روپ آهي، جنهن ذريعي گهربل نتيجا حاصل ڪيا وڃن ٿا."{{sfn|Nye|2011|p=82}} == تصور جون حدون == نرم طاقت جي تصور تي ڪجهه ليکڪن تنقيد ڪئي آهي ۽ ان کي غير مؤثر قرار ڏنو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[نيئل فرگوسن]]، جنهن پنهنجي ڪتاب ''Colossus'' جي مهاڳ ۾ اهڙو موقف اختيار ڪيو.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} [[نئين حقيقت پسندي (بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا)|نئين حقيقت پسند]] ۽ ٻين عقليت پسند ۽ نئين عقليت پسند نظرين سان لاڳاپيل ليکڪ (سواءِ [[اسٽيفن والٽ]] جي) عام طور نرم طاقت کي رد ڪن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ ته سندن خيال ۾ بين الاقوامي لاڳاپن جا فاعل رڳو ٻن قسمن جي محرڪن تي ردعمل ظاهر ڪندا آهن: معاشي فائدا ۽ طاقت جو استعمال.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} هڪ نظريي جي حيثيت سان، نرم طاقت کي سخت طاقت کان الڳ سڃاڻڻ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڏکيو هوندو آهي. مثال طور، جينس بيالي ميٽرن دليل ڏئي ٿي ته [[جارج ڊبليو بش]] جو اهو بيان، "يا ته توهان اسان سان آهيو يا دهشتگردن سان"، حقيقت ۾ سخت طاقت جو هڪ استعمال هو. جيتوڻيڪ ٻين رياستن کي اتحاد ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ فوجي يا معاشي دٻاءُ استعمال نه ڪيو ويو، پر نمائندگيءَ واري طاقت (representational force) جو استعمال ڪيو ويو. اهڙي قسم جي طاقت ٻين ڌرين جي سڃاڻپ کي خطري ۾ وجهي ٿي، جنهن سبب اهي يا ته تابعداري ڪن يا برائي سان منسوب ٿيڻ جو خطرو قبول ڪن. جيڪڏهن ائين آهي، ته پوءِ نرم طاقت ايتري "نرم" ناهي جيتري سمجهي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.1177/03058298050330031601|title = Why 'Soft Power' Isn't So Soft: Representational Force and the Sociolinguistic Construction of Attraction in World Politics|year = 2005|last1 = Mattern|first1 = Janice Bially|journal = Millennium: Journal of International Studies|volume = 33|issue = 3|pages = 583–612|s2cid = 144848371|url = https://www.academia.edu/1141856}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625084510/https://www.academia.edu/1141856 |date=2023-06-25 }} Page 586.</ref> تازين تحقيقي مقالن ۾ اهو به دليل ڏنو ويو آهي ته هن تصور ۾ نرم طاقت جي دفاعي استعمال کي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. ڇو ته نائي جو نظريو بنيادي طور تي ان ڳالهه تي مرڪوز آهي ته ٻين کي پنهنجي مرضي موجب ڪيئن عمل ڪرائجي، ڪجهه محققن جو خيال آهي ته اڀرندڙ طاقتون، جهڙوڪ [[چين]]، نرم طاقت جا نوان طريقا اختيار ڪري رهيون آهن ۽ ان کي دفاعي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪري رهيون آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1111/pafo.12153 |title=China's Charm Defensive: Image Protection by Acquiring Mass Entertainment |year=2020 |last1=Eliküçük Yıldırım |first1=Nilgün |last2=Aslan |first2=Mesut |journal=Pacific Focus |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=141–171 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ان کان علاوه، ڪجهه عالمن جو چوڻ آهي ته ان ڳالهه تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏيڻ گهرجي ته نرم طاقت استعمال ڪرڻ جون ڪوششون ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ابتڙ نتيجا به ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڪنهن رياست يا فاعل جي ساک کي نقصان پهچي سگهي ٿو يا اثر رسوخ گهٽجي سگهي ٿو، جنهن کي "نرم بي اثري" (Soft disempowerment) سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1093/ia/iiy125 |title=The soft power–soft disempowerment nexus: The case of Qatar |year=2018 |last1=Brannagan |first1=Paul Michael |last2=Giulianotti |first2=Richard |journal=International Affairs |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1139–1157 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[امت ڪمار گپتا]] نائي طرفان ڏنل تعريف ۾ هڪ خامي جي نشاندهي ڪئي آهي<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nye |first=Joseph S |title=SOFT POWER: The Means to Success in World Politics |date=2004 |publisher=Public Affairs |isbn= 978-1-58648-306-7 |edition=1st |location=New York |publication-date=2004 |pages=X |language=English}}</ref> ۽ هن تصور جي نئين تعريف پيش ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. نائي جي تعريف جو حوالو ڏيندي، هو لکي ٿو ته "بين الاقوامي سطح تي ڪنهن ملڪ جو رويو صرف ٻين ڌرين جي نرم طاقت واري ڪشش سان طئي نٿو ٿئي. هر ملڪ ڪنهن به فيصلي کان اڳ پنهنجن مفادن جو جائزو وٺي ٿو ۽ پنهنجي يقينن مطابق عمل ڪري ٿو." <ref name="auto1">{{Cite journal |last=Gupta |first=Amit Kumar |date=2023 |title=Re-examining the Concept of Soft Power and Initiating a Debate on How to Define the Concept from the Negative and Positive Connotations |url=https://www.softpowerjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/SOFT-Taco-19-ottobre-2.pdf |journal=Soft Power Journal: Euro-American Journal of Historical and Theoretical Studies of Politics and Law |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=164–187 |via=University of Salerno and Universidad Católica De Colombia}}</ref> گپتا، نائي جي تعريف جي متبادل طور، "مثبت نرم طاقت" (Positive soft power) ۽ "منفي نرم طاقت" (Negative soft power) جا اصطلاح تجويز ڪري ٿو.<ref name="auto1"/> == ماپ == نرم طاقت کي گڏيل اشاري (Composite Index) ذريعي ماپڻ جي پهرين اهم ڪوشش 2010ع ۾ [[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار گورنمينٽ]] (IfG) ۽ ميڊيا ڪمپني ''[[مونوڪل (ميڊيا ڪمپني)|مونوڪل]]'' پاران شايع ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=McClory |title=The new persuaders: an international ranking of soft power |date=2010-12-07 |publisher=Institute for Government |url=http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications_download.php?id=20 |work=Institute for Government website |page=13 |access-date=2011-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724053803/http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications_download.php?id=20 |archive-date=2011-07-24}}</ref> ان وقت IfG جي سينيئر محقق جونٿن ميڪ ڪلوري طرفان تيار ڪيل IfG–Monocle Soft Power Index ۾ 26 ملڪن جي نرم طاقت جي وسيلن کي ماپڻ لاءِ شمارياتي انگن اکرن ۽ ماهرن جي راءِ تي ٻڌل اسڪوئرن کي گڏ ڪيو ويو. هن اشاري جا پنج ذيلي حصا هئا: ثقافت، سفارتڪاري، تعليم، ڪاروبار/جدت ۽ حڪومت. هن اشاري جو مقصد ملڪن جي نرم طاقت جي وسيلن کي ماپڻ هو، نه ته سڌي طرح انهن جي اثرانداز ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت کي. ان کان پوءِ ''مونوڪل'' هر سال ''Soft Power Survey'' شايع ڪندو رهيو. 2016/17ع تائين هي درجابندي لڳ ڀڳ 50 عنصرن جي بنياد تي تيار ڪئي ويندي هئي، جن ۾ ثقافتي مرڪزن (خاص طور ٻولي سيکارڻ وارا ادارا)، [[اولمپڪ رانديون|اولمپڪ]] تمغا، ڪنهن ملڪ جي [[معماري]] جو معيار ۽ ڪاروباري برانڊ پڻ شامل هئا.<ref name="monocle.com">{{cite web |url=https://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2018-19/ |title=Soft Power Survey 2018/19 |date=2018 |publisher=Monocle |access-date=2018-12-21 |archive-date=2021-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413144356/https://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2018-19/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Soft Power 30''، جنهن جي مهاڳ [[جوزف نائي]] لکيو، 2015ع ۾ ميڊيا ڪمپني ''Portland'' پاران تيار ۽ شايع ڪيل ملڪن جي نرم طاقت جي درجابندي آهي. هي درجابندي "ڪنهن ملڪ جي سياسي ادارن جي معيار، ثقافتي ڪشش، سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ جي طاقت، اعليٰ تعليمي نظام جي عالمي ساک،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gauttam |first1=Priya |last2=Singh |first2=Bawa |last3=Singh |first3=Sandeep |last4=Bika |first4=Shankar Lal |last5=Tiwari |first5=Raghavendra P. |title=Education as a soft power resource: A systematic review |journal=[[Heliyon]] |date=2024 |volume=10 |issue=1 |article-number=e23736 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23736 |doi-access=free|pmid=38268586 |pmc=10806264 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1023736G }}</ref> معاشي نموني جي ڪشش، ۽ دنيا سان ڊجيٽل لاڳاپن" جي بنياد تي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=McClory|first1=Jonathan|title=The Soft Power 30 - A Global Ranking of Soft Power |url=http://softpower30.portland-communications.com/pdfs/the_soft_power_30.pdf |publisher=Portland |access-date=17 July 2015 |date=July 2015 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723161800/http://softpower30.portland-communications.com/pdfs/the_soft_power_30.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Softly does it |url=https://www.economist.com/news/britain/21657655-oxbridge-one-direction-and-premier-league-bolster-britains-power-persuade-softly-does-it |access-date=17 July 2015 |newspaper=[[دي اڪانامسٽ]] |date=18 July 2015 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717004042/http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21657655-oxbridge-one-direction-and-premier-league-bolster-britains-power-persuade-softly-does-it |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In 'soft power' terms, Japan ranks eighth out of 30 countries in U.K. consultancy report |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/07/15/national/soft-power-terms-japan-ranks-eighth-30-u-k-consultancy-gauge/#.Value4u-ra4 |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=Japan Times |date=15 July 2015 |archive-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721192434/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/07/15/national/soft-power-terms-japan-ranks-eighth-30-u-k-consultancy-gauge/#.Value4u-ra4 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Elcano Global Presence Report'' مطابق، نرم موجودگي (Soft Presence) جي لحاظ کان [[يورپي يونين]] پهرين نمبر تي آهي.<ref name="ElcanoEU">{{cite web |date=2018 |title=Elcano Global Presence Report 2018 |url=http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/897b80cc-47fa-4130-9c3d-24e16c7f0a66/Global_Presence_2018.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=897b80cc-47fa-4130-9c3d-24e16c7f0a66|access-date=December 5, 2018 |publisher=[[ايلڪانو رائل انسٽيٽيوٽ|Real Instituto Elcano]] |page=20 |archive-date=January 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106153436/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/wcm/connect/897b80cc-47fa-4130-9c3d-24e16c7f0a66/Global_Presence_2018.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=897b80cc-47fa-4130-9c3d-24e16c7f0a66 |url-status=live}}</ref> ان لحاظ کان، نرم طاقت گهربل نتيجا حاصل ڪرڻ جو ٽيون رويوي طريقو سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ان جي ڀيٽ سخت طاقت سان ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪا تاريخي طور قومي طاقت جي حقيقت پسندانه ماپ رهي آهي ۽ جنهن کي [[شماريات|شمارياتي]] ماپن، جهڙوڪ [[انساني آبادي|آبادي]]، حقيقي [[فوج]]ي وسيلن يا ڪنهن ملڪ جي [[مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار]] (GDP) ذريعي ماپيو ويندو آهي. بهرحال، اهڙا وسيلا هميشه گهربل نتيجا ناهن ڏيندا، جيئن [[آمريڪا]] [[ويتنام جنگ]] دوران محسوس ڪيو. نرم طاقت جي ڪاميابي گهڻو ڪري ان ڳالهه تي دارومدار رکي ٿي ته عالمي برادري ۾ ڪنهن فاعل جي [[ساک]] ڪهڙي آهي ۽ فاعلن جي وچ ۾ معلومات جو وهڪرو ڪيترو اثرائتو آهي. انهيءَ ڪري نرم طاقت کي اڪثر [[عالمگيريت]] ۽ [[نئين لبرلزم (بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا)|نئين لبرل بين الاقوامي لاڳاپن جي نظريي]] سان ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. [[مقبول ثقافت]] ۽ [[ابلاغ عامه]] کي نرم طاقت جا اهم ذريعا سمجهيو ويندو آهي،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110625-economic-warfare-on-the-silver-screen-cinema-cannes-festival-2011-hollywood-france |title=Economic warfare on the silver screen |publisher=[[فرانس 24]] |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=2012-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119013813/http://www.france24.com/en/20110625-economic-warfare-on-the-silver-screen-cinema-cannes-festival-2011-hollywood-france |archive-date=19 January 2012}}</ref> جيئن ته قومي ٻولي يا ڪنهن خاص [[سماجياتي ضابطو|معياري قدرن]] جي ڍانچي جي ڦهلاءَ کي پڻ. خاص طور عالمي خبرن کي پرڏيهي ملڪن جي تصوير ۽ ساک ٺاهڻ ۾ اهم عنصر قرار ڏنو ويو آهي. {| style="font-size:100%;" |- | style="width:25%; text-align:center;" | '''Brand Finance<br />عالمي نرم طاقت اشاري 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-01-21 |title=Global Soft Power Index 2026 |url=https://static.brandirectory.com/reports/brand-finance-soft-power-index-2026-digital.pdf |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=Brand Finance}}</ref> | style="width:25%; text-align:center;" | '''ISSF<br />عالمي نرم طاقت اشاري 2023'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/issf-wspi-2023-final|title=World Soft Power Index 2023|date=15 August 2023 |access-date = 31 October 2023}}</ref> | style="width:25%; text-align:center;" | '''Monocle<br />نرم طاقت سروي 2022'''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://monocle.com/magazine/issues/159/soft-power-survey-part-one/|url-access=subscription |title=Soft Power Survey: Part one|last1=Self|first1=Alexis|work=[[مونوڪل (برانڊ)|Monocle]]|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://monocle.com/magazine/issues/159/soft-power-survey-part-two/|url-access=subscription |title=Soft Power Survey: Part two|last1=Self|first1=Alexis|work=[[مونوڪل (برانڊ)|Monocle]]|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref> | style="width:25%; text-align:center;" | '''IMF<br />عالمي نرم طاقت اشاري 2021'''<ref>{{cite web | last1=Cevik | first1=Serhan | last2=Padilha | first2=Tales | title=Measuring Soft Power: A New Global Index | website=IMF | date=2024-10-04 | url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2024/10/04/Measuring-Soft-Power-A-New-Global-Index-555898 | access-date=2024-12-12}}</ref> |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" ! درجو !! ملڪ |- | 1 || {{USA}} |- | 2 || {{CHN}} |- | 3 || {{JPN}} |- | 4 || {{GBR}} |- | 5 || {{GER}} |- | 6 || {{FRA}} |- | 7 || {{SWI}} |- | 8 || {{CAN}} |- | 9 || {{ITA}} |- | 10 || {{UAE}} |} | {| class="wikitable sortable" ! درجو !! ملڪ |- | 1 || {{USA}} |- | 2 || {{FRA}} |- | 3 || {{UK}} |- | 4 || {{JPN}} |- | 5 || {{GER}} |- | 6 || {{SWI}} |- | 7 || {{KOR}} |- | 8 || {{ESP}} |- | 9 || {{CAN}} |- | 10 || {{CHN}} |} | {| class="wikitable sortable" ! درجو !! ملڪ |- | 1 || {{USA}} |- | 2 || {{DEN}} |- | 3 || {{FRA}} |- | 4 || {{KOR}} |- | 5 || {{SWI}} |- | 6 || {{JPN}} |- | 7 || {{GER}} |- | 8 || {{GBR}} |- | 9 || {{ITA}} |- | 10 || {{UKR}} |} | {| class="wikitable sortable" ! درجو !! ملڪ |- | 1 || {{KOR}} |- | 2 || {{JPN}} |- | 3 || {{GER}} |- | 4 || {{CHN}} |- | 5 || {{ITA}} |- | 6 || {{FRA}} |- | 7 || {{USA}} |- | 8 || {{GBR}} |- | 9 || {{ESP}} |- | 10 || {{CHE}} |} |} == تحقيق == عالمن نرم طاقت بابت ڪيترن ئي علمي بحثن ۾ حصو ورتو آهي. انهن بحثن ۾ هي موضوع شامل رهيا آهن: * نرم طاقت جي افاديت ([[جيوليو گيلاروٽي]]، [[نيئل فرگوسن]]، [[جوزف جوفي]]، [[رابرٽ ڪيگن]]، [[ڪين والٽز]]، [[جان ميرشائمر]] بمقابلہ [[جوزف نائي]]، [[پيٽر ڪيٽزن اسٽائن]]، [[جينس بيالي ميٽرن]]، [[جيڪ هائمنس]]، [[اليگزينڊر ووونگ]]، [[جان ميليسن]]) * نرم طاقت ۽ سخت طاقت جو هڪ ٻئي سان لاڳاپو ([[جيوليو گيلاروٽي]]، [[جوزف نائي]]) * نرم طاقت کي عملي صورت ۾ ڪيئن ماپجي يا لاڳو ڪجي ([[هيندرڪ ڊبليو اونسورگ]]) * ڇا نرم طاقت جبر يا چالاڪيءَ جو روپ اختيار ڪري سگهي ٿي؟ ([[جينس بيالي ميٽرن]]، [[پيٽر ڪيٽزن اسٽائن]]، [[ڊوال ۽ بارنيٽ]] بمقابلہ [[جوزف نائي]]، [[اليگزينڊر ووونگ]]) * [[ڍانچو ۽ فاعليت]] جي وچ ۾ تعلق ڪيئن ڪم ڪري ٿو؟ ([[جيڪ هائمنس]] بمقابلہ [[جوزف نائي]]) * ڇا نرم توازن (Soft balancing) واقع ٿي رهيو آهي؟ ([[ولفورٿ ۽ بروڪس]] بمقابلہ [[اسٽيفن والٽ]] وغيره) * يورپ ۾ نرم طاقت ۽ معياري طاقت ([[ايان مينرز]]، [[اي. چيامبرا]]، [[ٿامس ڊيز]]، [[اي. هائيڊ پرائس]]، [[رچرڊ وٽمين]]) * [[شهري مزاحمت]]، يعني عدم تشدد تي ٻڌل مزاحمت جا طريقا، ڪڏهن ڪڏهن نرم طاقت جي مخصوص استعمالن سان ڪيئن لاڳاپيل ٿين ٿا، پر پوءِ به هڪ الڳ تصور رهندا آهن ([[ايڊم رابرٽس]]، [[ٽموٿي گارٽن ايش]]) * نرم طاقت ۾ شخصيتن ۽ [[ڪرشماتي اختيار|ڪرشماتي قيادت]] جو ڪردار ([[هيندرڪ ڊبليو اونسورگ]]) * آمريڪي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۽ ائٽلانٽڪ پار لاڳاپن ۾ نرم طاقت ([[هيندرڪ ڊبليو اونسورگ]]) == مثال == === سڄي دنيا === [[سوويت يونين]] [[ٿڌي جنگ]] دوران اثر رسوخ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[آمريڪا]] سان مقابلو ڪيو. سوويتن پنهنجي ڪميونسٽ نظام جي ڪشش کي دنيا آڏو پيش ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ وسيع مهم هلائي. 1945ع ۾، [[سوويت يونين]] [[ايڊولف هٽلر|هٽلر]] جي مخالفت سبب يورپ ۾ ڪيترن ماڻهن کي پنهنجي طرف متوجه ڪرڻ ۾ تمام گهڻي ڪامياب ٿي، ۽ سڄي دنيا جي نوآبادياتي علائقن ۾ پڻ [[يورپي سامراج]] جي مخالفت سبب ان جو اثر وڌيو.{{sfn|Nye|2004a|loc=Chapter 3}} سوويتن هڪ تمام وڏي [[عوامي سفارتڪاري]] واري پروگرام تي پڻ عمل ڪيو، جنهن ۾ پنهنجي اعليٰ ثقافت جي واڌاري، نشريات، اولهه بابت معلومات جي اشاعت، ۽ ايٽمي هٿيارن خلاف احتجاجن، امن تحريڪن ۽ نوجوانن جي تنظيمن جي سرپرستي شامل هئي. ان جي باوجود، سوويت نظام جي بند نوعيت ۽ عوامي ثقافت جي کوٽ سبب، سوويت يونين نرم طاقت جي لحاظ کان [[آمريڪا]] سان مقابلو ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام رهيو.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Soviet soft power in Poland: culture and the making of Stalin's new empire, 1943-1957 |last=Babiracki |first=Patryk |date=2015 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-1-4696-2308-5 |location=Chapel Hill |oclc=911173017}}</ref> [[File:Umm Kulthum 1969.jpg|thumb|[[ام ڪلثوم]]، ويهين صديءَ جي عرب دنيا ۾ مصر جي نرم طاقت جو هڪ مثال]] ڪيترين ئي [[آمريت|غير جمهوري حڪومتن]] نرم طاقت جي اوزار طور [[لڏپلاڻ]] کي استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. [[مصر]] ۾ [[جمال عبدالناصر]] جي حڪمراني دوران هزارين استادن کي [[عرب دنيا]] ۾ موڪليو ويو ته جيئن [[سامراج مخالف]] ۽ [[صهيونيت مخالف]] خيالن کي ڦهلايو وڃي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |s2cid=158085638 |title=Authoritarian emigration states: Soft power and cross-border mobility in the Middle East |journal=International Political Science Review |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=400–416|doi=10.1177/0192512118759902 |year=2018 |url=http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/48708510/Tsourapas_Authoritarian_emigration_states_IPSR_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222110637/http://pure-oai.bham.ac.uk/ws/files/48708510/Tsourapas_Authoritarian_emigration_states_IPSR_2018.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-22 }}</ref> [[ڪيوبا]] ۾ [[فيدل ڪاسترو]] جي حڪومت جي [[ڪيوبا جي طبي بين الاقواميت]] واري پروگرام تحت هزارين طبي ماهرن کي [[ثقافتي سفارتڪاري]] جي مقصد سان پرڏيهه موڪليو ويو.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Cuban medical internationalism: origins, evolution, and goals |last1=Kirk |first1=John M. |date=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |last2=Erisman |first2=H. Michael |isbn=978-1-4039-8372-5 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=248348330}}</ref> دنيا ڀر ۾ قائم چيني سرپرستيءَ وارا [[ڪنفيوشس انسٽيٽيوٽ]] چيني استادن تي ڀاڙين ٿا ته جيئن ملڪ جي نرم طاقت کي پرڏيهه ۾ مضبوط بڻائي سگهجي.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/|title=China's soft power offensive|date=2017-12-26|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-06-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153344/https://www.politico.eu/article/china-soft-power-offensive-confucius-institute-education/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪا]] ۽ يورپ هميشه کان اثر رسوخ ۽ نرم طاقت جا اهم ذريعا رهيا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |first1=Joseph |last1=Nye |author1-link=Joseph S. Nye |title=Europe's Soft Power |url=http://www.theglobalist.com/europes-soft-power/ |publisher=[[The Globalist]] |access-date=30 July 2015 |date=3 May 2004 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208183728/http://www.theglobalist.com/europes-soft-power/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[يورپي ثقافت]] جو فن، ادب، موسيقي، ڊزائن، فيشن ۽ خوراڪ گهڻي عرصي کان عالمي ڪشش جا مرڪز رهيا آهن.{{sfn|Nye|2004a|loc=Chapter 3}} يورپ ۽ [[آمريڪا]] اڪثر دعويٰ ڪندا رهيا آهن ته اهي سڄي دنيا ۾ [[انساني حق]]ن ۽ [[بين الاقوامي قانون]] جي حمايت ڪن ٿا. 2012ع ۾ [[يورپي يونين]] کي [[امن جو نوبل انعام]] ڏنو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته "ڇهن ڏهاڪن کان وڌيڪ عرصي دوران هن يورپ ۾ امن، مفاهمت، جمهوريت ۽ انساني حقن جي ترقي ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 - European Union (EU) |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-facts.html |publisher=[[Nobel Prize]] |access-date=24 December 2013 |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214011947/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-facts.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=From war to peace: European Union accepts Nobel Prize |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=24 December 2013 |newspaper=[[CNN]] |date=10 December 2012 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224120940/http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/nobel-peace-prize/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 2019ع ۾ [[آمريڪا]] وٽ دنيا جو ٻيون نمبر وڏو سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ هو،<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank |url=https://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |access-date=2020-10-14 |website=Lowy Institute |ref=Lowy2019 |archive-date=2019-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201012801/http://globaldiplomacyindex.lowyinstitute.org/country_rank.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-27 |title=China now has the most diplomatic posts worldwide |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50569237 |access-date=2020-08-10 |archive-date=2020-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906012525/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-50569237 |url-status=live}}</ref> ملڪ اندر مقرر پرڏيهي صحافين جو سڀ کان وڏو انگ موجود هو،<ref name="Monocle2012">{{cite web |title=Soft Power Survey 2012 |url=http://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2012/ |publisher=Monocle |access-date=16 December 2013 |archive-date=27 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727144158/http://monocle.com/film/affairs/soft-power-survey-2012/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ اهو بين الاقوامي شاگردن لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ پسنديده منزل هو.<ref>{{cite web |title=Study in the USA |url=http://www.internationalstudent.com/study_usa/ |publisher=International Student |access-date=5 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208143659/http://www.internationalstudent.com/study_usa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[آمريڪي سئنيما|آمريڪي فلمن]]، ٽيليويزن، موسيقي، اشتهارن، فيشن، خوراڪ، معاشي ماڊلن، سياسي ثقافت ۽ ادب ٻين ثقافتن جي [[آمريڪيت]] ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fluck |first1=Winfried |title=The Americanization of Modern Culture: A Cultural History of the Popular Media* |url=http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/Romance_with_America/Fluck__Winfried_-_The_Americanization_of_Modern_Culture.pdf |publisher=John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies, Berlin |access-date=5 December 2015 |date=2009 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208165450/http://www.jfki.fu-berlin.de/en/v/publications_fluck/2000/Romance_with_America/Fluck__Winfried_-_The_Americanization_of_Modern_Culture.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ايشيا]]، ۽ خاص طور تي تازن سالن ۾ [[چين]]، پنهنجي قديم ثقافت، فن، فيشن ۽ خوراڪ جي عالمي پذيرائي مان فائدو وٺندي نرم طاقت جا امڪاني وسيلا استعمال ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Soft power with Chinese characteristics: China's campaign for hearts and minds |publisher=[[Routledge]] |others=Edney, Kingsley, Rosen, Stanley, Zhu, Ying, editors |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-351-80435-6 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1130023014}}</ref> چين پاڻ کي قومي خودمختياري جو محافظ طور پيش ڪري ٿو،<ref>Friedberg, Aaron L. ''A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia'', New York: Norton Publishing, 2011.</ref> جيڪو [[نيٽو]] جي [[معمر قذافي]] کي اقتدار تان هٽائڻ واري هوائي مهم ۽ ليبيا ۾ باغين جي حمايت کان پوءِ وڌيڪ اهم موضوع بڻجي ويو.<ref>Felgenhauer, Pavel. "The Fall of Gaddafi Angers Many In Moscow". ''Eurasia Daily Monitor'' Volume: 8 Issue: 164. September 8, 2011. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38374 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530045039/http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38374 |date=2013-05-30 }}</ref> چين [[آمريڪا]] سان ڏکڻ پئسفڪ ۾ اثر رسوخ لاءِ پڻ مقابلو ڪري رهيو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه مبصرن جو خيال آهي ته هن علائقي ۾ چين جي وڌندڙ جارحاڻي پاليسين ڪيترن ملڪن کي [[آمريڪا]] سان ويجهڙائي اختيار ڪرڻ تي مائل ڪيو، جنهن سان هن خطي ۾ آمريڪي نرم طاقت وڌيڪ مضبوط ٿي وئي.<ref>Friedberg, Aaron L. ''A Contest for Supremacy: China, America and the Struggle for Mastery in Asia'', New York: Norton Publishing, 2011. p. 200</ref> نرم طاقت رڳو حڪومتن جي عملن تائين محدود نه آهي، پر نجي شعبي، سماج ۽ وسيع ثقافتي سرگرمين تائين پڻ پکڙيل آهي.<ref>Lord, Carnes, "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power", in Waller, ed., ''Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda and Political Warfare'' (IWP Press, 2008) p. 60.</ref> نرم طاقت جو اثر وڌي ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها ماڻهن جي بنيادي رجحانن ۽ روين تي اثرانداز ٿئي ٿي، جيڪي هاڻي پنهنجي حڪومتن ۾ وڌيڪ سرگرم ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا.<ref name="Angelo M. Codevilla 2008" /> اهو رجحان آمراڻن ملڪن ۾ به ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو، جتي ماڻهو ۽ ادارا وڌندڙ حد تائين سياسي بحث کي شڪل ڏيڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dsb/commun.pdf |title=Defense Science Board, Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Strategic Communication (Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics |date=September 2004}}</ref> === آسٽريليا === [[آسٽريليا جي پرڏيهي معاملن ۽ واپار جو کاتو|آسٽريليا جي پرڏيهي معاملن ۽ واپار واري کاتي]] موجب، آسٽريليا پنهنجي جمهوريت، قانون جي حڪمراني، مضبوط معيشت، معياري تعليم، جديد سائنسي ترقي، گهڻ ثقافتي سماج ۽ ماحولياتي تحفظ جي ڪري سٺي شهرت رکي ٿو، جنهن سبب ان جا شهري ۽ ادارا عالمي سطح تي اعتماد ۽ اعتبار سان پنهنجو موقف پيش ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن.<ref name="renamed_from_23_on_20240913015007">{{Cite web |title=Soft power |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/minisite/static/4ca0813c-585e-4fe1-86eb-de665e65001a/fpwhitepaper/foreign-policy-white-paper/chapter-eight-partnerships-and-soft-power/soft-power.html#:~:text=Having%20the%20ability%20to%20influence,underpinned%20by%20some%20enduring%20strengths. |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=dfat.gov.au}}</ref> تعليم آسٽريليا جي نرم طاقت جو هڪ بنيادي عنصر رهي آهي،<ref name="renamed_from_23_on_20240913015007"/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=C. Tyler |first1=Melissa |last2=Van Leuven |first2=Bridgette |date=10 March 2020 |title=The soft power of education |url=https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/the-soft-power-of-education |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The University of Melbourne}}</ref> ۽ دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ سڃاتل تعليمي مرڪزن مان هڪ هجڻ سبب هتي 700,000 کان وڌيڪ بين الاقوامي شاگرد تعليم حاصل ڪري رهيا آهن.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=2 April 2024 |title=New record set for number of international students in Australia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2024/apr/02/new-record-set-for-number-of-international-students-in-australia |access-date=14 August 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> 2023ع ۾، [[قومي برانڊنگ]] جي لحاظ کان آسٽريليا کي ''Nation Brand Index'' ۾ دنيا جو نائون مضبوط ترين قومي برانڊ قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪو ان کي سياحت ۽ پرڏيهي سيڙپڪاري لاءِ هڪ پرڪشش ملڪ طور ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Australia's nation brand gains rank to 9th in world |url=https://www.austrade.gov.au/en/news-and-analysis/media-centre/media-releases/australia-s-nation-brand-gains-rank-to-9th-in-world |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=www.austrade.gov.au}}</ref> ملڪ وٽ دنيا جي اٺين وڏي سياحتي آمدني آهي<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=World Tourism Barometer |url=https://pre-webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2024-06/Barom_PPT_May_2024.pdf?VersionId=U7O62HatlG4eNAj.wcmuQG1PMCjK.Yss#page13 |access-date=14 August 2024 |page=19 |website=UN Tourism |format=PDF}}</ref> ۽ اهو [[پرڏيهي سڌي سيڙپڪاري|پرڏيهي سڌي سيڙپڪاري (FDI)]] حاصل ڪندڙ ملڪن ۾ سورهين نمبر تي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics on who invests in Australia |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/trade-and-investment-data-information-and-publications/foreign-investment-statistics/statistics-on-who-invests-in-australia |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=dfat.gov.au}}</ref> === وچ اوڀر === [[وچ اوڀر]] اهڙو علائقو رهيو آهي، جتي نرم طاقت کي علائقائي ۽ ٻاهرين ٻنهي قسمن جي فاعلن استعمال ڪيو آهي. ننڍيون رياستون، جهڙوڪ [[قطر]]، پنهنجي پرڏيهي پاليسي ۾ اڪثر نرم طاقت جون حڪمت عمليون اختيار ڪن ٿيون، جن ۾ [[الجزيره ميڊيا نيٽ ورڪ|الجزيره]] جو استعمال ۽ راندين جي تقريبن جي ميزباني شامل آهي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brannagan |first1=Paul Michael |last2=Giulianotti |first2=Richard |date=2018 |title=The soft power–soft disempowerment nexus: the case of Qatar |journal=International Affairs |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1139–1157 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiy125 |issn=0020-5850}}</ref> ٻاهريون طاقتون، جهڙوڪ [[آمريڪا]] يا [[چين]]، پڻ وچ اوڀر ۾ پنهنجو اثر رسوخ وڌائڻ لاءِ نرم طاقت استعمال ڪن ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rugh |first=William A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iH3DEAAAQBAJ&dq=soft+power+middle+east&pg=PR7 |title=American Encounters with Arabs: The Soft Power of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East |date=2005-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-05524-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tella |first=Oluwaseun |date=2016-11-05 |title=Wielding soft power in strategic regions: an analysis of China's power of attraction in Africa and the Middle East |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/bafr/8/2/article-p133_5.xml |journal=Africa Review |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=133–144 |doi=10.1080/09744053.2016.1186868 |issn=0974-4061|url-access=subscription }}</ref> وچ اوڀر جي رياستن جي وچ ۾ مقابلي ۾ به نرم طاقت جو استعمال شامل هوندو آهي، جهڙوڪ آفريڪا بابت [[مصر]]ي-[[اسرائيل]]ي رقابت،<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Siniver |first1=Asaf |last2=Tsourapas |first2=Gerasimos |date=2023-01-20 |title=Middle Powers and Soft-Power Rivalry: Egyptian–Israeli Competition in Africa |journal=Foreign Policy Analysis |volume=19 |issue=2 |article-number=orac041 |doi=10.1093/fpa/orac041 |issn=1743-8586|doi-access=free }}</ref> يا [[سعودي عرب|سعودي]]-[[ايران]]ي لاڳاپا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mabon |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9aLDwAAQBAJ&q=Saudi+Arabia+and+Iran+The+struggle+to+shape+the+Middle+East |title=Saudi Arabia and Iran: Power and Rivalry in the Middle East |date=2015-10-21 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-907-1 |language=en}}</ref> === ايران === [[ايران]] جي نرم طاقت، جيڪا ان جي [[شيعا اسلام|شيعا اسلامي نظريي]]، [[ايران جي تاريخ|ايراني-فارسي پس منظر، تهذيب ۽ تاريخ]]، [[ايراني انقلاب|1979ع جي ايراني انقلاب]] جي ورثي ۽ [[صهيونيت مخالف|صهيونيت مخالف]] موقف سان لاڳاپيل آهي، [[وچ اوڀر]]، وسيع [[مسلم دنيا|اسلامي دنيا]]، [[وچ ايشيا]]، [[آفريڪا]] ۽ اولهه ۾ پڻ نمايان اثر رکي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=The Iranian Revolutionary Apparatus and Hezbollah in West Africa {{!}} Hudson Institute |url=https://www.hudson.org/node/44280 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.hudson.org |language=en}}</ref> هن اثر جو مرڪزي عنصر [[سامراج مخالف]]، [[اسلام]]ي ۽ [[شيعا اسلام|شيعا]] نظرين، جهڙوڪ [[خمينيت]] ۽ [[ولايت فقيه|شيعا اسلام جي سياسي تشريح]]، جي ترويج آهي. انهن نظرين [[مسلم دنيا]] سان، خاص طور "[[مزاحمت جو محور]]" جي ملڪن جهڙوڪ [[عراق]]، [[شام]]، [[لبنان]] ۽ [[يمن]] سان مضبوط لاڳاپا پيدا ڪيا، جن جي نتيجي ۾ ڪيترائي اسلامي ۽ شيعا گروهه وجود ۾ آيا، جهڙوڪ [[حزب الله]] [[لبنان]] ۾، [[عراق ۾ اسلامي مزاحمت|اسلامي مزاحمتي گروهه]] [[عراق]] ۾، [[فلسطيني اسلامي جهاد|اسلامي جهاد]] [[فلسطين]] ۾، ۽ علائقي جا ٻيا ڪيترائي گروهه. [[ايران]] "[[وڏو ايران]]" جو تصور پڻ فروغ ڏئي ٿو، جنهن ذريعي اهو [[فارسي ٻولي|فارسي]] ڳالهائيندڙ قومن، جهڙوڪ [[تاجڪستان]]، [[افغانستان]] ۽ [[پاڪستان]]، سان ثقافتي ۽ نظرياتي لاڳاپا جوڙڻ جي ڪوشش ڪري ٿو، جتي [[فارسي ٻولي]] هڪ متحد ڪندڙ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akbar |first=Ali |date=2023-08-08 |title=Iran's soft power in the Middle East via the promotion of the Persian language |journal=Contemporary Politics |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=424–445 |doi=10.1080/13569775.2023.2169305 |issn=1356-9775|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lester |first=Stephanie |date=2024-02-09 |title=Return of the Cypress: Iran's Foreign Policy Ambitions in Central Asia |url=https://www.us-iran.org/news/centralasia |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=American Iranian Council |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[مسلم دنيا|اسلامي دنيا]] ۾ ايران جو اثر ان جي سرحدن کان ٻاهر تائين پکڙيل آهي، خاص طور [[مزاحمت جو محور]] سان لاڳاپيل ملڪن ۽ ٻين ملڪن، جهڙوڪ [[بحرين]]، [[سعودي عرب]] ۽ مسلم دنيا جي ٻين حصن ۾، جتي [[شيعا اسلام|شيعا]] برادريون اڪثر مذهبي رهنمائي ۽ سياسي الهام لاءِ [[ايران]] ڏانهن ڏسن ٿيون. ڪجهه [[سني اسلام|سني]] پڻ [[مزاحمت جو محور]] جي حمايت ڪن ٿا ۽ [[فلسطين]]، [[قطر]] ۽ [[شام]] جهڙن ملڪن ۾ ايران جي [[صهيونيت مخالف|اسرائيل مخالف]] پاليسين کان متاثر ٿين ٿا. ايران جي ثقافتي ۽ مذهبي رسائي، جنهن ۾ [[ابلاغي ذريعو|ميڊيا]]، تعليمي مٽاسٽا ۽ مذهبي [[سفارتڪاري]] شامل آهن، دنيا ڀر جي شيعا ۽ اسلامي آباديءَ سان ان جا لاڳاپا مضبوط ڪري ٿي. ايران جو [[سامراج مخالف]] ۽ [[نوآبادياتي نظام جو خاتمو|نوآباديت مخالف]] موقف، جنهن جون پاڙون [[ايراني انقلاب|1979ع جي اسلامي انقلاب]] ۾ آهن، ڪيترن لاءِ پرڪشش آهي. پاڻ کي [[وچ اوڀر ۾ آمريڪي اثر رسوخ|آمريڪي اثر رسوخ]] خلاف خودمختياري جي محافظ طور پيش ڪندي، ايران [[عالمگيريت مخالف تحريڪ]]ن ۽ [[مداخلت پسندي (سياست)|مغربي مداخلت پسندي]] تي تنقيد ڪندڙ دانشورن ۾ اثر پيدا ڪري ٿو.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] ۾، ايران جي [[سامراج مخالف]] حڪومتن، جهڙوڪ [[وينزويلا]]، سان يڪجهتي، آمريڪي بالادستي جي گڏيل مخالفت جي بنياد تي لاڳاپن کي مضبوط ڪري ٿي ۽ خود اراديت جي گڏيل تصور کي فروغ ڏئي ٿي. [[ايراني انقلاب جو نظريو|ايران جو نظرياتي پيغام]]، جنهن ۾ [[سامراج مخالف]] موقف، اسلامي ۽ شيعا قدر، [[ايراني ثقافت]] ۽ [[ايران جي تاريخ|تاريخي پاڙون]]، ۽ ثقافتي سفارتڪاري گڏ ٿين ٿا، ايران کي علائقائي ۽ عالمي سطح تي هڪ اهم فاعل بڻايو آهي. اهو پيغام اهڙن مختلف ملڪن سان لاڳاپن کي متاثر ۽ مضبوط ڪري ٿو، جيڪي مغربي بالادستي کي چئلينج ڪرڻ ۽ [[بين الاقوامي نظام|عالمي نظام]] جو متبادل تصور پيش ڪرڻ جا خواهشمند آهن.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Religion as a Soft Power Tool: Iran's Export of Twelver Shia Islam to Syria |url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/religion-soft-power-tool-irans-export-twelver-shia-islam-syria |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=rusi.orghttps |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tracking Iranian Soft Power Influence in the KRI {{!}} The Washington Institute |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/tracking-iranian-soft-power-influence-kri |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.washingtoninstitute.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran and Iraq: The Shia Connection, Soft Power, and the Nuclear Factor |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2005/11/iran-and-iraq-shia-connection-soft-power-and-nuclear-factor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310194948/https://www.usip.org/publications/2005/11/iran-and-iraq-shia-connection-soft-power-and-nuclear-factor |archive-date=March 10, 2017 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=United States Institute of Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beyond guns and oil: The emerging soft power rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/beyond-guns-and-oil-emerging-soft-power-rivalry-between-iran-and-saudi-arabia |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref> === چين === {{Main|چين جي نرم طاقت}} چين جي روايتي ثقافت ڪشش جو هڪ اهم ذريعو رهي آهي، جنهن جي بنياد تي هن دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي ملڪن ۾ سوين [[ڪنفيوشس انسٽيٽيوٽ|ڪنفيوشس انسٽيٽيوٽ]] قائم ڪيا آهن ته جيئن پنهنجي ٻولي ۽ ثقافت جي تعليم ڏئي سگهجي. چين ۾ پرڏيهي شاگردن جو داخلا انگ هڪ ڏهاڪي دوران 36,000 مان وڌي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 240,000 تائين پهچي ويو.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jr |first=Joseph S. Nye |date=2012-01-17 |title=Opinion {{!}} Why China Is Weak on Soft Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/18/opinion/why-china-is-weak-on-soft-power.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> چين بين الاقوامي شاگردن لاءِ ايشيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول ملڪ آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-01 |title=International Student Mobility: Patterns and Trends |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2007/10/wenr-october-2007-feature |access-date=2020-09-11 |website=WENR |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813050208/https://wenr.wes.org/2007/10/wenr-october-2007-feature |url-status=live}}</ref> انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ آفريقي شاگردن لاءِ عالمي سطح تي اهم تعليمي منزل آهي،<ref>{{cite web |title=China tops US and UK as destination for anglophone African students |url=https://theconversation.com/china-tops-us-and-uk-as-destination-for-anglophone-african-students-78967 |access-date=18 February 2018 |first1=Victoria |last1=Breeze |first2=Nathan |last2=Moore |work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=27 June 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109004110/https://theconversation.com/china-tops-us-and-uk-as-destination-for-anglophone-african-students-78967 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ دنيا جي ٻئي وڏي [[چين ۾ تعليم|تعليمي مرڪز]] طور پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-27 |title=China's 2020 target: reshaping global mobility flows |url=https://www.eaie.org/blog/china-2020-target-reshaping-global-mobility-flows.html |access-date=2020-05-05 |website=EAIE |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010111212/https://www.eaie.org/blog/china-2020-target-reshaping-global-mobility-flows.html |url-status=live}}</ref> چين جي [[ايشيائي ڍانچائي سيڙپڪاري بئنڪ]] ڪيترن ئي مغربي ملڪن کي ان ۾ شامل ٿيڻ لاءِ متوجه ڪيو آهي.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=With New Bank, China Shows U.S. It's Got Soft Power |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2015/03/23/with-new-bank-china-shows-u-s-its-got-soft-power/print/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=31 July 2015 |date=23 March 2015}}</ref> چين وٽ دنيا جو سڀ کان وڏو [[چين جا سفارتي مشن|سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ]] آهي، جنهن 2019ع ۾ آمريڪا کي به پوئتي ڇڏي ڏنو.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=":0" /> [[ڪووڊ-19 عالمي وبا|ڪووڊ-19 جي وبا]] دوران چين پاران طبي امداد جي فراهمي کي "ماسڪ سفارتڪاري" (فيس ماسڪ ڊپلوميسي) جو نالو ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Waterson |first1=Jim |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/china-steps-up-western-media-campaign-over-coronavirus-crisis |title=China steps up western media campaign over coronavirus crisis |date=2020-04-03 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=2020-04-06 |last2=Kuo |first2=Lily |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=2020-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405142432/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/03/china-steps-up-western-media-campaign-over-coronavirus-crisis |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yuan |first=Shaoyu |date=2023-12-31 |title=Government Legitimacy and International Image: Why Variations Occurred in China's Responses to COVID-19 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=18–38 |doi=10.17477/JCEA.2023.22.2.018}}</ref> [[File:Arrive du CONCORDE à Abidjan en 1978.jpg|thumb|سپرسونڪ جيٽ [[ڪنڪارڊ]]، 1978ع ۾ اڳوڻي فرانسيسي نوآبادي [[آئيوري ڪوسٽ]] ۾ پهچندي. ڪنڪارڊ کي اڪثر فرانس جي وقار ۽ نرم طاقت جي علامت طور استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal |url= |title=Aviation diplomacy: a conceptual framework for analyzing the relationship between aviation and international relations |first=Michał Marcin |last=Kobierecki |date=June 24, 2020 |journal=Place Branding and Public Diplomacy |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=293–303 |via=Springer Link |doi=10.1057/s41254-020-00172-5 |pmc=7313438}}</ref>]] === فرانس === 2018ع ۾ ''آمريڪن سوشلاجيڪل رويو'' ۾ شايع ٿيل هڪ مطالعي مطابق، ارڙهين صديءَ دوران فرانس پنهنجي ثقافتي ۽ علامتي طاقت جي ڪري يورپي [[جيوپوليٽڪس]] تي برطانيا جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ اثرانداز ٿيو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brundage |first=Jonah Stuart |date=2018 |title=The Social Sources of Geopolitical Power: French and British Diplomacy and the Politics of Interstate Recognition, 1689 to 1789 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=1254–1280 |doi=10.1177/0003122418811264 |jstor=48588591 |s2cid=219951985 |issn=0003-1224}}</ref> === جرمني === رسالو ''Monocle'' ۽ [[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار گورنمينٽ]] پاران جاري ڪيل سالياني نرم طاقت جي درجابنديءَ ۾ انهن 30 ملڪن کي شامل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي ثقافت، راندين، کاڌي، ڊزائن، سفارتڪاري ۽ ٻين ذريعن وسيلي ٻين قومن کي سڀ کان وڌيڪ متوجه ڪن ٿا. ''Monocle'' موجب، [[انگيلا مرڪل|مرڪل]] کي شايد هڪ سخت منتظم طور پيش ڪيو وڃي، پر لڳي ٿو ته يا ته سندس نرم رخ موجود آهي يا وري جنهن ملڪ جي هوءَ اڳواڻي ڪري رهي هئي، ان جو. رسالي موجب جرمني جو نرم طاقت طور اڀرڻ ڪا حيرت جي ڳالهه نه آهي. ان موجب، "هي ملڪ روايتي طور سفارتي، ثقافتي ۽ اقتصادي ذريعن وسيلي پنهنجن خيالن، قدرن ۽ مقصدن کي اڳتي وڌائڻ ۾ شاندار رهيو آهي. سادين شين کي خاموشي سان بهتر نموني انجام ڏيندي هي ملڪ عالمي طاقت بڻجي ويو آهي، ۽ باقي دنيا ان سان پاڻ کي آرامده محسوس ڪري سگهي ٿي." رسالي وڌيڪ چيو ته جرمن عوام تاريخي سببن جي ڪري ٻاهرين دنيا آڏو پنهنجي بالادست تصوير پيش ڪرڻ کان گهڻو محتاط رهيو آهي، پر ملڪ جي هن اڀار کي ٻين لاءِ پريشانيءَ جو سبب نه بڻجڻ گهرجي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-21 |title=Germany tops world 'soft power' rankings |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20131121/germany-number-one-for-soft-power |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gerhard Schröder: 'Germany Can Only Lead Europe the Way Porcupines Mate'|newspaper=Der Spiegel|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-former-german-chancellor-gerhard-schroeder-on-foreign-policy-a-891839.html|publisher=Spiegel Online International|access-date=30 July 2015|date=1 April 2013|archive-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928201741/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/interview-former-german-chancellor-gerhard-schroeder-on-foreign-policy-a-891839.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama sets off on farewell trip to Europe in shadow of president-elect|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/14/barack-obama-faces-awkward-task-on-sad-farewell-visit-to-europe|access-date=14 November 2016|agency=Reuters|date=14 November 2016|quote=As the Americans see it, Merkel – and certainly not the vainglorious European commission president, Jean-Claude Juncker – runs the EU. It is Merkel who negotiated the Minsk deal with Russia that defused the Ukraine crisis. She knows Vladimir Putin better than any other western leader does. It is Merkel who took the lead on Syrian refugees and the eurozone crisis.|archive-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114155053/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/14/barack-obama-faces-awkward-task-on-sad-farewell-visit-to-europe|url-status=live}}</ref> 2017ع ۾ جرمني وٽ دنيا جو اٺون وڏو [[جرمني جا سفارتي مشن|سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ]] هو.<ref name=":0" /> === ڀارت === [[File:Mazoezi ya yoga.jpg|thumb|[[يوگا]] جي مشق، تنزانيا]] ڀارت جي نرم طاقت جا پنج بنيادي ستون—وقار، ڳالهه ٻولهه، گڏيل خوشحالي، علائقائي ۽ عالمي سلامتي، ۽ ثقافتي ۽ تهذيبي لاڳاپا—ان جي عالمي اثر وڌائڻ لاءِ حڪمت عمليءَ سان استعمال ڪيا وڃن ٿا.<ref>Amb (Retd) Bhaswati Mukherjee, "India's Culture Diplomacy and Soft Power," Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, October 18, 2019, [https://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?855#:~=The%20five%20pillars%20of%20this,(Cultural%20and%20civilizational%20links). Published online]</ref> 21 مئي 2021ع تي [[انڊين ڪائونسل فار ڪلچرل رليشنز]] (ICCR) اعلان ڪيو ته هو ڀارتي کاڌي کي نرم طاقت جي هڪ ذريعي طور استعمال ڪرڻ جو ارادو رکي ٿو، جنهن جو مقصد ڀارت جي ثقافتي ورثي کي عالمي سطح تي متعارف ڪرائڻ آهي.<ref>Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, [https://www.iccr.gov.in/flashnews/iccr-plans-use-indian-cuisine-soft-power-and-take-its-food-diversity-world].</ref> ان کان علاوه، [[آفريڪا ۾ ڀارت جي نرم طاقت]] ثقافتي مٽاسٽا جي ذريعي به ظاهر ٿي آهي، جنهن ۾ [[بالي ووڊ]] فلمن جو اثر، [[يوگا]] جي مشقن جي واڌ، ۽ آفريڪا ۾ رهندڙ ڀارتي برادريءَ جو ڪردار شامل آهي.<ref>H.H.S. Viswanathan, "India's Soft Power Diplomacy," Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, September 04, 2019, [https://www.mea.gov.in/distinguished-lectures-detail.htm?850 Published online]</ref> === اٽلي === اٽلي جي نرم ثقافتي طاقت جا اهم عنصر [[اطالوي فن]]، [[اٽلي جي موسيقي]]، [[اطالوي فيشن]]، [[اطالوي ڊزائن]] ۽ [[اطالوي طعام]] آهن. اٽلي [[اوپيرا]] جي جنم ڀومي آهي،<ref>Kimbell, David R. B. [https://books.google.com/books?id=C37Gq2GagZIC&pg=PA1 ''Italian Opera.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011234953/https://books.google.com/books?id=C37Gq2GagZIC&pg=PA1&dq= |date=2022-10-11 }} Cambridge University Press, 1994. p. 1. Web. 22 Jul. 2012.</ref> ۽ ڪيترن ئي نسلن تائين اوپيرا جي ٻولي [[اطالوي ٻولي]] رهي آهي. اٽلي ۾ ڊرامي جي عوامي پسند گهڻي عرصي کان مزاحيه انداز ڏانهن مائل رهي آهي؛ اوچتي اداڪاريءَ تي ٻڌل ''[[ڪوميڊيا ڊيل آرٽي]]'' جو انداز سورهين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري اٽلي ۾ شروع ٿيو<ref>{{cite web |language=it |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/commedia-dell-arte/ |title=Commedia dell'arte |work=Treccani, il portale del sapere |access-date=24 Jul 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104120129/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/commedia-dell-arte/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ۽ اڄ به پيش ڪيو وڃي ٿو. فرانس ۽ روس ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ کان اڳ [[بيلي]] جو فن پڻ اٽلي ۾ ئي وجود ۾ آيو. هن ملڪ ۾ دنيا جا ڪيترائي مشهور شهر آهن. [[روم]] قديم [[رومي سلطنت]] جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ [[ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] جي [[پوپ]] جو مرڪز رهيو آهي. روم کي عام طور تي [[مغربي تهذيب]] ۽ [[عيسائي ثقافت]] جي "پينگهن" مان هڪ سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref>{{cite book |title=Understanding China Today: An Exploration of Politics, Economics, Society, and International Relations |first=Silvio |last=Beretta |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-29625-8 |page=320 |publisher=Springer}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Christianity: Religions of the World |first=Ann Marie B. |last=Bahr |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4381-0639-7 |page=139 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Rome in America: Transnational Catholic Ideology from the Risorgimento to Fascism |first=Peter R. |last=D'Agostino |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8078-6341-1 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]}}</ref> [[فلورنس]] [[نشاة ثانيه]] جو مرڪز هو، جيڪو [[فنون]] ۾ عظيم ڪاميابين جو دور هو ۽ جنهن [[وچئين دور]] کان [[جديديت]] ڏانهن منتقليءَ کي ظاهر ڪيو.<ref>Zirpolo, Lilian H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QPqWxHwdMNAC&pg=PA154 ''The A to Z of Renaissance Art.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011235002/https://books.google.com/books?id=QPqWxHwdMNAC&pg=PA154&dq= |date=2022-10-11 }} Scarecrow Press, 2009. pp. 154-156. Web. 16 Jul. 2012.</ref> ٻين اهم شهرن ۾ [[تورين]] شامل آهي، جيڪو [[اٽلي جي موٽر گاڏين جي صنعت]] جي عالمي مرڪزن مان هڪ آهي. [[ميلان]] دنيا جي چار وڏين [[فيشن گاديون|فيشن گاديءَ وارن شهرن]] مان هڪ آهي. [[وينس]] پنهنجي پيچيده واهن جي نظام ۽ سامونڊي تاريخ سبب دنيا جي سياحن کي متوجه ڪري ٿو، خاص طور تي [[وينس ڪارنيول]] ۽ [[وينس بيئنالي]] جي موقعن تي. اٽلي ۾ هن وقت دنيا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ، يعني 59 [[يونيسڪو]] جا [[عالمي ورثي جا ماڳ]] موجود آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Italy - UNESCO World Heritage Convention |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/it |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> 2019ع ۾ اٽلي وٽ دنيا جو نائون وڏو [[اٽلي جا سفارتي مشن|سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ]] هو.<ref name=":0" /> اٽلي دنيا جو پنجون سڀ کان وڌيڪ گهميل ملڪ آهي. === جاپان === {{Main|جاپان جي نرم طاقت|جاپاني عوامي ثقافت}} '''ڪُول جاپان''' (Cool Japan) هڪ تصور آهي، جيڪو 2002ع ۾ [[جاپاني عوامي ثقافت]] جي اظهار طور متعارف ڪرايو ويو. هن تصور کي جاپاني حڪومت ۽ واپاري ادارن پڻ اختيار ڪيو ته جيئن ملڪ جي ثقافتي صنعت جي تجارتي اهميت مان فائدو حاصل ڪري سگهجي.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Squaring the cool |url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2014/06/17/squaring-the-cool |access-date=2024-07-10 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>Cool Japan Illustrated, http://www.cool-jp.com/index.php</ref> هن کي نرم طاقت جي هڪ صورت قرار ڏنو ويو آهي، يعني "ثقافتي يا نظرياتي ذريعن وسيلي سڌيءَ ريت نه پر اڻسڌي نموني ٻين جي روين يا مفادن تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ جي صلاحيت".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Christine R. |last=Yano |title=Wink on Pink: Interpreting Japanese Cute as It Grabs the Global Headlines |year=2009 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=681–688 |doi=10.1017/S0021911809990015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 2002ع ۾ رسالي ''فارين پاليسي'' ۾ شايع ٿيل پنهنجي مضمون ''جپانس گراس نيشنل ڪول'' ۾ ڊگلس ميڪ گري لکيو ته معاشي ۽ سياسي مشڪلاتن واري "گم ٿيل ڏهاڪي" جي باوجود جاپان پنهنجي ثقافتي اثر جي ذريعي هڪ "نئين سپر پاور" طور پاڻ کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرائي رهيو آهي. هن [[جي-پاپ]]، [[مانگا]]، [[اينيمي]]، [[جاپان ۾ وڊيو رانديون|وڊيو رانديون]]، [[جاپاني فيشن]]، [[جاپاني سينيما]]، [[جاپان جي موٽر گاڏين جي صنعت]]، [[جاپان جي اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]]، [[جاپاني معمارِي]] ۽ [[جاپاني طعام]] جي عالمي مقبوليت جو جائزو ورتو ۽ دليل ڏنو ته جاپان جي معاشي جمود شايد ان جي ثقافتي ڪشش کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان سان روايتي سماجي درجابندين ۽ وڏين ڪمپنين جي ڪيريئر واري ماڊل جي اهميت گهٽجي وئي.<ref name="McGray">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.douglasmcgray.com/cool-japan.html |title=Japan's Gross National Cool |last=McGray |first=Douglas |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=1 May 2002 |access-date=11 September 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216061649/http://www.douglasmcgray.com/cool-japan.html }}<br />{{cite magazine |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2002/05/01/japans_gross_national_cool |title=Japan's Gross National Cool |url-access=subscription |last=McGray |first=Douglas |magazine=[[Foreign Policy]] |date=1 May 2002 |access-date=18 March 2011 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906153012/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2002/05/01/japans_gross_national_cool |url-status=live}}</ref> 2015ع ۾ جاپاني وزيراعظم [[شنزو آبي]] جي وائيٽ هائوس آمد تي آمريڪي صدر [[بارڪ اوباما]] جاپان جي ثقافتي خدمتن تي ٿورا مڃيندي چيو: {{blockquote|هي دورو اسان جي ٻنهي قومن جي وچ ۾ دوستي ۽ خانداني لاڳاپن جي جشن جي حيثيت رکي ٿو. مون اهو پهريون ڀيرو ڇهن ورهين جي عمر ۾ محسوس ڪيو، جڏهن منهنجي ماءُ مون کي جاپان وٺي وئي. مون اهو هوائي ۾ وڏو ٿيندي به محسوس ڪيو، جتي ڪيترائي فخر جوڳا جاپاني نژاد آمريڪي رهن ٿا... اڄ آمريڪين، خاص طور نوجوانن، لاءِ به اهو موقعو آهي ته هو جاپان جا ٿورا مڃين انهن سڀني شين لاءِ جيڪي اسان کي جاپان کان مليون آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ڪراٽي]]، [[ڪراچي|ڪاراوڪي]]، [[مانگا]]، [[اينيمي]] ۽ يقيناً [[ايموجي]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2015/04/28/president-obama-thanks-japanese-leader-for-karaoke-emojis/?outputType=amp|title=President Obama thanks Japanese leader for karaoke, emoji|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=28 April 2015}}</ref>}} 2017ع ۾ جاپان وٽ دنيا جو پنجون وڏو [[جاپان جا سفارتي مشن|سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ]] هو.<ref name=":0" /> [[اينيمي]]، [[مانگا]] ۽ جاپاني فلمون جاپان جي نرم طاقت جا اهم ذريعا سمجهيا وڃن ٿا. اپريل 2023ع ۾ [[جاپان بزنس فيڊريشن]] هڪ تجويز پيش ڪئي، جنهن جو مقصد [[جاپان جي معيشت]] کي فروغ ڏيڻ لاءِ، خاص طور اينيمي، مانگا ۽ وڊيو رانديون جهڙي مواد جي صنعت کي عالمي سطح تي وڌيڪ ترقي ڏيڻ هو. هن تجويز ۾ پرڏيهي ماهرن کي جاپان ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ جي دعوت ڏيڻ ۽ [[جاپان ۾ سياحت]] سان ڳانڍاپو وڌائڻ پڻ شامل هو ته جيئن دنيا جا اينيمي ۽ مانگا جا مداح انهن هنڌن جو دورو ڪري سگهن جيڪي مشهور ڪهاڻين سان لاڳاپيل آهن. فيڊريشن جو مقصد ايندڙ ڏهن سالن دوران جاپاني مواد جي پرڏيهي مارڪيٽن ۾ وڪرو چار ڀيرا وڌائڻ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Joana |date=2023-04-10 |title=Japan's leading business lobby group says anime, manga key to economic growth|url=https://www.scmp.com/video/asia/3216598/japans-leading-business-lobby-group-says-anime-manga-key-economic-growth|website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/japan-manga-to-spearhead-nations-economic-growth/a-65393781|title=Japan: Manga to spearhead nation's economic growth|website=[[ڊيوئچه ويلي|DW]]|date=23 April 2023}}</ref> 2023ع ۾ [[يو.ايس. نيوز اينڊ ورلڊ رپورٽ]] جاپان جي ثقافتي اثر کي ايشيا ۾ پهرين ۽ عالمي سطح تي پنجين نمبر تي رکيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-countries/influence-rankings|title=Influence Rankings|publisher=USnews |date=2021 |access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> اڄ [[جاپان جي ثقافت]] دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ مقبول ثقافتن مان هڪ آهي، جنهن جو وڏو سبب ان جي عوامي ثقافت جي عالمي پهچ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagata |first=Kazuaki |date=7 September 2010 |title=Anime makes Japan a cultural superpower |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2010/09/07/reference/anime-makes-japan-superpower/ |via=Japan Times Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=31 January 2015|title=How Japan became a pop culture superpower {{!}} The Spectator|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/how-japan-became-a-pop-culture-superpower/|journal=The Spectator|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717054956/https://www.spectator.co.uk/2015/01/how-japan-became-a-pop-culture-superpower/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Iwabuchi |first=Koichi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFHTDV6Mq10C&q=american+influence+japanese+media&pg=PA95 |title=Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism |date=2002-10-18 |publisher=[[ڊيوڪ يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0-8223-8408-3|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tamaki |first1=Taku |title=Japan has turned its culture into a powerful political tool |url=http://theconversation.com/japan-has-turned-its-culture-into-a-powerful-political-tool-72821 |website=[[دي ڪنورسيشن]] |date=26 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Pure Invention': How Japan's pop culture became the 'lingua franca' of the internet |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2020/07/18/books/pure-invention-jpop-culture/ |work=[[دي جاپان ٽائيمز]] |date=2020-07-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=How Japan's global image morphed from military empire to eccentric pop-culture superpower|url=https://qz.com/1806376/japans-image-has-changed-from-fierce-to-lovable-over-the-decades/ |publisher=[[Quartz]] |date=2020-05-27}}</ref> جاپاني عوامي ثقافت جي عالمي مقبوليت اڄ خاص طور [[مغربي دنيا]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beebom.com/the-rise-of-anime-manga-japanese-pop-culture-in-west/|title=The Rise of Anime, Manga, and Japanese Pop Culture in the West|website=Beebom|author=Ajith Kumar|date=28 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/whats-behind-the-growing-popularity-of-japanese-comics-and-animations-in-u-s|title=What's behind the growing popularity of Japanese comics and animations in U.S.|website=[[PBS News]]|date=14 May 2024}}</ref> [[لاطيني آمريڪا]]،<ref>[https://arkonestudios.com/blog/the-latin-american-appetite-for-asian-content/ The Latin American Appetite for Asian Content]. ''Ark One Studios''.</ref><ref>[https://luzmedia.co/asian-heritage-in-latin-america Exploring Asian Heritage in Latin America]. ''Luz Media''.</ref> [[عرب دنيا]]،<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/2024/03/19/How-Saudi-Arabia-has-become-a-global-hub-for-manga-and-anime|title=How Saudi Arabia has become a global hub for manga and anime|website=[[العربية]]|date=24 March 2024}}</ref> [[اوڀر ايشيا]]، [[ڏکڻ ايشيا]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ اوڀر ايشيا]] ۾ نمايان نظر اچي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yuqing |date=2021-08-05 |title=Can Pop Culture Allay Resentment? Japan's Influence in China Today |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/4117 |journal=Media and Communication |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=112–122 |doi=10.17645/mac.v9i3.4117 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-12/japanese-anime-soft-power-pokemon-astro-boy-military-manga/104042324|title=From military empire to pop culture phenomenon: Inside Japan's animation revolution|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=11 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/japanese-cultural-influence-grows-in-india/|title=Japanese Cultural Influence Grows in India|website=[[The Diplomat]]|date=29 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fulcrum.sg/aseanfocus/the-courteous-charmer-a-hard-look-at-japans-soft-power-in-southeast-asia/|title=The Courteous Charmer: A Hard Look at Japan's Soft Power in Southeast Asia|date=18 October 2023|website=fulcrum.sg}}</ref> === روس === {{update section|date=November 2023|reason=هن ڀاڱي کي [[يوڪرين تي روسي حملو|يوڪرين تي روسي حملي]] جي اثر سبب تازو ڪرڻ جي ضرورت ٿي سگهي ٿي}} روس 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[عوامي سفارتڪاري]] جي مختلف اوزارن ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪندي پنهنجي نرم طاقت کي ترقي ڏيڻ شروع ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://russiadirect.foreignpolicy.com/content/how-moscow-understands-soft-power |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130827052859/http://russiadirect.foreignpolicy.com/content/how-moscow-understands-soft-power |archive-date=27 August 2013 |title=How Moscow understands soft power &#124; Russia Direct}}</ref> پر هي اصطلاح پهريون ڀيرو 2010ع ۾ هڪ سرڪاري دستاويز ۾ استعمال ٿيو، جڏهن [[صدر ميدويديف]] قومي پرڏيهي پاليسي تصور ۾ هڪ ضميمي جي منظوري ڏني. اصطلاح جي باقاعده تعريف نه ڪئي وئي، پر ان کي [[ثقافتي سفارتڪاري]] سان لاڳاپيل بيان ڪيو ويو.<ref>[http://www.mid.ru/bdomp/ns-osndoc.nsf/e2f289bea62097f9c325787a0034c255/de43a8a4bcd17daac325784500296ef8/$FILE/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%E2%84%96%201.doc Addendum #1 to the Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010144614/http://mid.ru/bdomp/ns-osndoc.nsf/e2f289bea62097f9c325787a0034c255/de43a8a4bcd17daac325784500296ef8/$FILE/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%E2%84%96%201.doc |date=2013-10-10 }} (in Russian)</ref> 2013ع ۾، هي اصطلاح پرڏيهي پاليسي تصور جي نئين نسخي ۾ ظاهر ٿيو، جتي نرم طاقت کي "پرڏيهي پاليسي جا مقصد حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ جامع اوزارن جو مجموعو" قرار ڏنو ويو، جيڪو شهري سماج جي صلاحيت، معلومات، ثقافتي ۽ ٻين طريقن ۽ ٽيڪنالاجين تي ٻڌل هجي ۽ روايتي سفارتڪاري جو متبادل هجي.<ref>Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation Approved by President of the Russian Federation V. Putin on 12 February 2013.</ref> 2007ع ۾ روسي صدر [[ولاديمير پيوٽن]] کي ''[[ٽائيم پرسن آف دي يئر|ٽائيم]]'' جو پرسن آف دي يئر قرار ڏنو ويو. 2013ع ۾ ''Forbes'' رسالي کيس دنيا جو سڀ کان طاقتور شخص قرار ڏنو.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Russian President Vladimir Putin Became The Most Powerful Individual On Earth|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/vladimir-putin-great-year-2013-12|access-date=1 July 2014|website=Business Insider|date=17 December 2013|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182527/http://www.businessinsider.com/vladimir-putin-great-year-2013-12|url-status=live}}</ref> 2015ع ۾ روس [[يوريشيائي اقتصادي يونين]] جي قيام ۾ اڳواڻي ڪئي.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2018-01-01|title=Putin's and Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union: A hybrid half-economics and half-political "Janus Bifrons"|journal=[[Journal of Eurasian Studies]]|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=52–60|doi=10.1016/j.euras.2017.12.005|issn=1879-3665|last1=Sergi|first1=Bruno S.|doi-access=free}}</ref> 2017ع ۾ روس وٽ دنيا جو چوٿون وڏو [[روس جا سفارتي مشن|سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ]] هو.<ref name=":0" /> 2018ع ۾ [[سرگئي ۽ يوليا اسڪريپل جي زهر ڏيڻ جو واقعو|سرگئي ۽ يوليا اسڪريپل کي زهر ڏيڻ]] کان پوءِ [[بي بي سي نيوز|بي بي سي]] رپورٽ ڪيو ته "ان جو وسيع سفارتي نيٽ ورڪ، اوڻيهين صديءَ ۾ [[عظيم طاقت]] طور ان جي سامراجي تاريخ ۽ ٿڌي جنگ واري موقف ٻنهي جي عڪاسي ڪري ٿو. اوڀر يورپ ۽ اڳوڻن ڪميونسٽ اتحادين، جن ۾ چين، ويٽنام، ڪيوبا ۽ انگولا شامل آهن، ۾ ان جون ڪيتريون ئي سفارتي چوڪيون آهن، ۽ آفريڪا ۽ ايشيا ۾ اڳوڻي يو ايس ايس آر جا ورثا پڻ موجود آهن. ان جي نيٽ ورڪ جو وڏو حجم ان جي اڻگهٽ عالمي خواهشن جي وسعت کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-43577958|title=How big is the Kremlin's diplomatic network?|last=Oliver|first=Alex|date=2018-03-30|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-04-01|language=en-GB|archive-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401002334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-43577958|url-status=live}}</ref> === برطانيا === {{main|انگلو اسفيئر|انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ ماڻهو|پيڪس برٽانيڪا}} 1814ع کان 1914ع تائين واري ''[[پيڪس برٽانيڪا]]'' واري صديءَ کان وٺي، [[برطانيا جا پرڏيهي لاڳاپا]] نرم طاقت جو هڪ اهم عنصر رکن ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sondhaus |first1=Lawrence |title=Soft power, hard power, and the Pax Americana|date=2009 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-415-54533-4 |pages=204–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujlMly6WVxIC&pg=PA208 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winks |first1=Robin W. |title=World civilization: a brief history |date=1993 |publisher=[[Collegiate Press]] |location=San Diego, CA |isbn=978-0-939693-28-3 |page=406 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mY7McxJl7jYC&pg=PA406 |quote=By 1914 common law, trail by jury, the King James Authorized Version of the Bible, the English language, and the British navy had been spread around the globe. |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800-1914 |chapter=Pax Britannica |volume=2 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |year=2007 |first=Carl P. |last=Watts |editor-first=Carl C. |editor-last=Hodge |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/2013776 |page=3 |quote=it left many legacies, including widespread use of the English language, belief in Protestant religion, economic globalization, modern precepts of law and order, and representative democracy. |access-date=2018-04-05 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215224750/https://www.academia.edu/2013776 |url-status=live}}</ref> برطانوي اثر ان جي ڪيترين ئي [[برطانيا کان آزادي حاصل ڪندڙ ملڪن جي فهرست|اڳوڻين نوآبادين]] جي قانوني ۽ سياسي نظامن ۾ ڏسي سگهجي ٿو، ۽ [[برطانيا جي ثقافت]] اڄ به عالمي سطح تي اثرائتي آهي، خاص طور [[انگريزي ڳالهائيندڙ دنيا|ٻولي]]، [[ادب]]، [[برطانيا جي موسيقي|موسيقي]] ۽ [[برطانيا ۾ راند|راندين]] ۾.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The cultural superpower: British cultural projection abroad|journal=Journal of the British Politics Society, Norway|date=Winter 2011|volume=6|issue=1|url=http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916155419/http://www.britishpoliticssociety.no/British%20Politics%20Review%2001_2011.pdf}}</ref> انگريزي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائي ويندڙ [[جرمنڪ ٻولي]] آهي، ۽ [[ڪل ڳالهائيندڙن جي تعداد موجب ٻولين جي فهرست|دنيا جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ٻولي]] ۽ [[مادري ڳالهائيندڙن جي تعداد موجب ٻولين جي فهرست|ٽين سڀ کان وڌيڪ مادري طور ڳالهائي ويندڙ ٻولي]] پڻ آهي. اها [[گڏيل قومن جون سرڪاري ٻوليون|گڏيل قومن]]، [[يورپي يونين جون ٻوليون|يورپي يونين]] ۽ ٻين ڪيترين بين الاقوامي ۽ علائقائي تنظيمن جي گڏيل سرڪاري ٻولي آهي. اها [[سفارتڪاري]]، [[سائنس]]، [[بين الاقوامي واپار]]، [[سياحت]]، [[هوابازي]]، [[وندر]] ۽ [[انٽرنيٽ تي استعمال ٿيندڙ ٻوليون|انٽرنيٽ]] جي عملي طور عام ٻولي پڻ بڻجي چڪي آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html|title=How the English Language Conquered the World|last=Chua|first=Amy|website=[[The New York Times]]|date=18 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301222132/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/18/books/review/the-rise-of-english-rosemary-salomone.html|archive-date=1 March 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> == حوالا == {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:بين الاقوامي لاڳاپا]] [[زمرو:سفارتڪاري]] [[زمرو:عالمگيريت]] jbb9q45vd0anpcdipltclq8a660y8x1 0 76403 390270 389621 2026-07-01T02:01:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|آمريڪي رياست}} {{Infobox U.S. state | name = ڊيلاويئر | image_flag = Flag of Delaware.svg | flag_link = [[ڊيلاويئر جو جهنڊو]] | image_seal = Seal of Delaware.svg | image_map = Delaware in United States (zoom).svg | motto = "[[آزادي ۽ خودمختياري]]" | anthem = "[[اسان جو ڊيلاويئر]]" | population_demonym = ڊيلاويئر واسي | OfficialLang = ڪابه نه | nicknames = پهرين رياست؛ ننڍڙو عجوبو;<ref>{{cite web|first=Melissa|last=Nann Burke|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/04/delaware-small-wonder/21270787/|title=Delaware a Small Wonder no more?|date=January 5, 2015|publisher=Delaware Online|access-date=March 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112539/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/04/delaware-small-wonder/21270787/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> بليو هين رياست؛ هيرن واري رياست | Former = [[پنسلوانيا جو صوبي|پنسلوانيا جو صوبو]] ([[ڊيلاويئر جا هيٺيان ڪائونٽيون]]) | seat = [[ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور]] | LargestCity = [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] | LargestCounty = [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] | LargestMetro = [[فلاڊيلفيا ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو|فلاڊيلفيا]] | Governor = {{nowrap|[[ميٽ ميئر]] ([[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[ڪائل ايوانز گي]] (ڊيموڪريٽڪ)}} | Legislature = [[ڊيلاويئر جنرل اسيمبلي|جنرل اسيمبلي]] | Upperhouse = [[ڊيلاويئر سينيٽ|سينيٽ]] | Lowerhouse = [[ڊيلاويئر ايوانِ نمائندگان|ايوانِ نمائندگان]] | Judiciary = [[ڊيلاويئر سپريم ڪورٽ]] | Senators = [[ڪرس ڪونز]] (ڊيموڪريٽڪ)<br> [[ليسا بلنٽ روچيسٽر]] (ڊيموڪريٽڪ) | Representative = [[سارا ميڪ برائيڊ]] (ڊيموڪريٽڪ) | postal_code = DE | TradAbbreviation = Del. | area_rank = 49هين | area_total_km2 = {{convert|2489|sqmi|km2|disp=number}} | area_total_sq_mi = 2489<ref>{{cite web | url=https://census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html | title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates }}</ref> | area_water_percent = 21.7<ref>{{cite web|last1=USGS|first1=Howard Perlman|title=Area of each state that is water |url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wetstates.html |publisher=water.usgs.gov|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010154347/https://water.usgs.gov/edu/wetstates.html|archive-date=October 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_rank = 45هين | population_as_of = 2025 | 2020Pop = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 1,059,952<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045224|access-date=January 9, 2025|title= United States Census Quick Facts Delaware}}</ref> | 2010Density = 190 | 2020DensityUS = 491<ref name="State of Delaware – My Healthy Community">{{cite web |title=State of Delaware Community Characteristics|website=State of Delaware – My Healthy Community |url=https://myhealthycommunity.dhss.delaware.gov/about/acceptable-use |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> | population_density_rank = 6هين | MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|81361|-2}} (2023)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2024/demo/acsbr-023.pdf|title=Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023|access-date=January 12, 2025}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[آمريڪي رياستن ۽ علائقن جي آمدني موجب فهرست#گهريلو وچين آمدني موجب رياستون ۽ علائقا|15هين]] | AdmittanceOrder = 1هين | AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1787|12|7}} | timezone1 = [[اوڀرئين وقت وارو علائقو|EST]] | utc_offset1 = −05:00 | timezone1_DST = [[اوڀرئين ڏينهن جي روشني وارو وقت|EDT]] | utc_offset1_DST = −04:00 | Longitude = 75° 3′ اولهه کان 75° 47′ اولهه | Latitude = 38° 27′ اتر کان 39° 50′ اتر | width_km = 48 | width_mi = 30 | length_km = 154 | length_mi = 96 | elevation_max_point = [[اي برائيٽ ايزيمٿ]] جي ويجهو<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances in the United States|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|year=2001|access-date=October 21, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[اتر آمريڪي عمودي ڊيٽم 1988ع]]}}<ref name="The Delaware Geological Survey highest point">{{cite web |title=Highest point in Delaware |website=The Delaware Geological Survey |url=https://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/highest-point-delaware |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617202307/https://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/highest-point-delaware |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=July 16, 2022}}</ref> | elevation_max_m = 136.50468 | elevation_max_ft = 447.85 | elevation_m = 20 | elevation_ft = 60 | elevation_min_point = [[ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]<ref name=USGS /> | elevation_min_m = 0 | elevation_min_ft = 0 | iso_code = US-DE | website = https://delaware.gov | Representatives = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-marker = none }} {{Infobox region symbols|country=United States | image_flag = Flag of Delaware.svg | image_seal = Seal of Delaware.svg | image_arms = Coat of arms of Delaware.svg | state = Delaware | bird = [[ڊيلاويئر بليو هين]] | butterfly = [[اوڀرئين ٽائيگر سولو ٽيل]] | fish = [[ويڪ فش]] | flower = [[آڙو|آڙي جو گل]] | insect = [[ست-داغن واري ليڊي بگ]] | tree = [[آمريڪي هولي]] | wildlife_animal = [[ڀورو لومڙ]] | beverage = [[کير]] | colors = [[ڊيلاويئر جو جهنڊو|نوآبادياتي نيرو]]، [[بف رنگ|بف]] | food = [[اسٽرابيري]]، [[آڙي جو ڪسٽرڊ پائي]] | fossil = [[بيلم نائيٽ]] | mineral = [[سليمانيٽ]] | slogan = ''لامحدود دريافتون''—<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/05/delawares-new-tourism-brand-endless-discoveries/21289179/|title=Delaware's new tourism brand: Endless Discoveries|author=Molly Murray|date=January 6, 2015|publisher=Delaware Online|access-date=March 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143458/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2015/01/05/delawares-new-tourism-brand-endless-discoveries/21289179/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> اڳ ۾: ''پهرين هجڻ سٺو آهي'' | soil = [[گرينوچ (مٽي)|گرينوچ]] | image_route = Elongated circle 1.svg | image_quarter = 1999 DE Proof.png | quarter_release_date = 1999 }} '''ڊيلاويئر''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Delaware.ogg|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|ə|w|ɛər}}) آمريڪا جي [[آمريڪي رياست|رياست]] آهي، جيڪا [[وچ-ائٽلانٽڪ (آمريڪا)|وچ-ائٽلانٽڪ]] ۽ [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ رياستون|ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ]] علائقن ۾ واقع آهي.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/|title=Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|website=bls.gov|access-date=July 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092405/https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/|archive-date=April 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> هن جي ڏکڻ ۽ اولهه ۾ [[ميري لينڊ]]، اتر ۾ [[پنسلوانيا]]، اتر اوڀر ۾ [[نيو جرسي]] ۽ اوڀر ۾ [[ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] واقع آهن. رياست جو نالو ڀر واري [[ڊيلاويئر نار]] تان ورتل آهي، جنهن جو نالو وري انگريز امير [[ٿامس ويسٽ، ٽيون بيرن ڊي لا وار]]، جيڪو [[ورجينيا جي ڪالوني]] جو پهريون نوآبادياتي دور وارو گورنر هو، جي نالي تي رکيو ويو هو.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Delaware |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Delaware |url-status=live |dictionary=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=February 24, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012121643/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Delaware |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> ڊيلاويئر [[ڊيلماروا ٻيٽ نما]] جي اتر اوڀر واري حصي تي مشتمل آهي ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر درياهه]] جي اندر ڪجهه ٻيٽن ۽ علائقن تي به پکڙيل آهي. هي ايراضيءَ جي لحاظ کان آمريڪا جي [[آمريڪي رياستن ۽ علائقن جي ايراضيءَ موجب فهرست|ٻي ننڍي ترين]] ۽ آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان [[آمريڪي رياستن ۽ علائقن جي آباديءَ موجب فهرست|ڇهين گهٽ آبادي واري]] رياست آهي، پر ساڳئي وقت [[آمريڪي رياستن ۽ علائقن جي آباديءَ جي گهڻائي موجب فهرست|ڇهين سڀ کان وڌيڪ گهڻي آباديءَ واري]] رياست پڻ آهي. ڊيلاويئر جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] آهي، جڏهن ته رياست جي [[آمريڪا جي گاديءَ وارن شهرن جي فهرست|گاديءَ جو هنڌ]] [[ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور]] آهي، جيڪو ڊيلاويئر جو ٻيو نمبر وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر آهي. رياست ٽن ڪائونٽين ۾ ورهايل آهي، جيڪي آمريڪا جي 50 رياستن مان سڀ کان گهٽ تعداد آهن. اتر کان ڏکڻ طرف اهي ڪائونٽيون هي آهن: [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]]، [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي]] ۽ [[سسڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسڪس ڪائونٽي]]. ڏاکڻيون ٻئي ڪائونٽيون، ڪينٽ ۽ سسڪس، تاريخي طور زرعي معيشت تي ٻڌل رهيون آهن، جڏهن ته نيو ڪاسل وڌيڪ [[شهري علائقو|شهري]] آهي ۽ [[فلاڊيلفيا ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] جو حصو سمجھيو ويندو آهي. [[آمريڪي مردم شماري بيورو]] ڊيلاويئر کي [[آمريڪا جي ڏاکڻين رياستن]] جو حصو قرار ڏئي ٿو،<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092445/http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> پر رياست جي جاگرافي، ثقافت ۽ تاريخ [[وچ-ائٽلانٽڪ (آمريڪا)|وچ-ائٽلانٽڪ]]، [[اتر اوڀر آمريڪا]] ۽ ڏاکڻين علائقن جي گڏيل خصوصيتن تي مشتمل آهي.<ref name="Kent"/><ref name="Slowerlower"/><ref name="Atlanticdialect"/> 17هين صديءَ ۾ يورپين جي اچڻ کان اڳ، جڏهن ڊيلاويئر جي سامونڊي ڪناري جي ڳولا ۽ آبادڪاري شروع نه ٿي هئي، تڏهن هتي ڪيترائي [[آمريڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي آمريڪي]] قبيلا رهندا هئا، جن ۾ اتر ۾ [[ليناپي]] ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[نانٽيڪوڪ ماڻهو|نانٽيڪوڪ]] شامل هئا. رياست ۾ پهرين نوآبادڪاري 1631ع ۾ [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچ]] واپارين ڪئي، جن اڄوڪي [[ليوس، ڊيلاويئر]] جي ويجهو [[زوانينڊيل ڪالوني]] قائم ڪئي. ڊيلاويئر انهن [[تيرهن نوآبادين]] مان هڪ هئي، جن [[آمريڪي انقلاب]] دوران [[آمريڪي انقلابي جنگ دوران برطانيا]] خلاف جدوجهد ۾ حصو ورتو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ آمريڪا هڪ آزاد ملڪ بڻيو. 7 ڊسمبر 1787ع تي ڊيلاويئر سڀ کان پهرين [[آمريڪي آئين]] جي توثيق ڪئي، جنهن سبب هن کي ''"پهرين رياست"'' (The First State) جو لقب مليو.<ref>"The First to Ratify" would be more accurate, as the beginnings of the states themselves date back to the Declaration of Independence, celebrated July 4, 1776, when what was to become the State of Delaware was still the three lower counties of Pennsylvania with the governor in Philadelphia, and not establishing independence from that body until [[ڊيلاويئر جو 1776ع وارو آئين#پسمنظر|20 سيپٽمبر 1776ع]]. According to Delaware's own website, "Delaware became a state in 1776, just two months after the signing of the [[آمريڪي آزاديءَ جو اعلان|آزاديءَ جي اعلان]]". (ref-[https://delaware.gov/facts/DelawareFactsandSymbols.pdf pdf]) ڊيلاويئر [[تيرهن نوآبادين]] مان آخري نوآبادي هئي، جنهن انقلابي جنگ جي پڄاڻي کان پوءِ پاڻ کي مڪمل رياست طور منظم ڪيو. [[50 اسٽيٽ ڪوارٽرز#ڊزائن|ڊيلاويئر اسٽيٽ ڪوارٽر]] تي هي لقب پڻ لکيل آهي، جنهن ۾ [[سيزر راڊني#آمريڪي انقلاب|سيزر راڊني]] کي گهوڙي تي سوار ڏيکاريو ويو آهي، جيڪو 4 جولاءِ 1776ع تي [[ڪنٽينينٽل ڪانگريس]]، [[فلاڊيلفيا]] ۾ آزاديءَ بابت تاريخي ووٽ لاءِ آخري پهتل نمائندي جي حيثيت سان سندس ڪردار جي يادگار آهي. ڊيلاويئر [[ڪنفيڊريشن جي آرٽيڪلن#توثيق|ڪنفيڊريشن جي آرٽيڪلن]] جي توثيق ڪندڙ 13 رياستن مان ٻارهين رياست هئي، جيڪي [[آمريڪي آئين]] کان اڳ لاڳو هئا.</ref> ويهين صديءَ جي شروعات کان وٺي، ڊيلاويئر هڪ گهريلو [[ڪارپوريٽ پناهه گاهه]] طور مشهور ٿي ويو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ [[ڊيلاويئر جنرل ڪارپوريشن قانون|ان جا ڪارپوريٽ قانون]] ڪمپنين لاءِ انتهائي سازگار سمجهيا وڃن ٿا. [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] ۾ درج اڌ کان وڌيڪ ڪمپنيون ۽ [[فارچون 500|فارچون 500]] ۾ شامل ٽن پنجن حصن کان وڌيڪ ڪمپنيون قانوني طور ڊيلاويئر ۾ رجسٽرڊ ٿيل آهن. 2021ع ۾ آمريڪا ۾ پهريون ڀيرو عام شيئر جاري ڪندڙ (IPO) ڪمپنين مان 90 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ ڪمپنين پاڻ کي ڊيلاويئر ۾ رجسٽرڊ ڪرايو هو.<ref name=DelawareCorporateSafeHaven>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/13/why-more-than-60percent-of-fortune-500-companies-incorporated-in-delaware.html|title=Here's why more than 60% of Fortune 500 companies are incorporated in Delaware|author=Charlotte Morabito|publisher=[[سي اين بي سي]]|date=March 13, 2023|access-date= August 2, 2024|quote="When you want to go global and you've incorporated in Canada, no one is going to look at you at all," said Cleanster.com co-founder and CEO Gloria Oppong. "Delaware protects both ourselves, the entrepreneurs, and also the investors eventually that are going to be joining on."}}</ref> ==اشتقاقِ نالو== ڊيلاويئر جو نالو [[ڊيلاويئر نار]] تي پيو، جنهن جو نالو وري [[ٿامس ويسٽ، ٽيون بيرن ڊي لا وار]] (1577ع–1618ع)، جيڪو [[ورجينيا جي ڪالوني]] جو پهريون گورنر هو، جي نالي تان رکيو ويو هو. [[ڊيلاويئر ماڻهو]]، جيڪو [[ڊيلاويئر ماٿري]] جي مقامي [[ليناپي]] ماڻهن لاءِ يورپين پاران استعمال ڪيل نالو آهي، پڻ پنهنجو نالو انهيءَ ئي ماخذ مان حاصل ڪيو. ''ڊي لا وار'' (de La Warr) نالو [[سسڪس]] مان نڪتل آهي ۽ ان جو بنياد [[اينگلو-فرينچ]] آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ware DeGidio |first=Wanda |year=2011 |title=Ware Family History: Descendants from Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Kings and Queens, and Presidents of the United States |editor-first=Wanda |editor-last=Ware DeGidio |pages=10 |publisher=Wanda DeGidio |isbn=978-1-4010-9930-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ware DeGidio |first=Wanda |year=2011 |title=Ware Family History: Descendants from Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Kings and Queens, and Presidents of the United States |editor-first=Wanda |editor-last=Ware DeGidio |page=10 |publisher=Wanda DeGidio |isbn=978-1-4010-9930-5 }}</ref> امڪان آهي ته اهو [[نارمن ٻولي|نارمن]] علائقي جي هڪ مڪاني هنڌ جي نالي ''La Guerre'' مان نڪتل هجي. هي [[جاءِ-نالو]] شايد [[لاطيني ٻولي|لاطيني]] لفظ ''[[wikt:ager#Latin|ager]]''، [[بريٽن ٻولي|بريٽن]] لفظ ''[[wikt:gwern#Breton|gwern]]'' يا [[متاخر لاطيني]] لفظ {{Lang|la|varectum}} (يعني [[پٽيل زمين]]) مان نڪتل هجي. جڳهن جا نالا ''Gara''، ''Gare'' ۽ ''Gaire'' (جن ۾ آواز [[Open central unrounded vowel|[ä]]] اڪثر [[Near-open front unrounded vowel|[æ]]] ۾ تبديل ٿيندو هو) پڻ [[لوسيان موسي]] جي حوالن سان تاريخي متنن ۾ ملن ٿا، جتي ''ga(i)ra'' لفظ جي معنيٰ [[گور (رستو)|زمين جي ٽڪنڊي پٽي]] آهي. اهو نالو شايد [[قديم نارس]] لفظ ''[[wikt:verr#Old Norse|verr]]'' مان نڪتل هڪ [[اباڻو نالو]] (Patronymic) سان پڻ لاڳاپيل هجي. ==تاريخ== ===مقامي آمريڪي=== يورپي آبادڪارن جي ڊيلاويئر ۾ اچڻ کان اڳ، موجوده رياست جي علائقي ۾ اوڀرئين [[الگونڪوين ماڻهو|الگونڪوين]] قبيلن جا ماڻهو رهندا هئا، جيڪي [[انامي ليناپي]] يا ''ڊيلاويئر'' جي نالي سان سڃاتا ويندا هئا. اهي گهڻو ڪري سامونڊي ڪناري سان آباد هئا، جڏهن ته [[نانٽيڪوڪ ماڻهو|نانٽيڪوڪ]] قبيلي جا ماڻهو [[ڊيلماروا ٻيٽ نما]] جي ڏاکڻي حصي جي وڏي ايراضيءَ تي رهندا هئا. [[جان سمٿ]] پنهنجي نقشي ۾ ٻن [[آئروڪوئي ٻوليون|آئروڪوئي]] قبيلن، [[ڪسڪاراوڪ]] ۽ [[ٽاڪ ووگ]]، جو پڻ ذڪر ڪيو آهي، جيڪي نانٽيڪوڪ جي اتر ۾ رهندا هئا. ممڪن آهي ته [[چيساپيڪ نار]] پار لڏپلاڻ ڪرڻ کان اڳ انهن وٽ موجوده رياست جي اولهه واري حصي ۾ ڪجهه ننڍا علائقا هجن.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/maps/captain-smith-virginia-map.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320024903/http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/maps/captain-smith-virginia-map.jpg |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref> گهڻو امڪان آهي ته ڪسڪاراوڪ اصل ۾ [[ٽسڪارورا ماڻهو|ٽسڪارورا]] هئا.{{CN|date=March 2026}} [[ڊيلاويئر ماٿري]] جا انامي ليناپي، [[هڊسن درياهه]] جي ڪناري رهندڙ [[منسي ليناپي]] قبيلن جا ويجها مائٽ هئا. سندن سماج شڪار ۽ زراعت تي ٻڌل هڪ مستقل آباد معاشرو هو، ۽ اهي پنهنجي پراڻي دشمن [[منڪوا]] يا [[سسڪوهيناڪ]] سان ٿيندڙ تيزي سان وڌندڙ کلن جي واپار ۾ جلدي وچولي واپارين جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري ويا. 1670ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[ڊيلاويئر درياهه]] جي ڪناري واري زمين وڃائڻ ۽ [[پنجن قومن جي آئروڪوئي]] هٿان منڪوا جي تباهي کان پوءِ، ليناپي ماڻهن مان جيڪي پاڻ کي اڃا به ليناپي سڏائڻ چاهيندا هئا، تن جا باقي بچيل ماڻهو علائقو ڇڏي 18هين صديءَ جي وچ ڌاري [[اليگهيني جبل]] پار منتقل ٿي ويا.{{CN|date=March 2026}} ===نوآبادياتي ڊيلاويئر=== {{Main|نيو نيدرلينڊ|نيو سويڊن|ڊيلاويئر ڪالوني}} موجوده ڊيلاويئر جي وچئين علائقي ۾ سڀ کان پهرين يورپي آبادڪاري [[ڊچ ماڻهو|ڊچن]] ڪئي، جن 1631ع ۾ [[ليوس، ڊيلاويئر|ليوس]] جي ويجهو [[زوانينڊيل، ڊيلاويئر|زوانينڊيل]] ۾ هڪ واپاري چوڪي قائم ڪئي.<ref>{{cite book|author=Myers, Albert Cook|title=Narratives of Early Pennsylvania, West New Jersey and Delaware, 1630–1707, Volume 13|publisher=C. Scribner's Sons|year=1912|page=8}}</ref> هڪ سال اندر ئي علائقي ۾ رهندڙ [[آمريڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي آمريڪي]] قبيلن سان تڪرار دوران سڀئي آبادڪار مارجي ويا. 1638ع ۾ [[پيٽر مينيوٽ]]، سويڊنين، [[فني ماڻهو|فنين]] ۽ ڊچ ماڻهن جي هڪ ٽولي جي اڳواڻي ڪندي، [[فورٽ ڪرسٽينا]] (هاڻوڪي [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]]) ۾ [[نيو سويڊن]] نالي هڪ [[سويڊني ماڻهو|سويڊني]] واپاري چوڪي ۽ نوآبادي قائم ڪئي. نيو سويڊن جي نوآبادي 17 سال قائم رهي. 1651ع ۾ [[پيٽر اسٽائيويسنٽ]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ ٻيهر طاقتور بڻيل ڊچن موجوده [[نيو ڪاسل، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] ۾ هڪ قلعو تعمير ڪيو، ۽ 1655ع ۾ نيو سويڊن جي نوآبادي تي قبضو ڪري ان کي ڊچ نوآبادي [[نيو نيدرلينڊ]] ۾ ضم ڪري ڇڏيو.<ref name=hod>{{cite book|title=History of Delaware|first =John A |last = Munroe|edition = 5th, illustrated|publisher= University of Delaware Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-87413-947-1|page=45|chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vs7NcOKnlNUC&q=%22Lower+counties%22+%22on+the+delaware%22&pg=PA46 | chapter = 3. The Lower Counties on The Delaware}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |editor1-last = Scheltema |editor1-first = Gajus |editor2-last = Westerhuijs |editor2-first = Heleen |title = Exploring Historic Dutch New York |publisher = Museum of the City of New York/Dover |place = New York |year = 2011 |isbn = 978-0-486-48637-6}}</ref> رڳو نَوَ سال پوءِ، 1664ع ۾، [[انگلينڊ جو جيمس ٻيون|ڊيوڪ آف يارڪ جيمس]] جي هدايتن تي سر [[رابرٽ ڪار]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ انگريزي بحري ٻيڙيءَ ڊچن کي شڪست ڏئي علائقي تي قبضو ڪري ورتو. [[ميري لينڊ جي صوبي]] جي مالڪ [[سيسل ڪيلورٽ، ٻيون بارن بالٽيمور]] جي اڳوڻي دعويٰ کي رد ڪندي، ڊيوڪ 1682ع ۾ هن علائقي جي پنهنجي تڪراري ملڪيت [[وليم پين]] حوالي ڪري ڇڏي. پين پنهنجي [[پينسلوينيا جو صوبو|پينسلوينيا]] صوبي لاءِ سمنڊ تائين رسائي جو سخت خواهشمند هو، تنهن ڪري هن ڊيوڪ کان ان علائقي کي، جيڪو پوءِ ''ڊيلاويئر جا هيٺيان ڪائونٽيون'' سڏجڻ لڳو، ليز تي حاصل ڪيو.<ref name = hod /> 1682ع ۾ پين نمائنده حڪومت قائم ڪئي ۽ مختصر عرصي لاءِ پنهنجي ٻنهي علائقن کي هڪ ئي جنرل اسيمبليءَ هيٺ گڏ ڪيو. پر 1704ع تائين پينسلوينيا جو صوبو ايترو وڏو ٿي ويو جو ان جا نمائندا هيٺين ڪائونٽين جي رضامندي کان سواءِ فيصلا ڪرڻ چاهيندا هئا، تنهنڪري ٻنهي علائقن جا نمائندا الڳ الڳ اجلاس ڪرڻ لڳا؛ هڪ [[فلاڊيلفيا]] ۾ ۽ ٻيو [[نيو ڪاسل، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] ۾. پين ۽ سندس وارث ٻنهي علائقن جا ملڪيتدار رهيا ۽ هميشه هڪ ئي شخص کي پينسلوينيا صوبي ۽ هيٺين ڪائونٽين جي علائقي جو گورنر مقرر ڪندا رهيا. ڊيلاويئر ۽ پينسلوينيا جو هڪ ئي گورنر هجڻ ڪا منفرد ڳالهه نه هئي؛ 1703ع کان 1738ع تائين [[نيو يارڪ]] ۽ [[نيو جرسي]] پڻ هڪ ئي گورنر هيٺ هئا.<ref>{{Citation |last = Lurie |first = Mappen M |title = Encyclopedia of New Jersey |publisher = Rutgers University Press |year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8135-3325-4 |page = 327}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح [[ميساچوسٽس]] ۽ [[نيو هيمپشائر]] پڻ ڪجهه عرصي تائين هڪ ئي گورنر هيٺ رهيا.<ref>{{Citation |last = Mayo |first = LS |title = John Wentworth, Governor of New Hampshire: 1767–1775 |publisher = Harvard University Press |year = 1921 |page = 5}}</ref> شروعاتي دور ۾ معاهدي تحت ڪم ڪندڙ مزدورن (Indentured labor) تي ڀاڙيندڙ ڊيلاويئر ۾، جڏهن انگلينڊ جي معاشي حالتن ۾ سڌاري سبب انگريز لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙن جو تعداد گهٽجڻ لڳو، تڏهن وڌيڪ غلام آندا ويا. نتيجي طور نوآبادي آهستي آهستي غلامي تي ٻڌل سماج بڻجي وئي، ۽ تمباڪو کي واپاري نقد فصل طور پوکيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ انگريز آبادڪار ايندا رهيا. ===آمريڪي انقلاب=== {{Main|آمريڪي انقلابي جنگ|لي قرارداد|آمريڪا جي آزاديءَ جو اعلان|فلاڊيلفيا مهم|وفاقي معاهدي جا آرٽيڪل}} [[File:Recto Delaware 2 shillings 6 pence 1777 urn-3 HBS.Baker.AC 1085935.jpeg|alt=1777ع ۾ ڊيلاويئر طرفان جاري ڪيل ٻه شلنگ ۽ ڇهه پينس جو نوٽ|thumb|1777ع ۾ ڊيلاويئر طرفان جاري ڪيل ٻه شلنگ ۽ ڇهه پينس جو بئنڪ نوٽ]] ٻين وچين نوآبادين وانگر، ڊيلاويئر جون هيٺيون ڪائونٽيون به شروعات ۾ [[برطانيا جي بادشاھت|برطانيا]] کان ڌار ٿيڻ لاءِ گهڻو پرجوش نه هيون. هتان جي ماڻهن جا ملڪيتدار حڪومت (Proprietary Government) سان سٺا لاڳاپا هئا، ۽ کين ٻين نوآبادين جي ڀيٽ ۾ پنهنجي نوآبادياتي اسيمبليءَ ۾ وڌيڪ خودمختياري حاصل هئي. [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] جي بندرگاهه جا واپاري به برطانيا سان مضبوط واپاري لاڳاپا رکندا هئا. [[نيو ڪاسل، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] جي وڪيل [[ٿامس ميڪين]] [[1765ع جو اسٽيمپ ايڪٽ]] جي سخت لفظن ۾ مذمت ڪئي، جڏهن ته [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي]] سان تعلق رکندڙ [[جان ڊڪنسن (نمائندو)|جان ڊڪنسن]] کي ''انقلاب جو قلمڪار'' سڏيو ويو. آزاديءَ جي اعلان کان اڳ، [[آمريڪي محب وطن (انقلاب)|محب وطن]] اڳواڻن [[ٿامس ميڪين]] ۽ [[سيزر راڊني]] نوآبادياتي اسيمبليءَ کي قائل ڪيو ته اها 15 جون 1776ع تي پاڻ کي برطانيا ۽ پينسلوينيا جي حڪمراني کان الڳ قرار ڏئي. ڊيلاويئر جي اڪثريت جي نمائندگي ڪندڙ [[جارج ريڊ (اعلانِ آزاديءَ تي صحيح ڪندڙ)|جارج ريڊ]] آزاديءَ جي اعلان جي حق ۾ ووٽ ڏيڻ لاءِ تيار نه هو. آخرڪار [[سيزر راڊني]] جي رات ڀر جي ڊگهي گهوڙي سواريءَ سبب وفد کي گهربل ووٽ مليا ۽ ڊيلاويئر آزاديءَ جي حق ۾ پنهنجو ووٽ ڏنو. شروعات ۾ [[جان هيزلٽ]] جي اڳواڻيءَ هيٺ، ڊيلاويئر [[ڪنٽينينٽل آرمي]] کي پنهنجي بهترين فوجي دستن مان هڪ فراهم ڪيو، جيڪو ''ڊيلاويئر بلوز'' جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو ۽ جنهن کي ''[[ڊيلاويئر بلو هين|بلو هين جا ٻچا]]'' به سڏيو ويندو هو. آگسٽ 1777ع ۾ [[وليم هاو، پنجون وائسڪائونٽ هاو|جنرل سر وليم هاو]] برطانوي فوج کي ڊيلاويئر مان گذاري [[برانڊي وائن جي جنگ]] ۾ ڪاميابي حاصل ڪئي ۽ پوءِ [[فلاڊيلفيا]] تي قبضو ڪيو. ڊيلاويئر جي سرزمين تي واحد اهم فوجي مقابلو [[ڪوچز برج جي جنگ]] هو، جيڪو 3 سيپٽمبر 1777ع تي [[ڪوچز برج]]، [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] ۾ وڙهيو ويو، جيتوڻيڪ 1778ع ۾ [[ڪلو بغاوت]] جي صورت ۾ وفادارن جي هڪ ننڍڙي بغاوت پڻ ٿي. برانڊي وائن جي جنگ کان پوءِ ولمنگٽن تي برطانوي فوج قبضو ڪري ورتو، ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر جي گورنرن جي فهرست|رياستي صدر]] [[جان ميڪنلي]] کي قيدي بڻايو ويو. جنگ جي باقي عرصي دوران برطانوي فوج گهڻي ڀاڱي [[ڊيلاويئر درياهه]] تي ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو، جنهن سبب واپار متاثر ٿيو ۽ خاص طور [[سسڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسڪس ڪائونٽي]] ۾ آباديءَ جي وفادار (Loyalist) حصي کي همٿ ملي. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برطانيا باغين جي غلامن کي پنهنجي فوج لاءِ وڙهڻ جي بدلي آزاديءَ جو واعدو ڪيو هو، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ڀڳل غلام اتر طرف وڃي برطانوي فوج سان شامل ٿيا.<ref>{{Citation | first = Simon | last = Schama | author-link = Simon Schama | title = Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution | place = New York | publisher = Harper Collins | year = 2006| title-link = Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves, and the American Revolution }}</ref> [[آمريڪي انقلاب]] کان پوءِ، ڊيلاويئر جا ڪيترائي سياستدان هڪ مضبوط مرڪزي آمريڪي حڪومت جا اهم حامي بڻيا، جنهن ۾ هر رياست کي برابر نمائندگي حاصل هجي. ===غلامي ۽ نسل=== {{Main|ڊيلاويئر ۾ غلامي جي تاريخ}} {{Main|آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ڊيلاويئر}} ڪيترائي نوآبادياتي آبادڪار [[ميري لينڊ]] ۽ [[ورجينيا]] مان ڊيلاويئر آيا، جتي آبادي تيزيءَ سان وڌي رهي هئي. انهن نوآبادين جون معيشتون بنيادي طور محنت طلب تمباڪو جي پوک تي ٻڌل هيون ۽ انگلينڊ مان پورهيت طبقي جي لڏپلاڻ گهٽجڻ سبب آفريقي [[آمريڪا ۾ غلامي|غلامن]] تي وڌندڙ حد تائين ڀاڙڻ لڳيون. گهڻا انگريز آبادڪار [[معاهدي تحت نوڪري]] (Indentured Servitude) جي بنياد تي آيا هئا، يعني هو پنهنجي سفر جا خرچ پورا ڪرڻ لاءِ هڪ مقرر مدي تائين ڪم ڪرڻ جا پابند هوندا هئا. شروعاتي دور ۾ نوڪر ۽ غلام جي حيثيت ۾ واضح فرق موجود نه هو.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} آمريڪي انقلاب کان اڳ ڊيلاويئر ۾ گهڻا آزاد آفريقي نژاد آمريڪي خاندان [[ميري لينڊ]] مان وڌيڪ سستي زمين حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ لڏي آيا هئا. اهي گهڻو ڪري سفيد فام نوڪر عورتن ۽ غلام، نوڪر يا آزاد آفريقي يا آفريقي نژاد آمريڪي مردن جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپن يا شادين مان پيدا ٿيل نسل جا هئا.<ref>{{citation |last=Heinegg |first=Paul |title=Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware |url=http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/ |url-status=dead |access-date=February 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807191511/http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/ |archive-date=August 7, 2010}}</ref> غلاميءَ جي قانون موجب ٻارن جي سماجي حيثيت سندن ماءُ جي حيثيت مطابق طئي ٿيندي هئي؛ تنهنڪري سفيد فام عورتن مان پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻار، پيءُ جي سڃاڻپ کان سواءِ، آزاد هوندا هئا، جڏهن ته غلام عورتن مان پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻار غلام ڄمندا هئا. جيئن انگلينڊ جي معاشي حالتن ۾ بهتري سبب معاهدي تحت ايندڙ مزدورن جو وهڪرو گهٽجندو ويو، تيئن وڌيڪ غلام آندا ويا ۽ سماجي طبقاتي فرق وڌيڪ سخت ٿيندو ويو. نوآبادياتي دور جي پڇاڙيءَ تائين ڊيلاويئر ۾ غلامن جو تعداد گهٽجڻ لڳو. زراعت ۾ تمباڪو بدران گڏيل فصلن واري پوک اختيار ڪرڻ سبب غلامن جي محنت جي ضرورت گهٽجي وئي. ان کان سواءِ مقامي [[ميٿوڊسٽ]] ۽ [[ڪوئڪر]] مذهبي گروهن آمريڪي انقلاب کان پوءِ غلام مالڪن کي پنهنجا غلام آزاد ڪرڻ جي ترغيب ڏني، ۽ ڪيترن ئي ماڻهن اخلاقي سببن جي بنياد تي ائين ڪيو. 1810ع تائين ڊيلاويئر ۾ رهندڙ ٽن چوٿين کان وڌيڪ ڪارا ماڻهو آزاد ٿي چڪا هئا. جڏهن [[جان ڊڪنسن]] 1777ع ۾ پنهنجا غلام آزاد ڪيا، تڏهن هو 37 غلامن سان گڏ ڊيلاويئر جو سڀ کان وڏو غلام مالڪ هو. 1840ع ۾ ڊيلاويئر جي آبادي 78,085 هئي، جنهن مان 2,605 غلام هئا.<ref>{{cite book |title=The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge |date=1840 |publisher=Charles Knight |location=London |page=293 |edition=First}}</ref> 1860ع تائين سڀ کان وڏي غلام مالڪ وٽ 16 غلام هئا.{{sfn|Kolchin|1994|pp=78, 81–82}} جيتوڻيڪ 1847ع ۾ غلامي ختم ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش قانونساز اداري ۾ ٿوري فرق سان ناڪام ٿي وئي، پر وقت سان گڏ ڊيلاويئر جي ڪاري آباديءَ ۾ غلامن جو تناسب گهٽجندو ويو. [[1860ع جي آمريڪي مردم شماري]]، جيڪا [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] کان بلڪل اڳ ٿي، ان موجب ڪاري آباديءَ جو 91.7 سيڪڙو حصو آزاد هو.{{sfn|Kolchin|1994|pp=81–82}} ان وقت 1,798 غلام هئا، جڏهن ته "آزاد رنگدار ماڻهن" جو تعداد 19,829 هو.<ref>{{citation |title=Historical Census Browser |url=http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/start.php?year=V1860 |contribution=1860 Federal Census |publisher=University of Virginia Library |access-date=November 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011024040/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/php/start.php?year=V1860 |archive-date=October 11, 2014 }}</ref> 1813ع ۾ آزاد ٿيل غلام [[پيٽر اسپينسر (مذهبي اڳواڻ)|پيٽر اسپينسر]] هڪ آزاد ڪاري مذهبي جماعت قائم ڪئي، جنهن کي ''[[اسپينسر چرچز|آفريقين جي يونين چرچ]]'' سڏيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udel.edu/BlackHistory/antebellum.html|first=Peter T.|last=Dalleo|title=The Growth of Delaware's Antebellum Free African Community|publisher=University of Delaware|date=June 27, 1997|access-date=June 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050734/http://www.udel.edu/BlackHistory/antebellum.html|archive-date=September 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> اهو قدم 1793ع ۾ [[فلاڊيلفيا]] ۾ [[رچرڊ ايلن (بشپ)|رچرڊ ايلن]] طرفان قائم ڪيل [[آفريقي ميٿوڊسٽ ايپسڪوپل چرچ]] کان پوءِ کنيو ويو، جيڪو 1816ع تائين ميٿوڊسٽ ايپسڪوپل چرچ سان لاڳاپيل رهيو. اسپينسر نئين جماعت لاءِ [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] ۾ هڪ گرجا گهر تعمير ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udel.edu/BlackHistory/antebellum.html|first=Peter T.|last=Dalleo|title=The Growth of Delaware's Antebellum Free African Community|publisher=University of Delaware|date=June 27, 1997|access-date=June 21, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905050734/http://www.udel.edu/BlackHistory/antebellum.html|archive-date=September 5, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> بعد ۾ ان جو نالو [[آفريقي يونين فرسٽ ڪلرڊ ميٿوڊسٽ پروٽيسٽنٽ چرچ اينڊ ڪنيڪشن]] رکيو ويو، جيڪو عام طور [[اي يو ايم پي چرچ]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو. 1814ع ۾ اسپينسر پهرين سالياني مذهبي اجتماع جي سڏ ڏني، جيڪو [[بگ آگسٽ ڪوارٽرلي]] جي نالي سان مشهور ٿيو ۽ اڄ تائين هن مذهبي جماعت جي ميمبرن ۽ سندن نسلن کي مذهبي ۽ ثقافتي ميلي ۾ گڏ ڪندو اچي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web|title=August Quarterly Festival Celebration|url=http://www.augustquarterly.org/|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=www.augustquarterly.org}}</ref> 1860ع جي آخر ۽ 1861ع جي شروعات ۾ علحدگيءَ جي بحران دوران، ڏاکڻين رياستن پنهنجا نمائندا موڪليا ته جيئن ڊيلاويئر جي قانونساز اداري کي قائل ڪري سگهن ته اها ٻين غلام رياستن سان گڏجي وفاق کان الڳ ٿي وڃي.<ref name="Powell">{{cite book|last = Powell|first = Walter A.|title = A History of Delaware|publisher = Christopher Publishing House|page = 250-252|year = 1928|location = Boston|url =https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Delaware/mgpHqKWgdfsC}}</ref> پر رياست جي قانونسازن ڊيلاويئر جي جاگرافيائي ڪمزوري ۽ اتر سان معاشي لاڳاپن کي نظر ۾ رکندي علحدگيءَ جي مخالفت ڪئي، ۽ 3 جنوري 1861ع تي هڪ قرارداد منظور ڪري علحدگيءَ جي مذمت ڪئي.<ref name="Powell" /> جيتوڻيڪ گهڻا ڊيلاويئر واسي [[وفاقي فوج]] ۾ شامل ٿي گهرو ويڙهه وڙهيا، پر ڪجهه ماڻهو [[ميري لينڊ جي گهرو ويڙهه دوران ڪنفيڊريٽ فوجي دستا]] ۽ [[ورجينيا جي گهرو ويڙهه دوران فوجي دستا]] ۾ ڪنفيڊريٽ پاسي کان به شامل ٿيا. ڊيلاويئر اها واحد غلام رياست هئي، جتان ڪنفيڊريٽ فوج يا مليشيا جا الڳ فوجي دستا منظم نه ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{cite book |title= The Civil War State by State |last= Hearn |first= Chester G. |publisher= BlueRed Press |location= Totnes, Devon |year= 2011 |page=69 |isbn=978-1-908247-04-9}}</ref> جنگ دوران ڊيلاويئر جي حڪومت تي غلاميءَ جي حامي [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ڊيموڪريٽن]] جو غلبو رهيو، ۽ فيبروري 1865ع ۾ قانونساز اداري [[آمريڪا جي آئين ۾ تيرهين ترميم]] کي رد ڪري ڇڏيو، جنهن ذريعي غلامي ختم ڪئي وئي هئي. اهڙيءَ طرح [[آمريڪا جي آئين ۾ چوڏهين ترميم]]، جنهن ڪارن کي شهريت ڏني، ۽ [[آمريڪا جي آئين ۾ پندرهين ترميم]]، جنهن کين ووٽ ڏيڻ جو حق ڏنو، انهن کي به رد ڪيو ويو، پر رياستن جي اڪثريت جي منظوري ملڻ بعد اهي سڄي ملڪ ۾ لاڳو ٿي ويون. ان کان پوءِ رياست 1870ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[جم ڪرو قانون]] لاڳو ڪيا، جن 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين نسلي امتياز کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref name="UD">{{cite web|url=https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html|title=BLACK AMERICANS IN DELAWARE: AN OVERVIEW|publisher=University of Delaware|access-date=17 June 2026}}</ref> ڊيلاويئر آخرڪار 12 فيبروري 1901ع تي تيرهين، چوڏهين ۽ پندرهين آئيني ترميمن جي باضابطه توثيق ڪئي، جڏهن ته اهي ان کان گهڻو اڳ ئي نافذ ٿي چڪيون هيون.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Detail - Delaware General Assembly |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/BillDetail/48275#:~:text=Since%20the%2014th%20Amendment%20to,,%20color,%20or%20national%20origin. |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=legis.delaware.gov}}</ref> ===بحاليءَ وارو دور ۽ صنعتڪاري=== [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] کان پوءِ شروع ٿيندڙ [[آمريڪا ۾ بحاليءَ وارو دور]] دوران، ڏکڻ جي [[بوربون ڊيموڪريٽس]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ [[ريڊيمر]] ڊيموڪريٽ حڪومتون علائقي تي حاوي رهيون ۽ اڳوڻين غلام رياستن ۾ کلي عام [[سفيد فام بالادستي]] تي ٻڌل حڪومتون قائم ڪيون. 1866ع ۾ ڊيلاويئر جي قانونساز اداري ڪارن ماڻهن کي ٻئي درجي جا شهري قرار ڏنو ۽ [[آمريڪا جي آئين ۾ پندرهين ترميم]] باوجود سندن ووٽ جي حق تي پابنديون لڳايون، جنهن سبب سڄي اوڻيهين صديءَ جي وڏي حصي دوران رياست ۾ ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي جي سياسي بالادستي برقرار رهي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |first1=John |title=History of Delaware |date=2001 |publisher=University of Delaware Press |location=Newark, DE |pages=146–150 |edition=4th}}</ref> جڏهن آمريڪي ڪانگريس طرفان منظور ڪيل [[1875ع جو شهري حقن وارو ايڪٽ]] نسلي برابري قائم ڪرڻ جو امڪان پيدا ڪيو، تڏهن ڊيلاويئر جي قانونسازن [[جم ڪرو قانون]] منظور ڪيا، جن عوامي جڳهن ۾ [[نسلي عليحدگي]] لازمي قرار ڏني. رياست جو تعليمي نظام به قانون موجب نسلي بنيادن تي ورهايل هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown v. Board of Education |url=https://archives.delaware.gov/delaware-historical-markers/brown-v-board-education/ |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=Delaware Public Archives - State of Delaware |language=en-US}}</ref> ڊيلاويئر جي رياستي آئين ۾ به نسلي عليحدگي شامل ڪئي وئي. جيتوڻيڪ آرٽيڪل 10، سيڪشن 2 ۾ لکيل هو ته "نسل يا رنگ جي بنياد تي ڪو فرق نه ڪيو ويندو"، پر ساڳئي وقت اهو پڻ لازمي قرار ڏنو ويو ته "سفيد ۽ رنگدار ٻارن لاءِ الڳ اسڪول قائم ڪيا ويندا".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter - Delaware General Assembly |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/SessionLaws/Chapter?id=21337 |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=legis.delaware.gov}}</ref> اوڻيهين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ کان [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] جو علائقو هڪ اهم صنعتي مرڪز بڻجڻ لڳو. شهر ۾ صنعتن تي سيڙپڪاري 1860ع ۾ 5.5 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر مان وڌي 1900ع تائين 44 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر ٿي وئي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |page=156}}</ref> رياست جي سڀ کان نمايان صنعت [[ڊو پونٽ]] ڪيميائي ڪمپني هئي، جنهن کي اڄ تائين ڪيترن ئي حوالن سان ڊيلاويئر جي ترقيءَ ۾ بنيادي ڪردار ادا ڪندڙ ڪمپني سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Dupont Legacy |url=https://delawarebusinesstimes.com/supplements/innovation/the-dupont-legacy/ |access-date=October 14, 2022 |website=Delaware Business Times |language=en-US}}</ref> ولمنگٽن جي وڌندڙ اهميت سبب شهر ۽ [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] جي مقامي سياستدانن رياستي حڪومت تي زور ڀريو ته نئون آئين منظور ڪيو وڃي، جيئن اتر واري علائقي کي وڌيڪ نمائندگي ملي. پر 1897ع جو آئين اتر کي آباديءَ جي تناسب مطابق نمائندگي نه ڏئي سگهيو ۽ ڏاکڻين ڪائونٽين کي غير متناسب سياسي اثر رسوخ حاصل رهيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |title=History of Delaware |date=2001 |pages=165–169}}</ref> صنعتن جي واڌ سان گڏ وڏيون ڪمپنيون رياستي معاملن ۾ اهم ڌر بڻجي ويون ۽ [[ڊو پونٽ]] خاندان جهڙن بااثر خاندانن وسيلي سياستدانن کي مالي سهڪار ڏيڻ لڳيون. ريپبلڪن اڳواڻ [[جي ايڊورڊ ايڊڪس]] [[آمريڪا جي سينيٽ]] جي سيٽ حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڊو پونٽ خاندان سان مقابلي ۾ ڪيترائي ڀيرا ڪوشش ڪئي، تان جو آخرڪار [[آمريڪا جي آئين ۾ سترهين ترميم]] منظور ڪئي وئي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=173–180}}</ref> صنعتن جي ريپبلڪن پارٽي سان ويجهڙائيءَ سبب ويهين صديءَ جي وڏي حصي دوران رياست جي گورنري تي ريپبلڪن پارٽي جو ڪنٽرول رهيو. ريپبلڪن پارٽي ڪارن ماڻهن جي ووٽ جي حق کي يقيني بڻايو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جي گهڻي حمايت ريپبلڪن پارٽيءَ سان هئي، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح ڪارن جي ووٽ جي حق تي اڳ لڳايل پابنديون ختم ڪيون ويون.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |title=History of Delaware |date=2001 |pages=180–181}}</ref> [[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ڊيلاويئر کي پنهنجي وڏي بارود ساز صنعت سبب تمام گهڻو فائدو ٿيو. [[ڊو پونٽ]]، جيڪا ان وقت رياست جي سڀ کان وڏي ڪمپني هئي، جنگ دوران اتحادي ملڪن طرفان استعمال ٿيندڙ تقريباً 40 سيڪڙو بارود تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=185–189}}</ref> جنگ کان پوءِ هن ڪمپني رياست ۾ نائلون جي پيداوار شروع ڪئي ۽ [[جنرل موٽرز]] ۾ سيڙپڪاري ڪرڻ لڳي. ان کان سواءِ 1910ع ۽ 1920ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران ڪمپني رياست جي سرڪاري اسڪولن ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر يونيورسٽي]] جهڙن اعليٰ تعليمي ادارن جي توسيع ۾ وڏي پيماني تي سيڙپڪاري ڪئي. ان ۾ ڪارن ماڻهن ۽ عورتن لاءِ پرائمري ۽ سيڪنڊري اسڪول به شامل هئا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=190–205}}</ref> [[وڏي معاشي بحران]] دوران ڊيلاويئر کي ٻين ڪيترين رياستن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ نقصان پهتو، پر ان بحران سبب رياست جي ڏاکڻن ٻهراڙي وارن علائقن مان شهري مرڪزن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ ۾ وڌيڪ تيزي اچي وئي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=216–217}}</ref> ===ٻي عالمي جنگ کان اڄ تائين=== جيئن [[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ٿيو هو، تيئن [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران به رياست جي بارود سازي ۽ ٻيڙيون ٺاهڻ واري صنعتن کي وڏي هٿي ملي. جنگ جي دوران ۽ ان کان پوءِ [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] واري علائقي ۾ پيدا ٿيندڙ نون روزگار جي موقعن سبب ڏاکڻين ڪائونٽين جا ڪيترائي ڪارا رهواسي شهر ڏانهن لڏي آيا. نتيجي طور شهر جي آباديءَ ۾ ڪارن ماڻهن جو تناسب 1950ع ۾ 15 سيڪڙو مان وڌي 1980ع تائين 50 سيڪڙو کان به مٿي ٿي ويو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=219–223}}</ref> اتر ڏانهن ڪارن ماڻهن جي وڏي پيماني تي لڏپلاڻ سبب [[سفيد ماڻهن جي لڏپلاڻ]] (''White flight'') جو رجحان پيدا ٿيو، جنهن ۾ وچولي طبقي جا ڪيترائي سفيد فام شهري علائقن مان نڪري مضافاتي علائقن ڏانهن منتقل ٿي ويا. ان جي نتيجي ۾ اتر ڊيلاويئر جي سماج ۾ عملي طور (''de facto'') نسلي عليحدگي پيدا ٿي وئي. 1940ع ۽ 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران ڊيلاويئر پنهنجي اسڪولن کي گڏيل ڪرڻ جون ڪوششون ڪيون، پر رياست جو آخري نسلي طور الڳ اسڪول 1970ع تائين بند نه ٿيو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://segregationinamerica.eji.org/report/beyond-brown.html | title=Beyond Brown: Opposition Intensifies}}</ref> [[ڊيلاويئر يونيورسٽي]] 1948ع ۾ پنهنجي پهرئين ڪاري شاگرد کي داخلا ڏني، جڏهن ته مقامي عدالتن اهو فيصلو ڏنو ته پرائمري اسڪولن کي نسلي بنيادن تي الڳ نه رکيو وڃي. ڊيلاويئر جون اهي ڪوششون جزوي طور [[براون بمقابله بورڊ آف ايجوڪيشن]] واري آمريڪي سپريم ڪورٽ جي فيصلي لاءِ به محرڪ بڻيون، جنهن ۾ آمريڪا جي [[سرڪاري اسڪول]]ن ۾ نسلي عليحدگي کي آئين جي خلاف قرار ڏنو ويو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=225–227}}</ref> ان فيصلي کان پوءِ ڊيلاويئر آخرڪار مڪمل طور تي گڏيل تعليمي نظام قائم ڪرڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو، جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ گهڻو وقت ۽ وڏي جدوجهد ڪرڻي پئي. آڪٽوبر 1954ع ۾ [[ملفورڊ، ڊيلاويئر|ملفورڊ]] شهر ملڪ جي انهن پهرين هنڌن مان هڪ بڻيو، جتي نسلي عليحدگي جي حامين طرفان وڏي پيماني تي [[بائيڪاٽ]] ڪيو ويو، جڏهن اڳ مڪمل طور سفيد فامن واري [[ملفورڊ هاءِ اسڪول]] ۾ يارهن ڪارن شاگردن کي داخلا ڏني وئي.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 16, 1954|title=White Supremacy Leader Arrested|work=Indianapolis Recorder|url=https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=d&d=INR19541016-01.1.1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite magazine|date=October 11, 1954|title=Education: Racial Flare-Up|magazine=[[ٽائيم (رسالو)|ٽائيم]]|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936456,00.html|access-date=January 31, 2023|archive-date=January 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128201953/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936456,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Webb|first=Clive|title=Rabble Rousers: the American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2010|location=Athens}}</ref> ملفورڊ ۾ وڏي پيماني تي احتجاج جاري رهيو، ۽ آخرڪار اسڪول بورڊ احتجاج ڪندڙن جي دٻاءُ آڏو جهڪي ويو ۽ ڪارن شاگردن کي اسڪول مان خارج ڪري ڇڏيو. ان کان پوءِ پيدا ٿيل ڇڪتاڻ، جنهن ۾ [[صليب کي باهه ڏيڻ]]، جلسا ۽ نسلي عليحدگي جي حمايت ۾ مظاهرا شامل هئا، سبب ڏاکڻي ڊيلاويئر جي گهڻن علائقن ۾ [[آمريڪا ۾ نسلي عليحدگي جو خاتمو]] وارو عمل وڌيڪ ڏهه سال دير سان شروع ٿيو. [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسڪس ڪائونٽي]] ۾ ته [[براون بمقابله بورڊ آف ايجوڪيشن]] واري فيصلي کان يارهن سال پوءِ، يعني 1965ع ۾، نسلي طور الڳ اسڪول بند يا گڏيل ڪرڻ جو عمل شروع ٿيو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.delmarvanow.com/story/news/local/delaware/2015/02/05/historic-black-school-remains-fond-memory/22914463/ | title=Historic black school remains a fond memory}}</ref> سڄي رياست ۾ اسڪولن جي گڏيل ٿيڻ واري عمل سان سفيد ماڻهن جي مضافاتي علائقن ڏانهن لڏپلاڻ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي وئي، جڏهن ته ڪاري آباديءَ جي خراب معاشي حالتن سبب 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران ڪجهه پرتشدد واقعا پڻ پيش آيا. 1967ع ۾ [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] ۾ فساد ٿيا، ۽ پوءِ [[مارٽن لوٿر ڪنگ جونيئر]] جي قتل کان پوءِ [[1968ع جو ولمنگٽن فساد]] برپا ٿيو، جنهن کان پوءِ وڌيڪ تشدد روڪڻ لاءِ [[نيشنل گارڊ]] نَوَ مهينن تائين شهر تي ڪنٽرول برقرار رکيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=228–230}}</ref> [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان پوءِ ڊيلاويئر مجموعي طور اقتصادي خوشحالي ماڻي، ۽ [[فلاڊيلفيا]]، [[نيو يارڪ شهر]] ۽ [[واشنگٽن، ڊي سي]] جهڙن وڏن شهرن جي وچ ۾ واقع هجڻ سبب في فرد آمدني نسبتاً بلند رهي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |page=230}}</ref> رياست جي آبادي تيزيءَ سان وڌي، خاص طور اتر وارن مضافاتي علائقن ۾، جتي [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] آهستي آهستي [[فلاڊيلفيا ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] جو حصو بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=242}}</ref> [[پورٽو ريڪو]] مان لڏي ايندڙ آمريڪي شهرين ۽ [[لاطيني آمريڪا]] مان ايندڙ مهاجرن سميت ڪيترائي ماڻهو ڊيلاويئر ۾ اچي آباد ٿيا. 1990ع تائين رياست جي ڪل آباديءَ مان رڳو 50 سيڪڙو ماڻهو اهڙا هئا، جيڪي اصل ۾ ڊيلاويئر جا رهواسي هئا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munroe |date=2001 |title=History of Delaware |pages=259}}</ref> ==جاگرافي== {{Main|ٻارهن ميلن وارو دائرو|ويج (سرحد)|ميسن-ڊڪسن لائين|ٽرانس پيننسولر لائين}} {{See also|#Counties|l1="هيٺ ڪائونٽيون"}} [[File:Twelve-mile-circle.gif|thumb|[[ٻارهن ميلن وارو دائرو]]]] [[File:National-atlas-delaware.png|thumb|ڊيلاويئر جو نقشو]] [[File:Woodbrook test.jpg|thumb|[[ووڊبروڪ، ڊيلاويئر]] ۾ سج لهڻ جو منظر]] [[File:Blackbird pond.jpg|thumb|[[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] ۾ [[بليڪ برڊ رياستي ٻيلو]] جي ميڊوز واري حصي ۾ بليڪ برڊ ڍنڍ]] [[File:MiddleRunArea Field LenapeTrail.jpg|thumb|[[مڊل رن وئلي قدرتي علائقو]] ۾ لينپي پيچري سان گڏ فاڪس ڊين روڊ جي اتر طرف هڪ ميدان]] ڊيلاويئر جي ڊيگهه {{convert|96|mi|km}} آهي، جڏهن ته ان جي ويڪر {{convert|9|to|35|mi|km}} جي وچ ۾ آهي. ان جي خشڪيءَ جي ايراضي {{convert|1982|sqmi|km2}} آهي<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delaware|first=The State of|title=State of Delaware|url=https://de.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818174548/https://de.gov/topics/facts/geo.shtml|archive-date=August 18, 2021|access-date=August 18, 2021|website=delaware.gov|language=en}}</ref>، جڏهن ته ڪل ايراضي {{convert|2489|sqmi|km2}} آهي.<ref name="ReferenceA">britannica.com/facts/Delaware-state</ref> ان لحاظ کان اهو [[آمريڪا جون رياستون ۽ علائقا ايراضيءَ موجب|آمريڪا جو ٻيون ننڍي ۾ ننڍو رياست]] آهي، جنهن کان فقط [[روڊ آئيلينڊ]] ننڍو آهي. ڊيلاويئر جي اتر ۾ [[پنسلوانيا]]، اوڀر ۾ [[ڊيلاويئر درياهه]]، [[ڊيلاويئر نار]]، [[نيو جرسي]] ۽ [[ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]، جڏهن ته اولهه ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ [[ميري لينڊ]] واقع آهي. ڊيلاويئر جا ڪجهه ننڍڙا علائقا ڊيلاويئر درياهه جي اوڀرئين ڪناري تي پڻ واقع آهن، جيڪي [[نيو جرسي]] سان زميني سرحد رکن ٿا. ڊيلاويئر، [[ميري لينڊ]] جي اوڀرئين ڪناري وارين ڪائونٽين ۽ [[ورجينيا]] جي ٻن اوڀرئين ڪائونٽين سان گڏجي [[ڊيلماروا اپٻيٽ]] ٺاهي ٿو، جيڪو وچ ائٽلانٽڪ سامونڊي ڪناري سان ڏکڻ طرف پکڙيل آهي. رياست جي اترئين سرحد جي تعين جو طريقو غيرمعمولي آهي. ڊيلاويئر ۽ [[پنسلوانيا]] جي وچ واري سرحد جو وڏو حصو اصل ۾ [[نيو ڪاسل، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] شهر جي عدالت جي عمارت جي [[گنبذ]] کان {{convert|12|mi|km|sigfig=3}} ريڊيس واري هڪ دائري جي قوس ذريعي مقرر ڪيو ويو هو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of how Delaware got its shape |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/life/2018/07/05/delaware-defined-story-how-first-state-got-its-shape/744188002/ |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> هن سرحد کي عام طور [[ٻارهن ميلن وارو دائرو]] چيو ويندو آهي.{{efn|سرويءَ جي غلطين سبب اصل سرحد هڪ ئي قوس نه پر مختلف مرڪزن وارن ڪيترن ئي ڳنڍيل قوسن تي مشتمل آهي.}} اڪثر اهو دعويٰ ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ٻارهن ميلن وارو دائرو آمريڪا جي واحد حقيقي [[قوس (جيوميٽري)|قوسي]] زميني سرحد آهي، پر [[ٽيڪساس]] سان [[ميڪسيڪو]] جي سرحد ۾ پڻ ڪيترائي قوسي حصا شامل آهن،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf |title=Treaty to resolve pending boundary differences and maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the international boundary |access-date=February 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410052222/http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ ڏاکڻين آمريڪا جي ڪيترن ئي شهرن (جهڙوڪ [[پلينز، جارجيا]]) جون حدون پڻ دائري نما آهن.<ref>Frank Jacobs, [http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/655-enigma-georgia-mystery-of-the-souths-circular-towns "Enigma, Georgia: Mystery of the South's Circular Towns"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230226/http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/655-enigma-georgia-mystery-of-the-souths-circular-towns |date=May 23, 2014}}, Strange Maps, April 30, 2014.</ref> هيءَ سرحد اوڀر طرف وڌندي [[نيو جرسي]] جي سامونڊي ڪناري تي گهٽ لهر (Low tide) واري حد تائين پهچي ٿي، پوءِ ڪناري سان گڏ ڏکڻ طرف هلي ٻيهر ٻارهن ميلن واري دائري تائين پهچي ٿي. ان کان پوءِ سرحد روايتي طريقي سان [[ڊيلاويئر درياهه]] جي مکيه وهڪري جي وچ (''ٿالويگ'') سان گڏ هلي ٿي. اولهه طرف ڊيلاويئر ۽ [[ميري لينڊ]] جي وچ ۾ سرحد گهڻو ڪري [[ٽرانس پيننسولر لائين]] جي وچ واري نقطي کان شروع ٿيندڙ هڪ سڌي لڪير تي ٻڌل آهي، جيڪا اتر ڏانهن هلندي [[ٻارهن ميلن وارو دائرو]] جي مماس واري نقطي تائين پهچي ٿي. ان کان پوءِ سرحد ٿوري دير تائين دائري جي قوس جي پيروي ڪري ٿي ۽ پوءِ وري سڌي اتر طرف وڌندي [[پنسلوانيا]] جي ڏاکڻي سرحد سان ملي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schenck |first=William |date=2007 |title=Delaware's State Boundaries |url=https://www.dgs.udel.edu/sites/default/files/publications/info6.pdf |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Delaware Geological Survey}}</ref> قوس جي اتر اولهه واري حصي ۽ [[ميري لينڊ]] جي سرحد جي وچ وارو علائقو، جيڪو [[ويج (سرحد)|ويج]] سڏجي ٿو، 1921ع تائين ڊيلاويئر ۽ [[پنسلوانيا]] ٻنهي جي دعويٰ هيٺ رهيو، پر آخرڪار ڊيلاويئر جي دعويٰ کي صحيح قرار ڏنو ويو. ===ارضياتي بناوت=== ڊيلاويئر هڪ هموار ميداني علائقي تي واقع آهي ۽ سڄي آمريڪا ۾ سراسري اوچائي جي لحاظ کان سڀ کان هيٺاهين رياست آهي.<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/04statab/geo.pdf|page=216|title=Extreme and Mean Elevations by State and Other Area|website=Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2004–2005|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=March 16, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310194411/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/04statab/geo.pdf|archive-date=March 10, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ان جي سڀ کان اوچي جڳهه [[ايبرائيٽ ايزيمٿ]] آهي، جيڪا [[ڪانڪارڊ هاءِ اسڪول (ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر)|ڪانڪارڊ هاءِ اسڪول]] جي ويجهو واقع آهي، ۽ سمنڊ جي سطح کان {{convert|450|ft}} کان به گهٽ اوچي آهي.<ref name="census" /> رياست جو سڀ کان اتر وارو حصو [[پيڊمونٽ پليٽو]] جو حصو آهي، جتي ننڍيون ٽڪريون ۽ لهرائتي زميني بناوت موجود آهي. [[ائٽلانٽڪ سامونڊي ڪناري جي فال لائين]] تقريباً [[ڊيلاويئر رستو 2|رابرٽ ڪرڪ ووڊ هاءِ وي]] سان گڏ [[نيوارڪ، ڊيلاويئر|نيوارڪ]] ۽ [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] جي وچ ۾ گذري ٿي. هن شاهراهه جي ڏکڻ ۾ [[ائٽلانٽڪ سامونڊي ساحلي ميدان]] واقع آهي، جتي زمين گهڻي ڀاڱي هموار، وارياسي ۽ ڪجهه هنڌن تي دلدلي آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/summary-geologic-history-delaware|title=A Summary of the Geologic History of Delaware|publisher=The Delaware Geological Survey|access-date=March 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312150937/http://www.dgs.udel.edu/delaware-geology/summary-geologic-history-delaware|archive-date=March 12, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> رياست جي اولهه واري سرحد سان لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|75|to|80|ft}} اوچي هڪ ڊگهي ٽڪري نما اوچائي موجود آهي، جيڪا اوڀر طرف [[ڊيلاويئر درياهه]] ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر نار]] ڏانهن وهندڙ آبي حوضن کي اولهه طرف [[چيساپيڪ نار]] ڏانهن وهندڙ آبي حوضن کان الڳ ڪري ٿي. ===آبهوا=== {{further|ڊيلاويئر ۾ موسمي تبديلي}} [[File:Köppen Climate Types Delaware.png|thumb|ڊيلاويئر جي [[ڪوپن آبهوا جي درجابندي]]]] ڊيلاويئر جو تقريباً سمورو علائقو [[ائٽلانٽڪ ساحلي ميدان]] جو حصو آهي، تنهن ڪري سمنڊ جو ان جي آبهوا تي نمايان اثر پوي ٿو. رياست [[نمي واري ذيلي اڀرندي آبهوا]] (ڪوپن ''Cfa'') واري علائقي ۾ واقع آهي. جيتوڻيڪ رياست اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين رڳو لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|100|mi|km}} ڊگهي آهي، تنهن هوندي به [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسڪس ڪائونٽي]] ۽ [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] جي وچ ۾ سراسري گرمي پد ۽ برفباريءَ جي مقدار ۾ نمايان فرق ملي ٿو. [[ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]] ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر نار]] جي اثر سبب رياست جي ڏاکڻي حصي ۾ آبهوا وڌيڪ نرم آهي ۽ پوک جي موسم به اتر واري حصي جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ ڊگهي هوندي آهي. ڊيلاويئر ۾ اونهارا ڊگها، گرم ۽ نمي وارا هوندا آهن، ۽ ڏينهن جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ اڪثر تيز پر ٿوري وقت لاءِ گجگوڙ سان برساتون پونديون آهن. رياست ۾ سراسري طور هر سال تقريباً 2,300 ڪلاڪ سج جي روشني ملي ٿي، جيڪا آمريڪا جي سراسري مقدار کان وڌيڪ آهي. سيارا اتر واري حصي ۾ معتدل ٿڌا کان ٿڌا، جڏهن ته ڏاکڻي حصي ۾ ٿڌا کان نرم هوندا آهن. موسمي برفباريءَ جي عام مقدار [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 20 انچ، جڏهن ته [[ليوس، ڊيلاويئر|ليوس]] ۾ رڳو 10 انچ هوندي آهي. ساحلي ڊيلاويئر ۾ ڪيترن ئي سيارن دوران بلڪل به برف نه پوندي آهي. اتر وارو حصو [[آمريڪي زراعت کاتو|USDA]] جي باغباني واري زون 7a ۾ اچي ٿو، جڏهن ته ڏاکڻيون ۽ ساحلي علائقا زون 7b ۽ 8a ۾ شامل آهن. ڏاکڻي ڊيلاويئر جي نسبتاً نرم آبهوا سبب اتي [[ذيلي اڀرندي ٻوٽا|ذيلي اڀرندي نباتات]]، جهڙوڪ [[ونڊ مل پام]]، [[نيڊل پام]] ۽ [[ڊوارف پاميٽو]] پڻ وڌن ٿا. ڊيلاويئر ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ گرمي پد {{convert|110|F|C}}، 21 جولاءِ 1930ع تي [[ملزبورو، ڊيلاويئر|ملزبورو]] ۾ رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. جڏهن ته سڀ کان گهٽ گرمي پد {{convert|-17|F|C}}، 17 جنوري 1893ع تي پڻ ملزبورو ۾ رڪارڊ ڪيو ويو. [[ڊيلاويئر ساحلي علائقا]] [[سختي زون]] 7B ۽ 8A ۾ شامل آهن. ===ماحول=== ڊيلاويئر جي عبوري آبهوا مختلف قسمن جي نباتات جي واڌ ويجهه لاءِ سازگار آهي. رياست جي اترئين هڪ ٽئين حصي ۾ [[اتر اوڀر وارا ساحلي ٻيلا]] ۽ [[وڻ بلوط|بلوط]] جا گڏيل ٻيلا ملن ٿا، جيڪي آمريڪا جي اتر اوڀر واري علائقي جي خاص سڃاڻپ آهن.<ref name="ecoregions">{{cite journal|author=Olson |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth |journal=[[BioScience]] |year=2001 |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=933–938 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 |author2=D. M |author3=E. Dinerstein |display-authors=3 |issn=0006-3568 |last4=Burgess |first4=Neil D. |last5=Powell |first5=George V. N. |last6=Underwood |first6=Emma C. |last7=d'Amico |first7=Jennifer A. |last8=Itoua |first8=Illanga |last9=Strand |first9=Holly E. |doi-access=free }}</ref> رياست جي ڏاکڻين ٻن ٽين حصن ۾ [[وچ ائٽلانٽڪ ساحلي ٻيلا]] پکڙيل آهن.<ref name="ecoregions" /> مثال طور [[ٽريپ پانڊ رياستي پارڪ]] ۽ [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسڪس ڪائونٽي]] جي ٻين علائقن ۾ [[بالڊ سائپريس]] جا اهي ٻيلا موجود آهن، جيڪي اتر آمريڪا ۾ هن وڻ جي سڀ کان اترئين قدرتي موجودگي سمجهيا وڃن ٿا. ===ماحولياتي انتظام=== ڊيلاويئر [[خطرناڪ فضلي]] سبب هلڪي سطح تي آلوده ٿيل زمينن جي [[ماحولياتي بحالي]] ۽ صفائي لاءِ سرڪاري مالي امداد فراهم ڪري ٿو. هن مقصد لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ رقم ٿوڪ سطح تي پيٽروليم جي وڪرو تي لاڳو ڪيل ٽيڪس مان حاصل ڪئي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cleaning up contamination |first=Jeff |last=Montgomery |newspaper=[[The News Journal]] |date=May 14, 2011 |access-date=May 14, 2011 |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110514/NEWS02/105140360/-1/NLETTER01/Cleaning-up-contamination |location=New Castle, Delaware |at=DelawareOnline |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240525083145/https://www.webcitation.org/5ygBz8xTN?url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110514/NEWS02/105140360/-1/NLETTER01/Cleaning-up-contamination |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |url-status=live }} ''The first online page is archived; the page containing information related here is not in the archived version.''</ref> ==ميونسپلٽيون== {{Further|ڊيلاويئر جي ميونسپلٽين جي فهرست|ڊيلاويئر جي ڪائونٽين جي فهرست}} [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] رياست جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو شهر (70,635) ۽ ان جو معاشي مرڪز آهي. اهو [[فلاڊيلفيا]] ۽ [[بالٽيمور]] ٻنهي ڏانهن روزاني اچ وڃ جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. [[ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور]] رياست جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ ۽ آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان ٻيو وڏو شهر (38,079) آهي. ===ڪائونٽيون=== {{colbegin|colwidth=12em}} * [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ]] * [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] * [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسيڪس]] {{colend}} ===شهر=== {{colbegin|colwidth=12em}} * [[ڊيلاويئر سٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڊيلاويئر سٽي]] * [[ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور]] * [[هيرنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|هيرنگٽن]] * [[ليوس، ڊيلاويئر|ليوس]] * [[مڊل ٽائون، ڊيلاويئر|مڊل ٽائون]] * [[ملفورڊ، ڊيلاويئر|ملفورڊ]] * [[نيو ڪاسل، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] * [[نيوارڪ، ڊيلاويئر|نيوارڪ]] * [[ريهوبوٿ بيچ، ڊيلاويئر|ريهوبوٿ بيچ]] * [[سيفورڊ، ڊيلاويئر|سيفورڊ]] * [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] {{colend}} ===ڳوٺ=== {{colbegin|colwidth=12em}} * [[بيلفونٽ، ڊيلاويئر|بيلفونٽ]] * [[بيٿني بيچ، ڊيلاويئر|بيٿني بيچ]] * [[بيٿل، ڊيلاويئر|بيٿل]] * [[بليڊز، ڊيلاويئر|بليڊز]] * [[باورز، ڊيلاويئر|باورز]] * [[برج ويل، ڊيلاويئر|برج ويل]] * [[ڪيمڊن، ڊيلاويئر|ڪيمڊن]] * [[چيس وولڊ، ڊيلاويئر|چيس وولڊ]] * [[ڪليٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ڪليٽن]] * [[ڊيگزبورو، ڊيلاويئر|ڊيگزبورو]] * [[ڊيلمار، ڊيلاويئر|ڊيلمار]] * [[ڊيوئي بيچ، ڊيلاويئر|ڊيوئي بيچ]] * [[ايلينڊيل، ڊيلاويئر|ايلينڊيل]] * [[ايلسميئر، ڊيلاويئر|ايلسميئر]] * [[فارمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|فارمنگٽن]] * [[فيلٽن، ڊيلاويئر|فيلٽن]] * [[فينوڪ آئلينڊ، ڊيلاويئر|فينوڪ آئلينڊ]] * [[فرينڪفورڊ، ڊيلاويئر|فرينڪفورڊ]] * [[فريڊريڪا، ڊيلاويئر|فريڊريڪا]] * [[جارج ٽائون، ڊيلاويئر|جارج ٽائون]] * [[گرين ووڊ، ڊيلاويئر|گرين ووڊ]] * [[هارٽلي، ڊيلاويئر|هارٽلي]] * [[هينلوپن ايڪرز، ڊيلاويئر|هينلوپن ايڪرز]] * [[هيوسٽن، ڊيلاويئر|هيوسٽن]] * [[ڪينٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽن]] * [[لوريل، ڊيلاويئر|لوريل]] * [[ليپزڪ، ڊيلاويئر|ليپزڪ]] * [[لٽل ڪريڪ، ڊيلاويئر|لٽل ڪريڪ]] * [[ميگنوليا، ڊيلاويئر|ميگنوليا]] * [[ملزبورو، ڊيلاويئر|ملزبورو]] * [[مل وِل، ڊيلاويئر|مل وِل]] * [[ملٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ملٽن]] * [[نيوپورٽ، ڊيلاويئر|نيوپورٽ]] * [[اوشن ويو، ڊيلاويئر|اوشن ويو]] * [[اوڊيسا، ڊيلاويئر|اوڊيسا]] * [[سيلبي وِل، ڊيلاويئر|سيلبي وِل]] * [[سلاٽر بيچ، ڊيلاويئر|سلاٽر بيچ]] * [[سمائرنا، ڊيلاويئر|سمائرنا]] * [[ساوٿ بيٿني، ڊيلاويئر|ساوٿ بيٿني]] * [[ٽائونسينڊ، ڊيلاويئر|ٽائونسينڊ]] * [[وايولا، ڊيلاويئر|وايولا]] * [[ووڊسائيڊ، ڊيلاويئر|ووڊسائيڊ]] * [[وائومنگ، ڊيلاويئر|وائومنگ]] {{colend}} ===ڳوٺڙيون=== {{colbegin|colwidth=12em}} * [[آرڊن، ڊيلاويئر|آرڊن]] * [[آرڊن ڪرافٽ، ڊيلاويئر|آرڊن ڪرافٽ]] * [[آرڊن ٽائون، ڊيلاويئر|آرڊن ٽائون]] {{colend}} ===غير شامل آباديون=== {{colbegin|colwidth=12em}} * [[بيئر، ڊيلاويئر|بيئر]] * [[بروڪ سائيڊ، ڊيلاويئر|بروڪ سائيڊ]] * [[ڪرسٽيانا، ڊيلاويئر|ڪرسٽيانا]] * [[ڪلارڪس وِل، ڊيلاويئر|ڪلارڪس وِل]] * [[ڪليمونٽ، ڊيلاويئر|ڪليمونٽ]] * [[ڊوور بيس هائوسنگ، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور بيس هائوسنگ]] * [[ايجمور، ڊيلاويئر|ايجمور]] * [[گلاسگو، ڊيلاويئر|گلاسگو]] * [[گرين وِل، ڊيلاويئر|گرين وِل]] * [[گمبورو، ڊيلاويئر|گمبورو]] * [[هاربسن، ڊيلاويئر|هاربسن]] * [[هائيلينڊ ايڪرز، ڊيلاويئر|هائيلينڊ ايڪرز]] * [[هاڪيسن، ڊيلاويئر|هاڪيسن]] * [[ڪينٽ ايڪرز، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ ايڪرز]] * [[لنڪن سٽي، ڊيلاويئر|لنڪن سٽي]] * [[لانگ نيڪ، ڊيلاويئر|لانگ نيڪ]] * [[مارشلٽن، ڊيلاويئر|مارشلٽن]] * [[مائونٽ پليزنٽ، ڊيلاويئر|مائونٽ پليزنٽ]] * [[نارٿ اسٽار، ڊيلاويئر|نارٿ اسٽار]] * [[اوڪ آرچرڊ، ڊيلاويئر|اوڪ آرچرڊ]] * [[عمر، ڊيلاويئر|عمر]] * [[پيني هل، ڊيلاويئر|پيني هل]] * [[پائيڪ ڪريڪ، ڊيلاويئر|پائيڪ ڪريڪ]] * [[پائيڪ ڪريڪ وئلي، ڊيلاويئر|پائيڪ ڪريڪ وئلي]] * [[رائزنگ سن-لبنان، ڊيلاويئر|رائزنگ سن-لبنان]] * [[ريور ويو، ڊيلاويئر|ريور ويو]] * [[راڊني وليج، ڊيلاويئر|راڊني وليج]] * [[روڪسانا، ڊيلاويئر|روڪسانا]] * [[سينٽ جارجز، ڊيلاويئر|سينٽ جارجز]] * [[سينڊ ٽائون، ڊيلاويئر|سينڊ ٽائون]] * [[اسٽينٽن، ڊيلاويئر|اسٽينٽن]] * [[ولمنگٽن مينر، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن مينر]] * [[ووڊڊيل، ڊيلاويئر|ووڊڊيل]] * [[ووڊلينڊ، ڊيلاويئر|ووڊلينڊ]] * [[ووڊسائيڊ ايسٽ، ڊيلاويئر|ووڊسائيڊ ايسٽ]] * [[يارڪلن، ڊيلاويئر|يارڪلن]] {{colend}} <gallery class="center"> File:Dover Delaware.jpg|[[ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور]] File:Newark DE Main Street.jpg|[[نيوارڪ، ڊيلاويئر|نيوارڪ]] File:High Street, Seaford, Delaware (2006).jpg|[[سيفورڊ، ڊيلاويئر|سيفورڊ]] File:Wilmington Delaware skyline.jpg|[[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]] </gallery> هيٺ ڏنل جدول ۾ [[2020 گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري]] موجب رياست جون ڏهه سڀ کان وڏيون ميونسپلٽيون ڏيکاريل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census QuickFacts |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=March 26, 2023}}</ref> {{Largest cities | country = Delaware | stat_ref = 2020 U.S. Census populations | list_by_pop = | div_name = | div_link = ڊيلاويئر جون ڪائونٽيون{{!}}ڪائونٽي | city_1 = ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}ولمنگٽن | div_1 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_1 = 70,898 | city_2 = ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}ڊوور | div_2 = ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}ڪينٽ | pop_2 = 39,403 | city_3 = نيوارڪ، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيوارڪ | div_3 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_3 = 30,601 | city_4 = مڊل ٽائون، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}مڊل ٽائون | div_4 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_4 = 23,192 | city_5 = بيئر، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}بيئر | div_5 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_5 = 23,060 | city_6 = گلاسگو، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}گلاسگو | div_6 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_6 = 15,288 | city_7 = بروڪ سائيڊ، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}بروڪ سائيڊ | div_7 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_7 = 14,974 | city_8 = هاڪيسن، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}هاڪيسن | div_8 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_8 = 13,478 | city_9 = سمائرنا، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}سمائرنا | div_9 = ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}ڪينٽ{{))!}}, {{!((}}نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_9 = 12,883 | city_10 = پائيڪ ڪريڪ وئلي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}پائيڪ ڪريڪ وئلي | div_10 = نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر{{!}}نيو ڪاسل | pop_10 = 11,692 }} ``` ==آباديءَ جا انگ اکر== {{See also|ڊيلاويئر جون سڀ کان وڏيون ميونسپلٽيون}} [[File:Delaware population density 2020.png|thumb|ڊيلاويئر جي آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي جو نقشو]] {{US Census population |1790= 59096 |1800= 64273 |1810= 72674 |1820= 72749 |1830= 76748 |1840= 78085 |1850= 91532 |1860= 112216 |1870= 125015 |1880= 146608 |1890= 168493 |1900= 184735 |1910= 202322 |1920= 223003 |1930= 238380 |1940= 266505 |1950= 318085 |1960= 446292 |1970= 548104 |1980= 594338 |1990= 666168 |2000= 783600 |2010= 897934 |2020= 989948 |estyear= 2025 |estimate= 1059952 |estref=<ref name=DelawareQuickFacts>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045223|title=United States Census Bureau QuickFacts Delaware|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> |align-fn=center |footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref name="censuspoptable">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html|url-status=dead|title=Historical Population Change Data (1910-2020)|archive-date=April 29, 2021|website=Census.gov}}</ref> }} [[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]] موجب، 1 اپريل 2020ع تي ڊيلاويئر جي آبادي 989,948 هئي،<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 26, 2021|title=2020 Census|url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf|url-status=live|website=census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426194028/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2021 }}</ref> جيڪا [[2010ع جي گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري]] موجب 897,934 جي انگ کان وڌيڪ هئي.<ref name="PopEstUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE,US/PST045219|title=QuickFacts Delaware; United States |website=2019 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 14, 2020|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209044515/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE,US/PST045219|archive-date=February 9, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delaware Population 1900–2020|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/states/delaware/population|access-date=June 16, 2021|website=www.macrotrends.net|archive-date=April 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409114238/https://www.macrotrends.net/states/delaware/population|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيلاويئر جي تاريخ هڪ [[سرحدي رياست]] جي حيثيت سان اهڙي رهي آهي، جنهن سبب ان ۾ آمريڪا جي [[اتر آمريڪا جون رياستون|اتر]] ۽ [[ڏاکڻيون آمريڪي رياستون|ڏاکڻين]] ٻنهي علائقن جون خاصيتون نظر اچن ٿيون. عام طور تي، [[چيساپيڪ ۽ ڊيلاويئر ڪئنال]] کان ڏکڻ وارا ڳوٺاڻا علائقا (جن کي ''Slower Lower'' پڻ چيو ويندو آهي) [[ڏاکڻين گڏيل رياستن جي ثقافت|ڏاکڻي ثقافت]] جا عڪاس آهن،<ref name="Kent">{{Cite web|url=https://delawarebusinesstimes.com/news/industry/commercial-real-estate/kent-county-defies-slower-lower-nickname/|title=Kent County defies slower, lower nickname|date=November 8, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Slowerlower">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2004/05/26/slower-lower-delaware/2131e835-ac4f-4790-b78c-564bb97d2ebc/ |title=Slower Lower Delaware |author=Walter Nicholls |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 26, 2004 |access-date=December 11, 2020}}</ref> جڏهن ته ڪئنال جي اتر ۾ گهاٽي آبادي وارو اتر ڊيلاويئر—خاص طور [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلاويئر|ولمنگٽن]]، جيڪو [[فلاڊيلفيا ميٽروپوليٽن علائقو]] جو حصو آهي—[[اتر اوڀر گڏيل رياستون|اتر اوڀر]] ۽ [[اتر آمريڪا جون رياستون|اتر]] آمريڪا سان وڌيڪ مشابهت رکي ٿو.<ref name="Atlanticdialect">{{cite web|url=http://www.evolpub.com/Americandialects/MidAtldialects.html|title=The Mid-Atlantic Dialects|work=Evolution Publishing|access-date=June 3, 2013|archive-date=July 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723033309/http://www.evolpub.com/Americandialects/MidAtldialects.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]] ڊيلاويئر کي [[ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ رياستون]] مان هڪ قرار ڏئي ٿو،<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2016 |title=Census Regions and Divisions of the United States |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092445/http://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2022 |website=U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> پر ٻين وفاقي ادارن، ميڊيا ۽ ڪيترن رهواسين طرفان ان کي عام طور [[وچ ائٽلانٽڪ رياستون]] يا [[اتر اوڀر گڏيل رياستون]] جو حصو سمجهيو ويندو آهي.<ref name="LOC">{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/rrhtml/regdef.html|title=Regions of the United States|website=American Memory|publisher=The Library of Congress|access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="EPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802112852/http://www.epa.gov/region03/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 2, 2012|title=Region 3: The Mid-Atlantic States|website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]|publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency|access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref name="FBI">{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm |title=Your Local FBI Office |website=www.fbi.gov |publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation |access-date=August 11, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815093807/http://www.fbi.gov/contact/fo/fo.htm |archive-date=August 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="amtrak">{{cite web|url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/Page/Browse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134|title=Routes Serving the Northeast|publisher=National Railroad Passenger Corporation|access-date=August 11, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815025107/http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak%2FPage%2FBrowse_Routes_Page&c=Page&cid=1081256321410&ssid=134|archive-date=August 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="princeton">{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/best-regional-colleges.aspx|title=Best Regional Colleges|website=www.princetonreview.com|publisher=The Princeton Review|access-date=August 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>Maryland and Delaware identify as Northeast * {{cite web |url = http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/ |title = About – CSG |work = csg-erc.org |access-date = June 29, 2016 |archive-date = June 23, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160623221327/http://www.csg-erc.org/about-csg/ |url-status = dead }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.bls.gov/regions/home.htm |title = Home : Geographic Information : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |work = bls.gov |access-date = June 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |url = https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support/partnerships/regional-climate-centers |title = Regional Climate Centers – National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) formerly known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) |work = noaa.gov |access-date = June 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.scouting.org/Home/OutdoorProgram/Properties/Region%20and%20Area%20Maps.aspx |title = Region and Area Maps |work = scouting.org |access-date = June 29, 2016 }} * {{cite web |url = http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/nero.htm |title = Northeast Regional Office – National Historic Landmarks Program |work = nps.gov |access-date = June 29, 2016 }}</ref> ڊيلاويئر آباديءَ جي گهاٽائي جي لحاظ کان گڏيل رياستن جي ڇهين نمبر تي سڀ کان وڌيڪ گهاٽي آبادي واري رياست آهي، جتي في چورس ميل 442.6 ماڻهو رهن ٿا، جيڪا قومي سراسري کان 356.4 وڌيڪ آهي، جڏهن ته آباديءَ جي لحاظ کان ان جو نمبر 45هون آهي. ڊيلاويئر انهن پنجن آمريڪي رياستن ([[مين]]، [[ورمونٽ]]، [[ويسٽ ورجينيا]] ۽ [[وائومنگ]]) مان هڪ آهي، جتي 2010ع جي مردم شماري مطابق هڪ به اهڙو شهر موجود نه هو جنهن جي آبادي 100,000 کان وڌيڪ هجي.<ref name="Census">{{Citation |url=https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/011400.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080204083625/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/voting/011400.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2008 |publisher=Census |place=US |type=press release |title=Voting }}</ref> ڊيلاويئر جي [[آباديءَ جو مرڪز]] [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] جي [[ٽائونسينڊ، ڊيلاويئر|ٽائونسينڊ]] شهر ۾ واقع آهي.<ref name="cenpopcenter">{{cite web |title=Population and Population Centers by State |year=2000 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |format=plain text |access-date=March 9, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref> [[گڏيل رياستن جي هائوسنگ ۽ شهري ترقي کاتو]] (HUD) جي 2022ع واري [[ڪانگريس ڏانهن سالياني بي گهر ماڻهن جي جائزي واري رپورٽ]] موجب، ڊيلاويئر ۾ اندازاً 2,369 [[بي گهر ماڻهو]] موجود هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf}}</ref> ===نسل ۽ قوميت=== [[File:Ethnic Origins in Delaware.png|left|thumb|ڊيلاويئر ۾ نسلي بنياد[[File:Ethnic_origins_in_Delaware_(2020).jpg|thumb|2020ع جي مردم شماري موجب، ڊيلاويئر جي هر ڪائونٽي ۾ اڪيلي يا گڏيل صورت ۾ سڀ کان وڏو نسلي بنياد]]]] [[File:Tribes Maryland Delaware 2020.png|thumb|هر ڪائونٽي ۾ سڀ کان وڏو غير هسپانوي مقامي آمريڪي نسب ۽ "صرف مقامي آمريڪي" طور پاڻ کي ظاهر ڪندڙ ماڻهن جا انگ]] 2010ع جي [[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري]] موجب، رياست جي نسلي جوڙجڪ ۾ 68.9 سيڪڙو [[سفيد آمريڪي]] (65.3 سيڪڙو [[غير هسپانوي سفيد]] ۽ 3.6 سيڪڙو سفيد هسپانوي)، 21.4 سيڪڙو [[آفريقي آمريڪي|ڪارا]] يا آفريقي آمريڪي، 0.5 سيڪڙو [[گڏيل رياستن جا مقامي آمريڪي|آمريڪي انڊين]] ۽ [[الاسڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو]]، 3.2 سيڪڙو ايشيائي آمريڪي، 0.0 سيڪڙو [[مقامي هوائي ماڻهو]] ۽ ٻيا [[پئسفڪ ٻيٽ واسي]]، 3.4 سيڪڙو ٻئي ڪنهن نسل جا ماڻهو، ۽ 2.7 سيڪڙو [[گهڻ نسلي آمريڪي|گهڻ نسلي بنياد]] وارا ماڻهو شامل هئا. ڪنهن به نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ [[هسپانوي ۽ لاطيني آمريڪي|هسپانوي]] يا لاطيني بنياد وارا ماڻهو آباديءَ جو 8.2 سيڪڙو هئا.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |title=U.S. Census website |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |date=October 5, 2010 |access-date=August 17, 2011 }}</ref> 2022ع جي [[آمريڪي ڪميونٽي سروي]] موجب رياست جي نسلي ۽ قومي جوڙجڪ جو اندازو هن ريت هو: 60.6 سيڪڙو غير هسپانوي سفيد، 23.6 سيڪڙو ڪارا يا آفريقي آمريڪي، 0.7 سيڪڙو آمريڪي انڊين يا الاسڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو، 4.2 سيڪڙو ايشيائي، 0.1 سيڪڙو پئسفڪ ٻيٽ واسي، 2.9 سيڪڙو گهڻ نسلي ماڻهو، ۽ 10.1 سيڪڙو ڪنهن به نسل سان تعلق رکندڙ هسپانوي يا لاطيني آمريڪي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 QuickFacts|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045219|url-status=live|website=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127141137/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/DE/PST045219 |archive-date=January 27, 2020 }}</ref> تاريخي [[ڊيلاويئر جا مقامي ماڻهو|مقامي]] قبيلن ۾ [[نانٽيڪوڪ ماڻهو|نانٽيڪوڪ]] ۽ [[ليناپي]] شامل آهن، جيڪي گڏيل رياستن جي نوآبادياتي دور ۾ اثرائتا هئا. ليناپي ۽ نانٽيڪوڪ ماڻهن جا دستاويزي نسل، جيڪي ڪڏهن موجوده ڊيلاويئر ۽ ڀرپاسي رياستن ۾ رهندا هئا، اڄ آمريڪا جي وفاقي طور تسليم ٿيل قبيلن ۽ ڪينيڊا جي [[ڪينيڊا جون فرسٽ نيشنز|فرسٽ نيشنز]] حڪومتن جا شهري آهن، جن ۾ [[ڊيلاويئر نيشن]] ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر ٽرائب آف انڊينز]]، [[اوڪلاهوما]] ۾، ۽ [[سڪس نيشنز آف دي گرانڊ ريور فرسٽ نيشن]]، [[اونٽاريو]] ۾، شامل آهن.<ref name="pritzker">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pritzker |first=Barry M. |title=Nanticoke |encyclopedia=A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513877-1 |pages=440–442 }}</ref> [[رياستي طور تسليم ٿيل قبيلو]]، جنهن کي [[ڊيلاويئر جو ليناپي انڊين قبيلو]] سڏيو ويندو آهي، جو صدر دفتر [[چيس وولڊ]]، [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي]]، ڊيلاويئر ۾ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bies|first=Jessica|title=Lenape Indian Tribe looks to reclaim historic Delaware land, establish sovereignty|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/education/2018/07/16/lenape-indian-tribe-looks-reclaim-land-establish-sovereign-delaware/775992002/|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=The News Journal}}</ref> هڪ ٻيو رياستي طور تسليم ٿيل قبيلو [[نانٽيڪوڪ انڊين ايسوسيئيشن]]، [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسيڪس ڪائونٽي]] ۾ رهندو آهي ۽ ان جو صدر دفتر [[ملزبورو، ڊيلاويئر|ملزبورو]]، سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر ۾ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Duvernay|first=Adam|title=Nanticoke tribe converges for 40th powwow in Millsboro|url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2017/09/10/nanticoke-tribe-40th-powwow-delaware/651191001/|access-date=May 23, 2021|website=The News Journal}}</ref> نيو جرسي ۾ موجود هڪ جدا ٿيل گروهه، رياستي طور تسليم ٿيل [[نانٽيڪوڪ ليني-ليناپي قبائلي قوم]]، سان گڏ ڊيلاويئر ۽ نيو جرسي جا اهي ٽي رياستي طور تسليم ٿيل قبيلا [[ڊيلاويئر مورز]] مان نڪتل آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/title29/c001/index.html |title=Title 29 |publisher=[[The Delaware Code Online]] |accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> ڊيلاويئر مورز هڪ مخلوط نسل وارو گروهه آهي، جيڪو ڊيلاويئر جي چيس وولڊ ۽ ملزبورو جي ڀرپاسي، ۽ [[گولڊ ٽائون، نيو جرسي]] ۾ رهندو آهي. ڊيلاويئر مورز کي قانوني طور 1914ع تائين آفريقي آمريڪي طور درجا بندي ڪيو ويندو هو، جڏهن ڊيلاويئر رياست کين هڪ الڳ، غير ڪاري گروهه طور ٻيهر درجا بندي ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhamgov.org/about_birmingham/city_history/birmingham_museum/virtual_exhibits/a_tale_of_four_families_the_black_history_of_birmingham_part_2_black_but_also_native_american--the_farmer_family_of_wayne_county.php |title=Black and Native American, The Farmer Family |publisher=[[برمنگهم، مشي گن|سٽي آف برمنگهم، مشي گن]] |accessdate=2026-03-25}}</ref> [[2020ع جي گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري]] ۾ ڊيلاويئر جي 989,948 ڪل آبادي مان 218,899 رهواسين کي آفريقي آمريڪي طور سڃاتو ويو.<ref>This figure refers to those who report African American and no other race.</ref> رياست جي ٽن ڪائونٽين مان ٻن ۾، آفريقي آمريڪي آباديءَ جو 20 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ حصو ٺاهين ٿا: [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ]] (25.8 سيڪڙو) ۽ [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] (25.7 سيڪڙو). نيو ڪاسل (146,544)، ڪينٽ (46,998) ۽ [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسيڪس]] (25,357) ڪائونٽين ۾ رهندڙ آفريقي آمريڪين جو گڏيل انگ رياست جي سڀني آفريقي آمريڪين جي ڪل انگ کان ٿورو وڌيڪ ظاهر ٿئي ٿو، جيڪو شمارياتي رپورٽنگ ۽ درجابندي جي ڪري آهي.<ref>{{Cite web | title = RACE | work = Decennial Census, DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171), Table P1 | publisher = U.S. Census Bureau | url = https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?g=040XX00US10$0500000&y=2020&d=DEC+Redistricting+Data+(PL+94-171)&tp=true| access-date = 2026-01-03 }}</ref> نوآبادياتي دور ۾ ڊيلاويئر جي آبادي گهڻو ڪري [[برطانوي ٻيٽ]]ن مان آيل ماڻهن، آفريقي غلامن، جرمنن ۽ ڪجهه باقي رهيل مقامي آمريڪين تي مشتمل هئي. ولمنگٽن واري علائقي جي صنعتن آئرش، جرمن، اطالوي، پولش ۽ روسي يهودي مهاجرن کي پاڻ ڏانهن ڇڪيو. ويهين صديءَ جي پڇاڙيءَ ۾ ولمنگٽن ۾ پورٽو ريڪن ڪميونٽي ٺهي. گوئٽي مالا جا ماڻهو ڊيلاويئر جي پولٽري صنعت ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ لاءِ سسيڪس ڪائونٽي ڏانهن لڏي آيا. نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي ۾ ايشيائي ماڻهن جو هڪ ننڍڙو انگ پڻ موجود آهي، جيڪي سائنس ۽ انجنيئرنگ جي ماهرن طور ڪم ڪن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Delaware-state/Climate|title=Delaware - Humid, Temperate, Coastal &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> ===2020ع جي مردم شماري=== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;" |+'''ڊيلاويئر – نسلي ۽ قومي جوڙجڪ'''<br><small>{{nobold|''نوٽ: آمريڪي مردم شماري هسپانوي/لاطيني کي قومي زمري طور شمار ڪري ٿي. هي جدول لاطينين کي نسلي زمرن مان خارج ڪري الڳ زمري ۾ رکي ٿو. هسپانوي/لاطيني ماڻهو ڪنهن به نسل جا ٿي سگهن ٿا.''}}</small> !نسل / قوميت <small>(''NH = غير هسپانوي'')</small> !آبادي 1980<ref>{{Cite web|title=1980 Census of Population - General Social and Economic Characteristics - Delaware - Table 58 - Race by Sex: 1980 and Table 59 - Persons by Spanish Origin, Race, and Sex: 1980 |url=https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_deABCD-04.pdf|website=[[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]]|pages=13–18|via= [[وي بيڪ مشين]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815155658/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980a_deABCD-04.pdf| archive-date=August 15, 2025}}</ref> !آبادي 1990<ref>{{Cite web |title=1990 Census of Population - General Population Characteristics - Delaware: Table 3 to Table 6- Race and Hispanic Origin |website=[[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]]|url=https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-9.pdf|pages=3–9|via= [[وي بيڪ مشين]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201104735/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-9.pdf| archive-date=February 1, 2026}}</ref> !آبادي 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Delaware|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=040XX00US10&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]] |access-date= }}</ref> !آبادي 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Delaware|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=040XX00US10&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]] |access-date= }}</ref> !style="background-color: #ffffb3;" | آبادي 2020<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Delaware|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=040XX00US10&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري بيورو]] |access-date= }}</ref> !% 1980 !% 1990 !% 2000 !% 2010 !style="background-color: #ffffb3;" |% 2020 |- |[[غير هسپانوي يا لاطيني سفيد|صرف سفيد]] (NH) |483,129 |528,092 |567,973 |586,752 |style='background: #ffffe6; |579,851 |81.29% |79.27% |72.48% |65.34% |style='background: #ffffe6; |58.57% |- |[[غير هسپانوي يا لاطيني آفريقي آمريڪي|صرف ڪارو يا آفريقي آمريڪي]] (NH) |94,839 |111,011 |148,435 |186,782 |style='background: #ffffe6; |212,960 |15.96% |16.66% |18.94% |20.80% |style='background: #ffffe6; |21.51% |- |[[گڏيل رياستن جا مقامي آمريڪي|مقامي آمريڪي]] يا [[الاسڪا جا مقامي ماڻهو]]، صرف (NH) |1,328 |1,938 |2,324 |2,824 |style='background: #ffffe6; |2,521 |0.22% |0.29% |0.30% |0.31% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.25% |- |[[ايشيائي آمريڪي|صرف ايشيائي]] (NH) |4,112 |8,854 |16,110 |28,308 |style='background: #ffffe6; |42,398 |0.69% |1.33% |2.06% |3.15% |style='background: #ffffe6; |4.28% |- |[[مقامي هوائي ماڻهو]] يا [[پئسفڪ ٻيٽ واسي آمريڪي|پئسفڪ ٻيٽ واسي]]، صرف (NH) |x <ref>1980ع جي مردم شماري ۾ ايشيائي زمري ۾ شامل هئا</ref> |x <ref>1990ع جي مردم شماري ۾ ايشيائي زمري ۾ شامل هئا</ref> |234 |238 |style='background: #ffffe6; |304 |x |x |0.03% |0.03% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03% |- |[[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري ۾ نسل ۽ قوميت|ٻيو نسل]]، صرف (NH) |1,269 |453 |1,025 |1,525 |style='background: #ffffe6; |4,601 |0.21% |0.07% |0.13% |0.17% |style='background: #ffffe6; |0.46% |- |[[گهڻ نسلي آمريڪي|مخلوط نسل يا گهڻ نسلي]] (NH) |x <ref>1980ع جي مردم شماري ۾ اختيار طور موجود نه هو</ref> |x <ref>1990ع جي مردم شماري ۾ اختيار طور موجود نه هو</ref> |10,222 |18,284 |style='background: #ffffe6; |43,023 |x |x |1.30% |2.04% |style='background: #ffffe6; |4.35% |- |[[هسپانوي ۽ لاطيني آمريڪي|هسپانوي يا لاطيني]] (ڪنهن به نسل جا) |9,661 |15,820 |37,277 |73,221 |style='background: #ffffe6; |104,290 |1.63% |2.37% |4.76% |8.15% |style='background: #ffffe6; |10.53% |- |'''ڪل''' |'''594,338''' |'''666,168''' |'''783,600''' |'''897,934''' |style='background: #ffffe6; |'''989,948 ''' |'''100.00%''' |'''100.00%''' |'''100.00%''' |'''100.00%''' |style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%''' |} {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" |+ '''ڊيلاويئر جي آباديءَ جي نسلي ورڇ''' |- ! نسلي جوڙجڪ !! 1990<ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605233341/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html Archived copy] at [[ويب سائيٽ]] (June 22, 2013).</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/ID|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140107210553/http://censusviewer.com/city/ID|url-status=usurped|title=censusviewer.com/city/ID|date=January 7, 2014|archive-date=January 7, 2014}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|author=Center for New Media and Promotions (C2PO)|website=census.gov|access-date=September 27, 2015}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US10 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Delaware |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref> |- | [[سفيد آمريڪي|سفيد]] || 80.3% || 74.6% || 68.9% || 60.4% |- | [[آفريقي آمريڪي|ڪارا]] || 16.9% || 19.2% || 21.4% || 22.1% |- | [[ايشيائي آمريڪي|ايشيائي]] || 1.4% || 2.1% || 3.2% || 4.3% |- | [[گڏيل رياستن جا مقامي آمريڪي|مقامي]] || 0.3% || 0.4% || 0.5% || 0.5% |- | [[مقامي هوائي ماڻهو]] ۽{{break}}[[پئسفڪ ٻيٽ واسي|ٻيا پئسفڪ ٻيٽ واسي]] || – || – || – || - |- | [[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري ۾ نسل ۽ قوميت|ٻيو نسل]] || 1.1% || 2.0% || 3.4% || 4.9% |- | [[گهڻ نسلي آمريڪي|ٻه يا وڌيڪ نسل]] || – || 1.7% || 2.7% || 7.7% |} 2018ع ۾ ڊيلاويئر جي مهاجرن جا سڀ کان وڏا اصلي ملڪ [[ميڪسيڪو]]، [[هندستان]]، [[گوئٽي مالا]]، [[چين]] ۽ [[جميڪا]] هئا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_delaware.pdf|title=Immigrants in Delaware|accessdate=November 21, 2025}}</ref> ===اهم انگ اکر=== ''نوٽ: جدول ۾ ڄمڻ وارن ٻارن جا انگ پاڻ ۾ جمع نٿا ٿين، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هسپانوي ٻارن کي سندن قوميت ۽ نسل ٻنهي بنيادن تي شمار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن سبب ڪل انگ وڌيڪ ظاهر ٿئي ٿو.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%" |+ ماءُ جي واحد نسل/قوميت موجب زنده ڄمڻ وارا ٻار |- ! [[گڏيل رياستن جي مردم شماري ۾ نسل ۽ قوميت|نسل]] ! 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref> ! 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref> ! 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref> ! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }} {{Title missing|date=September 2025}}</ref> ! 2018<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128042511/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref> ! 2019<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323152401/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2021 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=March 27, 2021}}</ref> ! 2020<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-17.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207140709/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/NVSR70-17.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2022 |url-status=live |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 20, 2022}}</ref> ! 2021<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr72/nvsr72-01.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=February 2, 2022}}</ref> ! 2022<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr73/nvsr73-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 4, 2024}}</ref> ! 2023<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr74/nvsr74-1.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> ! 2024<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr75/nvsr75-02.pdf |title=Data |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=2026-06-11}}</ref> |- | [[غير هسپانوي سفيد|سفيد]] | 5,904 (53.8%) | 5,959 (53.4%) | 5,827 (53.0%) | 5,309 (48.9%) | 5,171 (48.7%) | 5,024 (47.6%) | 4,949 (47.6%) | 5,042 (48.1%) | 5,035 (46.6%) | 4,702 (45.1%) | 4,626 (43.8%) |- | [[آفريقي آمريڪي|ڪارا]] | 2,988 (27.2%) | 3,134 (28.1%) | 2,832 (25.7%) | 2,818 (26.0%) | 2,773 (26.1%) | 2,804 (26.5%) | 2,722 (26.2%) | 2,711 (25.9%) | 2,853 (26.4%) | 2,694 (25.8%) | 2,711 (25.7%) |- | [[ايشيائي آمريڪي|ايشيائي]] | 644 (5.9%) | 675 (6.1%) | 627 (5.7%) | 646 (6.0%) | 634 (6.0%) | 624 (5.9%) | 617 (5.9%) | 538 (5.1%) | 553 (5.1%) | 621 (5.9%) | 599 (5.7%) |- | ''[[هسپانوي ۽ لاطيني آمريڪي|هسپانوي]]'' (ڪنهن به نسل جا) | ''1,541'' (14.0%) | ''1,532'' (13.7%) | ''1,432'' (13.0%) | ''1,748'' (16.1%) | ''1,710'' (16.1%) | ''1,737'' (16.4%) | ''1,768'' (17.0%) | ''1,826'' (17.4%) | ''1,996'' (18.5%) | ''2,015'' (19.3%) | ''2,212'' (20.9%) |- | '''ڪل''' | '''10,972''' (100%) | '''11,166''' (100%) | '''10,992''' (100%) | '''10,855''' (100%) | '''10,621''' (100%) | '''10,562''' (100%) | '''10,392''' (100%) | '''10,482''' (100%) | '''10,816''' (100%) | '''10,427''' (100%) | '''10,550''' (100%) |} [[File:Delaware population pyramid.webp|thumb|ڊيلاويئر جو [[آبادي هرم]]]] * 2016ع کان [[سفيد هسپانوي ۽ لاطيني آمريڪي|سفيد هسپانوي]] نسل وارن ڄمڻ وارن ٻارن جا انگ الڳ گڏ نٿا ڪيا وڃن، پر انهن کي هڪ ئي ''هسپانوي'' گروهه ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي ٿو؛ هسپانوي بنياد وارا ماڻهو ڪنهن به نسل جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. ===ٻوليون=== 2000ع ۾، ڊيلاويئر جي 5 سالن يا ان کان وڌيڪ عمر وارن رهواسين مان 91 سيڪڙو گهر ۾ رڳو انگريزي ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا، جڏهن ته 5 سيڪڙو اسپيني ٻولي ڳالهائيندا هئا. فرانسيسي ٽين سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳالهائي ويندڙ ٻولي هئي، جيڪا آبادي جي 0.7 سيڪڙو طرفان استعمال ڪئي ويندي هئي، ان کان پوءِ چيني (0.5 سيڪڙو) ۽ جرمن (0.5 سيڪڙو) ٻوليون هيون. ڊيلاويئر جي [[نمائندن جي ايوان]] ۽ [[سينيٽ]] ٻنهي ۾ انگريزي کي [[گڏيل رياستن جون ٻوليون|گڏيل رياستن]] جي سرڪاري ٻولي طور ڊيلاويئر جي سرڪاري ٻولي قرار ڏيڻ لاءِ قانوني تجويزون پيش ڪيون ويون هيون.<ref>{{citation |title=SB 129 |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS144.NSF/vwLegislation/SB+129?Opendocument |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=May 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075049/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS144.NSF/vwLegislation/SB+129?Opendocument |archive-date=March 10, 2010 |url-status=live}}, assigned on June 13, 2007, to Senate Education Committee.</ref><ref>{{citation |title=HB 436 |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS143.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+436?Opendocument |url-status=live |publisher=State of Delaware |access-date=May 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310075025/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS143.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+436?Opendocument |archive-date=March 10, 2010}}, stricken on June 15, 2006,</ref> بهرحال، انهن مان ڪا به تجويز قانونساز اداري مان منظور نه ٿي سگهي. ===جنسي رخ=== 2012ع ۾ گيلپ جي هڪ سروي موجب، ڊيلاويئر ۾ پاڻ کي [[هم جنس پرست عورت]]، [[هم جنس پرست مرد]]، [[ٻنهي جنسن ڏانهن جنسي لاڙو رکندڙ]] يا [[ٽرانسجينڊر]] طور سڃاڻندڙ بالغن جو تناسب رياست جي آباديءَ جو 3.4 سيڪڙو هو. ان بنياد تي رياست ۾ بالغ [[ايل جي بي ٽي]] ماڻهن جو اندازي مطابق ڪل انگ 23,698 هو. 2010ع ۾ هم جنس جوڙن وارن گهرن جو انگ 2,646 هو، جيڪو ان کان اڳ واري ڏهاڪي جي ڀيٽ ۾ 41.65 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ هو.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 15, 2013|title=LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C., Lowest in North Dakota|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/160517/lgbt-percentage-highest-lowest-north-dakota.aspx|access-date=November 18, 2020|website=Gallup.com}}</ref> 1 جولاءِ 2013ع تي هم جنس شادي کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني وئي، ۽ اڳ ۾ ٿيل سڀئي [[شهري اتحاد]] پاڻمرادو شادين ۾ تبديل ڪيا ويا.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ford|first=Zack|date=May 7, 2013|title=BREAKING: Delaware To Become 11th State With Marriage Equality|newspaper=Think Progress|url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2013/05/07/1975311/breaking-delaware-to-become-11th-state-with-marriage-equality/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083938/https://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2013/05/07/1975311/breaking-delaware-to-become-11th-state-with-marriage-equality/|archive-date=April 7, 2014}}</ref>{{better source needed|reason=Need a source which is up-to-date|date=June 2024}} ===مذهب=== {{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=2022ع جي ''آمريڪن ويليوز ائٽلس'' سروي موجب [[پبلڪ رليجن ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ]] جي انگن اکرن مطابق ڊيلاويئر ۾ مذهب{{efn|نوٽ: ''پبلڪ رليجن ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ'' جي ويب سائيٽ تي ڊيلاويئر جي مذهبي انگن اکرن جي ڏيک ۾ فني خرابي موجود آهي. جيڪڏهن نتيجن ۾ "N/A" ظاهر ٿئي ته "list" وارو اختيار چونڊيو. پائي چارٽ نه هٽايو.}}<ref name="ppri">{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 24, 2023 |title=2022 American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-DE |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=[[پبلڪ رليجن ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ]] |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-DE |url-status=dead }}</ref> |label1= [[پروٽيسٽنٽ]] |value1= 34 |color1= Blue |label2= [[رومن ڪيٿولڪ چرچ|ڪيٿولڪ]] |value2= 23 |color2= Purple |label3= [[جيهووا جا شاهد]] |value3= 2 |color3= Teal |label4= [[آمريڪا ۾ مشرقي آرتھوڊوڪس چرچ|مشرقي آرتھوڊوڪس]] |value4= 1 |color4= Lightblue |label5= [[غير مذهبيت]] |value5= 33 |color5= White |label6= [[يهوديت]] |value6= 3 |color6= Pink |label7= [[هندومت]] |value7= 1 |color7= Orange |label8= [[نيو ايج]] |value8= 1 |color8= Red |label9= ٻيا |value9= 2 |color9= Black }} ڊيلاويئر ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ رائج مذهب [[عيسائيت]] آهي. [[پيو ريسرچ سينٽر]] جي 2014ع واري اندازي موجب [[پروٽيسٽنٽ]] گرجائن جا ميمبر رياست جي لڳ ڀڳ اڌ آبادي تي مشتمل هئا،<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/delaware/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=March 20, 2019|publisher=Pew Forum|access-date=October 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005101146/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/delaware/|archive-date=October 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن ته [[رومن ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] رياست جو سڀ کان وڏو واحد مذهبي فرقو هو. 2020ع تائين [[پبلڪ رليجن ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ]] جي مطابق رياست جي 61 سيڪڙو آبادي عيسائي هئي.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-DE |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=ava.prri.org |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-DE |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2022ع جي سروي موجب 60 سيڪڙو آبادي عيسائي هئي، جڏهن ته [[يهوديت|يهودي]] (3 سيڪڙو)، [[هندومت|هندو]] (1 سيڪڙو) ۽ [[نيو ايج]] سان لاڳاپيل ماڻهو (1 سيڪڙو) پڻ موجود هئا.<ref name="ppri" /> [[ايسوسيئيشن آف رليجن ڊيٽا آرڪائيوز]] جي 2010ع واري رپورٽ موجب، ڊيلاويئر ۾ پيروڪارن جي تعداد جي لحاظ کان ٽي سڀ کان وڏا عيسائي مذهبي گروهه [[رومن ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] (182,532 پيروڪار)، [[يونائيٽيڊ ميٿوڊسٽ چرچ]] (53,656 ميمبر) ۽ غير فرقيوار [[انجيلي پروٽيسٽنٽ]] (22,973 پيروڪار) هئا.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/10/rcms2010_10_state_cong_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109012907/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/10/rcms2010_10_state_cong_2010.asp |archive-date=November 9, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2020ع ۾ ساڳئي اداري موجب سڀ کان وڏا عيسائي فرقا [[رومن ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]] (197,094)، غير فرقيوار پروٽيسٽنٽ (49,392) ۽ [[يونائيٽيڊ ميٿوڊسٽ چرچ]] (39,959) هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Congregational Membership |url=https://www.thearda.com/us-religion/census/congregational-membership?y=2020&y2=0&t=1&c=10 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |website=www.thearda.com}}</ref> [[ولمنگٽن جو رومن ڪيٿولڪ ڊائيوسز]] ۽ [[ڊيلاويئر جو ايپسڪوپل ڊائيوسز]] پنهنجن پنهنجن فرقن جي گرجائن جي نگراني ڪن ٿا. [[اي يو ايم پي چرچ]]، جيڪو ملڪ جو سڀ کان پراڻو آفريقي-آمريڪي مذهبي فرقو آهي، ولمنگٽن ۾ قائم ٿيو هو ۽ اڄ به رياست ۾ ان جي نمايان موجودگي آهي. نون لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙن جي آباديءَ جي عڪاسي ڪندي [[اوگل ٽائون، ڊيلاويئر|اوگل ٽائون]] واري علائقي ۾ هڪ [[مسجد]] ۽ [[هاڪيسن]] ۾ [[ڊيلاويئر جو هندو مندر]] تعمير ڪيو ويو آهي. ڊيلاويئر ۾ [[امش]] برادري پڻ رهندي آهي، جيڪا [[ڊوور، ڊيلاويئر|ڊوور]] جي اولهه ۾ [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي]] ۾ آباد آهي. هن برادري ۾ نون چرچ ضلعن جا لڳ ڀڳ 1,650 ماڻهو شامل آهن. امش پهريون ڀيرو 1915ع ۾ ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي ۾ اچي آباد ٿيا. تازن سالن ۾ وڌندڙ شهري ترقي سبب هن برادري ۾ رهندڙ امش ماڻهن جو تعداد گهٽجندو ويو آهي.<ref name="Elizabethtown College_2018">{{cite web |title=Amish Population Profile, 2018|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/ |url-status=dead |work=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |date=August 7, 2018 |access-date=January 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205121144/http://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/ |archive-date=February 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="visitdoveramish">{{cite web|url=http://visitdover.com/index.php/mobile/visit_entry/amish-countryside|title=Amish Countryside|publisher=Kent County & Greater Dover, Delaware Convention and Visitors Bureau|access-date=November 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123053054/http://visitdover.com/index.php/mobile/visit_entry/amish-countryside|archive-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="amishamerica">{{cite web|title=Delaware Amish|publisher=Amish America|url=http://amishamerica.com/delaware-amish/|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120123/http://amishamerica.com/delaware-amish/|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2012ع ۾ آمريڪا ۾ مذهبي روين بابت ٿيل هڪ سروي موجب، ڊيلاويئر جي 34 سيڪڙو رهواسين پاڻ کي "درمياني حد تائين مذهبي"، 33 سيڪڙو "تمام گهڻو مذهبي"، ۽ 33 سيڪڙو "غير مذهبي" قرار ڏنو.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thedialog.org/?p=4580|newspaper=The Dialog|title=In 'very religious' USA, Gallup sees Delaware residents as 'moderately' so—by 1 percent|last=[[ڪيٿولڪ نيوز ايجنسي]]|date=April 3, 2012|access-date=April 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625170239/http://thedialog.org/?p=4580|archive-date=June 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[پيو ريسرچ سينٽر]] جي 2014ع واري سروي موجب 23 سيڪڙو آبادي غير مذهبي هئي، جڏهن ته [[پبلڪ رليجن ريسرچ انسٽيٽيوٽ]] جي 2020ع واري سروي مطابق اهو انگ 31 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name=":0" /> 2022ع ۾ ساڳئي اداري جي سروي موجب غير مذهبي ماڻهن جو تناسب 33 سيڪڙو هو.<ref name="ppri" /> ==معيشت== ===مالداري=== {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 10px" |+ نون ۽ موجوده گهرن جي سراسري وڪري جي قيمت (آمريڪي ڊالرن ۾)<ref name="er2011">{{cite news |title=Delaware housing: Home prices slide in all three counties; sales in NCCo, Kent down from year ago |first=Eric |last=Ruth |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110416/BUSINESS/104160310/-1/NLETTER01/Home-prices-slide-in-all-three-counties--sales-in-NCCo--Kent-down-from-year-ago |newspaper=[[دي نيوز جرنل]] |location=Delaware |date=April 15, 2010 |at=Delaware Online |access-date=March 31, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403234128/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110416/BUSINESS/104160310/-1/NLETTER01/Home-prices-slide-in-all-three-counties--sales-in-NCCo--Kent-down-from-year-ago |archive-date=April 3, 2014 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}</ref> |- !ڊيلاويئر جي ڪائونٽي !مارچ 2010 !مارچ 2011 |- |نيو ڪاسل |229,000 |216,000 |- |سسيڪس |323,000 |296,000 |- |ڪينٽ |186,000 |178,000 |} 2020ع ۾ ''ڪپلنگر'' جي هڪ مطالعي موجب، في فرد لک پتي ماڻهن جي تعداد جي لحاظ کان ڊيلاويئر گڏيل رياستن ۾ 17هين نمبر تي هو؛ رياست ۾ اهڙن ماڻهن جو ڪل انگ 25,937 هو. 2020ع تائين ڊيلاويئر جي گهرن جي وچين سالياني آمدني 64,805 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Millionaires in America 2020: All 50 States Ranked|url=https://www.kiplinger.com/slideshow/investing/t006-s001-millionaires-america-all-50-states-ranked/index.html|access-date=February 21, 2021|website=Kiplinger|date=May 27, 2020 }}</ref><ref name="frank2014">{{cite news |last=Frank |first=Robert |title=Top states for millionaires per capita |date=January 15, 2014 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/15/top-states-for-millionaires-per-capita.html |work=[[سي اين بي سي]] |at=CNBC.com |access-date=October 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122061516/http://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309 |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===زراعت=== [[File:Peach delaware.jpg|thumb|''ڊيلاويئر ۾ آڙو چونڊڻ''، ''[[هارپرز وِيڪلي]]'' جي 1878ع واري اشاعت مان هڪ تصوير]] ڊيلاويئر جي زرعي پيداوار ۾ ڪڪڙ پالڻ، نرسري جا ٻوٽا، [[سويا بين]]، کير جون شيون ۽ [[مڪئي]] شامل آهن. ===صنعتون=== مئي 2025ع مطابق، رياست ۾ [[بيروزگاري]] جي شرح 4.0 سيڪڙو هئي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=staff |first=CNBC com |date=2025-07-10 |title=29. Delaware |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/07/10/delaware-top-states-for-business-ranking.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> رياست جا سڀ کان وڏا روزگار فراهم ڪندڙ ادارا هي آهن:{{citation needed|date=October 2022}} * حڪومت (ڊيلاويئر رياست، نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي) * تعليم ([[ڊيلاويئر يونيورسٽي]]، [[ڊيلاويئر ٽيڪنيڪل ڪميونٽي ڪاليج]]) * بئنڪنگ ([[بئنڪ آف آمريڪا]]، [[ايم اينڊ ٽي بئنڪ]]، [[جي پي مورگن چيس]]، [[سٽي گروپ]]، [[ڊوئچ بئنڪ]]) * ڪيميائي، دواسازي ۽ ٽيڪنالاجي ([[ڊي پونٽ ڊي نيمورس]]، [[ايسٽرا زينيڪا]]، [[سينجينٽا]]، [[ايجيلنٽ ٽيڪنالاجيز]]) * صحت جون خدمتون ([[ڪرسٽيانا ڪيئر]] ([[ڪرسٽيانا اسپتال]])، [[بي هيلٿ ميڊيڪل سينٽر]]، [[نيمورس ٻارن جي اسپتال، ڊيلاويئر]]) * زراعت، خاص طور [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلاويئر|سسيڪس ڪائونٽي]] ۾ ڪڪڙ پالڻ ([[پرڊيو فارمز]]، [[مائونٽيئر فارمز]]، [[ايلن فيملي فوڊز]]) * پرچون واپار ([[والمارٽ]]، [[والگرينز]]، [[ايڪمي مارڪيٽس]]) 2025ع ۾ رياست جي 98.7 سيڪڙو ڪاروبارن جو تعلق [[ننڍو ڪاروبار|ننڍن ڪاروبارن]] سان هو، ۽ انهن رياست جي ڪل افرادي قوت جي 50.6 سيڪڙو ماڻهن کي روزگار فراهم ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Small Business Profile - Delaware |url=https://advocacy.sba.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Delaware_2025-State-Profile.pdf |access-date=February 9, 2026 |website=U.S Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy}}</ref> ====صنعتي زوال==== 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ڌاري کان ڊيلاويئر ۾ رياست جي گاڏيون ٺاهيندڙ صنعت ([[جنرل موٽرز]] جي [[ولمنگٽن اسيمبلي]] ۽ [[ڪرائسلر]] جي [[نيوآرڪ اسيمبلي]]) بند ٿي وئي، هڪ وڏي بئنڪ هولڊنگ ڪمپني ([[ايم بي اين اي]]) خريد ڪئي وئي، رياست جي فولاد جي صنعت ([[ايوراز ڪليمونٽ اسٽيل]]) ختم ٿي وئي، فائبر ٺاهڻ واري هڪ ڪارخاني ([[نيشنل وَلڪنائيزڊ فائبر]]) ديوالي ڪڍي،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/picture-gallery/news/2015/04/22/national-vulcanized-fibre-corp-site-in-yorklyn/26175401/|access-date=December 12, 2015|title=National Vulcanized Fibre Corp. site in Yorklyn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803220420/https://www.delawareonline.com/picture-gallery/news/2015/04/22/national-vulcanized-fibre-corp-site-in-yorklyn/26175401/|archive-date=August 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ۽ ولمنگٽن ۾ [[ايسٽرا زينيڪا]] جي موجودگي به گهٽجي وئي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/11/19/astrazeneca-lays-off-workers-delaware-headquarters/76048454/|title=AstraZeneca lays off workers at Delaware headquarters|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205095218/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/11/19/astrazeneca-lays-off-workers-delaware-headquarters/76048454/|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/20/delaware-officials-concerned-astrazeneca-dupont-threats/23763597/|title=Delaware officials concerned about AstraZeneca, DuPont threats|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205095218/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/money/business/2015/02/20/delaware-officials-concerned-astrazeneca-dupont-threats/23763597/|archive-date=February 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 2015ع جي آخر ۾ [[ڊي پونٽ]] اعلان ڪيو ته 2016ع جي شروعات ۾ ڊيلاويئر ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ 1,700 ملازمن کي، جيڪي رياست ۾ ڪمپني جي افرادي قوت جو لڳ ڀڳ ٽيون حصو هئا، برطرف ڪيو ويندو.<ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont to cut 1,700 jobs in Delaware in January|date=December 29, 2015 |url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inq-phillydeals/DuPont-to-cut-1700-jobs-in-Delaware-this-winter.html|access-date=December 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231119/http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/inq-phillydeals/DuPont-to-cut-1700-jobs-in-Delaware-this-winter.html|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[اي آءِ ڊي پونٽ ڊي نيمورس اينڊ ڪمپني]] ۽ [[ڊائو ڪيميڪل ڪمپني]] جو ضم ٿي [[ڊائو ڊي پونٽ]] بڻجڻ وارو عمل 1 سيپٽمبر 2017ع تي مڪمل ٿيو.<ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont merger called 'catastrophic' for Delaware|url=http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware/89056-dupont-merger-called-catastrophic-for-delaware|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217064717/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware/89056-dupont-merger-called-catastrophic-for-delaware|archive-date=December 17, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont merger: A 'sad day' for Delaware|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/12/11/dupont-and-dow-combine-merger/77138022/|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131030704/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/12/11/dupont-and-dow-combine-merger/77138022/|archive-date=January 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DuPont-Dow merger 'catastrophic' for Delaware|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2015/12/11/dupont-dow-merger-catastrophic-delaware-markell.html|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231119/http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2015/12/11/dupont-dow-merger-catastrophic-delaware-markell.html|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chemours will lay off 400, including some in Delaware|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/11/30/chemours-lays-off-400-workers-including-some-delaware/76580028/|access-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203144602/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2015/11/30/chemours-lays-off-400-workers-including-some-delaware/76580028/|archive-date=February 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===ڊيلويئر ۾ ڪارپوريشنن جي رجسٽريشن=== {{Main|ڊيلويئر جو عام ڪارپوريشن قانون}} آمريڪا جي عوامي طور واپار ٿيندڙ سڀني ڪمپنين مان اڌ کان وڌيڪ، ۽ [[فارچون 500]] جي 63 سيڪڙو ڪمپنين جي [[ڪارپوريشن (ڪاروبار)|رجسٽريشن]] ڊيلويئر ۾ ٿيل آهي.<ref name="div-corp">{{cite web| url = https://corp.delaware.gov/| title = Delaware Division of Corporations| publisher = Government of DE| access-date = June 10, 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110810011523/http://corp.delaware.gov/| archive-date = August 10, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> رياست جي [[ڪارپوريٽ ٽيڪس پناهه گاهه|ڪارپوريٽ پناهه گاهه]] طور مقبوليت جو وڏو سبب ان جا ڪاروبار دوست [[ڊيلويئر جو عام ڪارپوريشن قانون|ڪارپوريشني قانون]] آهن. ڊيلويئر ۾ رجسٽرڊ ڪارپوريشنن کان ورتل [[فرينچائز ٽيڪس]] رياست جي ڪل آمدني جو لڳ ڀڳ پنجون حصو مهيا ڪن ٿا.<ref name="DEFiscalNotebook">{{cite web|url=https://financefiles.delaware.gov/docs/sec2page24.pdf |title=Delaware 2007 Fiscal Notebook—State General Fund Revenues by Category (F.Y. 2002–2005) |access-date=August 17, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816093426/http://finance.delaware.gov/publications/fiscal_notebook_07/Section02/sec2page24.pdf |archive-date=August 16, 2011 }}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[ٽيڪس جسٽس نيٽ ورڪ]] جي 2009ع واري ''فنانشل سيڪريسي انڊيڪس'' ۾ "آمريڪا (ڊيلويئر)" کي دنيا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڳجهارت وارو قانوني دائرو قرار ڏنو ويو هو،<ref>{{Cite news |title = Financial Secrecy Index |publisher = Tax Justice Network |date = November 1, 2009 |url = http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2009/FSI-2009/FSI%20-%20Rankings%20-%202009.pdf |access-date = June 24, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150626125234/http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2009/FSI-2009/FSI%20-%20Rankings%20-%202009.pdf |archive-date = June 26, 2015 |url-status = dead}}</ref> پر ساڳئي اداري جي 2011ع واري انڊيڪس ۾ آمريڪا کي پنجين نمبر تي رکيو ويو ۽ ڊيلويئر جو الڳ ذڪر نه ڪيو ويو.<ref>{{cite news|title = Financial Secrecy Index|publisher = Tax Justice Network|date = October 4, 2011|url = http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2011/FSI-2011/FSI-Rankings.pdf|access-date = June 24, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150404031914/http://www.financialsecrecyindex.com/Archive2011/FSI-2011/FSI-Rankings.pdf|archive-date = April 4, 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> ڊيلويئر ۾ رجسٽرڊ ڪارپوريشنن جو انگ هڪ ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref name="div-corp" /> 2025ع دوران نون ڪاروبارن جي قيام جي لحاظ کان ڊيلويئر 327,103 نون ڪاروبارن سان چوٿين نمبر تي رهيو.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-23 |title=Report: Florida leads nation in new business creation |url=https://www.businessobserverfl.com/news/2026/jan/23/florida-new-business-creation/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Business Observer |language=en}}</ref> ===کاڌو ۽ مشروبات=== [[s:Delaware Code/Title 4/Chapter 7|ڊيلويئر ڪوڊ جي عنوان 4، باب 7]] موجب الڪوحلي مشروبات رڳو خاص لائسنس يافته ادارن ۾ وڪرو ڪري سگهجن ٿا، ۽ اها وڪري جي اجازت صرف صبح جو 9:00 وڳي کان رات جو 1:00 وڳي تائين هوندي آهي.<ref name="delcode4-8">{{cite web|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/title4/c007/ |archive-date=June 26, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130626194611/http://delcode.delaware.gov/title4/c007/|title = Chapter 7. Regulatory Provisions|access-date=September 13, 2011|website=Online Delaware Code|url-status=live |publisher=Delaware General Assembly}}</ref> 2003ع تائين، ڊيلويئر انهن چند رياستن مان هڪ هئي جيڪي [[بلو قانون]] لاڳو ڪنديون هيون، جن تحت آچر جي ڏينهن شراب جي وڪري تي پابندي هئي.<ref name="nathans2011">{{cite news |last=Aaron |first=Nathans |title=Del. package stores hope to benefit from Md. tax |newspaper=[[دي نيوز جرنل]] |location=New Castle, Delaware |date=July 9, 2011 |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2011107100328 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821195354/http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2011107100328 |archive-date=August 21, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> ===ماليات=== ٽيڪس جي وصولي [[ڊيلويئر روينيو ڊويزن]] طرفان ڪئي ويندي آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://revenue.delaware.gov/|title=Division of Revenue—Department of Finance—State of Delaware|website=Division of Revenue—State of Delaware}}</ref> ڊيلويئر ۾ [[آمدني ٽيڪس]] جا ڇهه مختلف درجا آهن، جن جون شرحون 2.2٪ کان 5.95٪ تائين آهن. رياست صارفين کان [[سيلز ٽيڪس]] وصول نٿي ڪري.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Brett Holzhauer,Dan |date=2021-09-03 |title=What states have no sales tax? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/select/states-with-no-sales-tax/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sadek |first=Nicole |date=2022-06-27 |title='Delaware is everywhere': how a little-known tax haven made the rules for corporate America - ICIJ |url=https://www.icij.org/inside-icij/2022/06/delaware-is-everywhere-how-a-little-known-tax-haven-made-the-rules-for-corporate-america/ |access-date=2025-12-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، رياست اڪثر ڪاروبارن جي مجموعي آمدني (Gross Receipts) تي ٽيڪس لاڳو ڪري ٿي. ڪاروباري ۽ پيشاورانه لائسنس ٽيڪس جون شرحون ڪاروباري سرگرميءَ جي قسم موجب 0.096٪ کان 1.92٪ تائين آهن. ڊيلويئر رياستي سطح تي نه [[ملڪيت ٽيڪس|غير منقوله ملڪيت ٽيڪس]] لاڳو ڪري ٿو ۽ نه ئي منقوله ملڪيت تي ٽيڪس وصول ڪري ٿو. غير منقوله ملڪيت تي ڪائونٽي ملڪيت ٽيڪس، اسڪول ضلعي جا ملڪيت ٽيڪس، فني اسڪول ضلعن جا ٽيڪس، ۽ جيڪڏهن ملڪيت ڪنهن شامل ٿيل ميونسپل علائقي ۾ هجي ته ميونسپل ملڪيت ٽيڪس لاڳو ٿين ٿا. [[آمريڪا ۾ جوا#قانوني جوا جا قسم|جوا]] رياست لاءِ آمدني جو هڪ اهم ذريعو آهي. مثال طور، [[ڊيلويئر پارڪ ريس ٽريڪ#جوسينو|ڊيلويئر پارڪ ريس ٽريڪ]] تي قائم جوسينو 2010ع ۾ رياست کي 100 ملين آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ آمدني فراهم ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delaware crime: Wave of brazen attacks sounds alarm at casino |first=Chris |last=Barrish |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110423/NEWS01/104230342/-1/NLETTER01/Wave-of-brazen-attacks-sounds-alarm-at-casino |location=Wilmington, DE |date=April 23, 2011 |work=Delaware Online |access-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201210192633/https://www.webcitation.org/5ygCHfM0y?url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110423/NEWS01/104230342/-1/NLETTER01/Wave-of-brazen-attacks-sounds-alarm-at-casino |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |at=1st page of online article archived via link provided |url-status=live }}</ref> جون 2018ع ۾، [[1992ع جو پروفيشنل ۽ ايميچر اسپورٽس پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ#آمريڪي سپريم ڪورٽ جو فيصلو|آمريڪي سپريم ڪورٽ طرفان 1992ع جي پروفيشنل ۽ ايميچر اسپورٽس پروٽيڪشن ايڪٽ (PASPA) کي ختم ڪرڻ واري فيصلي]] کان پوءِ، ڊيلويئر آمريڪا جي پهرين رياست بڻجي وئي جنهن [[راندين تي شرط لڳائڻ]] کي قانوني حيثيت ڏني.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bestbettingsites.uk/news/sports-betting/delaware-becomes-first-state-legalise-sports-betting.html | title=Delaware becomes the first state to legalise sports betting | access-date=June 22, 2018 | date=June 2, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140539/https://www.bestbettingsites.uk/news/sports-betting/delaware-becomes-first-state-legalise-sports-betting.html | archive-date=June 22, 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ميڊيا== ===اخبارون=== ڊيلويئر مان ٻه [[روزاني اخبار]]ون شايع ٿين ٿيون: ''[[ڊيلويئر اسٽيٽ نيوز]]''، جيڪا ڊوور مان شايع ٿئي ٿي ۽ رياست جي ڏاکڻين ٻن ڪائونٽين جي خبرن تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ ''[[دي نيوز جرنل]]''، جيڪا ولمنگٽن ۽ اتر ڊيلويئر جي خبرن کي ڍڪي ٿي. رياست ۾ [[ڊيلويئر جي اخبارن جي فهرست|ڪيترائي هفتيوار، ماهوار ۽ آن لائين اشاعتي ادارا]] پڻ موجود آهن. ===ٽيليويزن=== ڊيلويئر ۾ ڪا به اهڙي آزاد ٽيليويزن اسٽيشن موجود ناهي جيڪا صرف رياست لاءِ قائم هجي. رياست جو اتر وارو حصو [[فلاڊيلفيا]] جي نيٽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن کان، جڏهن ته ڏاکڻو حصو [[سيلسبري، ميري لينڊ]] جي نيٽ ورڪ اسٽيشنن کان خدمتون حاصل ڪري ٿو. فلاڊيلفيا جي [[آمريڪن براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪمپني|اي بي سي]] سان لاڳاپيل [[ڊبليو پي سڪس-ٽي وي]] ولمنگٽن جي مرڪزي علائقي ۾ هڪ نيوز بيورو هلائي ٿي. سيلسبري جي [[سي بي ايس]] سان لاڳاپيل [[ڊبليو بي او سي-ٽي وي]] ڊوور ۽ ملٽن ۾ پنهنجا بيورو قائم ڪيا آهن. فلاڊيلفيا مارڪيٽ جون ٽي اسٽيشنون—[[پبلڪ براڊڪاسٽنگ سروس|پي بي ايس]] سان لاڳاپيل [[ڊبليو ايڇ واء واء-ٽي وي]]، [[آئيون ٽيليويزن|آئيون]] سان لاڳاپيل [[ڊبليو پي پي ايڪس]]، ۽ [[مي ٽي وي]] سان لاڳاپيل [[ڊبليو ڊي پي اين-ٽي وي]]—سڀني جو [[لائسنس يافته شهر]] ولمنگٽن آهي، پر انهن جا ٽرانسميٽر [[روڪسبرو، فلاڊيلفيا]] جي اينٽينا فارم تي واقع آهن ۽ اهي ڊيلويئر تي مرڪوز پروگرام نشر نٿيون ڪن. {{Philly TV}} ===ريڊيو=== {{Main|ڊيلويئر جي ريڊيو اسٽيشنن جي فهرست}} ڊيلويئر ۾ لائسنس يافته ڪيترائي ريڊيو اسٽيشنون آهن. [[ڊبليو ڊي ڊي اي]] 91.1 ايف ايم، [[ڊبليو ڊي اي ايل1150 اي ايم]]، [[ڊبليو ايڇ جي اي-ايل پي|ڊبليو ايڇ جي اي]]-ايل پي 95.3 ايف ايم، ڊبليو آء ايل ايم1450 اي ايم، [[ڊبليو وي سي ڊبليو (ايف ايم)|ڊبليو وي سي ڊبليو 99.5]]، [[ڊبليو ايم پي ايڇ]] 91.7 ايف ايم، [[ڊبليو ايس ٽي ڊبليو]] 93.7 ايف ايم، [[ڊبليو ٽي ايم سي]] 1380 اي ايم ۽ [[ڊبليو ڊبليو ٽي ايڪس]] 1290 اي ايم ولمنگٽن مان لائسنس يافته آهن. [[ڊبليو آر ڊي ايڪس]] 92.9 ايف ايم سمرنا مان لائسنس يافته آهي، جڏهن ته [[ڊبليو ڊي او وي]] 1410 اي ايم، [[ڊبليو ڊي ايڪس ڊي]] 94.7 ايف ايم ۽ ڊبليو آر ٽي ايڪس91.7 ايف ايم ڊوور مان لائسنس يافته آهن. ==سياحت== [[File:Rehoboth Beach looking north at Delaware Avenue August 2021.jpeg|thumb|[[ريهوبٿ بيچ، ڊيلويئر|ريهوبٿ بيچ]]، جيڪو اونهاري جي مهينن دوران مشهور موڪلن واري ماڳ آهي]] [[File:Fort Delaware LOC 384066pu.jpg|thumb|[[فورٽ ڊيلويئر اسٽيٽ پارڪ]]، [[پي پيچ ٻيٽ]] تي واقع، بهار ۽ اونهاري ۾ هڪ مشهور سياحتي هنڌ؛ ويجهي [[ڊيلويئر سٽي، ڊيلويئر|ڊيلويئر سٽي]] مان فيري ذريعي سياحن کي قلعي تائين پهچايو ويندو آهي.]] ڊيلويئر ۾ [[فرسٽ اسٽيٽ نيشنل هسٽاريڪل پارڪ]] موجود آهي، جيڪو [[نيشنل پارڪ سروس]] جو هڪ يونٽ آهي ۽ رياست جي مختلف تاريخي ماڳن تي مشتمل آهي، جن ۾ [[نيو ڪاسل ڪورٽ هائوس ميوزيم|نيو ڪاسل ڪورٽ هائوس، گرين ۽ شيرف هائوس]]، [[ڊوور گرين تاريخي ضلعو|ڊوور گرين]]، بيور وئلي، [[فورٽ ڪرسٽينا]]، [[هولي ٽرينيٽي چرچ (اولڊ سوئيڊز)|اولڊ سوئيڊز چرچ]]، [[جان ڊڪنسن هائوس|جان ڊڪنسن پلانٽيشن]] ۽ [[رائوز هولٽ هائوس]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite web|title=First State National Historical Park-Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=National Park Service|url=https://www.nps.gov/frst/faqs.htm|access-date=June 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620213847/https://www.nps.gov/frst/faqs.htm|archive-date=June 20, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> ڊيلويئر ۾ ڪيترائي [[ڊيلويئر جي عجائب گهرن جي فهرست|عجائب گهر]]، [[:زمرو:National Wildlife Refuges in Delaware|جهنگلي جيوت جا محفوظ علائقا]]، [[:زمرو:Parks in Delaware|پارڪ]]، [[:زمرو:Houses in Delaware|تاريخي گهر]]، [[:زمرو:Lighthouses in Delaware|روشنيءَ جا مينار]] ۽ ٻيا [[:زمرو:National Register of Historic Places in Delaware|تاريخي ماڳ]] پڻ موجود آهن. [[ريهوبٿ بيچ، ڊيلويئر|ريهوبٿ بيچ]]، [[ليوس، ڊيلويئر|ليوس]]، [[ڊيوئي بيچ، ڊيلويئر|ڊيوئي بيچ]]، [[بيٿني بيچ، ڊيلويئر|بيٿني بيچ]]، [[سائوٿ بيٿني، ڊيلويئر|سائوٿ بيٿني]] ۽ [[فينوڪ ٻيٽ، ڊيلويئر|فينوڪ ٻيٽ]] گڏجي [[ڊيلويئر جا سامونڊي ڪنارا|ڊيلويئر جي سامونڊي سياحتي مرڪزن]] جو حصو آهن. ريهوبٿ بيچ پاڻ کي اڪثر "قوم جي اونهاري جي گادي" سڏيندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو [[واشنگٽن، ڊي. سي.]] جي رهواسين سان گڏ ميري لينڊ، ورجينيا ۽ گهٽ تعداد ۾ پينسلوينيا مان ايندڙ سياحن لاءِ مشهور اونهاري موڪلن جو هنڌ آهي. سياح هن شهر جي دلڪشي، فني ماحول، رات جي زندگي ۽ ٽيڪس کان آزاد خريداري سبب هتي ايندا آهن. سي گرانٽ ڊيلويئر موجب، ڊيلويئر جا سامونڊي ڪنارا هر سال 6.9 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر جي معاشي سرگرمي ۽ 711 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر کان وڌيڪ ٽيڪس آمدني پيدا ڪن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Contribution of The Coastal Economy to the State of Delaware|publisher=SeaGrant Delaware|url=https://www.deseagrant.org/research/contribution-coastal-economy-state-delaware|access-date=April 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402082704/https://www.deseagrant.org/research/contribution-coastal-economy-state-delaware|archive-date=April 2, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيلويئر ڪيترن ئي ميلن، ميلاپن ۽ تقريبن جو ميزبان آهي. مشهور تقريبن ۾ [[سيفورڊ، ڊيلويئر|سيفورڊ]] ۾ ٿيندڙ ريورفيسٽ، 1986ع کان رياست جي مختلف هنڌن تي منعقد ٿيندڙ عالمي چيمپيئن شپ [[پنڪن چنڪن]]، ريهوبٿ بيچ چاڪليٽ فيسٽيول، اونهاري جي پڄاڻيءَ جي موقعي تي بيٿني بيچ جاز فيونرل، [[برجويل، ڊيلويئر|برجويل]] ۾ ٿيندڙ ايپل اسڪراپل فيسٽيول، ولمنگٽن ۾ [[ڪلفورڊ برائون]] جاز فيسٽيول، ريهوبٿ بيچ جاز فيسٽيول، ريهوبٿ بيچ ۾ سي وِچ هالووين فيسٽيول ۽ پريڊ، ريهوبٿ بيچ آزاد فلمي ميلو، [[اوڪ آرچرڊ، ڊيلويئر|اوڪ آرچرڊ]] ۾ نينٽيڪوڪ انڊين پاو واو، [[فائر فلائي ميوزڪ فيسٽيول]]، ۽ هر چونڊ کان پوءِ [[جارج ٽائون، ڊيلويئر|جارج ٽائون]] ۾ ٿيندڙ ''ريٽرن ڊي پريڊ'' شامل آهن. 2015ع ۾ ڊيلويئر ۾ سياحت مان 3.1 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر آمدني ٿي، جيڪا رياست جي مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار (GDP) جو پنج سيڪڙو هئي. 2015ع دوران ڊيلويئر ۾ 8.5 ملين سياح آيا، جڏهن ته سياحت واري صنعت ۾ 41,730 ماڻهن کي روزگار مليو، جنهن سبب اها رياست جي چوٿين وڏي نجي روزگار ڏيندڙ صنعت بڻجي وئي. ڊيلويئر ايندڙ سياحن جا اهم ذريعا فلاڊيلفيا، [[بالٽيمور]]، نيو يارڪ شهر، واشنگٽن، ڊي. سي. ۽ [[هيرسبرگ، پينسلوينيا|هيرسبرگ]] هئا. تقريباً 97 سيڪڙو سياح ڪار ذريعي رياست ۾ داخل ٿيا، جڏهن ته 75 سيڪڙو سياح 200 ميل (320 ڪلوميٽر) يا ان کان گهٽ مفاصلي تان آيا هئا.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Value of Tourism 2015|publisher=Visit Delaware|url=https://www.visitsoutherndelaware.com/sites/default/files/The_Value_of_Tourism_2015_5e45388c-8bcf-428e-a246-8fbb26f6bb1d.pdf|access-date=February 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207123022/https://www.visitsoutherndelaware.com/sites/default/files/The_Value_of_Tourism_2015_5e45388c-8bcf-428e-a246-8fbb26f6bb1d.pdf|archive-date=February 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيلويئر ۾ ٻه وڏا راندين جا مرڪز پڻ موجود آهن. [[ڊوور موٽر اسپيڊ وي]] ڊوور ۾ واقع هڪ موٽر ريسنگ ٽريڪ آهي، جڏهن ته ولمنگٽن ۾ [[ڊينيل ايس. فراولي اسٽيڊيم|فراولي اسٽيڊيم]] [[ولمنگٽن بلو راڪس]] جو هوم گرائونڊ آهي، جيڪا [[مائنر ليگ بيس بال]] جي هڪ ٽيم آهي ۽ هن وقت [[واشنگٽن نيشنلز]] سان لاڳاپيل آهي. ==تعليم== {{See also|ڊيلويئر جي هاءِ اسڪولن جي فهرست}} [[File:UDel Memorial and Magnolia Circle.JPG|thumb|[[ڊيلويئر يونيورسٽي]]، [[نيورڪ، ڊيلويئر|نيورڪ]]]] 1920ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ [[پيئر ايس. ڊو پونٽ]] رياستي بورڊ آف ايجوڪيشن جو صدر هو. ان وقت رياستي قانون موجب اڇن ٽيڪس ڏيندڙن کان حاصل ڪيل رقم ڪارن ٻارن جي اسڪولن جي سهائتا لاءِ استعمال نٿي ڪري سگهجي. ڪارن شاگردن جي اسڪولن جي خراب حالت ڏسي ڊو پونٽ 86 نيون اسڪولي عمارتون تعمير ڪرائڻ لاءِ چاليهه لک ڊالر عطيو ڏنا.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Okrent |first1=Daniel |title=Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition |year=2010 |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0743277020 |at=loc 5645(Kindle) |author-link=Daniel Okrent}}</ref> ڊيلويئر [[بيلٽن بمقابله گيبهارٽ]] (1952ع) ڪيس جو اصل هنڌ هو، جيڪو انهن چئن ڪيسن مان هڪ هو، جيڪي بعد ۾ [[براون بمقابله بورڊ آف ايجوڪيشن]] ۾ گڏ ڪيا ويا. [[آمريڪا جي سپريم ڪورٽ]] جي ان فيصلي سرڪاري اسڪولن ۾ سرڪاري طور لاڳو [[نسلي امتياز]] جي خاتمي جي راهه هموار ڪئي. خاص ڳالهه اها هئي ته ''بيلٽن'' واحد ڪيس هو، جنهن ۾ رياستي عدالت مدعين جي حق ۾ فيصلو ڪندي نسلي عليحدگي کي غير آئيني قرار ڏنو. آمريڪا جي ڪيترين ئي رياستن جي ابتڙ، ڊيلويئر جو تعليمي نظام رياستي سپرنٽنڊنٽ آف ايجوڪيشن جي ماتحت مرڪزي نوعيت جو آهي، جڏهن ته مقامي اسڪول بورڊ ٽيڪسن ۽ نصاب جي ڪجهه حصن تي ڪنٽرول برقرار رکن ٿا. اهو مرڪزي نظام ۽ رياست جي ننڍڙي جسامت غالباً ان ڳالهه جو سبب بڻيا، جو 1999ع ۾ ٽن سالن تي ٻڌل 30 ملين ڊالرن جي منصوبي جي مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ڊيلويئر رياست جي K–12 درجن جي هر ڪلاس روم کي انٽرنيٽ سان ڳنڍيندڙ پهرين آمريڪي رياست بڻجي وئي.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Millard|first=Sandra K.|date=October 29, 1999|title=University of Delaware Library / Statewide K–12 Partnership Providing Online Resources and Training: UDLib/SEARCH|url=https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED450718/|conference=EDUCAUSE '99|location=Long Beach, CA|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> 2011ع مطابق، ڊيلويئر جي تعليم کاتي رياست ۾ 25 چارٽر اسڪولن جي قيام جي منظوري ڏني هئي، جن مان هڪ صرف [[هڪ-جنس واري تعليم|ڇوڪرين]] لاءِ مخصوص هو.<ref name="Dobo20110612">{{cite news |last=Dobo |first=Nichole |title=Delaware schools: Checkered past goes unchecked |access-date=June 13, 2011 |newspaper=[[دي نيوز جرنل]] |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110612/NEWS03/106120369/-1/NLETTER01/Checkered-past-goes-unchecked?source=nletter-news |date=June 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623091720/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110612/NEWS03/106120369/-1/NLETTER01/Checkered-past-goes-unchecked?source=nletter-news |archive-date=June 23, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2010ع ۾ ڊيلويئر آمريڪا جي انهن علائقن مان هو، جتي خانگي اسڪولن ۾ داخلا وٺندڙ شاگردن جو تناسب سڀ کان وڌيڪ هو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delawarepublic.org/2010-12-16/private-schools-increasing-financial-aid-to-retain-students|title=Private schools increasing financial aid to retain students |publisher=[[ڊيلويئر پبلڪ ميڊيا]]|date=December 16, 2010|access-date=March 30, 2025|quote=In Delaware, with the nation's highest percentage of private school enrollment,[...]}}</ref> رياست جي سرڪاري اسڪول ضلعن جا سڀئي استاد استادن جي يونينن جا ميمبر آهن.<ref name="dobo2012">{{Cite news|last=Dobo|first=Nichole|publication-date=January 19, 2012|year=2012|title=Charter votes to join union|newspaper=[[دي نيوز جرنل]]|at=delawareonline|access-date=January 19, 2012|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120119/NEWS03/201190345/-1/NLETTER01/Charter-votes-to-join-union|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609103243/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120119/NEWS03/201190345/-1/NLETTER01/Charter-votes-to-join-union|archive-date=June 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> جنوري 2012ع مطابق، رياست جي ڪنهن به چارٽر اسڪول جي استادن جي [[مزدور يونين|يونين]] سان وابستگي نه هئي.<ref name="dobo2012" /> رياست جي استادن جي يونينن مان هڪ [[ڊيلويئر اسٽيٽ ايجوڪيشن ايسوسيئيشن]] (DSEA) آهي.<ref name="dobo2012" /> ===ڪاليج ۽ يونيورسٽيون=== * [[ڊيلويئر ڪاليج آف آرٽ اينڊ ڊيزائن]] * [[ڊيلويئر اسٽيٽ يونيورسٽي]] * [[ڊيلويئر ٽيڪنيڪل ڪميونٽي ڪاليج]] * [[گولڊي-بيڪام ڪاليج]] * [[ڊيلويئر يونيورسٽي]] — آمريڪا ۾ 63هين ۽ دنيا ۾ 201–250 جي درجي ۾ ([[ٽائيمز هائير ايجوڪيشن عالمي يونيورسٽي درجابندي]] 2018ع) * [[وائڊنر يونيورسٽي اسڪول آف لا]] * [[ولمنگٽن يونيورسٽي]] ==آمدرفت== [[File:1969 Delaware license plate 000000 sample.jpg|thumb|ڊيلويئر جي [[ڊيلويئر جون گاڏين جون رجسٽريشن پليٽون|گاڏين جي رجسٽريشن پليٽ]] جو نمونو، جيڪو 1959ع ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو، آمريڪي تاريخ ۾ سڀ کان ڊگهي عرصي تائين استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊزائن آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Auto tag No. 6 likely to sell for $1 million |author=Harlow, Summer |journal=The News Journal |date=January 20, 2008 |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080120/NEWS/801200351&template=printart |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213454/http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080120%2FNEWS%2F801200351&template=printart |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 23, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213454/http://www.delawareonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080120%2FNEWS%2F801200351&template=printart |date=September 23, 2015 }}</ref>]] ڊيلويئر جو آمدرفت وارو نظام [[ڊيلويئر ٽرانسپورٽيشن کاتو]] (DelDOT) جي انتظام ۽ نگراني هيٺ آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deldot.gov/index.shtml|title=State of Delaware Department of Transportation|access-date=June 30, 2006|publisher=State of Delaware|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701234021/http://www.deldot.gov/index.shtml|archive-date=July 1, 2006|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Staff (Delaware Department of Transportation Public Relations)|year=2005|title=Delaware Transportation Facts 2005|publisher=DelDOT Division of Planning|url=http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2005/2005_deldot_fact_book.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909223639/http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2005/2005_deldot_fact_book.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2008}}</ref> DelDOT جي منصوبن جي مالي مدد جزوي طور [[ڊيلويئر ٽرانسپورٽيشن ٽرسٽ فنڊ]] مان ڪئي ويندي آهي، جيڪو 1987ع ۾ آمدرفت لاءِ مالي وسيلا مستحڪم ڪرڻ خاطر قائم ڪيو ويو هو؛ هن ٽرسٽ فنڊ جي قيام سان DelDOT جي سرگرمين کي ڊيلويئر رياست جي ٻين سرڪاري شعبن کان آهستي آهستي الڳ ڪيو ويو.<ref name=montgomery2012nj>{{Cite news|last=Montgomery|first=Jeff|date=January 29, 2011|title=Crisis ahead on Delaware roads|newspaper=[[دي نيوز جرنل]]|at=delawareonline|access-date=January 29, 2012|url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120129/NEWS/201290341/-1/NLETTER01/Crisis-ahead-on-Delaware-roads|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609105718/http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20120129/NEWS/201290341/-1/NLETTER01/Crisis-ahead-on-Delaware-roads|archive-date=June 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> DelDOT ڪيترن ئي پروگرامن جو انتظام ڪري ٿو، جن ۾ ڊيلويئر جو [[هاءِ وي اختيار ڪرڻ وارو پروگرام]] (Adopt-a-Highway)، اهم شاهراهن تان برف هٽائڻ، ٽرئفڪ ڪنٽرول جو ڍانچو (جهڙوڪ نشانيون ۽ سگنل)، ٽول روڊن جو انتظام، ڊيلويئر جو [[موٽر گاڏين جو کاتو]]، [[ڊيلويئر ٽرانزٽ ڪارپوريشن]] (جنهن جو عوامي نالو [[DART First State]] آهي ۽ جيڪا رياست جي عوامي ٽرانسپورٽ جو ادارو آهي)، ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پروگرام شامل آهن. 2009ع ۾ DelDOT مجموعي طور 13,507 لين-ميل روڊن جي سارسنڀال ڪندو هو، جيڪي رياست جي سرڪاري روڊن جي نظام جو 89 سيڪڙو حصو هئا، جڏهن ته باقي روڊ لاڳاپيل ميونسپلٽين جي نگراني هيٺ هئا. اها ذميواري قومي سراسري (20 سيڪڙو) جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻي وڌيڪ آهي، جتي عام طور رياستي آمدرفت وارا کاتا ايتري وڏي حصي جي سارسنڀال نٿا ڪن.<ref name=deldotfactbook>{{cite book |title=Delaware Transportation Facts |publisher=Delaware Department of Transportation |year=2009 |url=http://www.deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2009/2009_fact_book.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511185126/http://deldot.gov/information/pubs_forms/fact_book/pdf/2009/2009_fact_book.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2012 }}</ref> ===روڊ=== {{Further|ڊيلويئر رياستي روڊن جو نظام}} [[File:DE 1 NB from DE 299 overpass.jpeg|thumb|[[ڊيلويئر روٽ 1]] (DE 1)، هڪ جزوي [[ٽول روڊ]]، جيڪو [[فينوڪ ٻيٽ، ڊيلويئر|فينوڪ ٻيٽ]] کي [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلويئر|ولمنگٽن]] سان ڳنڍي ٿو.]] آمريڪا جي [[بين الرياستي شاهراهه نظام]] جي هڪ اهم شاخ، [[ڊيلويئر ۾ بين الرياستي 95|بين الرياستي 95]] (I-95)، نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي مان ڏکڻ اولهه کان اتر اوڀر تائين ڊيلويئر مان گذري ٿي. رياست ۾ [[معاون بين الرياستي شاهراهه]] جون ٻه شاهراهون پڻ موجود آهن. [[بين الرياستي 495 (ڊيلويئر)|بين الرياستي 495]] (I-495) ولمنگٽن جي اوڀر طرف هڪ بائي پاس آهي، جڏهن ته [[بين الرياستي 295 (ڊيلويئر–پينسلوينيا)|بين الرياستي 295]] (I-295) فلاڊيلفيا لاءِ هڪ بائي پاس آهي، جيڪا ولمنگٽن جي ڏکڻ کان شروع ٿئي ٿي. بين الرياستي شاهراهن کان علاوه، [[آمريڪي شاهراهه نظام]] جون ڇهه شاهراهون ڊيلويئر مان گذرن ٿيون: [[ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪي شاهراهه 9|آمريڪي شاهراهه 9]]، [[ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪي شاهراهه 13|آمريڪي شاهراهه 13]]، [[ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪي شاهراهه 40|آمريڪي شاهراهه 40]]، [[ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪي شاهراهه 113|آمريڪي شاهراهه 113]]، [[ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪي شاهراهه 202|آمريڪي شاهراهه 202]] ۽ [[ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪي شاهراهه 301|آمريڪي شاهراهه 301]]. ان کان علاوه ڪيترائي رياستي روڊ پڻ آهن، جن مان [[ڊيلويئر روٽ 1|DE 1]]، [[ڊيلويئر روٽ 9|DE 9]] ۽ [[ڊيلويئر روٽ 404|DE 404]] قابل ذڪر آهن. آمريڪي شاهراهه 13 ۽ DE 1 اتر–ڏکڻ جون اهم شاهراهون آهن، جيڪي ولمنگٽن ۽ پينسلوينيا کي ميري لينڊ سان ڳنڍين ٿيون، جڏهن ته DE 1 ولمنگٽن ۽ [[ڊيلويئر جا سامونڊي ڪنارا]] وچ ۾ مکيه رستو آهي. DE 9 هڪ خوبصورت شاهراهه آهي، جيڪا [[ڊيلويئر بي]] جي ڪناري سان ڊوور ۽ ولمنگٽن کي ڳنڍي ٿي. آمريڪي شاهراهه 40 اوڀر–اولهه طرف هلندڙ اهم شاهراهه آهي، جيڪا ميري لينڊ کي نيو جرسي سان ملائي ٿي. DE 404 پڻ اوڀر–اولهه شاهراهه آهي، جيڪا ميري لينڊ ۾ [[چيساپيڪ بي پل]] کي ڊيلويئر جي سامونڊي ڪنارن سان ڳنڍي ٿي. رياست ٽي ٽول شاهراهون پڻ هلائي ٿي: [[ڊيلويئر ٽرن پائيڪ]] (I-95)، جيڪا ميري لينڊ ۽ نيو ڪاسل جي وچ ۾ آهي؛ [[ڪورين جنگ جي اڳوڻن سپاهين جي يادگار شاهراهه]] (DE 1)، جيڪا ولمنگٽن ۽ ڊوور کي ڳنڍي ٿي؛ ۽ نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي ۾ ميري لينڊ جي سرحد کان DE 1 تائين [[آمريڪي شاهراهه 301]] جي ٽول روڊ. سائيڪلن لاءِ مخصوص رستو [[ڊيلويئر سائيڪل روٽ 1]] رياست جي اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين [[فينوڪ ٻيٽ، ڊيلويئر|فينوڪ ٻيٽ]] وٽ ميري لينڊ جي سرحد کان [[مونٽچين، ڊيلويئر|مونٽچين]] جي اتر ۾ پينسلوينيا جي سرحد تائين پکڙيل آهي. اهو ڊيلويئر ۾ منصوبابندي ڪيل ڪيترن ئي نشان لڳل سائيڪل رستن مان پهريون رستو آهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deldot.gov/information/projects/bike_and_ped/bike_facilities/pages/regional_routes.shtml|publisher=Delaware Department of Transportation|title=Projects: Delaware Bicycle Facility Master Plan|access-date=September 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130554/https://www.deldot.gov/information/projects/bike_and_ped/bike_facilities/pages/regional_routes.shtml|archive-date=September 18, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> ڊيلويئر ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 875 پل آهن،<ref name="Anderson 2022 c677">{{cite web | last=Anderson | first=Craig | title=Delaware's bridges ranked fourth in nation | website=Bay to Bay News | date=February 6, 2022 | url=https://baytobaynews.com/stories/bridges,70418 | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref> جن مان 95 سيڪڙو DelDOT جي نگراني هيٺ آهن. ڊيلويئر جي تقريباً 30 سيڪڙو پلن جي تعمير 1950ع کان اڳ ٿي هئي، ۽ لڳ ڀڳ 60 سيڪڙو [[قومي پلن جي فهرست]] ۾ شامل آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 - Bridge Condition by Highway System - National Bridge Inventory - Bridge Inspection - Safety Inspection - Bridges & Structures - Federal Highway Administration |url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/no10/condition24.cfm |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.fhwa.dot.gov}}</ref>{{better source|date=March 2026}} DelDOT جي نگراني کان ٻاهر رهندڙ پلن ۾ [[چيساپيڪ ۽ ڊيلويئر ڪينال]] تي موجود چار پل شامل آهن، جيڪي [[آمريڪي فوج جي انجنيئرن جو ڪور]] جي اختيار هيٺ آهن،<ref name="Mace 2023 b637">{{cite web | last=Mace | first=Ben | title=DelDOT announces St. Georges Bridge to be closed 18 months for repairs | website=Delawareonline.com | date=January 27, 2023 | url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/2023/01/27/deldot-announces-st-georges-bridge-to-be-closed-18-months-for-repairs/69847264007/ | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Philadelphia District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2023 c005">{{cite web | title=Philadelphia District Civil Works – Chesapeake and Delaware Canal | website=Philadelphia District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | date=August 22, 2023 | url=https://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Chesapeake-Delaware-Canal/ | ref={{sfnref |Philadelphia District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers|2023}} | access-date=February 14, 2024 | archive-date=September 28, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928124813/http://www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/CivilWorks/ChesapeakeDelawareCanal.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> جڏهن ته [[ڊيلويئر ميموريل پل]] ٻن رياستن جي گڏيل اداري [[ڊيلويئر درياهه ۽ بي اٿارٽي]] جي انتظام هيٺ آهي.<ref name="Feliciano 2023 o698">{{cite web | last=Feliciano | first=Octavia | title=Delaware River and Bay Authority plans a new ferry fleet | website=Delaware Currents | date=April 21, 2023 | url=https://delawarecurrents.org/2023/04/21/delaware-bay-ferries/ | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Perez-Gonzalez 2023 t619">{{cite web | last=Perez-Gonzalez | first=Johnny | title=$71 million Delaware Memorial Bridge resurfacing project complete | website=WHYY | date=November 11, 2023 | url=https://whyy.org/articles/delaware-memorial-bridge-resurfacing-project-finished/ | access-date=February 14, 2024}}</ref> اهو مشاهدو ڪيو ويو آهي ته سسيڪس ڪائونٽي جي ثانوي روڊن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[ٽار ۽ چِپ]] جي بناوت انهن کي رياست جي ٻين علائقن جي [[اسفالٽ ڪنڪريٽ|اسفالٽ]] وارن روڊن جي ڀيٽ ۾ [[روڊ جي سطح جي خرابي|جلدي خراب ٿيڻ]] جو وڌيڪ امڪان بڻائي ٿي.<ref name=nj20110417>{{cite news |location=Wilmington, Delaware |title=Anything Once: On the road, taking plenty of pot shots |author=Justin Williams |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110417/NEWS02/304170008/-1/NLETTER01/On-the-road--taking-plenty-of-pot-shots |newspaper=News Journal |date=April 17, 2011 |at=DelawareOnline |access-date=April 17, 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> انهن مان سسيڪس ڪائونٽي روڊ 236 سڀ کان وڌيڪ مسئلا رکندڙ روڊن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name=nj20110417/> ===فيريون=== [[File:MV Delaware DEE1.jpg|thumb|[[ڪيپ مئي–ليوس فيري]]]] ڊيلويئر رياست ۾ ٽي فيريون هلن ٿيون: * [[ڪيپ مئي–ليوس فيري]]، [[ڊيلويئر بي]] جي مُنهن وٽ [[ليوس، ڊيلويئر]] ۽ [[ڪيپ مئي، نيو جرسي]] جي وچ ۾ هلندي آهي. * [[ووڊلينڊ فيري]] (هڪ [[ڪيبل فيري]])، [[نينٽيڪوڪ درياهه]] تي [[سيفورڊ، ڊيلويئر|سيفورڊ]] جي ڏکڻ اولهه ۾ هلندي آهي. * [[فورٽس فيري ڪراسنگ]]، [[ڊيلويئر سٽي]] کي [[فورٽ ڊيلويئر]] ۽ [[فورٽ موٽ (نيو جرسي)|فورٽ موٽ]]، نيو جرسي سان ڳنڍي ٿي. ===ريل ۽ بس=== {{Delaware rail network}} [[File:Wilmington Station from parking garage, July 2014.JPG|thumb|[[ولمنگٽن اسٽيشن (ڊيلويئر)|ولمنگٽن اسٽيشن]]، [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلويئر|ولمنگٽن]]]] [[ايم ٽريڪ]] جون [[اتر اوڀر ڪوريڊور]] تي ڊيلويئر ۾ ٻه اسٽيشنون آهن: [[نيورڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن (ڊيلويئر)|نيورڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن]]، جيڪا [[نيورڪ، ڊيلويئر|نيورڪ]] ۾ نسبتاً گهٽ مصروف آهي، ۽ [[ولمنگٽن اسٽيشن (ڊيلويئر)|ولمنگٽن اسٽيشن]]، جيڪا [[ولمنگٽن، ڊيلويئر|ولمنگٽن]] ۾ وڌيڪ مصروف اسٽيشن آهي. اتر اوڀر ڪوريڊور تي [[سيپٽا]] (SEPTA) جي [[ولمنگٽن/نيورڪ لائين]] پڻ هلي ٿي، جيڪا [[سيپٽا علائقائي ريل]] جو حصو آهي ۽ [[ڪليمونٽ اسٽيشن|ڪليمونٽ]]، ولمنگٽن، [[چرچمينز ڪراسنگ، ڊيلويئر|چرچمينز ڪراسنگ]] ۽ نيورڪ کي خدمتون فراهم ڪري ٿي. [[ڪلاس I ريلوي]] جون ٻه ڪمپنيون، [[نورفولڪ سدرن]] ۽ [[سي ايس ايڪس]]، اتر نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي ۾ مال بردار ريل سروس هلائن ٿيون. نورفولڪ سدرن اتر اوڀر ڪوريڊور سان گڏوگڏ [[ايجمور، ڊيلويئر|ايجمور]]، [[نيو ڪاسل، ڊيلويئر|نيو ڪاسل]] ۽ [[ڊيلويئر سٽي، ڊيلويئر|ڊيلويئر سٽي]] جي صنعتي علائقن تائين مال برداري جون خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي. سي ايس ايڪس جي [[فلاڊيلفيا سب ڊويزن]] اتر نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي مان ايم ٽريڪ جي اتر اوڀر ڪوريڊور سان متوازي گذري ٿي. ڊيلويئر ۾ ڪيترائي [[مختصر ريلوي لائين]] پڻ مال برداري جون خدمتون سرانجام ڏين ٿا. [[ڊيلماروا سينٽرل ريلوي]] مختصر ريلوي لائينن مان سڀ کان وڏي ٽريڪ هلائي ٿي، جيڪا [[پورٽر، ڊيلويئر|پورٽر]] ۾ نورفولڪ سدرن سان ڳانڍاپي کان شروع ٿي [[ڊوور، ڊيلويئر|ڊوور]]، [[هيرنگٽن، ڊيلويئر|هيرنگٽن]] ۽ [[سيفورڊ، ڊيلويئر|سيفورڊ]] کان ٿيندي [[ڊيلمار، ڊيلويئر|ڊيلمار]] تائين وڃي ٿي. ان جي ٻي لائين هيرنگٽن کان [[فرينڪفورڊ، ڊيلويئر|فرينڪفورڊ]] تائين وڃي ٿي، جڏهن ته شاخون [[ايلينڊيل، ڊيلويئر|ايلينڊيل]] کان [[ملٽن، ڊيلويئر|ملٽن]] ۽ [[جارج ٽائون، ڊيلويئر|جارج ٽائون]] کان [[گريول هل، ڊيلويئر|گريول هل]] تائين پکڙيل آهن. ڊيلماروا سينٽرل ريلوي جو رابطو [[ميري لينڊ ۽ ڊيلويئر ريلوي]] سان پڻ آهي، جيڪا سسيڪس ڪائونٽي ۾ مقامي گراهڪن کي خدمتون مهيا ڪري ٿي.<ref name=dcr>{{cite web|title=Delmarva Central Railroad|publisher=Carload Express|url=http://carloadexpress.com/railroads/delmarva-central-railroad/|access-date=March 27, 2017|date=November 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524215403/http://carloadexpress.com/railroads/delmarva-central-railroad/|archive-date=May 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> سي ايس ايڪس جو رابطو ولمنگٽن ۾ قائم مال برداري ۽ [[ورثي واري ريلوي]] [[ولمنگٽن اينڊ ويسٽرن ريلوي]] سان پڻ آهي، ۽ [[ايسٽ پين ريلوي]] ولمنگٽن کان [[ڪوٽسويل، پينسلوينيا|ڪوٽسويل]] تائين هڪ لائين هلائي ٿي. ڊيلويئر جي مرڪزي حصي مان اتر–ڏکڻ طرف هلندڙ آخري مسافر ريل [[پينسلوينيا ريل روڊ]] جي مقامي ولمنگٽن–ڊيلمار ٽرين هئي، جيڪا 1965ع ۾ بند ٿي وئي.<ref>Pennsylvania Railroad local division timetable, 1965</ref><ref>Freight only: {{cite journal |title=Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 155|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=99 |issue=7 |date=December 1966}}</ref> اها ''[[ڊيل-مار-وا ايڪسپريس]]'' ۽ ''ڪيوليئر'' جي جانشين هئي، جيڪي 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ تائين فلاڊيلفيا کان ڊيلويئر جي اندروني علائقن مان ٿيندي ڊيلماروا اپٻيٽ جي آخري حصي تائين هلنديون هيون.<ref>{{Citation |first = Christopher T |last = Baer |title = Named Trains of The PRR Including Through Services |year = 2009 |url = http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR%20NAMED%20TRAINS.pdf |publisher = PRRTHS |access-date = July 25, 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131014024426/http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR%20NAMED%20TRAINS.pdf |archive-date = October 14, 2013 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>All named trains were gone by the end of 1957 {{cite journal |title=Pennsylvania Railroad, Table 65|journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=90 |issue=7 |date=December 1957}}</ref> [[ڊادٽ پھرين رياست]] (DART First State) جي عوامي آمدرفت واري نظام کي 2003ع ۾ [[آمريڪن پبلڪ ٽرانسپورٽيشن ايسوسيئيشن]] طرفان "بهترين عوامي آمدرفت وارو نظام" قرار ڏنو ويو. هن نظام جي رسائي اتر نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي ۾ وسيع آهي ۽ ڪينٽ ۽ سسيڪس ڪائونٽين جي اهم شاهراهن سان ويجهي رابطي ۾ آهي. هن نظام ۾ بسون، فلاڊيلفيا جي ٽرانزٽ اداري SEPTA پاران هلائي ويندڙ سبسڊي يافته مسافر ريل، ۽ سبسڊي يافته ٽيڪسي ۽ [[پيرا ٽرانزٽ]] جون خدمتون شامل آهن. پيرا ٽرانزٽ نظام، جيڪو بزرگن ۽ معذور ماڻهن لاءِ رياست گير گهر کان گهر تائين بس سروس تي مشتمل آهي، هڪ ڊيلويئر رياستي رپورٽ موجب "آمريڪا جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ فراخدل پيرا ٽرانزٽ نظام" قرار ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref name=montgomery2012nj/> 2012 مطابق، پيرا ٽرانزٽ سروس جا ڀاڙا 1988ع کان تبديل نه ڪيا ويا هئا.<ref name=montgomery2012nj/> ===هوائي آمدرفت=== {{See also|ڊيلويئر ۾ هوابازي}} 2023 مطابق، ڊيلويئر کي رڳو [[ايويلو ايئرلائنز]] ذريعي [[ولمنگٽن هوائي اڏو (ڊيلويئر)|ولمنگٽن هوائي اڏي]] تان هوائي خدمتون حاصل آهن، جنهن 1 فيبروري تي فلوريڊا ڏانهن پنج نوان رستا شروع ڪيا.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rains |first=Taylor |date=October 22, 2022 |title=The only US state without commercial airline service is getting 5 new routes to Florida next year — see the full list |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/low-cost-startup-launching-5-new-routes-abandoned-delaware-list-2022-10 |work=Business Insider |access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> ان سان اٺ مهينن جو اهو عرصو ختم ٿيو، جنهن دوران ڊيلويئر ۾ ڪا به شيڊيول موجب تجارتي هوائي سروس موجود نه هئي؛ 1991ع کان پوءِ اهڙا ڪيترائي دور اچي چڪا آهن.<ref>تفصيل ۽ تاريخ لاءِ [[ولمنگٽن هوائي اڏو (ڊيلويئر)]] ڏسو.</ref> مختلف هوائي ڪمپنين ماضي ۾ ولمنگٽن هوائي اڏي کي خدمتون ڏنيون، جن مان آخري [[فرنٽيئر ايئرلائنز]] هئي، جنهن جون پروازون جون 2022ع ۾ بند ٿي ويون.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rains |first=Taylor |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Frontier Airlines is ending flights to Delaware, leaving the state without any airline service |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/delaware-to-become-the-only-state-without-airline-service-2022-5 |work=Business Insider |access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> ڊيلويئر [[اتر اوڀر ميگا لوپولس]] جي شهري علائقي ۾، [[بين الرياستي 95|I-95]] سان لڳ، مرڪزي هنڌ تي واقع آهي. تنهنڪري ڊيلويئر جا تجارتي هوائي مسافر گهڻو ڪري ملڪي ۽ بين الاقوامي سفر لاءِ [[فلاڊيلفيا بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]] (PHL)، [[بالٽيمور-واشنگٽن بين الاقوامي ٿرگڊ مارشل هوائي اڏو]] (BWI)، ۽ [[واشنگٽن ڊلس بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]] (IAD) استعمال ڪندا آهن. سسيڪس ڪائونٽي جا رهواسي [[وائڪوميڪو علائقائي هوائي اڏو]] (SBY) پڻ استعمال ڪندا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو ڊيلويئر جي سرحد کان {{convert|10|mi|km}} کان به گهٽ فاصلي تي واقع آهي. [[ائٽلانٽڪ سٽي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]] (ACY)، [[نيورڪ لبرٽي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]] (EWR)، ۽ [[رونالڊ ريگن واشنگٽن نيشنل هوائي اڏو]] (DCA) پڻ نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي کان {{convert|100|mi|km|adj=on}} جي دائري اندر واقع آهن. ڊيلويئر جي ٻين عام هوابازي وارن هوائي اڏن ۾ [[سمٽ هوائي اڏو (ڊيلويئر)|سمٽ هوائي اڏو]] ([[مڊل ٽائون، ڊيلويئر|مڊل ٽائون]] ويجهو)، [[ڊيلويئر ايئرپارڪ]] ([[چيسوولڊ، ڊيلويئر|چيسوولڊ]] ويجهو)، ۽ [[ڊيلويئر ڪوسٽل هوائي اڏو]] ([[جارج ٽائون، ڊيلويئر|جارج ٽائون]] ويجهو) شامل آهن. [[ڊوور هوائي فوجي اڏو]]، جيڪو ملڪ جي سڀ کان وڏن هوائي فوجي اڏن مان هڪ آهي، [[436هين ايئر لفٽ ونگ]] ۽ [[512هين ايئر لفٽ ونگ]] جو مرڪز آهي. [[هوائي نقل و حمل ڪمانڊ]] ۾ پنهنجي ٻين ذميوارين کان علاوه، اهو پرڏيهه ۾ فوت ٿيندڙ آمريڪي فوجي اهلڪارن (۽ ڪجهه شهري ماڻهن) جي آمريڪا ۾ داخلا ۽ [[مردار خانو|مردار خاني]] جي مرڪز طور پڻ ڪم ڪري ٿو. ==قانون ۽ حڪومت== ڊيلويئر جو چوٿون ۽ موجوده آئين، جيڪو 1897ع ۾ منظور ڪيو ويو، حڪومت جي انتظامي، عدالتي ۽ قانونساز شاخن بابت ضابطا مهيا ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Delaware Constitution of 1897 as amended|url=https://delcode.delaware.gov/constitution/|website=State of Delaware|access-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908150654/http://www.delcode.delaware.gov/constitution/|archive-date=September 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> ===قانونساز شاخ=== [[File:Delaware State Capitol.jpg|right|thumb|[[ڊيلويئر جنرل اسيمبلي]] جا اجلاس [[ڊيلويئر قانونساز هال]]، [[ڊوور، ڊيلويئر|ڊوور]] ۾ ٿيندا آهن.]] [[ڊيلويئر جنرل اسيمبلي]] ٻن ايوانن تي مشتمل آهي: [[ڊيلويئر ايوانِ نمائندگان|ايوانِ نمائندگان]]، جنهن ۾ 41 ميمبر آهن، ۽ [[ڊيلويئر سينيٽ|سينيٽ]]، جنهن ۾ 21 ميمبر آهن. ان جا اجلاس رياست جي گاديءَ واري شهر ڊوور ۾ ٿيندا آهن. ايوانِ نمائندگان جا ميمبر ٻن سالن جي مدي لاءِ چونڊيا ويندا آهن، جڏهن ته سينيٽرن جو مدو چار سال هوندو آهي. سينيٽ، گورنر طرفان مقرر ڪيل ججن ۽ ٻين نامزدگين جي توثيق ڪري ٿي. ڊيلويئر جا آمريڪي سينيٽر [[ليزا بلنٽ روچيسٽر]] (ڊيموڪريٽ) ۽ [[ڪرس ڪونز]] (ڊيموڪريٽ) آهن. ڊيلويئر مان آمريڪي ايوانِ نمائندگان جي واحد نمائندي [[ساره ميڪ برائيڊ]] (ڊيموڪريٽ) آهي. ===عدالتي شاخ=== ڊيلويئر جو آئين ڪيترين ئي عدالتن جو قيام عمل ۾ آڻي ٿو: * [[ڊيلويئر سپريم ڪورٽ]] رياست جي سڀ کان اعليٰ عدالت آهي. * [[ڊيلويئر سپيريئر ڪورٽ]] عام دائري اختيار واري رياستي مقدمن جي عدالت آهي. * [[ڊيلويئر ڪورٽ آف چانسري]] بنيادي طور ڪارپوريٽ تڪرارن جي ٻڌڻي ڪري ٿي. * [[خانداني عدالت (آمريڪا)|خانداني عدالت]] گهريلو معاملن ۽ ٻارن جي تحويل سان لاڳاپيل ڪيس ٻڌي ٿي. * [[ڊيلويئر ڪورٽ آف ڪامن پليز]] محدود نوعيت جي ديواني ۽ فوجداري معاملن تي دائري اختيار رکي ٿي. آئين کان ٻاهر قائم ننڍين عدالتن ۾ [[جسٽس آف دي پيس]] عدالتون ۽ ايلڊرمين عدالتون شامل آهن. ڊيلويئر جي هڪ نمايان خصوصيت اها آهي ته هتي ملڪ جي باقي رهيل ٿورين [[چانسري عدالت|چانسري عدالتن]] مان هڪ موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[انصاف (قانون)|انصافي قانون]] (Equity) وارن معاملن تي دائري اختيار حاصل آهي. انهن مان اڪثر ڪيس ڪارپوريٽ تڪرارن سان لاڳاپيل هوندا آهن، جن مان گهڻا [[انضمام ۽ حصول]] بابت هوندا آهن. [[ڊيلويئر ڪورٽ آف چانسري|چانسري عدالت]] ۽ ڊيلويئر سپريم ڪورٽ ڪارپوريٽ قانون بابت مختصر ۽ جامع فيصلا جاري ڪرڻ سبب عالمي شهرت حاصل ڪري چڪيون آهن. اهي فيصلا عام طور (جيتوڻيڪ هميشه نه) ڪارپوريشنن جي بورڊ آف ڊائريڪٽرز ۽ عملدارن کي وسيع صوابديدي اختيار ڏين ٿا. ان کان علاوه، [[ڊيلويئر جو عام ڪارپوريشن قانون]]، جيڪو انهن عدالتن جي فيصلن جو بنياد بڻجي ٿو، وڏي پيماني تي اهڙو قانون سمجهيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو ڪارپوريشنن کي پنهنجا معاملا هلائڻ ۾ وڏي لچڪ فراهم ڪري ٿو. انهن سببن جي ڪري ڊيلويئر کي آمريڪا جو ڪاروبار دوست ترين قانوني نظام رکندڙ رياست تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو؛ انهيءَ ڪري تمام گهڻيون ڪمپنيون ڊيلويئر ۾ [[ڪارپوريشن (ڪاروبار)|رجسٽرڊ]] آهن، جن ۾ [[نيو يارڪ اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج]] تي درج تقريباً 60 سيڪڙو ڪمپنيون شامل آهن.<ref name="divcorpabout">{{cite web|url= https://corp.delaware.gov/aboutagency/ |title= About Agency|access-date= July 23, 2008 |publisher =Delaware Division of Corporations|url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070228002805/http://www.state.de.us/corp/aboutagency.shtml |archive-date=February 28, 2007}}</ref> ڊيلويئر آمريڪا جي آخري رياست هئي، جنهن 1952ع تائين [[عدالتي جسماني سزا]] جو استعمال جاري رکيو.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pleck|first=Elizabeth Hefkin|title=Domestic Tyranny: The Making of American Social Policy Against Family Violence from Colonial Times to the Present|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2004|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN2A2shTz6YC&pg=PA120|isbn=978-0-252-07175-1|access-date=October 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231231119/https://books.google.com/books?id=zN2A2shTz6YC&pg=PA120|archive-date=December 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> ===ڪائونٽيون=== ڊيلويئر [[ڊيلويئر جي ڪائونٽين جي فهرست|ٽن ڪائونٽين]] ۾ ورهايل آهي. اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين اهي [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلويئر|نيو ڪاسل]]، [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي، ڊيلويئر|ڪينٽ]] ۽ [[سسيڪس ڪائونٽي، ڊيلويئر|سسيڪس]] آهن. اهو سڀني آمريڪي رياستن ۾ سڀ کان گهٽ ڪائونٽين وارو رياست آهي. هر ڪائونٽي پنهنجو قانونساز ادارو چونڊي ٿي، جيڪو نيو ڪاسل ۽ سسيڪس ڪائونٽين ۾ '''ڪائونٽي ڪائونسل''' ۽ ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي ۾ '''ليوي ڪورٽ''' سڏبو آهي. اهي ادارا بنيادي طور زمين جي استعمال (زوننگ) ۽ ترقياتي معاملن سان واسطو رکن ٿا. اهي ڪيترائي ڪم، جيڪي ٻين رياستن ۾ ڪائونٽي سطح تي انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ عدالتون ۽ قانون لاڳو ڪندڙ ادارا، ڊيلويئر ۾ مرڪزي حڪومت جي حوالي ڪيا ويا آهن، جنهن سبب ڊيلويئر جي رياستي حڪومت وٽ اختيارن جو نمايان مرڪزيت پيدا ٿي آهي. تاريخي طور ڪائونٽيون [[هَنڊرڊ (انتظامي ورهاست)|هَنڊرڊن]] ۾ ورهايل هيون، جيڪي 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين ٽيڪس رپورٽنگ ۽ چونڊن جي ضلعن طور استعمال ٿينديون هيون، پر هاڻي انهن جو ڪو به انتظامي ڪردار ناهي؛ هن وقت انهن جو واحد سرڪاري قانوني استعمال زمين جي ملڪيت جي دستاويزن جي وضاحت ۾ ٿئي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.delaware.gov/museums/vc/vc_hundreds.shtml |title=The Hundreds of Delaware |website=Department of State: Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs |publisher=Delaware State Archives |access-date=September 28, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617061234/http://history.delaware.gov/museums/vc/vc_hundreds.shtml |archive-date=June 17, 2010 }}</ref> ===انتظامي شاخ=== {{See also|ڊيلويئر جي گورنرن جي فهرست}} انتظامي شاخ جي سربراهي [[ڊيلويئر جو گورنر]] ڪندو آهي. موجوده گورنر [[ميٽ ميئر]] (ڊيموڪريٽ) آهي، جنهن 21 جنوري 2025ع تي پنهنجي عهدي جو حلف کنيو. ليفٽيننٽ گورنر [[ڪائل ايوانس گي]] آهي. گورنر هر سال ڊيلويئر جي قانونساز اداري جي [[گڏيل اجلاس]] کي "[[رياست جي صورتحال]]" بابت خطاب پيش ڪندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delawarestatehouse.com/ |year=2010 |title=Delaware House of Representatives Minority Caucus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416030742/http://www.delawarestatehouse.com/ |archive-date=April 16, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2001 |url-status=live }}</ref> انتظامي شاخ ۾ [[ڊيلويئر جو اٽارني جنرل]] پڻ شامل آهي، جنهن جو عهدو هن وقت [[ڪيٿي جيننگز]] وٽ آهي؛ رياستي خزانچي، جنهن جو عهدو [[ڪولين ڊيوس]] وٽ آهي؛ آڊيٽر آف اڪائونٽس، جنهن جو عهدو [[ليڊيا يارڪ]] وٽ آهي؛ ۽ انشورنس ڪمشنر، جنهن جو عهدو [[ٽرينيڊاڊ نوارو]] وٽ آهي. ===سياست=== {{Main|ڊيلويئر جي سياست}} [[File:Joe Biden presidential portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[جو بائيڊن]]، آمريڪا جو 46هون صدر، جيڪو 1973ع کان 2009ع تائين ڊيلويئر مان [[آمريڪي سينيٽ]] جو ميمبر پڻ رهيو]] ڊيلويئر ۾ [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي]] وٽ ووٽرن جي رجسٽريشن ۾ سڀ کان وڏو حصو آهي. هن وقت ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي ڊيلويئر ۾ سڀئي اهم سرڪاري عهدا سنڀالي رهي آهي ۽ رياستي سينيٽ ۽ ايوانِ نمائندگان ٻنهي ۾ اڪثريت رکي ٿي. ڊيموڪريٽن 1993ع کان وٺي گورنر جو عهدو برقرار رکيو آهي ۽ مسلسل گذريل ست گورنري چونڊون کٽيون آهن. هن وقت رياست جي نون چونڊيل سڄي رياستي سطح جي عهدن تي ڊيموڪريٽ فائز آهن، جڏهن ته ريپبلڪن پارٽي آخري ڀيرو 2014ع ۾ [[رياستي آڊيٽر]] ۽ [[رياستي خزانچي]] جا عهدا کٽيا هئا. [[پهريون پارٽي نظام|پهريون]] ۽ [[ٻيون پارٽي نظام|ٻيون پارٽي نظام]] دوران ڊيلويئر ترتيبوار [[فيڊرلسٽ پارٽي]] ۽ [[وگ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|وگ پارٽي]] جو مضبوط ڳڙهه هو. [[آمريڪي گهرو ويڙهه]] کان پوءِ ڪجهه عرصي تائين ڊيموڪريٽڪ ''سالڊ سائوٿ'' سان وابستگي کان پوءِ، ڊيلويئر [[1896 آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊ|1896ع]] کان [[1948 آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊ|1948ع]] تائين ريپبلڪن ڌر ڏانهن مائل رياست بڻجي ويو. ان عرصي دوران هن 1916ع ۾ هارائيندڙ ريپبلڪن اميدوار [[چارلس ايوانس هيوز]]، 1932ع ۾ [[هربرٽ هوور]] ۽ 1948ع ۾ [[ٿامس اي. ڊيوئي|ٿامس ڊيوئي]] جي حمايت ڪئي. ويهين صديءَ جي ٻئي اڌ دوران ڊيلويئر هڪ ''بيل ويدر'' رياست هئي، جنهن [[1952 آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊ|1952ع]] کان [[1996 آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊ|1996ع]] تائين هر صدارتي چونڊ ۾ ڪامياب اميدوار کي ووٽ ڏنو. اها حيثيت [[2000 آمريڪي صدارتي چونڊ|2000ع]] ۾ ختم ٿي، جڏهن ڊيلويئر 13 سيڪڙو فرق سان [[ال گور]] کي ووٽ ڏنو. ان کان پوءِ ٿيندڙ چونڊن ۾ ڊيلويئر جو ڊيموڪريٽڪ لاڙو وڌيڪ مضبوط نظر آيو: [[جان ڪيري]] 2004ع ۾ 8 سيڪڙو فرق سان رياست کٽي؛ [[بارڪ اوباما]] 2008ع ۽ 2012ع ۾ ترتيبوار 25 ۽ 19 سيڪڙو فرق سان ڪامياب ٿيو؛ ۽ [[هيلري ڪلنٽن]] 2016ع ۾، جيتوڻيڪ قومي سطح تي [[اليڪٽورل ڪاليج]] هارائي ويئي، ڊيلويئر ۾ 11 سيڪڙو فرق سان ڪامياب رهي. 2020ع ۾ ڊيلويئر جي رهواسي (۽ بارڪ اوباما جي اڳوڻي نائب صدر) [[جو بائيڊن]] ڊيموڪريٽڪ اميدوار طور چونڊ وڙهي ۽ پنهنجي آبائي رياست لڳ ڀڳ 19 سيڪڙو فرق سان کٽي، جڏهن ته قومي سطح تي 4.5 سيڪڙو فرق سان ڪامياب ٿيو.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 3, 2020|title=Delaware Election Results|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-delaware.html}}</ref> ڊيلويئر جي سياسي تبديليءَ جو سڀ کان اهم سبب گهڻي شهري آبادي واري [[نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي، ڊيلويئر|نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي]] ۾ ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي جي مضبوط حمايت رهي آهي، جتي ڊيلويئر جي لڳ ڀڳ 55 سيڪڙو آبادي رهي ٿي. نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي 1988ع کان پوءِ ڪنهن به صدارتي چونڊ ۾ ريپبلڪن اميدوار کي ووٽ نه ڏنو آهي، ۽ 2004ع کان پوءِ هر چونڊ ۾ ڊيموڪريٽن کي 60 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ ووٽ ڏنا آهن. 1992ع، 2000ع، 2004ع ۽ 2016ع ۾ ريپبلڪن صدارتي اميدوار ڪينٽ ۽ سسيڪس ٻنهي ڪائونٽين ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو، پر نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي ۾ ٻٽي انگن واري فرق سان هارائڻ سبب رياست مجموعي طور ڊيموڪريٽن جي حق ۾ وئي. نيو ڪاسل ڪائونٽي رياستي قانونساز اداري جي به وڏي اڪثريت چونڊي ٿي؛ رياستي ايوانِ نمائندگان جي 41 مان 27 تڪن ۽ رياستي سينيٽ جي 21 مان 14 تڪن جو تعلق هن ڪائونٽي سان آهي. 2020ع ۾ ٿيل هڪ مطالعي موجب، ڊيلويئر کي آمريڪا جي انهن رياستن مان 18هين نمبر تي رکيو ويو، جتي شهرين لاءِ ووٽ ڏيڻ نسبتاً وڌيڪ ڏکيو سمجهيو ويو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=J. Pomante II |first1=Michael |last2=Li |first2=Quan |title=Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020 |journal=Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy |date=December 15, 2020 |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=503–509 |doi=10.1089/elj.2020.0666 |s2cid=225139517 |doi-access=free |issn=1533-1296}}</ref> ===معلومات تائين رسائي جي آزادي=== {{See also|آمريڪا ۾ معلومات تائين رسائي جي آزادي#رياستي قانونسازي}} آمريڪا جي سڀني 50 رياستن ڪنهن نه ڪنهن صورت ۾ معلومات تائين رسائي جي آزادي بابت قانون منظور ڪيو آهي، جنهن تحت عام شهرين کي سرڪاري ادارن کان معلومات طلب ڪرڻ جو قانوني طريقو فراهم ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.foiadvocates.com/records.html|title=State Public Record Laws|website=FOIAdvocates}}</ref> 2011ع ۾ ڊيلويئر اهڙو قانون منظور ڪيو، جنهن موجب معلومات تائين رسائي بابت درخواستن تي 15 ڪاروباري ڏينهن اندر ڪارروائي ڪرڻ لازمي قرار ڏني وئي، يعني يا ته گهربل معلومات فراهم ڪئي وڃي يا اهو سبب ٻڌايو وڃي ته معلومات مهيا ڪرڻ ۾ ان کان وڌيڪ وقت ڇو لڳندو.<ref>{{Citation | last1 = Bennett | first1 = Rep. | first2 = Sen. | last2 = Peterson | first3 = Sen. | last3 = Katz | date = January 6, 2011 | publication-date = April 15, 2011 | contribution = An Act to Amend Title 29 of the Delaware Code Relating to the Freedom of Information Act | access-date = April 22, 2011 | contribution-url = http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis146.nsf/vwlegislation/HB+5 | edition = online | title = Delaware Code | volume = 78 | at = 10 | id = House Bill # 5 | url = https://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/lis146.nsf/vwLegislation/HB+5/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002095945/http://legis.delaware.gov/lis/lis146.nsf/vwlegislation/HB+5 | archive-date = October 2, 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref> بعد ۾ [[سينيٽ بل 155]]، جنهن جو مقصد معلومات تائين رسائي واري قانون تحت درخواستن کي محدود ڪرڻ هو، سينيٽ جي ڪميٽي ۾ غور هيٺ آندو ويو.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://delawarelive.com/speakers-at-senate-meeting-strongly-oppose-changing-foia/ | title=Speakers at Senate meeting strongly oppose changing FOIA &#124; Delaware Live News | date=June 9, 2021 }}</ref> ===ووٽر رجسٽريشن=== {| class="wikitable" |+ ووٽر رجسٽريشن ۽ پارٽي وابستگي آڪٽوبر 2025ع:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://elections.delaware.gov/candidates/regtotals.shtml |title=Voter Registration Totals - Delaware Department of Elections |access-date=March 3, 2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119195904/https://elections.delaware.gov/reports/regtotals/2022/vrt_PP20220101.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2022 }}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | پارٽي ! ووٽرن جو انگ ! سيڪڙو |- | {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} | [[ڊيموڪريٽڪ پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ڊيموڪريٽڪ]] | style="text-align:center;" | 334,999 | style="text-align:center;" | 41.89% |- | {{party color cell|Independent politician}} | غير وابسته / غير جماعتي | style="text-align:center;" | 241,063 | style="text-align:center;" | 30.15% |- | {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} | [[ريپبلڪن پارٽي (آمريڪا)|ريپبلڪن]] | style="text-align:center;" | 202,188 | style="text-align:center;" | 25.29% |- | {{party color cell|Independent politician}} | [[ڊيلويئر جي آزاد پارٽي]] | style="text-align:center;" | 12,247 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.53% |- | {{party color cell|Independent politician}} | ننڍيون پارٽيون | style="text-align:center;" | 9,084 | style="text-align:center;" | 1.14% |- ! colspan="2" | ڪل ! style="text-align:center;" | 799,581 ! style="text-align:center;" | 100.00% |} ==ثقافت== ===ميلا=== {{Main|ڊيلويئر جا ميلا}} ===رانديون=== [[File:2017 Apache Warrior 400 from turn 1.jpg|thumb|[[NASCAR]] جون ريسون [[ڊوور موٽر اسپيڊ وي]]، [[ڊوور، ڊيلويئر|ڊوور]] ۾]] ;پيشاور ٽيمون {| class="wikitable" |- !ٽيم !راند !ليگ |- |[[ڊيلويئر بليڪ فاڪسز]] |[[رگبي ليگ]] |[[يو ايس اي رگبي ليگ]] |- |[[ڊيلويئر بلو ڪوٽس]] |[[باسڪيٽ بال]] |[[اين بي اي جي ليگ]] |- |[[ڊيلويئر ٿنڊر]] |[[آئس هاڪي|هاڪي]] |[[فيڊرل پراسپيڪٽس هاڪي ليگ]] |- |[[ڊائمنڊ اسٽيٽ رولر گرلز]] |[[رولر ڊربي]] |[[وومينز فليٽ ٽريڪ ڊربي ايسوسيئيشن]] |- |[[ولمنگٽن بلو راڪس]] |[[بيس بال]] |[[سائوٿ ائٽلانٽڪ ليگ]] |} ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊيلويئر ۾ آمريڪا جي وڏين پيشاور راندين جي ليگن جي ڪا به فرنچائز موجود ناهي، تنهنڪري ڪيترائي ڊيلويئر جا رهواسي [[فلاڊيلفيا ۾ رانديون|فلاڊيلفيا]] يا [[بالٽيمور ۾ رانديون|بالٽيمور]] جي ٽيمن جي حمايت ڪندا آهن. [[عورتن جي قومي باسڪيٽ بال ايسوسيئيشن]] (WNBA) ۾ [[واشنگٽن مسٽڪس]] کي خاص مقبوليت حاصل آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ولمنگٽن ۾ جنم وٺندڙ ۽ [[ڊيلويئر يونيورسٽي]] جي اڳوڻي رانديگرياڻي [[ايلينا ڊيلي ڊون]] هن ٽيم جي اهم رانديگرياڻي رهي آهي. [[ڊيلويئر فائٽن بلو هينس فٽبال]] ٽيم کي سڄي رياست ۾ وڏي مقبوليت حاصل آهي، جڏهن ته [[ڊيلويئر اسٽيٽ هارنيٽس فٽبال]] ۽ [[ويسلي ڪاليج (ڊيلويئر)|ويسلي ڪاليج]] جون ٽيمون پڻ محدود سطح تي حمايت حاصل ڪن ٿيون. ڊيلويئر ۾ [[ڊوور موٽر اسپيڊ وي]] ۽ [[بيليز ڊوور]] واقع آهن. ڊوور موٽر اسپيڊ وي، جنهن کي ''مونسٽر مائل'' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، ملڪ جي صرف ڏهن اهڙن ٽريڪن مان هڪ آهي، جتي [[NASCAR]] ڪپ سيريز جون 100 يا ان کان وڌيڪ ريسون ٿي چڪيون آهن. بيليز ڊوور [[هارنس ريسنگ]] لاءِ مشهور مرڪز آهي. اهو آمريڪا جو واحد هنڌ آهي، جتي گهوڙن ۽ موٽر گاڏين جي ريسنگ جون سهولتون هڪ ئي ڪمپليڪس ۾ موجود آهن، ۽ بيليز ڊوور جو گهوڙن وارو ٽريڪ ڊوور موٽر اسپيڊ وي جي اندر واقع آهي. ڊيلويئر جي نمائندگي [[يو ايس اي رگبي ليگ|رگبي]] ۾ [[ڊيلويئر بليڪ فاڪسز]] ڪن ٿا، جيڪا 2015ع ۾ قائم ٿيل هڪ توسيعي ٽيم آهي. ڊيلويئر ٻن [[پيشاور ڪشتي]] جي ادارن جو مرڪز پڻ رهيو آهي: [[ڪامبيٽ زون ريسلنگ]] (CZW)، جيڪو [[CZW ٽورنامينٽ آف ڊيٿ|ٽورنامينٽ آف ڊيٿ]] منعقد ڪندو آهي، ۽ [[ايسٽ ڪوسٽ ريسلنگ ايسوسيئيشن]] (ECWA)، جيڪا هر سال [[ECWA سپر 8 ٽورنامينٽ|سپر 8 ٽورنامينٽ]] جو اهتمام ڪندي آهي. ڊيلويئر جي سرڪاري رياستي راند [[سائيڪل هلائڻ]] آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS147.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+235 |title=An Act to Amend Title 29 of the Delaware Code Relating to the Designation of a State Sport|access-date=July 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213444/http://www.legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS147.NSF/vwLegislation/HB+235 |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==ڀيڻ رياست== ڊيلويئر جاپان ۾ هڪ [[پيرا ڊپلوميسي#آمريڪا|ڀيڻ رياست]] رکي ٿو، جيڪا [[مياگي پريفيڪچر]] آهي.<ref>{{cite web|author=McDowell|author2=Sen. McBride|author3=Rep. George|date=March 22, 2011|publication-date=March 23, 2011|title=Mourning Those Lost in the Recent Earthquake and Related Disasters that have Befallen Japan, and Expressing the Thoughts and Prayers of All Delawareans for the Citizens of Our Sister State of Miyagi Prefecture During These Difficult Times|access-date=April 22, 2011|id=Senate Joint Resolution # 3|url=https://legis.delaware.gov/AllLegislation/146|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002100208/http://legis.delaware.gov/LIS/LIS146.NSF/vwlegislation/58CC58989B6361AD8525785B005381FB|archive-date=October 2, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ٻنهي وچ ۾ 1997ع کان لاڳاپا قائم آهن، ۽ شاگردن لاءِ [[شاگردن جي مٽاسٽا وارو پروگرام|مٽاسٽا وارا پروگرام]] پڻ هلندا رهيا آهن، جيڪي مارچ 2011ع ۾ [[زلزلو]] ۽ ان کان پوءِ [[سونامي]] سبب مياگي پريفيڪچر ۾ آيل تباهي کان پوءِ ڪجهه عرصي لاءِ معطل ڪيا ويا هئا.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prado |first=Antonio |title=Delaware's sister state in Japan, Miyagi Prefecture, thanks Diamond State for help |url=https://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2012/01/24/delaware-s-sister-state-in/63999237007/ |access-date=February 5, 2024 |website=The News Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> ==ڊيلاويئر جا مشهور رهواسي== {{Main|ڊيلويئر سان تعلق رکندڙ شخصيتن جي فهرست}} ڊيلويئر سان تعلق رکندڙ مشهور شخصيتن ۾ سياستدانن ۽ صنعتڪارن تي مشتمل [[ڊو پونٽ خاندان]] ۽ آمريڪا جو 46هون صدر [[جو بائيڊن]] شامل آهن. بائيڊن جو خاندان سندس ننڍپڻ دوران ڊيلويئر منتقل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن 1973ع کان 2009ع تائين، لڳاتار 36 سالن تائين، [[آمريڪي سينيٽ]] ۾ ڊيلويئر جي نمائندگي ڪئي، جنهن کان پوءِ هو 2009ع کان 2017ع تائين آمريڪا جو 47هون [[آمريڪا جو نائب صدر|نائب صدر]] رهيو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[ڊيلويئر سان لاڳاپيل مضمونن جي فهرست]] * [[ڊيلويئر جو خاڪو]] * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|Delaware}}</small>''''' * '''''<small>{{portal-inline|United States}}</small>''''' ==حاشيا ۽ حوالا== {{Notelist}} {{Reflist}} <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==ڪتابيات== * {{Citation | first = Peter | last = Kolchin | title = American Slavery: 1619–1877 | place = New York | publisher = Hill & Wang | year = 1994}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|voy=Delaware|Delaware}} ===تاريخ=== * {{Citation | url = https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/delaware/ | title = Delaware State Guide | publisher = Library of Congress}} ===عام=== * {{Citation | url = https://www.delaware.gov | title = State of Delaware | type = official website}} * {{OSM relation|162110}} * [https://www.visitdelaware.com/ ڊيلويئر سياحت جو مکيه صفحو] * [https://de-firstmap-delaware.hub.arcgis.com/ ڊيلويئر نقشي جا انگ اکر] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620004847/http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=DE ڊيلويئر بابت توانائي ۽ ماحولياتي انگ اکر] * [https://www.usgs.gov/science/regions?State=DE ڊيلويئر بابت يو ايس جي ايس جا حقيقي وقت وارا، جاگرافيائي ۽ ٻيا سائنسي وسيلا] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140222010344/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/10000.html آمريڪي مردم شماري بيورو] * [https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=10&StateName=Delaware يو ايس ڊي اي وٽان ڊيلويئر بابت رياستي حقيقتون] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810151430/http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=10&StateName=Delaware |date=August 10, 2014 }} * [https://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/demographic_profile/Delaware/2kh10.pdf ڊيلويئر لاءِ 2000ع جي آبادي ۽ رهائش جي مردم شماري]، [[آمريڪي مردم شماري بيورو]] * {{Ballotpedia|Delaware|Delaware}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515221005/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Delaware ڊيلويئر رياستي ڊيٽابيس]—ڊيلويئر جي رياستي ادارن طرفان تيار ڪيل ۽ آمريڪن لائبريري ايسوسيئيشن جي گورنمينٽ ڊاڪيومينٽس رائونڊ ٽيبل طرفان مرتب ڪيل ڳولا لائق ڊيٽابيسن جي تشريحي فهرست {{S-start}} {{S-new|first}} {{S-ttl|title = [[يونين ۾ شامل ٿيڻ جي تاريخ موجب آمريڪي رياستن جي فهرست]] | years = [[آمريڪي آئين]] جي 7 ڊسمبر 1787ع تي توثيق ڪئي (پهرين)}} {{S-aft|after = [[پينسلوينيا]]}} {{S-end}} {{Delaware|expanded}} {{Northeast US}} {{Southern United States}} {{Thirteen Colonies}} {{United States political divisions}} {{authority control}} {{coord|39.0|-75.4|dim:200000_region:US-DE_type:adm1st|name=State of Delaware|display=title}} [[Category:Delaware| ]] [[Category:1787 establishments in Delaware| ]] [[Category:1787 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Contiguous United States]] [[Category:Mid-Atlantic states]] [[Category:Northeastern United States]] [[Category:Southern United States]] [[Category:States and territories established in 1787]] [[Category:States of the East Coast of the United States]] [[Category:States of the United States]] [[زمرو:ڊيلاويئر رياست]] [[زمرو:اوڀرين اتر آمريڪا]] [[زمرو:وچ-ايٽلانٽڪ رياستون]] [[زمرو:گڏيل آمريڪي رياستن جون رياستون]] [[زمرو:ڊيلويئر]] [[زمرو:ڊيلويئر ۾ 1787ع جون قائم ڪيل شيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا ۾ 1787ع جون قائم ڪيل شيون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جا ڳنڍيل علائقا]] [[زمرو:وچ ائٽلانٽڪ رياستون]] [[زمرو:اتر اوڀر آمريڪا]] [[زمرو:ڏاکڻيون آمريڪي رياستون]] [[زمرو:1787ع ۾ قائم ٿيل آمريڪي رياستون ۽ علائقا]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جي اوڀرئين سامونڊي ڪناري جون رياستون]] [[زمرو:آمريڪا جون رياستون]] fvd3lu5cler8mhgn3skhhtbf1vpltrv 0 80352 390262 378627 2026-07-01T00:17:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Class of vascular plants}} {{About|ٻوٽن جي هڪ گروهه||فرن (سلجھائپ)|۽ |فرنس (سلجھائپ)}} '''برسيان''' يا '''فرن''' (Fern؛ سائنسي نالو، پوليپوڊايوپسڊا ۽ پوليپوڊائيوفيٽا)، ويسڪولر ٻوٽن (زائلم ۽ فلوئم سان گڏ ٻوٽا) جو هڪ گروھ آهي، جيڪا اسپورز (spores) ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿيڻ ٿا ۽ نه انهن جا ٻج هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي انهن تي گل ايندا آهن. اها سينور (Moss) کان، وسڪولر هجڻ جي ڪري، يعني خاص ٽشوز هجڻ سان، جيڪي پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد جي ترسيل ڪندا آهن، مختلف آهن. هنن جي زندگي جي چڪر ۾، اسپوروفائٽ (شاخ واري توليد) غالب مرحلو هوندو آهي.<ref name="DK Pub.-2017">{{Cite book|edition=11th|title=Ultimate Visual Dictionary|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|year=2017|isbn=978-1-4654-5894-0|url=|pages=120–121|language=en|chapter=Horsetails, clubmosses, and ferns|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ultimate-visual-dictionary-by-dk-z-lib.org/page/120/mode/2up|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Early evolution of life cycles in embryophytes: A focus on the fossil evidence of gametophyte/sporophyte size and morphological complexity|last1=Gerrienne|first1=Philippe|last2=Gonez|first2=Paul|journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution|year=2011|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1111/j.1759-6831.2010.00096.x|bibcode=2011JSyEv..49....1G |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{Automatic taxobox | name = برسيان<br>Ferns | fossil_range = وچين ڊيوونيئن دور کان اڃ تائين | image = {{Multiple image |perrow = 2 |total_width = 270 |image1 = Psilotum.jpg |caption1 = سائلوسيٽياليس |image2 = Equisetopsida.jpg |caption2 = اڪويسيٽئليس |image3 = Flickr - brewbooks - Angiopteris evecta - Mule's foot fern (1).jpg |caption3 = ماراٽيئليس |image4 = Osmunda regalis Moore50.png |caption4 = اوسمونڊئليس |image5 = WP2-Hymenophyllum-Exkursion nach Berdorf (Luxemburgexkursion) 011.jpg |caption5 = همينوفائلاليس |image6 = Dipteris conjugata 破傘蕨 001 (天問).jpg |caption6 = گليچينياليس |image7 = Tree Fern (48717210587).jpg |caption7 = ساياٿياليس |image8 = The ferns of Great Britain, and their allies the club-mosses, pepperworts, and horsetails (Pl. 2) (8515393495).jpg |caption8 = پوليپوڊياليس، برطانيه جا فرن ۽ لاڳاپيل ڪلب موس، پيپر وورٽ ۽ هارس ٽيل |border = infobox }} | taxon = پوليپوڊائيپسيڊا | authority = ڪرونڪئست، تختاجان، ۽ ڊبليو. زم | subdivision_ranks = ذيلي جماعتون | subdivision = * † اسٽاروٽيريڊيڊائي * †زائيگوٽيريڊيڊائي * ايڪويسيٽيڊائي * مئراٽيڊائي * اوڦيوگلوسيڊائي * پوليپوڊيڊائي | synonyms = * فليڪئٽائي<small>ڪوبٽسڪي 1990</small> * فليسيس * فليڪوڦائٽا <small>اينڊلخر 1836</small> * مونيلوڦائٽا <small>ڪينٽينو ۽ ڊونوگوئ 2007</small> * ٽيريڊوپسيڊا <small>رجين 1828</small> }} فرن ۾ پيچيده پنن کي ميگافل سڏيو ويندو آهي جيڪي ڪلب موس جي مائڪروفل کان وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندا آهن. گهڻا فرن ليپٽيوسپورنگيٽ فرن آهن. اُهي ڪنڊا لڳل ٿلها هيڊز ٺاهيندا آهن جيڪي اڻلڀ ۽ ڦاٽن ۾ وڌندا آهن. گروپ ۾ اٽڪل <small>10,560</small> سڃاتل موجوده [[نوع (حياتيات)|نوعون]] شامل آهن. فرن جي وضاحت هتي وسيع معنيٰ ۾، سڀئي پوليپوڊايوپسڊا، جنهن ۾ <small>ليپٽوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>Leptosporangiate</small> <small>(پوليپوڊيڊائي</small> <small>Polypodiidae)</small> ۽ <small>يوسپورنجيئيٽ</small> <small>(Eusporangiate)</small> فرن شامل آهن. پوئين گروهه ۾ هارس ٽيل <small>(Horsetail)</small>، وسڪ فرن <small>(Whisk Fern)،</small> مراٽيئوئڊ <small>(marattioid)</small> ۽ اوفيوگلوسوئڊ <small>(ophioglossoid)</small> فرن شامل آهن، جي طور ڪئي وئي آهي. ڪرائون گروپ، جن ۾ ليپٽوسپورنجيئٽس ۽ يوسپورنجيئٽس شامل آهن، اندازاً 423.2 ملين سال اڳ سلوريئن دور جي آخر ۾ پيدا ٿيا،<ref name="Polypodiopsida2">{{cite journal|last1=Nitta|first1=Joel H.|last2=Schuettpelz|first2=Eric|last3=Ramírez-Barahona|first3=Santiago|last4=Iwasaki|first4=Wataru|display-authors=et al.|year=2022|title=An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=13|page=909768|doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.909768|pmc=9449725|pmid=36092417|doi-access=free}}</ref> پر پوليپوڊيلس، اهو گروهه جيڪا %<small>80</small> موجود فرن جي نوعن تي مشتمل آهي، ظاهر نه ٿيو ۽ نه ئي ڪريٽاسيئس دور تائين هن ۾ تنوع پيدا ٿيو. اها گلدار ٻوٽن <small>(Angiosperms)</small>، جيڪي دنيا جي نباتات تي غلبو ڪيا، جي اڀار سان گڏ آيا. فرن وڏي اقتصادي اهميت جا حامل نه آهن، پر ڪجهه نوعون کاڌ خوراڪ، دوائن، بايو فرٽيلائزر، آرائشي ٻوٽن ۽ آلوده مٽي جي علاج لاءِ استعمال ٿينديون آهن. اها فضا (atmosphere) مان ڪيميائي آلودگي کي ختم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت لاءِ تحقيق جو موضوع بڻيل آهن. فرن جون ڪجهه نوع، جهڙوڪ بريڪن (پيٽريڊيئم اڪيلينم) ۽ واٽر فرن (ازولا فيليڪولائيڊس)، سڄي دنيا ۾ اهم ٻوٽا آهن. ڪجھ فرن نوع، جهڙوڪ ازولا، نائٽروجن کي درست ڪري سگھن ٿا ۽ چانورن جي ٻوٽن جي نائيٽروجن غذائيت ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري سگھن ٿا. اها پڻ لوڪ ڪهاڻين ۾ ڪجهه ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿا. ==وضاحت== ===اسپوروڦائٽ=== [[Image:Samambaia (do tupi samambaîa) havaiana mini, em ambiente doméstico 02.jpg|thumb|برازيل ۾ گھر ۾ اُڀريل فرن]] موجوده فرن جڙي ٻوٽي وارا ۽ بارہماسي آهن ۽ گھڻا ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ جي کوٽ رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mauseth |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UEsBPPlxP7EC&pg=PA492 |title=Botany: an Introduction to Plant Biology |date=September 2008 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-1-4496-4720-9 |page=492}}</ref> جڏهن ڪاٺيءَ جي واڌ موجود هوندي آهي، اها ٿڙ ۾ هوندي آهي.<ref name="Levyns-1966">{{Cite book |last=Levyns |first=M. R. |title=A Guide to the Flora of the Cape Peninsula |publisher=Juta & Company |year=1966 |edition=2nd Revised |oclc=621340}}</ref> انهن جا پن [[ڊيسيڊيئس|پنن]] [[ڊيسيڊيئس|کرڻ وارا]] يا [[سدابهار|سدا بهار]] ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ ڪجهه آبهوا جي لحاظ کان نيم سدا بهار هوندا آهن<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fernández |first1=Helena |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smtpBM7UgXEC&pg=PA175 |title=Working with Ferns: Issues and Applications |last2=Kumar |first2=Ashwani |last3=Revilla |first3=Maria Angeles |date=2010-11-11 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4419-7162-3 |page=175}}</ref> ۽ [[گلن وارا ٻوٽا|ٻج واري ٻوٽن]] جي اسپوروفائٽس وانگر، اها فرن تنن، پنن ۽ جڙن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. فرن اسپرماتوفائٽ کان مختلف آهن، انهن ۾ اها ٻج جي بدران اسپورن ذريعي ٻيهر پيدا ٿين ٿا. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Larry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDij6Fmk2MwC&pg=PA329 |title=Making the Most of Shade: How to Plan, Plant, and Grow a Fabulous Garden that Lightens Up the Shadows |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Rodale |isbn=978-1-57954-966-4 |page=329}}</ref> بهرحال، اهي اسپور پيدا ڪندڙ برائيوفائٽ کان پڻ مختلف آهن. انهي ۾، ٻج واري ٻوٽن وانگر، پولي اسپورنجيو فائٽس هوندا آهن. انهن جا اسپوروفائٽس شاخون ڪن ٿا ۽ ڪيترائي اسپورنجيا پيدا ڪن ٿا. برائيوفائٽس جي برعڪس، فرن اسپوروفائٽس آزاد رهندڙ آهن ۽ صرف مختصر طور تي ماده جي گيمٽوفائٽ تي منحصر آهن. ٻوٽي جو سائو فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ حصو ٽيڪنيڪل طور تي هڪ ميگافل آهي ۽ فرن ۾ ان کي اڪثر فرونڊ (fronds) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ليپٽو اسپورنجيٽ فرن ۾ نوان پن عام طور تي هڪ تنگ سرپل (spiral) ۾ فيڊل هيڊ فرڳنڊز جي کلڻ سان وڌندا آهن، جنهن کي ڪروزيئر سڏيو ويندو آهي. پتي جي هن بي ترتيب ٿيڻ کي سرڪينيٽ ورنيشن چيو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه خاندانن ۾، جهڙوڪ بليچناسي پنن کي ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي؛ اسپوروفيلس يا زرخيز فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپور پيدا ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽروپوفيلس يا جراثيم کان پاڪ فرونڊز، جيڪا اسپورز پيدا نه ٿا ڪن. فرن اسپورز اسپورنگيا ۾ پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪا عام طور تي سوري ٺاهڻ لاءِ ڪلستر ٿيل هوندا آهن. اسپورنگيا کي حفاظتي ڪوٽنگ، جن کي انڊسيئم سڏيو ويندو آهي، سان ڍڪي سگهجي ٿو. اسپورنگيا جي ترتيب [[درجابندي (حياتيات)|درجه بندي]] ۾ اهم آهي. مونومارفڪ فرن، زرخيز ۽ جراثيم کان پاڪ پن مارفولاجيڪل طور تي هڪجهڙا نظر اچن ٿا ۽ ٻئي [[ڦوٽوسنٿيسس|فوٽوسنٿيسائيز]] ڪرڻ جي قابل آهن. هيميڊيمورفڪ فرن ۾، زرخيز پنن جو صرف هڪ حصو جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان مختلف آهي. ڊيمارفڪ (هولومارفڪ) فرن ۾، ٻن قسمن جا پن مارفالاجيڪل طور تي الڳ آهن.<ref>[https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 Understanding the contribution of LFY and PEBP flowering genes to fern leaf dimorphism – Botany 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113021126/https://2019.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php?func=detail&aid=758 |date=2025-11-13 }}.</ref> زرخيز پن جراثيم کان پاڪ پنن کان تمام تنگ آهن ۽ شايد ڪو به سائو ٽشو، جيئن بليچناسي ۽ لوماريوپسيڊاسي ۾، نه هجي. [[File:Croziers, fronds, rhizomes of bracken fern.jpg|thumb|ڪروزيئر، فرونڊ ۽ بريڪن جا رائيزوم. هن نوع ۾، ٽانڊا زمين اندر وڌندا آهن ۽ ٻوٽي کي افقي طور تي پکڙجڻ جي اجازت ڏيندا آهن.]] فرن جي پنن جي اناٽومي سادي کان وٺي تمام گهڻي ورهايل تائين ڪٿي به ٿي سگهي ٿي<ref>[https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/ferns/structure.shtml Fern Structure – Forest Service].</ref> يا اڃا به غير يقيني مثال طور گليچينياسي، ليگوڊياسي. ورهايل شڪلون "پنيٽ"، جتي پنن جا حصا مڪمل طور تي هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ آهن يا پنٽيفائيڊ (جزوي طور تي پنيٽ) آهن، جتي پنن جا حصا اڃا تائين جزوي طور تي ڳنڍيل آهن. جڏهن پنن کي هڪ کان وڌيڪ ڀيرا شاخ ڪيو ويندو آهي، اهو پنٽ شڪلن ۽ پنٽيفائيڊ جو ميلاپ پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿو. جيڪڏهن پنن جا بليڊ ٻه ڀيرا ورهايا وڃن، ٻوٽي ۾ بائيپنيٽ فرونڊ ۽ ٽرپپنيٽ فرنڊ آهن.<ref>[https://www.nzplants.auckland.ac.nz/en/about/ferns/structure/frond.html Fern Structure – Forest Service], Auckland, New Zealand.</ref> جيڪڏهن اهي ٽي ڀيرا شاخ ڪن ٿا ۽ ٽيٽرا- ۽ پينٽاپينيٽ فرنڊ تائين. وڻ جي فرن ۾، مکيه ٿڙ جيڪو پن کي اسٽيم سان ڳنڍي ٿو (جنهن کي اسٽيپ سڏيو ويندو آهي)، ان ۾ اڪثر ڪري ڪيترائي پتي هوندا آهن. پنن جي جوڙجڪ، جيڪو اسٽيپ مان وڌندا آهن، کي پني سڏيو ويندو آهي ۽ اڪثر ڪري ننڍن پننول ۾ ورهايل آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php |title=Fern Fronds |publisher=Basic Biology |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=19 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419003216/http://basicbiology.net/plants/ferns/fronds.php }}</ref> فرن جي تنن کي رائيزوم سڏيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ اهي صرف ڪجهه نوعن ۾ زمين جي اندر وڌندا آهن. ايپيفيٽڪ نوعون ۽ ڪيتريون ئي زميني نوعن ۾ زمين جي مٿان رينگندڙ اسٽولون هوندا آهن مثال طور، پوليپوڊياسي ۽ ڪيترن ئي گروهن ۾ زمين جي مٿان بيٺل نيم ڪاٺ جا ٿڙ هوندا آهن، مثال طور، سائٿياسي، اسڪيلي وڻ جا فرن. اهي ڪجهه نوعن ۾ 20 ميٽر (66 فوٽ) ڊگها ٿي سگهن ٿا مثال طور، نارفولڪ ٻيٽ تي سائٿيا براوني ۽ نيوزي لينڊ ۾ سائٿيا ميڊولاريس.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Mark F. |last1=Large |first2=John E. |last2=Braggins |author-link2=John E. Braggins |date=2004 |title=Tree Ferns |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0-88192-630-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/treeferns00mark |page= }}</ref> جڙون زمين جي اندر غير فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ آهن، جيڪي مٽي مان پاڻي ۽ غذائي مواد کڻنديون آهن. اها هميشه ريشيدار هونديون آهن ۽ ساخت جي لحاظ کان ٻج جي ٻوٽن جي پاڙن سان تمام گهڻي ملندڙ جلندڙ آهن. === گئميٽوفائٽس === جيئن سڀني ويسڪولر ٻوٽن ۾ اسپوروفائٽ غالب مرحلو يا زندگي جي چڪر ۾ نوع آهي، فرن جا گيميٽوفائٽس بهرحال ٻج جي ٻوٽن کان تمام مختلف آهن. اهي آزاد رهندڙ ۽ ليوروورٽ جي ٻوٽن سان مشابهت رکن ٿا، جڏهن ته ٻج جي ٻوٽن جا ٻوٽا اسپور وال اندر ترقي ڪن ٿا ۽ غذائيت لاءِ پيرنٽ سپوروفائٽ تي منحصر آهن .<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Villareal A.|first1=Juan Carlos|last2=Campos S.|first2=Laura Victoria|last3=Urbide-M.|first3=Jaime|last4=Goffinet|first4=Bernard|title=Parallel Evolution of Endospory within Hornworts: ''Nothoceros renzagliensis'' (Dendrocerotaceae), sp. nov.|journal=Systematic Botany|date=2012 |volume=37|issue=1|pages=31–37|doi=10.1600/036364412X616594 |bibcode=2012SysBo..37...31V }}</ref> هڪ فرن گيمٽوفائيٽ عام طور تي شامل آهن: * پروٿيلس: هڪ سائو، فوٽوسنٿيٽڪ جوڙجڪ، جنهن جي شروعاتي واڌ هڪ گهرڙي واري پرت ۾ مستوي، عام طور تي دل يا گردي جي شڪل ۾، 3-10 ملي ميٽر ڊگهي ۽ 2-8 ملي ميٽر ويڪري آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kelley|first1=A.G.|last2=Postlethwait|first2=S.N.|title=Fern Gametophytes as a Tool for the Study of Morphogenesis|pages=56–60|year=1960|volume=70|journal=Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science|url=https://journals.indianapolis.iu.edu/index.php/ias/article/view/5459|access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref> پروٿيلس گيمٽ پيدا ڪري ٿو: ** اينٿريڊيا: ننڍيون گولائي واري جوڙجڪ، جيڪي فليگيليٽ اينٿروزائيڊ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=A Dictionary of Plant Sciences|edition=2nd|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=Michael|entry-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198608912.001.0001/acref-9780198608912-e-386|entry=antherozoid|isbn=9780191726804|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2006}}</ref> ** آرڪيگونيا: هڪ فلاسڪ جي شڪل واري جوڙجڪ: جيڪا تري ۾ هڪ آنا پيدا ڪري ٿي. نر گيمٽوفائيٽ ذريعي ڳچيءَ ۾ ترڻ سان پهچندي آهي. * رزوئڊ: جڙ جهڙيون جوڙجڪ (سچي جڙ نه)، جيڪي واحد تمام گهڻي ڊگھي جيو گهرڙن تي مشتمل آهن جيڪي سجي جوڙجڪ تي پاڻي ۽ معدني لوڻ جذب ڪن ٿيون. رائزائيڊز پروٿيلس کي مٽي سان ڳنڍن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The evolution of root hairs and rhizoids|last1=Jones|first1=Victor A.S.|last2=Dolan|first2=Liam|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=110|issue=2|pages=205–212|doi=10.1093/aob/mcs136|pmc=3394659|pmid=22730024|year=2012}}</ref> ==زندگي جو چڪر ۽ پيدائش== ==درجي بندي== ==تقسيم ۽ رهائش== فرن پنهنجي ورهاست ۾، تمام گهڻي دولت سان گڏ ٽاڪرو علائقن ۾ ۽ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ آرڪٽڪ علائقن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي موجود آهن. سڀ کان وڏو تنوع اڀرندڙ اڀرندڙ برساتي ٻيلن ۾ ٿئي ٿو. نيوزي لينڊ، جنهن لاءِ فرن هڪ علامت آهي، اٽڪل 230 جنسون هن سڄي ملڪ ۾ ورهايل آهن. اهو يورپي ٻيلن ۾ هڪ عام ٻوٽو آهي. ==ماحوليات== ==استعمال== ==ثقافت== ==ٻيا ٻوٽا== ==پڻ ڏسو== * [[:باب:نباتات]] * [[:باب:وڻ]] * [[:باب:الجي]] * [[سينوڙ|سينور]] ==خارجي لنڪس== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== * {{cite book |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten M. 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[http://www.paferns.com/ Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania – Thomas Reeves Lord]. * Moran, Robbin C. (2004). ''A Natural History of Ferns''. 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Judd |last5=Olmstead |first5=Richard G. |last6=Soltis |first6=Douglas E. |author-link6=Douglas Soltis |last7=Soltis |first7=Pamela S. |author-link7=Pamela Soltis |last8=Donoghue |first8=Michael J. |author-link8=Michael Donoghue |title=Towards a Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |date=1 August 2007 |volume=56 |issue=3 |page=822 |doi=10.2307/25065865 |ref={{harvid|Cantino et al|2007}} |jstor=25065865}} * {{cite journal |last1=Chase |first1=Mark W. |author-link1=Mark W. Chase |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |author-link2=James L. Reveal |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=122–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x |doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J. M. |last2=Byng |first2=J. W. |author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz |author-link2=James W. 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J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). ''The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183034/http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/ |date=3 March 2016 }} * [http://www.peterboyd.com/pteridomania2.htm ''Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland''.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120512162340/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/non-seed-plants.htm Non-seed plant images at ''bioimages.vanderbilt.edu''] * [http://www.amerfernsoc.org/ American Fern Society] * [http://www.eBPS.org.uk/ British Pteridological Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094708/https://ebps.org.uk/ |date=2 January 2019 }} * [http://internationalequisetologicalassociation.yolasite.com/ International Equisetological Association] {{Refend}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q98522578}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:برسيان]] [[زمرو:نباتيات]] [[زمرو:نباتاتيات]] [[زمرو:ٻوٽن جا ڊويزن]] [[زمرو:ٽيڪسانومي (نباتاتيات)]] [[زمرو:فرن جي درجه بندي]] [[زمرو:فرن]] [[زمرو:فرن نباتات]] [[زمرو:غير ڪاٺ وارا ٻيلا]] [[زمرو:آخري ڊيوونيئن دور ۾ پهريون ظهور]] 0nwplyc5iajcrs1xguiofzst5uqid2a 0 81026 390265 389880 2026-07-01T00:29:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن علائقي ۾ متعارف ڪرايل اهڙو جاندار جيڪو مقامي ماحول کي نقصان پهچائي}} [[File:Beaver dam in Tierra del Fuego.jpg|thumb|[[اتر آمريڪي بيور]] (''Castor canadensis'') جو [[تيئرا ڊيل فوئيگو]] ۾ بند]] [[File:Kudzu on trees in Atlanta, Georgia.jpg|thumb|[[ڪڊزو]] جون ولون [[ائٽلانٽا]]، [[جارجيا (آمريڪي رياست)|جارجيا]] ۾ وڻن کي ڍڪي ۽ دٻائي رهيون آهن]] [[File:Kanadische Goldrute, Solidago canadensis - Invasives Unkraut.jpg|right|thumb|[[ڪينيڊين گولڊن راڊ]] (''Solidago canadensis'') پولينڊ ۾ رستي جي ڪناري تي هڪ جهنگلي ٻوٽي طور]] [[File:Vinca spreading along a border.jpg|thumb|باغ ۾ ''[[ونڪا]]''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Challenge |url=https://myfwc.com/fishing/saltwater/recreational/lionfish/challenge/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission |language=en}}</ref>]] '''جارح جنسون''' ('''Invasive species''') اهڙي متعارف ڪرايل جنسن کي چيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو پنهنجي نئين ماحول کي نقصان پهچائي.<ref name="davis" /> جارح جنسون [[رهائشگاهه|رهائشگاهن]] ۽ [[حياتياتي علائقو|حياتياتي علائقن]] تي ناڪاري اثر وجهن ٿا ۽ [[ماحوليات|ماحولياتي]]، [[قدرتي ماحول|قدرتي]] ۽/يا [[معيشت|اقتصادي]] نقصان جو سبب بڻجن ٿا. 20هين صدي کان وٺي جارح جنسون سڄي دنيا ۾ اقتصادي، سماجي ۽ ماحولياتي لحاظ کان هڪ سنگين خطرو بڻجي ويا آهن. ڊگهي عرصي کان قائم ماحولياتي نظامن ۾ نون جاندارن جو داخل ٿيڻ هڪ فطري عمل آهي، پر انسانن جي ذريعي ٿيندڙ متعارف ڪرائڻ هن عمل جي رفتار، پيماني ۽ جاگرافيائي ڦهلاءَ ۾ تمام گهڻو اضافو ڪيو آهي. هزارين سالن کان انسان، پنهنجي [[شروعاتي انساني لڏپلاڻ|ابتدائي لڏپلاڻ]] کان وٺي، جاندارن جي دانسته يا اڻڄاتل منتقلي جا وسيلا رهيا آهن. هي عمل [[دريافتن جي دور]] ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿيو ۽ پوءِ [[بين الاقوامي واپار]] جي واڌ سان اڃا به وڌيڪ وڌي ويو. اهي [[ٻوٽو|ٻوٽا]] جيڪي دنيا جي ڪيترن ئي علائقن ۾ جارح جنسن طور مشهور آهن، تن ۾ [[ڪڊزو]] (''Pueraria'')، [[واٽر هائيسنٿ]] (''Pontederia crassipes'')، [[عام ريگ ويڊ]] (''Ambrosia artemisiifolia'') ۽ [[پيلو اسٽار ٿِسل]] (''Centaurea solstitialis'') شامل آهن. جڏهن⁠ته مشهور جارح [[جانور]]ن ۾ [[يورپي سهو]] (''Oryctolagus cuniculus'')، [[گهريلو ٻلي]] (''Felis catus'') ۽ [[ڳاڙهو دلدلي ڪريفش]] (''Procambarus clarkii'') شامل آهن. == اصطلاح == {{See also|حياتياتي جارحيت جي اصطلاحن جي فهرست}} '''جارح جنسون''' انهن غير مقامي جنسن جو حصو آهن، جيڪي ڪنهن علائقي ۾ قائم ٿيڻ کان پوءِ مقامي جنسن ۽ [[حياتياتي گوناگوني]] لاءِ خطرو بڻجن ٿيون.<ref name="SandlundSchei2001">{{cite book |author1=Odd Terje Sandlund |author2=Peter Johan Schei |author3=Åslaug Viken |title=Invasive Species and Biodiversity Management |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHgMqnqaW_YC&pg=PA2 |date=30 June 2001 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-7923-6876-2 |pages=2– |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218042441/https://books.google.com/books?id=QHgMqnqaW_YC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live}}</ref> اصطلاح "جارح" جي ڪا مڪمل طور واضح ۽ عالمي طور قبوليل وصف موجود ناهي، ۽ ان جو استعمال گهڻو ڪري موضوعي هوندو آهي.<ref name=neutral/> جارح جنسون [[ٻوٽو|ٻوٽا]]، [[جانور]]، [[ڦڦوند]] ۽ [[جراثيم]] ٿي سگهن ٿيون؛ ڪن حالتن ۾ انهن ۾ اهي مقامي جنسون پڻ شامل ڪيون وينديون آهن، جيڪي [[زرعي زمين]]ن يا انسانن جي تيار ڪيل منظرنامن ۾ ڦهلجي وڃن ٿيون.<ref name="Inderjit2006">{{cite book |author=S. Inderjit |title=Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c-aMIwmis-wC&pg=PA252 |date=16 January 2006 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-7643-7380-1 |pages=252– |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218042441/https://books.google.com/books?id=c-aMIwmis-wC&pg=PA252 |url-status=live}}</ref> ڪجهه ماهر هن اصطلاح کي ايترو وسيع سمجهن ٿا، جو ان ۾ اهي مقامي جنسون به شامل ڪن ٿا، جيڪي [[حياتيات ۾ آبادڪاري]] ذريعي نون قدرتي علائقن ۾ پکڙجن ٿيون.<ref name=neutral/> ڪجهه ذريعا [[انسان]] (''Homo sapiens'') کي به هڪ جارح قسم قرار ڏين ٿا،<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Luscombe |first=Richard |date=2026-02-05 |title=Florida euthanizes 5,000 iguanas after cold snap stuns the invasive reptiles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/feb/05/florida-frozen-iguanas-euthanized |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Green Iguana |url=https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/reptiles/lizards/green-iguana/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission |language=en}}</ref> پر انسان جي سکڻ جي صلاحيت، روين ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ جي قابليت ۽ [[ظاهري لچڪ]] کي نظر ۾ رکندي، ڪيترائي ماهر اهڙي مستقل درجابندي سان اتفاق نٿا ڪن.<ref name="root">{{cite journal |last1=Root-Bernstein |first1=Meredith |last2=Ladle |first2=Richard |year=2019 |title=Ecology of a widespread large omnivore, Homo sapiens, and its impacts on ecosystem processes |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=9 |issue=19 |pages=10874–94 |bibcode=2019EcoEv...910874R |doi=10.1002/ece3.5049 |pmc=6802023 |pmid=31641442 |s2cid=203370925 |doi-access=free}}</ref> "مقامي" جي وصف پڻ تڪراري ٿي سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، جديد [[گهوڙو|گهوڙن]] (''Equus ferus'') جا ابا ڏاڏا [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ ارتقا پذير ٿيا ۽ پوءِ [[يوروشيا]] تائين پکڙجي ويا، جڏهن ته اتر آمريڪا مان ختم ٿي ويا. بعد ۾ اسپيني [[فاتح]]ن انهن کي ٻيهر اتر آمريڪا ۾ متعارف ڪرايو، جنهن سبب 1943ع ۾ اهو بحث پيدا ٿيو ته ڇا [[جهنگلي گهوڙو|جهنگلي گهوڙا]] ان براعظم جا مقامي آهن يا غير مقامي.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Kinsey |first=John |date=2020 |title=Nuisance Wildlife in Texas: Wild Pigs |url=http://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/nuisance/feral_hogs/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=tpwd.texas.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> جارح جنسن جو مطالعو حياتيات جي ڪيترن ئي شعبن ۾ ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر گهڻو ڪري تحقيق [[ماحوليات]] ۽ [[حياتياتي جاگرافي]] جي دائري ۾ ٿي آهي. هن شعبي تي [[چارلس سدرلينڊ ايلٽن]] جي 1958ع واري ڪتاب ''The Ecology of Invasion by Animals and Plants'' جو وڏو اثر رهيو، جنهن حياتياتي جارحيت جو هڪ عام تصور پيش ڪيو.<ref name=IE>{{cite book |last=Lockwood |first=Julie L. |title=Invasion Ecology |year=2007 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=7 |url=http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/invasion_ecology1_208.pdf |author2=Hoopes, Martha F. |author3=Marchetti, Michael P. |access-date=January 21, 2014 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074044/http://www.planta.cn/forum/files_planta/invasion_ecology1_208.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Lowry>{{cite journal |pmid=23404636 |year=2012 |last1=Lowry |first1=E |last2=Rollinson |first2=EJ |last3=Laybourn |first3=AJ |last4=Scott |first4=TE |last5=Aiello-Lammens |first5=ME |last6=Gray |first6=SM |last7=Mickley |first7=J |last8=Gurevitch |first8=J |title=Biological invasions: A field synopsis, systematic review, and database of the literature |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=182–96 |doi=10.1002/ece3.431 |pmc=3568853 |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]]}}</ref> 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين هن موضوع تي تحقيق نسبتاً محدود هئي.<ref name=Lowry/> شروعاتي تحقيق، جيڪا گهڻو ڪري ميداني مشاهدي تي ٻڌل هئي، بنيادي طور [[زميني ٻوٽو|زميني ٻوٽن]] تي مرڪوز رهي.<ref name=Lowry/> هن شعبي جي تيزيءَ سان ترقي سبب جارح جنسن بابت استعمال ٿيندڙ اصطلاحن کي معياري بڻائڻ جي ضرورت پيدا ٿي، پر اڃا تائين عالمي سطح تي مڪمل معياري اصطلاحن جو نظام موجود ناهي. هن شعبي کي عام طور "'''جارحياتي ماحوليات'''" (Invasion Ecology) يا وڌيڪ وسيع معنيٰ ۾ "'''جارحياتي حياتيات'''" (Invasion Biology) چيو ويندو آهي.<ref name=IE/><ref name=Lowry/> معياري اصطلاحن جي کوٽ جو هڪ سبب هي به آهي ته هي شعبو [[زراعت]]، [[حيوانيات]] ۽ [[امراضيات]] سميت ڪيترن مختلف علمن مان اصطلاح وٺي ٿو، ۽ مختلف محققن جي تحقيق به گهڻو ڪري هڪ ٻئي کان الڳ ٿي آهي.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Nuisance Wildlife in Texas: Wild Pigs |url=http://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/nuisance/feral_hogs/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=tpwd.texas.gov |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=IE/> {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" |+ ڪولائوٽي ۽ ميڪ آئزڪ جي درجابندي<ref name=neutral/> |- ! مرحلو ! خصوصيت |- |0 |اصل علائقي ۾ موجود پکيڙ جا ذريعا |- |I |منتقلي جي مرحلي ۾ |- |II |متعارف ڪرايل |- |III |محدود علائقي ۾ ۽ تعداد ۾ گهٽ |- |IVa |وسيع پکيڙ، پر تعداد ۾ گهٽ |- |IVb |محدود علائقي ۾، پر غالب |- |V |وسيع پکيڙ سان گڏ غالب |} جارح جنسن بابت بحث ۾، سائنسي مقالن سميت، استعمال ٿيندڙ مبهم، موضوعي ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن منفي مفهوم رکندڙ اصطلاحن کان بچڻ لاءِ ڪولائوٽي ۽ ميڪ آئزڪ هڪ نئون درجابندي وارو نظام تجويز ڪيو.<ref name=neutral/> هي نظام [[حياتياتي جاگرافي]] تي ٻڌل آهي، نه ڪي [[حياتياتي درجابندي]]،<ref name=neutral/> ۽ اهو [[ماحوليات]] کي [[حياتياتي درجابندي]]، [[انساني صحت]] ۽ اقتصادي عنصرن کان وڌيڪ اهميت ڏئي ٿو. هن نموني ۾ پوري قسم بدران ان جي هر آباديءَ جو جدا جدا جائزو ورتو ويندو آهي، ۽ هر آباديءَ کي ان ماحول ۾ ان جي ڪاميابيءَ جي بنياد تي درجو ڏنو ويندو آهي. اهو نظام مقامي ۽ متعارف ڪرايل ٻنهي قسمن تي لاڳو ٿئي ٿو ۽ ڪاميابي سان قائم ٿيل هر متعارف ڪرايل آباديءَ کي پاڻمرادو نقصانڪار قرار نٿو ڏئي.<ref name=neutral/> آمريڪا جي زراعت کاتي (USDA) جي ''National Invasive Species Information Center'' موجب، "جارح جنس" جي تعريف تمام محدود آهي. صدارتي حڪم 13112 موجب، "جارح جنس" مان مراد اهڙي غير ملڪي جنس آهي، جنهن جو متعارف ٿيڻ معاشي يا ماحولياتي نقصان پهچائي يا پهچائڻ جو امڪان رکي، يا انساني صحت لاءِ نقصانڪار هجي.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Fishing Seasons and Rules {{!}} Idaho Fish and Game |url=https://idfg.idaho.gov/rules/fish |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=idfg.idaho.gov}}</ref> ``` == سبب == عام طور تي، ڪنهن متعارف ڪرايل جنس کي نئين ماحول ۾ جارح ٿيڻ کان اڳ گهٽ [[آبادي جي کثافت]] تي برقرار رهڻو پوندو آهي.<ref name="tilm">{{cite journal |last=Tilman |first=D. |year=2004 |title=Niche tradeoffs, neutrality, and community structure: A stochastic theory of resource competition, invasion, and community assembly |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=101 |pages=10854–10861 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403458101 |pmid=15243158 |issue=30 |pmc=503710 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10110854T |doi-access=free }}</ref> گهٽ کثافت تي متعارف ڪرايل جنسون اڪثر نسل وڌائڻ ۽ زنده رهڻ جي قابل آبادي برقرار رکڻ ۾ مشڪلاتن کي منهن ڏين ٿيون؛ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن قائم ٿيڻ کان اڳ ڪيترائي ڀيرا متعارف ڪرائڻ ضروري ٿي پوندو آهي. انسانن جي ورجايل حرڪت جا نمونا، جهڙوڪ بندرگاهن جي وچ ۾ جهازن جي اچ وڃ يا وڏين شاهراهن تي گاڏين جي سفر، ڪنهن جنس جي اچڻ ۽ قائم ٿيڻ لاءِ بار بار موقعا پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا؛ هن عمل کي وڌيڪ [[پکيڙ دٻاءُ]] چيو ويندو آهي.<ref name="verl">{{cite journal |last=Verling |first=E. |year=2005 |title=Supply-side invasion ecology: characterizing propagule pressure in coastal ecosystems |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=272 |pages=1249–1256 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3090 |pmid=16024389 |issue=1569 |pmc=1564104}}</ref> انسان جي ٻين سرگرمين، جهڙوڪ تعميراتي اضافي مٽيءَ جي منتقلي، پڻ نين جارح جنسن جي متعارف ٿيڻ جو سبب بڻجي سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piryonesi |first=S. Madeh |last2=Carnegie |first2=David |last3=Weissling |first3=Lee |date=2025 |editor-last=Ng |editor-first=Kelvin Tsun Wai |editor2-last=Basu |editor2-first=Onita |editor3-last=Robinson |editor3-first=Clare |title=Circular Economy of Soil: Best Practices in Excess Soil Management in Ontario |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-97693-3_8 |journal=Proceedings of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Annual Conference 2024, Volume 6 |language=en |location=Cham |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |pages=91–103 |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-97693-3_8 |isbn=978-3-031-97693-3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-05 |title=Management of Excess Soil - A Guide for Best Management Practices {{!}} ontario.ca |url=http://www.ontario.ca/page/management-excess-soil-guide-best-management-practices |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.ontario.ca |language=en}}</ref> === ماحولياتي نظام تي ٻڌل طريقا === [[ماحولياتي نظام]]ن ۾ وسيلن جي موجودگي اهو طئي ڪندي آهي ته اضافي جنسن جو ان نظام تي ڪهڙو اثر پوندو. مستحڪم ماحولياتي نظامن ۾ وسيلن جو توازن هوندو آهي، جيڪو جارح جنسن جي اچڻ سان بنيادي طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref name="Byers 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Byers |first1=James E. |title=Impact of non-indigenous species on natives enhanced by anthropogenic alteration of selection regimes |journal=Oikos |date=June 2002 |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=449–458 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970316.x |bibcode=2002Oikos..97..449B }}</ref> جڏهن [[جنگل جي باهه]] جهڙيون تبديليون ٿين ٿيون، تڏهن عام [[ماحولياتي جانشيني]] مقامي [[گرامنوئڊ|گاهن]] ۽ [[جڙي ٻوٽي]]ن کي فائدو ڏيندي آهي. ڪا متعارف ڪرايل جنس جيڪڏهن مقامي جنسن کان وڌيڪ تيزيءَ سان پکڙجي سگهي، ته اها خوراڪ لاءِ مقامي جنسن سان مقابلو ڪري انهن کي ٻاهر ڪڍي سگهي ٿي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ [[نائٽروجن]] ۽ [[فاسفورس]] اڪثر محدود ڪندڙ عنصر هوندا آهن.<ref name="Davis 2000 528–534">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=M.A. |last2=Grime |first2=J.P. |last3=Thompson |first3=K. |s2cid=14573817 |year=2000 |title=Fluctuating resources in plant communities: A general theory of invisibility |journal=[[Journal of Ecology]] |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=528–534 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00473.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2000JEcol..88..528D }}</ref> هر جنس پنهنجي مقامي ماحولياتي نظام ۾ هڪ [[ماحولياتي جڳهه]] والاريندي آهي؛ ڪجهه جنسون وڏا ۽ مختلف ڪردار ادا ڪن ٿيون، جڏهن ته ٻيون انتهائي خاص هونديون آهن. جارح جنسون اڻ استعمال ٿيل جڳهيون والاري سگهن ٿيون يا نيون جڳهيون پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿيون.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Resources |first=Indiana Department of Natural |date=2026-03-09 |title=Indiana Department of Natural Resources |url=https://www.in.gov/dnr/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Indiana Department of Natural Resources |language=en}}</ref> مثال طور، [[ڪناري جو اثر]] اهو بيان ڪري ٿو ته جڏهن ماحولياتي نظام جو ڪو حصو متاثر ٿئي، جهڙوڪ [[زراعت]] لاءِ زمين صاف ڪئي وڃي، ته ڇا ٿئي ٿو. باقي بچيل اڻ متاثر رهائشگاهه ۽ نئين صاف ڪيل زمين جي وچ واري حد پاڻ هڪ الڳ نئين رهائشگاهه بڻجي ٿي، جنهن سان نوان فاتح ۽ هارائيندڙ پيدا ٿين ٿا، ۽ اهڙيون جنسون به اتي رهي سگهن ٿيون، جيڪي ٻي صورت ۾ ان حد واري رهائشگاهه کان ٻاهر ڪامياب نه ٿين ها.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alverson |first1=William S. |last2=Waller |first2=Donald M. |last3=Solheim |first3=Stephen L. |date=1988 |title=Forests Too Deer: Edge Effects in Northern Wisconsin |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=348–358 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.1988.tb00199.x |jstor=2386294|bibcode=1988ConBi...2..348A }}</ref> 1958ع ۾ [[چارلس ايس. ايلٽن]] دعويٰ ڪئي ته وڌيڪ [[جنسي گوناگوني]] وارا ماحولياتي نظام جارح جنسن کان گهٽ متاثر ٿيندا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن ۾ خالي جڳهيون گهٽ رهنديون آهن.<ref name="elton">{{cite book |last=Elton |first=C.S. |others=Foreword by Daniel Simberloff |title=The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants |orig-date=1958 |year=2000 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-20638-7 |page=196}}</ref> ٻين ماحولياتدانن بعد ۾ تمام گهڻي گوناگوني وارن، پر سخت جارحيت جو شڪار ماحولياتي نظامن ڏانهن اشارو ڪندي دليل ڏنو ته وڌيڪ جنسي گوناگوني وارا نظام جارحيت لاءِ وڌيڪ حساس هوندا آهن.<ref name=Schell>{{cite journal |last1=Stohlgren |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Binkley |first2=Dan |last3=Chong |first3=Geneva W. |last4=Kalkhan |first4=Mohammed A. |last5=Schell |first5=Lisa D. |last6=Bull |first6=Kelly A. |last7=Otsuki |first7=Yuka |last8=Newman |first8=Gregory |last9=Bashkin |first9=Michael |last10=Son |first10=Yowhan |display-authors=6 |title=Exotic Plant Species Invade Hot Spots of Native Plant Diversity |journal=Ecological Monographs |date=February 1999 |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=25–46 |doi=10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0025:EPSIHS]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> هي بحث جارحيت جي مطالعي جي [[ماپ (فضائي)|فضائي ماپ]] تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. ننڍي پيماني جي مطالعي ۾ عام طور [[حياتياتي گوناگوني]] ۽ جارحيت جي وچ ۾ منفي تعلق ڏسڻ ۾ آيو، جڏهن ته وڏي پيماني جي مطالعي ۾ ان جو ابتڙ رجحان ڏٺو ويو؛ شايد اهو جارح جنسن جي وڌيل وسيلن مان فائدو وٺڻ ۽ ڪمزور جنسي لاڳاپن کي استعمال ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت جو اثر آهي، جيڪي وڏن نمونن ۾ وڌيڪ عام هوندا آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Byers |first1=James E. |last2=Noonburg |first2=Erik G. |title=Scale Dependent Effects of Biotic Resistance to Biological Invasion |journal=Ecology |date=June 2003 |volume=84 |issue=6 |pages=1428–1433 |doi=10.1890/02-3131 |bibcode=2003Ecol...84.1428B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Levine |first1=Jonathan M. |title=Species Diversity and Biological Invasions: Relating Local Process to Community Pattern |journal=Science |date=5 May 2000 |volume=288 |issue=5467 |pages=852–854 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5467.852 |pmid=10797006 |bibcode=2000Sci...288..852L }}</ref> بهرحال، اهو نمونو جارح فقاري جانورن لاءِ صحيح نظر نٿو اچي.{{r|ivey2019}} [[File:Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) (8387580552).jpg|thumb|right|[[ناسي وڻ نانگ]] (''Boiga irregularis'') [[گوام]] ٻيٽ جي ماحولياتي نظام ۾ مقامي پکين جي آباديءَ تي اثر وڌو آهي.]] [[ٻيٽ جو ماحولياتي نظام|ٻيٽن جا ماحولياتي نظام]] جارحيت لاءِ وڌيڪ حساس ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جون جنسون ٿورن مضبوط مقابلي ڪندڙن ۽ شڪارين کي منهن ڏين ٿيون، ۽ آباد ڪندڙ جنسن جي آبادين کان پري هجڻ سبب انهن ۾ "کليل" جڳهيون وڌيڪ هونديون آهن.<ref name="stach">{{cite book |last=Stachowicz |first=J.J. |editor=D.F. Sax |editor2=J.J. Stachowicz |editor3=S.D. Gaines |title=Species Invasions: Insights into Ecology, Evolution, and Biogeography |publisher=Sinauer Associates |location=Sunderland, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-87893-811-7 |chapter=Species invasions and the relationships between species diversity, community saturation, and ecosystem functioning |year=2005 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/speciesinvasions0000unse }}</ref> مثال طور، [[گوام]] تي مقامي پکين جي آبادين کي جارح [[ناسي وڻ نانگ]] (''Boiga irregularis'') تمام گهڻو نقصان پهچايو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brown Tree Snake |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/brown-tree-snake |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824120114/https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/brown-tree-snake |archive-date=24 August 2019 |website=USDA National Invasive Species Information Center}}</ref> بهرحال، ٻيٽن جي جاگرافيائي پريائي ۽ انهن جي چوڌاري کليل پاڻي جارح جنسن جي آبادڪاري کي دير به ڪرائي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[ٻيٽ ملڪ|ٻيٽ ملڪ]] جهڙوڪ آسٽريليا ۽ گالاپاگوس ۾ ٻيون جنسون سمنڊن ۽ جاگرافيائي اڪيلائي سبب محدود طور اچن ٿيون، تنهنڪري انهن جي ٻيٽي ماحوليات جو وڏو حصو مقامي خاص جنسن تي مشتمل آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unit |first=Biosafety |date=2010-05-19 |title=Invasive Alien Species |url=https://www.cbd.int/island/invasive.shtml#:~:text=Islands,%20such%20as%20Australia,%20New,and%20public%20health%20of%20inhabitants. |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=www.cbd.int |language=en}}</ref> [[نيوزيلينڊ ۾ جارح جنسون|نيوزيلينڊ]] ۾ پهريون جارح جنسون [[ڪتو|ڪتا]] ۽ [[پولينيسيائي چوهو|چوها]] هئا، جيڪي لڳ ڀڳ 1300ع ۾ [[پولينيسيائي ماڻهو|پولينيسيائي]] آبادگارن آندا. انهن ۽ ٻين متعارف ڪرايل جنسن نيوزيلينڊ جي مقامي خاص جنسن کي تمام گهڻو نقصان پهچايو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howe |first=K. R. |title=The Quest for Origins |year=2003 |page=179 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=0-14-301857-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2008 |title=Rat remains help date New Zealand's colonisation |work=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826595-200-rat-remains-help-date-new-zealands-colonisation/?ignored=irrelevant |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=23 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611120716/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19826595-200-rat-remains-help-date-new-zealands-colonisation/?ignored=irrelevant |archive-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> [[ماداگاسڪر]] جي آبادڪاري پڻ ان جي ماحولياتي نظامن کي ساڳيو نقصان پهچايو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodman |first1=Steven M. |date=1997 |title=The birds of southeastern Madagascar |journal=Fieldiana |issue=87 |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.3415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> وڻن جي ڪٽائي رهائشگاهه کي سڌي طرح تباهه ڪري نقصان پهچايو آهي، ۽ غير مقامي جنسن جهڙوڪ [[ناگ ڦڻي]] (''Opuntia'') ۽ [[چانديءَ جو واٽل]] (''Acacia dealbata'') کي داخل ٿيڻ جو موقعو ڏنو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Kerry A. |last2=Gurevitch |first2=Jessica |title=Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=20 April 2004 |volume=101 |issue=16 |pages=6045–6049 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0401456101 |pmid=15067121 |pmc=395920 |bibcode=2004PNAS..101.6045B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kull |first1=Ca |last2=Tassin |first2=J |last3=Carriere |first3=Sm |title=Approaching invasive species in Madagascar |journal=Madagascar Conservation & Development |date=26 February 2015 |volume=9 |issue=2 |page=60 |doi=10.4314/mcd.v9i2.2 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[واٽر هائيسنٿ]] (''Pontederia crassipes'') پاڻيءَ جي سطح تي ڳاٽ چٽايون ٺاهي ٿي، جنهن سان روشنيءَ جو داخل ٿيڻ محدود ٿي وڃي ٿو، آبي جاندارن کي نقصان پهچي ٿو ۽ انتظامي خرچ تمام وڌن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villamagna |first1=A. M. |last2=Murphy |first2=B. R. |title=Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes''): a review |journal=Freshwater Biology |date=February 2010 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=282–298 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x |bibcode=2010FrBio..55..282V }}</ref><ref name="Rakotoarisoa 365–379">{{cite journal |last1=Rakotoarisoa |first1=T. F. |last2=Richter |first2=T. |last3=Rakotondramanana |first3=H. |last4=Mantilla-Contreras |first4=J. |title=Turning a Problem Into Profit: Using Water Hyacinth (''Eichhornia crassipes'') for Making Handicrafts at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar |journal=Economic Botany |date=December 2016 |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=365–379 |doi=10.1007/s12231-016-9362-y |bibcode=2016EcBot..70..365R |s2cid=255557151 |id = {{s2cid|18820290}} }}</ref> [[لانٽانا جهاڙي]] (''Lantana camara'') هاڻي 60 کان وڌيڪ ملڪن ۾ جارح سمجهي وڃي ٿي ۽ ڪيترن ملڪن جي وڏن علائقن ۾ پکڙجي چڪي آهي، جنهن ڪري ان کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ سخت وفاقي ڪوششون ڪيون ويون آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhagwat |first1=Shonil A. |last2=Breman |first2=Elinor |last3=Thekaekara |first3=Tarsh |last4=Thornton |first4=Thomas F. |last5=Willis |first5=Katherine J. |date=2012 |title=A Battle Lost? Report on Two Centuries of Invasion and Management of Lantana camara L. in Australia, India and South Africa |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |article-number=e32407 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0032407 |doi-access=free |pmc=3293794 |pmid=22403653|bibcode=2012PLoSO...732407B }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mungi |first1=Ninad Avinash |last2=Qureshi |first2=Qamar |last3=Jhala |first3=Yadvendradev V. |date=2020 |title=Expanding niche and degrading forests: Key to the successful global invasion of Lantana camara (sensu lato) |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=23 |article-number=e01080 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01080 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020GEcoC..2301080M }}</ref> ٻيٽن جي ماحولياتي نظامن سان گڏ، سخت انتظام هيٺ رکيل باڙ وارا علائقا به جارحيت لاءِ وڌيڪ حساس هوندا آهن. هڪ سبب اهو آهي ته جنسون اهڙن طريقن سان داخل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جن کي باڙون روڪي نٿيون سگهن. ڪيترين ٻوٽي جنسن جي صورت ۾ پکيڙ هوا، پاڻي ۽ پکين ذريعي ٿي سگهي ٿي، جيڪي ٻج اندروني يا ٻاهرئين طور کڻي ويندا آهن. ننڍا جانور يا حشرات به ڪڏهن ڪڏهن باڙ وارن علائقن مان گذري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Egawa | first1=Chika | title=Wind dispersal of alien plant species into remnant natural vegetation from adjacent agricultural fields | journal=Global Ecology and Conservation | date=2017 | volume=11 | pages=33–41 | doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.008 | bibcode=2017GEcoC..11...33E | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Treep | first1=Jelle | last2=De Jager | first2=Monique | last3=Bartumeus | first3=Frederic | last4=Soons | first4=Merel B. | title=Seed dispersal as a search strategy: Dynamic and fragmented landscapes select for multi-scale movement strategies in plants | journal=Movement Ecology | date=2021 | volume=9 | issue=1 | article-number=4 | doi=10.1186/s40462-020-00239-1 | pmid=33514441 | pmc=7845050 | bibcode=2021MvEco...9....4T | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Connolly | first1=Trevor A. | last2=Day | first2=Tim D. | last3=King | first3=Carolyn M. | title=Estimating the potential for reinvasion by mammalian pests through pest-exclusion fencing | journal=Wildlife Research | date=2009 | volume=36 | issue=5 | pages=410–421 | doi=10.1071/WR09021 | bibcode=2009WildR..36..410C }}</ref> ٻيو سبب اهو آهي ته سخت انتظامي طريقا انهن جارح جنسن جي واڌ ويجهه لاءِ موقعا پيدا ڪن ٿا. جڏهن باڙ وارا علائقا قائم ڪيا وڃن ٿا، تڏهن نباتات صاف ڪرڻ، ڪٽائي ۽ مٽيءَ کي بگاڙڻ ذريعي انهن جو سخت انتظام ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن سان علائقي جي مقامي ٻوٽي جنسن سان مقابلو گهٽجي وڃي ٿو ۽ مٽي ظاهر ٿي پوي ٿي، جنهن ڪري جارح جنسون آسانيءَ سان اتي آباد ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Halassy | first1=Melinda | last2=Krpán | first2=Emese | last3=Csákvári | first3=Edina | last4=Török | first4=Katalin | title=Mowing increases the vulnerability of sand grassland restoration to secondary invasion despite the sensitivity of invasive species to drought | journal=Global Ecology and Conservation | date=2025 | volume=60 | article-number=e03588 | doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03588 | bibcode=2025GEcoC..6003588H | doi-access=free }}</ref> انهن باڙ وارن علائقن جو مقصد اڪثر ناپسنديده [[ڀاڄي خور جانور]]ن کي ٻاهر رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جارح ٻوٽن کي کائي قابو ڪندڙ خطرا موجود نه هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي سخت انتظام هيٺ رکيل باڙ وارن علائقن ۾ بنا شڪاري خطري جي وڌي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Shen | first1=Xiaoli | last2=Bourg | first2=Norman A. | last3=McShea | first3=William J. | last4=Turner | first4=Benjamin L. | title=Long-Term Effects of White-Tailed Deer Exclusion on the Invasion of Exotic Plants: A Case Study in a Mid-Atlantic Temperate Forest | journal=PLOS ONE | date=2016 | volume=11 | issue=3 | article-number=e0151825 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0151825 | pmid=27019356 | pmc=4809546 | bibcode=2016PLoSO..1151825S | doi-access=free }}</ref> آخرڪار، عام طور تي جارح جنسن ۾ اهڙيون خوبيون هونديون آهن، جيڪي انهن جي بقا کي فائدو ڏين ٿيون. گهڻيون جارح جنسون انتهائي مضبوط ۽ لچڪدار هونديون آهن ۽ اهڙيون خاصيتون رکنديون آهن، جيڪي غير مقامي علائقن ۾ انهن جي قائم ٿيڻ ۾ مدد ڪن ٿيون. اهي خاصيتون، باڙ وارن علائقن جي سخت انتظام سان گڏ، اهڙو ماحول پيدا ڪن ٿيون جتي اهي جارح جنسون سٺي نموني وڌي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Pepe | first1=Maria | last2=Gratani | first2=Loretta | last3=Fabrini | first3=Giuseppe | last4=Varone | first4=Laura | title=Seed germination traits of ''Ailanthus altissima'' , ''Phytolacca americana'' and ''Robinia pseudoacacia'' in response to different thermal and light requirements | journal=Plant Species Biology | date=2020 | volume=35 | issue=4 | pages=300–314 | doi=10.1111/1442-1984.12286 | bibcode=2020PSBio..35..300P }}</ref> جارح ٻوٽن جا بنيادي ارضي-حياتي اثر حياتياتي تعمير ۽ حياتياتي تحفظ آهن. مثال طور، [[ڪڊزو]] (''Pueraria montana'')، جيڪا [[ايشيا]] جي مقامي ول آهي، 20هين صدي جي شروعات ۾ [[آمريڪا جي ڏکڻ اوڀر]] ۾ [[مٽيءَ جو ڪٽاءُ]] قابو ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي متعارف ڪرائي وئي. جارح جانورن جا بنيادي ارضي-حياتي اثر [[حياتي گدلاڻ]]، [[حياتي ڪٽاءُ]] ۽ حياتياتي تعمير آهن. مثال طور، [[چيني دستانيدار ڪيڪڙو]] (''Eriocheir sinensis'') جي جارحيت سبب حياتي گدلاڻ ۽ حياتي ڪٽاءُ جون شرحون وڌي ويون آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fei |first1=Songlin |last2=Phillips |first2=Jonathan |last3=Shouse |first3=Michael |title=Biogeomorphic Impacts of Invasive Species |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |date=23 November 2014 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=69–87 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091928 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ڪا مقامي جنس به انسان طرفان ان جي [[غذائي ڄار]] ۾ تبديلين کان پوءِ پنهنجي ئي مقامي ماحول لاءِ نقصانڪار ۽ عملي طور جارح بڻجي سگهي ٿي. اهڙو مثال [[جامني سامونڊي ارچن]] (''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus'') جو آهي، جنهن پنهنجي قدرتي شڪاري [[ڪيليفورنيا سامونڊي اوٽر]] (''Enhydra lutris'') جي حد کان وڌيڪ شڪار سبب اتر ڪيليفورنيا جي ڪناري سان ڪيلپ ٻيلن کي تباهه ڪري ڇڏيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plague of purple sea urchins ravages California's offshore ecosystem, heads to Oregon |website=[[لاس اينجلس ٽائيمز]]|date=October 24, 2019|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-24/purple-sea-urchins-california-oregon-coasts|access-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-date=July 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714030639/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-10-24/purple-sea-urchins-california-oregon-coasts |url-status=live}}</ref> ===نسلن تي ٻڌل ميڪانيزم=== [[File:Riesenknoeterich.jpg|right|thumb|[[جاپاني ناٽ ويڊ|جاپاني ناٽ ويڊ]] (''Reynoutria japonica'') کي [[دنيا جون 100 بدترين حمله آور ڌاريون نسلون|دنيا جي بدترين حمله آور نسلن]] مان هڪ سمجهيو وڃي ٿو.]] [[File:Ocicat-woodpecker.jpg|upright|thumb|[[ٻلي]] (''Felis catus'') (هتي هڪ [[ڪاٺ ٺوڪيندڙ پکي]] کي شڪار ڪندي) [[آسٽريليا ۾ ٻليون|آسٽريليا ۾ حمله آور نسل]] سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون ۽ [[جهنگلي جيوت تي ٻلين جو شڪار|سڄي دنيا ۾ جهنگلي جيوت تي ناڪاري اثر]] وجهن ٿيون.]] حمله آور نسلن ۾ اڪثر اهڙيون خاصيتون يا خاصيتن جا مجموعا هوندا آهن، جيڪي انهن کي [[مقامي نسل]]ن تي مقابلي ۾ برتري ڏيندا آهن. ڪن حالتن ۾ انهن ۾ تيزيءَ سان وڌڻ ۽ تيزيءَ سان نسل وڌائڻ جون صلاحيتون شامل هونديون آهن، جڏهن ته ٻين حالتن ۾ اهي مقامي نسلن سان سڌي طرح مقابلو ڪندا آهن. هڪ مطالعي موجب 86 سيڪڙو حمله آور نسلن جي سڃاڻپ رڳو انهن خاصيتن جي بنياد تي ڪري سگهجي ٿي.<ref name="kolar"/> ٻي تحقيق مان معلوم ٿيو ته ڪيترين حمله آور نسلن وٽ انهن خاصيتن مان صرف ٿوريون ئي موجود هونديون آهن، ۽ اهڙيون ئي خاصيتون ڪيترين غير حمله آور نسلن ۾ پڻ ملنديون آهن.<ref name="kolar"/><ref name="theb"/><ref name="reichard"/> حمله آور نسلن جون عام خاصيتون تيز واڌ، تيز [[نسل وڌائڻ]] (جهڙوڪ ٻوٽن ۾ [[سبزياتي واڌ]])، انسانن سان ويجهو لاڳاپو، ۽ اڳ ۾ ٻين علائقن ۾ ڪامياب حملن جو تجربو آهن.<ref name="kolar"/><ref name="Williams"/><ref name="ewell"/> [[گهريلو ٻلي]] (''Felis catus'') جهنگلي جيوت جي انتهائي مؤثر شڪاري آهي. اها [[فلوريڊا ڪيز]] جهڙن علائقن ۾ جهنگلي بڻجي حمله آور نسل جي حيثيت اختيار ڪري چڪي آهي.<ref name="Cove Gardner 2018"/> ڪو متعارف ڪرايل نسل تڏهن حمله آور بڻجي سگهي ٿو جڏهن اهو وسيلن جي استعمال ۾ مقامي نسلن کان اڳتي نڪري وڃي. جيڪڏهن اهو نسل پنهنجي اصل رهائشگاهه ۾ شديد [[حياتياتي مقابلو|مقابلي]] يا شڪارين جي دٻاءَ هيٺ ارتقا ڪئي هجي ته نئين ماحول ۾ اهڙا مقابلي ڪندڙ يا شڪاري گهٽ هجڻ سبب اهو تيزيءَ سان وڌي سگهي ٿو. مقامي نسلن سان ڀرپور آباد [[ماحولي نظام]] کي [[زيرو سم]] نظام طور سمجهي سگهجي ٿو، جتي حمله آور نسل جي هر فائدي سان مقامي نسل کي نقصان پهچي ٿو. بهرحال، اهڙي هڪ طرفي برتري ۽ مقامي نسلن جي خاتمي وارو نتيجو هميشه نه ٿيندو آهي.<ref name="Schell"/><ref name="sax"/> [[File:Lantana Invasion of abandoned citrus plantation Sdey Hemed Israel.JPG|right|thumb|upright=1.8|[[لانٽانا]]، ڇڏيل [[ليمي جي باغ|ليمي جي باغ]]، [[سدي هيمد]]]] ڪڏهن حمله آور نسل اهڙا وسيلا استعمال ڪري وٺندا آهن، جيڪي مقامي نسلن لاءِ دستياب نه هوندا آهن. مثال طور ڊگهي [[ٽيپ روٽ]] ذريعي زمين جي گهري پاڻي تائين پهچڻ يا اهڙي مٽيءَ ۾ رهڻ، جتي اڳ مقامي نسل آباد نه هئا. مثال طور [[ڪنڊيدار گوٽ گراس]] (''Aegilops triuncialis'') کي [[ڪيليفورنيا]] جي [[سرپينٽائن مٽي]] وارن علائقن ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو، جتي پاڻي جي ذخيري، غذائي جزن ۽ ڪيلشيم جي مقدار گهٽ هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته [[ميگنيشيم]] وڌيڪ ۽ [[ڳرا ڌات]] موجود هوندا آهن. اهڙي مٽيءَ ۾ مقامي ٻوٽا گهٽ تعداد ۾ وڌندا آهن، پر گوٽ گراس گهاٽيون آباديون ٺاهي مقامي ٻوٽن کي بي دخل ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huenneke |first1=Laura Foster |last2=Hamburg |first2=Steven P. |last3=Koide |first3=Roger |last4=Mooney |first4=Harold A. |last5=Vitousek |first5=Peter M. |title=Effects of Soil Resources on Plant Invasion and Community Structure in Californian Serpentine Grassland |journal=Ecology |date=1990 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=478–491 |doi=10.2307/1940302 |jstor=1940302 |bibcode=1990Ecol...71..478H }}</ref> حمله آور نسل پنهنجي ماحول ۾ ڪيميائي مادا خارج ڪري، [[ابيائٽڪ]] عنصرن ۾ تبديلي آڻي يا [[ٻوٽا کائيندڙ جانور]]ن جي رويي کي تبديل ڪري ٻين نسلن تي اثر وجهي سگهن ٿا. مثال طور [[مدر آف ٿائوزينڊس]] (''Kalanchoe daigremontiana'') اهڙا [[ايللوپيٿي]] مرڪب پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيڪي مقابلي ڪندڙ ٻوٽن جي واڌ کي روڪين ٿا.<ref name="HERRERAFERRER-PARIS2018"/> ان جي ابتڙ [[ٽوڊ پلانٽ]] (''Stapelia gigantea'') خشڪ علائقن ۾ مناسب [[خرد آبهوا]] مهيا ڪري ۽ ٻوٽا کائيندڙ جانورن کان بچاءُ فراهم ڪري ٻين نسلن جي ننڍن ٻوٽن جي واڌ ۾ مددگار ثابت ٿئي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Herrera |first1=Ileana |last2=Ferrer-Paris |first2=José R. |last3=Hernández-Rosas |first3=José I. |last4=Nassar |first4=Jafet M. |title=Impact of two invasive succulents on native-seedling recruitment in Neotropical arid environments |journal=[[Journal of Arid Environments]] |date=2016 |volume=132 |pages=15–25 |doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.04.007 |bibcode=2016JArEn.132...15H}}</ref> [[باهه جي نظام]] ۾ تبديلي پڻ اهڙي سهڪار جي هڪ صورت آهي. [[چيٽ گراس]] (''Bromus tectorum'')، جيڪو اصل ۾ يوريشيا جو آهي، باهه سان انتهائي موافقت رکندڙ ٻوٽو آهي. اهو باهه کان پوءِ تيزيءَ سان پکڙجي وڃي ٿو ۽ اتر آمريڪا جي اولهه وارن علائقن ۾ سڪي ويل ٻوٽي جي وڏي مقدار فراهم ڪري باهه جي شدت ۽ ورجاءَ ۾ واڌ ڪري ٿو. ڪيترن هنڌن تي ان مقامي باهه جي نظام کي ايترو تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو آهي، جو مقامي ٻوٽا بار بار لڳندڙ باهه برداشت نٿا ڪري سگهن، جنهن سبب چيٽ گراس غالب نسل بڻجي وڃي ٿو.<ref name="Brooks 2004 677–688"/> [[ماحولي سهڪار]] ان وقت ٿئي ٿو، جڏهن ڪو نسل، جنهن ۾ حمله آور نسل به شامل آهن، رهائشگاهه کي اهڙي نموني تبديل ڪري، جو ٻين نسلن کي فائدو پهچي. مثال طور [[زيبرا مسل]] (''Dreissena polymorpha'') ڍنڍن جي تري ۾ رهائش جي پيچيدگي وڌائي اهڙيون درزون پيدا ڪن ٿا، جتي [[بي مهره جانور]] رهي سگهن ٿا. فلٽر ذريعي خوراڪ حاصل ڪرڻ دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ فضلي سان گڏ اهي حالتون [[بئنٿڪ زون]] جي بي مهره جاندارن جي تعداد ۽ تنوع ۾ اضافو آڻين ٿيون.<ref name="silv"/> متعارف ڪرايل نسل ڪڏهن ڪڏهن انتهائي تيزيءَ ۽ غير متوقع انداز ۾ پکڙجي ويندا آهن.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keddy |first=Paul A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncloDgAAQBAJ&q=Plant+Ecology |title=Plant Ecology |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-107-11423-4 |page=343 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-date=August 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816224645/https://books.google.com/books?id=ncloDgAAQBAJ&q=Plant+Ecology |url-status=live}}</ref> جڏهن [[آبادي بوتل نيڪ]] ۽ [[باني اثر]] سبب آبادي جو قد گهڻو گهٽجي وڃي ٿو ۽ [[جينياتي تنوع]] محدود ٿي وڃي ٿو، تڏهن فردن ۾ ايپي اسٽيٽڪ تبديلي بدران اضافي جينياتي تبديلي ظاهر ٿيڻ لڳي ٿي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Cheng-Yuan |last2=Tang |first2=Shaoqing |last3=Fatemi |first3=Mohammad |last4=Gross |first4=Caroline L. |last5=Julien |first5=Mic H. |last6=Curtis |first6=Caitlin |last7=van Klinken |first7=Rieks D. |date=September 1, 2015 |title=Population structure and genetic diversity of invasive Phyla canescens: implications for the evolutionary potential |journal=[[Ecosphere (journal)|Ecosphere]] |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=art162 |doi=10.1890/ES14-00374.1 |bibcode=2015Ecosp...6..374X |doi-access=free}}</ref> ان سان باني آباديءَ ۾ تنوع وڌي سگهي ٿو، جيڪو [[تيز ارتقا]] لاءِ سازگار هوندو آهي.<ref name="Prentis 2008 288-294"/> پوءِ قدرتي چونڊ پکڙجڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ نئين ماحول جي دٻاءَ، جهڙوڪ مختلف گرمي پد يا نون شڪارين ۽ شڪار جي موافقت، تي اثر انداز ٿئي ٿي.<ref name="Eunmi 2002 386-391"/> تيز موافقتي ارتقا، نسل جي اندر موجود ظاهري لچڪ، [[اڳواٽ موافقت]] ۽ متعارف ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ٿيندڙ ارتقا جي نتيجي ۾ اهڙا اولاد پيدا ٿين ٿا، جيڪي نئين ماحول ۾ وڌيڪ موزون هوندا آهن. خاص طور ظاهري لچڪ فرد کي پنهنجي ماحول سان بهتر موافقت اختيار ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائي ٿي، جڏهن ته اڳواٽ موافقت ۽ بعد واري ارتقا متعارف ڪرايل نسل جي ڪاميابي کي وڌيڪ مضبوط ڪن ٿا.<ref name="Zenni 2013 635-644"/> [[دشمنن کان آزاديءَ جو مفروضو]] بيان ڪري ٿو ته ارتقا جي نتيجي ۾ هر ماحولي نظام ۾ هڪ حياتياتي توازن قائم ٿئي ٿو. مقابلي ڪندڙ نسلن، شڪارين ۽ بيمارين جي موجودگي سبب ڪو به نسل سڄي نظام تي مڪمل غلبو حاصل نٿو ڪري سگهي. جڏهن ڪو متعارف ڪرايل نسل اهڙي نئين رهائشگاهه ۾ پهچي ٿو، جتي اهي قدرتي ضابطا موجود ناهن، تڏهن ان جي آبادي تيزيءَ سان وڌي سگهي ٿي ۽ اهو حمله آور نسل بڻجي سگهي ٿو.{{r|amstutz2018}} ==ويڪٽر== غير مقامي نسلن جا ڪيترائي [[ويڪٽر (ايپيڊيميالاجي)|ويڪٽر]] هوندا آهن، پر انهن مان گهڻا انساني سرگرمين سان لاڳاپيل آهن. قدرتي [[حد (حياتيات)|حد]] ۾ واڌ عام ڳالهه آهي، پر انسان اڪثر نمونن کي قدرتي قوتن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيزيءَ سان ۽ وڌيڪ پري تائين کڻي ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cassey |first=P |year=2005 |title=Concerning Invasive Species: Reply to Brown and Sax|journal=[[Austral Ecology]] |volume=30|issue=4 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-9993.2005.01505.x|bibcode=2005AusEc..30..475C |hdl=10019.1/119884 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> انسانن ذريعي هڪ ابتدائي ويڪٽر تڏهن ظاهر ٿيو، جڏهن قبل از تاريخ انسانن [[پولينيشيائي ڪوئو|پيسفڪ ڪوئو]] (''Rattus exulans'') کي [[پولينيشيا]] ۾ متعارف ڪرايو.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Matisoo-Smith |first=E. |author-link=Lisa Matisoo-Smith|year=1998 |title=Patterns of prehistoric human mobility in Polynesia indicated by mtDNA from the Pacific rat|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=95 |pages=15145–15150 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.25.15145 |pmid=9844030 |issue=25 |pmc=24590 |bibcode=1998PNAS...9515145M |doi-access=free }}</ref> انسان تاريخي طور تي ارادي ۽ غير ارادي ٻنهي طريقن سان ويڪٽر طور ڪم ڪندا رهيا آهن. نوآبادياتي دور ۾ اهڙيون هم آهنگي واريون سوسائٽيون موجود هيون، جن جو مقصد اهڙن جانورن ۽ ٻوٽن کي ارادي طور قائم ڪرڻ هو، جيڪي يورپين لاءِ سڃاتل هئا. اهي سوسائٽيون سمجهنديون هيون ته يادگار ۽ قيمتي نسلن کي شامل ڪرڻ سان فطرت ۾ “بهتري” ايندي.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/72380/goingforth.ehversion.dec11.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1 | title=Going Forth and Multiplying: Animal Acclimatization and Invasion | website=dspace.mit.edu}}</ref> ارادي تعارف جو ٻيو سبب اهو هو ته ڪجهه نسلن کي حياتياتي ڪنٽرول لاءِ مفيد سمجهيو ويندو هو. [[ڪين ٽوڊ]] کي آسٽريليا ۾ ان اميد سان متعارف ڪرايو ويو ته اهو ڪمند جي ڀنگن جي آبادي تي ضابطو آڻيندو. ڪمند جا ڀنگا [[ڪمند]] جي فصل جا نقصانڪار ڪيڙا آهن. شروعات ۾ صرف 100 ٽوڊ آندا ويا هئا، پر هاڻي آسٽريليا ۾ انهن جو انگ 200 ملين کان وڌيڪ آهي.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The cane toad (bufo marinus) | url=https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/cane-toad-fs.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008121115/https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/cane-toad-fs.pdf | archive-date=2022-10-08}}</ref> جانورن جي تعارف جو ٻيو مثال [[هندستاني ڀورو منگوس|هندستاني منگوس]] آهي، جنهن کي هوائي ۾ ڪوئن جي آبادي کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ متعارف ڪرايو ويو، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪوئا ڪمند جي پيداوار کي نقصان پهچائي رهيا هئا. پر اهو طريقو اثرائتو ثابت نه ٿيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪوئا رات جو سرگرم هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته منگوس [[ڏينهن جو سرگرم هجڻ|ڏينهن جو سرگرم]] هوندو آهي. ان جي تعارف ٻيٽن جي ماحولي نظامن لاءِ نوان مسئلا پيدا ڪري ڇڏيا.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Fineran | first1=Katie E. | chapter=1.5 Non-Native Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus): A Threat to Hawaiian Islands |title=Environmental ScienceBites Volume 2 |editor-last1=Lower |editor-first1=Brian H. |editor-last2=Shaul | editor-first2=Travis R. | editor-last3=Shaul | editor-first3=Kylienne A. | editor-last4=Weaver | editor-first4=Ella M. | url=https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/sciencebitesvolume2/chapter/1-5-non-native-mongoose-herpestes-javanicus-a-threat-to-hawaiian-islands/ | access-date=2026-01-14}}</ref> [[File:EriocheirSinensis1.jpg|thumb|left|[[چيني مٽن ڪرب]] (''Eriocheir sinensis'') شايد پنهنجي واپاري قيمت سبب [[يورپ]] ۽ [[اتر آمريڪا]] ۾ ارادي طور متعارف ڪرايو ويو هجي.]] ويڪٽرن ۾ [[باغباني]] لاءِ درآمد ڪيل ٻوٽا يا ٻج پڻ شامل آهن. [[پالتو جانورن جو واپار]] جانورن کي سرحدن پار منتقل ڪري ٿو، جتان اهي ڀڄي حمله آور بڻجي سگهن ٿا. جاندار ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين تي لڪي به سفر ڪري سگهن ٿا. [[زمين جا قطبي علائقا|قطبي علائقن]] کان سواءِ، انساني مدد سان ٿيندڙ اتفاقي منتقلي تعارف جو اهم سبب آهي.{{snd}}<ref name="Essl-et-al-2020">{{cite journal |last1=Essl |first1=Franz |last2=Lenzner |first2=Bernd |last3=Bacher |first3=Sven |last4=Bailey |first4=Sarah |last5=Capinha |first5=Cesar |last6=Daehler |first6=Curtis |last7=Dullinger |first7=Stefan |last8=Genovesi |first8=Piero |last9=Hui |first9=Cang |last10=Hulme |first10=Philip E. |last11=Jeschke |first11=Jonathan M. |last12=Katsanevakis |first12=Stelios |display-authors=6 |title=Drivers of future alien species impacts: An expert-based assessment |journal=Global Change Biology |date=September 2020 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=4880–4893 |doi=10.1111/gcb.15199 |pmid=32663906 |pmc=7496498 |bibcode=2020GCBio..26.4880E }}</ref> بيماريون به حمله آور حشرات ذريعي منتقل ٿي سگهن ٿيون: [[ايشيائي سٽرَس سائليڊ]] (''Diaphorina citri'') بيڪٽيريل بيماري [[سٽرَس گريننگ بيماري]] کڻي هلندو آهي.<ref name=r2/> ڪنهن نئين هنڌ تي حمله آور [[پروپيگيول]]ن جي آمد ان هنڌ جي حمله پذيري تي دارومدار رکي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leung |first=B. |year=2007 |title=The risk of establishment of aquatic invasive species: joining invasibility and propagule pressure |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=274 |pages=2733–2739|doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0841 |pmid=17711834 |issue=1625 |pmc=2275890}}</ref> تفريح حمله آور نسلن جي پکڙجڻ جو هڪ گهٽ اندازو لڳايل ويڪٽر آهي. ٻج، اسپور، لاروا ۽ بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ جراثيم ٻيڙين، بوٽن، واڊرن، سائيڪلن، پالتو جانورن، گاڏين ۽ ٻارڻ واري ڪاٺ سان چنبڙي سفر ڪري سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان اهي قدرتي پکڙاءَ کان گهڻو پري ۽ تيزيءَ سان منتقل ٿين ٿا.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Recreation & Travel: How Outdoor Activities Spread Invasive Species |url=https://rewildingreport.com/invasive-species-recreation-pathway |access-date=2026-05-22 |website=rewildingreport.com |language=en}}</ref> ڪيتريون حمله آور نسلون، هڪ ڀيرو ڪنهن علائقي ۾ غالب ٿيڻ کان پوءِ، ان علائقي جي ماحولي نظام لاءِ ضروري بڻجي وڃن ٿيون، ۽ انهن کي ختم ڪرڻ نقصانڪار ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zavaleta |first1=Erika S. |last2=Hobbs |first2=Richard J. |last3=Mooney |first3=Harold A. |title=Viewing invasive species removal in a whole-ecosystem context |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |date=August 2001 |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=454–459 |doi=10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02194-2 }}</ref> ڌارين نسلن جي تعارف ۾ معاشيات اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. قيمتي [[چيني مٽن ڪرب]] جي وڏي طلب، ان نسل کي پرڏيهي پاڻيءَ ۾ ممڪن ارادي طور ڇڏڻ جي هڪ وضاحت آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seinfeld |first=John H. |title=Marine Pollution and Climate Change |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4822-9944-1 |editor-last=Arias |editor-first=Andres Hugo |editor-last2=Marcovecchio |editor-first2=Jorge Eduardo}}</ref> ===آبي ماحول اندر=== [[سامونڊي ٽرانسپورٽ|سامونڊي واپار]] تيزيءَ سان ان طريقي تي اثر وڌو آهي، جنهن ذريعي سامونڊي جاندار سمنڊ اندر منتقل ٿين ٿا؛ نسلن جي منتقلي جا نوان طريقا جهازن جي تري سان چنبڙڻ ۽ بيلسٽ پاڻي ذريعي منتقلي شامل آهن. حقيقت ۾، Molnar ۽ ساٿين 2008 ۾ سوين سامونڊي حمله آور نسلن جا رستا دستاويز ڪيا ۽ معلوم ڪيو ته جهاز راني حمله آور نسلن جي منتقلي جو غالب طريقو هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=Jennifer L. |last2=Gamboa |first2=Rebecca L. |last3=Revenga |first3=Carmen |last4=Spalding |first4=Mark D. |title=Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |date=November 2008 |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=485–492 |doi=10.1890/070064 |bibcode=2008FrEE....6..485M }}</ref> [[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 1010 Discharging ballast water.jpg |thumb |سامان بردار جهاز مان [[بيلسٽ|ڊي-بيلسٽنگ]] ]] ڪيترائي سامونڊي جاندار جهازن جي تري سان چنبڙي سگهن ٿا. اهڙا جاندار آسانيءَ سان هڪ پاڻيءَ جي جسم کان ٻئي ڏانهن منتقل ٿين ٿا ۽ حياتياتي حملن جي واقعن لاءِ اهم خطري جو عنصر آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drake |first=John |date=2007 |title=Hull fouling is a risk factor for intercontinental species exchange in aquatic ecosystems |journal=[[Aquatic Invasions]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=121–131 |doi=10.3391/ai.2007.2.2.7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> جهازن جي تري سان چنبڙيل جاندارن تي ڪنٽرول رضاڪارانه آهي ۽ هن وقت اهڙي چنبڙڻ کي منظم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪي به ضابطا موجود ناهن. بهرحال، [[ڪيليفورنيا]] ۽ [[نيوزيلينڊ]] جي حڪومتن پنهنجي پنهنجي دائري اختيار ۾ جهازن جي تري جي چنبڙڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ سخت ڪنٽرول جو اعلان ڪيو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/24305557/biofouling-moves-up-the-regulatory-agenda. |title=Biofouling moves up the regulatory agenda – GARD |website=www.gard.no |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-date=January 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113231807/http://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/24305557/biofouling-moves-up-the-regulatory-agenda. |url-status=live}}</ref> غير مقامي آبي نسلن جو ٻيو ويڪٽر [[بيلسٽ پاڻي جي خارج ٿيڻ ۽ ماحول|بيلسٽ پاڻي]] آهي، جيڪو سامونڊي جهاز سمنڊ مان کڻن ٿا ۽ بندرگاهه ۾ خارج ڪن ٿا.<ref name=cargo>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/98880204.html |last=Egan |first=Dan |work=[[Journal Sentinel]] |date=October 31, 2005 |title=Noxious cargo |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021122316/http://www.jsonline.com/news/wisconsin/98880204.html |archive-date=October 21, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1145/2623330.2623364 |chapter=Improving management of aquatic invasions by integrating shipping network, ecological, and environmental data |title=Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining |year=2014 |last1=Xu |first1=Jian |last2=Wickramarathne |first2=Thanuka L. |last3=Chawla |first3=Nitesh V. |last4=Grey |first4=Erin K. |last5=Steinhaeuser |first5=Karsten |last6=Keller |first6=Reuben P. |last7=Drake |first7=John M. |last8=Lodge |first8=David M. |pages=1699–1708 |isbn=978-1-4503-2956-9 |s2cid=2371978 }}</ref> روزانو لڳ ڀڳ 10,000 نسلون بيلسٽ پاڻي ذريعي منتقل ٿين ٿيون.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Streftaris |first1=N |last2=Zenetos |first2=Argyro |last3=Papathanassiou |first3=Enangelos |date=2005 |title=Globalisation in marine ecosystems: The story of non-indigenous marine species across European seas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253862066 |journal=[[Oceanography and Marine Biology]] |volume=43 |pages=419–453 |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011308/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253862066 |url-status=live}}</ref> انهن مان ڪيتريون نقصانڪار آهن. مثال طور، يوريشيا جا مٺي پاڻيءَ وارا [[زيبرا مسل]] (''Dreissena polymorpha'') غالباً بيلسٽ پاڻي ذريعي [[گريٽ ليڪس]] تائين پهتا.{{r|pnwaquaticinv}} اهي مسل آڪسيجن ۽ خوراڪ لاءِ مقامي جاندارن سان مقابلو ڪن ٿا ۽ بظاهر خالي بيلسٽ ٽينڪ ۾ رهجي ويل ننڍڙي پاڻيءَ جي کڏ ذريعي به منتقل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref name=cargo/> ان کان علاوه، ايشيائي ڪليم جي جنس ''[[Corbicula]]'' جون ٽي لائينون (''C. fluminea''، ''C. fluminalis''، ''C. leana'') عالمي سطح تي حمله آور آهن. ماليڪيولر ڊيٽا انهن جي ٽيڪسونومڪ سڃاڻپ جي تصديق ڪري ٿي ۽ ڪيترن آزاد تعارفي واقعن کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي.<ref name="Bespalaya2026">{{cite journal | vauthors= Bespalaya YV, Kropotin AV, Aksenova OV, Gofarov MY, Kondakov AV, Konopleva ES, Khrebtova IS, Mabrouki Y, Palatov DM, Prokin AA, Karabanov DP, Travina OV, Taybi AF, Izzatulaev ZI, Boymurodov KT, Tahirova EN, Snegovaya NY, Tien TV, Vikhrev IV, Vinarski MV, Kyi CT, Chan N, Lunn Z, Unnikrishnan SK, Pattnaik S, Raut D, Subba Rao NV, Bolotov IN |title=Global Molecular Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Clam Genus Corbicula (Bivalvia: Cyrenidae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |year=2026 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=74–101 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zsc.70022 |doi=10.1111/zsc.70022 |ref=Bespalaya2026 }}</ref> ضابطا اهڙن خطرن کي گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.glc.org/wp-content/uploads/GLC-BW-Reg-Summary-11.14.16.pdf |title=Status of Ballast Water Discharge Regulations in the Great Lakes Region |last=Great Lake Commission |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212212419/http://www.glc.org/wp-content/uploads/GLC-BW-Reg-Summary-11.14.16.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/5ps/NVIC/2018/NVIC-01_18.pdf |title=Ballast Water Management for Control of Non-Indigenous Species in Waters of the United States |last=USCG |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511133624/https://www.dco.uscg.mil/Portals/9/DCO%20Documents/5p/5ps/NVIC/2018/NVIC-01_18.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> پر اهي هميشه ڪامياب نٿا ٿين.{{r |trainer2012}} [[آبهوا جي تبديلي]] [[سمنڊ جي گرمي پد]] ۾ واڌ جو سبب بڻجي رهي آهي. ماحول ۾ اهي تبديليون جاندارن جي حدن ۾ ڦيرڦار پيدا ڪن ٿيون،<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Occhipinti-Ambrogi |first=Anna |date=2007 |title=Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate change |journal=[[Marine Pollution Bulletin]] |volume=55 |issue=7–9 |pages=342–352 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.014 |pmid=17239404 |bibcode=2007MarPB..55..342O }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahel |first1=Frank J. |last2=Olden |first2=Julian D. |title=Assessing the Effects of Climate Change on Aquatic Invasive Species |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 2008 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=521–533 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00950.x |pmid=18577081 |s2cid=313824 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2008ConBi..22..521R }}</ref> جنهن سان نسلن جي وچ ۾ نوان لاڳاپا پيدا ٿين ٿا. مثال طور، معتدل علائقي کان استوائي پاڻيءَ مان گذرندڙ جهاز جي بيلسٽ ٽينڪ ۾ موجود جاندار 20&nbsp;°C تائين گرمي پد جي تبديلين کي منهن ڏئي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hua |first1=J. |last2=Hwang |first2=W.H. |date=2012 |title=Effects of voyage routing on the survival of microbes in ballast water |journal=[[Ocean Engineering]] |volume=42 |pages=165–175 |doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.01.013|bibcode=2012OcEng..42..165H }}</ref> منتقلي دوران گرميءَ جا دٻاءَ غير مقامي حد ۾ نسلن جي دٻاءَ برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت وڌائي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ ته اهي اهڙن جينوٽائپن جي چونڊ ڪن ٿا، جيڪي ٻئي گرمي دٻاءَ، جهڙوڪ باني آباديءَ ۾ وڌيل سمنڊ جي گرمي پد، کي برداشت ڪري سگهن.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lenz |first1=Mark |last2=Ahmed |first2=Yasser |last3=Canning-Clode |first3=João |last4=Díaz |first4=Eliecer |last5=Eichhorn |first5=Sandra |last6=Fabritzek |first6=Armin G. |last7=da Gama |first7=Bernardo A. P. |last8=Garcia |first8=Marie |last9=von Juterzenka |first9=Karen |s2cid=53082967 |date=May 24, 2018 |title=Heat challenges can enhance population tolerance to thermal stress in mussels: a potential mechanism by which ship transport can increase species invasiveness |journal=[[Biological Invasions]] |volume=20 |issue=11 |pages=3107–3122 |doi=10.1007/s10530-018-1762-8|bibcode=2018BiInv..20.3107L }}</ref> ===جهنگلي باهه ۽ باهه وسائڻ جا اثر=== حمله آور نسل اڪثر ڪنهن ماحولي نظام ۾ پوندڙ خلل، جهڙوڪ [[جهنگلي باهه]]، [[رستو|رستا]] ۽ [[پيادل پيچرو|پيادل پيچرا]]، مان فائدو وٺي ڪنهن علائقي کي آباد ڪندا آهن. وڏيون جهنگلي باهيون مٽيءَ کي [[جراثيم ڪشي (مائڪرو حياتيات)|جراثيم کان پاڪ]] ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جڏهن ته ان ۾ [[غذائي جز]] پڻ شامل ڪن ٿيون.<ref name="Davis 2000 528–534"/> جيڪي حمله آور ٻوٽا پنهنجي پاڙن مان ٻيهر پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، انهن کي انهن مقامي ٻوٽن تي برتري ملي ٿي، جيڪي واڌ لاءِ ٻجن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref name="Brooks 2004 677–688"/> ==ناڪاري اثر== حمله آور نسل حملو ڪيل رهائشگاهن، جاندارن جي برادرين ۽ ماحولي نظامن تي ناڪاري اثر وجهي سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان ماحولي، ماحولياتي ۽/يا معاشي نقصان ٿئي ٿو.{{r|ehrenfeld2010}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simberloff |first=Daniel |title=Invasive species: what everyone needs to know |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-992201-7 |location=Oxford}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental and Ecological Impacts {{!}} National Invasive Species Information Center |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/subject/environmental-and-ecological-impacts |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov |language=en}}</ref> ===ماحولياتي=== [[يورپي يونين]] “حمله آور ڌارين نسلن” کي اهي نسل قرار ڏئي ٿي، جيڪي پنهنجي قدرتي ورڇ واري علائقي کان ٻاهر هجن ۽ [[حياتياتي تنوع]] لاءِ خطرو پيدا ڪن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/1_EN_resume_impact_assesment_part1_v3.pdf |title=Communication From The Commission To The Council, The European Parliament, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions Towards An EU Strategy On Invasive Species |access-date=May 17, 2011 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033628/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/1_EN_resume_impact_assesment_part1_v3.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2298/ZMSPN1834019L |title=Non-native and invasive tree species - their impact on biodiversity loss |year=2018 |last1=Lakicevic |first1=Milena |last2=Mladenovic |first2=Emina |journal=[[Zbornik Matice Srpske za Prirodne Nauke]] |issue=134 |pages=19–26 |doi-access=free}}</ref> حياتياتي حملو عالمي [[حياتياتي تنوع جو نقصان|حياتياتي تنوع جي نقصان]] جي پنج وڏن محرڪن مان هڪ آهي، ۽ [[سياحت]] ۽ [[عالمگيريت]] سبب وڌي رهيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/10259/chapter/1 |year=2002 |doi=10.17226/10259 |pmid=25032288 |isbn=978-0-309-08264-8 |author1=National Research Council (US) Committee on the Scientific Basis for Predicting the Invasive Potential of Nonindigenous Plants Plant Pests in the United States |title=Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests |bibcode=2002nap..book10259N |access-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-date=November 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117204337/https://www.nap.edu/read/10259/chapter/1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature14258 |title=Defining the Anthropocene |year=2015 |last1=Lewis |first1=Simon L. |last2=Maslin |first2=Mark A. |s2cid=205242896 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=519 |issue=7542 |pages=171–180 |pmid=25762280 |bibcode=2015Natur.519..171L |url=https://zotero.org/groups/5435545/items/CF2PI4C2 }}</ref> اهو خاص طور تي انهن [[مٺو پاڻي|مٺي پاڻي]] وارن نظامن ۾ وڌيڪ درست ٿي سگهي ٿو، جتي ضابطا ڪافي نه هجن، جيتوڻيڪ [[قرنطينه]] ۽ [[بيلسٽ پاڻي]] جا ضابطا صورتحال کي بهتر بڻائي چڪا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf |title=Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis |author=Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |year=2005 |publisher=[[World Resources Institute]] |author-link=Millennium Ecosystem Assessment |access-date=September 18, 2007 |archive-date=October 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014033601/http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.354.aspx.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Gator and Python.jpg |thumb |right |[[آمريڪي ايلگيٽر]] (''Alligator mississippiensis'') [[فلوريڊا ۾ برمي اژدها|برمي اژدهي]] (''Python bivittatus'') سان وڙهندي، [[فلوريڊا]] ۾]] حمله آور نسل [[حياتياتي مقابلو|مقابلي]] ۾ خارج ڪرڻ، [[ماحولياتي جاءِ|ماحولياتي جاءِ]] جي بدلي، يا ويجهن مقامي نسلن سان [[هائبرڊ (حياتيات)|هائبرڊائزيشن]] ذريعي مقامي نسلن کي مقامي سطح تي ختم ڪري سگهن ٿا. تنهن ڪري، معاشي اثرن کان سواءِ، ڌارين نسلن جا حملا تعارف وارن هنڌن تي جاندارن جي جوڙجڪ، بناوت ۽ عالمي ورڇ ۾ وڏي تبديلي آڻي سگهن ٿا، جنهن جو آخري نتيجو دنيا جي جانورن ۽ ٻوٽن جي هڪجهڙائي ۽ [[حياتياتي تنوع جو نقصان]] ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.1651 |title=Pattern and process of biotic homogenization in the New Pangaea |year=2012 |last1=Baiser |first1=Benjamin |last2=Olden |first2=Julian D. |last3=Record |first3=Sydne |last4=Lockwood |first4=Julie L. |last5=McKinney |first5=Michael L. |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]] |volume=279 |issue=1748 |pages=4772–4777 |pmid=23055062 |pmc=3497087}}</ref><ref name="Odendaal 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Odendaal |first1=L. J. |last2=Haupt |first2=T. M. |last3=Griffiths |first3=C. L. |year=2008 |title=The alien invasive land snail ''Theba pisana'' in the West Coast National Park: Is there cause for concern? |journal=[[Koedoe]] |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=93–98 |doi=10.4102/koedoe.v50i1.153 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ڪنهن نسل جي حملي کي سڌي طرح نسلن جي خاتمي جو سبب قرار ڏيڻ ڏکيو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ مثال طور مضبوط شاهدي موجود آهي ته لڳ ڀڳ 90 [[ايمفيبين]] نسلن جو خاتمو [[چائيٽريڊيومائيڪوسس|چائيٽريڊ فنگس]] (''Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis'') سبب ٿيو، جيڪا بين الاقوامي واپار وسيلي پکڙي.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/s41579-020-0335-x |title=Chytrid fungi and global amphibian declines |year=2020 |last1=Fisher |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Garner |first2=Trenton W. J. |s2cid=211266075 |journal=[[Nature Reviews Microbiology]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=332–343 |pmid=32099078 |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10092667/1/NRMICRO-19-244_FINAL_ACCEPTED.pdf |hdl=10044/1/78596 |hdl-access=free |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107202307/https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10092667/1/NRMICRO-19-244_FINAL_ACCEPTED.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> مختلف غير مقامي نسلن جا هڪ کان پوءِ ٻيا تعارف مجموعي اثر کي وڌيڪ خراب ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ايمٿسٽ جيم ڪليم]] (''Gemma gemma'') ۽ [[Carcinus maenas|يورپي گرين ڪرب]] (''Carcinus maenas'') جي تعارف سان ٿيو. جيم ڪليم هڪ صدي اڳ آمريڪا جي اوڀر واري ساحل کان ڪيليفورنيا جي [[بوڊيگا بي|بوڊيگا هاربر]] ۾ متعارف ٿيو. اڪيلو هجڻ وقت ان مقامي ڪليمز (''Nutricola'' spp.) کي بي دخل نه ڪيو. پر 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي جي وچ ۾ يورپي گرين ڪرب جي تعارف کان پوءِ ايمٿسٽ جيم جي آبادي مقامي ڪليمز جي نقصان تي وڌي وئي.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Grosholz |first=E.D. |year=2005 |title=Recent biological invasion may hasten invasional meltdown by accelerating historical introductions |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=102 |pages=1088–1091 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308547102 |pmid=15657121 |issue=4 |pmc=545825 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.1088G |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ڀارت]] ۾ ڪيترن حمله آور ٻوٽن قدرتي علائقن جي 66 سيڪڙو حصي تي حملو ڪيو آهي، جنهن سان مقامي چاري وارن ٻوٽن جي کثافت گهٽجي وئي آهي، جهنگلي [[ٻوٽا کائيندڙ جانور|ٻوٽا کائيندڙ جانورن]] طرفان رهائشگاهه جي استعمال ۾ گهٽتائي آئي آهي، ۽ لاڳاپيل [[گوشت خور جانور|گوشت خور جانورن]]، جن ۾ [[واگهه|واگهه]] به شامل آهن، جي ڊگهي مدي واري بقا کي خطرو پيدا ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mungi |first=Ninad Avinash |title=Distribution, drivers and restoration priorities of plant invasions in India |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=2023 |volume=60 |issue=11 |pages=2400–2412|doi=10.1111/1365-2664.14506 |bibcode=2023JApEc..60.2400M |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rastogi |first=Rajat |title=Multiple invasions exert combined magnified effects on native plants, soil nutrients and alters the plant-herbivore interaction in dry tropical forest |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112723000142 |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |date=2023 |volume=531 |article-number=120781|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2023.120781 |bibcode=2023ForEM.53120781R |url-access=subscription }}</ref> حمله آور نسل ماحولي نظامن جي ڪم ڪار کي تبديل ڪري سگهن ٿا. مثال طور، حمله آور ٻوٽا مقامي ماحولي نظامن ۾ [[باهه جو نظام]] (مثال طور [[چيٽ گراس]]، ''Bromus tectorum'')، [[غذائي جزن جو چڪر]] (مثال طور [[سموٿ ڪارڊ گراس]]، ''Spartina alterniflora'') ۽ پاڻيءَ جي وهڪري جو نظام (مثال طور ''[[ٽيمرڪس]]'') تبديل ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref name="causesepidemiology" /> اهي حمله آور نسل، جيڪي ناياب مقامي نسلن سان ويجها لاڳاپا رکن ٿا، مقامي نسلن سان هائبرڊ ٺاهي سگهن ٿا. هائبرڊائزيشن جي نقصانڪار اثرن سبب مقامي نسلن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن انهن جو خاتمو به ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hawkes |first=C.V. |year=2005 |title=Plant invasion alters nitrogen cycling by modifying the soil nitrifying community |journal=[[Ecology Letters]] |volume=8 |pages=976–985 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00802.x |issue=9 |pmid=34517683 |bibcode=2005EcolL...8..976H }}</ref><ref name="rhymer">{{cite journal |last=Rhymer |first=J. M. |author2=Simberloff, D. |year=1996 |title=Extinction by hybridization and introgression |journal=[[Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics]] |issue=1 |pages=83–109 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.83 |volume=27|bibcode=1996AnRES..27...83R }}</ref> مثال طور، متعارف ڪرايل ڪارڊ گراس سان [[هائبرڊائزيشن (حياتيات)|هائبرڊائزيشن]] [[سان فرانسسڪو بي]] ۾ [[ڪيليفورنيا ڪارڊ گراس]] (''Spartina foliosa'') جي وجود لاءِ خطرو آهي.<ref name="ayres">{{cite journal |last=Ayres |first=D. |s2cid=24732543 |year=2004 |title=Spread of exotic cordgrasses and hybrids (''Spartina'' sp.) in the tidal marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, USA |journal=[[Biological Invasions]] |volume=6 |pages=221–231 |doi=10.1023/B:BINV.0000022140.07404.b7 |issue=2 |bibcode=2004BiInv...6..221A |display-authors=etal}}</ref> حمله آور نسل مقامي نسلن لاءِ مقابلو پيدا ڪن ٿا، ۽ انهيءَ سبب [[خطرناڪ نسلن بابت قانون 1973]] هيٺ درج 958 خطرناڪ نسلن مان 400 نسلون خطري ۾ آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Primtel |first=David |year=2005 |title=Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States |journal=[[Ecological Economics (journal)|Ecological Economics]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=273–288 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002|bibcode=2005EcoEc..52..273P }}</ref> [[File:Firewoodposter white web.pdf |thumb |left |[[ڪيليفورنيا جي حڪومت|رياست ڪيليفورنيا]] جو پوسٽر، جنهن ۾ ڪيمپرن کي ٻارڻ واري ڪاٺ کي هڪ هنڌ کان ٻئي هنڌ نه کڻي وڃڻ لاءِ چيو ويو آهي، ته جيئن حمله آور نسلن جي پکڙجڻ کان بچي سگهجي]] ٻيلن جي نقصانڪار نسلن ۽ ٻوٽن جي بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ جراثيمن جو غير ارادي تعارف [[ٻيلن جي ماحوليات]] کي تبديل ڪري سگهي ٿو ۽ [[ڪاٺ جي صنعت]] کي نقصان پهچائي سگهي ٿو. مجموعي طور، آمريڪا ۾ [[ٻيلي جو ماحولي نظام|ٻيلن جا ماحولي نظام]] ڌارين نقصانڪار جاندارن، ٻوٽن ۽ بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ جراثيمن جي حملي هيٺ وڏي پيماني تي آيل آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liebhold |first1=S. |year=2013 |title=A highly aggregated geographical distribution of forest pest invasions in the USA |doi=10.1111/ddi.12112 |journal=[[Diversity and Distributions]] |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=1208–1216 |s2cid=85799394 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free |bibcode=2013DivDi..19.1208L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oswalt |first1=C. |year=2015 |title=A subcontinental view of forest plant invasions |journal=[[NeoBiota]] |volume=24 |pages=49–54 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.3897/neobiota.24.8378 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[ايشيائي لانگ هارنڊ بيٽل]] (''Anoplophora glabripennis'') پهريون ڀيرو 1996ع ۾ آمريڪا ۾ متعارف ٿيو، ۽ اميد ڪئي وئي ته اهو لکين ايڪڙن تي پکڙيل سخت ڪاٺ وارن وڻن کي متاثر ڪري نقصان پهچائيندو. 2005ع تائين هن نقصانڪار جاندار کي ختم ڪرڻ ۽ متاثر علائقن ۾ لکين وڻن کي بچائڻ جي ڪوششن تي ٽيهه ملين ڊالر خرچ ٿي چڪا هئا.<ref name="pimental"/> [[وولي اڊيلجڊ]] (''Adelges tsugae'') پراڻن وڌيل اسپروس، فر ۽ [[تسوگا|هيملڪ]] ٻيلن کي نقصان پهچايو آهي ۽ [[ڪرسمس ٽري]] جي صنعت کي پڻ متاثر ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South/Adelges piceae - Bugwoodwiki |url=https://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:South/Balsam_Woolly_Aphid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063118/http://wiki.bugwood.org/Archive:South/Balsam_Woolly_Aphid |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=wiki.bugwood.org}}</ref> [[چيسٽنٽ بلائيٽ]] (''Cryphonectria parasitica'') ۽ [[ڊچ ايلم بيماري]] ([[Ascomycota]]) اهڙا ٻوٽن جا بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ جراثيم آهن، جن جا سنجيده اثر آهن.<ref>Schlarbaum, Scott E., Frederick Hebard, Pauline C. Spaine, and Joseph C. Kamalay. (1998) [https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/745 "Three American Tragedies: Chestnut Blight, Butternut Canker, and Dutch Elm Disease'] . In: Britton, Kerry O., Ed. Exotic Pests of Eastern Forests Conference Proceedings; 1997 April 8–10; Nashville, TN. U.S. Forest Service and Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council., pp. 45–54.</ref><ref name="USDA-Forest Service-Schlarbaum-1997">{{cite web |author1=Schlarbaum, Scott E. |author2=Hebard, Frederick |author3=Spaine, Pauline C. |author4=Kamalay, Joseph C. |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schlarbaum002.htm |title=Three American Tragedies: Chestnut Blight, Butternut Canker and Dutch Elm Disease |publisher=Southern Research Station, [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]], [[United States Department of Agriculture]] |year=1997 |work=(originally published via: Proceedings: Exotic Pests of Eastern Forests; (1997 April 8–10); Nashville, TN. Tennessee Exotic Pest Plant Council: 45–54.) |access-date=June 22, 2012 |archive-date=April 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424101943/http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_schlarbaum002.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Schlarbaum | first1=Scott E. | last2=Hebard | first2=Frederick | last3=Spaine | first3=Pauline C. | last4=Kamalay | first4=Joseph C. | last5=Schlarbaum | first5=Scott E. | last6=Hebard | first6=Frederick | last7=Spaine | first7=Pauline C. | last8=Kamalay | first8=Joseph C. | url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/745 | title=Southern Research Station | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123093613/http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/745 | archive-date=November 23, 2012 | publisher=US Forest Service, USDA | website=Tree Search}}</ref> [[گارلڪ مسٽرڊ]] (''Alliaria petiolata'') اوڀر اتر آمريڪا جي ٻيلن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ مسئلا پيدا ڪندڙ حمله آور ٻوٽن مان هڪ آهي، جتي اهو [[انڊر اسٽوري]] ۾ انتهائي حمله آور آهي، وڻن جي ننڍن ٻوٽن جي واڌ جي شرح گهٽائي ٿو ۽ ٻيلن جي وڻن واري جوڙجڪ کي تبديل ڪرڻ لاءِ خطرو پيدا ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodger |first1=Vikki |last2=Stinson |first2=Kristin |last3=Finzi |first3=Adrian |year=2008 |title=Ready or Not, Garlic Mustard Is Moving In: ''Alliaria petiolata'' as a Member of Eastern North American Forests |doi=10.1641/b580510 |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=58 |issue=5 |page=5 |bibcode=2008BiSci..58..426R |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Strigops habroptilus, face.jpg|thumb|[[ڪاڪاپو]] هڪ خطري هيٺ آيل نسل آهي، جنهن جو هڪ سبب حمله آور نسلن، خاص طور ڪوئن ۽ ٻلين، طرفان [[شڪار]] آهي؛ سڄي دنيا ۾ هن جا رڳو لڳ ڀڳ 240 فرد باقي آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Kākāpō Recovery Programme |url=https://www.meridianenergy.co.nz/community-support/kakapo-recovery-programme |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Meridian Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>]] مقامي [[نسل]] [[جينياتي آلودگي]] جي عمل ذريعي [[خاتمو|خاتمي]] جي خطري ۾ اچي سگهن ٿا.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |pmc=33232 |title=The evolutionary impact of invasive species |year=2001 |volume=98 |issue=10 |pmid=11344292 |last1=Mooney |first1=HA |last2=Cleland |first2=EE |pages=5446–51 |doi=10.1073/pnas.091093398 |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.5446M |doi-access=free }}</ref> جينياتي آلودگي غير ارادي [[هائبرڊ (حياتيات)|هائبرڊائزيشن]] ۽ [[انٽروگريشن]] آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ متعارف ڪرايل نسل جي عددي يا [[فٽنيس (حياتيات)|فٽنيس]] برتري سبب مقامي [[جينوٽائپ]]ن جي هڪجهڙائي يا بدلي ٿي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/article_view?id=13 |title=Glossary: definitions from the following publication: Aubry, C., R. Shoal and V. Erickson. 2005. Grass cultivars: their origins, development, and use on national forests and grasslands in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service. 44 pages, plus appendices.; Native Seed Network (NSN), Institute for Applied Ecology, 563 SW Jefferson Ave, Corvallis, OR 97333, USA |publisher=Nativeseednetwork.org |access-date=May 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222092651/http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/article_view?id=13 |archive-date=February 22, 2006 }}</ref> جينياتي آلودگي يا ته تعارف ذريعي ٿئي ٿي، يا رهائشگاهه جي تبديلي ذريعي، جتي اڳ الڳ ٿيل نسلن کي نون جينوٽائپن سان رابطي ۾ آندو وڃي ٿو. حمله آور نسلن بابت ڏيکاريو ويو آهي ته اهي حيرت انگيز طور ٿوري وقت ۾ پنهنجي نئين ماحول سان موافقت اختيار ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref name=":1"/> حمله آور نسلن جي آبادي جو قد ڪيترن سالن تائين ننڍو رهي سگهي ٿو ۽ پوءِ اوچتو آبادي ۾ وڏو اضافو اچي سگهي ٿو؛ هن رجحان کي “[[لئگ اثر]]” چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name = causesepidemiology >{{cite journal |last1=Mack |first1=Richard N. |last2=Simberloff |first2=Daniel |author2-link=Daniel Simberloff |last3=Mark Lonsdale |first3=W. |last4=Evans |first4=Harry |last5=Clout |first5=Michael |last6=Bazzaz |first6=Fakhri A. |title=Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences, and Control |journal=Ecological Applications |date=June 2000 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=689–710 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0689:BICEGC]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=711038 }}</ref> [[File:Linepithema Argentine ant.jpg|thumb|[[ارجنٽائني ماڪوڙيون]] (''Linepithema humile'')، جيڪي براعظمن ۾ [[ماڪوڙي سپر ڪالوني|سپر ڪالونيون]] ٺاهين ٿيون، [[دنيا جون 100 بدترين حمله آور ڌاريون نسلون|دنيا جي 100 بدترين حمله آور جانورن جي نسلن]] ۾ شمار ٿين ٿيون.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Boudjelas |first1=Souyad |year=2000 |title=100 of the world's worst invasive alien species |website=iucn.org |publisher=[[قدرت جي تحفظ لاءِ بين الاقوامي يونين]] |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2000-126.pdf |access-date=20 July 2018 }} </ref>]] حمله آور نسلن ۽ مقامي نسلن جي پاڻ ۾ نسل وڌائڻ مان پيدا ٿيندڙ هائبرڊ وقت سان گڏ [[انٽروگريشن]] ذريعي پنهنجا جينوٽائپ جين پول ۾ شامل ڪري سگهن ٿا. ساڳئي طرح، ڪجهه حالتن ۾ هڪ ننڍڙي حمله آور آبادي به گهڻي وڏي مقامي آباديءَ لاءِ خطرو بڻجي سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، ڪارڊ گراس (''Spartina alterniflora'') [[سان فرانسسڪو بي]] ۾ متعارف ڪرايو ويو ۽ مقامي ''ڪيليفورنيا ڪارڊ گراس'' (''Spartina foliosa'') سان هائبرڊ ٺاهيائين. حمله آور نسل جي وڌيڪ پولن مقدار ۽ نر فٽنيس سبب انٽروگريشن پيدا ٿي، جنهن مقامي نسلن لاءِ خطرو پيدا ڪيو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مقامي نسلن ۾ پولن گهٽ ۽ حياتي پذيري گهٽ هئي.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reciprocal hybrid formation of Spartina in San Francisco Bay |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=765–770 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00935.x |pmid=10849292 |year=2000 |last1=Anttila |first1=C. K. |last2=King |first2=R. A. |last3=Ferris |first3=C. |last4=Ayres |first4=D. R. |last5=Strong |first5=D. R. |bibcode=2000MolEc...9..765A |s2cid=32865913}}</ref> فٽنيس ۾ گهٽتائي هميشه رڳو [[شڪل شناسي (حياتيات)|شڪل شناسي]] وارن مشاهدي مان ظاهر نه ٿيندي آهي. [[جين]]ن ۽ جينوٽائپن جي مجموعن کي برقرار رکڻ لاءِ [[جين وهڪرو]] جو ڪجهه درجو عام هوندو آهي.<ref name="rhymer"/><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf |title=Genetic Pollution from Farm Forestry using eucalypt species and hybrids; A report for the RIRDC/L&WA/FWPRDC]; Joint Venture Agroforestry Program; by Brad M. Potts, Robert C. Barbour, Andrew B. Hingston; September 2001; RIRDC Publication No 01/114; RIRDC Project No CPF – 3A; |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-642-58336-9 |publisher=Australian Government, Rural Industrial Research and Development Corporation |access-date=April 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102175403/http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/01-114.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2004 }}</ref> ان جو هڪ مثال اوڀر [[اتر ڪيرولائنا]] جي انهن علائقن ۾ لڏپلاڻ ڪندڙ [[ڪويوٽ]]ن (''Canis latrans'') جو [[انتهائي خطري ۾ آيل]] [[ڳاڙهو بگهڙ|ڳاڙهي بگهڙ]] (''Canis rufus'') سان پاڻ ۾ نسل وڌائڻ آهي، جتي ڳاڙهي بگهڙ کي ٻيهر متعارف ڪرايو ويو هو؛ ان سبب بگهڙن جو انگ گهٽجي ويو.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.013 |title=Factors influencing red wolf–coyote hybridization in eastern North Carolina, USA |journal=[[Biological Conservation]] |volume=184 |pages=108–116 |year=2015 |last1=Bohling |first1=Justin H. |last2=Waits |first2=Lisette P.|bibcode=2015BCons.184..108B }}</ref> ===ماحول=== ڏکڻ آفريڪا جي [[ڪيپ ٽائون]] علائقي ۾ ڪيل تجزيي ڏيکاريو ته ترجيحي ذريعو پاڻي وارن ذيلي ڪيچمينٽن جي بحالي، پاڻي گهڻو استعمال ڪندڙ ڌارين حمله آور ٻوٽن، جهڙوڪ آسٽريلوي اڪيشيائن، [[پائن]]، [[يوڪليپٽس]] ۽ [[ڪارو واٽل|آسٽريلوي ڪارو واٽل]] کي ختم ڪرڻ سان، عام حالتن واري منظرنامي جي ڀيٽ ۾ پنجن سالن اندر هر سال 50 ارب ليٽر پاڻيءَ جو متوقع فائدو پيدا ڪندي. اهو اهم آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ڪيپ ٽائون کي وڏي [[پاڻي جي کوٽ]] درپيش آهي. هي مقدار شهر جي موجوده ضرورت جي ڇهين حصي جي برابر آهي. اهي ساليانا فائدا 30 سالن اندر ٻيڻا ٿي ويندا. ڪيچمينٽ جي بحالي پاڻي وڌائڻ جي ٻين حلن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻي وڌيڪ لاڳت-اثرائتي آهي، يعني متبادل اختيارن جي يونٽ لاڳت جي ڏهين حصي جي برابر.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Town is Facing Day Zero |url=https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/africa/stories-in-africa/cape-town-faces--day-zero-/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The Nature Conservancy}}</ref> هڪ واٽر فنڊ قائم ڪيو ويو آهي، ۽ اهي ڌاريون نسلون ختم ڪيون پيون وڃن.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/GCTWF-summary-11.14.18.pdf |title=Greater cape town water fund |access-date=November 16, 2020 |archive-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228175854/https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/GCTWF-summary-11.14.18.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> ===انساني صحت=== حمله آور نسل انساني صحت تي اثر وجهي سگهن ٿا. ماحولي نظام جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ تبديلي، يعني جاندارن جي برادرين جي هڪجهڙائي، سبب حمله آور نسلن انساني ڀلائي تي ناڪاري اثر ڇڏيا آهن، جن ۾ وسيلن جي دستيابي ۾ گهٽتائي، انساني بيمارين جو بي قابو ڦهلاءُ، تفريحي ۽ تعليمي سرگرمين ۽ سياحت تي اثر شامل آهن.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Mazza |first1=G. |last2=Tricarico |first2=E. |last3=Genovesi |first3=P. |last4=Gherardi |first4=F. |title=Biological invaders are threats to human health: an overview |journal=Ethology Ecology & Evolution |volume=26 |issue=2–3 |date=2013-12-19 |doi=10.1080/03949370.2013.863225 |pages=112–129|s2cid=58888740 }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Pyšek |first1=P. |last2=Richardson |first2=D.M. |date=2010 |title=Invasive Species, Environmental Change and Management, and Health |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=25–55 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-033009-095548 |doi-access=free|hdl=11104/0189317 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ڌارين نسلن بيمارين جو سبب بڻيا آهن، جن ۾ [[ايڇ آءِ وي|انساني اميونوڊيفيشنسي وائرس]] (HIV)، [[منڪي پاڪس]] ۽ [[شديد اوچتو ساهه کڻڻ وارو سنڊروم]] (SARS) شامل آهن.<ref name=":22"/> حمله آور نسل ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل ڪنٽرول جون ڪوششون ڊگهي مدي واريون [[عوامي صحت]] بابت اثر رکي سگهن ٿيون. مثال طور، ڪنهن خاص نقصانڪار نسل کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[جراثيم ڪش]] مٽي ۽ مٿاڇري پاڻي کي آلود ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref name="pimental"/> اڳ ۾ پري رهيل ماحولي نظامن ۾ انسانن جي داخل ٿيڻ سبب [[ايڇ آءِ وي]] جهڙيون ڌاريون بيماريون وڏي آبادي تائين پهتيون.<ref name="pimental"/> متعارف ڪرايل [[پکي]]، جهڙوڪ [[ڪبوتر]]، [[چوهو|چوها]] ۽ [[ڪيرا]]، جهڙوڪ [[مڇر]]، [[پسو]]، [[جُون]] ۽ [[ٽسي ٽسي مک]]، انساني بيمارين جا ويڪٽر ۽ ذخيرو بڻجي سگهن ٿا. لکيل تاريخ دوران [[مليريا]]، [[زرد بخار]]، [[ٽائفس]] ۽ [[ببونڪ پليگ]] جهڙيون انساني وبائون انهن ويڪٽرن ذريعي پکڙيون.<ref name="elton"/> متعارف ڪرايل بيماري جو هڪ تازو مثال [[ويسٽ نائل وائرس]] جو ڦهلاءُ آهي، جنهن انسانن، پکين، ٿڻائتن جانورن ۽ رينگڻ وارن جانورن کي ماري ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lanciotti |first1=R. S. |last2=Roehrig |first2=J. T. |last3=Deubel |first3=V. |last4=Smith |first4=J. |last5=Parker |first5=M. |last6=Steele |first6=K. |last7=Crise |first7=B. |last8=Volpe |first8=K. E. |last9=Crabtree |first9=M. B. |last10=Scherret |first10=J. H. |last11=Hall |first11=R. A. |last12=MacKenzie |first12=J. S. |last13=Cropp |first13=C. B. |last14=Panigrahy |first14=B. |last15=Ostlund |first15=E. |date=17 December 1999 |title=Origin of the West Nile Virus Responsible for an Outbreak of Encephalitis in the Northeastern United States |journal=Science |volume=286 |issue=5448 |pages=2333–2337 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5448.2333 |pmid=10600742 |last16=Schmitt |first16=B. |last17=Malkinson |first17=M. |last18=Banet |first18=C. |last19=Weissman |first19=J. |last20=Komar |first20=N. |last21=Savage |first21=H. M. |last22=Stone |first22=W. |last23=McNamara |first23=T. |last24=Gubler |first24=D. J. |display-authors=6}}</ref> متعارف ڪرايل [[چيني مٽن ڪرب]] (''Eriocheir sinensis'') [[ايشيائي ڦڦڙن جو فلوڪ]] کڻي هلن ٿا.{{r|pnwaquaticinv}} پاڻي ذريعي پکڙجندڙ بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر، جهڙوڪ [[ڪالرا]] جا بيڪٽيريا (''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'') ۽ [[نقصانڪار الجي بلوم]] جا سبب بڻجندڙ جاندار، اڪثر بيلسٽ پاڻي ذريعي منتقل ٿين ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hallegraeff |first=G.M. |year=1998 |title=Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water: Bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies |journal=[[Marine Ecology Progress Series]] |volume=168 |pages=297–309 |bibcode=1998MEPS..168..297H |doi=10.3354/meps168297 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ===معاشي=== [[File:Pasig River Intramuros Escolta Water Hyacinths.jpg|thumb|حمله آور [[پاڻي هائيسنٿ]] (''Pontederia crassipes'') آڪٽوبر 2020ع ۾ [[منيلا]]، [[فلپائن]] جي [[پاسيگ درياهه]] کي بند ڪري ڇڏين ٿا.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Raymond Carl |title=Water hyacinths ground Pasig River Ferry ops |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117832 |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |date=October 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028150214/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117832 |archive-date=October 28, 2023}}</ref>]] عالمي سطح تي حمله آور نسلن جي انتظام ۽ ڪنٽرول تي وڏو معاشي بار پوي ٿو، جنهن جا خرچ هر سال لڳ ڀڳ 1.4 ٽريلين آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين پهچن ٿا.{{r|amstutz2018}} صرف حمله آور نسلن جو معاشي اثر 2019ع تائين هر سال 423 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ اندازو ڪيو ويو. هي خرچ 1970ع کان پوءِ هر ڏهاڪي ۾ چئوڻو وڌيو آهي، جيڪو انهن حياتياتي حملن جي وڌندڙ مالي اثرن کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2023-09-04 |title=Invasive Alien Species Report |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/invasive-alien-species-report |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=www.unep.org |language=en}}</ref> حمله آور نسل [[ماحولياتي تباهي]] ۾ حصو وٺن ٿا، ماحولي نظامن جي ڪارڪردگي تبديل ڪن ٿا ۽ انهن خدمتن کي گهٽائين ٿا، جيڪي ماحولي نظام مهيا ڪن ٿا. ان ڪري حياتياتي حملن جي پکڙجڻ کي روڪڻ، وڌيڪ اثرن کي گهٽائڻ ۽ متاثر ٿيل ماحولي نظامن جي بحالي لاءِ اضافي خرچ ضروري ٿين ٿا. مثال طور، آمريڪا ۾ 1906ع کان 1991ع تائين 79 حمله آور نسلن سبب ٿيل نقصان جو اندازو 120 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر لڳايو ويو آهي. ساڳي طرح [[چين]] ۾ حمله آور نسلن بابت ٻڌايو ويو آهي ته اهي ملڪ جي مجموعي گهريلو پيداوار (GDP) کي هر سال 1.36 سيڪڙو گهٽائين ٿا.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Haigen |last2=Ding |first2=Hui |last3=Li |first3=Mingyan |last4=Qiang |first4=Sheng |last5=Guo |first5=Jianying |last6=Han |first6=Zhengmin |last7=Huang |first7=Zongguo |last8=Sun |first8=Hongying |last9=He |first9=Shunping |last10=Wu |first10=Hairong |last11=Wan |first11=Fanghao |date=2006 |title=The distribution and economic losses of alien species invasion to China |journal=Biological Invasions |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=1495–1500 |bibcode=2006BiInv...8.1495X |doi=10.1007/s10530-005-5841-2 |s2cid=25890246}}</ref> حياتياتي حملن جو انتظام مهانگو ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ حمله آور جڙي ٻوٽين جي نگراني، ڪنٽرول، انتظام ۽ تحقيق جو خرچ تقريباً 116.4 ملين آسٽريلوي ڊالر هر سال آهي، ۽ اهي خرچ رڳو مرڪزي ۽ مقامي حڪومتن تي پون ٿا.<ref name=":22" /> جيتوڻيڪ ڪن حالتن ۾ حمله آور نسل معاشي فائدا به ڏئي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ حمله آور وڻن مان تجارتي ٻيلن جي امڪاني پيداوار، پر اهي فائدا عام طور تي حياتياتي حملن سان لاڳاپيل وڏي خرچ آڏو گهٽجي وڃن ٿا.<ref name="potential" /> گهڻين حالتن ۾ حمله آور نسلن مان ملندڙ [[معاشيات ۾ موٽ|معاشي موٽ]] انهن جي لاڳو ڪيل خرچن کان گهڻو گهٽ هوندي آهي.<ref name=":32">{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=Jennifer L |last2=Gamboa |first2=Rebecca L |last3=Revenga |first3=Carmen |last4=Spalding |first4=Mark D |date=2008 |title=Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=485–492 |bibcode=2008FrEE....6..485M |doi=10.1890/070064 }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> ====آمريڪا==== [[گريٽ ليڪس علائقو|گريٽ ليڪس واري علائقي]] ۾ [[سي ليمپري]] (''Petromyzon marinus'') هڪ حمله آور نسل آهي. پنهنجي اصل رهائشگاهه ۾ اهو [[پيراسائٽزم|پيراسائيٽ]] طور پنهنجي ميزبان سان گڏ ارتقا ڪري چڪو هو ۽ ميزبان کي نه ماريندو هو. پر گريٽ ليڪس واري علائقي ۾ اهو شڪاري طور ڪم ڪري ٿو ۽ پنهنجي 12 کان 18 مهينن جي خوراڪ کائڻ واري عرصي ۾ 40 پائونڊ تائين مڇي کائي سگهي ٿو.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.glfc.org/sea-lamprey.php |title=Great Lakes Fishery Commission – Sea Lamprey |website=www.glfc.org |access-date=October 24, 2017 |archive-date=October 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025023343/http://www.glfc.org/sea-lamprey.php |url-status=live}}</ref> سي ليمپري وڏين مڇين جي سڀني قسمن، جهڙوڪ [[ليڪ ٽرائوٽ]] (''Salvelinus namaycush'') ۽ [[سالمن]]، جو شڪار ڪن ٿا. وڏين مڇين تي سي ليمپري جي تباهه ڪندڙ اثرن مڇي مارڻ واري صنعت کي ناڪاري طور متاثر ڪيو آهي ۽ ڪجهه نسلن جي آبادي جي زوال جو سبب بڻيا آهن.<ref name=":0"/> حمله آور نسلن مان ٿيندڙ [[معاشي خرچ]]ن کي زراعت ۽ ٻيلن ۾ پيداوار جي نقصان وارن سڌن خرچن ۽ انتظامي خرچن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. آمريڪا ۾ حمله آور نسلن سبب نقصان ۽ ڪنٽرول جي اندازي مطابق خرچ هر سال 138 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن کان وڌيڪ آهن.<ref name="pimental">{{cite journal |last1=Pimentel |first1=D. |last2=R. |first2=Zuniga |last3=Morrison |first3=D |year=2005 |title=Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States |journal=[[Ecological Economics]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=273–288 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002 |bibcode=2005EcoEc..52..273P }}</ref> معاشي نقصان [[تفريح]] ۽ [[سياحت]] جي آمدني ۾ گهٽتائي ذريعي به ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref name="simb">{{cite journal |last=Simberloff |first=D. |year=2001 |jstor=41717176 |title=Biological invasions – How are they affecting us, and what can we do about them? |journal=[[Western North American Naturalist]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=308–315}}</ref> جڏهن حملن جا معاشي خرچ پيداوار جي نقصان ۽ انتظامي خرچن طور ڳڻيا وڃن ٿا، تڏهن اهي گهٽ لڳن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن ۾ ماحولياتي نقصان شامل نٿو ڪيو وڃي؛ جيڪڏهن نسلن جي خاتمي، حياتياتي تنوع جي نقصان ۽ [[ماحولي نظام جون خدمتون|ماحولي نظام جي خدمتن]] جي نقصان کي مالي قدر ڏني وڃي ته حمله آور نسلن جي اثرن جا خرچ تمام گهڻو وڌي ويندا.<ref name="pimental"/> اڪثر دليل ڏنو ويندو آهي ته حمله آور نسلن جي انتظام جي ڪنجي شروعاتي سڃاڻپ ۽ تڪڙو جواب آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/invasivespecies/upload/2008-2012-National-Invasive-Species-Management-Plan.pdf |title=2008–2012 National Invasive Species Management Plan. |publisher=National Invasive Species Council, Department of the Interior |year=2008 |location=Washington, DC. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929011911/https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/migrated/invasivespecies/upload/2008-2012-National-Invasive-Species-Management-Plan.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> بهرحال، شروعاتي جواب صرف تڏهن مددگار هوندو آهي، جڏهن حمله آور نسل منظم علائقي ۾ بار بار ٻيهر متعارف نه ٿئي، ۽ جواب ڏيڻ جو خرچ برداشت جوڳو هجي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holden |first1=Matthew H. |last2=Nyrop |first2=Jan P. |last3=Ellner |first3=Stephen P. |date=June 1, 2016 |title=The economic benefit of time-varying surveillance effort for invasive species management |journal=[[Journal of Applied Ecology]] |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=712–721 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12617 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016JApEc..53..712H }}</ref> [[File:Parthenium smothering native flora in Biodiversity Rich Forest.jpg |thumb |''[[پارٿينيم هسٽيروفورس]]''، [[اچانڪمار ٽائيگر رزرو]]]] [[جڙي ٻوٽي|جڙي ٻوٽيون]] [[زراعت]] ۾ پيداوار گهٽائين ٿيون. ڪيتريون جڙي ٻوٽيون اتفاقي تعارف آهن، جيڪي تجارتي ٻجن ۽ ٻوٽن جي درآمد سان گڏ اچي وڃن ٿيون. چراگاهن ۾ متعارف ٿيل جڙي ٻوٽيون مقامي چاري وارن ٻوٽن سان مقابلو ڪن ٿيون، نوجوان [[ڍور]] لاءِ خطرو بڻجن ٿيون، جهڙوڪ ليفي اسپرج، ''[[Euphorbia virgata]]''، يا [[ڪنڊا، سُئا ۽ چڀڪندڙ حصا|ڪنڊن ۽ سُئن]] سبب نه کائڻ جهڙيون ٿين ٿيون، جهڙوڪ [[يلو اسٽارٿسل]]، ''Centaurea solstitialis''. چراگاهن تي حمله آور جڙي ٻوٽين سبب چاري جو نقصان آمريڪا ۾ لڳ ڀڳ [[آمريڪي ڊالر|هڪ ارب آمريڪي ڊالر]] آهي.<ref name="pimental"/> [[اولهه واري ماکيءَ جي مک]] (''Apis mellifera'') تي حمله آور [[ويروئا مائيٽ]] (''Varroa destructor'') جي انفيڪشن سبب پولينيٽر خدمتن ۾ گهٽتائي ۽ ميون جي پيداوار جو نقصان ٿيو آهي. متعارف ڪرايل ڪوئا، ''[[Rattus rattus]]'' ۽ ''[[Rattus norvegicus|R. norvegicus]]''، فارمن تي سنجيده نقصانڪار جاندار بڻجي ويا آهن،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gougherty |first1=Andrew V. |last2=Davies |first2=T. Jonathan |title=Towards a phylogenetic ecology of plant pests and pathogens |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=8 November 2021 |volume=376 |issue=1837 |article-number=20200359 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2020.0359 |pmid=34538142 |pmc=8450633 }}</ref> جيڪي ذخيرو ٿيل اناج کي تباهه ڪن ٿا.<ref name="pimental"/> [[Agromyzidae|ليف مائنر مکيون]] (Agromyzidae)، جن ۾ [[آمريڪي سرپينٽائن ليف مائنر]] (''Liriomyza trifolii'') به شامل آهي، ڪيليفورنيا ۾ متعارف ٿيڻ سان ڪيليفورنيا جي [[گلڪاري جي صنعت]] کي نقصان پهچايو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن حمله آور نسلن جا لاروا سينگار وارن ٻوٽن تي خوراڪ حاصل ڪن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/a_serpentine_leafminer.htm |title=American serpentine leafminer – Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) |website=entnemdept.ufl.edu |access-date=November 20, 2019 |archive-date=November 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125043634/http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/veg/leaf/a_serpentine_leafminer.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> حمله آور ٻوٽن جا بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ جراثيم ۽ ٻوٽن جي بيمارين جا ڪيرا ويڪٽر زرعي پيداوار کي گهٽائي ۽ نرسري اسٽاڪ کي نقصان پهچائي سگهن ٿا. [[سٽرَس]] گريننگ هڪ [[بيڪٽيريل بيماري]] آهي، جيڪا حمله آور ايشيائي سٽرَس سائليڊ (''Diaphorina citri'') ذريعي منتقل ٿئي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري، جتي سائليڊ مليو آهي، اتي سٽرَس قرنطينه هيٺ ۽ سخت ضابطن ۾ رکيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name="r2">{{Cite web |title=Citrus Greening |url=http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/Pest%20Alerts/citrus_greening.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616000111/http://www.clemson.edu/public/regulatory/plant_industry/invasive_exotic_programs/Pest%20Alerts/citrus_greening.html |archive-date=16 June 2013 |website=Clemson Public Service Activities - The Department of Plant Industry}}</ref> حمله آور نسل ٻاهرين تفريح، جهڙوڪ مڇي مارڻ، [[شڪار]]، [[پيادل سفر]]، [[جهنگلي جيوت ڏسڻ]] ۽ پاڻيءَ تي ٻڌل سرگرمين تي اثر وجهي سگهن ٿا. اهي ماحولياتي خدمتن، جن ۾ [[پاڻيءَ جو معيار]]، ٻوٽن ۽ جانورن جو تنوع ۽ [[نسلن جي فراواني]] شامل آهن، کي نقصان پهچائي سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ ان جي حد بابت تحقيق اڃا گهٽ آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eiswerth |first1=M.E. |year=2005 |title=Input-output modeling, outdoor recreation, and the economic impacts of weeds |journal=[[Weed Science]] |volume=53 |pages=130–137 |doi=10.1614/WS-04-022R |last2=Darden |first2=Tim D. |last3=Johnson |first3=Wayne S. |last4=Agapoff |first4=Jeanmarie |last5=Harris |first5=Thomas R. |issue=1 |bibcode=2005WeedS..53..130E |s2cid=85608607 }}</ref> آمريڪا جي ڪجهه حصن ۾ [[يوريشيائي واٽرملفوئل]] (''Myriophyllum spicatum'') ڍنڍن کي ٻوٽن سان ڀري ڇڏي ٿو، جنهن سان مڇي مارڻ ۽ ٻيڙي هلائڻ ڏکيو ٿي وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2006 |title=Eurasian Watermilfoil in the Great Lakes Region |url=http://great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/milfoil.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725034837/http://great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/milfoil.html#overview |archive-date=25 July 2008 |website=Great Lakes Information Network}}</ref> متعارف ڪرايل [[ڪامن ڪوڪي]] (''Eleutherodactylus coqui'') جو تيز آواز [[هوائي]] جي متاثر پاڙن ۾ ريئل اسٽيٽ جي قيمتن کي گهٽائي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/symposia/invasive_symposium/content/Sin157_167_MVIS.pdf |last1=Sin |first1=Hans |last2=Radford |first2=Adam |year=2007 |chapter =Coqui frog research and management efforts in Hawaii |title=Managing Vertebrate Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium (G. W. Witmer, W. C. Pitt, K. A. Fagerstone, Eds) |publisher=USDA/APHIS/WS, National Wildlife Research Center |location=Fort Collins, Colorado |access-date=June 26, 2013 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525103353/http://www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/nwrc/symposia/invasive_symposium/content/Sin157_167_MVIS.pdf}}</ref> [[Zygiella x-notata|اورب ويونگ اسپائڊر]] (''Zygiella x-notata'')، جيڪا ڪيليفورنيا ۾ حمله آور آهي، جا وڏا ڄار باغباني جي ڪم ۾ رڪاوٽ وجهن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spider Invaders |url=https://www.kqed.org/quest/9595/spider-invaders |access-date=2020-12-13 |website=KQED |date=October 18, 2010 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105170805/https://www.kqed.org/quest/9595/spider-invaders |url-status=live}}</ref> ====يورپ==== يورپ ۾ 1960ع کان 2020ع تائين حمله آور ڌارين نسلن جو مجموعي معاشي خرچ لڳ ڀڳ 140 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي، جنهن ۾ امڪاني خرچ به شامل آهن، جيڪي ٿي سگهي ٿو حقيقت ۾ ٿيا هجن يا نه ٿيا هجن؛ يا 78 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر، جيڪڏهن رڳو اهي مشاهدو ٿيل خرچ شامل ڪيا وڃن، جيڪي واقعي ٿيا. اهي اندازا تمام محتاط آهن. انهن ڊيٽا تي ٻڌل ماڊل ظاهر ڪن ٿا ته 2020ع ۾ حقيقي ساليانو خرچ لڳ ڀڳ 140 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haubrock |first1=Phillip J. |last2=Turbelin |first2=Anna J. |last3=Cuthbert |first3=Ross N. |last4=Novoa |first4=Ana |last5=Taylor |first5=Nigel G. |last6=Angulo |first6=Elena |last7=Ballesteros-Mejia |first7=Liliana |last8=Bodey |first8=Thomas W. |last9=Capinha |first9=César |last10=Diagne |first10=Christophe |last11=Essl |first11=Franz |last12=Golivets |first12=Marina |last13=Kirichenko |first13=Natalia |last14=Kourantidou |first14=Melina |last15=Leroy |first15=Boris |last16=Renault |first16=David |last17=Verbrugge |first17=Laura |last18=Courchamp |first18=Franck |display-authors=6 |title=Economic costs of invasive alien species across Europe |year=2021 |journal=[[Neobiota]] |volume=67 |pages=153–190 |hdl=10138/333320 |s2cid=237460752 |hdl-access=free |doi=10.3897/neobiota.67.58196 |bibcode=2021NeoBi..67..153H |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{visible anchor |Italy |'''[[اٽلي]]'''}} [[يورپ]] جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ حمله ٿيل ملڪن مان هڪ آهي، جتي 3,000 کان وڌيڪ ڌارين نسلن جو اندازو آهي. حمله آور ڌارين نسلن جا معيشت تي اثر وسيع آهن، جن ۾ انتظامي خرچ، فصلن جو نقصان ۽ ڍانچي کي نقصان شامل آهن. 1990ع کان 2020ع تائين اٽلي ۾ حملن جو مجموعي معاشي خرچ 819.76 ملين آمريڪي ڊالر، يعني 704.78 ملين يورو، اندازو ڪيو ويو. بهرحال، رڳو 15 رڪارڊ ٿيل نسلن لاءِ خرچن جا وڌيڪ قابل اعتماد اندازا موجود آهن، تنهن ڪري اصل خرچ مٿي ڄاڻايل رقم کان گهڻو وڌيڪ ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haubrock |first1=Phillip J. |last2=Cuthbert |first2=Ross N. |last3=Tricarico |first3=Elena |last4=Diagne |first4=Christophe |last5=Courchamp |first5=Franck |last6=Gozlan |first6=Rodolphe E. |title=The recorded economic costs of alien invasive species in Italy |journal=NeoBiota |date=29 July 2021 |volume=67 |pages=247–266 |doi=10.3897/neobiota.67.57747 |bibcode=2021NeoBi..67..247H |s2cid=238819772 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03410329/file/CostsinItaly.pdf |doi-access=free |hdl=2158/1262519 }}</ref> {{visible anchor |France |'''[[فرانس]]'''}} ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ 2,750 متعارف ٿيل ۽ حمله آور ڌاريون نسلون اندازو ڪيون ويون آهن. Renault ۽ ساٿين (2021ع) 98 حمله آور ڌارين نسلن بابت 1,583 خرچن جا رڪارڊ حاصل ڪيا ۽ معلوم ڪيو ته انهن 1993ع کان 2018ع واري عرصي ۾ محتاط اندازي موجب مجموعي طور 1.2 ارب کان 11.5 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين خرچ پيدا ڪيا. هن مطالعي فرانس ۾ حمله آور نسلن لاءِ انهن خرچن جو به اندازو لڳايو، جن جا خرچ رڳو ٻين ملڪن ۾ رپورٽ ٿيا هئا پر فرانس ۾ نه؛ ان سان 151 ملين کان 3.03 ارب آمريڪي ڊالرن تائين اضافي خرچ ظاهر ٿيا. نقصان جا خرچ انتظامي خرچن کان لڳ ڀڳ اٺ ڀيرا وڌيڪ هئا. ڪيرن، خاص طور [[ايشيائي ٽائيگر مڇر]] (''Aedes albopictus'') ۽ [[زرد بخار مڇر]] (''A. aegypti'')، سڀ کان وڌيڪ معاشي خرچ پيدا ڪيا، جن کان پوءِ غير گرامينوئڊ زميني گلدار ۽ آبي ٻوٽا، ''[[Ambrosia artemisiifolia]]''، ''[[Ludwigia (plant)|Ludwigia]]'' sp. ۽ ''[[Lagarosiphon major]]'' آيا. فرانس ۾ هن وقت رڪارڊ ٿيل ڌارين نسلن مان 90 سيڪڙو کان وڌيڪ لاءِ علمي ادب ۾ خرچ رپورٽ ٿيل نه هئا، جنهن سبب ٽيڪسونومڪ، علائقائي ۽ سرگرمي واري شعبي جي ڪوريج ۾ وڏا تعصب پيدا ٿيا. بهرحال، رپورٽن جي کوٽ جو مطلب اهو ناهي ته ناڪاري نتيجا يا خرچ موجود نه آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Renault |first1=David |last2=Manfrini |first2=Eléna |last3=Leroy |first3=Boris |last4=Diagne |first4=Christophe |last5=Ballesteros-Mejia |first5=Liliana |last6=Angulo |first6=Elena |last7=Courchamp |first7=Franck |title=Biological invasions in France: Alarming costs and even more alarming knowledge gaps |journal=NeoBiota |date=29 July 2021 |volume=67 |pages=191–224 |doi=10.3897/neobiota.67.59134 |bibcode=2021NeoBi..67..191R |s2cid=237462170 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==سازگار اثر== {{see also|متعارف ڪرايل نسل}} [[سائنسي برادري]] جو عام اتفاق آهي ته [[حياتياتي تنوع]] تي حمله آور نسلن جا اثر بنيادي طور ناڪاري هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه سازگار اثرن جو امڪان به موجود آهي.<ref name="doubtingthomas">{{cite journal |last=Halley |first=John |date=2019 |title=Doubting Thomas and the Love of Invasive Species |department=Book Review |journal=[[Conservation Biology (journal)|Conservation Biology]] |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1451–1453 |bibcode=2019ConBi..33.1451H |doi=10.1111/cobi.13413 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cadotte |first=Marc W. |date=2015-10-01 |title=Taming the 'New Wild': tackling the good and the bad with invasive species |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-015-0933-0 |journal=Biological Invasions |language=en |volume=17 |issue=10 |pages=3067–3072 |doi=10.1007/s10530-015-0933-0 |issn=1573-1464|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="potential" /> حشريات جي ماهر [[ڪرس ڊي. ٿامس]] دليل ڏئي ٿو ته گهڻيون متعارف ڪرايل نسلون ٻين نسلن جي حوالي سان غير جانبدار يا فائديمند هونديون آهن،<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Chris |author-link=Chris D. Thomas |title=Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-61039-727-8 |pages=}}</ref> پر اهو اقليتي موقف آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Tom Zeller |date=2017-05-30 |title=The Fascist History of De-Extinction |url=https://undark.org/2017/05/30/nazis-aurochs-deextinction-mammoth/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Undark Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Rebecca A. |last2=Brooks |first2=Rachel K. |last3=Lakoba |first3=Vasiliy T. |last4=Sharma |first4=Gourav |last5=Heminger |first5=Ariel R. |last6=Dickinson |first6=Christopher C. |last7=Barney |first7=Jacob N. |date=2019 |title=Invasive plants negatively impact native, but not exotic, animals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14752 |journal=Global Change Biology |language=en |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=3694–3705 |doi=10.1111/gcb.14752 |pmid=31389131 |bibcode=2019GCBio..25.3694F |issn=1365-2486|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ڪجهه حمله آور نسل ٻيا جاندار لاءِ مناسب رهائشگاهه يا خوراڪ جو ذريعو مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا. انهن علائقن ۾، جتي ڪو مقامي نسل ختم ٿي چڪو هجي يا اهڙي حالت ۾ پهچي چڪو هجي جو ان کي بحال نه ڪري سگهجي، غير مقامي نسل ان جو ڪردار ادا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ ٻين هنڌن تي انهن جا ناڪاري اثر موجود هجن. مثال طور، آمريڪا ۾ خطري هيٺ آيل [[سائوٿ ويسٽرن ولو فلائي ڪيچر]] (''Empidonax traillii'') گهڻو ڪري غير مقامي [[ٽيمرڪس|ٽيمرسڪ]] ۾ آکيرا ٺاهيندو آهي.<ref name="potential" /> متعارف ڪرايل [[Prosopis juliflora|مسڪيٽ]] (''Neltuma juliflora'') [[ڀارت]] ۾ هڪ جارح حمله آور نسل آهي، پر [[راجستان]] جي [[اودئپور]] جهڙن ننڍن شهرن ۾ اهو مقامي آبي پکين لاءِ پسنديده آکيرو ٺاهڻ واري جڳهه آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mehta |first1=Kanishka |last2=Koli |first2=Vijay K. |last3=Kittur |first3=Swati |last4=Sundar |first4=K. S. Gopi |title=Can you nest where you roost? Waterbirds use different sites but similar cues to locate roosting and breeding sites in a small Indian city |journal=Urban Ecosystems |date=21 February 2024 |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1279–1290 |doi=10.1007/s11252-023-01454-5 |bibcode=2024UrbEc..27.1279M |s2cid=267973120 }}</ref> ساڳي طرح، [[رڊگويز ريل]] (''Rallus obsoletus'') ''[[Spartina alterniflora]]'' ۽ ''[[Spartina foliosa]]'' جي حمله آور هائبرڊ سان موافقت اختيار ڪري چڪي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته اهو وڌيڪ ڍڪ ۽ آکيرو ٺاهڻ لاءِ بهتر رهائشگاهه مهيا ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://spartina.org/project_documents/revegetation_program/CLRA%20Report%202012.pdf |title=Clapper Rail Surveys for the San Francisco Estuary Invasive Spartina Project |last=McBroom |first=Jen |date=December 2012 |publisher=State Coastal Conservancy |location=Oakland, California |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305070303/http://spartina.org/project_documents/revegetation_program/CLRA%20Report%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[آسٽريليا]] ۾ [[لوڻائي پاڻيءَ جو مگرمڇ]] (''Crocodylus porosus'')، جيڪو خطري هيٺ اچي چڪو هو، متعارف ٿيل [[جهنگلي سور]]ن (''Sus domesticus'') کي کائڻ سبب بحال ٿيو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ham |first1=Anthony |title=Pigs to the Rescue: An Invasive Species Helped Save Australia's Crocodiles |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/15/science/invasive-species-pigs-crocodiles.html |work=The New York Times |date=15 August 2022 }}</ref> غير مقامي نسل [[ماحولي نظام جون خدمتون]] مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[حياتياتي ڪنٽرول]] جي عاملن طور ڪم ڪري حمله آور زرعي نقصانڪار جاندارن جي اثرن کي محدود ڪرڻ.<ref name=potential>{{cite journal |last1=Schlaepfer |first1=Martin A. |last2=Sax |first2=Dov F. |last3=Olden |first3=Julian D. |title=The Potential Conservation Value of Non-Native Species: Conservation Value of Non-Native Species |journal=Conservation Biology |date=June 2011 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=428–437 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01646.x |pmid=21342267 |s2cid=2947682 }}</ref> ڪجهه نسلون ڪنهن علائقي ۾ ايترو گهڻو اڳ حملو ڪري چڪيون هونديون آهن جو انهن کي اتي [[نيچرلائيزيشن (حياتيات)|قدرتي بڻيل]] سمجهيو ويندو آهي. آمريڪا ۾ خطري هيٺ آيل [[ٽيلرز چيڪر اسپاٽ]] تتلي (''Euphydryas editha taylori'') پنهنجي لارون جي خوراڪ واري ٻوٽي طور حمله آور [[رِب ورٽ پلانٽين]] (''Plantago lanceolata'') تي دارومدار رکڻ لڳي آهي.<ref>Thomas, Chris D.. Inheritors of the Earth (p. 148). PublicAffairs. Kindle Edition.</ref> ڪجهه حملن مان امڪاني تجارتي فائدا حاصل ٿي سگهن ٿا. مثال طور [[سلور ڪارپ]] (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'') ۽ [[ڪامن ڪارپ]] (''Cyprinus carpio'') کي انساني خوراڪ لاءِ پڪڙي، انهن مارڪيٽن ڏانهن برآمد ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي اڳ ئي ان پيداوار سان واقف آهن، يا انهن کي [[پالتو جانورن جي خوراڪ]] يا [[منڪ]] جي خوراڪ ۾ پروسيس ڪري سگهجي ٿو. [[پاڻي هائيسنٿ]] (''Pontederia crassipes'') کي [[ميٿين ڊائجيسٽر]] ذريعي ٻارڻ ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو،<ref name=wolv>{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF02858689|title=Energy from vascular plant wastewater treatment systems|journal=[[Economic Botany]]|volume=35|issue=2|pages=224–232 |year=1981 |last1=Wolverton |first1=B. C.|last2=McDonald|first2=Rebecca C.|bibcode=1981EcBot..35..224W |s2cid=24217507}}. Cited in Duke, J. (1983) [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html ''Handbook of Energy Crops''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212071515/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html |date=February 12, 2013 }}. Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plants Products</ref> ۽ ٻيا حمله آور ٻوٽا پڻ [[بايو انرجي]] جي ذريعي طور ڪٽي استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Biomass of invasive plant species as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production |first1=Koenraad |last1=Van Meerbeek |first2=Lise |last2=Appels |first3=Raf |last3=Dewil|first4=Annelies|last4=Calmeyn|first5=Pieter|last5=Lemmens |first6=Bart |last6=Muys |first7=Martin |last7=Hermy |date=May 1, 2015 |journal=[[Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=273–282 |doi=10.1002/bbb.1539 |s2cid=83918875 }}</ref> ==ڪنٽرول، خاتمو ۽ مطالعو== {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/Budget to manage invasive alien species#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = |file = [[File:Budget to manage invasive alien species, World, 2022 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|حمله آور ڌارين نسلن جي انتظام لاءِ بجيٽ]] |startingView = World }} انسان نسلن جي حملن جي ناڪاري اثرن کي درست ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي حد تائين لچڪدار صلاحيت رکن ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0-8166-9329-0 |title=Making Other Worlds Possible: Performing Diverse Economies |last1=Roelvink |first1=Gerda |last2=Martin |first2=Kevin St |last3=Gibson-Graham |first3=J. K. |year=2015 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press }}</ref><ref name="root"/><ref name="Garrido">{{cite journal |last1=Garrido-Pérez |first1=Edgardo I. |last2=Tella Ruiz |first2=David |date=2016 |title=Homo sapiens (Primates: Hominidae): ¿una especie invasora o aún peor? Un reto para potenciar la Ecología y la Biología de la conservación |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317083729 |journal=Puente Biológico |volume=8 |pages=43–55}} <br/>Translated as {{cite web |last1=Garrido-Pérez |first1=Edgardo I. |last2=Tella Ruiz |first2=David |date=2016 |title=''Homo sapiens'' (Primates: Hominidae): an invasive species or even worse? A challenge for strengthening ecology and conservation biology |via=ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319234497 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611120711/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319234497_Homo_sapiens_Primates_Hominidae_an_invasive_species_or_even_worse_A_challenge_for_strengthening_ecology_and_conservation_biology_Translated_from_Spanish |url-status=live }}</ref> عام ماڻهو اڪثر انهن حمله آور نسلن بابت وڌيڪ متحرڪ ٿيندا آهن، جيڪي سندن مقامي علائقي تي اثر وجهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/oldenlab/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Invasive-Species-Survey_Hakam_August2016.pdf#page=8 |title=Invasive Species: Public Awareness and Education |last=Hakam |first=Lara |date=February 2013 |website=University of Washington |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105154129/http://depts.washington.edu/oldenlab/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Invasive-Species-Survey_Hakam_August2016.pdf#page=8 |url-status=live }}</ref> قدرتي ماحولي نظامن ۾ حياتياتي تنوع جي تحفظ لاءِ ڌارين نسلن جي آبادين جو ڪنٽرول اهم آهي. اڳوڻا مطالعو ۽ ڪنٽرول پروگرام، جيڪي حمله آور نسلن کي نشانو بڻائين ٿا، حملي جي شروعاتي مرحلن ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ اثرائتا هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[باني اثر|باني آبادي]] کي تيزيءَ سان ختم ڪرڻ، ان کان اڳ جو متعارف ڪرايل نسل پکڙجي سگهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Peter A. |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/science-and-technical/csp07-entire.pdf |title=Ecology and Management of Invasive Weeds |date=November 1997 |publisher=Dept. of Conservation, Wellington, N.Z. |year=1997 |isbn=0-478-01956-4 |pages=22}}</ref> ڌارين نسلن جي ڪنٽرول لاءِ سڀ کان وڌيڪ اميدوار طريقن مان هڪ جينياتي طريقو آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Makhrov |first1=A. A. |last2=Karabanov |first2=D. P. |last3=Koduhova |first3=Yu. V. |title=Genetic methods for the control of alien species |journal=Russian Journal of Biological Invasions |date=July 2014 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=194–202 |doi=10.1134/S2075111714030096 |bibcode=2014RuJBI...5..194M |s2cid=256073288 }}</ref> === <span class="anchor" id="Cargo inspection"></span><span class="anchor" id="Quarantine"></span>سامان جي چڪاس ۽ قرنطينه=== اصل محرڪ اهو هو ته [[زرعي نقصانڪار جاندار]]ن کان بچاءُ ڪيو وڃي، جڏهن ته زرعي پيداوار جي برآمد پڻ جاري رهي. 1994ع ۾ عالمي معيارن جو پهريون مجموعو منظور ڪيو ويو، جنهن ۾ [[صحت ۽ نباتاتي صحت جي قدمن جي لاڳو ٿيڻ بابت معاهدو]] (SPS Agreement) شامل هو. انهن معيارن جي نگراني [[ورلڊ ٽريڊ آرگنائيزيشن]] ڪري ٿي. [[بين الاقوامي سامونڊي تنظيم]] جهازن جي بيلسٽ پاڻي ۽ تلڇٽن جي ڪنٽرول ۽ انتظام بابت بين الاقوامي ڪنوينشن، يعني [[بيلسٽ پاڻي انتظام ڪنوينشن]]، جي نگراني ڪري ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ [[حياتياتي تنوع بابت ڪنوينشن]] بنيادي طور ٻين وڌيڪ عام ماحولياتي خدشن تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿو، پر اهو به ڪجهه قدم بيان ڪري ٿو، جيڪي ان جا ميمبر حمله آور نسلن جي ڪنٽرول لاءِ کڻي سگهن ٿا. CBD حمله آور نسلن جي ماحولياتي نتيجن بابت سڀ کان اهم بين الاقوامي معاهدو آهي؛ اهڙن گهڻن قدمن جي نوعيت رضاڪارانه ۽ غير مخصوص آهي.<ref name="Lodge-et-al-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Lodge |first1=David M. |last2=Simonin |first2=Paul W. |last3=Burgiel |first3=Stanley W. |last4=Keller |first4=Reuben P. |last5=Bossenbroek |first5=Jonathan M. |last6=Jerde |first6=Christopher L. |last7=Kramer |first7=Andrew M. |last8=Rutherford |first8=Edward S. |last9=Barnes |first9=Matthew A. |last10=Wittmann |first10=Marion E. |last11=Chadderton |first11=W. Lindsay |last12=Apriesnig |first12=Jenny L. |display-authors=6 |title=Risk Analysis and Bioeconomics of Invasive Species to Inform Policy and Management |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |date=1 November 2016 |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=453–488 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085532 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===پکڙجڻ کي سست ڪرڻ=== [[باهه وسائيندڙ]] آبي حمله آور نسلن جي منتقلي جي خطري سبب پنهنجي سامان، عوامي پاڻي جي سامان ۽ نجي پاڻي جي سامان کي آلودگي کان پاڪ ڪرڻ جا ذميوار ٿي رهيا آهن.<ref name="Sea-Grant-NY">{{cite web |url=http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/Departments/Public-Works/Forms-Documents/Water-Resources/Invasive-Mussels/NY-Fire-Control-Equipment.pdf |title=Zebra Mussels and Fire Control Equipment |last=O'Neill, Jr. |first=Charles R. |date=2002 |publisher=[[National Sea Grant College Program|Sea Grant]] |place=[[SUNY College at Brockport]] |access-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-date=November 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105212840/https://www.slocounty.ca.gov/Departments/Public-Works/Forms-Documents/Water-Resources/Invasive-Mussels/NY-Fire-Control-Equipment.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> آمريڪا ۾ اهو خاص طور [[جهنگلي علائقن ۾ باهه وسائڻ]] وارن فائر فائٽرن لاءِ اهم خدشو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته [[ڪواگا مسل|ڪواگا]] (''Dreissena bugensis'') ۽ [[زيبرا مسل|زيبرا]] (''Dreissena polymorpha'') مسلن جا حملا ۽ جهنگلي باهيون آمريڪي اولهه ۾ گڏ واقع ٿين ٿا.<ref name="wildland-firefight-NPR">{{cite web |last=Ouellet |first=Nicky |date=2017-08-23 |title=Wildland Firefighters Try to Combat Spread of Invasive Species |url=http://www.npr.org/2017/08/23/545617315/wildland-firefighters-try-to-combat-spread-of-invasive-species |access-date=2021-05-23 |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613005731/https://www.npr.org/2017/08/23/545617315/wildland-firefighters-try-to-combat-spread-of-invasive-species |url-status=live |publisher=[[NPR]] |work=[[All Things Considered]] }}</ref><ref name="Montana-firefight-MtPR">{{cite news |last=Ouellet |first=Nicky |title=How Montana Is Fighting Invasive Hitchhikers On Firefighting Aircraft |website=[[Montana Public Radio]] |date=2017-07-27 |url=http://www.mtpr.org/post/how-montana-fighting-invasive-hitchhikers-firefighting-aircraft |access-date=2021-05-23 |archive-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523185157/https://www.mtpr.org/post/how-montana-fighting-invasive-hitchhikers-firefighting-aircraft |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NWCG">{{cite web |url=http://www.nwcg.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pms444.pdf |title=Guide to Preventing Aquatic Invasive Species Transport by Wildland Fire Operations |date=January 2017 |author=[[National Wildfire Coordinating Group]] |access-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419034257/https://www.nwcg.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pms444.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mt-DNRC">{{cite web |url=http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/forestry/docs/fire-and-aviation/2018-nrcg-how-to-guide_aquatic-invasive-species_final.pdf |date=June 11, 2018 |title=Decontaminating Firefighting Equipment to Reduce the Spread of Aquatic Invasive Species |author=[[National Wildfire Coordinating Group]] |access-date=May 23, 2021 |archive-date=April 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428072947/http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/forestry/docs/fire-and-aviation/2018-nrcg-how-to-guide_aquatic-invasive-species_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> ===نسلن جي ٻيهر بحالي=== [[File:Takahe and chick.jpg|thumb|[[ٽاڪاهي]] (''Porphyrio hochstetteri'') نيوزيلينڊ جي ساحل کان پري [[ڪاپيتي ٻيٽ]] جهڙن [[ٻيٽ جي بحالي|بحال ٿيل ٻيٽن]] ڏانهن منتقلي کان پوءِ نسل وڌائي چڪا آهن.]] [[ٻيٽ جي بحالي]] ٻيٽن تي حمله آور نسلن جي خاتمي سان لاڳاپيل آهي. 2019ع جي هڪ مطالعي مان ظاهر ٿيو ته جيڪڏهن رڳو 169 ٻيٽن تي حمله آور جانورن جو خاتمو ڪيو وڃي ته ڌرتيءَ جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري هيٺ آيل زميني ٻيٽي مهره دارن مان 9.4 سيڪڙو جي بقا جا امڪان بهتر ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Nick |date=March 27, 2019 |title=Globally important islands where eradicating invasive mammals will benefit highly threatened vertebrates |journal=[[PLOS ONE]] |volume=14 |issue=3 |article-number=e0212128 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0212128 |pmid=30917126 |pmc=6436766 |bibcode=2019PLoSO..1412128H |doi-access=free }}</ref> ٻيٽن تي حمله آور مهره دارن جو خاتمو گڏيل قومن جي [[پائيدار ترقي جو مقصد 15]] ۽ لاڳاپيل هدفن سان هم آهنگ آهي.<ref name="de WitZilliacus2020">{{cite journal |last1=de Wit |first1=Luz A. |last2=Zilliacus |first2=Kelly M. |last3=Quadri |first3=Paulo |last4=Will |first4=David |last5=Grima |first5=Nelson |last6=Spatz |first6=Dena |last7=Holmes |first7=Nick |last8=Tershy |first8=Bernie |last9=Howald |first9=Gregg R. |last10=Croll |first10=Donald A. |display-authors=6 |title=Invasive vertebrate eradications on islands as a tool for implementing global Sustainable Development Goals |journal=Environmental Conservation |date=September 2020 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=139–148 |doi=10.1017/S0376892920000211 |bibcode=2020EnvCo..47..139D |s2cid=221990256 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pursuing Sustainable Development for Island Communities by Removing Invasive Species |url=https://www.islandconservation.org/sustainable-development-communities-removing-invasive-species/ |publisher=Island Conservation |access-date=13 August 2020 |date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926042621/https://www.islandconservation.org/sustainable-development-communities-removing-invasive-species/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ڪتريندڙ جانور]] 18هين صدي ۾ سيلنگ ۽ ويلنگ جهازن ذريعي ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ جي هڪ اهڙي ٻيٽ [[ڏکڻ جارجيا ٻيٽ]] تي آندا ويا، جتي مستقل رهواسي نه هئا. انهن جلدي ٻيٽ جي پکين جي آبادي تي تباهي مچائي، آنا کاڌا ۽ ٻچن تي حملو ڪيو. 2018ع ۾، ڪيترن سالن جي خاتمي واري ڪوشش کان پوءِ، ڏکڻ جارجيا ٻيٽ کي حمله آور ڪتريندڙ جانورن کان پاڪ قرار ڏنو ويو. پکين جون آباديون ٻيهر وڌيون، جن ۾ [[ڏکڻ جارجيا پپٽ]] (''Anthus antarcticus'') ۽ [[ڏکڻ جارجيا پنٽيل]] (''Anas georgica georgica'') شامل آهن، جيڪي ٻئي ٻيٽ جا مقامي خاص نسل آهن.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/rat-begone-record-eradication-effort-rids-sub-antarctic-island-invasive-rodents |title=Rat begone: Record eradication effort rids sub-Antarctic island of invasive rodents |last=Warren |first=Matt |date=May 8, 2018 |work=Science |access-date=May 9, 2018 |archive-date=May 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509035618/http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/05/rat-begone-record-eradication-effort-rids-sub-antarctic-island-invasive-rodents |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-exterminate-rats-on-an-island |title=The Intrepid Rat-Sniffing Terriers of South Georgia Island |date=May 17, 2018 |author=Hester, Jessica Leight |work=[[Atlas Obscura]] |access-date=June 6, 2018 |archive-date=May 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522041931/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/how-to-exterminate-rats-on-an-island |url-status=live}}</ref> ===ٽيڪسون جو متبادل=== [[File:Aldabra Giant Tortoise, Ile aux Aigrettes Nature Reserve, Mauritius.JPG|thumb|[[الڊابرا وڏو ڪڇون]] (''Aldabrachelys gigantea'') ماريشس جي سامهون ٻن ننڍن ٻيٽن، جن ۾ [[ايل او ايگريٽس]] (تصوير ۾) شامل آهي، تي ماحولياتي توازن بحال ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي آهي.]] غير مقامي نسلن کي اهڙو ماحولياتي انجنيئرنگ ڪردار ڀرڻ لاءِ متعارف ڪرائي سگهجي ٿو، جيڪو اڳ ڪنهن اهڙي مقامي نسل ادا ڪيو هو، جيڪا هاڻي ختم ٿي چڪي آهي. هن طريقي کي ٽيڪسون جو متبادل چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=potential/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110211095555.htm |title=Invasive plants can create positive ecological change |work=Science Daily |date=February 14, 2011 |quote="Invasive species could fill niches in degraded ecosystems and help restore native biodiversity...." |access-date=June 22, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525102601/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/02/110211095555.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Searcy |first1=Christopher A. |last2=Rollins |first2=Hilary B. |last3=Shaffer |first3=H. Bradley |title=Ecological equivalency as a tool for endangered species management |year=2016 |journal=[[Ecological Applications]] |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=94–103 |pmid=27039512 |doi=10.1890/14-1674 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2016EcoAp..26...94S }}</ref> ڪيترن ٻيٽن تي ڪڇن جي خاتمي سبب ٻج پکيڙڻ ۽ ٻوٽا چرڻ جي حوالي سان ماحولي نظامن جي ڪارڪردگي خراب ٿي وئي آهي. [[ماريشس]] جي سامونڊي ننڍن ٻيٽن تي هاڻي ختم ٿيل ڪڇن اهم چرندڙ جاندارن طور ڪردار ادا ڪيو هو. 2000ع ۽ 2007ع ۾ ٻن ننڍن ٻيٽن تي غير مقامي [[الڊابرا وڏو ڪڇون|الڊابرا وڏن ڪڇن]] (''Aldabrachelys gigantea'') جي متعارف ڪرائڻ سان ماحولياتي توازن جي بحالي شروع ٿي آهي. متعارف ڪرايل ڪڇا ڪيترن مقامي ٻوٽن جا ٻج پکيڙي رهيا آهن ۽ حمله آور ٻوٽن جي نسلن کي چونڊ ڪري چري رهيا آهن. چرڻ ۽ پن کائڻ جي اميد آهي ته جاري شديد هٿرادو جڙي ٻوٽي ڪڍڻ جي جاءِ وٺندا، ۽ متعارف ڪرايل ڪڇا اڳ ئي نسل وڌائي رهيا آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Dennis M. |last2=Donlan |first2=C. Josh |last3=Griffiths |first3=Christine J. |last4=Campbell |first4=Karl J. |title=Ecological history and latent conservation potential: Large and giant tortoises as a model for taxon substitutions |year=2010 |journal=[[Ecography]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=272–284 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0587.2010.06305.x |doi-access=free|bibcode=2010Ecogr..33..272H }}</ref> ===انهن کي خوراڪ طور استعمال ڪرڻ=== {{further|کائڻ جوڳين حمله آور نسلن جي فهرست}} حمله آور نسلن جي آبادين کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ انهن کي کائڻ واري عمل جو جائزو ورتو ويو آهي. 2005ع ۾ [[نيو هيون، ڪنيڪٽڪٽ]] ۾ [[Miya's|ميا سوشي]] جي شيف [[بن لائي]] پهريون اهڙو مينيو تيار ڪيو، جيڪو حمله آور نسلن لاءِ مخصوص هو. ان وقت مينيو جي اڌ شين جو تصوراتي هجڻ سبب اهي حمله آور نسلون اڃا تجارتي طور دستياب نه هيون.<ref name=r1>{{cite news |title=The Invasivore's Dilemma |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/1922351/invasivores-dilemma |access-date=May 28, 2019 |magazine=Outside |last=Jacobsen |first=Rowan |date=March 24, 2014 |archive-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528211949/https://www.outsideonline.com/1922351/invasivores-dilemma |url-status=live}}</ref> 2013ع تائين، ميا سوشي حمله آور آبي نسلون پيش ڪرڻ لڳو، جهڙوڪ چيساپيڪ [[بلو ڪيٽ فش]] (''Ictalurus furcatus'')، فلوريڊا [[لائن فش]] (''Pterois'' ''sp.''), ڪينٽڪي [[سلور ڪارپ]] (''Hypophthalmichthys molitrix'')، جارجيا [[ڪينن بال جيلي فش]] (''Stomolophus meleagris'')، ۽ حمله آور ٻوٽا جهڙوڪ [[جاپاني ناٽ ويڊ]] (''Reynoutria japonica'') ۽ [[آٽم اوليو]] (''Elaeagnus umbellata'').<ref>{{cite journal |title=Invasive Species Menu of a World-Class Chef |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=309 |issue=3 |pages=40–43 |date=September 1, 2013 |last=Lai |first=Bun |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0913-40 |pmid=24003552 |bibcode=2013SciAm.309c..40L}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/indulge-invasive-species-restaurants-across-country-180957899/ |title=Bite Back Against Invasive Species at Your Next Meal |author=Billock, Jennifer |work=Smithsonian Magazine |date=February 9, 2016 |access-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322193509/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/indulge-invasive-species-restaurants-across-country-180957899/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-really-eat-invasive-species-into-submission/?redirect=1 |title=Can We Really Eat Invasive Species into Submission? |work=Scientific American |author=Snyder, Michael |date=May 19, 2017 |access-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801204428/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-really-eat-invasive-species-into-submission/?redirect=1 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolbert |first=Elizabeth |date=2 December 2012 |title=Alien Entrées |work=New Yorker |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/10/alien-entrees |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018202041/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/12/10/alien-entrees |archive-date=18 October 2019}}</ref> [[جو رومن]]، جيڪو [[هارورڊ يونيورسٽي|هارورڊ]] ۽ [[يونيورسٽي آف ورمونٽ]] سان لاڳاپيل تحفظ حياتيات جو ماهر ۽ [[ريچل ڪارسن]] ماحولياتي ايوارڊ جو وصول ڪندڙ آهي، “Eat The Invaders” نالي ويب سائيٽ هلائي ٿو.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio |url=http://www.joeroman.com/new/bio/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528213031/http://www.joeroman.com/bio/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Joe Roman |date=March 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eat The Invaders — Fighting Invasive Species, One Bite At A Time! |url=http://eattheinvaders.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519015542/http://eattheinvaders.org/ |archive-date=19 May 2019 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=eattheinvaders.org}}</ref><ref name=r1/> 21هين صديءَ ۾ [[ريف انوائرنمينٽل ايجوڪيشنل فائونڊيشن]] ۽ [[انسٽيٽيوٽ فار اپلائيڊ ايڪالاجي]] جهڙين تنظيمن حمله آور نسلن کي جزن طور استعمال ڪندي کاڌن جا ڪتاب ۽ ترڪيبون شايع ڪيون آهن.<ref>{{cite book |author=Parks |first1=Mary |title=The Green Crab Cookbook |last2=Thanh |first2=Thai |publisher=Green Crab R&d |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-578-42794-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reef.org/products/lionfish-cookbook-2nd-edition |title=Lionfish Cookbook 2nd Edition &#124; Reef Environmental Education Foundation |website=www.reef.org |access-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-date=May 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528212729/https://www.reef.org/products/lionfish-cookbook-2nd-edition |url-status=live}}</ref> حمله آور ٻوٽن جي نسلن کي فائديمند فائٽو ڪيميڪلز ۽ کائڻ جوڳي پروٽين جي پائيدار ذريعي طور به جاچيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Ajay |last2=Bestwick |first2=Charles S. |last3=Duncan |first3=Sylvia H. |last4=Russell |first4=Wendy R. |date=2021-02-15 |title=Invasive Plants Are a Valuable Alternate Protein Source and Can Contribute to Meeting Climate Change Targets |journal=Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems |volume=5 |article-number=575056 |doi=10.3389/fsufs.2021.575056 |bibcode=2021FrSFS...575056I |doi-access=free |hdl=2164/15875 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Iyer |first1=Ajay |last2=Guerrier |first2=Lisa |last3=Leveque |first3=Salomé |last4=Bestwick |first4=Charles S. |last5=Duncan |first5=Sylvia H. |last6=Russell |first6=Wendy R. |date=2022 |title=High throughput method development and optimised production of leaf protein concentrates with potential to support the agri-industry |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11694-021-01136-w |journal=Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=49–65 |doi=10.1007/s11694-021-01136-w |s2cid=244407388 |hdl=2164/19275 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nuñez |first1=Martin A. |last2=Kuebbing |first2=Sara |last3=Dimarco |first3=Romina D. |last4=Simberloff |first4=Daniel |date=December 2012 |title=Invasive Species: to eat or not to eat, that is the question |url=https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00250.x |journal=Conservation Letters |language=en |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=334–341 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00250.x |bibcode=2012ConL....5..334N |hdl=11336/198362 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> حمله آور جاندارن کي کائڻ جا حامي دليل ڏين ٿا ته انسان وٽ اهڙي صلاحيت آهي جو هو ڪنهن به اهڙي نسل کي کائي گهٽائي سگهي ٿو، جنهن لاءِ ان ۾ خوراڪي دلچسپي هجي؛ اهي انهن ڪيترن جانورن ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جن کي انسان شڪار ڪري خاتمي تائين پهچايو، جهڙوڪ [[ڪيريبيئن مونڪ سيل]] (''Neomonachus tropicalis'') ۽ [[پيسنجر پيجن]] (''Ectopistes migratorius''). اهي وڌيڪ [[جميڪا]] جي ڪاميابي ڏانهن اشارو ڪن ٿا، جتي مڇي جي استعمال کي وڌائڻ سان [[لائن فش]] جي آبادي نمايان طور گهٽائي وئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/invasive-lionfish-kings-caribbean-may-met-match-011600208.html |title=Invasive Lionfish, the Kings of the Caribbean, May Have Met Their Match |date=January 24, 2014 |work=Yahoo News |last=Conniff |first=Richard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127033047/https://news.yahoo.com/invasive-lionfish-kings-caribbean-may-met-match-011600208.html |archive-date=January 27, 2014}}</ref> شڪ ڪندڙن جو چوڻ آهي ته هڪ دفعو ڪا ڌاري نسل ڪنهن نئين هنڌ مضبوط ٿي وڃي، جهڙوڪ [[هند-پئسفڪ]] لائن فش، جيڪا هاڻي لڳ ڀڳ اولهه [[ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ]]، [[ڪيريبيئن]] ۽ [[خليج ميڪسيڪو]] جي پاڻيءَ تي قابض ٿي چڪي آهي، ته ان جو خاتمو لڳ ڀڳ ناممڪن ٿي وڃي ٿو. نقادن جو دليل آهي ته استعمال کي همٿائڻ جو اڻ ڄاتل نتيجو نقصانڪار نسلن جي اڃا وڌيڪ وسيع پکڙجڻ جي صورت ۾ نڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/world-on-a-plate/2015/feb/06/cooking-cant-solve-the-invasive-threat |title=Cooking can't solve the threat of invasive species |author=Bryce, Emma |date=February 6, 2015 |access-date=October 16, 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=October 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017201839/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/world-on-a-plate/2015/feb/06/cooking-cant-solve-the-invasive-threat |url-status=live}}</ref> ===جراثيم ڪش ۽ جڙي ٻوٽي مار دوائون=== [[جراثيم ڪش]] عام طور حمله آور نسلن جي ڪنٽرول لاءِ استعمال ٿين ٿا.<ref name="Goss2020">{{cite journal |last1=Goss |first1=EM |last2=Kendig |first2=AE |last3=Adhikari |first3=A |last4=Lane |first4=B |last5=Kortessis |first5=N |last6=Holt |first6=RD |last7=Clay |first7=K |last8=Harmon |first8=PF |last9=Flory |first9=SL |title=Disease in Invasive Plant Populations |journal=Annual Review of Phytopathology |date=August 2020 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=97–117 |doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012757 |pmid=32516034 |bibcode=2020AnRvP..58...97G |s2cid=219563975 }}</ref> حمله آور ٻوٽن خلاف استعمال ٿيندڙ جڙي ٻوٽي مار دوائن ۾ [[فنگل هربيسائڊ]] شامل آهن.<ref name="Goss2020"/> جيتوڻيڪ متعارف ڪرايل آبادي جو [[اثرائتو آبادي قد]] [[آبادي بوتل نيڪ|بوتل نيڪ]] ٿيل هوندو آهي، پر ڪجهه [[جينياتي تبديلي]] حمله آور ٻوٽن کي انهن فنگل بائيو هربيسائڊز خلاف [[ٻوٽن جي بيمارين جي مزاحمت|مزاحمت]] مهيا ڪري سگهي ٿي.<ref name="Goss2020"/> [[چيٽ گراس]] (''Bromus tectorum'') جون حمله آور آباديون ''[[Ustilago bullata]]'' خلاف مزاحمت رکن ٿيون، جيڪا حياتياتي ڪنٽرول طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي؛ ۽ ساڳيو مسئلو [[جاپاني اسٽلٽ گراس]] (''Microstegium vimineum'') ۾ ''[[Bipolaris microstegii]]'' ۽ ''[[Bipolaris drechsleri|B. drechsleri]]'' جي حوالي سان رپورٽ ٿيو آهي.<ref name="Goss2020"/> هي رڳو حمله آور ٻوٽن جي جينياتي خاصيت نه آهي، پر جهنگلي ٻوٽن ۾ به عام ڳالهه آهي، جهڙوڪ [[جهنگلي فليڪس]] (''Linum marginale'') ۽ ان جو فنگل بيماري پيدا ڪندڙ جراثيم [[فليڪس رسٽ]] (''Melampsora lini'').<ref name="Goss2020"/> فصلن کي ڪنهن به بي قابو ٻوٽي، يعني جهنگلي مقامي يا حمله آور ٻوٽي، جي مقابلي ۾ هڪ ٻيو نقصان به آهي: فصلن ۾ غذائي جزن جي جذب ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت وڌيڪ هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ ته انهن کي [[فصلن جي نسل وڌائڻ|ارادي طور اهڙي نموني نسل وڌايو]] ويو آهي جو اهي وڌيڪ پيداوار لاءِ وڌيڪ غذائي جزا وٺن.<ref name="Goss2020"/> ===جين ڊرائيو=== [[جين ڊرائيو]] حمله آور نسلن کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿي ۽، مثال طور، [[نيوزيلينڊ ۾ حمله آور نسل|نيوزيلينڊ ۾ حمله آور ٿڻائتن جانورن جي نسلن]] کي ختم ڪرڻ جي طريقي طور تجويز ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name="Kalmakoff2016">{{cite web |last=Kalmakoff |first=James |url=http://www.merlinnz.com/blog/crispr-pest-free-nz/ |title=CRISPR for pest-free NZ |date=11 October 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-date=October 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019152322/http://www.merlinnz.com/blog/crispr-pest-free-nz/ }}</ref> مختصر طور، ڪنهن نسل جي هڪ فرد وٽ ڪنهن جين جا ٻه نسخا ٿي سگهن ٿا، هڪ گهربل ڪوڊنگ نتيجي سان ۽ ٻيو بغير ان جي، جڏهن ته اولاد وٽ انهن مان ڪنهن هڪ کي ورثي ۾ حاصل ڪرڻ جو 50:50 امڪان هوندو آهي. جينياتي انجنيئرنگ غير گهربل جين جي وراثت کي روڪڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن سان ايندڙ نسلن ۾ گهربل جين وڌيڪ تيزيءَ سان پکڙجي ٿو.<ref name="GeneDrive" /> حياتياتي تنوع جي تحفظ جي مقصدن لاءِ جين ڊرائيوز کي The Genetic Biocontrol of Invasive Rodents پروگرام جي حصي طور جاچيو پيو وڃي، ڇاڪاڻ ته اهي روايتي حمله آور نسلن کي ختم ڪرڻ وارن طريقن جي ڀيٽ ۾ غير هدف نسلن لاءِ گهٽ خطري ۽ گهٽ خرچ جو امڪان پيش ڪن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geneticbiocontrol.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GBIRD-FactSheet-April-2018.pdf |title=GBIRd Fact Sheet |date=1 April 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018 }}</ref> عوامي ڀلائي لاءِ جين ڊرائيو تحقيق جي اهميت بابت آگاهي وڌائڻ لاءِ جين ڊرائيو تحقيق جو هڪ وسيع رابطا نيٽ ورڪ پڻ موجود آهي.<ref name="GeneDrive">{{cite web |url=https://genedrivenetwork.org |title=Mission & Principles Statement |date=1 July 2018 |access-date=14 November 2018 }}</ref> ڪجهه سائنسدانن کي خدشو آهي ته هي ٽيڪنڪ نسلن کي انهن جي اصل مقامي رهائشگاهن ۾ به ختم ڪري سگهي ٿي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/gene-drives-could-wipe-out-whole-populations-of-pests-in-one-fell-swoop-81681 |title='Gene drives' could wipe out whole populations of pests in one fell swoop |work=The Conversation|date=August 8, 2017 }}</ref> جين ۾ ميوٽيشن ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن سان اڻ ڏٺل مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا،<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.plos.org/dnascience/2017/11/30/an-argument-against-gene-drives-to-extinguish-new-zealand-mammals-life-finds-a-way/ |title=An Argument Against Gene Drives to Extinguish New Zealand Mammals: Life Finds a Way |work=Plos blogs |date=30 November 2017 }}</ref> يا اهو مقامي نسلن سان هائبرڊ ٺاهي سگهي ٿو.<ref name="NZ gene drive risks">{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Colin |url=https://www.odt.co.nz/opinion/risks-may-accompany-gene-drive-technology#comment-1086 |title=Risks may accompany gene drive technology |publisher=[[Otago Daily Times]] |date=17 October 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> ===حمله آور ٻوٽن جي اڳڪٿي=== غير مقامي ٻوٽن جي اثرن جي صحيح اڳڪٿي انتظام جو خاص طور اثرائتو طريقو ٿي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ ته غير مقامي ٻوٽن جي گهڻين نسلن جا تعارف ارادي طور ٿيندا آهن.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ööpik |first1=Merle |last2=Kukk |first2=Toomas |last3=Kull |first3=Kalevi |last4=Kull |first4=Tiiu |title=The importance of human mediation in species establishment: analysis of the alien flora of Estonia |journal=Boreal Environment Research |date=2008 |volume=13 |issue=Supplement A |pages=53–67 |hdl=10138/235238 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lehan |first1=Nora E. |last2=Murphy |first2=Julia R. |last3=Thorburn |first3=Lukas P. |last4=Bradley |first4=Bethany A. |title=Accidental introductions are an important source of invasive plants in the continental United States |journal=American Journal of Botany |date=July 2013 |volume=100 |issue=7 |pages=1287–1293 |doi=10.3732/ajb.1300061 |pmid=23825135 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Virtue |first1=J.G. |last2=Bennett |first2=Sarita |last3=Randall |first3=R.P. |chapter=Plant introductions in Australia: how can we resolve 'weedy' conflicts of interest?: Plant introductions in Australia: how can we resolve 'weedy' conflicts of interest? |pages=42–48 |s2cid=82300163 |editor1-last=Sindel |editor1-first=Brian Mark |editor2-last=Johnson |editor2-first=Stephen Barry |title=Weed Management: Balancing People, Planet, Profit: 14th Australian Weeds Conference: Papers & Proceedings |date=2004 |publisher=Weed Society of New South Wales |isbn=978-0-9752488-0-5 }}</ref> جڙي ٻوٽي خطري جا جائزا اهو اڳڪٿي ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش ڪن ٿا ته ڪنهن خاص ٻوٽي جا نئين ماحول ۾ ناڪاري اثر پوڻ جا امڪان ڪيترا آهن، ۽ اڪثر ان لاءِ معياري سوالنامو استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. حاصل ٿيندڙ مجموعي اسڪور کي انتظامي عمل سان ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ “تعارف کي روڪيو”.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Pheloung |first1=P.C. |last2=Williams |first2=P.A. |last3=Halloy |first3=S.R. |title=A weed risk assessment model for use as a biosecurity tool evaluating plant introductions |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=December 1999 |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=239–251 |doi=10.1006/jema.1999.0297 |bibcode=1999JEnvM..57..239P }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Koop |first1=Anthony L. |last2=Fowler |first2=Larry |last3=Newton |first3=Leslie P. |last4=Caton |first4=Barney P. |title=Development and validation of a weed screening tool for the United States |journal=Biological Invasions |date=February 2012 |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=273–294 |doi=10.1007/s10530-011-0061-4 |bibcode=2012BiInv..14..273K |s2cid=254280051 }}</ref> اهڙا جائزا عام طور جائزو ورتل نسل جي فزيالاجي،<ref name=":2" /> حياتياتي تاريخ،<ref name=":3" /> مقامي حدن،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pfadenhauer |first1=William G. |last2=Nelson |first2=Michael F. |last3=Laginhas |first3=Brit B. |last4=Bradley |first4=Bethany A. |title=Remember your roots: Biogeographic properties of plants' native habitats can inform invasive plant risk assessments |journal=Diversity and Distributions |date=January 2023 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1111/ddi.13639 |s2cid=253220107 |url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=oeb_grad_pubs |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023DivDi..29....4P }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504002140/https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=oeb_grad_pubs |date=2023-05-04 }}</ref> ۽ نسلي ارتقائي لاڳاپن بابت معلومات استعمال ڪن ٿا. هن طريقي جي اثرائتي بابت بحث موجود آهي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Doria R. |last2=Flory |first2=S. Luke |last3=Lieurance |first3=Deah |last4=Hulme |first4=Philip E. |last5=Buddenhagen |first5=Chris |last6=Caton |first6=Barney |last7=Champion |first7=Paul D. |last8=Culley |first8=Theresa M. |last9=Daehler |first9=Curt |last10=Essl |first10=Franz |last11=Hill |first11=Jeffrey E. |last12=Keller |first12=Reuben P. |last13=Kohl |first13=Lisa |last14=Koop |first14=Anthony L. |last15=Kumschick |first15=Sabrina |last16=Lodge |first16=David M. |last17=Mack |first17=Richard N. |last18=Meyerson |first18=Laura A. |last19=Pallipparambil |first19=Godshen R. |last20=Panetta |first20=F. Dane |last21=Porter |first21=Read |last22=Pyšek |first22=Petr |last23=Quinn |first23=Lauren D. |last24=Richardson |first24=David M. |last25=Simberloff |first25=Daniel |last26=Vilà |first26=Montserrat |display-authors=6 |title=Weed Risk Assessments Are an Effective Component of Invasion Risk Management |journal=Invasive Plant Science and Management |date=March 2016 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=81–83 |doi=10.1614/IPSM-D-15-00053.1 |bibcode=2016IPSM....9...81G |s2cid=86276601 |hdl=10019.1/116927 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Philip E. |title=Weed risk assessment: a way forward or a waste of time?: Weed risk assessment: a way forward or waste of time? |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |date=February 2012 |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=10–19 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02069.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> ===حمله آور جانورن جي اڳڪٿي=== حمله آور ڌاريون جانورن جون نسلون انساني ڀلائي ۽ حياتياتي تنوع تي سنگين اثر وجهي سگهن ٿيون. انهن اثرن کي گهٽائڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ انتظامي قدمن جي بنياد ۾ هڪ درجي وار طريقو هوندو آهي، جيڪو حمله آور نسلن جي انتظام کان وٺي ابتدائي خبرداري ۽ تڪڙي جواب ذريعي حملي جي روڪٿام تائين پکڙيل هوندو آهي.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Bertolino |first1=Sandro |last2=Sciandra |first2=Chiara |last3=Bosso |first3=Luciano |last4=Russo |first4=Danilo |last5=Lurz |first5=Peter W.W. |last6=Di Febbraro |first6=Mirko |date=2020 |title=Spatially explicit models as tools for implementing effective management strategies for invasive alien mammals |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/mam.12185 |journal=Mammal Review |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=187–199 |doi=10.1111/mam.12185 |bibcode=2020MamRv..50..187B |issn=1365-2907|hdl=2318/1737199 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shackleton |first1=Ross T. |last2=Shackleton |first2=Charlie M. |last3=Kull |first3=Christian A. |date=2019-01-01 |title=The role of invasive alien species in shaping local livelihoods and human well-being: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479718305267 |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |series=The human and social dimensions of invasion science and management |volume=229 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.007 |pmid=30049620 |bibcode=2019JEnvM.229..145S |hdl=10019.1/122761 |issn=0301-4797|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pejchar |first1=Liba |last2=Mooney |first2=Harold A. |date=2009-09-01 |title=Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being |url=https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(09)00176-1 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |language=English |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=497–504 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.016 |issn=0169-5347 |pmid=19577817|bibcode=2009TEcoE..24..497P |url-access=subscription }}</ref> هن وقت حمله آور ٿڻائتن جانورن بابت ٿوري تحقيق ۾ جڳهائي طور واضح ماڊل استعمال ڪيا ويا آهن، ۽ انهن مان گهڻين تحقيقن رڳو ٿورين نسلن جو جائزو ورتو آهي. گهڻي تحقيق عالمي جاگرافيائي علائقن جي موزونيت يا اڳ ئي قائم ٿيل نسلن جي وڌيڪ پکڙجڻ جي امڪان کي جانچڻ لاءِ آبهوا جي مطابقت استعمال ڪئي آهي. انهن نسلن لاءِ، جيڪي اڃا قائم نه ٿيون آهن پر ٿيڻ جي اميد رکيون وڃن ٿيون، ماڊلنگ ٽيڪنڪون قائم ٿيڻ جي خطري جو جائزو وٺڻ لاءِ مددگار اوزار ٿي سگهن ٿيون؛ بهرحال، ٿڻائتن جانورن لاءِ اهڙي قسم جون تحقيقون گهڻيون موجود ناهن.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bender |first1=Emily M. |last2=Gebru |first2=Timnit |last3=McMillan-Major |first3=Angelina |last4=Shmitchell |first4=Shmargaret |chapter=On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models be Too Big? 🦜 |date=2021-03-01 |title=Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency |series=FAccT '21 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=610–623 |doi=10.1145/3442188.3445922 |isbn=978-1-4503-8309-7|doi-access=free }}</ref> ===حمله آور نسلن کي اصل ملڪ ڏانهن واپس موڪلڻ=== 2025ع ۾ تاريخ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو [[اسڪاٽلينڊ]] جي [[هيبرڊيز]] ۾ هڪ حمله آور نسل کي ان ملڪ ڏانهن واپس موڪلڻ جو منصوبو شروع ڪيو ويو، جتان اها آئي هئي. [[هيج هاگ]]، جيڪي “برطانيا جي مين لينڊ جا مقامي” آهن، ڏهاڪن اڳ انهن ٻيٽن تي باغن جي نقصانڪار جاندارن سان مقابلي لاءِ آندا ويا هئا، پر ان تعارف زمين تي آکيرا ٺاهيندڙ پکين کي سخت نقصان پهچايو. اختيارين فيصلو ڪيو ته انهن کي واپس مين لينڊ ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو وڃي، جنهن سان پکين جي مدد ٿيندي ۽ هيج هاگن کي نقصان نه پهچندو.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliards |first1=Xander |title=Hedgehogs to be evicted from Scottish island in world-first trial |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/25075393.hedgehogs-evicted-scottish-island-world-first-trial/ |access-date=10 April 2025 |agency=The National |date=9 April 2025}}</ref> ===حڪومتي ضابطا=== حڪومتي ضابطا حمله آور نسلن جي خاتمي جو ٻيو طريقو مهيا ڪن ٿا. فلوريڊا فش اينڊ وائلڊ لائيف ڪميشن (FWC) [[فلوريڊا]] جي پاڻيءَ مان [[لائن فش]] کي هٽائڻ لاءِ مقابلا اسپانسر ڪري ٿي.<ref name=":6" /> هن چئلينج ۾ غوطه خورن کي ان بنياد تي انعام ڏنا وڃن ٿا ته هر مقابلي ڪندڙ ڪيتريون لائن فش ڪاميابيءَ سان هٽائي ٿو. ساڳي طرح، FWC مقامي فلوريڊا واسين کي همٿائي ٿي ته اهي حمله آور [[سائو ايگوانا|سائي ايگوانا]] گڏ ڪري مقامي سرڪاري سهولتن حوالي ڪن.<ref name=":7" /> جڏهن رياست ۾ ٿڌ جون لهرون اچن ٿيون ته اهي غير مقامي ڪرڙيون اڪثر ڄمي يا بيهوش ٿي وڃن ٿيون، جنهن سبب انهن کي گڏ ڪرڻ آسان ٿي وڃي ٿو. FWC سائي ايگوانائن جي آبادي سان مقابلي لاءِ سڄو سال انهن کي مارڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿي.<ref name=":9" /> [[ٽيڪساس]] رياست [[جهنگلي سور]]ن کي حمله آور نسل قرار ڏئي ٿي. ان ڪري انهن سورن جو [[شڪار]] سڄو سال ٽيڪساس حڪومت طرفان اجازت يافته ۽ گهڻو همٿايل آهي. ٽيڪساس رياستي حڪومت بيان ڪيل طريقن ۾ [[ڦاسائڻ]]، واڙ ۾ بند ڪرڻ، هوائي فائرنگ، يعني هيليڪاپٽرن ۾ سوار ماڻهن طرفان وڏي طاقت واري رائفلن سان فائرنگ، ۽ [[پير کڻندڙ ڪتو|پير کڻندڙ ڪتن]] جو استعمال شامل ڪري ٿي.<ref name=":10" /> ٽيڪساس ۾ ڪيترائي مقامي حڪومتون پڻ انعامي رقمون ڏين ٿيون، جيڪي شڪارين کي جهنگلي سورن جي آباديءَ تي دٻاءُ وڌائڻ لاءِ همٿائين ٿيون.<ref name=":11" /> [[آئيڊاهو]] رياست [[والي آئي]] کي پنهنجي پاڻيءَ ۾ حمله آور نسل قرار ڏئي ٿي. اهي شڪاري مڇيون مقامي آبي آبادين لاءِ خطرو آهن. آئيڊاهو فش اينڊ گيم جا عملدار [[مڇي ماريندڙ]]ن کي سختيءَ سان همٿائين ٿا ته اهي سڄو سال پڪڙيل والي آئي کي حاصل ڪن، ۽ مقدار يا ماپ بابت ڪا حد لاڳو نه آهي.<ref name=":12" /> ساڳي طرح، انڊيانا ڊپارٽمينٽ آف نيچرل ريسورسز تيرهن مڇي نسلن، جن ۾ [[بگ هيڊ ڪارپ]] ۽ [[واڪنگ ڪيٽ فش]] شامل آهن، کي انڊيانا جي پاڻيءَ لاءِ حمله آور قرار ڏئي ٿو ۽ مڇي ماريندڙن کي Exotic Fish Rule جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪندڙ نه ٿو سمجهي، رڳو ان صورت ۾ جڏهن اهي مڇيون پڪڙجڻ کان پوءِ فوراً ماريون وڃن.<ref name=":13" /> ==حمله آور نسلن واري بحث تي تنقيدون== جانورن کي حمله آور نسل طور هٽائڻ ۽ درجي بندي ڪرڻ جو عمل تڪرار کان خالي ناهي. ڪيترين [[جانورن جي ڀلائي]] وارين تحريڪن حمله آور نسلن جي خاتمي کان روڪڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي آهي. انهن ڪارڪنن لاءِ اختلاف جو اهم نڪتو خاتمي جي عمل دوران حمله آور نسلن سان ٿيندڙ سلوڪ آهي. اهي حامي دليل ڏين ٿا ته حمله آور نسل سان لاڳاپيل بدنامي بظاهر ان خيال تي حاوي ٿي وڃي ٿي ته سڀ جانور زنده جاندار آهن، جيڪي عزت ۽ سنڀال جا حقدار آهن.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Detailed Discussion of the Ethical Treatment of Invasive Species {{!}} Animal Legal & Historical Center |url=https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussion-ethical-treatment-invasive-species |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=www.animallaw.info}}</ref> اهي ڪارڪن تسليم ڪن ٿا ته حمله آور نسلون هر [[قدرتي آفت]] جي گڏيل نقصان کان وڌيڪ معاشي ۽ ماحولياتي نقصان پهچائين ٿيون، پر انهن جي نظر ۾ هٽائڻ جو عمل گهڻو ڪري [[اخلاقيات|غير اخلاقي]] ۽ [[ظلم|ظالماڻو]] آهي.<ref name=":14" /> ٻيا [[جانورن جي حقن جي تحريڪ|جانورن جي حقن جا ڪارڪن]] ڪنهن نسل کي حمله آور قرار ڏيڻ جي خيال کي ئي رد ڪن ٿا. انهن ڪارڪنن جو موقف آهي ته ڪنهن نسل کي “حمله آور” جو ليبل ڏيڻ غلط [[امتياز]] آهي، جيڪو انهن جاندارن تي منظم تشدد جي اجازت ڏئي ٿو.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Abbate |first1=C.E. |last2=Fischer |first2=Bob |date=2019-10-27 |title=Don't Demean "Invasives": Conservation and Wrongful Species Discrimination |journal=Animals |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=871 |doi=10.3390/ani9110871 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-2615 |pmc=6912556 |pmid=31717868}}</ref> جانورن جي حقن جي هن ڌاري جا حامي چون ٿا ته حمله آور نسلن جي ليبلنگ بنيادي طور من ماني آهي ۽ [[اسپيشيزم]] کي جاري رکي ٿي؛ اهو اصطلاح [[پيٽر سنگر]] ٺاهيو هو، جنهن سان “اهڙي غلط عقيدي” کي بيان ڪيو ويو ته هڪ نسل ٻي نسل کان وڌيڪ اهم آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-09 |title=What Is Speciesism and How You Can Overcome It |url=https://www.peta.org/features/what-is-speciesism/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=PETA |language=en-US}}</ref> هڪ دفعو ڪا نسل قانوني طور حمله آور قرار ڏني وڃي ٿي ته اهي جانور اڪثر ظلم مخالف قانونن جي تحفظ کان محروم ٿي وڃن ٿا، ۽ انهن نسلن جون غير انساني ماريون، جهڙوڪ [[آسٽريليا ۾ ڪين ٽوڊ]]، عام ٿي وڃن ٿيون.<ref name=":15" /> سائنسدانن، [[ماحوليات|ماحوليات جي ماهرن]] ۽ جانورن جي ڀلائي جي ڪارڪنن جو وڌندڙ حلقو انهن نسلن لاءِ “حمله آور” اصطلاح استعمال ڪرڻ بابت خبردار ڪري ٿو، جيڪي نون [[ماحولي نظام]]ن ڏانهن لڏي رهيون آهن. سائنسدان ٻڌائين ٿا ته [[آبهوا جي تبديلي]] سبب [[اڇي پڇ وارو هرڻ]]، [[آرماڊلو]]، [[لابسٽر]]، [[Acanthina|يونيڪارن سنيل]] ۽ حتيٰ [[ميپل]] وڻ به وڌيڪ گرم گرمي پد کان بچڻ لاءِ نون ماحولي نظامن ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ لڳا آهن.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Bolotnikova |first=Marina |date=2021-11-28 |title=It's time to stop demonizing "invasive" species |url=https://www.vox.com/down-to-earth/22796160/invasive-species-climate-change-range-shifting |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref> انهن نسلن کي حمله آور قرار ڏيڻ بدران، هي حلقو چوي ٿو ته انهن جانورن کي [[پناهگير]]ن طور قبول ڪرڻ گهرجي.<ref name=":16" /> “حمله آور” اصطلاح انهن نسلن کي جنگ جي دشمنن سان ڀيٽي ٿو، جنهن سان بي گناهه جانورن جي زندگي ۽ ڀلائي بابت عوامي تصور بگڙي وڃي ٿو. ==پڻ ڏسو== * موسمياتي تبديلي ۽ ناگوار نسل * ڪالونائيزيشن (حياتيات) * ٻج پکيڙڻ ==خارجي لنڪس== * [https://www.naisn.org/ North American Invasive Species Network], a consortium that uses a coordinated network to advance science-based understanding and enhance management of non-native, invasive species. * [https://www.nonnativespecies.org/ Great Britain Non-native Species Secretariat (NNNS) website] * [https://www.cabi.org/ISC/ CABI Invasive Species Compendium], an encyclopaedic resource of scientific information * [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/ Invasive Species], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110406095350/http://issg.org/database/welcome/ Invasive Species Specialist Group] – Global Invasive Species Database * [http://www.hear.org/pier/ Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk] project * [http://www.invadingspecies.com/ invadingspecies.com] of the [[Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources]] and [[Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters]] * [https://www.fisheriesireland.ie/what-we-do/research/research-theme-invasive-species Aquatic invasive species in Ireland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509031720/https://www.fisheriesireland.ie/what-we-do/research/research-theme-invasive-species |date=2023-05-09 }}, Inland Fisheries Ireland * [http://ias.biodiversity.be/ Invasive alien species in Belgium] Belgian Forum on Invasive Species (BFIS) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Invasive Species}} [[Category:Invasive species| ]] [[Category:Environmental conservation]] [[Category:Environmental terminology]] [[Category:Forest pathology]] [[Category:Habitat]] [[Category:Pest control]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:حملو ڪندڙ نوعون]] [[زمرو:ماحوليات]] [[زمرو:ماحولياتي مسئلا]] [[زمرو:ماحولياتي اصطلاحون]] 9d43jnrrj13kgzwxfxdvp1irq73f13o 0 88707 390268 350542 2026-07-01T01:25:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Areas protected for having ecological or cultural importance}} [[File:Protected areas by percentage per country.svg|thumb|upright=2.35|هر ملڪ جي سيڪڙي حصي سان، جيڪو تحفظ هيٺ آهي، دنيا جو نقشو (<small>2005 data</small>) {{legend|#000000|0–3.9% of the country is protected}}{{legend|#800003|3.9–11.3% protected}}{{legend|#d40000|11.3–22.7% protected}}{{legend|#f3b113|22.7–41.8% protected}}{{legend|#fffd61|41.8–72.3% protected}}{{legend|#e0e0e0|No data}}]] [[File:Share of important terrerstrial biodiversity sites that are protected, OWID.svg|thumb|سال '''<small>2018</small>ع''' تائين اهم زميني حياتياتي تنوع وارن علائقن جو حصو، جيڪو تحفظ هيٺ آهي.|220x220px]] '''محفوظ علائقا''' (Protected Areas) يا تحفظ وارا علائقا اهي هنڌ آهن جيڪا انهن جي تسليم ٿيل قدرتي يا ثقافتي قدرن جي ڪري، تحفظ حاصل ڪن ٿا. محفوظ علائقا اهي علائقا آهن، جتي انساني موجودگي يا قدرتي وسيلن (مثال طور ڪاٺ، ٻيلن جي ٻئي شيئن، پاڻي، وغيره) جو استحصال محدود آهي.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> "محفوظ علائقو" جي اصطلاح ۾ [[سامونڊي محفوظ علائقو|سامونڊي محفوظ علائقا]] ۽ ڪيترن ئي سرحدن جي پار سرحد پار محفوظ علائقا پڻ شامل آهن. 2016 تائين، 161,000 کان وڌيڪ محفوظ علائقا آهن جيڪي دنيا جي زميني مٿاڇري واري علائقي جو تقريباً 17 سيڪڙو نمائندگي ڪن ٿا (انٽارڪٽيڪا کانسواءِ).<ref name="PPR16">{{cite web|url=https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902060339/https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-02 |url-status=live|title=Protected Planet Report 2016|publisher=UNEP-WCMC and IUCN|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Soutullo|first=Alvaro|date=2010|title=Extent of the Global Network of Terrestrial Protected Areas|journal=Conservation Biology|language=en|volume=24|issue=2|pages=362–363|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01465.x|pmid=20491846|bibcode=2010ConBi..24..362. |s2cid=32390446|issn=1523-1739}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Products/ProgressReports.htm/|title=unstats - Millennium Indicators|access-date=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927112249/https://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Products%2FProgressReports.htm%2F|archive-date=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="MoraAndSale2011">{{cite journal |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m434p251.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911180618/http://www.int-res.com/articles/theme/m434p251.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-11 |url-status=live | author=Mora C, Sale P | year=2011 | title=Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea | journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series | volume = 434 | pages = 251–266 | doi=10.3354/meps09214| bibcode=2011MEPS..434..251M | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="PR">{{Cite web |title=Protected Planet Report 2020 |url=https://livereport.protectedplanet.net/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Protected Planet Report 2020}}</ref> اندروني پاڻي کان ٻاهر قومي اختيار هيٺ پاڻي لاءِ، 14,688 سامونڊي محفوظ علائقا (MPAs) آهن، جيڪي تقريبن %10.2 ساحلي ۽ سامونڊي علائقن ۽ %4.12 عالمي سامونڊي علائقن کي ڍڪيندا آهن. ان جي ابتڙ، قومي اختيار کان ٻاهر دنيا جي سمنڊن جو صرف %0.25 سامونڊي محفوظ علائقا پاران ڍڪيل آهن.<ref name="PPR162">{{cite web|url=https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902060339/https://wdpa.s3.amazonaws.com/Protected_Planet_Reports/2445%20Global%20Protected%20Planet%202016_WEB.pdf|archive-date=2016-09-02|url-status=live|title=Protected Planet Report 2016|publisher=UNEP-WCMC and IUCN|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> تازو سالن ۾، 30 بائي 30 جي شروعات 2030 تائين دنيا جي %30 سامونڊي علائقي ۽ %30 زميني علائقي کي بچائڻ جو مقصد رکيو آهي؛ هي يورپي يونين پاران 2030 لاءِ پنهنجي حياتياتي تنوع جي حڪمت عملي، فطرت لاءِ مهم ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو آهي؛ جنهن حياتياتي تنوع جي ڪنوينشن جي COP15 سربراهي اجلاس <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L|issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ۽ G7 دوران مقصد کي فروغ ڏنو.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L|issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ڊسمبر 2022 ۾، قومون COP15 ۾ ڪنمنگ-مونٽريال گلوبل حياتياتي تنوع فريم ورڪ سان هڪ معاهدي تي پهتيون آهن، <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L|issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> جنهن ۾ 30 بائي 30 جي شروعات شامل آهي. محفوظ علائقا اڪثر ڪري حياتياتي تنوع جي تحفظ لاءِ لاڳو ڪيا ويندا آهن. خطري ۾ پيل ۽ خطري ۾ پيل نسلن جي شڪار کان رهائش ۽ تحفظ فراهم ڪندا آهن. تحفظ ماحولياتي عملن کي برقرار رکڻ ۾ مدد ڪري ٿو جيڪي تمام گهڻي شدت سان منظم ٿيل نظارن ۽ سامونڊي منظرن ۾ زنده نه رهي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L|issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> مقامي ماڻهو ۽ مقامي برادريون قلعي جي تحفظ جي هن طريقي تي اڪثر تنقيد ڪن ٿيون عام طور تي تشدد واري عملن لاءِ جنهن ذريعي علائقن جا ضابطا لاڳو ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lele|first1=Sharachchandra|author-link=Sharachchandra Lele|last2=Wilshusen|first2=Peter|last3=Brockington|first3=Dan|last4=Seidler|first4=Reinmar|last5=Bawa|first5=Kamaljit|author-link5=Kamaljit S. Bawa|date=1 May 2010|title=Beyond exclusion: alternative approaches to biodiversity conservation in the developing tropics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187734351000014X|journal=Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=1|pages=94–100|doi=10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.006|bibcode=2010COES....2...94L|issn=1877-3435|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==IUCN جي تعريف== ==قدرتي وسيلن جو تحفظ== ==حياتي تنوع جو تحفظ== حياتي تنوع جي تحفظ لاءِ محفوظ علائقن جي اثرائتي جو اندازو وقت سان آبادي جي تبديلين جي مقابلي سان لڳائي سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي تجزيي مان معلوم ٿيو ته 2,239 زميني فقريدار آبادي جي گهڻائي محفوظ علائقن ۾ سست رفتاري سان تبديل ٿي. سراسري طور تي، فقريدار آبادي محفوظ علائقن ۾ پنج ڀيرا وڌيڪ سستي سان گهٽجي وئي (−0.4٪ في سال) ساڳئي هنڌن تي جيڪي تحفظ جي کوٽ آهن (−1.8٪ في سال). ==ماحولياتي نظام جي خدمتن جو تحفظ== == IUCN محفوظ علائقو== ==انتظامي زمرا== ==تاريخ== ==حياتياتي تنوع تي ڪنوينشن== ==چئلينجز== ==اثرائتو== ==ڀوٽان هڪ رول ماڊل جي حيثيت سان== ==علائقي جي لحاظ کان== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|Ecology|Environment|ماحوليات|ماحول}} * [[ماحوليات]] * [[قومي پارڪ]] * [[سامونڊي محفوظ علائقو]] ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{commons category|Protected areas}} *[https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/12 WDPA dataset on Ocean Data Viewer] *[http://www.protectedplanet.net/ ProtectedPlanet.net] *[https://www.campaignfornature.org/ Campaign For Nature] – campaigns for protecting at least 30% of the planet by 2030 *[http://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ DOPA, a Digital Observatory for Protected Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105235352/http://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ |date=2017-01-05 }} *[[United Nations Environment Programme]] [[World Conservation Monitoring Center]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110423090002/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected-areas_24.html Protected Areas Programme] *IUCN [https://www.iucn.org/commissions/world-commission-protected-areas World Commission on Protected Areas] *IUCN [https://web.archive.org/web/20110423122853/http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/pa/ Global Protected Area Programme] *2010 [[Biodiversity Indicators Partnership]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183211/http://www.bipindicators.net/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=%2FhhIAj1beBo%3D&tabid=98 Indicator Factsheet: Management Effectiveness of Protected Areas] *[http://www.biodiversitya-z.org/ A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance] * [http://uc.socioambiental.org/ Brazilian Amazon Protected areas – Instituto Socioambiental] {{Protected areas by country or territory}}{{Conservation of species}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Protected Area}} [[زمرو:محفوظ علائقا]] [[زمرو:ڌرتي جي ايراضي جو استعمال]] 2zxv4e9vwm3x1xvkg0metml8ooszel4 0 90009 390266 389813 2026-07-01T00:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390266 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kolbenluftpumpe hg.jpg|thumb|300x300px|ويڪيوم تجربن لاءِ [[ويڪيوم پمپ]] ۽ [[بيل جار]]، جيڪي ويهين صديءَ جي شروعات ۾ سائنس جي تعليم ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا. هي اوزار [[بريمرهافن]]، جرمني جي Schulhistorische Sammlung ('اسڪول تاريخي عجائب گهر') ۾ رکيل آهن.]] '''خال''' (Vacuum) يا '''ويڪيوم''' مان مراد اهڙي جڳھ آهي جيڪا [[مادو|مادي]] کان پاڪ هجي. هي لفظ لاطيني ٻوليءَ جي لفظ 'ويڪس' مان نڪتل آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "خالي" يا "ويران". عملي طور تي، اهڙي جڳهه جتي گئس جو دٻاءُ وايومينڊل جي دٻاءُ (ايٽماسفيئرڪ پريشر) کان تمام گهٽ هجي، ان کي خال چيو ويندو آهي.<ref name="chambers">{{cite book |first=Austin |last=Chambers |date=2004 |title=Modern Vacuum Physics |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton |isbn=978-0-8493-2438-3 |oclc=55000526}}{{page needed|date=May 2013}}</ref>. جزوي ويڪيوم جي ''معيار'' مان مراد اها آهي ته اهو مڪمل ويڪيوم جي ڪيترو ويجهو آهي. ٻين سڀني حالتن کي ساڳيو فرض ڪندي، گئس جو گهٽ [[دٻاءُ]] وڌيڪ اعليٰ معيار واري ويڪيوم کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو. مثال طور، عام [[ويڪيوم ڪلينر]] ايتري [[چوسڻ]] پيدا ڪري ٿو، جو هوا جو دٻاءُ لڳ ڀڳ 20 سيڪڙو گهٽجي وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Jeff |date=2005 |isbn=978-1-59486-274-8 |page=97 |title=Speed cleaning |publisher=Rodale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqegeIz9dyQC&pg=PA97}} Note that 1 inch of water is ≈0.0025&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]].</ref> پر ان کان به وڌيڪ اعليٰ معيار جا ويڪيوم ممڪن آهن. [[انتہائی اعليٰ ويڪيوم]] (Ultra-high vacuum) وارا چيمبر، جيڪي ڪيميا، طبيعيات ۽ انجنيئرنگ ۾ عام آهن، فضائي دٻاءُ جي هڪ کربين حصي (10⁻¹²) کان به گهٽ (100&nbsp;nPa) تي هلن ٿا ۽ تقريباً 100 ذرڙا في ڪعبي سينٽي ميٽر تائين پهچي سگهن ٿا.<ref name=Gabrielse /> [[خلائي جڳهه]] ان کان به وڌيڪ اعليٰ معيار جي ويڪيوم آهي، جتي ڪهڪشائن جي وچ واري جڳهه ۾ سراسري طور في ڪعبي ميٽر فقط چند هائيڊروجن جا ايٽم موجود هوندا آهن.<ref name=tadokoro> {{cite journal | last=Tadokoro | first=M. | title=A Study of the Local Group by Use of the Virial Theorem | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan | volume=20 | page=230 | date=1968 | issue=3 | doi=10.1093/pasj/20.3.230 | bibcode=1968PASJ...20..230T | hdl=2433/213521 | hdl-access=free }} This source estimates a density of {{val|7|e=-29|u=g/cm³}} for the [[Local Group]]. A [[Dalton (unit)|dalton]] is {{val|1.66|e=-24|u=g}}, for roughly 40 atoms per cubic meter.</ref> ويڪيوم قديم [[قديم يونان]] جي زماني کان فلسفيانه بحث جو اهم موضوع رهيو آهي، پر ان جو عملي ۽ تجربي جي بنياد تي اڀياس سترهين صديءَ کان اڳ نه ٿيو. [[ڪليمينس ٽمپلر]] (1605ع) ننڍين نلين ۾ ويڪيوم پيدا ڪرڻ جي تجربي واري امڪان بابت فلسفيانه خيال پيش ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jörg Hüttner & Martin Walter (Ed.) |title=Clemens Timpler: Physicae seu philosophiae naturalis systema methodicum. Pars prima; complectens physicam generalem. |publisher=Hildesheim / Zürich / New York: Georg Olms Verlag |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-487-16076-4 |pages=28–37}}</ref> [[ايوانجليسٽا ٽوريسيلي]] 1643ع ۾ پهريون ڀيرو ليبارٽري ۾ ويڪيوم پيدا ڪيو، ۽ ان کان پوءِ فضائي دٻاءُ بابت سندس نظرين جي بنياد تي ٻيون به ڪيترين ئي تجربي وارين طريقن جي ترقي ٿي. ٽوريسيلي ويڪيوم ان ريت تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو هڪ ڊگهي شيشي جي نلي، جيڪا هڪ پاسي کان بند هوندي آهي، پارو سان ڀري پوءِ ان کي پارو ڀريل ٿانوَ ۾ اونڌو ڪيو ويندو آهي (هيٺ ڏسو).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT3 ''How to Make an Experimental Geissler Tube''], [[Popular Science]] monthly, February 1919, Unnumbered page. Bonnier Corporation</ref> ويهين صديءَ ۾ [[برقي بلب]] ۽ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] جي ايجاد سان ويڪيوم هڪ اهم صنعتي اوزار بڻجي ويو، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ويڪيوم سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترين ئي ٽيڪنالاجين جي ترقي ٿي. [[انساني خلائي سفر]] جي ترقي سان ويڪيوم جي انساني صحت ۽ عام حياتياتي جاندارن تي اثرن بابت دلچسپي پڻ وڌي وئي. ==اشتقاق== لفظ '''ويڪيوم''' لاطيني ٻوليءَ جي لفظ '''خالي جڳهه، ويران هنڌ''' مان نڪتل آهي، جيڪو لفظ ويڪوس''vacuus'' جي غيرجانبدار (نيوٽر) اسم واري صورت آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ "خالي" آهي. هي لفظ لاطيني فعل ويڪيئر''vacare'' سان پڻ لاڳاپيل آهي، جنهن جي معنيٰ آهي "خالي هئڻ". '''ويڪيوم''' انگريزي ٻوليءَ جي انهن ٿورن لفظن مان هڪ آهي، جن ۾ حرف علت ''[[u]]'' ٻه ڀيرا لڳاتار (''uu'') اچي ٿو.<ref name=double_u>{{cite web | title=What words in the English language contain two u's in a row? | website=Oxford Dictionaries Online | url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/what-words-in-the-english-language-contain-two-u-s-in-a-row/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808104345/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/explore/what-words-in-the-english-language-contain-two-u-s-in-a-row/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 8, 2018 | access-date=2011-10-23 }}</ref> ==تاريخي سمجهاڻي== تاريخي طور تي هن ڳالهه تي گهڻو اختلاف رهيو آهي ته ڇا ويڪيوم جهڙي ڪا شيءِ واقعي موجود ٿي سگهي ٿي يا نه. قديم [[يوناني فلسفو|يوناني فيلسوفن]] [[ايٽم ازم]] جي حوالي سان ويڪيوم يا خال جي وجود تي بحث ڪيو، جنهن موجب خال ۽ [[ايٽم]] طبيعيات جي بنيادي وضاحتي عنصرن مان هئا. [[لوڪريشيس]] پهرين صدي قبل مسيح ۾ ويڪيوم جي وجود جي حمايت ڪئي، جڏهن ته [[هيرو آف اليگزينڊريا]] پهرين صدي عيسويءَ ۾ مصنوعي ويڪيوم پيدا ڪرڻ جي ناڪام ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref name="genz">{{cite book |last=Genz |first=Henning |title=Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space |date=1994 |publisher=Perseus Book Publishing |isbn=978-0-7382-0610-3 |edition= |place=New York |publication-date=1999 |oclc=48836264}}</ref> تنهن هوندي به [[افلاطون]] کان پوءِ، بنا ڪنهن خاصيت واري خال جي مجرد تصور بابت به سخت شڪ ظاهر ڪيو ويو. دليل ڏنو ويو ته اهڙو خال حواسن سان محسوس نٿو ڪري سگهجي، اهو پنهنجي برابر جسماني جڳهه کان وڌيڪ ڪا وضاحتي طاقت نٿو رکي، ۽ تعريف موجب اهو بلڪل "ڪجهه به نه" آهي، جنهن کي موجود شيءِ نٿو چئي سگهجي. [[ارسطو]] جو خيال هو ته فطرت ۾ ويڪيوم پيدا ٿي ئي نٿو سگهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڀرپاسي جو وڌيڪ ڳاٽو مادو فوري طور تي هر اهڙي خالي جڳهه کي ڀري ڇڏيندو. پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[ارسطو جي طبيعيات|طبيعيات]]'' جي چوٿين جلد ۾ ارسطو ويڪيوم جي خلاف ڪيترائي دليل ڏنا. مثال طور، هن چيو ته جيڪڏهن ڪا حرڪت اهڙي وچولي ۾ ٿئي، جيڪا ڪا رڪاوٽ نه وجهي، ته اها نظرياتي طور هميشه جاري رهي سگهي ٿي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڪنهن خاص هنڌ تي بيهڻ جو ڪو سبب نه هوندو. وچئين دور جي [[اسلامي دنيا]] ۾ طبيعيات جي ماهر ۽ [[اسلامي عالم]] [[الفارابي]] ڏهين صديءَ ۾ هڪ رسالو لکي ويڪيوم جي وجود کي رد ڪيو.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://seop.illc.uva.nl/entries/al-farabi/|year=2016|last=Druart|first=Therese-Anne|title=al-Farabi|encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition= Winter 2021 |access-date= 2022-10-25}}</ref> سندس نتيجو هو ته هوا پنهنجو حجم وڌائي موجود جڳهه کي ڀري سگهي ٿي، تنهنڪري مڪمل ويڪيوم جو تصور غير منطقي آهي.<ref>{{Citation |last=McGinnis |first=Jon |title=Arabic and Islamic Natural Philosophy and Natural Science |date=2022 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/arabic-islamic-natural/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2022 |access-date=2022-08-11}}.</ref> [[احمد دلال]] موجب، [[ابوريحان البيروني]] لکيو ته "اهڙو ڪو مشاهدي وارو ثبوت موجود ناهي، جيڪو ويڪيوم جي امڪان کي رد ڪري".<ref name=Dallal>{{cite web|first=Ahmad|last=Dallal|date=2001–2002|title=The Interplay of Science and Theology in the Fourteenth-century Kalam|publisher=From Medieval to Modern in the Islamic World, Sawyer Seminar at the [[University of Chicago]]|url=http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/sawyer/archive/islam/dallal.html|access-date=2008-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210094416/http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/institute/sawyer/archive/islam/dallal.html|archive-date=2012-02-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[چوسڻ]] وارو [[پمپ]] تيرهين صديءَ ۾ عرب انجنيئر [[الجزري]] بيان ڪيو، جيڪو بعد ۾ پندرهين صديءَ کان يورپ ۾ به ظاهر ٿيو.<ref name="Hill2">[[Donald Routledge Hill]], "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East", ''Scientific American'', May 1991, pp. 64–69 ([[cf.]] [[Donald Routledge Hill]], [http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm Mechanical Engineering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm|date=2007-12-25}}).</ref><ref>[[Donald Routledge Hill]] (1996), ''A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times'', [[Routledge]], pp. 143, 150–152.</ref> تيرهين ۽ چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ يورپي [[مدرسي فلسفو|مدرسي عالمن]] جهڙوڪ [[راجر بيڪن]]، [[بليسيئس آف پارما]] ۽ [[والٽر برلي]] ويڪيوم جي [[تصور]] بابت گهري بحث ڪئي. ان وقت عام خيال هو ته فطرت ويڪيوم کان نفرت ڪري ٿي، جنهن کي ''[[horror vacui (physics)|horror vacui]]'' چيو ويندو هو. ايتري قدر جو اهو به بحث ٿيو ته جيڪڏهن خدا چاهي ته ڇا هو ويڪيوم پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو يا نه. 1277ع ۾ [[بشپ]] [[ايتيئن ٽيمپيئر]] جي [[پيرس جي مذمتي فيصلن]] کان پوءِ، جن ۾ خدا جي قدرت تي ڪا حد مقرر ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو ويو، اهو نتيجو ڪڍيو ويو ته خدا جي مرضي هجي ته هو ويڪيوم پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref name="Barrow">{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=John D. |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofnothingvac0000barr |title=The Book of Nothing: Vacuums, Voids, and the Latest Ideas about the Origins of the Universe |date=2000 |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=978-0-09-928845-9 |edition=1st American |location=New York |oclc=46600561 |author-link=John D. Barrow |url-access=registration}}</ref> چوڏهين صديءَ کان پوءِ ڪيترن ئي عالمن ارسطو جي نظريي کان هٽي اهو تسليم ڪيو ته ڪائنات جي حدن کان ٻاهر هڪ [[مافوق الفطرت]] خال موجود آهي. [[رواقي طبيعيات]] جي اثر هيٺ هن خيال فطري ۽ مذهبي معاملن کي هڪ ٻئي کان ڌار ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي.<ref name="Barrow2002">{{cite book |first=J.D. |last=Barrow |date=2002 |title=The Book of Nothing: Vacuums, Voids, and the Latest Ideas About the Origins of the Universe |series=Vintage Series |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0-375-72609-5 |lccn=00058894 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sU_K0wbBeugC&pg=PA77 |pages=71–72, 77}}</ref> افلاطون کان لڳ ڀڳ ٻه هزار سال پوءِ [[ريني ڊيڪارٽ]] پڻ ايٽم ازم جي هڪ [[جاميٽري]] تي ٻڌل متبادل نظريي پيش ڪيو، جنهن ۾ ويڪيوم ۽ ايٽم جي "ڪجهه نه–هر شيءِ" واري ٻٽي تصور کان پاسو ڪيو ويو. جيتوڻيڪ ڊيڪارٽ به ان وقت جي عام راءِ سان متفق هو ته فطرت ۾ ويڪيوم موجود ناهي، پر سندس [[ڪارٽيسي همراهي نظام]] ۽ مابعدالطبيعات جي خيالن خالي جڳهه جي جديد فلسفيانه تصور کي هڪ ماپي سگهجندڙ وسعت طور متعارف ڪرايو. قديم تعريف موجب، رخ ۽ مقدار کي الڳ تصورات سمجهيو ويندو هو.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} [[File:Baro 0.png|thumb|100px|left|[[ايوانجليسٽا ٽوريسيلي]] جو [[پارو]] وارو [[بيروميٽر]] ليبارٽري ۾ پيدا ڪيل پهرين مستقل ويڪيومن مان هڪ هو.]] وچئين دور ۾ ويڪيوم بابت [[ذهني تجربو]] پڻ ڪيا ويا. مثال طور، اهو سوال اٿاريو ويو ته جڏهن ٻه هموار تختيون تيزيءَ سان هڪ ٻئي کان ڌار ڪيون وڃن، ته ڇا انهن جي وچ ۾ هڪ پل لاءِ ويڪيوم پيدا ٿئي ٿو يا نه.<ref name=grant> {{cite book | title = Much ado about nothing: theories of space and vacuum from the Middle Ages to the scientific revolution | author = Grant, Edward | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 1981 | isbn = 978-0-521-22983-8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SidBQyFmgpsC }}</ref> ان تي بحث ٿيو ته ڇا هوا ايتري تيزيءَ سان اندر داخل ٿي سگهي ٿي، يا جيئن [[والٽر برلي]] جو خيال هو ته ڪو "آسماني عامل" ويڪيوم پيدا ٿيڻ کان روڪي ٿو. چوڏهين صديءَ ۾ [[جان بوريڊان]] ٻڌايو ته جيڪڏهن [[ڌونڪڻي]] جو سوراخ بند هجي، ته ڏهه گهوڙن جون ٽيمون به ان کي کولي نه سگهنديون.<ref name="genz" /> [[File:Crookes tube two views.jpg|right|thumb|[[ڪروڪس ٽيوب]]، جيڪا [[ڪيٿوڊ شعاعن]] جي دريافت ۽ مطالعي لاءِ استعمال ٿي، [[گيسلر ٽيوب]] جي ترقي يافته صورت هئي.]] سترهين صديءَ ۾ پهريون ڀيرو جزوي ويڪيوم کي ماپڻ جون ڪوششون ڪيون ويون.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.denmark.com.au/en/Worlds+Largest+Barometer/default.htm |title=The World's Largest Barometer |access-date=2008-04-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417093648/http://www.denmark.com.au/en/Worlds%2BLargest%2BBarometer/default.htm |archive-date=2008-04-17 }}</ref> 1643ع ۾ [[ايوانجليسٽا ٽوريسيلي]] جي [[پارو]] واري [[بيروميٽر]] ۽ [[بليز پاسڪل]] جي تجربن واضح ڪيو ته جزوي ويڪيوم وجود رکي ٿو. 1654ع ۾ [[اوٽو فان گيريڪي]] پهريون [[ويڪيوم پمپ]] ايجاد ڪيو<ref>{{Cite web |title=Otto von Guericke {{!}} Prussian physicist, engineer, and philosopher {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Otto-von-Guericke |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> ۽ پنهنجو مشهور [[ميگڊيبرگ اڌ گولا]] وارو تجربو ڪيو، جنهن ڏيکاريو ته ٻاهران فضائي دٻاءُ سبب، جزوي طور هوا ڪڍيل ٻن اڌ گولن کي گهوڙن جون ٽيمون به ڌار نه ڪري سگهيون. [[رابرٽ بوئل]] گيريڪي جي ڊزائن کي بهتر بڻايو ۽ [[رابرٽ هوڪ]] جي مدد سان ويڪيوم پمپ جي ٽيڪنالاجيءَ کي وڌيڪ ترقي ڏني. ان کان پوءِ جزوي ويڪيوم تي تحقيق 1850ع تائين سست رهي، جڏهن [[آگسٽ ٽوئپلر]] [[ٽوئپلر پمپ]] ۽ 1855ع ۾ [[هينرخ گيسلر]] پارو جي بي دخلي وارو پمپ ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن سان لڳ ڀڳ 10 پاسڪل (0.1 [[ٽور]]) تائين جزوي ويڪيوم حاصل ٿيو. هن سطح تي ڪيترين ئي برقي خاصيتن جو مشاهدو ممڪن ٿيو، جنهن ويڪيوم بابت تحقيق ۾ نئين دلچسپي پيدا ڪئي. جيتوڻيڪ ٻاهرين خلا قدرتي طور تي موجود جزوي ويڪيوم جو بهترين مثال آهي، پر شروعات ۾ اهو سمجهيو ويندو هو ته آسمان هڪ سخت ۽ ناقابلِ تباهي مادو [[اِيٿر]] سان ڀريل آهي. [[رواقي طبيعيات]] جي [[پنوما]] واري تصور کان متاثر ٿي، اِيٿر کي انتهائي لطيف هوا سمجهيو ويو، جنهن مان هن جو نالو ورتو ويو (ڏسو [[اِيٿر (ڏند ڪٿا)]]). روشني بابت شروعاتي نظرين موجب، روشني جي ڦهلاءَ لاءِ هڪ اهڙو زميني ۽ آسماني وچولو ضروري هو، جيڪو هر هنڌ موجود هجي. ان تصور [[آئزڪ نيوٽن]] جي [[انڪسار]] ۽ حرارتي شعاعن بابت وضاحتن تي به اثر وڌو.<ref>[[Robert Hogarth Patterson]], ''Essays in History and Art 10'', 1862.</ref> اوڻيهين صديءَ ۾ هن [[روشني کڻندڙ اِيٿر]] جي موجودگي ثابت ڪرڻ لاءِ تجربا ڪيا ويا، جن جو مقصد زمين جي حرڪت سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ معمولي رڪاوٽ کي ڳولڻ هو. حقيقت ۾ زمين تارن جي وچ واري جڳهه جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ ڳاٽي وچولي مان گذري ٿي، پر اها رڪاوٽ ايتري ننڍڙي هئي، جو ان کي ماپي نه سگهيو. 1912ع ۾ [[فلڪيات دان]] [[هينري پڪرنگ]] لکيو ته: "جيڪڏهن تارن جي وچ وارو جذب ڪندڙ وچولو صرف اِيٿر به هجي، ته به ان ۾ گئس جا آزاد ماليڪيول ضرور موجود آهن."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pickering | first1 = W.H. | date =1912 | title = Solar system, the motion of the, relatively to the interstellar absorbing medium | journal = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume = 72 | issue = 9 |bibcode=1912MNRAS..72..740P | page = 740 | doi=10.1093/mnras/72.9.740| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1431891 | doi-access = free }}</ref> بعد ۾، روشني کڻندڙ اِيٿر واري نظريي کي مڪمل طور رد ڪيو ويو. 1930ع ۾ [[پال ڊيراڪ]] ويڪيوم جو هڪ نظريو پيش ڪيو، جنهن موجب اهو منفي توانائي وارن ذرڙن جي هڪ لامحدود سمنڊ تي مشتمل آهي، جنهن کي [[ڊيراڪ سمنڊ]] چيو وڃي ٿو. هن نظريي سندس اڳ ۾ پيش ڪيل [[ڊيراڪ مساوات]] جي اڳڪٿين کي وڌيڪ درست بڻايو ۽ [[پوزيٽران]] جي وجود جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي، جيڪا ٻن سالن بعد تجرباتي طور ثابت ٿي. [[ورنر هائزنبرگ]] جو [[غير يقيني اصول]]، جيڪو 1927ع ۾ پيش ٿيو، اهو ٻڌائي ٿو ته ڪنهن به ذرڙي جي هڪ ئي وقت تي صحيح جڳهه ۽ [[حرڪتي مقدار]]، يا توانائي ۽ وقت، کي لامحدود درستگي سان ماپي نٿو سگهجي. هن اصول جي وسيع اثرن سبب اهو به سوال پيدا ٿيو ته ڇا ذرڙن جي وچ واري جڳهه واقعي مڪمل طور خالي ٿي سگهي ٿي. == ڪلاسيڪي ميدان جا نظريا == {{more citations needed|subsection|date=April 2014}} ويڪيوم جي تعريف لاءِ سڀ کان سخت معيار اهو آهي ته اها [[زمان-مڪان]] جي اهڙي جڳهه هجي، جتي [[دٻاءُ-توانائي ٽينسر]] جا سڀئي جزا صفر هجن. ان جو مطلب آهي ته اها جڳهه توانائي ۽ حرڪتي مقدار کان خالي هجي؛ نتيجي طور، اها ذرڙن ۽ ٻين جسماني ميدانن، جهڙوڪ برقي مقناطيسيت، کان به خالي هجڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي توانائي ۽ حرڪتي مقدار رکن ٿا. === ڪشش ثقل === {{more citations needed|subsection|date=April 2014}} [[عام اضافيت]] ۾، دٻاءُ-توانائي ٽينسر جو صفر ٿي وڃڻ، [[آئن اسٽائن ميداني مساواتون|آئن اسٽائن جي ميداني مساواتن]] وسيلي، [[رچي ٽينسر]] جي سڀني جزن جي صفر ٿي وڃڻ کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو. ويڪيوم جو مطلب اهو ناهي ته [[زمان-مڪان]] جي وڪر لازمي طور هموار هجي: ڪشش ثقل جو ميدان ويڪيوم ۾ به مدي قوتن ۽ [[ثقلي لهر]]ن جي صورت ۾ وڪر پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو؛ فني طور اهي مظاهر [[وائل ٽينسر]] جا جزا آهن. [[ڪارو سوراخ]]، جنهن وٽ برقي چارج صفر هجي، اهڙي جڳهه جو خوبصورت مثال آهي، جيڪا مڪمل طور "ويڪيوم" سان ڀريل آهي، پر اڃا به تمام مضبوط وڪر ڏيکاري ٿي. === برقي مقناطيسيت === [[ڪلاسيڪي برقي مقناطيسيت]] ۾، '''آزاد جڳهه جو ويڪيوم'''، يا ڪڏهن صرف ''آزاد جڳهه'' يا ''مڪمل ويڪيوم''، برقي مقناطيسي اثرن لاءِ هڪ معياري حواله وچولو آهي.<ref name=weig>{{cite book | title = Introduction to complex mediums for optics and electromagnetics | author = Werner S. Weiglhofer | author-link1 = Werner S. Weiglhofer | editor= Werner S. Weiglhofer | editor2= Akhlesh Lakhtakia | publisher = SPIE Press | chapter=§&nbsp;4.1 The classical vacuum as reference medium | date = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-8194-4947-4 | pages = 28, 34 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QtIP_Lr3gngC&pg=PA34 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Progress in Optics | volume = 51 | chapter = Electromagnetic Fields in Linear Bianisotropic Mediums | author = Tom G. MacKay | editor = Emil Wolf | publisher = Elsevier | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-444-52038-8 | page = 143 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lCm9Q18P8cMC&pg=PA143 }}</ref> ڪجهه ليکڪ هن حواله وچولي کي ''ڪلاسيڪي ويڪيوم'' چون ٿا،<ref name=weig /> جنهن جو مقصد هن تصور کي [[ڪيو اي ڊي ويڪيوم]] يا [[ڪيو سي ڊي ويڪيوم]] کان ڌار ڪرڻ آهي، جتي [[ويڪيوم ارتعاش]] عارضي [[مجازي ذرڙو|مجازي ذرڙن]] جون کثافتون، [[نسبتي پرمٽيوٽي]] ۽ [[پرميئبلٽي (برقي مقناطيسيت)#نسبتي پرميئبلٽي ۽ مقناطيسي حساسيت|نسبتي پرميئبلٽي]] پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيڪي لازمي طور هڪ جي برابر ناهن.<ref name=Grynberg>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-l0L8YInA0C&pg=PA341 |page=341 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2010 |title=Introduction to Quantum Optics: From the Semi-Classical Approach to Quantized Light |quote=...deals with the quantum vacuum where, in contrast to the classical vacuum, radiation has properties, in particular, fluctuations, with which one can associate physical effects. |isbn=978-0-521-55112-0 |author=Gilbert Grynberg |author2=Alain Aspect |author3=Claude Fabre}}</ref><ref name=Susskind>For a qualitative description of vacuum fluctuations and virtual particles, see {{cite book |author = Leonard Susskind |title = The cosmic landscape: string theory and the illusion of intelligent design |publisher = Little, Brown and Co. |date = 2006 |isbn = 978-0-316-01333-8 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RIW9E1sOyxUC&pg=PP60 |pages = 60 ''ff''}}</ref><ref name=Holstein>The relative permeability and permittivity of field-theoretic vacuums is described in {{cite book |title=Concepts of particle physics |volume=2 |author=Kurt Gottfried |author2=Victor Frederick Weisskopf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KXvoI-m9-9MC&pg=PA389 |page=389 |isbn=978-0-19-503393-9 |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press}} and more recently in {{cite book |author = John F. Donoghue |author2 = Eugene Golowich |author3 = Barry R. Holstein |title = Dynamics of the standard model |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = 1994 |isbn = 978-0-521-47652-2 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hFasRlkBbpYC&pg=PA47 |page = 47}} and also {{cite book |title=QCD and collider physics |author=R. Keith Ellis |author2=W.J. Stirling |author3=B.R. Webber |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqrPVoS6s0UC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–29 |isbn=978-0-521-54589-1 |date=2003 |quote=Returning to the vacuum of a relativistic field theory, we find that both paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions are present. |publisher=Cambridge University Press}} [[QCD vacuum]] is [[Paramagnetism|paramagnetic]], while [[QED vacuum]] is [[Diamagnetism|diamagnetic]]. See {{cite book |title=Nuclear physics in a nutshell |author=Carlos A. Bertulani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n51yJr4b_oQC&pg=PA26 |page=26 |isbn=978-0-691-12505-3 |date=2007 |publisher=Princeton University Press|bibcode=2007npn..book.....B }}</ref> ڪلاسيڪي برقي مقناطيسيت جي نظريي ۾ آزاد جڳهه جون هي خاصيتون آهن: * برقي مقناطيسي شعاع، جيڪڏهن ان جي رستي ۾ ڪا رڪاوٽ نه هجي، [[روشني جي رفتار]] سان سفر ڪري ٿي، جيڪا [[ايس آءِ اکايون|ايس آءِ اکائين]] ۾ 299,792,458&nbsp;m/s مقرر ڪيل قدر آهي.<ref name=NISTc>{{cite web |title=Speed of light in vacuum, ''c, c''₀ |website=The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c |publisher=NIST |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> * [[سپرپوزيشن اصول]] هميشه بلڪل درست هوندو آهي.<ref>{{cite book |author = Chattopadhyay, D. |author2 = Rakshit, P.C. |name-list-style = amp |title = Elements of Physics |volume = 1 |publisher = New Age International |date = 2004 |isbn = 978-81-224-1538-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tvkoopJMQQ8C&pg=PA577 |page = 577}}</ref> مثال طور، ٻن چارجن سان پيدا ٿيندڙ برقي پوٽينشل انهن ٻنهي چارجن جي الڳ الڳ پيدا ڪيل پوٽينشلن جو سادو مجموعو آهي. انهن ٻن چارجن جي چوڌاري ڪنهن به نقطي تي [[برقي ميدان]] جو قدر، هر چارج جي الڳ الڳ پيدا ڪيل برقي ميدانن جي [[ویکٽر (رياضيات ۽ طبيعيات)|ویکٹر]] مجموعي سان معلوم ڪيو ويندو آهي. * [[پرمٽيوٽي]] ۽ [[پرميئبلٽي (برقي مقناطيسيت)|پرميئبلٽي]] ترتيبوار برقي مستقل [[ويڪيوم پرمٽيوٽي|{{math|''ε''₀}}]]<ref name=NISTep0>{{cite web |title=Electric constant, ε₀ |website=The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0|publisher=NIST |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> ۽ مقناطيسي مستقل [[ويڪيوم پرميئبلٽي|{{math|''μ''₀}}]]<ref name=NISTmu0>{{cite web |title=Magnetic constant, μ₀ |website=The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0|publisher=NIST |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> جي بلڪل برابر هونديون آهن ([[ايس آءِ اکايون]] ۾)، يا [[گائوسي اکايون]] ۾ بلڪل 1 جي برابر. * [[خاص رڪاوٽ]] ({{mvar|η}}) آزاد جڳهه جي [[رڪاوٽ]] {{math|''Z''₀}} ≈ 376.73&nbsp;Ω جي برابر آهي.<ref name=NISTz>{{cite web |title=Characteristic impedance of vacuum, ''Z''₀ |website=The NIST reference on constants, units, and uncertainty: Fundamental physical constants |url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?z0 |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref> ڪلاسيڪي برقي مقناطيسيت جو ويڪيوم هڪ مثالي برقي مقناطيسي وچولو سمجهي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن جون [[بنيادي مساوات#برقي مقناطيسيت|بنيادي لاڳاپا]] ايس آءِ اکائين ۾ هي آهن:<ref name=E_Wolf>{{cite book |author=Mackay, Tom G |author2=Lakhtakia, Akhlesh |name-list-style=amp |editor=Emil Wolf |title=Progress in Optics |volume=51 |isbn=978-0-444-53211-4 |date=2008 |publisher=Elsevier |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lCm9Q18P8cMC&pg=PA143 |chapter=§&nbsp;3.1.1 Free space |page=143 }}</ref> : <math>\boldsymbol D(\boldsymbol r,\ t) = \varepsilon_0 \boldsymbol E(\boldsymbol r,\ t)\, </math> : <math>\boldsymbol H(\boldsymbol r,\ t) = \frac{1}{\mu_0} \boldsymbol B(\boldsymbol r,\ t)\, </math> اهي لاڳاپا [[برقي بي دخلي]] ميدان {{math|'''''D'''''}} کي [[برقي ميدان]] {{math|'''''E'''''}} سان، ۽ [[مقناطيسي ميدان]] يا ''H''-ميدان {{math|'''''H'''''}} کي [[مقناطيسي انڊڪشن]] يا ''B''-ميدان {{math|'''''B'''''}} سان ڳنڍين ٿا. هتي {{math|'''''r'''''}} جڳهه جو مقام آهي ۽ {{mvar|t}} وقت آهي. == ٻاهرين خلاءُ == {{Main|ٻاهرين خلاءُ}} [[File:Structure_of_the_magnetosphere_LanguageSwitch.svg|lang=en|left|thumb|upright=1.75|[[مقناطيسي ميدان]] جي جوڙجڪ – هي مڪمل ويڪيوم ناهي، پر چارج وارن ذرڙن، آزاد عنصرن جهڙوڪ [[هائيڊروجن]]، [[هيليم]] ۽ [[آڪسيجن]]، ۽ [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان]]ن سان ڀريل هڪ انتهائي گهٽ کثافت وارو [[پلازما (طبيعيات)|پلازما]] آهي.]] [[ٻاهرين خلاءُ]] ۾ کثافت ۽ دٻاءُ تمام گهٽ هوندا آهن، ۽ اهو مڪمل ويڪيوم جي سڀ کان ويجهو جسماني مثال آهي. تنهن هوندي به، ڪو به ويڪيوم واقعي مڪمل ناهي، بين النجمي خلاءُ ۾ به نه، جتي اڃا به هر ڪعبي ميٽر ۾ هائيڊروجن جا ڪجهه ايٽم موجود هوندا آهن.<ref name=tadokoro /> تارا، سيارا ۽ چنڊ پنهنجي [[فضا]] کي ثقلي ڇڪ جي ذريعي پاڻ سان ٻڌي رکندا آهن، تنهنڪري فضائن جي ڪا واضح حد نه هوندي آهي؛ فضا ۾ گئس جي کثافت، جسم کان فاصلو وڌڻ سان آهستي آهستي گهٽجندي ويندي آهي. ڌرتيءَ جي فضائي دٻاءُ ۾ تقريباً {{convert|100|km|mi}} جي اوچائي تي گهٽجي {{convert|32|mPa}} رهجي ويندو آهي،<ref name=squire2000>{{cite journal | first=Tom | last=Squire | date=September 27, 2000 | title=U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 | journal=Thermal Protection Systems Expert and Material Properties Database | url=http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl | access-date=2011-10-23 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015062917/http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl | archive-date=October 15, 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015062917/http://tpsx.arc.nasa.gov/cgi-perl/alt.pl |date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref> جنهن کي [[ڪارمان ليڪ]] چيو وڃي ٿو، ۽ اهو عام طور ٻاهرين خلاءُ جي حد طور قبول ڪيو ويندو آهي. هن ليڪ کان مٿي، گئس جو هڪجهڙو دٻاءُ، [[سج]] جي [[تابڪاري دٻاءُ]] ۽ [[شمسي هوائن]] جي [[حرڪتي دٻاءُ]] جي مقابلي ۾ جلدي غير اهم ٿي ويندو آهي، تنهنڪري دٻاءُ جي وضاحت ڪرڻ ڏکيو ٿي پوندو آهي. هن حد ۾ [[ٿرموسفير]] ۾ دٻاءُ، گرمي پد ۽ جوڙجڪ ۾ وڏيون تبديليون اينديون آهن، ۽ اهي [[خلائي موسم]] جي اثر هيٺ تمام گهڻو تبديل ٿينديون رهن ٿيون. فلڪياتي طبيعيات جا ماهر اهڙن ماحولن کي بيان ڪرڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ بدران [[عددي کثافت]] استعمال ڪرڻ کي ترجيح ڏين ٿا، جيڪا في ڪعبي سينٽي ميٽر ذرڙن جي تعداد سان ظاهر ڪئي ويندي آهي. جيتوڻيڪ هي علائقو ٻاهرين خلاءُ جي تعريف تي پورو لهي ٿو، پر [[ڪارمان ليڪ]] کان مٿي پهرين ڪجهه سئو ڪلوميٽرن تائين فضائي کثافت ايتري هوندي آهي جو [[مصنوعي سيٽلائيٽ]]ن تي نمايان [[رگڙ (طبيعيات)|رگڙ]] پيدا ڪري ٿي. گهڻا مصنوعي سيٽلائيٽ هن علائقي ۾ گردش ڪن ٿا، جنهن کي [[زمين جي هيٺين مدار]] چيو وڃي ٿو، ۽ انهن کي هر ڪجهه هفتن يا سال ۾ ڪجهه ڀيرا (شمسي سرگرمي تي دارومدار ڪندي) پنهنجا انجن هلائڻا پوندا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/OrbitsCatalog/page3.php|title=Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits|date=2009-09-04|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2019-01-28}}</ref> هتي رگڙ ايتري گهٽ هوندي آهي جو نظرياتي طور [[شمسي بادبان]]ن تي [[تابڪاري دٻاءُ]] جي ذريعي ان تي ضابطو آڻي سگهجي ٿو، جيڪو [[بين السياروي سفر]] لاءِ تجويز ڪيل هڪ تحريڪي نظام آهي.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andrews|first1=Dana G.|last2=Zubrin|first2=Robert M. |url=http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9f10/d81e06d0f8515411bff54728029f0b5551dc.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302064738/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9f10/d81e06d0f8515411bff54728029f0b5551dc.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-03-02|title=Magnetic Sails & Interstellar Travel |date=1990|journal=Journal of the British Interplanetary Society|doi=10.2514/3.26230|volume=43|pages=265–272|s2cid=55324095|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref> سموري [[مشاهدي لائق ڪائنات]] وڏي تعداد ۾ [[فوٽون]]ن سان ڀريل آهي، جن کي [[ڪائناتي پسمنظر واري شعاعڪاري]] چيو وڃي ٿو، ۽ گهڻو امڪان آهي ته ان سان گڏ ساڳئي انداز ۾ [[نيوٽرينو]]ن جو به وڏو تعداد موجود هجي. هن شعاعڪاري جو موجوده [[گرمي پد]] تقريباً {{convert|3|K|C F|lk=on}} آهي. == ڪوانٽم ميڪانيات <span class="anchor" id="The quantum-mechanical vacuum"></span> == {{Main article|Quantum vacuum state}} [[File:Vacuum fluctuations revealed through spontaneous parametric down-conversion.ogv|thumb|350px|هڪ تجربي جي وڊيو، جنهن ۾ [[ويڪيوم ارتعاش]] (ڳاڙهي دائري ۾) کي [[خودبخود پيراميٽرڪ ڊائون-ڪنورزن]] ذريعي وڌايو ويو آهي.]] [[ڪوانٽم ميڪانيات]] ۽ [[ڪوانٽم ميدان جو نظريو|ڪوانٽم ميدان جي نظريي]] ۾، ويڪيوم جي تعريف اهڙي حالت طور ڪئي ويندي آهي (يعني نظريي جي مساواتن جو اهو حل) جنهن ۾ ممڪن حد تائين سڀ کان گهٽ توانائي هجي (يعني [[هلبرٽ جڳهه]] جي [[زميني حالت]]). [[ڪوانٽم برقي حرڪيات]] ۾ هن ويڪيوم کي [[ڪيو اي ڊي ويڪيوم]] چيو ويندو آهي ته جيئن ان کي [[ڪوانٽم ڪروموحرڪيات]] جي ويڪيوم، يعني [[ڪيو سي ڊي ويڪيوم]]، کان الڳ سڃاتو وڃي. ڪيو اي ڊي ويڪيوم اهڙي حالت آهي، جنهن ۾ نه مادي جا ذرڙا موجود هوندا آهن (تنهن ڪري ان کي ويڪيوم چيو وڃي ٿو)، ۽ نه ئي [[فوٽون]]. جيئن مٿي بيان ڪيو ويو آهي، اهڙي حالت کي تجربي طور حاصل ڪرڻ ناممڪن آهي. (جيتوڻيڪ ڪنهن طريقي سان ڪنهن مخصوص مقدار مان سڀئي مادي جا ذرڙا هٽائي ڇڏجن، تڏهن به سڀني [[ڪاري جسم جي شعاعڪاري|ڪاري جسم جي فوٽونن]] کي ختم ڪرڻ ممڪن نه هوندو.) تنهن هوندي به، هي حالت عملي طور حاصل ڪري سگهجندڙ ويڪيوم جو هڪ سٺو نمونو فراهم ڪري ٿي، ۽ جيئن هيٺ بيان ڪيو ويو آهي، ڪيترين ئي تجربي سان ثابت ٿيل مشاهدن سان مطابقت رکي ٿي. ڪيو اي ڊي ويڪيوم جون دلچسپ ۽ پيچيده خاصيتون آهن. ڪيو اي ڊي ويڪيوم ۾ برقي ۽ مقناطيسي ميدانن جون سراسري قيمتون ته صفر هونديون آهن، پر انهن جا تفاوت صفر ناهن هوندا.<ref name=Craig>For example, see {{cite book |title=Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics |author=Craig, D.P. |author2= Thirunamachandran, T. |name-list-style=amp|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpbdozIZt3sC&pg=PA40 |page=40 |isbn=978-0-486-40214-7 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |date=1998 |edition=Reprint of Academic Press 1984}}</ref> نتيجي طور، ڪيو اي ڊي ويڪيوم ۾ [[ويڪيوم ارتعاش]] موجود هوندا آهن (يعني [[مجازي ذرڙو|مجازي ذرڙا]] جيڪي هڪ پل لاءِ وجود ۾ اچن ٿا ۽ وري غائب ٿي وڃن ٿا)، ۽ ان ۾ هڪ محدود توانائي به هوندي آهي، جنهن کي [[ويڪيوم توانائي]] چيو وڃي ٿو. ويڪيوم ارتعاش ڪوانٽم ميدان جي نظريي جو بنيادي ۽ هر هنڌ موجود حصو آهن. ويڪيوم ارتعاشن جا ڪجهه تجربي سان ثابت ٿيل اثر [[خودبخود اخراج]] ۽ [[ليمب شفٽ]] آهن.<ref name=Barrow /> ان کان علاوه، برقي چارج جي ويجهو ويڪيوم ۾ [[ڪولمب جو قانون]] ۽ [[برقي امڪان]] ۾ به تبديليون اينديون آهن.<ref name=Zeidler>In effect, the dielectric permittivity of the vacuum of classical electromagnetism is changed. For example, see {{cite book |chapter=§&nbsp;19.1.9 Vacuum polarization in quantum electrodynamics |author=Zeidler, Eberhard |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miwuxaEXvOsC&pg=PA952 |page=952 |isbn=978-3-642-22420-1 |publisher=Springer |date=2011 |title=Quantum Field Theory III: Gauge Theory: A Bridge Between Mathematicians and Physicists}}</ref> نظرياتي طور، [[ڪوانٽم ڪروموحرڪيات]] ۾ ويڪيوم جون گهڻيون حالتون هڪ ئي وقت گڏ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref name=Altarelli>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBCyYTobfJ8C&pg=PT19 |pages=2–3 |author=Altarelli, Guido |title=Elementary Particles: Volume 21/A of Landolt-Börnstein series |chapter=Chapter 2: Gauge theories and the Standard Model |quote=The fundamental state of minimum energy, the vacuum, is not unique and there are a continuum of degenerate states that altogether respect the symmetry... |isbn=978-3-540-74202-9 |publisher=Springer |date=2008 }}</ref> اهو خيال آهي ته [[ڪائناتي ڦهلاءُ]] جي شروعات ۽ پڄاڻي مختلف ويڪيوم حالتن جي وچ ۾ منتقلي سبب وجود ۾ آئي. اهڙن نظرين ۾، جيڪي ڪنهن ڪلاسيڪي نظريي کي ڪوانٽائيز ڪرڻ سان حاصل ٿيندا آهن، [[ترتيبي جڳهه (طبيعيات)|ترتيبي جڳهه]] ۾ توانائي جو هر [[سڪون وارو نقطو]] هڪ الڳ ويڪيوم پيدا ڪري ٿو. اهو پڻ مڃيو وڃي ٿو ته [[تار نظريو]] ۾ ويڪيومن جو تمام وڏو تعداد موجود آهي، جنهن کي [[تار نظريي جو منظرنامو]] چيو وڃي ٿو. == ماپ == {{Main|دٻاءُ جي ماپ}} ويڪيوم جي معيار جو اندازو ان ڳالهه مان لڳايو ويندو آهي ته نظام اندر ڪيترو مادو باقي بچيل آهي؛ تنهنڪري اعليٰ معيار وارو ويڪيوم اهو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ مادو تمام گهٽ مقدار ۾ موجود هجي. ويڪيوم جي ماپ بنيادي طور تي ان جي [[مطلق دٻاءُ]] سان ڪئي ويندي آهي، پر مڪمل وضاحت لاءِ ٻين پيرا ميٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[گرمي پد]] ۽ ڪيميائي جوڙجڪ، جي به ضرورت پوندي آهي. سڀ کان اهم پيرا ميٽرن مان هڪ [[اوسط آزاد رستو]] (MFP) آهي، جيڪو باقي رهيل گيسن لاءِ اهو ظاهر ڪري ٿو ته ماليڪيول هڪ ٻئي سان ٽڪرائجڻ کان اڳ سراسري طور ڪيترو فاصلو طئي ڪندا آهن. جيئن گيس جي کثافت گهٽ ٿيندي آهي، تيئن MFP وڌندو آهي، ۽ جڏهن MFP ويڪيوم چيمبر، پمپ، خلائي جهاز يا موجود ٻين شين جي جسامت کان وڌيڪ ٿي وڃي، تڏهن [[سيالن جي ميڪانيات]] جا تسلسلي مفروضا لاڳو نٿا ٿين. اهڙي حالت کي '''اعليٰ ويڪيوم''' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ هن حد ۾ سيالن جي وهڪري جي مطالعي کي '''ذرڙاتي گيس حرڪيات''' چيو ويندو آهي. عام فضائي دٻاءَ تي هوا جو MFP لڳ ڀڳ 70&nbsp;[[نانوميٽر]] هوندو آهي، پر 100&nbsp;[[ملي پاسڪل]] (≈{{val|e=-3|u=[[ٽور]]}}) تي ڪمري جي گرمي پد واري هوا جو MFP لڳ ڀڳ 100 ملي ميٽر ٿيندو آهي، جيڪو روزمره جي شين جهڙوڪ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] جي ماپ جي برابر آهي. [[ڪروڪس ريڊيو ميٽر]] تڏهن ڦرڻ لڳندو آهي، جڏهن MFP ان جي پنکڙين جي ماپ کان وڏو ٿي وڃي. ويڪيوم جي معيار کي ان ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي مختلف درجن ۾ ورهايو ويندو آهي، جيڪا ان کي حاصل ڪرڻ يا ماپڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندي آهي. اهي درجا ISO 3529-1:2019 مطابق هيٺين جدول ۾ ڏيکاريل آهن (100&nbsp;Pa تقريباً 0.75&nbsp;ٽور جي برابر آهي؛ ٽور SI نظام جو يونٽ نه آهي): {| class="wikitable" ! دٻاءُ جي حد ! تعريف ! انهن حدن جي وضاحت جو سبب (عام حالتن ۾) |- |عام فضائي دٻاءُ (31&nbsp;kPa کان 110&nbsp;kPa) کان 100&nbsp;Pa تائين |گهٽ (رَف) ويڪيوم |هي دٻاءُ سادن مواد (مثلاً عام فولاد) ۽ مثبت بي دخلي وارن ويڪيوم پمپن سان حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو؛ گيسن لاءِ لزوجتي وهڪري وارو مرحلو |- |100 Pa کان گهٽ کان 0.1 Pa تائين |وچولو (نفيس) ويڪيوم |هي دٻاءُ اعليٰ معيار جي مواد (مثلاً اسٽينليس اسٽيل) ۽ مثبت بي دخلي وارن ويڪيوم پمپن سان حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو؛ گيسن لاءِ عبوري وهڪري وارو مرحلو |- |0.1 Pa کان گهٽ کان {{val|1|e=-6|u=Pa}} تائين |اعليٰ ويڪيوم (HV) |هي دٻاءُ اعليٰ معيار جي مواد (مثلاً اسٽينليس اسٽيل)، ايلاسٽومر مهرن ۽ اعليٰ ويڪيوم پمپن سان حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو؛ گيسن لاءِ ماليڪيولي وهڪري وارو مرحلو |- |{{val|1|e=-6|u=Pa}} کان گهٽ کان {{val|1|e=-9|u=Pa}} تائين |انتہائی اعليٰ ويڪيوم (UHV) |هي دٻاءُ گهٽ ڪاربن اسٽينليس اسٽيل، ڌاتي مهرن، خاص مٿاڇري جي تياري، صفائي، بيڪ آئوٽ ۽ اعليٰ ويڪيوم پمپن سان حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو؛ گيسن لاءِ ماليڪيولي وهڪري وارو مرحلو |- |{{val|1|e=-9|u=Pa}} کان گهٽ |انتهائي بلند ويڪيوم (XHV) |هي دٻاءُ انتهائي نفيس مواد (مثلاً ويڪيوم ۾ گرم ڪيل گهٽ ڪاربن اسٽينليس اسٽيل، ايلومينيم، ٽامي-بيريليم ۽ ٽائيٽينيم)، ڌاتي مهرن، خاص مٿاڇري جي تياري، صفائي، بيڪ آئوٽ ۽ اضافي گيٽر پمپن سان حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو؛ گيسن لاءِ ماليڪيولي وهڪري وارو مرحلو |} * '''فضائي دٻاءُ''' تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو، پر {{convert|101.325|and|100|kPa|mbar|comma=off}} عام [[معياري گرمي پد ۽ دٻاءُ|معياري يا حوالاتي دٻاءُ]] آهن. * '''گهرو خلاءُ''' عام طور ڪنهن به مصنوعي ويڪيوم کان وڌيڪ خالي هوندو آهي. اهو مٿين تعريف موجب اعليٰ ويڪيوم ۾ اچي سگهي ٿو يا نه به، اهو خلاءُ جي علائقي ۽ فلڪياتي جسمن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو. مثال طور، بين السياروي خلاءُ ۾ MFP شمسي نظام جي جسامت کان ننڍو، پر ننڍن سيارن ۽ چنڊن کان وڏو هوندو آهي. نتيجي ۾، شمسي هوائون شمسي نظام جي پيماني تي تسلسلي وهڪري وانگر عمل ڪن ٿيون، پر ڌرتيءَ ۽ چنڊ جي حوالي سان انهن کي ذرڙن جي بمباري طور سمجهڻو پوندو. * '''مڪمل ويڪيوم''' اهڙي مثالي حالت آهي، جنهن ۾ هڪ به ذرڙو موجود نه هجي. اهڙي حالت [[ليبارٽري]] ۾ حاصل نٿي ڪري سگهجي، جيتوڻيڪ تمام ننڍن حجمن ۾ مختصر وقت لاءِ اهڙي حالت پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جتي مادي جا ذرڙا موجود نه هجن. جيڪڏهن سڀئي مادي جا ذرڙا به هٽايا وڃن، تڏهن به [[فوٽون]]، [[تاريڪ توانائي]]، [[ورچوئل ذرڙا]] ۽ [[ڪوانٽم ويڪيوم]] جون ٻيون خاصيتون باقي رهنديون. === اضافي ۽ مطلق ماپ === ويڪيوم کي [[دٻاءُ]] جي يونٽن ۾ ماپيو ويندو آهي، اڪثر ڪري ڌرتيءَ جي مقامي فضائي دٻاءَ جي نسبت سان. پر اضافي ويڪيوم جي ماپ مقامي حالتن تي دارومدار رکي ٿي. مثال طور، [[زهره (سيارو)|زهره]] جي مٿاڇري تي، جتي فضائي دٻاءُ ڌرتيءَ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ آهي، اتي اضافي ويڪيوم جون گهڻيون وڏيون پڙهڻيون حاصل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ان جي ابتڙ، [[چنڊ]] جي مٿاڇري تي، جتي تقريباً ڪا فضا موجود ناهي، اتي مقامي ماحول جي نسبت سان ويڪيوم کي ماپڻ تمام ڏکيو ٿيندو. ساڳيءَ طرح، ڌرتيءَ جي سمنڊ جي گهراين ۾ به عام حالتن کان وڌيڪ اضافي ويڪيوم جون پڙهڻيون حاصل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. جيڪڏهن ڪو [[آبدوز]] اندروني دٻاءُ کي هڪ فضا تي برقرار رکي ۽ ٻاهران پاڻيءَ جو دٻاءُ ڏهه فضائن جي برابر هجي (98 ميٽر کوٽائي تي؛ 9.8 ميٽر پاڻيءَ جو ڪالم تقريباً هڪ فضا جي برابر وزن رکي ٿو)، ته اها آبدوز حقيقت ۾ ٻاهرئين زبردست پاڻيءَ جي دٻاءَ کي روڪيندڙ هڪ ويڪيوم چيمبر وانگر هوندي، جيتوڻيڪ آبدوز اندر موجود 1&nbsp;فضا وارو دٻاءُ عام طور ويڪيوم نه سمجهيو ويندو آهي. تنهنڪري، ويڪيوم جي ماپن بابت هيٺ ايندڙ بحث کي صحيح طرح سمجهڻ لاءِ اهو فرض ڪرڻ گهرجي ته سڀ اضافي ماپون ڌرتيءَ تي سمنڊ جي سطح تي، بلڪل هڪ فضا واري عام فضائي دٻاءَ جي نسبت سان ڪيون ويون آهن. === هڪ فضا جي نسبت سان ماپ === [[File:McLeod gauge 01.jpg|upright|thumb|پاري کان خالي ڪيل شيشي جو [[ميڪليوڊ گيج]]]] دٻاءُ جو [[SI]] يونٽ [[پاسڪل (يونٽ)|پاسڪل]] (Pa) آهي، پر ويڪيوم کي اڪثر [[ٽور]] ۾ ماپيو ويندو آهي، جنهن جو نالو اطالوي طبيعيات دان [[ايوانجيليسٽا ٽوريسيلي]] (1608–1647) جي نالي تي رکيو ويو آهي. هڪ ٽور، [[مينوميٽر]] ۾ پاري جي هڪ ملي ميٽر ([[mmHg]]) جي برابر هوندو آهي، ۽ 1 ٽور مطلق صفر دٻاءُ کان مٿي 133.3223684 پاسڪل جي برابر هوندو آهي. ويڪيوم کي اڪثر [[بيروميٽر]] جي پيماني تي يا [[بار (يونٽ)|بار]] يا [[فضا (يونٽ)|فضا]] ۾ فضائي دٻاءَ جي سيڪڙو طور به ماپيو ويندو آهي. گهٽ ويڪيوم کي گهڻو ڪري معياري فضائي دٻاءَ کان هيٺ [[ملي ميٽر پارو]] (mmHg) يا پاسڪل (Pa) ۾ ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي. "فضائي دٻاءَ کان هيٺ" جو مطلب آهي ته مطلق دٻاءُ موجوده فضائي دٻاءَ جي برابر مان گهٽايو وڃي. ٻين لفظن ۾، گهڻا گهٽ ويڪيوم گيج، جيڪي مثال طور 50.79 ٽور ڏيکارين ٿا، سستي هجڻ سبب انهن ۾ غلطي جي گنجائش هوندي آهي، ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن 0 ٽور به ظاهر ڪندا آهن، پر عملي طور اهڙي حالت حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻه مرحلي وارو روٽري وين پمپ يا وچولي درجي جو ٻيو ويڪيوم پمپ گهربل هوندو آهي، جيڪو دٻاءُ کي 1 ٽور کان به گهٽ ڪري سگهي. === ماپڻ جا اوزار === ويڪيوم جي مختلف حدن جي ماپ لاءِ مختلف اوزار استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite book| first=Moore | last=John H. | author2=Christopher Davis | author3=Michael A. Coplan | author4=Sandra Greer | name-list-style=amp | title=Building Scientific Apparatus | publisher=Westview Press | location=Boulder, Colorado | date=2002 | isbn=978-0-8133-4007-4 | oclc=50287675 }}{{page needed|date=May 2013}}</ref> '''هائيڊروسٽيٽڪ''' گيج (جهڙوڪ پاري واري ڪالم وارو [[مينوميٽر]]) هڪ ٽيوب ۾ عمودي مائع جي ڪالم تي ٻڌل هوندو آهي، جنهن جا ٻئي پڇا مختلف دٻائن سان واسطو رکن ٿا. ڪالم مٿي يا هيٺ ٿيندو رهندو، جيستائين ان جو وزن ٻنهي پاسن جي دٻاءَ جي فرق سان توازن ۾ نه اچي. سڀ کان سادو نمونو بند پڇي واري U-شڪل ٽيوب آهي، جنهن جو هڪ پاسو ماپ هيٺ علائقي سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي. ڪو به مائع استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، پر [[پارو]] کي ان جي وڌيڪ کثافت ۽ گهٽ بخاري دٻاءَ سبب ترجيح ڏني ويندي آهي. سادا هائيڊروسٽيٽڪ گيج 1 ٽور (100 Pa) کان وٺي فضائي دٻاءَ کان مٿي تائين ماپ ڪري سگهن ٿا. هڪ اهم قسم [[ميڪليوڊ گيج]] آهي، جيڪو ويڪيوم جي ڄاتل مقدار کي الڳ ڪري ان کي دٻائي مائع جي ڪالم جي اوچائي ۾ تبديلي وڌائيندو آهي. ميڪليوڊ گيج 10⁻⁶ ٽور (0.1 mPa) تائين ويڪيوم ماپي سگهي ٿو، جيڪا موجوده ٽيڪنالاجي سان دٻاءُ جي سڀ کان گهٽ سڌي ماپ آهي. ٻيا ويڪيوم گيج ان کان به گهٽ دٻاءُ ماپي سگهن ٿا، پر اهي صرف اڻ سڌي طرح ٻين دٻاءُ تي دارومدار رکندڙ خاصيتن کي ماپي اهو ڪم ڪن ٿا. اهڙين اڻ سڌين ماپن کي ڪنهن سڌي ماپ، عام طور ميڪليوڊ گيج، سان معيار بند ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي.<ref name=measure>{{cite book| first=Thomas G. | last=Beckwith | author2=Roy D. Marangoni | author3=John H. Lienhard V | name-list-style=amp | date=1993 | title=Mechanical Measurements | edition=Fifth | publisher=Addison-Wesley | location=Reading, Massachusetts | isbn=978-0-201-56947-6 | pages=591–595 | chapter=Measurement of Low Pressures }}</ref> '''ڪينوٽو ميٽر''' هائيڊروسٽيٽڪ گيج جو هڪ خاص قسم آهي، جيڪو عام طور ٻاڦي ٽربائنن وارن بجلي گهرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هي ڪنڊينسر جي ٻاڦ واري حصي، يعني ٽربائن جي آخري مرحلي جي خارج ٿيڻ واري حصي ۾ ويڪيوم ماپيندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ephf.ca/blog.asp?id=74 | title=Kenotometer Vacuum Gauge | publisher=Edmonton Power Historical Foundation | date=22 November 2013 | access-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> '''مشيني''' يا '''لچڪدار''' گيج، بورڊن ٽيوب، ڊائيفرام يا ڪيپسول تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، جيڪي اڪثر ڌاتو مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن ۽ دٻاءَ جي تبديلي سان پنهنجو شڪل بدلائيندا آهن. هن تصور جي هڪ تبديلي '''گنجائش وارو مينوميٽر''' آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊائيفرام ڪيپيسٽر جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. دٻاءَ ۾ تبديلي سان ڊائيفرام جهڪي ويندو آهي، جنهن سان گنجائش تبديل ٿيندي آهي. اهي گيج 10³ ٽور کان 10⁻⁴ ٽور، ۽ ان کان به گهٽ دٻاءُ تائين اثرائتا هوندا آهن. '''حرارتي چالڪائي''' گيج ان حقيقت تي ٻڌل آهن ته گيس جي گرمي منتقل ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ سان گهٽجي ويندي آهي. هن قسم جي گيج ۾ برقي رو وهائي هڪ تاري کي گرم ڪيو ويندو آهي. پوءِ [[ٿرموڪپل]] يا [[مزاحمتي گرمي پد سڃاڻيندڙ]] (RTD) ذريعي ان تاري جو گرمي پد ماپيو ويندو آهي. هي گرمي پد ان رفتار تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جنهن سان تارو ڀرپاسي واري گيس ڏانهن گرمي منتقل ڪري ٿو، ۽ اهڙي طرح گيس جي حرارتي چالڪائي تي به. هڪ عام قسم [[پيراني گيج]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ ئي پلاٽينم تار کي گرم ڪندڙ عنصر ۽ RTD ٻنهي طور استعمال ڪندو آهي. اهي گيج 10 ٽور کان 10⁻³ ٽور تائين صحيح نتيجا ڏيندا آهن، پر ماپي ويندڙ گيسن جي ڪيميائي جوڙجڪ کان متاثر ٿيندا آهن. '''[[آئيونائزيشن گيج]]''' انتهائي اعليٰ ويڪيوم ۾ استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. انهن جا ٻه قسم آهن: '''گرم ڪيٿوڊ''' ۽ '''ٿڌو ڪيٿوڊ'''. گرم ڪيٿوڊ واري قسم ۾ برقي طور گرم ڪيل فلامينٽ اليڪٽرانن جو شعاع پيدا ڪري ٿي. اهي اليڪٽران گيج مان گذرندي گيس جي ماليڪيولن کي آئيونائزيشن جو شڪار ڪن ٿا. ٺهندڙ آئيون منفي اليڪٽروڊ تي گڏ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وهندڙ رو آئيونن جي تعداد تي دارومدار رکي ٿي، جيڪو وري گيج اندر دٻاءُ تي منحصر هوندو آهي. گرم ڪيٿوڊ گيج 10⁻³ ٽور کان 10⁻¹⁰ ٽور تائين صحيح ماپ ڪن ٿا. ٿڌي ڪيٿوڊ واري قسم جو اصول به ساڳيو آهي، پر هتي اليڪٽران تيز وولٽيج واري برقي خارج ٿيڻ سان پيدا ڪيا ويندا آهن. ٿڌا ڪيٿوڊ گيج 10⁻² ٽور کان 10⁻⁹ ٽور تائين صحيح ماپ ڏيندا آهن. آئيونائزيشن گيج جي معيار بندي، ان جي بناوت، ماپي ويندڙ گيسن جي ڪيميائي جوڙجڪ، زنگ ۽ مٿاڇري تي جمع ٿيندڙ تہن کان تمام گهڻي متاثر ٿيندي آهي. فضائي دٻاءَ يا گهٽ ويڪيوم تي هلائڻ سان به ان جي معيار بندي غلط ٿي سگهي ٿي. اعليٰ ويڪيوم ۾ موجود گيسن جي جوڙجڪ عام طور اڳڪٿي ڪرڻ ڏکيو هوندي آهي، تنهنڪري صحيح ماپ لاءِ آئيونائزيشن گيج سان گڏ [[جرمي طيف پيما]] پڻ استعمال ڪرڻو پوندو آهي.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor=Robert M. Besançon | encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Physics | edition=3rd | date=1990 | publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York | isbn = 978-0-442-00522-1 | pages = 1278–1284 | article=Vacuum Techniques}}</ref> == استعمال == [[File:Gluehlampe 01 KMJ.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ٻرندڙ برقي بلب|برقي بلبن]] ۾ جزوي ويڪيوم هوندو آهي، جنهن کي عام طور [[آرگان]] سان ٻيهر ڀريو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[ٽنگسٽن]] فلامينٽ کي بچائيندو آهي.]] ويڪيوم ڪيترن ئي عملن ۽ اوزارن ۾ فائديمند آهي. ان جو پهريون وسيع استعمال [[ٻرندڙ برقي بلب]] ۾ ٿيو، جتي اهو فلامينٽ کي ڪيميائي خرابيءَ کان بچائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويو. ويڪيوم سان پيدا ٿيندڙ ڪيميائي غير فعالي [[اليڪٽران شعاع ويلڊنگ]]، [[ٿڌي ويلڊنگ]]، [[ويڪيوم پيڪنگ]] ۽ [[ويڪيوم فرائنگ]] لاءِ به فائديمند آهي. [[انتھائي اعليٰ ويڪيوم]] ايٽمي سطح تي صاف سبسٽريٽن جي مطالعي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ صرف تمام سٺو ويڪيوم ئي ايٽمي پيماني تي صاف مٿاڇرين کي مناسب وقت تائين، يعني منٽن کان ڏينهن تائين، محفوظ رکي سگهي ٿو. اعليٰ کان انتہائی اعليٰ ويڪيوم هوا جي رڪاوٽ کي ختم ڪري ٿو، جنهن سان ذرڙن جا شعاع بنا آلودگيءَ جي مواد کي جمع يا ختم ڪري سگهن ٿا. اهو ئي اصول [[ڪيميائي بخاري جمع ٿيڻ]]، [[جسماني بخاري جمع ٿيڻ]] ۽ [[خشڪ ڪٽائي]] جي پويان آهي، جيڪي [[نيم موصلن جي تياري]]، [[بصري ڪوٽنگ]]ن ۽ [[مٿاڇري سائنس]] لاءِ ضروري آهن. ڪنويڪشن جي گهٽتائي [[ٿرموس بوتل]]ن ۾ حرارتي موصليت فراهم ڪري ٿي. گهرو ويڪيوم مائعن جو [[اٻرڻ جو نقطو]] گهٽ ڪري ٿو ۽ گهٽ گرمي پد تي [[آئوٽ گيسنگ]] کي وڌائي ٿو، جيڪو [[فريز ڊرائنگ]]، [[چپڪندڙ مادو]] تيار ڪرڻ، [[ويڪيوم تقطير|تقطير]]، [[ڌاتڪاري]] ۽ عملن جي صفائي ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. ويڪيوم جون برقي خاصيتون [[اليڪٽران خوردبين]] ۽ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن، جن ۾ [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]]ون شامل آهن، کي ممڪن بڻائين ٿيون. [[ويڪيوم انٽرپٽر]] برقي سوئچ گيئر ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. [[ويڪيوم آرڪ]] وارا عمل ڪجهه خاص قسمن جي فولاد يا تمام پاڪ مواد جي پيداوار لاءِ صنعتي طور اهم آهن. هوا جي [[رگڙ]] جو خاتمو [[فلاءِ ويل توانائي ذخيرو]] ۽ [[الٽرا سينٽريفيوج]] لاءِ فائديمند آهي. [[File:L-Pumpe2.png|thumb|left|upright|هي اٿلي پاڻيءَ واري کوهه جو پمپ، پمپ چيمبر اندر فضائي دٻاءُ گهٽائي ٿو. فضائي دٻاءُ کوهه تائين هيٺ لهي ٿو ۽ گهٽ دٻاءَ کي توازن ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ پاڻيءَ کي پائپ وسيلي مٿي پمپ ۾ ڌڪي ٿو. زمين کان مٿي پمپ چيمبر، پاڻيءَ جي ڪالم جي وزن ۽ فضائي دٻاءَ جي توازن سبب، لڳ ڀڳ 9 ميٽر کوٽائي تائين ئي اثرائتا هوندا آهن.]] === ويڪيوم سان هلندڙ مشينون === ويڪيوم عام طور [[چوسڻ]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن جا استعمال تمام وسيع آهن. [[نيوڪومن ٻاڦ انجڻ]] پسٽن کي هلائڻ لاءِ دٻاءُ بدران ويڪيوم استعمال ڪيو. اوڻيهين صديءَ ۾ [[اسمبارڊ ڪنگڊم برونيل]] جي تجرباتي [[فضائي ريلوي]] ۾ ڇڪ لاءِ ويڪيوم استعمال ڪيو ويو. [[ويڪيوم بريڪ]] اڳ ۾ برطانيا جي [[ٽرين]]ن ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا هئا، پر [[ورثي واري ريلوي]] کان سواءِ هاڻي انهن جي جاءِ [[ريلوي هوائي بريڪ|هوائي بريڪ]]ن ورتي آهي. [[ميني فولڊ ويڪيوم]] کي [[گاڏي]]ن ۾ [[گاڏي جي اضافي طاقت#ويڪيوم|اضافي اوزارن]] کي هلائڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو. سڀ کان مشهور استعمال [[ويڪيوم سروو]] آهي، جيڪو [[بريڪ]]ن لاءِ طاقت جي مدد فراهم ڪري ٿو. هاڻي پراڻن استعمالن ۾ ويڪيوم سان هلندڙ [[ونڊ اسڪرين وائپر]] ۽ [[آٽوويڪ]] ٻارڻ پمپ شامل آهن. ڪجهه جهازن جا اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[رويي جو اشارو|Attitude Indicator (AI)]] ۽ [[رخ جو اشارو|Heading Indicator (HI)]]) عام طور ويڪيوم سان هلندا آهن، جيئن سڀني برقي اوزارن جي ناڪاميءَ کان بچاءُ رهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ شروعاتي جهازن ۾ اڪثر برقي نظام نه هوندا هئا، ۽ هلندڙ جهاز ۾ ويڪيوم جا ٻه آسانيءَ سان موجود ذريعا هوندا هئا: انجڻ ۽ ٻاهرين وينچوري. [[ويڪيوم انڊڪشن ميلٽنگ]] ويڪيوم اندر برقي مقناطيسي انڊڪشن استعمال ڪري ٿي. [[ڪنڊينسر (ٻاڦ ٽربائن)|ڪنڊينسر]] ۾ ويڪيوم برقرار رکڻ [[ٻاڦ ٽربائن]]ن جي اثرائتي ڪارڪردگيءَ جو اهم حصو آهي. هن مقصد لاءِ ٻاڦي جٽ [[ٻاڦ ايجيڪٽر|ايجيڪٽر]] يا [[مائع رنگ پمپ|مائع رنگ ويڪيوم پمپ]] استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. ٽربائن جي خارج ٿيڻ واري هنڌ ڪنڊينسر جي ٻاڦ واري حصي ۾ عام طور برقرار رکيل ويڪيوم، جنهن کي ڪنڊينسر بيڪ پريشر به چيو ويندو آهي، ڪنڊينسر جي قسم ۽ ماحولياتي حالتن تي دارومدار رکندي 5 کان 15 kPa (مطلق) جي وچ ۾ هوندو آهي. === آئوٽ گيسنگ === {{Main|آئوٽ گيسنگ}} ويڪيوم ۾ [[بخارجڻ]] ۽ [[تصعيد (ڪيميا)|تصعيد]] کي [[آئوٽ گيسنگ]] چيو ويندو آهي. سڀني مادن، چاهي اهي جامد هجن يا مائع، جو ڪجهه نه ڪجهه [[بخاري دٻاءُ]] هوندو آهي، ۽ جڏهن ويڪيوم جو دٻاءُ هن بخاري دٻاءَ کان هيٺ اچي وڃي ٿو، تڏهن انهن جي آئوٽ گيسنگ اهم ٿي ويندي آهي. آئوٽ گيسنگ جو اثر رساءَ جهڙو هوندو آهي ۽ حاصل ڪري سگهجندڙ ويڪيوم کي محدود ڪندو آهي. آئوٽ گيسنگ مان نڪرندڙ شيون ويجهي ٿڌين مٿاڇرين تي ڄمي سگهن ٿيون، جيڪو ان وقت تڪليف ڏيندڙ ٿي سگهي ٿو جڏهن اهي بصري اوزارن کي ڍڪي ڇڏين يا ٻين مواد سان ردعمل ڪن. خلائي مهمن لاءِ هي وڏو خدشو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڍڪجي ويل دوربين يا شمسي سيل هڪ مهانگي مهم کي ناڪام ڪري سگهي ٿو. ويڪيوم نظامن ۾ سڀ کان عام آئوٽ گيسنگ پيداوار پاڻي آهي، جيڪو چيمبر جي مواد ۾ جذب ٿيل هوندو آهي. ان کي چيمبر کي خشڪ ڪرڻ يا گرم ڪرڻ، ۽ جذب ڪندڙ مواد کي هٽائڻ سان گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. آئوٽ گيس ٿيل پاڻي [[روٽري وين پمپ]]ن جي تيل ۾ ڄمي سگهي ٿو ۽ جيڪڏهن گيس بيلسٽنگ استعمال نه ڪئي وڃي ته انهن جي خالص رفتار کي تمام گهڻو گهٽائي سگهي ٿو. اعليٰ ويڪيوم نظامن کي آئوٽ گيسنگ گهٽائڻ لاءِ صاف ۽ نامياتي مادن کان پاڪ هجڻ گهرجي. انتہائی اعليٰ ويڪيوم نظام عام طور گرم ڪيا ويندا آهن، بهتر اهو آهي ته ويڪيوم هيٺ، جيئن سڀني آئوٽ گيسنگ مادن جو بخاري دٻاءُ عارضي طور وڌي ۽ اهي اٻري نڪري وڃن. جڏهن آئوٽ گيسنگ مادن جو وڏو حصو اٻري نڪري وڃي ۽ خارج ڪيو وڃي، تڏهن نظام کي ٿڌو ڪري بخاري دٻاءَ کي گهٽايو ويندو آهي ۽ حقيقي عمل دوران باقي آئوٽ گيسنگ کي گهٽايو ويندو آهي. ڪجهه نظامن کي [[مائع نائٽروجن]] سان ڪمري جي گرمي پد کان گهڻو هيٺ ٿڌو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيئن باقي آئوٽ گيسنگ بند ٿئي ۽ ساڳئي وقت نظام کي [[ڪريوپمپ]] ڪيو وڃي. === پمپنگ ۽ ماحولياتي فضائي دٻاءُ === [[File:Hand pump.png|thumb|left|upright|گهرا کوهه اهڙا هوندا آهن، جن ۾ پمپ چيمبر کوهه اندر پاڻيءَ جي مٿاڇري جي ويجهو يا پاڻيءَ ۾ هوندو آهي. "سڪر راڊ" هينڊل کان پائپ جي وچ مان کوهه اندر گهڻو هيٺ وڃي پلنجر کي هلائي ٿو. پمپ جو هينڊل سڪر راڊ جي وزن ۽ مٿئين پلنجر مٿان زمين جي سطح تائين بيٺل پاڻيءَ جي ڪالم جي وزن جي مقابلي ۾ ڳري توازن واري وزن طور ڪم ڪري ٿو.]] {{Main|ويڪيوم پمپ}} سيالن کي عام طور ڇڪي نٿو سگهجي، تنهنڪري [[چوسڻ]] سان ويڪيوم پيدا نٿو ڪري سگهجي. چوسڻ صرف وڌيڪ دٻاءَ کي سيالن کي گهٽ دٻاءَ واري جڳهه ڏانهن ڌڪڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ويڪيوم کي پکڙائي ۽ ڪمزور ڪري سگهي ٿو، پر چوسڻ ٿيڻ کان اڳ ويڪيوم جو پيدا ٿيڻ ضروري آهي. مصنوعي ويڪيوم پيدا ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان آسان طريقو ڪنهن برتن جو حجم وڌائڻ آهي. مثال طور، [[ڊائيفرام (تشريح الاعضاء)|ڊائيفرام عضلو]] ڇاتيءَ جي کوک کي وڌائي ٿو، جنهن سان ڦڦڙن جو حجم وڌي ٿو. اها واڌ دٻاءُ گهٽائي جزوي ويڪيوم پيدا ڪري ٿي، جيڪو ٿوري ئي دير ۾ فضائي دٻاءَ سان اندر ڌڪيل هوا سان ڀرجي وڃي ٿو. ڪنهن چيمبر کي مسلسل خالي ڪرڻ لاءِ، بغير ان جي ته ان جو حجم لامحدود وڌايو وڃي، ويڪيوم جي هڪ حصي کي بار بار بند ڪري، خالي ڪري ۽ ٻيهر وڌائي سگهجي ٿو. اهو ئي اصول [[ويڪيوم پمپ#مثبت بي دخلي پمپ|مثبت بي دخلي پمپن]] جي پويان آهي، جيئن هٿ سان هلندڙ پاڻيءَ جو پمپ. پمپ اندر هڪ ميڪانيزم هڪ ننڍڙي بند کوک کي وڌائي ويڪيوم پيدا ڪري ٿو. دٻاءَ جي فرق سبب چيمبر مان، يا اسان جي مثال ۾ کوهه مان، ڪجهه سيال پمپ جي ننڍڙي کوک ۾ ڌڪجي اچي ٿو. پوءِ پمپ جي کوک کي چيمبر کان بند ڪري، فضا ڏانهن کوليو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان کي وري ننڍڙو ڪيو وڃي ٿو. [[File:Cut through turbomolecular pump.jpg|thumb|upright|[[ٽربوماليڪيولر پمپ]] جو ڪٽيل ڏيک، جيڪو اعليٰ ويڪيوم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ حرڪتي مقدار منتقلي پمپ آهي.]] مٿي ڏنل وضاحت صرف ويڪيوم پمپنگ جو سادو تعارف آهي، ۽ استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني پمپن جي پوري حد جي نمائندگي نٿي ڪري. مثبت بي دخلي پمپ جون ڪيتريون صورتون تيار ڪيون ويون آهن، ۽ ٻيا ڪيترائي پمپ بنيادي طور مختلف اصولن تي ڪم ڪن ٿا. [[ويڪيوم پمپ#حرڪتي مقدار منتقلي پمپ|حرڪتي مقدار منتقلي پمپ]]، جيڪي وڌيڪ دٻاءَ تي استعمال ٿيندڙ حرڪتي پمپن سان ڪجهه مشابهت رکن ٿا، مثبت بي دخلي پمپن کان گهڻو بهتر معيار جو ويڪيوم پيدا ڪري سگهن ٿا. [[ويڪيوم پمپ#قيد ڪندڙ پمپ|قيد ڪندڙ پمپ]] گيسن کي جامد يا جذب ٿيل حالت ۾ قيد ڪري سگهن ٿا، اڪثر ڪري بغير هلندڙ حصن، مهرن يا ارتعاش جي. انهن مان ڪو به پمپ هر مقصد لاءِ مڪمل ناهي؛ هر قسم جون اهم ڪارڪردگي جون حدون آهن. انهن سڀني کي گهٽ ماليڪيولي وزن وارين گيسن، خاص طور [[هائيڊروجن]]، [[هيليم]] ۽ [[نيون]]، کي پمپ ڪرڻ ۾ ڏکيائي پيش اچي ٿي. ڪنهن نظام ۾ حاصل ڪري سگهجندڙ سڀ کان گهٽ دٻاءُ پمپن جي نوعيت کان علاوه ڪيترين ئي ٻين شين تي پڻ دارومدار رکي ٿو. وڌيڪ ويڪيوم حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترن پمپن کي سلسليوار ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿو، جن کي مرحلا چيو ويندو آهي. مهرن جي چونڊ، چيمبر جي جاميٽري، مواد ۽ پمپ ڊائون طريقا سڀ اثر وجهندا آهن. گڏيل طور انهن کي ''ويڪيوم ٽيڪنڪ'' چيو ويندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن آخري دٻاءُ ئي اڪيلو اهم خاصيت نه هوندو آهي. پمپنگ نظام تيل جي آلودگي، ارتعاش، مخصوص گيسن جي ترجيحي پمپنگ، پمپ ڊائون رفتار، وقفي واري ڪم جي چڪر، ڀروسي يا وڌيڪ رساءَ جي شرح برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۾ هڪ ٻئي کان مختلف هوندا آهن. [[انتھائي اعليٰ ويڪيوم]] نظامن ۾ ڪجهه تمام "عجيب" رساءَ جا رستا ۽ آئوٽ گيسنگ جا ذريعا به غور هيٺ آڻڻا پوندا آهن. [[ايلومينيم]] ۽ [[پيليڊيم]] ۾ پاڻيءَ جو جذب ٿيڻ ناقابل قبول آئوٽ گيسنگ جو ذريعو بڻجي سگهي ٿو، ۽ اسٽينليس اسٽيل يا [[ٽائيٽينيم]] جهڙن سخت ڌاتن جي جذب پذيري به غور طلب هوندي آهي. ڪجهه تيل ۽ گريس انتهائي ويڪيوم ۾ اٻري ختم ٿي ويندا آهن. ڌاتي چيمبرن جي ڀتين جي نفوذ پذيري به غور هيٺ آڻڻي پوندي، ۽ ڌاتي فلينجن جي داڻن جو رخ فلينج جي مٿاڇري سان متوازي هجڻ گهرجي. ليبارٽري ۾ هن وقت حاصل ڪري سگهجندڙ سڀ کان گهٽ دٻاءُ لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|1e-13|torr|pPa}} آهي.<ref>{{cite journal| author=Ishimaru, H | title= Ultimate Pressure of the Order of 10⁻¹³ torr in an Aluminum Alloy Vacuum Chamber | journal= Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology | date=1989 | volume=7 | issue=3–II | pages= 2439–2442 | doi= 10.1116/1.575916 | bibcode= 1989JVSTA...7.2439I }}</ref> بهرحال، {{convert|4|K|C F}} واري ڪريوجينڪ ويڪيوم نظام ۾ {{convert|5e-17|torr|fPa}} جيترو گهٽ دٻاءُ اڻ سڌي طرح ماپيو ويو آهي.<ref name=Gabrielse>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1317| pmid = 10042233| title = Thousandfold improvement in the measured antiproton mass| journal = Physical Review Letters| volume = 65| issue = 11| pages = 1317–1320| year = 1990| last1 = Gabrielse | first1 = G.| last2 = Fei | first2 = X.| last3 = Orozco | first3 = L.| last4 = Tjoelker | first4 = R.| last5 = Haas | first5 = J.| last6 = Kalinowsky | first6 = H.| last7 = Trainor | first7 = T.| last8 = Kells | first8 = W.|bibcode = 1990PhRvL..65.1317G | url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/493773/files/cm-p00043126.pdf}}</ref> اهو تقريباً 100 ذرڙا في cm³ جي برابر آهي. == انسانن ۽ جانورن تي اثر == {{See also|خلائي ماحول سان سامهون اچڻ|غير قابو دٻاءَ گهٽجڻ}} [[File:An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1768.jpg|thumb|[[جوزف رائٽ آف ڊربي]] جي 1768ع واري هي تصوير ''[[ايئر پمپ ۾ پکيءَ تي تجربو]]''، 1660ع ۾ [[رابرٽ بوئل]] پاران ڪيل تجربي کي ڏيکاري ٿي.]] ويڪيوم سان سامهون ايندڙ انسان ۽ جانور ڪجهه سيڪنڊن کان پوءِ [[شعور]] وڃائي ويهندا آهن ۽ ڪجهه منٽن اندر [[هائپوڪسيا (طب)|هائپوڪسيا]] سبب فوت ٿي ويندا آهن، پر علامتون ايتريون خوفناڪ يا ڊرامائي ناهن، جيتريون عام طور ميڊيا ۽ عوامي ثقافت ۾ ڏيکاريون وينديون آهن. دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ سان رت ۽ جسم جي ٻين سيالن جي اٻرڻ جو گرمي پد گهٽجي ويندو آهي، پر رت جي رڳن جو لچڪدار دٻاءُ يقيني بڻائيندو آهي ته هي اٻرڻ جو نقطو جسم جي اندروني گرمي پد {{nowrap|37 °C}} کان مٿي رهي.<ref name="Landis Vacuum Exposure">{{cite web|last=Landis|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey A. Landis|date=7 August 2007|title=Human Exposure to Vacuum|url=http://www.geoffreylandis.com/vacuum.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721182306/http://www.geoffreylandis.com/vacuum.html|archive-date=21 July 2009|access-date=25 March 2006|publisher=geoffreylandis.com}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ رت نه اٻرندو، پر گهٽ دٻاءَ تي جسماني سيالن ۾ گئس جا بلبل ٺهڻ، جنهن کي [[ايبُلزم]] چيو وڃي ٿو، اڃا به خطري جو سبب آهي. گئس جسم کي عام جسامت کان ٻيڻو ڦوڪي سگهي ٿي ۽ رت جي گردش کي سست ڪري سگهي ٿي، پر عضوا ايترا لچڪدار ۽ سوراخدار هوندا آهن جو ڦاٽڻ کان بچي ويندا آهن.<ref name="NASA Bio Data Book">{{cite book| first=Charles E. | last=Billings | editor=Parker, James F. | editor2=West, Vita R. | date=1973 | title=Bioastronautics Data Book| edition=Second | publisher=NASA | id=NASA SP-3006 | chapter= Chapter 1) Barometric Pressure | page=5| hdl=2060/19730006364 }}</ref> ڦوڪ ۽ ايبُلزم کي [[دٻاءُ وارو لباس]] پائڻ سان روڪي سگهجي ٿو. [[خلائي شٽل پروگرام|شٽل]] جي خلائي مسافرن Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) نالي هڪ چست لچڪدار لباس پاتو، جيڪو 2&nbsp;kPa (15&nbsp;Torr) جي گهٽ دٻاءَ تي به ايبُلزم کان بچائي ٿو.<ref name="Webb Space Activity Suit">{{cite journal| author=Webb P. | title= The Space Activity Suit: An Elastic Leotard for Extravehicular Activity | journal=Aerospace Medicine | date=1968 | volume=39 | issue= 4| pages= 376–383 | pmid=4872696}}</ref> تيز اٻرڻ چمڙي کي ٿڌو ڪري برف جهڙي ٿڌ پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو، خاص طور وات ۾، پر اهو وڏو خطرو ناهي. جانورن تي تجربن مان ظاهر ٿيو آهي ته 90 سيڪنڊن کان گهٽ ويڪيوم سامهون اچڻ کان پوءِ تيز ۽ مڪمل بحالي عام طور ممڪن هوندي آهي، جڏهن ته ان کان وڌيڪ سڄي جسم جي سامهون اچڻ موت جو سبب بڻجي ٿو ۽ اهڙين حالتن ۾ بحالي ڪڏهن ڪامياب نه ٿي آهي.<ref name="Cooke Cardiovascular Responses"> {{cite journal | pmid = 5972265 | year = 1966 | last1 = Cooke | first1 = J.P. | title = Some cardiovascular responses in anesthetized dogs during repeated decompressions to a near-vacuum | journal = Aerospace Medicine | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 1148–1152 | last2 = Bancroft | first2 = R.W. }}</ref> ناسا جي اٺ چيمپنزين بابت هڪ مطالعي ۾ معلوم ٿيو ته سڀ چيمپنزي ويڪيوم سان ٻه اڌ منٽ سامهون اچڻ کان پوءِ زنده بچي ويا.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19650027167.pdf|title=The Effect on the Chimpanzee of Rapid Decompression to a near Vacuum|date=November 1965|last1=Koestler|first1=A. G.|website=NASA}}</ref> انساني حادثن مان موجود ڊيٽا محدود آهي، پر اها جانورن واري ڊيٽا سان مطابقت رکي ٿي. جيڪڏهن ساهه کڻڻ ۾ رڪاوٽ نه اچي، ته ٻانهن يا ٽنگن جهڙا عضوا وڌيڪ وقت تائين ويڪيوم سامهون رهي سگهن ٿا.<ref name="harding">{{cite book | last1 =Harding | first1 =Richard M. | date =1989 | title =Survival in Space: Medical Problems of Manned Spaceflight | place =London | publisher =Routledge | isbn =978-0-415-00253-0 | oclc =18744945 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/survivalinspacem0000hard }}.</ref> [[رابرٽ بوئل]] پهريون شخص هو، جنهن 1660ع ۾ ڏيکاريو ته ويڪيوم ننڍن جانورن لاءِ موتمار آهي. هڪ تجربو ظاهر ڪري ٿو ته ٻوٽا گهٽ دٻاءَ واري ماحول (1.5&nbsp;kPa) ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 30 منٽن تائين زنده رهي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2010.12.017 |title=Plants survive rapid decompression: Implications for bioregenerative life support |date=2011 |last1=Wheeler |first1=R.M. |last2=Wehkamp |first2=C.A. |last3=Stasiak |first3=M.A. |last4=Dixon |first4=M.A. |last5=Rygalov |first5=V.Y. |journal=Advances in Space Research |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1600–1607 |bibcode=2011AdSpR..47.1600W|hdl=2060/20130009997 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11987308 |date=2002 |last1=Ferl |first1=RJ |last2=Schuerger |first2=AC |last3=Paul |first3=AL |last4=Gurley |first4=WB |last5=Corey |first5=K |last6=Bucklin |first6=R |title=Plant adaptation to low atmospheric pressures: Potential molecular responses |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=93–101 |journal=Life Support & Biosphere Science}}</ref> ٿڌي يا آڪسيجن سان ڀرپور فضا، فضائي دٻاءَ کان گهڻو گهٽ دٻاءَ تي به زندگي برقرار رکي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ آڪسيجن جي کثافت عام سامونڊي سطح واري فضا جي برابر هجي. 3&nbsp;km تائين اوچائي تي ملندڙ ٿڌي هوا جو گرمي پد عام طور گهٽ دٻاءَ جي تلافي ڪري ٿو.<ref name="harding" /> هن اوچائي کان مٿي، اڳواٽ [[هم آهنگي (حياتيات)|هم آهنگي]] نه ڪندڙ انسانن ۾ [[اوچائي جي بيماري]] کان بچڻ لاءِ آڪسيجن ۾ واڌ ضروري آهي، ۽ 19&nbsp;km کان مٿي ايبُلزم کان بچڻ لاءِ [[خلائي لباس]] ضروري آهن.<ref name="harding" /> اڪثر خلائي لباس فقط 20&nbsp;kPa (150&nbsp;Torr) خالص آڪسيجن استعمال ڪن ٿا. هي دٻاءُ ايبُلزم کي روڪڻ لاءِ ڪافي آهي، پر جيڪڏهن دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ جي رفتار کي مناسب طريقي سان قابو نه ڪيو وڃي، ته [[دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ جي بيماري]] ۽ [[هوائي ايمبولزم|گئس ايمبولزم]] اڃا به ٿي سگهن ٿا. تيز دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ پاڻ ويڪيوم سامهون اچڻ کان به وڌيڪ خطرناڪ ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڀلي متاثر ماڻهو ساهه روڪي نه، پر ساهه جي نالي مان هوا جو نڪرڻ ايترو سست ٿي سگهي ٿو جو [[ڦڦڙن]] جي نازڪ [[ڦڦڙي هوائي ٿيلهو|هوائي ٿيلهن]] جي موتمار ڦاٽڻ کي روڪي نه سگهي.<ref name="harding" /> تيز دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ سان [[ڪن جو پردو]] ۽ سائنس ڦاٽي سگهن ٿا، نرم عضون ۾ ڌڪ لڳي ۽ رت رسڻ لڳي سگهي ٿو، ۽ صدمو آڪسيجن جي استعمال کي تيز ڪري [[هائپوڪسيا (طب)|هائپوڪسيا]] پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿو.<ref name="Landis Ebullism">{{cite web| author=Czarnik, Tamarack R.| date=1999|website=unpublished review by Landis, Geoffrey A. | title=EBULLISM AT 1 MILLION FEET: Surviving Rapid/Explosive Decompression | url=http://www.geoffreylandis.com/ebullism.html | publisher= geoffreylandis}}</ref> تيز دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ زخمن کي [[باروٽراما]] چيو ويندو آهي. 13&nbsp;kPa (100&nbsp;Torr) جي دٻاءَ جي گهٽتائي، جيڪا آهستي آهستي ٿئي ته ڪا علامت پيدا نٿي ڪري، اوچتو ٿئي ته موتمار ٿي سگهي ٿي.<ref name="harding" /> ڪجهه [[انتہاپسند جاندار|انتهائي حالتن ۾ رهندڙ]] [[خوردبيني جاندار]]، جهڙوڪ [[ٽارڊيگريڊ]]، ويڪيوم واري حالتن ۾ ڏينهنن يا هفتن تائين زنده رهي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low Earth orbit | journal = Current Biology | date = 9 September 2008 |author = Jönsson, K. Ingemar | author2 = Rabbow, Elke | author3 = Schill, Ralph O. | author4 = Harms-Ringdahl, Mats | author5 = Rettberg, Petra | name-list-style = amp | volume = 18 | issue = 17 | pages = R729–R731| doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.048 | pmid=18786368| s2cid = 8566993 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2008CBio...18.R729J }}</ref> == حوالا == <references /> == وڌيڪ ڏسو == * [[فزڪس]] * [[دٻاءُ]] * [[ٻاهرين خلاء|خلا]] == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Wikiquote}} {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons category}} * [https://www.leybold.com/en/downloads/download-documents/brochures/ ليبولڊ – ويڪيوم ٽيڪنالاجي جا بنيادي اصول (PDF)] * [http://spacegeek.org/ep9_QT.shtml ويڪيوم جي ماهيت بابت وڊيو]، ڪينيڊين فلڪيات دان ڊاڪٽر پي پاران * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216082832/http://www.svc.org/H/H_HistoryArticle.html ويڪيوم ڪوٽنگ ٽيڪنالاجي جا بنياد] * [http://www.avs.org/ آمريڪي ويڪيوم سوسائٽي] * [http://scitation.aip.org/jvsta/ جرنل آف ويڪيوم سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي اي] * [http://scitation.aip.org/jvstb/ جرنل آف ويڪيوم سائنس اينڊ ٽيڪنالاجي بي] * [http://www.sff.net/people/Geoffrey.Landis/vacuum.html ڌماڪيدار دٻاءُ گهٽجڻ ۽ ويڪيوم سان سامهون اچڻ بابت عام سوال] * [http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970603.html سخت ويڪيوم سان انسانن جي سامهون اچڻ جي اثرن بابت وضاحت] * {{cite journal |arxiv=hep-th/0012062 |first=Mark D. |last=Roberts |title=Vacuum Energy |journal=High Energy Physics – Theory |pages=hep–th/0012062 |date=2000|bibcode = 2000hep.th...12062R }} * [http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page ويڪيوم ۽ خلائي ماحول جي تياري] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613093032/http://void.mit.edu/~4.396/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page |date=2008-06-13 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185128/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=4&EventId=258 "ڪجهه به نه بابت گهڻو شور"]، پروفيسر [[جان ڊي. بئرو]]، گريشم ڪاليج * [http://www.physics.arizona.edu/~rafelski/Books/StructVacuumE.pdf ''دي اسٽرڪچرڊ ويڪيوم – خال بابت سوچ''] جو مفت PDF، [[يوهان رافيلسڪي]] ۽ برنڊٽ مولر (1985ع) {{ISBN|3-87144-889-3}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ويڪيوم]] [[Category:طبعي مظاهرا]] [[Category:صنعتي عمل]] [[Category:گئسون]] [[Category:وڊيو ڪلپن وارا مضمون]] [[Category:لاطيني لفظ ۽ اصطلاح]] 7e1f22faosmvy9ai812w6cp2m55ekrx 0 91999 390198 390182 2026-06-30T14:08:49Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = I |flag_caption=| pushpin_map = | image_coa = Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg |coa_caption=|anthem=R| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref = | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Heads of Vladivostok (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census = | pop_2010census_rank = | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=A|official_name=B|native_name=C|other_name=D|settlement_type=E|type=F|image_caption=G|caption=H|image_seal=J|image_shield=K|image_blank_emblem=L|blank_emblem_size=M|blank_emblem_type=N|image_map=O|mapsize=P|map_caption=Q|subdivision_name=S|subdivision_name1=T|subdivision_name2=U|subdivision_name3=V|population_total=W|subdivision_type=X|subdivision_type1=Y|subdivision_type2=Z|subdivision_type3=A|subdivision_type4=B|subdivision_name4=C|subdivision_type5=D|subdivision_name5=E|subdivision_type6=F|subdivision_name6=G|established_title=Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860|established_title1=Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }}|established_date1=J|established_title2=K|established_date2=L|established_title3=M|established_date3=N|established_title4=O|established_date4=P|established_title5=Q|established_date5=R|established_title6=S|established_date6=T|established_title7=U|established_date7=V|parts_type=W|parts=X|p1=Y|parts_style=Z|government_type=A|governing_body=B|leader_name1=Konstantin Shestakov Шестаков, Константин Владимирович <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref>|leader_name2=Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov|leader_name3=E|leader_name4=F|leader_title1=(Главы Владивостока)|leader_title2=H|leader_title3=I|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=A|timezone2=B|utc_offset1=C|utc_offset=D|timezone1=E|timezone=F|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=A|area_code_type=I}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] svnci8rznm1zduvxgn90n9heogtvb43 390199 390198 2026-06-30T14:43:02Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = I |flag_caption=| pushpin_map = | image_coa = Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref = | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Heads of Vladivostok (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census = | pop_2010census_rank = | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=H|image_seal=J|image_shield=K|image_blank_emblem=L|blank_emblem_size=M|blank_emblem_type=N|image_map=O|mapsize=P|map_caption=Q|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=W|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=پوپ تخمينو (2021)|subdivision_name6=6,03,519|established_title=Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860|established_title1=J|established_date1=J|established_title2=ڇوٽيون|established_date2=2 جولاءِ|established_title3=جسم|established_date3=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|established_title4=شهر جو سربراهه|established_date4=ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=علائقو|established_date7=روسي: Владивосток|parts_type=W|parts=X|p1=Y|parts_style=Z|government_type=A|governing_body=B|leader_name1=Konstantin Shestakov Шестаков, Константин Владимирович <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref>|leader_name2=Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov|leader_name3=E|leader_name4=F|leader_title1=(Главы Владивостока)|leader_title2=H|leader_title3=I|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }}|timezone2=B|utc_offset1=C|utc_offset=D|timezone1=E|timezone=F|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=A|area_code_type=I}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] rytektxtilfnqdx1teqfbgh1vumcguq 390200 390199 2026-06-30T14:47:37Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = I |flag_caption=| pushpin_map = | image_coa = Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref = | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Heads of Vladivostok (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=H|image_seal=J|image_shield=K|image_blank_emblem=L|blank_emblem_size=M|blank_emblem_type=N|image_map=O|mapsize=P|map_caption=Q|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=پوپ تخمينو (2021)|subdivision_name6=6,03,519|established_title=Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860|established_title1=J|established_date1=J|established_title2=ڇوٽيون|established_date2=2 جولاءِ|established_title3=جسم|established_date3=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|established_title4=شهر جو سربراهه|established_date4=ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=علائقو|established_date7=روسي: Владивосток|parts_type=W|parts=X|p1=Y|parts_style=Z|government_type=A|governing_body=B|leader_name1=Konstantin Shestakov Шестаков, Константин Владимирович <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref>|leader_name2=Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov|leader_name3=E|leader_name4=F|leader_title1=(Главы Владивостока)|leader_title2=H|leader_title3=I|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }}|timezone2=B|utc_offset1=C|utc_offset=D|timezone1=E|timezone=F|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=A|area_code_type=I}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] mfd9r4tk4h03bog1qpzskpvjg3r8k1b 390201 390200 2026-06-30T15:11:02Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = I |flag_caption=| pushpin_map = | image_coa = |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Heads of Vladivostok (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=H|image_seal=J|image_shield=K|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=100px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=O|mapsize=P|map_caption=Q|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=پوپ تخمينو (2021)|subdivision_name6=6,03,519|established_title=Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860|established_title1=J|established_date1=J|established_title2=ڇوٽيون|established_date2=2 جولاءِ|established_title3=جسم|established_date3=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|established_title4=شهر جو سربراهه|established_date4=ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=علائقو|established_date7=روسي: Владивосток|parts_type=W|parts=X|p1=Y|parts_style=Z|government_type=A|governing_body=B|leader_name1=Konstantin Shestakov Шестаков, Константин Владимирович <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref>|leader_name2=Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov|leader_name3=E|leader_name4=F|leader_title1=(Главы Владивостока)|leader_title2=H|leader_title3=I|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=B|utc_offset1=C|utc_offset=D|timezone1=E|timezone=F|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=A|area_code_type=I}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] 9eqowhrro01w32499z2dgoqxft7wrtt 390202 390201 2026-06-30T15:17:01Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Heads of Vladivostok (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=H|image_seal=J|image_shield=K|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=100px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=O|mapsize=P|map_caption=Q|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=پوپ تخمينو (2021)|subdivision_name6=6,03,519|established_title=Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860|established_title1=J|established_date1=J|established_title2=ڇوٽيون|established_date2=2 جولاءِ|established_title3=جسم|established_date3=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|established_title4=شهر جو سربراهه|established_date4=ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=علائقو|established_date7=روسي: Владивосток|parts_type=W|parts=X|p1=Y|parts_style=Z|government_type=A|governing_body=B|leader_name1=Konstantin Shestakov Шестаков, Константин Владимирович <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref>|leader_name2=Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov|leader_name3=E|leader_name4=F|leader_title1=(Главы Владивостока)|leader_title2=H|leader_title3=I|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=B|utc_offset1=C|utc_offset=D|timezone1=E|timezone=F|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=A|area_code_type=I}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] a6q38l1ivrja0afvlo10k2u8xnuub6l 390203 390202 2026-06-30T15:19:55Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Heads of Vladivostok (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=پوپ تخمينو (2021)|subdivision_name6=6,03,519|established_title=Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860|established_title1=J|established_date1=J|established_title2=ڇوٽيون|established_date2=2 جولاءِ|established_title3=جسم|established_date3=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|established_title4=شهر جو سربراهه|established_date4=ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=علائقو|established_date7=روسي: Владивосток|parts_type=W|parts=X|p1=Y|parts_style=Z|government_type=A|governing_body=B|leader_name1=Konstantin Shestakov Шестаков, Константин Владимирович <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref>|leader_name2=Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov|leader_name3=E|leader_name4=F|leader_title1=(Главы Владивостока)|leader_title2=H|leader_title3=I|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=B|utc_offset1=C|utc_offset=D|timezone1=E|timezone=F|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=A|area_code_type=I}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] ows299dofv7evcz0qtddatyae5ouw4h 390204 390203 2026-06-30T15:27:42Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = Head of the City (Главы Владивостока) | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف {{ill|Konstantin Shestakov|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=Holidy|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=ڇوٽيون|established_date2=|established_title3=جسم|established_date3=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|established_title4=شهر جو سربراهه|established_date4=ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=علائقو|established_date7=روسي: Владивосток|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] 3ow7t49uujqawvdyrgvgxb99tnhhl3u 390205 390204 2026-06-30T15:33:00Z Memon2025 21315 /* */ 390205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] 9dt0yxf0127y1o7f2wah6q4os1q25v6 390206 390205 2026-06-30T16:14:04Z Memon2025 21315 /* نالا ۽ اشتقاق */ 390206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==نالا ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==سياست ۽ حڪومت== ==معيشت== ==نقل و حمل== ==ثقافت== ==سياحت== ==تفريح== ==پارڪ== ==ميڊيا== ==راندين== ==شهري منظر== ==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو== ==ڀائر شهر== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|روس}} * سائبيريا * پرائمورسڪي ڪري * ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] fqbx4fsq0vvfygvsp5hvpidqwwi9be5 390207 390206 2026-06-30T16:16:17Z Memon2025 21315 390207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==نالا ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==سياست ۽ حڪومت== ==معيشت== ==نقل و حمل== ==ثقافت== ==سياحت== ==تفريح== ==پارڪ== ==ميڊيا== ==راندين== ==شهري منظر== ==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو== ==ڀائر شهر== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|روس}} * سائبيريا * پرائمورسڪي ڪري * ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes|c=Category:Vladivostok}} * [http://www.vlc.ru Official website of Vladivostok] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113013846/http://www.vlc.ru/ |date=November 13, 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/vladivostok_1912.jpg Historical Map of Vladivostok (1912)], [[Perry–Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas]], Austin. * {{YouTube|bM6_sMRn2-g|Timelapse video of Vladivostok}} {{in lang|ru}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] 1l0rn4cxoim9x9b9gyqhd2aqj8rxooq 390208 390207 2026-06-30T16:21:39Z Memon2025 21315 390208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==نالا ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==سياست ۽ حڪومت== ==معيشت== ==نقل و حمل== ==ثقافت== ==سياحت== ==تفريح== ==پارڪ== ==ميڊيا== ==راندين== ==شهري منظر== ==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو== ==ڀائر شهر== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|روس}} * سائبيريا * پرائمورسڪي ڪري * ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes|c=Category:Vladivostok}} * [http://www.vlc.ru Official website of Vladivostok] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113013846/http://www.vlc.ru/ |date=November 13, 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/vladivostok_1912.jpg Historical Map of Vladivostok (1912)], [[Perry–Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas]], Austin. * {{YouTube|bM6_sMRn2-g|Timelapse video of Vladivostok}} {{in lang|ru}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روسي ڏور اوڀر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روسي پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ بندرگاهه شهر]] [[زمرو:روس جو پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روسي ۽ سوويت بحري اڏا]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:منچوريا]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪايا اوبلاست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:روسي سلطنت ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:1860 ۾ قائم ٿيل آبادي واري جڳهه]] rvpgr6bptcy7733pxujnug06x8hfn1v 390209 390208 2026-06-30T16:23:33Z Memon2025 21315 /* وڌيڪ پڙهڻ */ 390209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==نالا ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==سياست ۽ حڪومت== ==معيشت== ==نقل و حمل== ==ثقافت== ==سياحت== ==تفريح== ==پارڪ== ==ميڊيا== ==راندين== ==شهري منظر== ==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو== ==ڀائر شهر== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|روس}} * سائبيريا * پرائمورسڪي ڪري * ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي ==نوٽ== ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== {{See also|Timeline of Vladivostok#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Vladivostok}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|adm|law}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|mun|list|vladivostoksky}} *[[Edith Margaret Faulstich|Faulstich, Edith. M.]] "The Siberian Sojourn" [[Yonkers]], N.Y. (1972–1977) * {{Cite book |last=Narangoa |first=Li |title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780231160704 |location=New York}} * Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. ({{ISBN|5-8044-0461-X}}). * Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]], 1994. 481 p. * Trofimov, Vladimir et al., 1992, ''Old Vladivostok''. Utro Rossii Vladivostok, {{ISBN|5-87080-004-8}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes|c=Category:Vladivostok}} * [http://www.vlc.ru Official website of Vladivostok] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113013846/http://www.vlc.ru/ |date=November 13, 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/vladivostok_1912.jpg Historical Map of Vladivostok (1912)], [[Perry–Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas]], Austin. * {{YouTube|bM6_sMRn2-g|Timelapse video of Vladivostok}} {{in lang|ru}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روسي ڏور اوڀر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روسي پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ بندرگاهه شهر]] [[زمرو:روس جو پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روسي ۽ سوويت بحري اڏا]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:منچوريا]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪايا اوبلاست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:روسي سلطنت ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:1860 ۾ قائم ٿيل آبادي واري جڳهه]] c1x8a212fd9n9zs07nmyu2krm1o24ws 390210 390209 2026-06-30T16:25:28Z Memon2025 21315 /* نوٽ */ 390210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==نالا ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==سياست ۽ حڪومت== ==معيشت== ==نقل و حمل== ==ثقافت== ==سياحت== ==تفريح== ==پارڪ== ==ميڊيا== ==راندين== ==شهري منظر== ==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو== ==ڀائر شهر== ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|روس}} * سائبيريا * پرائمورسڪي ڪري * ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي ==نوٽ== {{Notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== {{See also|Timeline of Vladivostok#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Vladivostok}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|adm|law}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|mun|list|vladivostoksky}} *[[Edith Margaret Faulstich|Faulstich, Edith. M.]] "The Siberian Sojourn" [[Yonkers]], N.Y. (1972–1977) * {{Cite book |last=Narangoa |first=Li |title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780231160704 |location=New York}} * Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. ({{ISBN|5-8044-0461-X}}). * Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]], 1994. 481 p. * Trofimov, Vladimir et al., 1992, ''Old Vladivostok''. Utro Rossii Vladivostok, {{ISBN|5-87080-004-8}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes|c=Category:Vladivostok}} * [http://www.vlc.ru Official website of Vladivostok] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113013846/http://www.vlc.ru/ |date=November 13, 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/vladivostok_1912.jpg Historical Map of Vladivostok (1912)], [[Perry–Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas]], Austin. * {{YouTube|bM6_sMRn2-g|Timelapse video of Vladivostok}} {{in lang|ru}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روسي ڏور اوڀر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روسي پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ بندرگاهه شهر]] [[زمرو:روس جو پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روسي ۽ سوويت بحري اڏا]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:منچوريا]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪايا اوبلاست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:روسي سلطنت ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:1860 ۾ قائم ٿيل آبادي واري جڳهه]] icq3qz686nq3h6ot64tkgijl9tnpq0b 390211 390210 2026-06-30T16:26:22Z Memon2025 21315 390211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Largest city and administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2013}} {{Use American English|date=June 2022}} {{Infobox Settlement | en_name = | ru_name = |image_skyline = {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = زولوٽوئي پل ۽ گولڊن هارن بي، رسڪي پل سان گڏ |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM ڊپارٽمينٽ اسٽور |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = آرسينيف ميوزيم آف فار ايسٽ هسٽري |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 =فار ايسٽرن فيڊرل يونيورسٽي |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 =ولاديووستوڪ ريلوي اسٽيشن |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = [[پئسفڪ سمنڊ]] مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = خلا مان ولاديووستوڪ جو نظارو }} | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | image_flag = Flag of Vladivostok.svg |flag_caption= Flag |coa_caption=|anthem=| holiday = | federal_subject = | federal_subject_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = | adm_ctr_of1_ref =Jurisdiction: Vladivostok City Under Krai Jurisdiction <ref name="Ref130" /> Jurisdiction: Vladivostok [[City of federal subject significance|City Under Krai Jurisdiction]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Coa: {{ill|Coat of arms of Vladivostok|lt=Coat of Arms|ru|Шестаков, Константин Владимирович}} Incorporated as city: April 22, 1880 Dialing Code: 423 <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2011 |script-title=ru:Ростелеком завершил перевод Владивостока на семизначную нумерацию телефонов |url=http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022509/http://fedpress.ru/federal/econom/tek/id_238747.html |archive-date=November 27, 2016 |access-date=November 26, 2016 |language=ru}}</ref> Vladivostok Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] <ref name="Ref130" /> Flag: {{ill|Flag of Vladivostok|lt=Flag|ru|Флаг Владивостока}} Holiday: July 2nd Type: City <ref name="Ref130" /> Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> Population: 592034 (22nd) <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref| 2010Census}}</ref> Pop. Est. : 603519 (2021) <ref name="2021Census"/> Postal code Russian Federal Subject: [[Primorsky Krai]] Body: [[Vladivostok City Duma|City Duma]] Russian: Владивосток Urban Okrug: Vladivostoksky Urban Okrug <ref name="Ref862" /> <ref name="gr">{{Cite book |title=Энциклопедия Города России |publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия |year=2003 |isbn=5-7107-7399-9 |location=Moscow |page=72}}</ref> Area Country: Russia Head of the City: Head of the City: Konstantin Shestakov Incorporated as City: July 2, 1860 {{multiple image |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |total_width = 275 |image1 = Zolotoy Bridge (October 2024)-0 19.jpg |caption1 = [[Zolotoy Bridge]] and the [[Golden Horn Bay]], with the [[Russky Bridge]] in the distance |image2 = Vladivostok. GUM Department Store P8070703 2200.jpg |caption2 = GUM Department Store |image3 = Vladivostok September Night. 2022. Slava Ivanov 02.jpg |caption3 = [[Vladimir K. Arseniev Museum of Far East History|Arseniev Museum of Far East History]] |image4 = Far Eastern Federal University (October 2024)-0 8 (cropped).jpg |caption4 = [[Far Eastern Federal University]] |image5 = Vladivostok railway station (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption5 = [[Vladivostok railway station|Vladivostok Railway Station]] |image6 = Views of Vladivostok (October 2024)-0 3.jpg |caption6 = View of Vladivostok from the [[Pacific Ocean]] |image7 = Vladivostok from Space.jpg |caption7 = View of Vladivostok from space }} | adm_ctr_of2 = | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | inhabloc_cat = | inhabloc_cat_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = | urban_okrug_jur_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = | mun_admctr_of1_ref = | leader_title = شهر جو سربراهه | leader_name = ڪنسٽنٽن شيستاڪوف<ref> {{Cite web |date=August 5, 2021 |title=Konstantin Shestakov is the new mayor of Vladivostok |url=http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915011050/http://vestiprim.com/news/2892-konstantin-shestakov-is-the-new-mayor-of-vladivostok.html |archive-date=September 15, 2022 |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=vestiprim.com}}</ref> | representative_body = | area_km2 = 331.16 Sq.Km <ref>{{Cite web |title=Генеральный план Владивостока |url=http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215125/http://primamedia.ru/files/36153.doc |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |access-date=July 10, 2014}}</ref> | area_km2_ref = | elevation_m = 12 | elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mappa topografica Vladivostok, altitudine, rilievo |url=https://it-ch.topographic-map.com/map-fjm14s/Vladivostok/?zoom=18&center=43.11532%252C131.88304&popup=43.11557%252C131.88321 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=topographic-map.com |language=it}}</ref> | pop_latest =6,03,519 | pop_latest_date =2021 | pop_latest_ref = | pop_2010census =6,03,519 | pop_2010census_rank =22 | pop_2010census_ref = | established_date = July 2, 1860 | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | postal_codes = | dialing_codes = | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.vlc.ru |name=ولاديووستوڪ|official_name=Vladivostok|native_name=Владивосток (روسي)|other_name=Europ of Far East|settlement_type=[[شهر]]|type=[[شهر]]|image_caption=|caption=|image_seal=|image_shield=|image_blank_emblem=Coat of arms of Vladivostok svg.svg|blank_emblem_size=80px|blank_emblem_type=Coat of arms of Vladivostok|image_map=|mapsize=|map_caption=|subdivision_name={{flag|Russia}} [[روس]]|subdivision_name1=[[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]]|subdivision_name2=ڪريائي جي تحت ولاديووستوڪ شهر|subdivision_name3=22 اپريل 1880|population_total=6,03,519 (2021)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=روسي وفاقي موضوع|subdivision_type2=دائري اختيار|subdivision_type3=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|subdivision_type4=ڊائلنگ ڪوڊ|subdivision_name4=423|subdivision_type5=پوسٽل ڪوڊ|subdivision_name5=690xxx|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|established_title=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_title1=ڇوٽيون|established_date1=2 جولاءِ|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=شهر جي طور تي شامل ڪيو ويو|established_date5=2 جولاءِ 1860|established_title6=شهري اوڪروگ|established_date6=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|established_title7=|established_date7=|parts_type=|parts=|p1=|parts_style=|government_type=ولاديووستوڪ شهري اوڪروگ|governing_body=ولاديووستوڪ شهر ڊوما|leader_name1=|leader_name2=|leader_name3=|leader_name4=|leader_title1=|leader_title2=|leader_title3=|leader_title4=|area_total_km2=225|area_total_sq_mi=100|elevation_ft=40|timezone1_location=|timezone2=|utc_offset1=|utc_offset=|timezone1=|timezone=|postal_code=690xxx|postal_code_type=Postal code|area_code=|area_code_type=}} ولادي ووسٽوڪ ([[روسي ٻولي|روسي]]: <small>Владивосток</small>) [[پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي|پرائمورسڪي ڪري]] جو سڀ کان وڏو شهر ۽ انتظامي مرڪز ۽ [[روس]] جي ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو گاديءَ جو هنڌ آهي. اهو جاپان جي سمنڊ تي گولڊن هارن بي جي چوڌاري واقع آهي. سال <small>2021</small> تائين <small>6,03,519</small> رهاڪن جي آبادي سان <small>331.16</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>127.86</small> چورس ميل) جي ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر (خباروسڪ کان پوءِ) جو ٻيو نمبر وڏو شهر آهي. <ref name="2021Census">{{cite web |title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=September 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]}}</ref> اهو [[چين]]-روس سرحد کان تقريبن <small>45</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>28</small> ميل) ۽ [[اتر ڪوريا]]-روس حد کان <small>134</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>83</small> ميل) جي فاصلي تي واقع آهي. ولادي ووسٽوڪ تاريخي طور تي ٻاهرين منچوريا جو حصو هو. چنگ چين ۽ روسي سلطنت جي وچ ۾ ايگون جي معاهدي تي دستخط ٿيڻ ۽ پيڪنگ جي ڪنوينشن پاران تصديق ٿيڻ کان ٿوري دير بعد جنهن مان ان کي "امور الحاق" جي نالي سان پڻ سڃاتو وڃي ٿو شهر 2 جولاءِ <small>1860</small>ع تي هڪ روسي فوجي چوڪي ​​جي طور تي قائم ڪيو ويو.<ref name="sj">{{Cite book |last=Paine |first=SCM |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHIAEo_qGRIC&pg=PA69 |title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: perceptions, power, and primacy |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-81714-1}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> سال <small>1872</small>ع ۾ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي مکيه روسي بحري اڏو شهر ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو ويو ان جي واڌ کي متحرڪ ڪيو. سال <small>1914</small>ع ۾ شهر ۾ تيز رفتاري سان معاشي ۽ نسلي طور تي متنوع ترقي ٿي. <small>1,00,000</small> کان وڌيڪ آبادي سان آبادي جو اڌ کان ٿورو گهٽ روسي هئا. هن وقت دوران شهر ۾ وڏيون ايشيائي برادريون ترقي ڪيون. شهر جي عوامي زندگي ترقي ڪئي، خيراتي ادارن کان وٺي شوق گروپن تائين ڪيتريون ئي عوامي تنظيمون ٺاهيون ويون.<ref name="history3">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Вольная гавань: общественная жизнь дореволюционного Владивостока |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104210413/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/volnaya-gavan-obschestvennaya-zhizn-dorevolyutsionnogo-vladivostoka |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=September 15, 2020 |website=CyberLeninka}}</ref> سال <small>1917</small>ع ۾ روسي انقلاب جي شروعات کان پوءِ، ولادي ووسٽوڪ تي سال <small>1918</small>ع ۾ سفيد روسي ۽ اتحادي فوجن قبضو ڪري ورتو، جن مان آخري، جاپاني سلطنت مان، سال <small>1922</small>ع تائين سائبيريا ۾ ان جي وسيع مداخلت جي حصي طور واپس نه ورتي وئي هئي؛ ان وقت تائين انقلاب مخالف سفيد فوج جون فوجون ٽٽي چڪيون هيون. ساڳئي سال، ريڊ آرمي شهر تي قبضو ڪيو، ڏور اوڀر جمهوريه کي روسي سوويت فيڊريٽو سوشلسٽ جمهوريه ۾ شامل ڪري ڇڏيو. سال 1991ع ۾ سوويت يونين جي خاتمي کان پوءِ، شهر روسي فيڊريشن جو حصو بڻجي ويو. ولادي ووسٽوڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ تي سڀ کان وڏو روسي بندرگاهه رهي ٿو، ۽ روسي ڏور اوڀر جو مکيه ثقافتي، اقتصادي، سائنسي ۽ سياحتي مرڪز آهي. [[ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي]] جي ٽرمينس جي طور تي، شهر کي سال <small>2017</small>ع ۾ ٽي لک کان وڌيڪ سياحن جو دورو ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Visitors2017">{{Cite web |last=Екатерина Века |date=February 7, 2018 |title=Владивосток вошёл в топ-5 самых популярных у туристов городов России |url=http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173340/http://www.primorsky.ru/news/139973/ |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |access-date=October 8, 2020 |publisher=Администрация Приморского края}}</ref> شهر ڏور اوڀر وفاقي ضلعي جو انتظامي مرڪز آهي، ۽ روسي بحريه جي پئسفڪ فليٽ جو هيڊ ڪوارٽر آهي. ايشيا ۾ ان جي جاگرافيائي حيثيت ۽ ان جي روسي فن تعمير جي ڪري، شهر کي "ڏور اوڀر ۾ يورپ" سڏيو ويو آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alex Nosal |title=Vladivostok, Europe in Middle of The Orient |url=https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php%3Fidx=367 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017231007/https://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D367 |archive-date=October 17, 2020 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=The Seoul Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander Jacoby |date=July 5, 2005 |title=Eastern Europe in the Far East |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929005914/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2005/07/05/commentary/world-commentary/eastern-europe-in-the-far-east/ |archive-date=September 29, 2022 |access-date=October 11, 2020 |website=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref> ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ڪيتريون ئي پرڏيهي قونصل خانا ۽ ڪاروبار جا آفيس آهن ۽ شهر سالياني ايسٽرن اڪنامڪ فورم جي ميزباني ڪري ٿو. تقريبن 5 °C (41 °F) جي سالياني سراسري گرمي پد سان، ولادي ووسٽوڪ ۾ ان جي وچولي ويڪرائي ڦاڪ ساحلي سيٽنگ لاءِ ٿڌي آبهوا آهي. اهو سياري ۾ وسيع يوريشيائي زميني هوائن ۽ ٿڌي سامونڊي گرمي پد جي ڪري آهي. ==نالا ۽ اشتقاق== ==جاگرافي== ==تاريخ== ==سياست ۽ حڪومت== ==معيشت== ==نقل و حمل== ==ثقافت== ==سياحت== ==تفريح== ==پارڪ== ==ميڊيا== ==راندين== ==شهري منظر== ==قابل ذڪر ماڻهو== ==ڀائر شهر== Vladivostok is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Города-побратимы |url=http://www.vlc.ru/city/tourism/Goroda-pobratimy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407155225/http://www.vlc.ru/city/tourism/Goroda-pobratimy |archive-date=April 7, 2022 |access-date=May 7, 2021 |website=vlc.ru |publisher=Vladivostok |language=ru}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Akita (city)|Akita]], Japan * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dalian]], China * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hakodate]], Japan * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Harbin]], China * {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], South Korea * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Juneau, Alaska|Juneau]], United States * {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kota Kinabalu]], Malaysia * {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Manta, Ecuador|Manta]], Ecuador * {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Niigata (city)|Niigata]], Japan * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Pohang]], South Korea * {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Diego]], United States * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]], United States * {{flagicon|South Ossetia}} [[Tskhinvali]], [[South Ossetia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Пин Ап Казино — Официальный сайт Pin Up Casino: вход в личный кабинет |url=http://www.gkd-kremlin.ru/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727090023/http://www.gkd-kremlin.ru/ |archive-date=July 27, 2023 |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=www.gkd-kremlin.ru}}</ref> * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladikavkaz]], Russia * {{flagicon|PRK}} [[Wonsan]], North Korea * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture|Yanbian]], China {{div col end}} In 2010, arches with the names of each of Vladivostok's twin towns were placed in a park within the city.<ref>{{cite web |title=Во Владивостоке открыт сквер городов-побратимов |url=https://vladnews.ru/2010-07-02/14615/vladivostoke_otkryt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817041820/http://vladnews.ru/2010/07/02/31407.html |archive-date=August 17, 2016 |access-date=July 19, 2016 |website=Новости Владивостока и Приморского края - Информационный портал Владивосток |language=ru}}</ref> From Vladivostok ferry port next to the train station, a ferry of the DBS Cruise Ferry travels regularly to [[Donghae City|Donghae]], South Korea and from there to [[Sakaiminato]] on the Japanese main island of [[Honshu]]. ==پڻ ڏسو== {{Portal|روس}} * سائبيريا * پرائمورسڪي ڪري * ٽرانس سائبيرين ريلوي ==نوٽ== {{Notelist}} ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} ==ڪتابيات== ==وڌيڪ پڙهڻ== {{See also|Timeline of Vladivostok#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Vladivostok}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|adm|law}} * {{RussiaAdmMunRef|pri|mun|list|vladivostoksky}} *[[Edith Margaret Faulstich|Faulstich, Edith. M.]] "The Siberian Sojourn" [[Yonkers]], N.Y. (1972–1977) * {{Cite book |last=Narangoa |first=Li |title=Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780231160704 |location=New York}} * Poznyak, Tatyana Z. 2004. Foreign Citizens in the Cities of the Russian Far East (the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries). Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2004. 316 p. ({{ISBN|5-8044-0461-X}}). * Stephan, John. 1994. The Far East a History. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]], 1994. 481 p. * Trofimov, Vladimir et al., 1992, ''Old Vladivostok''. Utro Rossii Vladivostok, {{ISBN|5-87080-004-8}} ==ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=yes|c=Category:Vladivostok}} * [http://www.vlc.ru Official website of Vladivostok] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113013846/http://www.vlc.ru/ |date=November 13, 2010 }} {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/vladivostok_1912.jpg Historical Map of Vladivostok (1912)], [[Perry–Castañeda Library]] Map Collection, [[University of Texas]], Austin. * {{YouTube|bM6_sMRn2-g|Timelapse video of Vladivostok}} {{in lang|ru}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ولاڊي ووسٽوڪ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:روسي ڏور اوڀر]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ راڄڌانيون]] [[زمرو:روسي پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ بندرگاهه شهر]] [[زمرو:روس جو پئسفڪ ساحل]] [[زمرو:روسي ۽ سوويت بحري اڏا]] [[زمرو:روس ۾ آباد ساحلي هنڌ]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪي ڪرائي ۾ شهر]] [[زمرو:منچوريا]] [[زمرو:پرائمورسڪايا اوبلاست]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:روسي سلطنت ۾ 1860 ادارا]] [[زمرو:1860 ۾ قائم ٿيل آبادي واري جڳهه]] 28zqv8ycvifly1mcfp2ksx1yl61hl63 0 99648 390259 389760 2026-06-30T23:38:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | settlement_type = [[گجرات جي ضلعن جي فهرست|ضلعو]] | image_skyline = {{Photomontage |size = 250 |photo1a = Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur Ahmedabad Gujarat.jpg |photo1b = Lothal (6).JPG |photo2a = Kankaria Carnival 2 Ahmedabad.JPG |photo2b = The Lovely Couple.jpg |photo3a = Ahmedabad Metro Red Line 26.jpg |photo3b = Satyagraha Ashram.JPG }} | image_alt = | image_caption = مٿئين کاٻي کان گهڙيال جي سوئين جي رخ ۾: [[سوامنارائن مندر، احمد آباد|سوامنارائن مندر]]، [[لوٿل|لوٿل آثارِ قديمه ماڳ]]، [[نال سروور پکين جي پناهه گاهه]]، [[سابرمتي آشرم]]، [[احمد آباد ميٽرو]]، [[ڪنڪريا ڍنڍ]] | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | mapframe = yes | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|23.03|N|72.58|E|type:adm2nd_region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[ملڪ]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|ڀارت}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_type1 = [[ڀارت جون رياستون ۽ مرڪزي علائقا|رياست]] | subdivision_name1 = [[گجرات]] | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = هيڊڪوارٽر | seat = [[احمد آباد]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[ضلعي ڪليڪٽر]] | leader_name = ڀاويا ورما، آءِ اي ايس | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | total_type = | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 8087 | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | population_total = 7,214,225 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name="districtcensus"/> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_est = | population_rank = گجرات ۾ 33 مان پهريون | pop_est_as_of = | population_note = | timezone1 = [[ڀارتي معياري وقت|IST]] | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = [[پن ڪوڊ|PIN]] | postal_code = 380xxx | area_code_type = ٽيليفون ڪوڊ | area_code = 91 04142 | blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.783 | registration_plate = [[ڀارت ۾ آر ٽي او ضلعن جي فهرست#گجرات|GJ]]-1، GJ-27، GJ-38 | blank1_name_sec1 = سڀ کان وڏو شهر | blank1_info_sec1 = [[احمد آباد]] | blank2_name_sec1 = | blank2_info_sec1 = | blank3_name_sec1 = [[انساني جنسي تناسب|جنسي تناسب]] | blank3_info_sec1 = 904 [[مرد|♂]]/[[عورت|♀]] | blank4_name_sec1 = شرح خواندگي | blank4_info_sec1 = 85.31% | blank5_name_sec1 = قانون ساز اداري جو قسم | blank5_info_sec1 = چونڊيل | blank6_name_sec1 = [[لوڪ سڀا]] تڪ | blank6_info_sec1 = [[احمد آباد اوڀر لوڪ سڀا تڪ|احمد آباد اوڀر]]، [[احمد آباد اولهه لوڪ سڀا تڪ|احمد آباد اولهه]] | blank7_name_sec1 = [[آءِ يو سي اين محفوظ علائقن جا درجا|آءِ يو سي اين درجو]] | blank7_info_sec1 = | blank1_name_sec2 = اوسط اونهاري جو گرمي پد | blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|41.5|°C|°F}} | blank2_name_sec2 = اوسط سياري جو گرمي پد | blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|11.8|°C|°F}} | website = {{Official website|https://ahmedabad.nic.in/}} {{URL|https://ahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/}} | footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District wise Statistics {{!}} NITI Aayog, (National Institution for Transforming India), Government of India |url=http://164.100.94.191/niti/best-practices/district-wise-statistics |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=164.100.94.191}}</ref> | official_name = احمد آباد ضلعو | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = | dot_y = | collector = | parts_type = [[تعلقا|تعلقا]] | parts = [[احمد آباد شهر تعلقو|احمد آباد شهر]]،<br />[[داسڪروئي تعلقو|داسڪروئي]]،<br />[[سانند تعلقو|سانند]]،<br />[[ويرمگام تعلقو|ويرمگام]]،<br />[[ڊيٽروج-رمپورا تعلقو|ڊيٽروج-رمپورا]]،<br />[[منڊل تعلقو|منڊل]]،<br />[[باولا تعلقو|باولا]]،<br />[[ڍولڪا تعلقو|ڍولڪا]]،<br />[[ڍنڌوڪا تعلقو|ڍنڌوڪا]]،<br />[[ڍوليرا تعلقو|ڍوليرا]] | demographics1_info1 = [[گجراتي ٻولي|گجراتي]]، [[انگريزي ٻولي|انگريزي]] | subdivision_type3 = ميونسپلٽيون | subdivision_name3 = [[باريجا (علائقو)|باريجا]]،<br />[[ڍولڪا]]،<br />[[ويرمگام]]،<br />[[باولا]]،<br />[[ڍنڌوڪا]]،<br />[[سانند]] }} '''احمد آباد (امداواد) ضلعو''' [[گجرات]] رياست جي مرڪزي حصي ۾، [[اولهه ڀارت]] ۾ واقع هڪ ضلعو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[احمد آباد]] شهر شامل آهي. هي ڀارت جو ستون سڀ کان وڌيڪ آبادي وارو ضلعو آهي ([[ڀارت جي ضلعن|739 ضلعن]] مان).<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Ahmedabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/404/download/1264/DH_2011_2407_PART_A_DCHB_AHMADABAD.pdf |website=[[ڀارت جي آدمشماري]] |publisher=[[ڀارت جو رجسٽرار جنرل ۽ آدمشماري ڪمشنر]]}}</ref> احمد آباد ضلعي جي اوڀر ۾ [[کيدا ضلعو]]، اتر ۾ [[مهسانا ضلعو]]، ڏکڻ ۾ [[آنند ضلعو]] ۽ اولهه ۾ [[سوريندر نگر ضلعو]] واقع آهن. == اشتقاق == {{Main|احمد آباد جي تاريخ}} احمد آباد جي آس پاس وارو علائقو يارهين صديءَ کان آباد رهيو آهي، جڏهن اهو ''[[آشاول]]'' جي نالي سان مشهور هو.<ref>{{Cite book|first= Jane|last= Turner|title=The Dictionary of Art|publisher=Grove|volume=1|isbn=978-1-884446-00-9|page=471|year=1996}}</ref> ان وقت [[ڪرنا (چالوڪيه خاندان)|ڪرنا]]، [[چالوڪيه خاندان|چالوڪيه]] (سولنڪي) خاندان جو انهيلوارا (موجوده [[پاٽن، گجرات|پاٽن]]) جو حڪمران، آشاول جي [[ڀيل]] راجا خلاف ڪامياب جنگ ڪئي،<ref>{{Cite book| first=George| last=Michell|author2=Snehal Shah| author3-link=John Burton-Page|author3= John Burton-Page |author4=Mehta, Dinesh|title=Ahmadabad|publisher=Marg Publications|date=28 July 2006|isbn=81-85026-03-3|pages=17–19}}</ref> ۽ [[سابرمتي ندي]] جي ڪناري ''ڪرناوتي'' نالي هڪ شهر قائم ڪيو.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India Through the Ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year=1990|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/173 173]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> 1411ع ۾ هي علائقو [[مظفر شاهه اول]] جي پوٽي، سلطان [[گجرات جو احمد شاهه|احمد شاهه]] جي قبضي هيٺ آيو، جنهن سابرمتي نديءَ جي ڪنارن سان لڳل ٻيلي واري علائقي کي پنهنجي نئين گاديءَ جي هنڌ طور چونڊيو. هن ڪرناوتي جي ويجهو هڪ نئين قلعه بند شهر جو بنياد وڌو ۽ پنهنجي نالي پٺيان ان جو نالو احمد آباد رکيو.<ref name="baba">{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411035148/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/baba-maneknath-s-kin-keep-alive-600yr-old-tradition/698967 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600-yr old tradition |work=[[دي انڊين ايڪسپريس]] |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=21 February 2013 |author=More, Anuj}}</ref><ref>هي ابهمي ڪجهه حد تائين [[زار]] [[پيٽر اعظم]] پاران پنهنجي نئين گاديءَ جو نالو ''[[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ]]'' رکڻ واري واقعي سان مشابهت رکي ٿي، جيڪو رسمي طور [[سينٽ پيٽر]] ڏانهن منسوب هو، پر حقيقت ۾ پنهنجي نالي ڏانهن پڻ اشارو هو.</ref> ٻين روايتن موجب، هن شهر جو نالو علائقي جي چئن مسلمان بزرگن جي نالي تي رکيو، جن مان هر هڪ جو نالو احمد هو.<ref name="AMC History">{{cite web|title=History of Ahmedabad |url=http://www.egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |publisher=Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, egovamc.com |access-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223012426/http://egovamc.com/AhmCity/history.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> == آبهوا == {{Weather box | location = احمد آباد | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | Jan high C = 28.3 | Feb high C = 30.4 | Mar high C = 35.6 | Apr high C = 39.8 | May high C = 41.5 | Jun high C = 38.4 | Jul high C = 33.4 | Aug high C = 31.8 | Sep high C = 34.0 | Oct high C = 35.8 | Nov high C = 32.8 | Dec high C = 29.3 | year high C = 41.5 | Jan low C = 20.1 | Feb low C = 13.9 | Mar low C = 18.9 | Apr low C = 23.7 | May low C = 26.2 | Jun low C = 27.2 | Jul low C = 25.6 | Aug low C = 24.6 | Sep low C = 24.2 | Oct low C = 21.1 | Nov low C = 16.6 | Dec low C = 13.2 | year low C = 11.8 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 2.0 | Feb rain mm = 1.0 | Mar rain mm = 0 | Apr rain mm = 3.0 | May rain mm = 20 | Jun rain mm = 103.0 | Jul rain mm = 247.0 | Aug rain mm = 288.0 | Sep rain mm = 83.0 | Oct rain mm = 23.0 | Nov rain mm = 14.0 | Dec rain mm = 5.0 | year rain mm = 789 | Jan rain days = 0.3 | Feb rain days = 0.3 | Mar rain days = 0.1 | Apr rain days = 0.3 | May rain days = 0.9 | Jun rain days = 4.8 | Jul rain days = 13.6 | Aug rain days = 15.0 | Sep rain days = 5.8 | Oct rain days = 1.1 | Nov rain days = 1.1 | Dec rain days = 0.3 | unit rain days = 0 mm | Jan sun = 288.3 | Feb sun = 274 | Mar sun = 279 | Apr sun = 307 | May sun = 329 | Jun sun = 237.0 | Jul sun = 130 | Aug sun = 111.6 | Sep sun = 222 | Oct sun = 291 | Nov sun = 273 | Dec sun = 288.3 | year sun = 3020 | source 1 = HKO<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad Climate Record|url=http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/ahmedabad_e.htm|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-date=15 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815210058/http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/asia/india/ahmedabad_e.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | date = آگسٽ 2015 | source = }} == تعلقا == [[File:Ahmedabad District Map 1877.jpg|thumb|1877ع ۾ برطانوي هندستان جي [[بمبئي پريزيڊنسي]] هيٺ احمد آباد ضلعي جو نقشو]] [[File:Ahmedabad Gujarat map.svg|500px|thumb|[[ڍوليرا تعلقو]] جي قيام کان اڳ احمد آباد ضلعي جا تعلقا]] [[File:અમદાવાદ જિલ્લો તાલુકાઓ સાથે.svg|thumb|احمد آباد ضلعي جا تعلقا]] هيٺ احمد آباد ضلعي جا تعلقا ڏنل آهن: === احمد آباد شهر – اوڀر جا تعلقا === # [[مني نگر]] # [[اساروا]] # [[واٽوا]] === احمد آباد شهر – اولهه جا تعلقا === # [[ويجلپور]] # [[سابرمتي]] # [[گهاتلوڊيا]] === احمد آباد مضافاتي علائقي جا تعلقا === # [[داسڪروئي تعلقو|داسڪروئي]] # [[سانند (تعلقو)|سانند]] === اترين ٻهراڙيءَ وارا احمد آباد جا تعلقا === # [[ويرمگام تعلقو|ويرمگام]] # [[ڊيٽروج-رمپورا]] # [[منڊل تعلقو، احمد آباد ضلعو|منڊل]] === ڏاکڻين ٻهراڙيءَ وارا احمد آباد جا تعلقا === # [[باولا (تعلقو)|باولا]] # [[ڍولڪا تعلقو|ڍولڪا]] # [[ڍنڌوڪا (تعلقو)|ڍنڌوڪا]] # [[ڍوليرا]] == ڳوٺ == * [[بدرکا]] == سياست == {{transcluded section|source=15th Gujarat Assembly}} {{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|MLA Header}} {{#section:15th Gujarat Assembly|Ahmedabad district}} |} == آباديات == {{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,81,713|13=1911|14=7,17,107|15=1921|16=7,65,900|17=1931|18=8,50,077|19=1941|20=11,78,608|21=1951|22=15,16,191|23=1961|24=20,16,668|25=1971|26=27,65,925|27=1981|28=37,06,573|29=1991|30=46,31,351|31=2001|32=58,93,164|33=2011|34=72,14,225|percentages=pagr|footnote=ذريعو:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}} [[ڀارت جي 2011ع جي آدمشماري|2011ع جي آدمشماري]] موجب احمد آباد ضلعي جي [[ڀارت جي آباديات|آبادي]] 7,214,225 هئي،<ref name="districtcensus"/> جيڪا لڳ ڀڳ [[هانگ ڪانگ]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 13, 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Hong Kong 7,122,508 July 2011 est. }}</ref> يا آمريڪا جي رياست [[واشنگٽن (رياست)|واشنگٽن]] جي آباديءَ جي برابر هئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |title=2010 Resident Population Data |publisher=U. S. Census Bureau |access-date=2011-09-30 |quote=Washington 6,724,540 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031104/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php |archive-date=2010-12-25 }}</ref> ان بنياد تي هن ضلعي جو ڀارت جي [[ڀارت جي ضلعن جي فهرست|640 ضلعن]] مان اٺون نمبر هو.<ref name=districtcensus/> ضلعي جي آبادي جي گهاٽائي {{convert|983|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} هئي.<ref name=districtcensus/> 2001ع کان 2011ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران آباديءَ جي واڌ جي شرح 22.31٪ رهي.<ref name=districtcensus/> احمد آباد ۾ هر 1000 مردن جي مقابلي ۾ 903 [[ڀارت ۾ عورتون|عورتون]] هيون،<ref name=districtcensus/> جڏهن ته خواندگي جي شرح 86.65٪ هئي.<ref name="districtcensus" /> ورهايل ضلعي جي آبادي 7,045,313 هئي، جنهن مان 6,028,152 (85.56٪) شهري علائقن ۾ رهندا هئا. احمد آباد ۾ هر 1000 مردن جي مقابلي ۾ 904 عورتون هيون. [[درج فهرست ذاتون]] ۽ [[درج فهرست قبيلا]] ترتيبوار 747,806 (10.61٪) ۽ 88,911 (1.26٪) آبادي تي مشتمل هئا.<ref name="districtcensus" /> === شهر ۽ قصبا === هيٺ احمد آباد ضلعي جي سڀني شهرن ۽ قصبن جي آدمشماري موجب آبادي ڏنل آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/gujarat/ |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !نالو{{efn|ذريعو: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (web)، Delimitation Commission of India (web)، Rand McNally International Atlas 1994، School of Planning & Architecture (web)}} !حيثيت !آبادي<br />1991-03-01 !آبادي<br />2001-03-01 !آبادي<br />2011-03-01 |- |[[احمد آباد|احمد آباد]] |واڌاري واري علائقي سميت ميونسپل ڪارپوريشن ([[عظيم شهر]]) |2,876,710 |3,694,974 |5,633,927 |- |[[احمد آباد ڇانوڻي|احمد آباد ڇانوڻي]] |ڇانوڻي (بورڊ) |11,967 |14,706 |7,588 |- |[[باريجاڻي|باريجا]] |ميونسپلٽي |... |15,427 |19,690 |- |[[باروالا تعلقو|باروالا]] |ميونسپلٽي |... |16,048 |17,951 |- |[[باولا]] |واڌاري واري علائقي سميت ميونسپلٽي |25,391 |30,871 |42,458 |- |[[بوپال]] |آدمشماري شهر |... |12,181 |37,635 |- |[[ڍنڌوڪا]] |ميونسپلٽي |27,781 |29,572 |32,475 |- |[[ڍولڪا]] |واڌاري واري علائقي سميت ميونسپلٽي |49,860 |61,569 |80,945 |- |[[نانديج]] |آدمشماري شهر |6,878 |7,642 |9,176 |- |[[رنپور، گجرات|رنپور]] |آدمشماري شهر |... |14,486 |16,944 |- |[[سانند]] |واڌاري واري علائقي سميت ميونسپلٽي |25,674 |32,417 |95,890 |- |[[سنگاروا]] |آدمشماري شهر |8,183 |9,889 |12,547 |- |[[ويرمگام]] |ميونسپلٽي |50,788 |53,094 |55,821 |} === مذهب === {{bar box |title=احمد آباد ضلعي ۾ مذهب (2011ع)<ref name="Religion"/> |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=مذهب |right1=سيڪڙو |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[هندومت]]|darkorange|83.54}} {{bar percent|[[گجراتي مسلمان|اسلام]]|green|12.38}} {{bar percent|[[گجرات ۾ جين مت|جين مت]]|brown|2.96}} {{bar percent|[[گجرات ۾ عيسائيت|عيسائيت]]|dodgerblue|0.72}} {{bar percent|ٻيا يا بيان نه ڪيل|black|0.40}} }} [[هندو]] 5,885,869، [[گجراتي مسلمان|مسلمان]] 871,887، [[گجرات ۾ جين مت|جين]] 208,575 ۽ [[گجرات ۾ عيسائيت|عيسائي]] 50,631 هئا.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11373/download/14486/DDW24C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[ڀارت جو رجسٽرار جنرل ۽ آدمشماري ڪمشنر]]}}</ref> === ٻولي === {{Pie chart |caption = احمد آباد ضلعي جون ٻوليون (2011ع)<ref name="language"/> |label1 = [[گجراتي ٻولي|گجراتي]] |value1 = 74.21 |color1 = skyblue |label2 = [[هندي]] |value2 = 16.01 |color2 = orange |label3 = [[اردو]] |value3 = 2.78 |color3 = green |label4 = [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌي]] |value4 = 1.80 |color4 = limegreen |label5 = [[مراٺي ٻولي|مراٺي]] |value5 = 1.64 |color5 = red |label6 = [[مارواڙي ٻولي|مارواڙي]] |value6 = 1.55 |color6 = maroon |label7 = ٻيون |value7 = 2.01 |color7 = grey }} 2011ع جي آدمشماري وقت 74.21٪ آبادي جي مادري ٻولي [[گجراتي ٻولي|گجراتي]]، 16.01٪ [[هندي]]، 2.78٪ [[اردو]]، 1.80٪ [[سنڌي ٻولي|سنڌي]]، 1.64٪ [[مراٺي ٻولي|مراٺي]] ۽ 1.55٪ [[مارواڙي ٻولي|مارواڙي]] هئي.<ref name="language">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Gujarat |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[ڀارت جو رجسٽرار جنرل ۽ آدمشماري ڪمشنر]]}}</ref> == نمايان شخصيتون == * [[آچاريه هيماچندر]] (1089ع–1172ع)، [[جين مت|جين]] [[همه فن شخصيت]]. [[ڍنڌوڪا]] ۾ ڄائو.<ref name=Hema>{{cite web | title =Hemacandra | publisher =Jain World | url =http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | access-date =2008-05-06 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080429205050/http://www.jainworld.com/literature/story28.htm | archive-date =April 29, 2008 | url-status =dead }}</ref> * [[جوراورسنهه جاڊو]] (پيدائش 1940ع)، لوڪ ادب جو ماهر. == نوٽس ۽ حوالا == {{notes|colwidth=30em}} {{Reflist}} <references group="lower-alpha"/> == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Commonscat}} * [https://paarivahan.com/gujarat/ahmedabad-gj01 احمد آباد آر ٽي او] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225180626/https://paarivahan.com/gujarat/ahmedabad-gj01 |date=2023-02-25 }} * {{osmrelation-inline|1953566}} {{Subject bar |book=Ahmedabad district |portal3=India|commons=yes |commons-search=Category:Ahmedabad district |n=yes |n-search=Category:Ahmedabad district |wikt=yes |b=yes |q=yes |s=yes |v=yes |voy=yes |d=yes |d-search=Q401686}} {{Ahmedabad district}} {{Geographic location |Centre = احمد آباد ضلعو |North = [[مهسانا ضلعو]] |Northeast = [[گانڌي نگر ضلعو]] |East = [[کيدا ضلعو]] <br/> [[آنند ضلعو]] |Southeast = [[کمڀات نار]] |South = [[ڀاونگر ضلعو]] <br/> [[کمڀات نار]] |Southwest = [[بوٽاد ضلعو]] |West = [[سوريندر نگر ضلعو]] |Northwest = [[سوريندر نگر ضلعو]] }} {{Gujarat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:احمد آباد ضلعو| ]] [[Category:گجرات جا ضلعا]] 2gf780fz0ahtuspgmnyn66rhvyembgh 0 99649 390261 389796 2026-07-01T00:08:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انگريز ليکڪ (1866–1946)}} {{infobox writer | image = H.G. Wells by Beresford.jpg | caption = 1920ع ۾ ويلز | birth_name = هربرٽ جارج ويلز | birth_date = {{birth date |1866|9|21 |df=y}} | birth_place = [[بروملي]]، ڪينٽ، انگلينڊ | death_date = {{death date and age |1946|8|13 |1866|9|21 |df=y}} | death_place = لنڊن، انگلينڊ | occupation = {{cslist|ناول نگار|استاد|مورخ|صحافي}} | alma_mater = [[رائل ڪاليج آف سائنس]] | years_active = 1887–1946 | genre = سائنس فڪشن، خاص طور [[سماجي سائنس فڪشن]] | movement = [[سماجي حقيقت نگاري]] | subject<!--nonfiction--> = {{cslist|دنيا جي تاريخ|ترقي}} | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{marriage |ازابيل ميري ويلز |1891 |1894 |end=طلاق ٿيل}} * {{marriage | [[ڪيٿرين ويلز|ايمي ڪيٿرين رابنس]] |1895 |1927 |end=وفات}} }} | children = 4، جن ۾ [[جي. پي. ويلز|جي. پي.]] ۽ [[اينٿوني ويسٽ (ليکڪ)|اينٿوني]] شامل آهن | relatives = {{plainlist| * [[جوزف ويلز (ڪرڪيٽر)|جوزف ويلز]] (پيءُ) * [[سائمن ويلز]] (پڙپوٽو) }} | signature = H.G. Wells signature at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.svg | notableworks = {{cslist | ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]'' (1895) | ''[[دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو]]'' (1896) | ''[[دي انوزبل مين]]'' (1897) | ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' (1898) | ''[[وين دي سليپر ويڪس]]'' (1899) | ''[[دي فرسٽ مين ان دي مون]]'' (1901) | ''[[اين ويرونيڪا]]'' (1909) | ''[[دي هسٽري آف مسٽر پالي]]'' (1910) | ''[[دي ورلڊ سيٽ فري]]'' (1914) | ''[[دي آئوٽ لائن آف هسٽري]]'' (1920) | ''[[دي شيپ آف ٿنگس ٽو ڪم]]'' (1933) }} | module = {{infobox academic |embed=yes | discipline = [[حياتيات]] | academic_advisors = [[ٿامس هينري هڪسلي]] | module = {{infobox officeholder | embed = yes | office = [[پي اي اين انٽرنيشنل]] جو صدر | term_start = آڪٽوبر 1933 | term_end = آڪٽوبر 1936 | predecessor = [[جان گالسوردي]] | successor = [[جولس رومين]] }} }} }} '''هربرٽ جارج ويلز''' (21 سيپٽمبر 1866ع – 13 آگسٽ 1946ع) هڪ انگريز ليکڪ هو، جنهن ڪيترين ئي صنفن ۾ گهڻو لکيو. هن چاليهه کان وڌيڪ ناول ۽ درجنين مختصر ڪهاڻيون لکيون. سندس غير افسانوي لکڻين ۾ سماجي تبصرو، سياست، تاريخ، [[مقبول سائنس]]، طنز، سوانح عمري ۽ آتم ڪهاڻي شامل هئا. ويلز اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ پنهنجي بنيادي نوعيت وارن [[سائنس فڪشن]] ناولن سبب مشهور آهي؛ کيس ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ”سائنس فڪشن جو پيءُ“ به سڏيو ويو آهي، اهڙو لقب [[جولس ورن]] ۽ [[هيوگو گرنسبيڪ]] کي به ڏنو ويو آهي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Roberts|first=Adam |author-link=ايڊم رابرٽس (برطانوي ليکڪ) |title=Science Fiction |date=2000 |page=48|publisher=[[سائيڪالاجي پريس]] |isbn=978-0-415-19205-7 |ol=7485895M |lccn=99087223 |oclc=41338934}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells – father of science fiction with hopes and fears for how science will shape our future |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/hg-wells-author-who-imaged-a-future-based-on-scientific-achie/13731742 |access-date=12 August 2022 |work=[[آسٽريلين براڊڪاسٽنگ ڪارپوريشن]]}}</ref> ليکڪ طور شهرت کان علاوه، هو پنهنجي حياتيءَ ۾ هڪ اڳتي ڏسندڙ، ايتري قدر جو پيش گوئي ڪندڙ [[سماجي نقاد]] طور به نمايان هو، جنهن پنهنجي ادبي صلاحيتن کي عالمي سطح تي [[ترقي پسندي|ترقي پسند]] تصور جي واڌاري لاءِ وقف ڪيو. هڪ [[مستقبل شناس]] طور هن ڪيترائي [[يوٽوپيا]]ئي ڪم لکيا<ref name="Davis-2003">{{Cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-06-008381-6 |edition=1st |location=New York |pages=431–432 |author-link=ڪينيٿ سي. ڊيوس}}</ref> ۽ هوائي جهازن، ٽينڪن، خلائي سفر، ايٽمي هٿيارن، سيٽلائيٽ ٽيليويزن ۽ [[ورلڊ وائڊ ويب]] جهڙي ڪنهن شيءِ جي آمد جو اڳواٽ تصور ڪيو.<ref name="Handwerk-2016">{{Cite web |last=Handwerk |first=Brian |date=21 September 2016 |title=The Many Futuristic Predictions of H.G. Wells That Came True |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/many-futuristic-predictions-hg-wells-came-true-180960546/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref><ref name="visionary">{{cite news |last=James |first=Simon John |date=9 October 2017 |title=HG Wells: A visionary who should be remembered for his social predictions, not just his scientific ones |newspaper=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/hg-wells-a-visionary-who-should-be-remembered-for-his-social-predictions-not-just-his-scientific-a7320486.html}}</ref> سندس سائنس فڪشن ۾ [[وقت جو سفر]]، [[خلائي مخلوق جو حملو]]، [[نظر نه اچڻ]] ۽ [[افسانوي ادب ۾ جينيات#جينيات جا موضوع|حياتي انجنيئرنگ]] جهڙا تصور پيش ٿيا، ان کان اڳ جو اهي موضوع هن صنف ۾ عام ٿين.<ref name="Handwerk-2016" /> [[برائن آلڊس]] ويلز کي سائنس فڪشن جو ”[[وليم شيڪسپيئر|شيڪسپيئر]]“ سڏيو، جڏهن ته [[چارلس فورٽ]] کيس ”جهنگلي ڏات“ چيو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=ايڇ. جي. ويلز |title=The Time Machine |publisher=[[پينگوئن يو ڪي]] |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-143997-6 |location=London |page=xiii}}</ref> ويلز پنهنجي هر ڪم ۾ عام زندگيءَ جا تفصيل هڪ غير معمولي مفروضي سان گڏ رکي پنهنجي لکڻين کي يقين جوڳو بڻايو{{snd}}جنهن کي ”ويلز جو قانون“ سڏيو ويو{{snd}}۽ ان سبب [[جوزف ڪانراڊ]] 1898ع ۾ کيس ”اي خيالي دنيا جا حقيقت نگار!“ چئي ساراهيو.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Hollywood fell for a British visionary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3643882/How-Hollywood-fell-for-a-British-visionary.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3643882/How-Hollywood-fell-for-a-British-visionary.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=14 March 2019 |work=[[دي ڊيلي ٽيليگراف]]}}</ref> سندس سڀ کان نمايان سائنس فڪشن ڪمن ۾ ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]'' (1895)، جيڪو سندس پهريون مختصر ناول هو، ''[[دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو]]'' (1896)، ''[[دي انوزبل مين]]'' (1897)، ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' (1898)، فوجي سائنس فڪشن ''[[دي وار ان دي ايئر]]'' (1907)، ۽ [[ڊسٽوپيا]]ئي ''[[وين دي سليپر ويڪس]]'' (1910) شامل آهن. سماجي حقيقت نگاري جا ناول، جهڙوڪ ''[[ڪپس]]'' (1905) ۽ ''[[دي هسٽري آف مسٽر پالي]]'' (1910)، جيڪي هيٺين وچولي طبقي جي انگريزي زندگي بيان ڪن ٿا، ان راءِ جو سبب بڻيا ته هو [[چارلس ڊڪنس]] جو لائق جانشين هو، پر ويلز سماجي طبقن جي وسيع حد بيان ڪئي ۽ ''[[ٽونو-بنگي]]'' (1909) ۾ سڄي [[انگريزي سماج]] جي تشخيص ڪرڻ جي ڪوشش پڻ ڪئي. ويلز کي [[ادب جو نوبل انعام]] لاءِ چار ڀيرا نامزد ڪيو ويو. ويلز جي شروعاتي خاص تربيت [[حياتيات]] ۾ هئي، ۽ اخلاقي معاملن بابت سندس سوچ [[ڊارونيت|ڊاروني]] تناظر ۾ ٿي.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Robert M. |editor-last1=Philmus |editor-first2=David Y. |editor-last2=Hughes |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells: Early Writings in Science and Science Fiction |location=[[برڪلي، ڪيليفورنيا|برڪلي]]، لاس اينجلس، ۽ لنڊن |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف ڪيليفورنيا پريس]] |date=1975 |page=179}}</ref> هو ننڍي عمر کان ئي هڪ کليل [[سوشلسٽ]] پڻ هو، ۽ اڪثر ڪري، پر هميشه نه جيئن [[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] جي شروعات ۾، [[امن پسند]] خيالن سان همدردي رکندو هو.<ref>{{cite web |website=[[برٽش لائبريري]] |url=https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/h-g-wells-politics |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells' politics |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307044409/https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/h-g-wells-politics |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hg-wells |access-date=13 November 2022 |website=[[يونائيٽيڊ اسٽيٽس هولوڪاسٽ ميموريل ميوزيم]]}}</ref> پنهنجي بالغ زندگيءَ جي گهڻي حصي ۾ هو [[يوجينڪس]] ۽ [[غير رضاڪاراڻي رحمدلاڻي موت]] جو پرجوش حامي رهيو، ۽ ”ناڪاميءَ جي نس بندي“ کي سوشلزم جي ڪاميابي لاءِ ضروري شرط طور پيش ڪندو رهيو؛ اهڙو موقف هن 1940ع تائين وڏي حد تائين واپس ورتو هو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Partington |first=John S. |date=2003 |title=H.G. Wells's Eugenic Thinking of the 1930s and 1940s |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20718547 |journal=Utopian Studies |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=74–81 |issn=1045-991X}}</ref> پنهنجي آخري سالن ۾ هن افسانوي ادب گهٽ لکيو ۽ وڌيڪ اهڙا ڪم لکيا جن ۾ سندس سياسي ۽ سماجي خيال بيان ٿيل هئا، ڪڏهن ڪڏهن هو پنهنجو پيشو صحافي ڄاڻائيندو هو. ويلز [[ذيابطيس]] جو مريض هو ۽ 1934ع ۾ خيرات اداري دي ڊائبيٽڪ ايسوسيئيشن ([[ڊائبيٽيز يو ڪي]]) جو گڏيل باني ٿيو.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diabetes.co.uk/celebrities/hg-wells.html|title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells – Author, Historian, Teacher with Type 2 Diabetes|website=www.diabetes.co.uk|access-date=18 February 2019|date=15 January 2019}}</ref> == زندگي == === شروعاتي زندگي === [[File:Young Bertie (H. G. Wells).jpg|thumb|upright|نوجوان ويلز، جنهن کي ”برٽي“ جي نالي سان سڃاتو ويندو هو، {{Circa|1870s|lk=no}}]] هربرٽ جارج ويلز 21 سيپٽمبر 1866ع تي [[بروملي]]، ڪينٽ، ۾ 162 هاءِ اسٽريٽ تي ائٽلس هائوس ۾ ڄائو. سندس خاندان کيس ”برٽي“ سڏيندو هو. هو [[جوزف ويلز (ڪرڪيٽر)|جوزف ويلز]] ۽ ساره نيل جو چوٿون ۽ آخري ٻار هو. جوزف ويلز اڳوڻو گهريلو باغبان هو ۽ ان وقت دڪاندار ۽ پيشور [[ڪرڪيٽ]]ر هو، جڏهن ته ساره نيل اڳوڻي [[گهريلو ملازم|گهريلو نوڪرياڻي]] هئي. ورثي ۾ مليل رقم سبب خاندان هڪ دڪان حاصل ڪيو، جتي اهي چيني ٿانوَ ۽ راندين جو سامان وڪڻندا هئا، پر اهو ڪاروبار جزوي طور ان ڪري نه وڌي سگهيو جو سامان پراڻو ۽ ڳريل هو ۽ هنڌ به مناسب نه هو. جوزف ويلز ٿوري آمدني ڪمائڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيو، پر ان مان تمام ٿورو حصو دڪان مان ايندو هو؛ کيس [[ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي ڪرڪيٽ ڪلب|ڪينٽ ڪائونٽي ٽيم]] لاءِ [[شوقيه ۽ پيشور ڪرڪيٽر|پيشور ڪرڪيٽ]] کيڏڻ مان به غير مستقل رقم ملندي هئي.<ref name="Smith">Smith, David C. (1986) ''H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells: Desperately mortal. A biography.'' Yale University Press, New Haven and London {{ISBN|0-300-03672-8}}</ref> نوجوان ويلز جي زندگيءَ جو هڪ فيصلائتو واقعو 1874ع جو حادثو هو، جنهن سبب سندس ٽنگ ڀڄي پئي ۽ هو بستري تي پئجي ويو. وقت گذارڻ لاءِ هن مقامي لائبريريءَ جا ڪتاب پڙهڻ شروع ڪيا، جيڪي سندس پيءُ هن لاءِ آڻيندو هو. جلد ئي هو انهن ٻين دنيائن ۽ زندگين سان گهڻو وابسته ٿي ويو، جن تائين ڪتابن کيس رسائي ڏني؛ انهن ڪتابن سندس لکڻ جي خواهش کي به اڀاريو. ساڳئي سال هو ٿامس مورلي جي ڪمرشل اڪيڊمي ۾ داخل ٿيو، جيڪا 1849ع ۾ قائم ٿيل هڪ [[خانگي اسڪول]] هئي ۽ مورلي جي اڳوڻي اسڪول جي ڏيوالي نڪرڻ کان پوءِ قائم ٿي هئي. تعليم بي قاعده هئي، ۽ نصاب، ويلز بعد ۾ چيو، گهڻو ڪري [[ڪاپر پليٽ رسم الخط|ڪاپر پليٽ هٿ اکر]] پيدا ڪرڻ ۽ واپارين لاءِ ڪارائتي قسمن جي حسابن ڪرڻ تي مرڪوز هو. ويلز 1880ع تائين مورلي جي اڪيڊمي ۾ رهيو. 1877ع ۾ سندس پيءُ، جوزف ويلز، جي ران جي هڏي ڀڄي پئي. ان حادثي عملي طور جوزف جي ڪرڪيٽر طور ڪيريئر کي ختم ڪري ڇڏيو، ۽ دڪاندار طور سندس پوءِ واري آمدني خاندان جي آمدني جي بنيادي ذريعي جي نقصان جي تلافي لاءِ ڪافي نه هئي.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Sep. 21, 1866: Wells Springs Forth|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/09/0921hg-wells-birthday/|magazine=Wired|date=9 October 2017}}</ref> [[File:Uppark-Sfront-01.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|ويلز 1887–88ع جو سيارو سسڪس ۾ [[اپارڪ]] ۾ صحت ياب ٿيندي گذاريو، جتي سندس ماءُ، ساره، گهر سنڀاليندڙ هئي.<ref name=Pevsner>{{cite book |last1=Nairn |first1=Ian |author-link=ايان نيرن |last2=Pevsner |first2=Nikolaus |author-link2=نيڪولاس پيوزنر |title=[[دي بلڊنگس آف انگلينڊ]]: Sussex |publisher=[[پينگوئن بڪس]] |location=[[هارمنڊز ورٿ]] |date=1965 |isbn=0-14-071028-0 |pages=358–360}}</ref>]] هاڻي مالي طور پاڻ کي سهارو ڏيڻ جي قابل نه رهڻ ڪري، خاندان پنهنجي پٽن کي مختلف پيشَن ۾ [[شاگردي|شاگرد]] طور رکڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news|title=HG Wells: prophet of free love|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/mar/11/hg-wells-david-lodge|newspaper=The Guardian|date=11 October 2017}}</ref> 1880ع کان 1883ع تائين ويلز [[سائوٿ سي]] ۾ هائيڊز ڊريپري ايمپوريم ۾ [[ڪپڙي جو وڪرو ڪندڙ]] طور ناخوشگوار شاگردي ڪئي.<ref name="GHW1925"/> هائيڊز ۾ سندس تجربا، جتي هو تيرهن ڪلاڪ ڪم ڪندو هو ۽ ٻين شاگردن سان گڏ ڊارميٽري ۾ سمهندو هو، بعد ۾ سندس ناولن ''[[دي ويلز آف چانس]]''، ''[[دي هسٽري آف مسٽر پالي]]''، ۽ ''[[ڪپس]]'' لاءِ الهام بڻيا، جيڪي ڪپڙي جي دڪاندار جي شاگرد جي زندگي ڏيکارين ٿا ۽ سماج ۾ دولت جي ورڇ تي تنقيد پڻ پيش ڪن ٿا. ويلز جي والدين جي شاديءَ ۾ ڇڪتاڻ هئي، جنهن جو وڏو سبب اهو هو ته سندس ماءُ [[پروٽيسٽنٽ ازم|پروٽيسٽنٽ]] هئي ۽ پيءُ [[آزاد فڪري|آزاد فڪر وارو]] هو. جڏهن سندس ماءُ ليڊي جي نوڪرياڻي طور ڪم تي واپس وئي ([[اپارڪ]] ۾، [[ويسٽ سسڪس]] جي هڪ [[انگريزي ڏيهي گهر|ڏيهي گهر]] ۾)، تڏهن نوڪريءَ جي شرطن مان هڪ اهو هو ته کيس پنهنجي مڙس ۽ ٻارن لاءِ رهائش جي جاءِ رکڻ جي اجازت نه هوندي. ان کان پوءِ هوءَ ۽ جوزف الڳ زندگيون گذارڻ لڳا، جيتوڻيڪ اهي هڪ ٻئي سان وفادار رهيا ۽ ڪڏهن به طلاق نه ورتائون. نتيجي طور، هربرٽ جون ذاتي تڪليفون وڌيون، ڇاڪاڻ ته هو پوءِ ڪپڙي جي وڪرو ڪندڙ طور ناڪام ٿيو ۽ بعد ۾ ڪيمسٽ جي مددگار طور پڻ ناڪام ٿيو. بهرحال، اپارڪ ۾ هڪ شاندار لائبريري هئي، جنهن ۾ هو پاڻ کي غرق ڪري ڇڏيائين، ۽ هن ڪيترائي ڪلاسيڪي ڪم پڙهيا، جن ۾ [[افلاطون]] جي ''[[ريپبلڪ (افلاطون)|ريپبلڪ]]''، [[ٿامس مور]] جي ''[[يوٽوپيا (مور جو ڪتاب)|يوٽوپيا]]''، ۽ [[ڊينيئل ڊيفو]] جا ڪم شامل هئا.<ref name="McFarland">{{cite book|last1=Pilkington|first1=Ace G.|title=Science Fiction and Futurism: Their Terms and Ideas|date=2017|publisher=McFarland|page=137}}</ref> جڏهن هو افسانوي ادب جي هڪ جدا صنف طور سائنس فڪشن جو پهريون اڳواڻ بڻيو، تڏهن ويلز پنهنجي ڪمن جي حوالي سان [[ميري شيلي]] جي ''[[فرينڪنسٽائن]]'' جو ذڪر ڪندي لکيو تہ ”اهي اهڙي لکڻين جي طبقي سان تعلق رکن ٿا، جنهن ۾ ''فرينڪنسٽائن'' جي ڪهاڻي شامل آهي.“<ref>{{cite web |first=Philip |last=Ball |author-link=فلپ بال |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/2018/07/war-of-the-worlds-2018-bbc-hg-wells |title=What the War of the Worlds means now |date=18 July 2018 |work=[[نيو اسٽيٽسمن]] |access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref> === استاد === [[File:HG Wells 20181021 120408.jpg|thumb|240px|[[مڊهرسٽ]]، ويسٽ سسڪس، ۾ يادگاري تختي، جيڪا ان هنڌ کي ظاهر ڪري ٿي جتي ويلز 1883ع ۽ 1884ع جي وچ ۾ [[مڊهرسٽ گرامر اسڪول]] ۾ استاد طور رهائش پذير هو]] آڪٽوبر 1879ع ۾ ويلز جي ماءُ، هڪ پري جي مائٽ آرٿر وليمز وسيلي، هن لاءِ سومرسيٽ جي [[ووڪي]] ۾ [[نيشنل اسڪول (انگلينڊ ۽ ويلز)|نيشنل اسڪول]] ۾ شاگرد-استاد طور شامل ٿيڻ جو بندوبست ڪيو، يعني اهڙو وڏو شاگرد جيڪو ننڍن ٻارن کي پڙهائيندو هو.<ref name="GHW1925">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=Geoffrey Henry |title=The Works of H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |publisher=[[روٽليج]] |location=[[لنڊن]] |date=1925 |page=xvi |oclc=458934085 }}</ref> ساڳئي سال ڊسمبر ۾، بهرحال، وليمز کي پنهنجي قابليتن ۾ بي قاعدگين سبب برطرف ڪيو ويو ۽ ويلز کي اپارڪ واپس موڪليو ويو. ويجهي [[مڊهرسٽ]] ۾ هڪ ڪيمسٽ وٽ مختصر شاگردي ۽ [[مڊهرسٽ گرامر اسڪول]] ۾ بورڊر طور اڃا به مختصر رهائش کان پوءِ، هن هائيڊز ۾ پنهنجي شاگردي جا ڪاغذ صحيح ڪيا. 1883ع ۾ ويلز پنهنجي والدين کي قائل ڪيو ته کيس شاگردي مان آزاد ڪن، ۽ هن مڊهرسٽ گرامر اسڪول طرفان ٻيهر پيش ڪيل شاگرد-استاد ٿيڻ جو موقعو قبول ڪيو؛ سندس اڳوڻي مختصر رهائش دوران لاطيني ۽ سائنس ۾ سندس مهارت ياد رکي وئي هئي.<ref name=Smith/><ref name="GHW1925"/> سائوٿ سي ۾ گذاريل سال ان وقت تائين سندس زندگيءَ جا سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڏکيا سال هئا، پر مڊهرسٽ گرامر اسڪول ۾ عهدو حاصل ڪرڻ جي خوش قسمتي سبب ويلز پنهنجي خود تعليم سنجيدگيءَ سان جاري رکي سگهيو.<ref name=Smith/> ايندڙ سال ويلز کي لنڊن ۾ نارمل اسڪول آف سائنس، جيڪو بعد ۾ [[رائل ڪاليج آف سائنس]]، [[سائوٿ ڪينسنگٽن]] ٿيو ۽ پوءِ [[امپيريل ڪاليج لنڊن]] جو حصو بڻيو، ۾ اسڪالرشپ ملي، جتي هن [[ٿامس هينري هڪسلي]] جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ [[حياتيات]] پڙهي. اڳوڻي شاگرد طور هن بعد ۾ رائل ڪاليج آف سائنس ايسوسيئيشن قائم ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، جنهن جو هو 1909ع ۾ پهريون صدر بڻيو. ويلز پنهنجي نئين اسڪول ۾ 1887ع تائين پڙهيو، ۽ اسڪالرشپ سبب کيس هفتي ۾ 21 [[شلنگ]]، يعني هڪ [[گني (برطانوي سڪو)|گني]]، ملندي هئي. هي رقم آرامده هجڻ کپندي هئي، ڇاڪاڻ ته ان وقت ڪيترن [[پورهيت طبقو|پورهيت طبقي]] جي خاندانن جي سڄي گهريلو آمدني ”لڳ ڀڳ هڪ پائونڊ هفتي ۾“ هوندي هئي،<ref>Reeves, M. S. ''Round About a Pound a Week''. New York: Garland Pub., 1980. {{ISBN|0-8240-0119-2}}. Some of the text is available online.</ref> پر پنهنجي ''Experiment in Autobiography'' ۾ ويلز مسلسل بکيو رهڻ جو ذڪر ڪري ٿو، ۽ حقيقت ۾ ان وقت جون سندس تصويرون هڪ تمام سنهي ۽ غذائي کوٽ ۾ مبتلا نوجوان کي ظاهر ڪن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brome|first1=Vincent|title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells|date=2008|publisher=House of Stratus|page=180}}</ref> هو جلد ئي اسڪول جي بحث مباحثي واري سوسائٽي ۾ داخل ٿيو. اهي سال سماج جي ممڪن سڌاري ۾ سندس دلچسپيءَ جي شروعات ظاهر ڪن ٿا. شروع ۾ هن موضوع کي افلاطون جي ''ريپبلڪ'' وسيلي ڏٺو، پر جلد ئي هو سوشلزم جي همعصر خيالن ڏانهن مڙيو، جيڪي نئين قائم ٿيل [[فيبين سوسائٽي]] ۽ [[وليم مورس]] جي گهر [[ڪيلمسڪاٽ هائوس]] ۾ ڏنل مفت ليڪچرن ۾ پيش ٿيندا هئا. هو ''دي سائنس اسڪول جرنل'' جي باني ماڻهن مان پڻ هو، جيڪو هڪ اسڪولي رسالو هو، جنهن کيس ادب ۽ سماج بابت پنهنجا خيال ظاهر ڪرڻ سان گڏ افسانوي ادب ۾ هٿ آزمائڻ جو موقعو ڏنو؛ سندس ناول ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]'' جو اڳوڻو روپ رسالي ۾ ”[[دي ڪرونڪ آرگوناٽس]]“ جي عنوان هيٺ شايع ٿيو. 1886–87ع جو تعليمي سال سندس پڙهائيءَ جو آخري سال هو. [[File:H. G. Wells, c.1890.jpg|thumb|left|ويلز لنڊن ۾ پڙهندي، {{Circa}} 1890ع]] 1888ع دوران ويلز [[اسٽوڪ-آن-ٽرينٽ]] ۾ رهيو، جتي هو [[باسفورڊ، اسٽافورڊ شائر|باسفورڊ]] ۾ رهندو هو. [[دي پوٽريز]] جو منفرد ماحول يقيناً الهام جو ذريعو هو. هن علائقي مان هڪ دوست کي خط ۾ لکيو ته ”هن ضلعي مون تي زبردست اثر وڌو“. سمجهيو وڃي ٿو ته ''دي وار آف دي ورلڊز'' ۾ سندس ڪجهه بيانن جو الهام هتي گذاريل مختصر وقت مان آيو، جڏهن هن شهر مٿان لوهه جي ڀٽين کي ٻرندي ڏٺو، جيڪي آسمان ۾ وڏيون ڳاڙهيون روشنيون اڇلائينديون هيون. دي پوٽريز ۾ سندس رهائش جو نتيجو خوفناڪ مختصر ڪهاڻي ”[[دي ڪون]]“ (1895، سندس مشهور ''دي ٽائيم مشين'' جي همعصر) پڻ هئي، جيڪا شهر جي اتر ۾ قائم آهي. ڪجهه وقت پڙهائڻ کان پوءِ—هو ٿوري عرصي لاءِ ويلز ۾ [[هولٽ، ريڪسهام ڪائونٽي بورو|هولٽ]] اڪيڊمي جي عملي ۾ شامل هو<ref>{{cite news|date=3 October 2016|title=Teaching spell near Wrexham inspired one of the nation's greatest science fiction writers|first=Jamie|last=Bowman|work=[[دي ليڊر (ويلشي اخبار)|دي ليڊر]]|location=Wrexham|access-date=13 May 2018|url=http://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/15956789.Teaching_spell_near_Wrexham_inspired_one_of_the_nation_s_greatest_science_fiction_writers/}}</ref>—ويلز لاءِ تعليمي اصولن ۽ طريقن بابت پنهنجي ڄاڻ وڌائڻ ضروري ٿي پيو ۽ هو ڪاليج آف پريسيپٽرز ([[ڪاليج آف ٽيچرز]]) ۾ داخل ٿيو. بعد ۾ هن ان ڪاليج مان Licentiate ۽ فيلوشپ [[ڪاليج آف ٽيچرز|FCP]] ڊپلوما حاصل ڪيا. 1890ع تائين وڃي ويلز [[لنڊن يونيورسٽي ايڪسٽرنل سسٽم|لنڊن يونيورسٽي ايڪسٽرنل پروگرام]] مان [[حيوانيات]] ۾ بيچلر آف سائنس جي ڊگري حاصل ڪئي. 1889–90ع ۾ هن لنڊن جي هينلي هائوس اسڪول ۾ استاد طور عهدو حاصل ڪيو، جتي هن [[اي. اي. ملن]] کي پڙهايو، جنهن جو پيءُ اهو اسڪول هلائيندو هو.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=22657 |date=1989 |title=Hampstead: Education |journal=A History of the County of Middlesex |volume=9 |pages=159–169 |access-date=9 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/aamilne.htm|title=A. A. Milne|website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)|first=Petri|last=Liukkonen|publisher=[[ڪوسانڪوسڪي]] Public Library|location=Finland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205524/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/aamilne.htm|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> سندس پهريون شايع ٿيل ڪم ٻن جلدن ۾ ''Text-Book of Biology'' (1893) هو.<ref>{{cite book|title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells Under Revision: Proceedings of the International H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells Symposium, London, July 1986|url=https://archive.org/details/hgwellsunderrevi00inte/page/123|url-access=registration|date=1990|publisher=Associated University Presse|page=123]|isbn=9780945636052}}</ref> [[رائل ڪاليج آف سائنس|نارمل اسڪول آف سائنس]] ڇڏڻ کان پوءِ ويلز آمدنيءَ جي ذريعي کان محروم ٿي ويو. سندس چاچي ميري، جيڪا سندس پيءُ جي سالِي هئي، کيس ڪجهه وقت لاءِ پاڻ وٽ رهڻ جي دعوت ڏني، جنهن سندس رهائش جو فوري مسئلو حل ڪري ڇڏيو. پنهنجي چاچي وٽ رهائش دوران هن جي دلچسپي سندس ڌيءَ، ازابيل، ۾ وڌندي وئي، جنهن سان هن بعد ۾ محبت ڪئي ۽ شادي ڪئي. پئسا ڪمائڻ لاءِ هن رسالن، جهڙوڪ ''[[دي پال مال گزيٽ]]''، لاءِ مختصر مزاحيه مضمون لکڻ شروع ڪيا، جن کي بعد ۾ ''[[سيليڪٽ ڪنورسيشنز وٿ اين انڪل]]'' (1895) ۽ ''[[سرٽن پرسنل ميٽرز]]'' (1897) ۾ گڏ ڪيو ويو. صحافت جي هن انداز ۾ ويلز ايترو گهڻو پيداوار ڏيندڙ بڻيو جو سندس ڪيترائي شروعاتي ٽڪرا اڃا تائين سڃاڻپ ۾ نه آيا آهن. ڊيوڊ سي. سمٿ موجب: <blockquote>ويلز جا اڪثر وقتي ٽڪرا گڏ نه ڪيا ويا آهن، ۽ ڪيترن کي ته سندس طور سڃاتو به نه ويو آهي. ويلز کي لڳ ڀڳ 1896ع کان پوءِ تائين خودبخود اهڙو باءِ لائن نه ملندو هو، جيڪو سندس شهرت گهري ٿي. ... نتيجي طور، سندس ڪيترائي شروعاتي ٽڪرا اڻڄاتل آهن. ظاهر آهي ته ويلز جا ڪيترائي شروعاتي مواد گم ٿي ويا آهن.<ref>{{cite book |first=David C. |last=Smith |author-link=ڊيوڊ سي. سمٿ (مورخ) |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells: Desperately Mortal: A Biography |publisher=[[ييل يونيورسٽي پريس]] |date=1986 |isbn=978-0-300-03672-5 |location=[[نيو هيون]] |page=35}}</ref></blockquote> انهن مختصر ٽڪرن ۾ ڪاميابيءَ کيس ڪتابي ڊيگهه جا ڪم لکڻ لاءِ همٿايو، ۽ هن 1895ع ۾ پنهنجو پهريون ناول ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]'' شايع ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hammond|first=John R. |date=2004 |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells's ''The Time Machine'': A Reference Guide |location=[[ويسٽپورٽ، ڪنيڪٽڪٽ]] |publisher=[[پريگر پبلشرز|پريگر]] |page=50}}</ref> === ذاتي زندگي === [[File:MayburyRoad h.g.wells house.jpg|thumb|upright|left|141 ميئبري روڊ، [[ووڪنگ]]، جتي ويلز مئي 1895ع کان 1896ع جي آخر تائين رهيو<ref name="celebWoking-HGW">{{cite web |url=http://www.celebratewoking.info/legacywellsinwoking/HG_WellsandWoking |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells and Woking |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2016 |website=Celebrate Woking |publisher=Woking Borough Council |access-date=5 March 2017 |quote=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells arrived in Woking in May 1895. He lived at 'Lynton', Maybury Road, Woking, which is now numbered 141 Maybury Road. Today, there is an English Heritage blue plaque displayed on the front wall of the property, which marks his period of residence.}}</ref>]] 1891ع ۾ ويلز پنهنجي [[سوٽ سان شادي|سوٽ]] ازابيل ميري ويلز (1865–1931؛ 1902ع کان ازابيل ميري سمٿ) سان شادي ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vintag.es/2017/05/they-did-what-15-famous-people-who.html |title=They Did What? 15 Famous People Who Actually Married Their Cousins |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> ٻنهي 1894ع ۾ الڳ ٿيڻ تي اتفاق ڪيو، جڏهن ويلز پنهنجي شاگردن مان هڪ، [[ڪيٿرين ويلز|ايمي ڪيٿرين رابنس]] (1872–1927؛ بعد ۾ جين جي نالي سان مشهور)، سان محبت ۾ پئجي ويو. مئي 1895ع ۾ هوءَ هن سان گڏ [[ووڪنگ]]، سري، منتقل ٿي. اهي شهر جي مرڪز ۾ ميئبري روڊ تي ڪرائي جي گهر ”لنٽن“ (هاڻي نمبر 141) ۾ لڳ ڀڳ 18 مهينن کان ٿورو گهٽ عرصو رهيا، ۽ آڪٽوبر 1895ع ۾ سينٽ پئنڪرس رجسٽر آفيس ۾ شادي ڪيائون.<ref name="WIW-WBC">{{cite book |title=Wells In Woking: 150th Anniversary 1866–2016: Free Souvenir Programme |url=http://www.celebratewoking.info/legacywellsinwoking/programme.pdf |location=[[ووڪنگ، سري]] |publisher=[[ووڪنگ بورو ڪائونسل]] |pages=4–5 |date=2016 |access-date=5 March 2017 |archive-date=5 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305194024/http://www.celebratewoking.info/legacywellsinwoking/programme.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ووڪنگ ۾ سندس مختصر عرصو شايد سندس سڄي لکڻ واري ڪيريئر جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ تخليقي ۽ پيداوار وارو دور هو؛ اتي رهندي هن ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' ۽ ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]'' جي رٿابندي ڪئي ۽ لکيو، ''[[دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو]]'' مڪمل ڪيو، ''[[دي ونڊرفل وزٽ]]'' ۽ ''[[دي ويلز آف چانس]]'' لکيا ۽ شايع ڪيا، ۽ ٻه ٻيا شروعاتي ڪتاب، ''[[وين دي سليپر ويڪس]]'' ۽ ''[[لو اينڊ مسٽر ليوشام]]''، لکڻ شروع ڪيا.<ref name="WIW-WBC"/><ref name="GoogleRiddle">ويلز جي ڄمڻ جي 143هين سالگرهه کان اڳ، [[گوگل]] هڪ ڪارٽون معما سيريز شايع ڪئي، جنهن جو حل ووڪنگ جي ويجهو هورسيل ڪامن جا هم وقتا هئا، يعني ''دي وار آف دي ورلڊز'' ۾ مريخي لاهن واري جاءِ؛ اهو اخبار جي مضمون ۾ بيان ڪيو ويو: {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2009/sep/21/google-hgwells-doodle-mystery |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells – Google reveals answer to teaser doodles |last=Schofield |first=Jack |date=21 September 2009 |work=[[دي گارجين]] |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref> [[File:The Works of H G Wells Volume 4 (page 10 crop).jpg|thumb|upright|ويلز جي ٻي زال، ايمي ڪيٿرين ”جين“ ويلز]] 1896ع جي آخر اونهاري ۾، ويلز ۽ جين [[ورسيسٽر پارڪ]]، [[ڪنگسٽن اپان ٿيمز]] جي ويجهو، هڪ وڏي گهر ۾ ٻن سالن لاءِ منتقل ٿيا؛ اهو سلسلو تڏهن ختم ٿيو جڏهن سندس خراب صحت کين [[فوڪ اسٽون]] ويجهو سينڊگيٽ کڻي وئي، جتي هن 1901ع ۾ وڏو خانداني گهر، [[اسپيڊ هائوس]]، تعمير ڪيو. جين مان هن کي ٻه پٽ ٿيا: [[جي. پي. ويلز|جارج فلپ]]، جنهن کي ”گپ“ سڏيو ويندو هو (1901–1985)، ۽ فرينڪ رچرڊ (1903–1982)، جيڪو فلم ڊائريڪٽر [[سائمن ويلز]] جو ڏاڏو هو. جين 6 آڪٽوبر 1927ع تي [[گريٽ ڊنمائو|ڊنمائو]] ۾ 55 سالن جي عمر ۾ وفات ڪئي، جنهن ويلز کي تمام گهڻو صدمو ڏنو. سندس لاش کي [[گولڊرز گرين]] ۾ ساڙيو ويو، جتي جوڙي جا دوست، جن ۾ [[جارج برنارڊ شا]] به شامل هو، موجود هئا. ويلز جا ڪيترائي عشقيه [[معاشقو|معاشقا]] هئا.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lynn|first=Andrea |title=Shadow Lovers: The Last Affairs of H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |date=2001 |publisher=[[ويسٽ ويو پريس|ويسٽ ويو]] |location=[[بولڊر، ڪولوراڊو]] |isbn=978-0-8133-3394-6 |pages=10; 14; 47 et sec |url=https://archive.org/details/shadowloverslast00lynn/page/10 |url-access=registration}}</ref> [[ڊوروٿي رچرڊسن]] سندس دوست هئي، جنهن سان سندس مختصر معاشقو ٿيو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1907ع ۾ حمل ۽ اسقاط حمل ٿيو. ويلز جي زال رچرڊسن جي اسڪولي ساٿي رهي هئي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fromm |first=Gloria G. |date=1977 |title=Dorothy Richardson: A Biography |publisher=[[يونيورسٽي آف الينوئي پريس]] |location=[[اربانا، الينوئي|اربانا]] |isbn=978-0-252006-31-9 |page=xxx}}</ref> ڊسمبر 1909ع ۾ کيس ليکڪا [[ايمبر ريوز]] مان هڪ ڌيءَ، اينا-جين، ڄائي،<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/apr/02/featuresreviews.guardianreview33|title=A room of her own|author = Margaret Drabble|work= The Guardian|date=1 April 2005}}</ref> جنهن جي والدين، [[وليم پيمبر ريوز|وليم]] ۽ [[ماڊ پيمبر ريوز]]، سان ويلز جي ملاقات [[فيبين سوسائٽي]] وسيلي ٿي هئي. ايمبر ان ئي سال جولاءِ ۾ وڪيل [[جي. آر. بلانڪو وائٽ]] سان شادي ڪئي هئي، جنهن جو بندوبست جزوي طور ويلز به ڪيو هو. جڏهن [[بيٽرس ويب]] ويلز جي ايمبر سان ”گندي سازش“ تي ناپسنديدگي ظاهر ڪئي، تڏهن هن جواب ۾ پنهنجي 1911ع جي ناول ''دي نيو ميڪياويلي'' ۾ بيٽرس ويب ۽ سندس مڙس سڊني ويب کي ”آلٽيئورا ۽ آسڪر بيلي“ طور طنزيه نموني پيش ڪيو، جيڪي تنگ نظر، بورجوا هٿ چراند ڪندڙ جوڙو هئا. 1910ع ۽ 1913ع جي وچ ۾ ناول نگار [[ايلزبيٿ فان آرنم]] سندس محبوبائن مان هڪ هئي.<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Arnim, Mary Annette [May] von [née Mary Annette Beauchamp; known as Elizabeth von Arnim; other married name Mary Annette Russell, Countess Russell] (1866–1941), novelist |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-35883 |access-date=29 December 2022 |date=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35883}}</ref> 1914ع ۾، هن کي ناول نگار ۽ [[نسائيت پسند]] [[ريبيڪا ويسٽ]] مان پٽ [[اينٿوني ويسٽ (ليکڪ)|اينٿوني ويسٽ]] (1914–1987) ڄائو، جيڪا هن کان 26 سال ننڍي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hgwells.htm |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |website=Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) |first=Petri |last=Liukkonen |publisher=[[ڪوسانڪوسڪي]] Public Library |location=Finland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221021820/http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/hgwells.htm |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 1920–21ع ۾، ۽ پوءِ سندس وفات تائين وقفي وقفي سان، هن جو آمريڪي [[پيدائش روڪٿام]] جي ڪارڪن [[مارگريٽ سينگر]] سان معاشقو رهيو.<ref>[https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/articles/passionate_friends.php "The Passionate Friends: H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells and Margaret Sanger"], at the Margaret Sanger Paper Project.</ref> 1924ع ۽ 1933ع جي وچ ۾، ويلز پنهنجي کان 22 سال ننڍي ڊچ سياح ۽ ليکڪا [[اوڊيٽ ڪيون]] سان گڏ رهيو، جنهن سان هو فرانس جي [[گراس]] ۾ گڏجي ٺاهيل گهر ''لو پيدو'' ۾ رهندو هو. ويلز پنهنجو سڀ کان ڊگهو ڪتاب ''[[دي ورلڊ آف وليم ڪلسولڊ]]'' (1926) هن جي نالي منسوب ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dixon|first=Kevin|date=20 July 2014|title=Odette Keun, H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells and the Third Way |url=http://www.theprsd.co.uk/2014/07/20/odette-keun-hg-wells-third-way/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=People's Republic of South Devon}}</ref> 1920ع ۾ روس ۾ [[ميڪسم گورڪي]] سان ملڻ دوران، هو گورڪي جي محبوبه [[مورا بڊبرگ]] سان همبستر ٿيو،<ref>{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Amelia |date=7 January 2001 |title=The secret loves of H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells unmasked |work=[[دي آبزرور]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/jan/07/books.booksnews1 |access-date=10 September 2020 |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> جيڪا ان وقت اڃا ڪائونٽيس بينڪندورف هئي ۽ هن کان 27 سال ننڍي هئي. 1933ع ۾، جڏهن هوءَ گورڪي کي ڇڏي لنڊن لڏي آئي، تڏهن انهن جو تعلق ٻيهر شروع ٿيو ۽ هن ويلز جي آخري بيماري دوران سندس سنڀال ڪئي. ويلز بار بار هن کان شاديءَ جي درخواست ڪئي، پر بڊبرگ سندس تجويزون سختيءَ سان رد ڪيون.<ref>{{cite web |last=Aron |first=Nina Renata |date=18 May 2017 |title=The impossibly glamorous life of this Russian baroness spy needs to be a movie |url=https://timeline.com/baroness-moura-budberg-spy-8cff5692c9c6 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=[[ميڊيم (ويب سائيٽ)|ميڊيم]] |archive-date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516234100/https://timeline.com/baroness-moura-budberg-spy-8cff5692c9c6 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dirda |first=Michael |author-link=مائيڪل ڊردا |date=22 May 2005 |title=Moura? Moura Budberg? Now whe{{nbsp}}... |newspaper=[[واشنگٽن پوسٽ]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2005/05/22/moura-moura-budberg-now-whe/c0e491b3-00fc-4e9e-9778-04641a72eab5/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> ''Experiment in Autobiography'' (1934) ۾ ويلز لکيو: ”مان ڪڏهن به وڏو عاشق نه رهيو آهيان، جيتوڻيڪ مون ڪيترن ماڻهن سان تمام گهري محبت ڪئي آهي.“<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H.G. |url=https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20100511 |title=H.G. Wells: Experiment in Autobiography |date=1934 |publisher=[[جي. بي. لپنڪاٽ اينڊ ڪمپني]] |location=New York City |author-link=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}}</ref> [[ڊيوڊ لاج (ليکڪ)|ڊيوڊ لاج]] جو ناول ''A Man of Parts'' (2011){{snd}}جيڪو ليکڪ جي نوٽ موجب ”حقيقي ذريعن تي ٻڌل داستان“ آهي{{snd}}مٿي ذڪر ڪيل عورتن ۽ ٻين سان ويلز جي لاڳاپن جو هڪ قائل ڪندڙ ۽ عام طور تي همدرداڻو بيان پيش ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=David |author-link=ڊيوڊ لاج (ليکڪ) |title=A Man of Parts |date=2011 |publisher=[[رينڊم هائوس]]}}</ref> === مصور === ويلز پنهنجي خيالن ۽ احساسن جي اظهار جو هڪ ذريعو تصويرون ۽ خاڪا ٺاهڻ کي به بڻايو. سندس ڪيترائي خاڪا ۽ ڊرائنگون سندس ذاتي ڊائرين جي شروعاتي ۽ عنوان وارن صفحن تي ملن ٿيون، جن جا موضوع سياسي تبصرن کان وٺي پنهنجي همعصر اديبن بابت راءِ ۽ ان وقت جي رومانوي لاڳاپن تائين پکڙيل هئا. ايمي ڪيٿرين، جنهن کي هو ”جين“ سڏيندو هو، سان شادي دوران هن وڏي تعداد ۾ تصويرون ٺاهيون، جن مان ڪيترين ۾ سندن ازدواجي زندگي بابت سڌا تبصرا شامل هئا. ان دور ۾ هو انهن تصويرن کي ”پڪشواز“ (''picshuas'') سڏيندو هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.illinois.edu/news/06/0531wells.html |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells' cartoons, a window on his second marriage, focus of new book {{pipe}} Archives {{pipe}} News Bureau |publisher=University of Illinois |date=31 May 2006 |access-date=10 June 2012 |archive-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722043830/http://news.illinois.edu/news/06/0531wells.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ويلز جي انهن ”پڪشواز“ تي ڪيترن سالن کان محققن تحقيق ڪئي آهي، ۽ 2006ع ۾ ان موضوع تي هڪ ڪتاب پڻ شايع ٿيو.<ref>Rinkel, Gene and Margaret. ''The Picshuas of H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells: A burlesque diary''. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-252-03045-1}} (cloth: acid-free paper).</ref> === ليکڪ === [[File:Woking tripod.JPG|thumb|right|[[ووڪنگ]] ۾ ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' جي [[ٽرائپاڊ (دي وار آف دي ورلڊز)|ٽرائپاڊ]] جو مجسمو. هي ڪتاب انسانذات ۽ [[افسانوي ادب ۾ زمين کان ٻاهرين مخلوق|زمين کان ٻاهرين نسل]] جي وچ ۾ ٽڪراءَ جي بنيادي تصويرڪشي آهي.]] سندس ڪجهه شروعاتي ناول، جن کي ”[[سائنسي رومانس]]“ چيو ويندو آهي، سائنس فڪشن ۾ هاڻي ڪلاسيڪي سمجهيا ويندڙ ڪيترائي موضوع ايجاد ڪيا. اهڙا ڪم ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]''، ''[[دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو]]''، ''[[دي انوزبل مين]]''، ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]''، ''[[دي سليپر اويڪس|وين دي سليپر ويڪس]]'' ۽ ''[[دي فرسٽ مين ان دي مون]]'' آهن. هن حقيقت پسند ناول پڻ لکيا، جن کي تنقيدي ساراهه ملي، جن ۾ ''[[ڪپس]]'' ۽ [[ايڊورڊي دور]] دوران انگريزي ثقافت تي تنقيد ڪندڙ ''[[ٽونو-بنگي]]'' شامل آهن. ويلز درجنين مختصر ڪهاڻيون ۽ ناوليٽ پڻ لکيا، جن ۾ ”دي فلاورنگ آف دي اسٽرينج آرڪڊ“ شامل آهي، جنهن [[چارلس ڊارون|ڊارون]] جي انقلابي نباتاتي خيالن جو مڪمل اثر وسيع عوام تائين پهچائڻ ۾ مدد ڪئي، ۽ ان کان پوءِ ”[[دي ڪنٽري آف دي بلائنڊ]]“ (1904ع) جهڙيون ڪيتريون بعد واريون ڪاميابيون آيون.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Endersby |first=Jim |date=June 2016 |title=Deceived by orchids: sex, science, fiction and Darwin |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/abs/deceived-by-orchids-sex-science-fiction-and-darwin/6D94917E32C7787D11AC5949BAA0176C |journal=[[برٽش جرنل فار دي هسٽري آف سائنس]] |volume=49|issue=2 |pages=205–229 |doi=10.1017/S0007087416000352 |pmid=27278105 |s2cid=23027055 |issn=0007-0874|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ليکڪ [[جيمس اي. گن (ليکڪ)|جيمس اي. گن]] دليل ڏنو ته سائنس فڪشن صنف ۾ ويلز جي اهم ڀاڱيدارين مان هڪ سندس طريقو هو، جنهن کي هن ويلز جو ”خيالن جو نئون نظام“ چيو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sfcenter.ku.edu/tomorrow.htm |title=The Man Who Invented Tomorrow |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805171522/http://www.sfcenter.ku.edu/tomorrow.htm |archive-date=5 August 2012 |quote=In 1902, when [[Arnold Bennett]] was writing a long article for ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]'' about Wells as a serious writer, Wells expressed his hope that Bennett would stress his "new system of ideas". Wells developed a theory to justify the way he wrote (he was fond of theories), and these theories helped others write in similar ways.}}</ref> گن جي راءِ هئي ته ليکڪ کي هميشه ڪهاڻي کي جيترو ٿي سگهي اعتبار جوڳو بڻائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪرڻ گهرجي، جيتوڻيڪ ليکڪ ۽ پڙهندڙ ٻنهي کي خبر هجي ته ڪجهه عنصر ناممڪن آهن؛ اهڙي طرح پڙهندڙ خيالن کي اهڙي شيءِ طور قبول ڪري سگهي ٿو جيڪا واقعي ٿي سگهي ٿي. اڄ ان کي ”قابلِ قبول ناممڪن“ ۽ ”[[يقين جي عارضي معطلي]]“ چيو وڃي ٿو. جيتوڻيڪ قياسي افسانوي ادب ۾ نه [[نظر نه اچڻ]] نئون هو ۽ نه [[وقت جو سفر]]، پر ويلز انهن تصورن ۾ حقيقت پسندي جو احساس شامل ڪيو، جن سان پڙهندڙ اڳ واقف نه هئا. هن اهڙي گاڏي استعمال ڪرڻ جو تصور پيش ڪيو، جيڪا هلائيندڙ کي ارادي ۽ چونڊ سان وقت ۾ اڳتي يا پوئتي سفر ڪرڻ جي اجازت ڏئي ٿي.<ref>{{cite news |title=A brief history of time travel |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/a-brief-history-of-time-travel-1566784.html |access-date=2 December 2020 |newspaper=The Independent|quote=Time travel began 100 years ago, with the publication of H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells' The Time Machine in January 1895. The notion of moving freely backwards and forwards in time, in the same way that we can move about in space, that was something new.}}</ref> ويلز جو ٺاهيل اصطلاح ”[[ٽائيم مشين]]“ اهڙي گاڏي لاءِ لڳ ڀڳ عالمي طور استعمال ٿئي ٿو.<ref name="McFarland"/> هن وضاحت ڪئي ته ''دي ٽائيم مشين'' لکندي هن محسوس ڪيو ته ”جيڪا ڪهاڻي مون کي ٻڌائڻي هئي، اها جيتري وڌيڪ ناممڪن هئي، اوترو ئي ان جو پس منظر عام هجڻ لازمي هو، ۽ جن حالتن ۾ مون هاڻي [[وقت جو سفر|ٽائيم ٽريولر]] کي رکيو، اهي سڀ مضبوط مٿئين طبقي جي آرامن بابت منهنجي تصور ۾ ايندڙ شيون هيون.“<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.writework.com/book-guides/the-time-machine-h-g-wells/scientists-and-gentlemen|title=The Time Machine – Scientists and Gentlemen – WriteWork|website=www.writework.com}}</ref> ”ويلز جي قانون“ ۾، سائنس فڪشن ڪهاڻي ۾ صرف هڪ غيرمعمولي مفروضو هجڻ گهرجي. تنهنڪري ناممڪن ڳالهين جي جواز طور هن سائنسي خيال ۽ نظريا استعمال ڪيا. ويلز جي ”قانون“ بابت سڀ کان مشهور بيان سندس 1934ع ۾ شايع ٿيل ڪمن جي مجموعي جي تعارف ۾ اچي ٿو: {{blockquote|جيئن ئي جادوئي چال ٿي وڃي، فئنٽسي ليکڪ جو سڄو ڪم اهو هوندو آهي ته باقي هر شيءِ انساني ۽ حقيقي رکي. سادي تفصيلن جا لمس لازمي آهن ۽ مفروضي سان سخت وابستگي پڻ. بنيادي مفروضي کان ٻاهر ڪا به اضافي فئنٽسي ايجاد کي فوراً غيرذميواراڻي بيوقوفيءَ جو رنگ ڏئي ٿي.<ref name="Bhelkar 2009 p. 19">{{cite book |last=Bhelkar |first=Ratnakar D. |title=Science Fiction: Fantasy and Reality |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |date=2009 |isbn=978-81-269-1036-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvt_NyXYGb0C&pg=PA19 |page=19}}</ref><ref name="Wells 1934 p. viii">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=ايڇ. جي. ويلز |title=Seven famous novels |publisher=[[رينڊم هائوس]] |date=1934 |oclc=948822249 |page=viii}}</ref>}} [[گرفن (دي انوزبل مين)|ڊاڪٽر گرفن / دي انوزبل مين]] هڪ ذهين تحقيقي سائنسدان آهي، جيڪو نظر نه اچڻ جو طريقو دريافت ڪري ٿو، پر پاڻ کي اهو عمل واپس ڪرڻ ۾ ناڪام ڏسي ٿو. بي ترتيب ۽ غيرذميواراڻي تشدد جو شوقين، گرفن [[خوفناڪ افسانوي ادب]] جو هڪ علامتي ڪردار بڻجي ويو آهي.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Science of Fiction and the Fiction of Science: Collected Essays on SF Storytelling and the Gnostic Imagination|date=2009|publisher=McFarland|pages=41–42}}</ref> ''دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو'' ۾ هڪ ٻيڙي ٻڏي ويل ماڻهو ڊاڪٽر مورو جي ٻيٽ واري گهر تي ڇڏي ڏنو وڃي ٿو، جتي ڊاڪٽر مورو، هڪ [[پاڳل سائنسدان]]، جانورن مان زنده چير ڦاڙ وسيلي [[انسان-جانور هائبرڊ|انسان جهڙيون هائبرڊ مخلوقون]] پيدا ڪري ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|title=Novels: The Island of Doctor Moreau|url=http://academic.depauw.edu/aevans_web/HONR101-02/WebPages/Spring2006/Schmid(Todd)/wells.html|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> [[اپ لفٽ (سائنس فڪشن)|اپ لفٽ]] جي سڀ کان شروعاتي تصويرڪشي طور، هي ناول ڪيترن فلسفيانه موضوعن سان لاڳاپيل آهي، جن ۾ درد ۽ ظلم، اخلاقي ذميواري، انساني سڃاڻپ، ۽ [[افسانوي ادب ۾ جينيات#جينياتي موضوع|فطرت ۾ انساني مداخلت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-island-of-doctor-moreau-h-g-wells/1120353655?ean=9781499744446|title=The Island of Doctor Moreau: Original and Unabridged|author=Barnes & Noble|work=Barnes & Noble}}</ref> ''دي فرسٽ مين ان دي مون'' ۾ ويلز [[فلڪياتي جسم|فلڪياتي جسمن]] جي وچ ۾ ريڊيو رابطي جو خيال استعمال ڪيو، جيڪو [[نيڪولا ٽيسلا]] جي ان دعويٰ کان متاثر پلاٽ جو نقطو هو ته هن مريخ مان ريڊيو سگنل حاصل ڪيا هئا.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brewer |first=Nathan |date=19 October 2020 |title=Your Engineering Heritage: Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla as Science Fiction Characters |url=https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/thomas-edison-and-nikola-tesla-as-science-fiction-characters/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=IEEE-USA InSight}}</ref> سائنس فڪشن کان علاوه، ويلز اهڙا ڪم پڻ پيدا ڪيا جيڪي اساطيري مخلوقن سان لاڳاپيل هئا، جهڙوڪ ''[[دي ونڊرفل وزٽ]]'' (1895ع) ۾ فرشتو ۽ ''[[دي سي ليڊي]]'' (1902ع) ۾ جلپري.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sherbourne |first=Michael |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells: Another Kind of Life |publisher=[[پيٽر اوون پبلشرز|پيٽر اوون]] |date=2010 |page=108}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ ''ٽونو-بنگي'' سائنس فڪشن ناول نه آهي، پر ريڊيو ايڪٽو زوال ان ۾ ننڍو پر نتيجا ڏيندڙ ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو. ريڊيو ايڪٽو زوال ''[[دي ورلڊ سيٽ فري]]'' (1914ع) ۾ گهڻو وڏو ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو، جيڪو ڪتاب [[فريڊرڪ سوڊي]] کي منسوب آهي، جنهن کي ريڊيو ايڪٽو [[آئسوٽوپ]]ن جي وجود کي ثابت ڪرڻ تي نوبل انعام مليو.<ref name="Chain reactor">{{cite news |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells and the Scientific Imagination |url=https://www.vqronline.org/essay/hg-wells-and-scientific-imagination |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=The Virginia Quarterly Review.}}</ref> هن ڪتاب ۾ يقيناً ويلز جي سڀ کان وڏي پيش گوئي واري ڪاميابي شامل آهي، يعني [[ايٽمي هٿيار]] جو پهريون بيان، جنهن کي هن ”ائٽم بم“ سڏيو.<ref name="Chain reactor"/><ref name="Nuclear"/> ان وقت جا سائنسدان چڱيءَ طرح ڄاڻندا هئا ته [[ريڊيم]] جو قدرتي زوال هزارين سالن دوران آهستي آهستي توانائي خارج ڪري ٿو. خارج ٿيڻ جي ''رفتار'' عملي استعمال لاءِ تمام سست آهي، پر خارج ٿيندڙ ''ڪل مقدار'' تمام وڏي آهي. ويلز جو ناول هڪ اڻ ڄاڻايل ايجاد جي چوڌاري گهمي ٿو، جيڪا ريڊيو ايڪٽو زوال جي عمل کي تيز ڪري ٿي، ۽ اهڙا بم پيدا ڪري ٿي جيڪي عام تيز ڌماڪيدار مادَن کان وڌيڪ قوت سان نه ڦاٽندا آهن، پر ڏينهن جا ڏينهن ”ڦاٽندا رهندا“ آهن. ”ويهين صديءَ جي شروعاتي ماڻهن لاءِ ان کان وڌيڪ واضح ڪا ڳالهه نه ٿي سگهي ها ته جنگ ڪيتري تيزيءَ سان ناممڪن ٿيندي پئي وڃي&nbsp;... [پر] انهن اهو نه ڏٺو، جيستائين ائٽم بم سندن لرزندڙ هٿن ۾ ڦاٽا.“<ref name="Nuclear">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=ايڇ. جي. ويلز |url=https://archive.org/details/lastwarworldse00well |title=The Last War: A World Set Free |date=2001 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9820-0 |page=XIX |url-access=registration}}</ref> 1932ع ۾ طبعيات دان ۽ [[ايٽمي سلسلي واري ردعمل]] جو تصور پيش ڪندڙ [[ليو سزلارڊ]] ''دي ورلڊ سيٽ فري'' پڙهيو؛ اهو ساڳيو سال هو جڏهن سر [[جيمس چاڊوڪ]] [[نيوٽران]] دريافت ڪيو. سزلارڊ پنهنجي يادگيرين ۾ لکيو ته هن ڪتاب ”مون تي تمام وڏو اثر“ ڇڏيو.<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Rhodes |author-link=رچرڊ روڊس |date=1986 |title=The Making of the Atomic Bomb |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rhod/page/24 |url-access=registration |publisher=[[سائمن اينڊ شوسٽر]] |location=New York |page=24 |isbn=978-0-684-81378-3 |ol=7721091M |oclc=17454791}}</ref> 1934ع ۾ سزلارڊ پنهنجا سلسلي واري ردعمل بابت خيال [[برطانوي وار آفيس]] ۽ پوءِ [[ائڊمرلٽي (برطانيا)|ائڊمرلٽي]] وٽ کڻي ويو، ۽ پنهنجي پيٽنٽ کي ائڊمرلٽي جي حوالي ڪيو ته جيئن اها خبر وسيع سائنسي برادريءَ تائين نه پهچي. هن لکيو: ”اهو ڄاڻندي ته هي [سلسلي وارو ردعمل] ڇا معنيٰ رکي ٿو—۽ مون اهو ڄاتو، ڇاڪاڻ ته مون ايڇ. جي. ويلز پڙهيو هو—مان نه چاهيندو هوس ته هي پيٽنٽ عام ٿئي.“<ref name="Chain reactor"/> [[File:H G Wells crater 5163 med.jpg|thumb|left|[[چنڊ جي پري واري پاسي]] تي واقع [[ايڇ. جي. ويلز (کڏ)|ايڇ. جي. ويلز کڏ]] جو نالو 1970ع ۾ ''[[دي فرسٽ مين ان دي مون]]'' (1901ع) جي ليکڪ جي نالي پٺيان رکيو ويو.]] ويلز غير افسانوي ادب پڻ لکيو. سندس پهريون غير افسانوي [[بيسٽ سيلر]] ''[[اينٽيسيپيشنز|انساني زندگي ۽ سوچ تي مشيني ۽ سائنسي ترقي جي ردعمل بابت اڳڪٿيون]]'' (1901ع) هو. جڏهن اهو پهريون ڀيرو رسالي ۾ سلسليوار شايع ٿيو ته ان جو ذيلي عنوان ”پيش گوئي ۾ هڪ تجربو“ هو، ۽ ان کي سندس سڀ کان واضح [[مستقبل|مستقبل پرست]] ڪم سمجهيو وڃي ٿو. ان ۾ فوري سياسي پيغام اهو هو ته سماج جا مراعات يافته طبقا ٻين طبقن جي باصلاحيت ماڻهن کي اڳتي وڌڻ کان روڪيندا رهندا، جيستائين جنگ اهڙي ضرورت پيدا نه ڪري جو روايتي مٿئين طبقي بدران سڀ کان وڌيڪ اهل ماڻهن کي اڳواڻ طور استعمال ڪيو وڃي. سال 2000ع ۾ دنيا ڪهڙي هوندي، ان بابت اڳڪٿي ڪندي، هي ڪتاب پنهنجي صحيح اڳڪٿين سبب به دلچسپ آهي، جهڙوڪ ريلن ۽ ڪارن سبب آباديءَ جو شهرن کان مضافات ڏانهن پکڙجڻ؛ مردن ۽ عورتن جي وڌيڪ جنسي آزاديءَ جي خواهش سبب اخلاقي پابندين جو گهٽجڻ؛ جرمن [[عسڪريت پسندي]] جي شڪست؛ ۽ يورپي يونين جو وجود. ان جون غلط اڳڪٿيون به دلچسپ آهن، جهڙوڪ هن 1950ع کان اڳ ڪامياب [[هوائي جهاز]] جي اميد نه ڪئي، ۽ چيو ته ”منهنجو تصور ڪنهن به قسم جي آبدوز کي ان کان سواءِ ڪجهه ڪندي ڏسڻ کان انڪار ڪري ٿو ته اها پنهنجي عملي کي گهٽي ماري ۽ سمنڊ ۾ ٻڏي وڃي.“<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanityplus.org/learn/about-us/wells |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520001844/http://humanityplus.org/learn/about-us/wells |archive-date=20 May 2009 |title=Annual H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells Award for Outstanding Contributions to Transhumanism |date=20 May 2009 |access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Frank Miller |title=Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/contestingcultur00turn/page/n232 |chapter-url-access=limited |date=1993 |publisher=[[ڪيمبرج يونيورسٽي پريس]] |isbn=978-0-521-37257-2 |pages=219–220|chapter=Public Science in Britain 1880–1919}}</ref> سندس ٻه جلدن وارو گهڻو وڪرو ٿيندڙ ڪم، ''[[دي آئوٽ لائن آف هسٽري]]'' (1920ع)، عوامي عالمي تاريخ جي هڪ نئين دور جي شروعات بڻيو. پيشور مورخن طرفان ان تي تنقيدي ردعمل ملا جلا هو.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~tdoyle/hgwells/outline_hist.shtml |title=The Outline of History—H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |date=20 April 2003 |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430052722/http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~tdoyle/hgwells/outline_hist.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2009}}</ref> بهرحال، عام ماڻهن ۾ اهو تمام گهڻو مشهور ٿيو ۽ ويلز کي دولتمند بڻايو. ٻين ڪيترن ليکڪن ٻين موضوعن تي پنهنجا ”آئوٽ لائنز“ لکڻ شروع ڪيا. ويلز 1922ع ۾ پنهنجي ''آئوٽ لائن'' کي گهڻو مختصر ۽ عوامي ڪم ''[[اي شارٽ هسٽري آف دي ورلڊ (ايڇ. جي. ويلز)|اي شارٽ هسٽري آف دي ورلڊ]]'' جي صورت ۾ ٻيهر پيش ڪيو، جيڪو تاريخ جو اهڙو ڪتاب هو جنهن جي [[البرٽ آئن اسٽائن]] ساراهه ڪئي،<ref>{{cite book |last=Einstein |first= Albert |date=1994 |contribution= Education and World Peace, A Message to the Progressive Education Association, 23 November 1934 |title= Ideas and Opinions: With An Introduction by Alan Lightman, Based on Mein Weltbild, edited by Carl Seelig, and Other Sources, New Translations and Revisions by Sonja Bargmann |publisher=The Modern Library |place=New York |page=63}}</ref> ۽ ٻه ڊگها ڪم لکيا: ''[[دي سائنس آف لائف]]'' (1930ع)، جيڪو هن پنهنجي پٽ [[جي. پي. ويلز]] ۽ ارتقائي حياتيات دان [[جولين هڪسلي]] سان گڏ لکيو، ۽ ''[[دي ورڪ، ويلٿ اينڊ هيپينيس آف مينڪائنڊ]]'' (1931ع).<ref>H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells, ''The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind'' (London: William Heinemann, 1932), p. 812.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/86/ |title=Wells, H. G. 1922. A Short History of the World |publisher=[[بارٽلبي ڊاٽ ڪام]] |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019174104/http://www.bartleby.com/86/ |archive-date=19 October 2009}}</ref> ”آئوٽ لائنز“ ايترا عام ٿي ويا جو [[جيمس ٿربر]] پنهنجي مزاحيه مضمون ”ائن آئوٽ لائن آف سائنٽسٽس“ ۾ ان رجحان جي پيروڊي ڪئي؛ حقيقت ۾ ويلز جو ''دي آئوٽ لائن آف هسٽري'' 2005ع جي نئين ڇاپي سان اڃا ڇپائيءَ ۾ موجود آهي، جڏهن ته ''اي شارٽ هسٽري آف دي ورلڊ'' کي ٻيهر ايڊٽ ڪيو ويو (2006ع).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wells|first1=H.{{nbsp}}G. |title=A Short History of the World|date=2006|publisher=Penguin UK}}</ref> [[File:H. G. Wells Daily Mirror.jpg|thumb|upright|ايڇ. جي. ويلز {{Circa}} 1918ع|right]] ويلز پنهنجي ڪيريئر جي گهڻي شروعات کان ئي سماج کي منظم ڪرڻ جو بهتر طريقو ڳوليندو رهيو ۽ ڪيترائي [[يوٽوپيا]]ئي ناول لکيا.<ref name="Davis-2003" /> انهن مان پهريون ''[[اي ماڊرن يوٽوپيا]]'' (1905ع) هو، جيڪو هڪ عالمي يوٽوپيا ڏيکاري ٿو، جتي ”آمدني رڳو شهابن جي آهي، ۽ برآمد ڪابه نه آهي“؛<ref>{{cite book |title=A Modern Utopia |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=ايڇ. جي. ويلز |date=1905 |ol=52256W |oclc=362828}}</ref> اسان جي دنيا جا ٻه مسافر ان جي [[متبادل تاريخ]] ۾ پهچي وڃن ٿا. ٻيا ناول عام طور دنيا جي تباهي ڏانهن ڊوڙڻ سان شروع ٿين ٿا، جيستائين ماڻهو بهتر زندگيءَ جو طريقو سمجهن: ڪڏهن [[دمدار تارو|دمدار تاري]] مان نڪرندڙ پراسرار گيس ماڻهن کي عقلي رويو اختيار ڪرڻ ۽ يورپي جنگ ڇڏڻ تي مجبور ڪري ٿي، جيئن ''[[ان دي ڊيز آف دي ڪاميٽ]]'' (1906ع) ۾؛ يا سائنسدانن جي عالمي ڪائونسل اقتدار سنڀالي ٿي، جيئن ''[[دي شيپ آف ٿنگس ٽو ڪم]]'' (1933ع) ۾، جنهن کي هن بعد ۾ 1936ع جي [[اليگزينڊر ڪورڊا]] فلم ''[[ٿنگس ٽو ڪم]]'' لاءِ ترتيب ڏنو. هن ڪم ۾ ايندڙ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ|عالمي جنگ]] کي تمام حد تائين درست نموني ڏيکاريو ويو، جنهن ۾ شهر هوائي بمن سان تباهه ٿين ٿا. هن ''دي آٽوڪريسي آف مسٽر پرھام'' (1930ع) ۽ ''دي ھولي ٽيرر'' (1939ع) ۾ [[فاشزم|فاشسٽ]] ڊڪٽيٽرن جي اڀار کي به پيش ڪيو. ''[[مين لائيڪ گاڊز]]'' (1923ع) پڻ يوٽوپيايي ناول آهي. هن دور ۾ ويلز کي تمام وڏي اثر رکندڙ شخصيت سمجهيو ويندو هو؛ ادبي نقاد [[مالڪم ڪائولي]] چيو: ”جڏهن هو چاليهن سالن جو هو، تڏهن سندس اثر ڪنهن به ٻئي زنده انگريز ليکڪ کان وڌيڪ وسيع هو.“<ref>Cowley, Malcolm. "Outline of Wells's History". ''[[دي نيو ريپبلڪ]]'' Vol. 81 Issue 1041, 14 November 1934 (pp. 22–23).</ref> ويلز ''دي فرسٽ مين ان دي مون'' جهڙن ڪتابن ۾ [[فطرت ۽ پرورش]] جي خيالن تي غور ڪري ٿو، جتي فطرت کي پرورش مڪمل طور دٻائي ٿي، ۽ ''دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو'' ۾ انسانيت بابت سوال اٿاري ٿو، جتي فطرت جي مضبوط موجودگي مهذب سماج لاءِ خطرو بڻجي ٿي. سندس سڀ سائنسي رومانس يوٽوپيا تي ختم نه ٿيا، ۽ ويلز هڪ [[ڊسٽوپيا]]ئي ناول ''وين دي سليپر ويڪس'' (1899ع، ٻيهر لکيل ''دي سليپر اويڪس''، 1910ع) پڻ لکيو، جيڪو اهڙي مستقبل جي سماج جي تصوير پيش ڪري ٿو، جتي طبقا وڌيڪ ۽ وڌيڪ جدا ٿي ويا آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عوام حڪمرانن خلاف بغاوت ڪري ٿو.<ref>William Steinhoff, "Utopia Reconsidered: Comments on ''1984''" 153, in Eric S. Rabkin, Martin H. Greenberg, and Joseph D. Olander, eds., ''No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction''. {{ISBN|0-8093-1113-5}}.</ref> ''دي آئلينڊ آف ڊاڪٽر مورو'' اڃا وڌيڪ اونداهو آهي. راوي، جيڪو جانورن جي اهڙي ٻيٽ تي ڦاسي ٿو جتي انهن کي زنده چير ڦاڙ ذريعي ناڪام طور انسان بڻائڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي وئي آهي، آخرڪار انگلينڊ واپس اچي ٿو؛ پر [[گليورز ٽريولز|گليور]] جي [[هويهنمز]] کان واپسي وانگر، هو پنهنجي ساٿي انسانن کي مشڪل سان مهذب جانورن طور ڏسڻ واري احساس کان جان ڇڏائي نٿو سگهي، ۽ ڏسي ٿو ته اهي آهستي آهستي پنهنجي حيواني فطرت ڏانهن موٽي رهيا آهن.<ref name="Moreau">Wells, H. G. (2005). ''The Island of Dr Moreau''. "Fear and Trembling". Penguin UK.</ref> ويلز [[ڊبليو. اين. پي. باربيليون]] جي ڊائرين جي پهرئين ڇاپي، ''دي جرنل آف ا ڊس اپائنٽيڊ مين''، لاءِ مهاڳ پڻ لکيو، جيڪو 1919ع ۾ شايع ٿيو. ڇاڪاڻ ته ”باربيليون“ اصل ليکڪ جو [[قلمي نالو]] هو، ڪيترن تبصره نگارن سمجهيو ته ''جرنل'' جو حقيقي ليکڪ ويلز آهي؛ ويلز هميشه ان ڳالهه کان انڪار ڪيو، جيتوڻيڪ هو انهن ڊائرين جي تمام گهڻي ساراهه ڪندو هو.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Quotable Barbellion{{snd}}A Barbellion Chronology |url=https://sites.google.com/site/thequotablebarbellion/a-barbellion-chronology |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> [[File:H. G. Wells-TIME-1926.jpg|thumb|left|upright|ايڇ. جي. ويلز، پنهنجي 60هين سالگرهه کان هڪ ڏينهن اڳ، ''[[ٽائيم (رسالو)|ٽائيم]]'' رسالي جي سرورق تي، 20 سيپٽمبر 1926ع]] 1927ع ۾ ڪينيڊا جي استاد ۽ ليکڪا [[فلورنس ڊيڪس]] ويلز خلاف حقِ اشاعت جي ڀڃڪڙي ۽ امانت ۾ خيانت جو ڪيس داخل ڪيو، پر ناڪام رهي. هن دعويٰ ڪئي ته ''دي آئوٽ لائن آف هسٽري'' جو وڏو حصو سندس اڻ ڇپيل مسودي<ref>At the time of the alleged infringement in 1919–20, unpublished works were protected in Canada under common law.{{cite journal |last=Magnusson |first=Denis N. |date=Spring 2004 |title=Hell Hath No Fury: Copyright Lawyers' Lessons from ''Deeks v. Wells'' |journal=Queen's Law Journal |volume=29 |page=692, note 39}}</ref> ''دي ويب آف دي ورلڊس رومانس'' مان چوري ڪيو ويو، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ نو مهينا ويلز جي ڪينيڊين پبلشر، ميڪملن ڪينيڊا، وٽ رهيو هو.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Magnusson |first=Denis N. |date=Spring 2004 |title=Hell Hath No Fury: Copyright Lawyers' Lessons from ''Deeks v. Wells'' |journal=Queen's Law Journal |volume=29 |page=682}}</ref> بهرحال، مقدمي ۾ حلف هيٺ چيو ويو ته مسودو ٽورنٽو ۾ ميڪملن جي حفاظت ۾ ئي رهيو، ۽ ويلز کي ته ان جي موجودگيءَ جي به خبر نه هئي، ڏسڻ ته پري جي ڳالهه آهي.<ref>Clarke, Arthur C. (March 1978). "Professor Irwin and the Deeks Affair". p. 91. ''Science Fiction Studies''. SF-TH Inc. 5</ref> عدالت کي نقل جو ڪو ثبوت نه مليو، ۽ فيصلو ڪيو ته هڪجهڙايون ان ڪري هيون جو ڪتابن جي نوعيت ساڳي هئي ۽ ٻنهي ليکڪن کي ساڳين ذريعن تائين رسائي هئي.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onca/doc/1931/1931canlii157/1931canlii157.html |title=''Deeks v. Wells'', 1931 CanLII 157 (ONSC (HC Div); ONSC (AppDiv)) |date=26 August 1931 |publisher=[[ڪينلي]] |access-date=20 December 2022}}</ref> اهو ڪيس ڪينيڊا جي عدالتن کان اپيل ۾ [[جڊيشل ڪميٽي آف دي پريوي ڪائونسل]] تائين ويو، جيڪا ان وقت [[برطانوي سلطنت]] جي سڀ کان وڏي اپيلي عدالت هئي، جنهن [[ڊيڪس بمقابله ويلز]] ۾ اپيل رد ڪئي.<ref>[https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/ukjcpc/doc/1932/1932canlii315/1932canlii315.html Deeks v. Wells], 1932 CanLII 315 (UK JCPC).</ref> 2000ع ۾ [[اي. بي. ميڪ ڪلوپ]]، ڪارلٽن يونيورسٽي ۾ تاريخ جي پروفيسر، هن ڪيس بابت ڪتاب ''دہ اسپنسٽر & دي پرافٽ: فلورنس ڊيڪس, ايڇ.{{nbsp}}جي. ويلز, اينڊ دي مسٽري آف دي پرلائنڊ پاسٽ'' لکيو.<ref>McKillop, A. B. (2000) Macfarlane Walter & Ross, Toronto.</ref> ميڪ ڪلوپ موجب، مقدمو ان ڪري ناڪام ٿيو جو مشهور مرد ليکڪ خلاف ڪيس ڪندڙ عورت بابت تعصب موجود هو، ۽ هو ڪيس جي حالتن وارين شاهديءَ جي بنياد تي تفصيلي ڪهاڻي پيش ڪري ٿو.<ref>Deeks, Florence A. (1930s) "Plagiarism?" unpublished typescript, copy in Deeks Fonds, Baldwin Room, Toronto Reference Library, Toronto, Ontario.</ref> 2004ع ۾، اونٽاريو جي ڪوئنز يونيورسٽي جي قانون فيڪلٽي جي اميريٽس پروفيسر ڊينس اين. مئگنسن، ''ڊيڪس v. ويلز'' بابت هڪ مضمون شايع ڪيو. ان ۾ هن ميڪ ڪلوپ جي ڪتاب جي حوالي سان ڪيس جو ٻيهر جائزو ورتو. جيتوڻيڪ هن ڊيڪس سان ڪجهه همدردي ڏيکاري، پر دليل ڏنو ته هن جو ڪيس ڪمزور هو ۽ سٺي نموني پيش نه ڪيو ويو؛ ۽ جيتوڻيڪ ممڪن آهي ته کيس پنهنجي وڪيلن کان [[جنس پرستي]] جو سامنا ٿيو هجي، پر کيس منصفاڻو مقدمو مليو. هن وڌيڪ چيو ته لاڳو ٿيل قانون بنيادي طور اهو ئي قانون آهي، جيڪو اڄ اهڙي ئي ڪيس تي لاڳو ٿئي ها، يعني 2004ع ۾.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Magnusson |first=Denis N. |date=Spring 2004 |title=Hell Hath No Fury: Copyright Lawyers' Lessons from Deeks v. Wells |journal=Queen's Law Journal |volume=29 |pages=680, 684}}</ref> [[File:H. G. Wells (5026568202).jpg|thumb|upright|[[ايڇ. جي. ويلز سوسائٽي]] جي تختي [[چلٽرن ڪورٽ]]، [[بيڪر اسٽريٽ]]، [[سٽي آف ويسٽ منسٽر]]، لنڊن ۾، جتي ويلز 1930ع کان 1936ع تائين رهيو]] 1933ع ۾ ويلز ''دي شيپ آف ٿنگس ٽو ڪم'' ۾ اڳڪٿي ڪئي ته جنهن عالمي جنگ کان هو ڊڄندو هو، اها جنوري 1940ع ۾ شروع ٿيندي،<ref>{{cite book |title=The shape of things to come: the ultimate revolution |year= 2005 |orig-year= 1933 |isbn=978-0-14-144104-7 |page=208 |chapter=9. The Last War Cyclone, 1940–50 |last=Wells |first=H. G. |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |author-link=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}}</ref> اها اڳڪٿي آخرڪار چار مهينا اڳ، سيپٽمبر 1939ع ۾، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] جي شروع ٿيڻ سان سچي ثابت ٿي. 1936ع ۾، [[رائل انسٽيٽيوشن]] اڳيان، ويلز مسلسل وڌندڙ ۽ بدلجندڙ عالمي [[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا]] جي ترتيب ڏيڻ جو مطالبو ڪيو، جنهن جو جائزو ممتاز ماهر وٺن ۽ جيڪا هر انسان لاءِ رسائي لائق هجي. هن 1937ع ۾ پيرس ۾ [[ورلڊ ڪانگريس آف يونيورسل ڊاڪيومينٽيشن]] ۾ به عالمي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا بابت پنهنجو تصور پيش ڪيو.<ref>Rayward, W. Boyd. (1999). "H.G. Wells's Idea of a World Brain: A Critical Reassessment." ''Journal of the American Society for Information Science'' 50 (7): 557–73.</ref> 1938ع ۾ هن علم ۽ تعليم جي مستقبل واري تنظيم بابت مضمونن جو مجموعو ''[[ورلڊ برين]]'' شايع ڪيو، جنهن ۾ مضمون ”The Idea of a Permanent World Encyclopaedia“ شامل هو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wells, H. G. |date=1938|title=World Brain|publisher=London: Methuen & Co.|url=http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/wells/hg/world_brain|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829051607/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/wells/hg/world_brain/ |archive-date=29 August 2017 }}</ref> 1933ع کان اڳ، ويلز جا ڪتاب جرمني ۽ آسٽريا ۾ وڏي پيماني تي پڙهيا ويندا هئا، ۽ سندس اڪثر سائنس فڪشن ڪم شايع ٿيڻ کان ٿوري ئي دير پوءِ ترجمو ٿي چڪا هئا.<ref name="Partington"/> 1933ع تائين، جرمنيءَ جي سياسي صورتحال تي سندس تنقيد سبب هو جرمن اختيارين جي نظر ۾ اچي چڪو هو، ۽ 10 مئي 1933ع تي ويلز جا ڪتاب برلن جي [[بيبلپلاٽز|اوپرنپلاٽز]] ۾ [[ڪتاب ساڙڻ جي واقعن جي فهرست#يهودي، نازي مخالف ۽ ”زوال پذير“ ڪتاب (نازين پاران)|نازي نوجوانن پاران ساڙيا ويا]]، ۽ سندس ڪم لائبريرين ۽ ڪتابن جي دڪانن مان منع ڪيا ويا.<ref name="Partington">Patrick Parrinder and John S. Partington (2005). ''The Reception of H. G. in Europe''. pp. 106–108. Bloomsbury Publishing.</ref> ويلز، [[پي اي اين انٽرنيشنل]] (Poets, Essayists, Novelists) جي صدر طور، 1934ع ۾ جرمن پي اي اين ڪلب کي بين الاقوامي اداري مان خارج ڪرڻ جي نگراني ڪري [[نازيت|نازين]] کي ڪاوڙايو، ڇاڪاڻ ته جرمن پي اي اين غير [[آريائي نسل|آريائي]] ليکڪن کي ميمبر طور قبول ڪرڻ کان انڪار ڪيو هو. [[ڊبروونڪ|راگوسا]] ۾ پي اي اين ڪانفرنس دوران، ويلز نازي همدردن جي مطالبي آڏو نه جهڪيو، جيڪي چاهيندا هئا ته جلاوطن ليکڪ [[ارنسٽ ٽولر]] کي ڳالهائڻ کان روڪيو وڃي.<ref name="Partington"/> ٻي عالمي جنگ جي آخر ويجهو، [[ٻي عالمي جنگ جا اتحادي|اتحادي فوجن]] دريافت ڪيو ته [[شٽس اسٽافل|ايس ايس]] برطانيا تي رٿيل حملي [[آپريشن سي لائن]] دوران فوري گرفتاري لاءِ ماڻهن جون فهرستون تيار ڪيون هيون، جن ۾ ويلز جو نالو ”[[دي بليڪ بڪ (فهرست)|دي بليڪ بڪ]]“ جي الفابيٽ واري فهرست ۾ شامل هو.<ref>Wells, Frank. ''H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells—A Pictorial Biography''. London: Jupiter Books, 1977, p. 91.</ref> ==== جنگي دور جا ڪم ==== [[File:The War That Will End War - Wells.djvu|thumb|upright|left|ويلز جي ''The War That Will End War'' (1914ع) جو عنواني صفحو|page=7]] جنگي راندين کيڏڻ لاءِ وڌيڪ منظم طريقو ڳوليندي، ويلز ''[[فلور گيمز]]'' (1911ع) لکيو، جنهن کان پوءِ ''[[لٽل وارز]]'' (1913ع) لکيو، جنهن ۾ [[رانديڪي سپاهي|رانديڪي سپاهين]] (ننڍڙن ماڊلن) سان جنگيون وڙهڻ جا اصول بيان ڪيا ويا. === روس ۽ سوويت يونين جا دورا === [[File:СССР. Павлов И.П., Г. Уэллс и внучка Павлова Милочка. 1924г. (pavlovs museum).jpg|thumb|ويلز (کاٻي پاسي) سوويت فزيالوجسٽ [[ايوان پاولوف]] سان]] ويلز روس جا ٽي دورا ڪيا: 1914ع، 1920ع ۽ 1934ع ۾. [[سينٽ پيٽرسبرگ|پيٽروگراڊ]] ۽ [[ماسڪو]] جي دوري کان پوءِ، جنوري 1914ع ۾ هو انگلينڊ موٽي آيو، جتي هو ”پڪو روس دوست“ بڻجي ويو. روس بابت سندس خيال 1 فيبروري 1914ع تي ''[[ڊيلي نيوز (برطانيه)|دي ڊيلي نيوز]]'' ۾ شايع ٿيل مضمون ”رشيا اينڊ انگلينڊ: ا اسٽڊي آن ڪنٽراسٽس“ ۽ سندس ناول ''[[جون ۽ پيٽر]]'' (1918ع) ۾ بيان ٿيل آهن.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346p26.9 |chapter=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells : Interpreting the 'Writing on the Eastern Wall of Europe' |last1=Soboleva |first1=Olga |last2=Wrenn |first2=Angus |date=2017 |title=From Orientalism to Cultural Capital |pages=101–142 |publisher=Peter Lang AG |jstor=j.ctv346p26.9 |isbn=9783034322034}}</ref> پنهنجي ٻئي دوري دوران هن پنهنجي پراڻي دوست [[ميڪسم گورڪي]] سان ملاقات ڪئي، ۽ گورڪي جي مدد سان [[ولاديمير لينن]] سان به مليو. پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[روس اِن دي شيڊوز]]'' ۾ ويلز روس کي مڪمل سماجي تباهي مان نڪرندي ڏيکاريو، جنهن کي هن ”ڪنهن به جديد سماجي تنظيم سان پيش آيل سڀ کان مڪمل تباهي“ قرار ڏنو.<ref>H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells, ''Russia in the Shadows'' (New York: George H. Doran, 1921), p. 21.</ref> 23 جولاءِ 1934ع تي، آمريڪي صدر [[فرينڪلن ڊي. روزويلٽ]] سان ملاقات کان پوءِ، ويلز سوويت يونين ويو ۽ ''[[نيو اسٽيٽسمين]]'' رسالي لاءِ [[جوزف اسٽالن]] سان ٽن ڪلاڪن تائين انٽرويو ڪيو، جيڪو ان دور ۾ انتهائي غير معمولي ڳالهه هئي. هن اسٽالن کي ٻڌايو ته 1920ع واري پنهنجي اڳئين ماسڪو جي دوري جي ڀيٽ ۾ هن ڀيري هن ”صحتمند ماڻهن جا خوش چهرا“ ڏٺا آهن.<ref>{{cite web |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells Interviews Joseph Stalin in 1934; Declares "I Am More to The Left Than You, Mr. Stalin" |url=http://www.openculture.com/2014/04/h-g-wells-interviews-joseph-stalin-in-1934.html |website=Open Culture |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> تنهن هوندي به، ويلز قانون جي بالادستي جي کوٽ، طبقاتي امتياز، رياستي تشدد ۽ [[اظهار جي آزادي]] جي غير موجودگي تي تنقيد ڪئي. اسٽالن هن سان ڳالهه ٻولهه مان لطف ورتو ۽ انهن نقطن جا جواب ڏنا. لنڊن ۾ قائم [[پي اي اين انٽرنيشنل]] جي صدر جي حيثيت سان، جيڪا ليکڪن جي بي خوف لکڻ جي حق جي حفاظت ڪندي هئي، ويلز کي اميد هئي ته هو دليلن ذريعي اسٽالن کي قائل ڪري سگهندو. پر سوويت يونين ڇڏڻ کان اڳ هن محسوس ڪيو ته ويجهي مستقبل ۾ ڪنهن به سڌاري جي اميد نه هئي.<ref>{{cite book |last=Service |first=Robert |title=Comrades |date=2007 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=[[London]] |page=205}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MARXISM VERSUS LIBERALISM |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1934/07/23.htm |publisher=Red Star Press Ltd. |access-date=3 June 2018}}</ref> === آخري سال === [[File:Herbert George Wells in 1943.jpg|right|thumb|upright|ايڇ. جي. ويلز، 1943ع]] ويلز جي ادبي تخليقن جو وڏو حصو [[پهريون عالمي جنگ|پهرين عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ جو آهي، جنهن تي انهن نوجوان ليکڪن افسوس ظاهر ڪيو جيڪي سندس اثر هيٺ آيا هئا. ان حوالي سان [[جارج آرويل]] لکيو ته ويلز ”جديد دنيا کي سمجهڻ لاءِ حد کان وڌيڪ معقول هو“ ۽ ”1920ع کان پوءِ هن پنهنجون صلاحيتون ڪاغذي دشمنن سان وڙهڻ ۾ ضايع ڪيون“. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Orwell |first=George |title=Wells, Hitler and the World State |journal=Horizon |date=August 1941 |url=http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118081350/http://orwell.ru/library/reviews/wells/english/e_whws |archive-date=18 January 2016}}</ref> [[جي. ڪي. چيسٽرٽن]] پڻ تبصرو ڪندي چيو: ”مسٽر ويلز ڄائي ڄم کان قصوگو آهي، جنهن پنهنجي پيدائشي ڏات کي پيغام رسانيءَ جي عيوض وڪڻي ڇڏيو.“<ref>{{cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/hgwellsunderrevi00inte |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells under revision : proceedings of the International H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells Symposium, London, July 1986 |last1=Parrinder |first1=Patrick |last2=Rolfe |first2=Christopher |date=1990 |location=Selinsgrove, Pa. / London|publisher= Susquehanna University Press / Associated University Presses |isbn=978-0-945636-05-2}}</ref> سوويت يونين کان علاوه، ويلز [[ٻي اسپيني جمهوريه]] جو به دورو ڪيو، جتي هن کاٻي ڌر جي ڪيترين شخصيتن سان ملاقات ڪئي، جن ۾ نسائيت پسند ۽ جنسيات جي محقق [[هلڊيگارٽ روڊريگيز ڪارباليرا]] پڻ شامل هئي، جنهن کي هن پنهنجي سيڪريٽري ۽ معاون طور ڪم ڪرڻ جي آڇ ڪئي.<ref>Domingo, Carmen (2023). ''Mi querida hija Hildegart :una historia que conmocionó a la España de la Segunda República''</ref> ويلز [[ذیابيطس]] ۾ مبتلا هو،<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/Who_we_are/History/HG-Wells/ |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells—Diabetes UK |date=14 April 2008 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106003137/http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/Who_we_are/History/HG-Wells/ |archive-date=6 January 2011}}</ref> ۽ 1934ع ۾ هن ''دي ڊائبيٽڪ ايسوسيئيشن'' (هاڻوڪي [[ڊائبيٽيز يو ڪي]]) جي گڏيل باني طور پڻ ڪم ڪيو، جيڪا برطانيه ۾ ذیابيطس وارن ماڻهن لاءِ اهم خيراتي اداري طور سڃاتي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.diabetes.org.uk/About_us/Who_we_are/History/ |title=Diabetes UK: Our History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108072908/https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about_us/who_we_are/history |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=10 December 2015}}</ref> 28 آڪٽوبر 1940ع تي، [[ٽيڪساس]] جي شهر [[سان انتونيو]] جي ريڊيو اسٽيشن [[KTSA]] تي ويلز هڪ ريڊيو انٽرويو ۾ [[اورسن ويلز]] سان گڏ شرڪت ڪئي، جنهن ٻه سال اڳ ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز (1938ع ريڊيو ڊرامو)|دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' جي مشهور ريڊيو پيشڪش ڪئي هئي. KTSA جي ميزبان چارلس سي. شا سان ڳالهائيندي ويلز اعتراف ڪيو ته کيس ان نشريات جي غيرمعمولي اثر تي حيرت ٿي هئي، پر هن اهو به مڃيو ته اورسن ويلز جي مهرباني سان سندس ”گهٽ مشهور“ ڪتابن مان هڪ جي وڪرو ۾ نمايان اضافو ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Flynn |first=John L. |title=War of the Worlds: from Wells to Spielberg by |publisher=Galactic |isbn=978-0-9769400-0-5 |location=Owens Mills, MD |page=45 |chapter=The legacy of Orson Welles and the Radio Broadcast |date=June 2005}}</ref> === وفات === [[File:H.G. WELLS 1866-1946 WRITER lived and died here.jpg|thumb|upright|ويلز جي آخري رهائشگاه [[ريجنٽس پارڪ]]، لنڊن تي لڳل يادگاري [[نيري تختي]]]] ويلز 13 آگسٽ 1946ع تي 79 ورهين جي عمر ۾ [[لنڊن]] جي [[ريجنٽس پارڪ]] کي ڏسندڙ [[هينوور ٽيرس]] نمبر 13 تي واقع پنهنجي گهر ۾ وفات ڪئي.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times |last=Bradberry |first=Grace |date=23 August 1996 |title=The secret life of H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |issue=65666 |page=18}}</ref> هن 1941ع ۾ شايع ٿيل ''[[دي وار اِن دي ايئر]]'' جي مهاڳ ۾ لکيو هو ته سندس [[ڪتبو]] هي هجڻ گهرجي: ”مون اوهان کي اڳ ئي چيو هو، او بيوقوفو!“<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghostwolf.dyndns.org/words/authors/W/WellsHerbertGeorge/prose/warintheair/warinairpref1941.html |title=Preface to the 1941 edition of ''The War in the Air'' |access-date=11 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222210642/http://ghostwolf.dyndns.org/words/authors/W/WellsHerbertGeorge/prose/warintheair/warinairpref1941.html |archive-date=22 December 2008}}</ref> ويلز جي لاش کي 16 آگسٽ 1946ع تي [[گولڊرز گرين ڪريميٽوريم]] ۾ ساڙيو ويو. ان کان پوءِ سندس خاڪ [[انگلش چينل]] ۾ [[اولڊ هيري راڪس]] ويجهو، جيڪو [[جوراسڪ ڪوسٽ]] جو سڀ کان اوڀر وارو نقطو آهي ۽ [[سوانيج]] ([[ڊورسيٽ]]) کان لڳ ڀڳ 3.5 ميل (5.6 ڪلوميٽر) پري واقع آهي، اڇلائي وئي.<ref>West, Anthony. ''H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells: Aspects of a Life'', p. 153. London: Hutchinson & Co, 1984. {{ISBN|0-09-134540-5}}.</ref> 1966ع ۾ [[گريٽر لنڊن ڪائونسل]] سندس اعزاز ۾ [[ريجنٽس پارڪ]] واري رهائشگاهه تي هڪ يادگاري [[نيري تختي]] نصب ڪئي.<ref>{{cite web|title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells (1866–1946)|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/h-g-wells/|website=Blue Plaques|publisher=English Heritage}}</ref> == مستقبل بين (فيوچرسٽ) == [[File:H G Wells.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[ووڪنگ]] ۾ ويسلي هارلينڊ پاران ايڇ. جي. ويلز جو مجسمو، جنهن تي "ناول نگار ۽ مفڪر" لکيل آهي.]] ويلز هڪ [[مستقبل بين]] ۽ ”دور انديش“ مفڪر هو، جنهن [[هوائي جهاز]]ن، [[ٽينڪ]]ن، [[خلائي سفر]]، [[ايٽمي هٿيار]]ن، [[سيٽلائيٽ ٽيليويزن]] ۽ [[ورلڊ وائڊ ويب]] جهڙي نظام جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي هئي.<ref name="visionary"/> ڪتاب ''اسٽرينجر دين وئي ڪين اميجن: ميڪنگ سينس آف دي ٽوئينٽيٿ سينچري'' جي ليکڪ [[جان هيگز]] لکي ٿو ته ”ويلز جي مستقبل بابت اڳڪٿيون اڃا تائين بي مثال آهن“. سندس چوڻ موجب، اوڻيهين صديءَ جي آخر ۾ ويلز ايندڙ صديءَ کي ٻين سڀني کان وڌيڪ واضح نموني ڏٺو. هن هوائي جنگين، جنسي انقلاب، موٽر گاڏين سبب شهرن جي ٻاهران نون علائقن جي واڌ ۽ هڪ اهڙي معلوماتي نظام جي اڳڪٿي ڪئي، جنهن کي هن ”[[ورلڊ برين|ورلڊ برين]]“ سڏيو ۽ جيڪو اڄ جي وڪيپيڊيا جهڙو تصور هو. پنهنجي ناول ''[[دي ورلڊ سيٽ فري]]'' ۾ هن انتهائي طاقتور ”ايٽمي بم“ جو تصور پيش ڪيو، جيڪو جهازن مان اڇلايو ويندو هو. 1913ع ۾ اهڙي ڳالهه لکڻ هڪ غيرمعمولي بصيرت هئي، جنهن [[ونسٽن چرچل]] تي پڻ گهرو اثر ڇڏيو. {{blockquote|ڪيترن ئي پڙهندڙن [[ايڇ. جي. ويلز]] ۽ [[جارج آرويل]] کي اهڙن خاص ليکڪن طور ڏٺو آهي، جن وٽ غيرمعمولي اڳڪٿي ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت هئي. ويلز ويهين صديءَ ۾ اهڙي ادبي شخصيت جو نمونو بڻيو، جنهن هن ڪردار کي ايجاد ڪيو، ان جي امڪانن کي نون نثري اندازن ۽ اشاعتي طريقن ذريعي وسيع ڪيو ۽ ان جون حدون مقرر ڪيون. سندس پنهنجي دور جي ثقافت تي گهرو اثر پيو. جيئن جارج آرويل لکيو: ”جيڪڏهن ويلز ڪڏهن وجود ۾ نه اچي ها ته اسان سڀني جا ذهن، ۽ نتيجي ۾ مادي دنيا، واضح طور مختلف هجن ها.“|''The Author as Cultural Hero: H. G. Wells and George Orwell''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sperber |first=Murray A. |author-link=Murray Sperber |title=The Author as Cultural Hero: H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells and George Orwell |publisher=[[University of Manitoba]] |date=1981 |jstor=24780682 |journal=Mosaic}}</ref>}} 2011ع ۾ ويلز انهن سائنس فڪشن ليکڪن مان هڪ هو، جن کي ''[[Prophets of Science Fiction]]'' نالي دستاويزي سلسلي ۾ شامل ڪيو ويو. فلمي هدايتڪار سر [[رڊلي اسڪاٽ]] جي تيار ڪيل ۽ پيش ڪيل هن پروگرام ۾ ڏيکاريو ويو ته سائنس فڪشن جي اڳڪٿين ڪيترن پڙهندڙن کي سائنسي ترقيءَ لاءِ متاثر ڪيو ۽ ڪيئن انهن مستقبل جي تصورن کي روزمره جي حقيقت ۾ بدلائڻ ۾ ڪردار ادا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite news|last=Teague|first=Jason Cranford|title=The Prophets of Science Fiction Explores Sci-Fi's Best Writers|url=https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2011/11/ridley-scott-brings-us-the-prophets-of-science-fiction/|access-date=4 August 2020|newspaper=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=9 November 2011}}</ref> 2013ع ۾ ''[[دي نيو يارڪر]]'' ۾ ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]'' تي تبصرو ڪندي [[براڊ ليٿائوزر]] لکيو ته ويلز جي عظيم تخليقي بصيرت جو بنياد موجوده حالتن مان مستقبل جا امڪاني نتيجا سائنسي ۽ منطقي انداز ۾ اخذ ڪرڻ هو. هو رڳو ايندڙ ڪجهه سالن يا ڏهاڪن بابت نه، پر هزارين سالن ۽ پوريون زمانيون اڳتي ڏسڻ جي ڪوشش ڪندو هو. ليٿائوزر جي خيال ۾ ويلز عالمي ادب جو ”عظيم مستقبل بين“ هو، ڇاڪاڻ ته هن کان اڳ ڪنهن به افسانه نگار ”[[ڊيپ ٽائيم]]“ جي تصور کي اهڙي وسعت سان نه اپنائيو هو.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leithauser |first1=Brad |title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells' ghost|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/h-g-wellss-ghost |date=20 October 2013|access-date=18 March 2019 |work=New Yorker}}</ref> == سياسي خيال == {{Main|ايڇ. جي. ويلز جا سياسي خيال}} [[File:Churchill V sign HU 55521.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[ونسٽن چرچل|چرچل]] ويلز جا ڪتاب وڏي شوق سان پڙهندو هو. آڪٽوبر 1906ع ۾ چرچل جي هڪ مشهور تقرير جزوي طور ويلز جي فلاحي رياست بابت خيالن کان متاثر هئي. تقرير کان ٻه ڏينهن اڳ چرچل ويلز کي لکيو هو: ”آئون اوهان جو وڏو قرضدار آهيان.“<ref name="Churchill">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/churchill-borrowed-famous-lines-from-books-by-hg-wells-6229767.html|title=Churchill 'borrowed' famous lines from H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells|newspaper=The Independent|date=22 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 November 2006 |title=Churchill borrowed some of his biggest ideas from H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/churchill-borrowed-some-of-his-biggest-ideas-from-hg-wells |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref>]] ويلز هڪ [[سوشلسٽ]] هو ۽ [[فيبيئن سوسائٽي]] جو ميمبر پڻ رهيو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Margaret |author-link=Margaret Cole |editor-last=Morris |editor-first=Andrew James Anthony |editor-link=A. J. A. Morris |title=Edwardian radicalism, 1900–1914: some aspects of British radicalism |date=1974 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=0-7100-7866-8 |pages=97–114 |chapter=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells and the Fabian Society |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/edwardianradical0000unse/page/97}}</ref> هن [[برطانيا جي ليبر پارٽي|ليبر پارٽي]] جي اميدوار طور [[1922ع جي برطانوي عام چونڊون|1922ع]] ۽ [[1923ع جي برطانوي عام چونڊون|1923ع]] جي عام چونڊن ۾ [[لنڊن يونيورسٽي (پارلياماني تڪ)|لنڊن يونيورسٽي]] جي تڪ تان چونڊ وڙهي.<ref>Foot, Michael. H. G.: History of Mr. Wells. Doubleday, 1985 (ISBN 978-1-887178-04-4), Black Swan, New edition, Oct 1996 (paperback, ISBN 0-552-99530-4) p. 194.</ref> ويلز [[دي ادر ڪلب]] نالي لنڊن جي هڪ ادبي ۽ سياسي مجلس جو به ميمبر هو، جنهن جو گڏيل باني [[ونسٽن چرچل]] هو ۽ جيڪو ويلز جي ڪتابن جو شوقين پڙهندڙ پڻ هو. ٻنهي جي پهرين ملاقات 1902ع ۾ ٿي ۽ پوءِ ويلز جي وفات (1946ع) تائين سندن لاڳاپو برقرار رهيو.<ref name="Churchill"/> جونيئر وزير جي حيثيت ۾ چرچل 1906ع جي پنهنجي مشهور تقرير ۾ ويلز جا ڪجهه جملا استعمال ڪيا. بعد ۾ وزيراعظم طور چرچل جيڪو اصطلاح ”[[دي سيڪنڊ ورلڊ وار (ڪتاب)|دي گيڌرنگ اسٽارم]]“ نازي جرمني جي عروج لاءِ استعمال ڪيو، اهو ويلز اڳ ئي ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' ۾ لکيو هو، جنهن ۾ مريخين جي برطانيا تي حملي جو ذڪر آهي.<ref name="Churchill"/> برابري ۽ انساني حقن بابت ويلز جون وسيع تحريرون، خاص طور سندس اهم ڪتاب ''دي رائيٽس آگ مين'' (1940ع)، 1948ع ۾ گڏيل قومن طرفان منظور ڪيل [[انساني حقن جو عالمي پڌرنامو|انساني حقن جي عالمي پڌرنامي]] جي فڪري بنيادن مان هڪ سمجهيون وڃن ٿيون، جيڪو سندس وفات کان ٿوري ئي عرصي بعد منظور ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last=Partington |first=John S. |date=2007 |title=Cosmopolitics and the Emergence of a Future |chapter=Human Rights and Public Accountability in H. G. Wells' Functional World State |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/400254 |pages=163–190 |publisher= Springer Link |location=London |doi=10.1057/9780230210684_9 |isbn=978-1-349-27995-1}}</ref> ويلز [[ليگ آف نيشنز]] بابت پڻ سرگرم رهيو ۽ [[ليونارڊ وولف]] سان گڏ ''دي آئيڊيا آف ليگ آف نيشنز''، ''پروليگومينا ٽو دي اسٽڊي آف ورلڊ آرگنائيزيشن'' ۽ ''دي وي آف دي ليگ آف نيشن'' جهڙا ڪتابچا تيار ڪيا. پر جڏهن هي تنظيم ٻي عالمي جنگ کي روڪڻ ۾ ناڪام رهي ته هو سخت مايوس ٿيو. سندس زندگيءَ جي آخري دور ۾ شروع ٿيندڙ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] هن جي مايوسي کي وڌيڪ وڌائي ڇڏيو.<ref> Herbert Wells, ''[[The Fate of Homo Sapiens]]'', (London: Secker & Warburg, 1939), p 89-90.</ref> پنهنجي آخري ڪتاب ''[[مائينڊ ايٽ دي اينڊ آف اٽس ٽيدر]]'' (1945ع) ۾ هن اهو به لکيو ته جيڪڏهن انسان جي جاءِ تي ڪا ٻي نوع اچي وڃي ته شايد اهو ڪو خراب نتيجو نه هجي. هن ٻن عالمي جنگين جي وچ واري عرصي کي ”مايوسيءَ جو دور“ (دي ايج آف فرسٽريشن) سڏيو.<ref>Herbert George Wells Newsletter, Volume 2. p. 10. H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells Society, 1981</ref> ويلز شروعاتي دور ۾ [[صهيونيت]] جو مخالف هو. سندس ناول ''[[ان دي ڊيز آف دي ڪوميٽ]]'' ۾ يهودين کي يورپي سماج تي بار طور پيش ڪيو ويو آهي. بهرحال، [[هولوڪاسٽ]] کان پوءِ هن هڪ [[يهودي رياست]] جي قيام جي حمايت ڪئي ۽ [[حائيم وائزمان]]، جيڪو بعد ۾ اسرائيل جو پهريون صدر بڻيو، سان خط و ڪتابت پڻ شروع ڪئي.<ref>{{cite news |title=H.G. Wells vs. the Jews |url=https://www.jta.org/jewniverse/2012/h-g-wells-vs-the-jews |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> == مذهبي خيال == ويلز جا خدا ۽ مذهب بابت خيال سندس سڄي زندگيءَ دوران تبديل ٿيندا رهيا. شروعاتي دور ۾ هن پاڻ کي [[عيسائيت]] کان الڳ ڪيو، پوءِ [[ٿيئزم]] (خدا جي وجود تي يقين) کان به پري ٿي ويو، ۽ آخرڪار زندگيءَ جي آخري حصي ۾ هو بنيادي طور هڪ [[الحاد|ملحد]] بڻجي ويو. [[مارٽن گارڊنر]] هن تبديليءَ جو خلاصو هن ريت بيان ڪري ٿو: {{blockquote|”نوجوان ويلز کي ’خدا‘ جو لفظ استعمال ڪرڻ تي ڪو اعتراض نه هو، جيستائين ان مان انسان جهڙي شخصيت رکندڙ خدا جو تصور مراد نه ورتو وڃي. وچولي عمر ۾ ويلز هڪ اهڙي مرحلي مان گذريو، جنهن ۾ هن ”محدود خدا“ جي تصور جو دفاع ڪيو، جيڪو [[پروسيس الٰهيات]] جي مفڪرن جهڙوڪ [[سيميوئل اليگزينڊر]]، [[ايڊگر برائيٽمين]] ۽ [[چارلس هارٽشورن]] جي خدا سان ملندڙ جلندڙ هو. (هن انهيءَ موضوع تي ''[[گاڊ دي اِنوزبل ڪنگ]]'' نالي ڪتاب پڻ لکيو.) بعد ۾ ويلز ان نتيجي تي پهتو ته هو حقيقت ۾ هڪ ملحد آهي.“<ref>Gardner, Martin (1995), Introduction to H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells, ''The Conquest of Time'' [1941]; New York: Dover Books. This introduction was also published in Gardner's book ''From the Wandering Jew to William F. Buckley, Jr: On Science, Literature and Religion'' (2000), Amherst, New York: [[Prometheus Books]], pp 235–238.</ref>}} ''[[گاڊ دي اِنوزبل ڪنگ]]'' (1917ع) ۾ ويلز لکيو ته سندس خدا جو تصور دنيا جي روايتي مذهبن مان اخذ ڪيل نه هو: {{blockquote|”هي ڪتاب ليکڪ جي مذهبي عقيدي کي جيترو ممڪن هجي اوترو واضح ۽ صحيح نموني پيش ڪري ٿو. اهو هڪ ذاتي ۽ گهرو خدا تي پختي ايمان جو اظهار آهي... هن ڪتاب جي بنيادي خيال کي مختصر نموني بيان ڪجي ته خدا بابت ٻه هڪ ٻئي جي مخالف تصور آهن. هڪ کي ’فطرت جي صورت ۾ خدا‘ يا ’خالق خدا‘ ۽ ٻئي کي ’مسيح جي صورت ۾ خدا‘ يا ’نجات ڏيندڙ خدا‘ چئي سگهجي ٿو. پهريون عظيم خارجي خدا آهي، جڏهن ته ٻيو انسان جي اندر موجود خدا آهي. پهريون تصور شايد [[اسپينوزا]] جي خدا ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ترقي يافته صورت ۾ ملي ٿو. اهو خدا جو اهڙو تصور آهي جيڪو [[پئنٿيزم]] ڏانهن مائل آهي، يعني هڪ اهڙو جامع خدا جيڪو محبت بدران انصاف سان حڪمراني ڪري ٿو ۽ جنهن ۾ بيگانگي ۽ هيبت پيدا ڪندڙ عبادت جو احساس آهي. ٻيو تصور، جيڪو هن مطلق خدا واري تصور جي ابتڙ آهي، اهو انساني دل جو خدا آهي. ليکڪ جو خيال آهي ته ان تهذيب ۽ عالمي اتحاد جي مذهبي جدوجهد، جنهن مان عيسائيت پيدا ٿي، دراصل خدا جي انهن ٻن مختلف تصورن کي هڪ مرڪز تي آڻڻ جي مسلسل، پر ناڪام، ڪوشش هئي.“<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=H. G. Wells |title=God the Invisible King |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.37681 |publisher=[[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]] |location=[[London]] |date=1917 |chapter=Preface |oclc=261326125 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1046/1046-h/1046-h.htm}}</ref>}} ڪتاب جي پوئين حصي ۾ هو پاڻ کي ”هڪ نئين يا جديد مذهب“ سان وابسته قرار ڏئي ٿو، جيڪو ”نه ملحد آهي، نه [[ٻڌ ڌرم]]، نه [[اسلام]] ۽ نه [[عيسائيت]]، پر اهڙو عقيدو آهي، جيڪو هن پنهنجي اندر ترقي ڪندي محسوس ڪيو آهي.“<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=H. G. Wells |date=1917 |title=God the Invisible King |chapter= The cosmogony of modern religion |oclc=261326125 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/1046/1046-h/1046-h.htm }}</ref> [[عيسائيت]] بابت هن لکيو: {{blockquote|”هاڻي عيسائيت منهنجي لاءِ سچي ناهي... مون کي يقين آهي ته هر سچو عيسائي منهنجو روحاني ڀاءُ آهي... پر جيڪڏهن آئون پاڻ کي منظم طريقي سان عيسائي سڏيان ته گهڻن ماڻهن لاءِ ان جو مطلب ڪجهه وڌيڪ نڪري ويندو، ۽ اهڙيءَ طرح آئون ڪوڙ ڳالهائيندس.“}} ٻين عالمي مذهبن بابت هن لکيو: {{blockquote|”اهي سڀئي مذهب مون لاءِ ايترا ئي سچا آهن، جيترو [[ڪينٽربري ڪيٿيڊرل]] هڪ حقيقي عمارت آهي يا هڪ سوئس جبلن وارو گهر حقيقي شيءِ آهي. اهي موجود آهن، انهن پنهنجو مقصد پورو ڪيو آهي ۽ انهن ڪم ڪيو آهي. پر اهي منهنجي لاءِ اهڙا سچا ناهن، جو آئون انهن جي اندر رهي سگهان. اهي منهنجي لاءِ ڪارآمد ناهن.“<ref>{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H. G. |author-link=H. G. Wells |title=First & last things; a confession of faith and rules of life |url=https://archive.org/details/firstlastthings0000well/page/77 |date=1908 |publisher=[[Putnam (publisher)|Putnam]] |pages=77–80 |oclc=68958585}}</ref>}} ''[[دي فيٽ آف هومو سيپينس]]'' (1939ع) ۾ ويلز تقريباً سڀني عالمي مذهبن ۽ فلسفن تي تنقيد ڪندي لکيو: {{blockquote|”هاڻي دنيا ۾ اهڙو ڪو به عقيدو يا زندگي گذارڻ جو طريقو باقي نه رهيو آهي، جيڪو واقعي هن دور جي ضرورتن کي پورو ڪري. جڏهن اسين انهن کي ٿڌي دل ۽ غيرجانبداري سان ڏسون ٿا ته اڄ انسان جن مذهبن، قومپرستيءَ، اخلاقي نظامن ۽ روايتي قدرن ۾ پناهه ورتي آهي، اهي سڀ هڪ اهڙي وڏي شهر جي گهرن ۽ محلاتن وانگر لڳن ٿا، جيڪي زمين کسڪڻ سبب هڪ ٻئي سان ٽڪرائجي تباهه ٿي رهيا هجن.“<ref>''[[The Fate of Homo Sapiens]]'', p 291.</ref>}} منظم مذهب جي مخالفت ويلز وٽ 1943ع ۾ پنهنجي انتها تي پهتي، جڏهن هن ''[[ڪرڪس اَنساٽا]]'' نالي ڪتاب شايع ڪيو، جنهن جو ذيلي عنوان ”رومن ڪيٿولڪ چرچ تي فردِ جرم“ هو. هن ڪتاب ۾ هن [[ڪيٿولڪ چرچ]]، [[پوپ پائيس ٻارهون]] تي سخت تنقيد ڪئي ۽ [[روم]] شهر تي بمباري ڪرڻ جو مطالبو پڻ ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book |title=H. G. Wells a comprehensive bibliography |date=1972 |publisher=[[H. G. Wells Society]] |isbn=0-902291-65-3 |location=Great Britain |page=44}}</ref> == ادبي مقالا ۽ دستاويز == 1954ع ۾ [[يونيورسٽي آف اِلِيناءِ اربانا-شيمپين]] ايڇ. جي. ويلز جا ادبي مقالا، مسودا ۽ خط و ڪتابت جو مجموعو خريد ڪيو.<ref name="library.illinois.edu">{{cite web|title=H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells papers, 1845–1946 {{pipe}} Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign |url=https://archon.library.illinois.edu/rbml/?p=collections/findingaid&id=10&q=&rootcontentid=63270 |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=Rare Book & Manuscript Library Manuscript Collections Database}}</ref> يونيورسٽي جي [[نادر ڪتابن ۽ مخطوطن جي لائبريري (يونيورسٽي آف اِلِيناءِ اربانا-شيمپين)]] ۾ آمريڪا اندر ويلز جي مخطوطن، خط و ڪتابت، پهرين ڇاپن ۽ اشاعتن جو سڀ کان وڏو مجموعو محفوظ آهي.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rare Book & Manuscript Library, University of Illinois |url=https://www.library.illinois.edu/rbx/Wellsdesc.html |access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> هن مجموعي ۾ اڻڇپيل مواد ۽ اهڙن مشهور ڪتابن جا اصل مسودا پڻ شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ ''[[دي وار آف دي ورلڊز]]'' ۽ ''[[دي ٽائيم مشين]]''. ان کان علاوه، هن ۾ پهريان ڇاپا، نظرثاني ٿيل ايڊيشن ۽ مختلف ٻولين ۾ ترجما پڻ موجود آهن. خط و ڪتابت ۾ خانداني خط، پبلشرن سان رابطا، [[فيبين سوسائٽي]] سان لاڳاپيل دستاويز، ۽ سياستدانن ۽ ٻين مشهور شخصيتن، خاص طور [[جارج برنارڊ شا]] ۽ [[جوزف ڪانراڊ]]، جا خط پڻ شامل آهن.<ref name="library.illinois.edu"/> ==حوالا== {{Reflist}} ==خارجي ڳنڍڻا== {{Wikisource|works=by|ايڇ. جي. ويلز|ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} {{Wikiquote|2=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} {{Commons and category|linktext=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} {{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|label=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{IMDb name|id=0920229|name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{ISFDB name|id=65|name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{IBList|type=author|id=165|name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{discogs artist|name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{LCAuth|id=n79063613|name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز|count=772|cs=ue}} * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07w13lz ''فيوچر ٽينس – دي اسٽوري آف ايڇ. جي. ويلز''] [[بي بي سي ون]] تي – 150هين سالگرهه جي دستاويزي فلم (2016) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517081302/http://www.newstatesman.com/200010090006 "ايڇ. جي. ويلز جي نقشِ قدم تي"] ''[[نيو اسٽيٽس مين]]'' ۾ – "هن عظيم ليکڪ انساني حقن جي قانون جو مطالبو ڪيو؛ 60 سال پوءِ، اهو اسان وٽ موجود آهي" (2000) ===ذريعا—مجموعا=== * {{StandardEbooks |url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/h-g-wells |name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{Gutenberg author |id=30 |name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{FadedPage|id=Wells, H. G. (Herbert George) |name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز |author=yes}} * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Herbert George Wells |dname=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * {{Librivox author |id=146 |title=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} * [http://www.ebooktakeaway.com/ebta/people/h_g_wells آئي فون، آئي پيڊ، نوڪ، اينڊرائيڊ ۽ ڪنڊل لاءِ ايڇ. جي. ويلز جا مفت ڪتاب (PDF، AZW3، EPUB ۽ MOBI فارميٽن ۾)] ebooktakeaway.com تي * [http://www.bl.uk/people/h-g-wells ايڇ. جي. ويلز] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912191326/http://www.bl.uk/people/h-g-wells |date=12 September 2021 }} [[برٽش لائبريري]] تي * [http://hdl.handle.net/10111/MSS00071#letterH ايڇ. جي. ويلز جا مقالا] [[يونيورسٽي آف اِلِيناءِ]] ۾ * [https://www.globalgreyebooks.com/h-g-wells-books.html ايڇ. جي. ويلز جا اي-ڪتاب] Global Grey Ebooks تي * {{PM20 |FID=pe/018417 |NAME=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} ===ذريعا—خط، مضمون ۽ انٽرويو=== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613080855/http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/hg_wells/ بي بي سي تي ويلز جي نشريات جو آرڪائيو] * [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=52254 ايڇ. جي. ويلز جو فلمي انٽرويو] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820031143/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=52254 |date=20 August 2010}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131103051737/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/ot2www-pubeng?specfile=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fpublicsearch%2Fmodengpub.o2w&act=text&offset=719129302&textreg=3&query=h.%2Bg.%2Bwells&id=WelCran "اسٽيڦن ڪرين: هڪ انگريزي نقطۂ نظر"]، ايڇ. جي. ويلز، 1900ع * [https://web.archive.org/web/20000309232944/http://www.schoolofwisdom.com/tagore-wells.html [[رابندرناٿ ٽئگور]] ۽ ايڇ. جي. ويلز جي گفتگو]، جنيوا، 1930ع * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060924212919/http://www.pseudopodium.org/barbellionblog/wells-intro.php "مهاڳ"]، [[ڊبليو. اين. پي. باربيليون]] جي ''دي جرنل آف اي ڊساپوائنٽيڊ مين'' لاءِ، ايڇ. جي. ويلز، 1919ع * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813133418/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/documents/wells2.htm "عورت ۽ ابتدائي ثقافت"]، ايڇ. جي. ويلز، 1895ع * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718140117/http://alangullette.com/lit/shiel/letters/mps_wells.htm [[ايم. پي. شيل]] ڏانهن خط]، ايڇ. جي. ويلز، 1937ع ===سوانح عمري=== * {{cite EB1911 |short=x |wstitle=Wells, Herbert George}} * [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076509/H-G-Wells "ايڇ. جي. ويلز"]، ''[[انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا]]'' آن لائن * {{cite ODNB |id=36831 |title=Wells, Herbert George |orig-date=2004 |date=2011 |last=Parrinder |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick Parrinder}} * {{sfhof |id=962 |name=ايڇ. جي. ويلز}} ===تنقيدي مضمون=== * Sinclair, Iain، [https://web.archive.org/web/20140827214832/http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/an-introduction-to-the-war-of-the-worlds ''دي وار آف دي ورلڊز'' جو تعارف]، برٽش لائبريري * [[ميري هنٽر آسٽن|آسٽن، ميري]] (1911ع)، [https://web.archive.org/web/20030118202554/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=AusWell.sgm&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&tag=public&part=all "ايڇ. جي. ويلز، ناول نگار جي ساراهه"] * [[ارنسٽ بيلفورٽ بيڪس|بيڪس، بيلفورٽ]] (1906ع)، "سوشلزم ۽ خاندان" * [[نيئل فرگوسن|فرگوسن، نيئل]] (2005ع)، "ايڇ. جي. ويلز اسان کي اڳواٽ ٻڌايو هو ته ''دي وار آف دي ورلڊز'' جهڙي جنگ ڪيئن محسوس ٿيندي" * [[ڊبليو. بوئڊ ريوارڊ|ريوارڊ، ڊبليو. بوئڊ]] (1999ع)، "ايڇ. جي. ويلز جو عالمي دماغ (ورلڊ برين) جو تصور" * [[جي. ڪي. چيسٽرٽن|چيسٽرٽن، جي. ڪي.]] (1908ع)، "مسٽر ايڇ. جي. ويلز ۽ جنات" * [[مارٽن گارڊنر|گارڊنر، مارٽن]] (1999ع)، "انٽرنيٽ: هڪ عالمي دماغ؟" * Bould, Mark (2005)، "سائنس فڪشن: مستقبل جي شڪل" * [[گريگوري ڪليز|ڪليز، گريگوري]] (2006ع)، "يوٽوپيا جي ضرورت ڪنهن کي آهي؟" * [[فريڊا ڪرخوي|ڪرچوي، فريڊا]] (1945ع)، "جڏهن ايڇ. جي. ويلز ايٽم کي ورهايو" * [[جان جي. ملر|ملر، جان جي.]] (2005ع)، "نظريائن جي جنگ" * [[جان هارٽ|هارٽ، جان]] (1935ع)، "ويلز جي سوانح عمري" * [[پيٽرڪ پيرنڊر|پيرنڊر، پيٽرڪ]] (2006ع)، "ايڇ. جي. ويلز جي سائنس فڪشن ۾ تاريخ" * [[مارٽن ڪيمپبل-ڪيلي|ڪيمپبل-ڪيلي، مارٽن]] (2006ع)، "ورلڊ برين کان ورلڊ وائيڊ ويب تائين" * [[ويوين گورنڪ|گورنڪ، ويوين]] (2007ع)، "دانائيءَ جي شروعات: ايڇ. جي. ويلز کي پڙهندي" * Hammond, John، "ايڇ. جي. ويلز جي مختصر ڪهاڻين جي مڪمل فهرست" * "ايڇ. جي. ويلز جون اڳڪٿيون، 143 سال پوءِ به سچ ثابت ٿيون"، ''[[نيشنل جيوگرافڪ سوسائٽي|نيشنل جيوگرافڪ]]'' * [[جارج برنارڊ شا|شا، جارج برنارڊ]]، "ايڇ. جي. ويلز، اهو ماڻهو جنهن کي مان سڃاڻندو هئس" * {{cite journal |last=Elber-Aviram |first=Hadas |title='My own particular city': H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells's Fantastical London |journal=The Wellsian |issue=38 |date=2015 |pages=97–117}} * {{cite journal |last=Hughes |first=David Y. |title=A Queer Notion of Grant Allen's |journal=[[Science Fiction Studies]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |date=1998 |pages=271–284 |doi=10.1525/sfs.25.2.0271 |url=https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/abstracts/a75.htm#E75 |jstor=4240701 }}{{مئل ڳنڍڻو|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Partington |editor-first=John S. |title=The Wellsian: Selected Essays on H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells |publisher=Equilibris |publication-place=[[Oss, Netherlands]] |date=2003 |isbn=978-90-5976-001-1 |oclc=54814627 |chapter=A Tale of Two Cities: H.{{nbsp}}G. Wells's The Door in the Wall |first=Laura |last=Scuriatti |others=Illustrated by Alvin Landon Coburn |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/696075}} {{s-start}} {{s-npo}} {{s-bef|before=[[جان گالزورٿي]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[پين انٽرنيشنل]] جو بين الاقوامي صدر|years=1933–1936}} {{s-aft|after=[[جولس رومان]]}} {{s-end}} {{H. G. Wells|state=autocollapse}} {{London School of Economics|state=autocollapse}} {{Navboxes |title=لاڳاپيل موضوع |list1= {{The War of the Worlds|state=autocollapse}} {{The Time Machine|state=autocollapse}} {{The Invisible Man|state=autocollapse}} {{The Island of Dr. Moreau|state=autocollapse}} {{The First Men in the Moon|state=autocollapse}} {{Kipps|state=autocollapse}} }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wells, H. G.}} [[Category:ايڇ. جي. ويلز| ]] [[Category:1866ع جون پيدائشون]] [[Category:1946ع جون وفاتون]] [[Category:امپيريل ڪاليج لنڊن جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]] [[Category:يونيورسٽي آف لنڊن جا اڳوڻا شاگرد]] [[Category:برطانوي رسالن جا باني]] [[Category:انگريز جمهوريه پسند]] [[Category:انگريز سائنس فڪشن ليکڪ]] [[Category:انگريز مختصر ڪهاڻي نويس]] [[Category:انگريز سوشلسٽ]] [[Category:انگريز مورخ]] [[Category:ڪيٿولڪ چرچ جا نقاد]] [[Category:فيبيئن سوسائٽي جا ميمبر]] [[Category:مڊهرسٽ گرامر اسڪول ۾ تعليم حاصل ڪندڙ ماڻهو]] [[Category:بروملي جا ماڻهو]] [[Category:وڪٽورين دور جا ماڻهو]] [[Category:سائنس فڪشن هال آف فيم ۾ شامل ٿيل]] [[Category:پنهنجي لکڻين لاءِ پاڻ تصويرون ٺاهيندڙ ليکڪ]] [[Category:19هين صديءَ جا انگريز ليکڪ]] [[Category:وڪٽورين ناول نگار]] [[Category:19هين صديءَ جا برطانوي ناول نگار]] [[Category:20هين صديءَ جا انگريز ناول نگار]] [[Category:19هين صديءَ جا برطانوي مختصر ڪهاڻي نويس]] [[Category:ليبر پارٽي (برطانيا) جا سياستدان]] [[Category:عالمي مورخ]] hemckfkqmj2931i43oz4vti8osflo7b 0 99685 390260 390077 2026-07-01T00:06:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|هوائي جهازن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ برقي نظام}} [[فائل:Cessna501 radar.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Cessna Citation I|سيسنا سائيٽيشن I/SP]] جي نڪ ۾ لڳل ريڊار ۽ ٻيا هوابرقياتي نظام]] [[فائل:Republic F-105B with avionics layout 060831-F-1234S-046.jpg|thumb|right|هوائي-برقياتي نظام سان [[ريپبلڪ F-105 ٿنڊرچيف|F-105 ٿنڊرچيف]]]] '''ايويانِڪس''': ''(اَي-وي-اَنِڪس)'' يا '''ھوائي برقيات''' ({{lang-en|Avionics}}؛ ''هوابازي'' ۽ ''برقيات'' جي گڏيل لفظ مان نڪتل) [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ [[برقيات|برقي]] نظام آهن. هوابرقياتي نظامن ۾ مواصلات، [[فضائي نيويگيشن|هوائي نيويگيشن]]، مختلف نظامن جي ڏيکاءَ ۽ انتظام، ۽ اهي سوين نظام شامل آهن جيڪي هوائي جهاز ۾ الڳ الڳ ڪم سرانجام ڏيڻ لاءِ لڳايا ويندا آهن. اهي نظام [[پوليس هيليڪاپٽر]] جي هڪ سادي [[سرچ لائيٽ]] کان وٺي [[هوائي اڳواٽ خبرداري ۽ ڪنٽرول]] واري جهاز جي پيچيده حڪمتِ عملي واري نظام تائين ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=47}}</ref> ==تاريخ== اصطلاح '''هوائي برقيات''' (Avionics) 1949ع ۾ [[فلپ جي. ڪلاس]] طرفان جوڙيو ويو، جيڪو رسالي ''[[ايويئيشن ويڪ اينڊ اسپيس ٽيڪنالاجي]]'' جو سينيئر ايڊيٽر هو. هي لفظ '''هوابازي برقيات''' (ايويئيشن اليڪٽرانڪس) جي مختصر گڏيل صورت طور ٺاهيو ويو.<ref>{{cite web |last=McGough |first=Michael |url=http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-08-26/ |title=In Memoriam: Philip J. Klass: A UFO (Ufologist Friend's Obituary) |date=August 26, 2005 |publisher=Skeptic |access-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-date=September 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922191504/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/05-08-26/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Dickson">{{cite book |last1=Dickson |first1=Paul |title=A Dictionary of the Space Age |publisher=JHU Press |date=2009 |pages=32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afKBvKlg0-EC&q=avionics&pg=PA32 |isbn=9780801895043}}</ref> [[ريڊيو مواصلات]] جو استعمال پهريون ڀيرو [[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] کان ٿورو اڳ هوائي جهازن ۾ ڪيو ويو.<ref name="Telephony">{{cite journal |title=Directing Airplanes by Wireless |journal=Telephony |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=20 |publisher=Telephony Publishing Corp. |date=August 23, 1919 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Iw_AQAAMAAJ&q=aircraft+radio+wireless&pg=RA6-PA20}}</ref> سڀ کان پهريان هوائي ريڊيو [[زيپلن]] هوائي جهازن ۾ لڳايا ويا، پر فوجي ضرورتن سبب اهڙا هلڪا ريڊيو سيٽ تيار ڪيا ويا، جيڪي عام هوائي جهازن ۾ به لڳائي سگهجن، جيئن [[فضائي جاسوسي]] ڪندڙ ٻه-سيٽن وارا جهاز پنهنجا مشاهدا فوري طور موڪلي سگهن. جهاز مان پهريون تجرباتي ريڊيو پيغام آگسٽ 1910ع ۾ [[آمريڪي نيوي]] موڪليو. شروعاتي هوائي ريڊيو [[ريڊيو ٽيليگرافي]] ذريعي [[مورس ڪوڊ]] استعمال ڪندا هئا، جنهن لاءِ ٻن سيٽن وارو جهاز ۽ ٻيو عملي جو ميمبر گهربل هوندو هو. [[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] دوران 1917ع ۾ [[ايمپليٽيوڊ ماڊيوليشن]] تي ٻڌل آواز واري [[ٻطرفي ريڊيو]] جي ايجاد [[ٽرائيوڊ]] [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] جي ترقي کان پوءِ ممڪن ٿي، جيڪا ايتري سادي هئي جو هڪ سيٽ واري جهاز جو پائلٽ به اڏام دوران استعمال ڪري سگهندو هو. [[ريڊار]]، جيڪو اڄ [[هوائي نيويگيشن]] ۽ [[هوائي ٽريفڪ ڪنٽرول]] جي بنيادي ٽيڪنالاجي آهي، 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] کان اڳ ڪيترن ملڪن طرفان ڳجهي نموني هوائي دفاعي نظام طور تيار ڪيو ويو. جديد هوابرقيات جا ڪيترائي نظام ٻي عالمي جنگ دوران ٿيندڙ ترقيءَ مان نڪتا. مثال طور، اڄ عام استعمال ٿيندڙ [[خودڪار پائلٽ]] نظام اصل ۾ بمبار جهازن کي وڏي اوچائيءَ تان صحيح نشاني تي بم ڪيرائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا هئا.<ref name="two" /> 1940ع ۾ برطانيا پنهنجي ريڊار ٽيڪنالاجي، خاص طور [[ميگنيٽرون]] [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]، [[ٽزارڊ مشن]] وسيلي آمريڪا سان ونڊي، جنهن جنگ جي مدت گهٽائڻ ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book |title=Most Secret War |author=Reginald Victor Jones |year=1998 |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |isbn=978-1-85326-699-7}}</ref> اڄ فوجي هوائي جهازن جي خرچ جو وڏو حصو هوابرقيات تي صرف ٿئي ٿو. [[ميڪڊونل ڊگلس ايف-15 اي اسٽرائيڪ ايگل]] ۽ هاڻي رٽائر ٿيل [[گرومن ايف-14 ٽام ڪيٽ]] جهڙن جهازن جي ڪل لاڳت جو لڳ ڀڳ 20 سيڪڙو هوابرقيات تي خرچ ٿيندو هو، جڏهن ته جديد [[هيليڪاپٽر]]ن ۾ اهو تناسب لڳ ڀڳ 60 سيڪڙو تائين پهچي ويو آهي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rotorandwing.com/2006/04/01/retro-cockpits/ |title=Rotor & Wing: Retro Cockpits |author=Douglas Nelms |date=April 1, 2006 |archive-date=April 17, 2019 |access-date=June 30, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417203525/https://www.rotorandwing.com/2006/04/01/retro-cockpits/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> شهري هوابازي ۾ پڻ هوابرقيات جي خرچ ۽ اهميت ۾ واڌ آئي آهي. [[فلائي-باءِ-وائر]] اڏام ڪنٽرول نظام ۽ وڌيڪ مصروف فضائي رستن سبب جديد نيويگيشن جي ضرورت ترقياتي خرچن ۾ اضافو آندو آهي. ذاتي هوابازي جي وڌندڙ رجحان سان محدود فضائي علائقن ۾ محفوظ اڏام لاءِ وڌيڪ جديد هوابرقياتي نظام تيار ڪيا ويا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Next Generation Air Transportation System |url=https://www.faa.gov/nextgen}}</ref> ===جديد هوابرقيات=== هوابرقيات آمريڪا ۾ [[وفاقي هوابازي انتظاميه]] (FAA) جي [[ايندڙ نسل جو هوائي آمدرفت نظام]] (نيڪسٽ جنريشن ايئر ٽرانسپورٽيشن سسٽم) ۽ يورپ جي [[سنگل يورپي اسڪاءِ اي ٽي ايم ريسرچ]] (SESAR) جهڙن جديد منصوبن ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. [[گڏيل منصوبابندي ۽ ترقياتي آفيس]] هوابرقيات لاءِ ڇهن اهم شعبن تي ٻڌل روڊميپ پيش ڪيو:<ref>{{cite web |title=NextGen Avionics Roadmap |publisher=Joint Planning and Development Office |date=September 30, 2011 |url=http://www.jpdo.gov/library/20111005_ARM_complete_LowRes_v2.0.pdf}}</ref> * شايع ٿيل رستا ۽ طريقا – نيويگيشن ۽ رستن ۾ بهتري. * ڳالهين وسيلي طئي ٿيل اڏام جا رستا – ڊيٽا مواصلات ذريعي متحرڪ رستن جي چونڊ. * ذميوار جدائي – هوا ۽ زمين تي حالتن بابت آگاهي ۾ اضافو. * گهٽ ڏسڻ يا خراب موسم ۾ اچ وڃ – گهٽ زميني سهولتن سان محفوظ آپريشن. * زميني آپريشن – اڏام ۽ لهڻ دوران حفاظت ۾ واڌ. * [[هوائي ٽريفڪ انتظام]] (ATM) جي ڪارڪردگي ۾ بهتري. ===مارڪيٽ=== [[هوائي جهاز برقياتي ايسوسيئيشن]] موجب، 2017ع جي پهرين ٽن چوٿين دوران ڪاروباري ۽ عام هوابازي لاءِ هوابرقياتي سامان جي وڪري جو مقدار 1.73 ارب آمريڪي ڊالر هو، جيڪو گذريل سال جي ڀيٽ ۾ 4.1 سيڪڙو وڌيڪ هو. انهن مان 73.5 سيڪڙو وڪرو اتر آمريڪا ۾ ٿيو، جڏهن ته 42.3 سيڪڙو نون جهازن ۾ لڳائڻ ۽ 57.7 سيڪڙو پراڻن جهازن ۾ نون نظامن جي تنصيب سان لاڳاپيل هو، جنهن جو اهم سبب آمريڪا ۾ 1 جنوري 2020ع کان [[خودڪار نگراني-نشريات نظام]] (ADS-B) جي لازمي نفاذ جي گهرج هئي.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-11-20/aea-retrofits-lift-avionics-sales-through-3q |title=AEA: Retrofits Lift Avionics Sales through 3Q |author=Chad Trautvetter |date=November 20, 2017 |work=AIN}}</ref> ==هوائي جهازن جي هوابرقيات== هوائي جهاز جو ڪاڪ پٽ، يا وڏن جهازن ۾ ڪاڪ پٽ جي هيٺان حصو يا حرڪت ڪندڙ نڪ وارو حصو، عام طور [[هوابرقياتي خانو|هوابرقياتي خاني]] جي سامان لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڪنٽرول، نگراني، مواصلات، نيويگيشن، موسم ۽ ٽڪر کان بچاءَ جا نظام شامل هوندا آهن. اڪثر هوائي جهاز پنهنجي هوابرقيات کي 14 يا 28 وولٽ [[سڌي رو]] وارن برقي نظامن سان طاقت ڏيندا آهن؛ جڏهن ته وڏا ۽ وڌيڪ پيچيده جهاز، جهڙوڪ [[مسافر هوائي جهاز]] يا فوجي جنگي جهاز، 115 وولٽ ۽ 400&nbsp;Hz تي هلندڙ [[متبادل رو]] وارا نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/electronics/q0219.shtml |title=400 Hz Electrical Systems |access-date=March 19, 2008 |archive-date=October 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004205311/http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/electronics/q0219.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> اڏام واري هوابرقيات جا ڪيترائي اهم فراهم ڪندڙ آهن، جن ۾ [[بوئنگ ڪمپني]]، [[پيناسونڪ هوابرقيات ڪارپوريشن]]، [[هني ويل ايرو اسپيس|هني ويل]]، [[بينڊڪس ايويئيشن|بينڊڪس/ڪنگ]]، [[يونيورسل هوابرقياتي نظام ڪارپوريشن]]، [[راڪويل ڪولنز]]، [[ڪولنز ايرو اسپيس]]، [[ٿيلس گروپ]]، [[جي اي ايويئيشن سسٽمز]]، [[گارمن]]، [[ريٿيون]]، [[پارڪر هنيفن]]، [[يو ٽي سي ايرو اسپيس سسٽمز]]، [[سيليڪس اي ايس]]، [[ليونارڊو (ڪمپني)|ليونارڊو]]، شيڊن ايويانڪس، [[ايوڊائن ڪارپوريشن]] ۽ [[اسرائيل ايرو اسپيس انڊسٽريز]] شامل آهن. هوابرقياتي سامان لاءِ بين الاقوامي معيار ايئر لائنز اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئرنگ ڪميٽي تيار ڪندي آهي ۽ اهي [[آرِنڪ]] طرفان شايع ڪيا ويندا آهن. ===مواصلات=== مواصلاتي نظام اڏام واري ڊيڪ کي زمين سان ۽ اڏام واري ڊيڪ کي مسافرن سان ڳنڍين ٿا. جهاز اندر مواصلات عام خطاب واري نظام ۽ جهازي انٽرڪام ذريعي مهيا ڪئي ويندي آهي. وي ايڇ ايف هوابازي مواصلاتي نظام 118.000&nbsp;MHz کان 136.975&nbsp;MHz تائين [[ايئر بينڊ]] تي ڪم ڪندو آهي. يورپ ۾ هر چينل وچ ۾ 8.33&nbsp;kHz جو فاصلو هوندو آهي، جڏهن ته ٻين هنڌن تي اهو 25&nbsp;kHz هوندو آهي. وي ايڇ ايف کي نظر جي سڌي لڪير واري رابطي لاءِ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ جهاز-کان-جهاز ۽ جهاز-کان-هوائي ٽريفڪ ڪنٽرول رابطو. [[ايمپليٽيوڊ ماڊيوليشن]] استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي ۽ گفتگو [[سمپليڪس مواصلات]] واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي. جهازي مواصلات ايڇ ايف، خاص طور سامونڊي ڊگهن اڏامن لاءِ، يا سيٽلائيٽ رابطي ذريعي پڻ ٿي سگهي ٿي. {{See also|هوائي جهاز مواصلاتي پتو لڳائڻ ۽ رپورٽنگ نظام}} ===نيويگيشن=== {{Main|هوائي نيويگيشن}} [[هوائي نيويگيشن]] ڌرتيءَ جي مٿاڇري تي يا ان کان مٿي بيهڪ ۽ رخ معلوم ڪرڻ جو عمل آهي. هوابرقيات [[سيٽلائيٽ نيويگيشن]] نظام، جهڙوڪ [[عالمي بيهڪ نظام]]، [[WAAS]]، [[يورپي جيو اسٽيشنري نيويگيشن اوورلي سروس]] ۽ [[مقامي علائقائي واڌارو نظام]]؛ [[جڙتي نيويگيشن نظام]]؛ زمين تي ٻڌل [[ريڊيو نيويگيشن]] نظام، جهڙوڪ [[وي ايڇ ايف اومني ڊائريڪشنل رينج]] يا [[لوران]]؛ يا انهن جي ڪنهن به گڏيل صورت کي استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. ڪجهه نيويگيشن نظام، جهڙوڪ عالمي بيهڪ نظام، بيهڪ پاڻمرادو حساب ڪري اڏام عملي کي هلندڙ نقشي واري ڏيکاءَ تي ڏيکارين ٿا. پراڻن زميني نيويگيشن نظامن، جهڙوڪ وي او آر يا لوران، ۾ پائلٽ يا نيويگيٽر کي جهاز جي جڳهه معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاغذي نقشي تي سگنلن جي ڪٽ پوائنٽ ٺاهي حساب ڪرڻو پوندو هو؛ جديد نظام اهو ڪم پاڻمرادو ڪري هلندڙ نقشي تي ڏيکارين ٿا. ===نگراني=== {{Main|شيشي وارو ڪاڪ پٽ}} [[فائل:Airbus A380 cockpit.jpg|thumb|[[ايئربس اي 380]] جو شيشي وارو ڪاڪ پٽ، جنهن ۾ پائلٽن لاءِ پاسي تي ٻه ويڪرا ڪمپيوٽر اسڪرين ۽ ٻاهر نڪرندڙ ڪي بورڊ موجود آهن.]] [[شيشي وارو ڪاڪ پٽ|شيشي وارن ڪاڪ پٽن]] جا پهريان آثار 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ظاهر ٿيا، جڏهن اڏام لاءِ مناسب [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] اسڪرينن برقي-مشيني ڏيکائن، گيجن ۽ اوزارن جي جاءِ وٺڻ شروع ڪئي. "شيشي وارو" ڪاڪ پٽ گيجن ۽ ٻين اينالاگ ڏيکائن بدران ڪمپيوٽر مانيٽرن جي استعمال کي ظاهر ڪري ٿو. وقت سان گڏ جهازن ۾ وڌيڪ ڏيکاءَ، ڊائل ۽ معلوماتي پينل شامل ٿيندا ويا، جيڪي آخرڪار جاءِ ۽ پائلٽ جي ڌيان لاءِ هڪ ٻئي سان مقابلو ڪرڻ لڳا. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ هڪ عام جهاز ۾ 100 کان وڌيڪ ڪاڪ پٽ اوزار ۽ ڪنٽرول هوندا هئا.<ref name="three">''Avionics: Development and Implementation'' by Cary R. Spitzer (Hardcover – December 15, 2006)</ref> شيشي وارا ڪاڪ پٽ 1985ع ۾ [[گلف اسٽريم ايرو اسپيس|گلف اسٽريم]] G-IV خانگي جيٽ سان باقاعده طور سامهون آيا. شيشي وارن ڪاڪ پٽن ۾ هڪ اهم چئلينج اهو آهي ته ڪيترو ڪنٽرول پاڻمرادو ڪيو وڃي ۽ ڪيترو ڪم پائلٽ هٿ سان ڪري. عام طور ڪوشش اها هوندي آهي ته اڏام جا عمل پاڻمرادو ٿين، پر پائلٽ کي لڳاتار باخبر رکيو وڃي.<ref name="three"/> ===هوائي جهاز جو اڏام ڪنٽرول نظام=== {{Main|هوائي جهاز جو اڏام ڪنٽرول نظام}} هوائي جهازن ۾ اڏام کي پاڻمرادو ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جا ذريعا موجود هوندا آهن. [[خودڪار پائلٽ]] پهريون ڀيرو [[لارنس اسپيري]] [[پهرين عالمي جنگ]] دوران ايجاد ڪيو، ته جيئن بمبار جهاز 25,000 فوٽن جي اوچائيءَ تان صحيح نشانيون هڻڻ لاءِ ڪافي حد تائين مستحڪم اڏام ڪري سگهن. جڏهن اهو پهريون ڀيرو [[آمريڪي فوج]] ۾ اختيار ڪيو ويو ته [[هني ويل ايرو اسپيس|هني ويل]] جو هڪ انجنيئر پٺئين سيٽ تي بولٽ ڪٽر سان ويهندو هو، ته جيئن هنگامي حالت ۾ خودڪار پائلٽ کي الڳ ڪري سگهي. اڄڪلهه گهڻا تجارتي جهاز هوائي جهاز جي اڏام ڪنٽرول نظامن سان ليس هوندا آهن، ته جيئن لهڻ يا اڏام دوران پائلٽ جي غلطي ۽ ڪم جو بار گهٽجي.<ref name="two">By Jeffrey L. Rodengen. {{ISBN|0-945903-25-1}}. Published by Write Stuff Syndicate, Inc. in 1995. "The Legend of Honeywell."</ref> شروعاتي سادا تجارتي خودڪار پائلٽ [[هوائي جهاز جو رخ|رخ]] ۽ اوچائي کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا هئا ۽ [[ٿرسٽ]] ۽ [[اڏام ڪنٽرول سطح]]ن تي انهن جو اختيار محدود هوندو هو. [[هيليڪاپٽر]]ن ۾ ساڳئي نموني خودڪار استحڪام استعمال ڪيو ويو. [[فلائي-باءِ-وائر]] ۽ برقي طور هلندڙ اڏام سطحون، روايتي هائيڊرولڪ نظامن بدران، حفاظت ۾ واڌ جو سبب بڻيون. ڏيکائن ۽ اوزارن وانگر، برقي-مشيني اهم اوزارن جي عمر محدود هوندي هئي. حفاظت لاءِ اهم نظامن ۾ سافٽويئر کي تمام سخت جانچ مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ===ٻارڻ جا نظام=== ٻارڻ جي مقدار ڏيکاريندڙ نظام (FQIS) جهاز ۾ موجود ٻارڻ جي مقدار جي نگراني ڪري ٿو. مختلف حساسن، جهڙوڪ ڪيپيسٽنس ٽيوبن، گرمي پد حساسن، ڪثافت ماپن ۽ سطح حساسن جي مدد سان FQIS ڪمپيوٽر جهاز ۾ بچيل ٻارڻ جي ڪل ماس جو حساب ڪري ٿو. ٻارڻ ڪنٽرول ۽ نگراني نظام (FCMS) به ساڳئي طريقي سان جهاز ۾ بچيل ٻارڻ بابت رپورٽ ڏئي ٿو، پر پمپن ۽ والوز کي ڪنٽرول ڪري مختلف ٽينڪن وچ ۾ ٻارڻ جي منتقلي جو انتظام پڻ ڪري ٿو. * هڪ مقرر ڪل ٻارڻ ماس تائين ڀرڻ ۽ ان کي پاڻمرادو ورهائڻ جو ڪنٽرول. * اڏام دوران انهن ٽينڪن ڏانهن منتقلي، جيڪي انجڻن کي ٻارڻ ڏين ٿا؛ مثال طور جسم واري ٽينڪ مان پرن واري ٽينڪن ڏانهن. * مرڪزِ ثقل جو ڪنٽرول، جنهن ۾ دم واري ٽرم ٽينڪن مان ٻارڻ اڳتي پرن ڏانهن منتقل ڪيو وڃي ٿو، جيئن ٻارڻ استعمال ٿيندو وڃي. * پرن جي ڇيڙن ۾ ٻارڻ برقرار رکڻ، ته جيئن اڏام دوران لفٽ سبب پرن جي وڪڙ کي گهٽائي سگهجي، ۽ لهڻ کان پوءِ ان کي مکيه ٽينڪن ڏانهن منتقل ڪرڻ. * هنگامي حالت ۾ جهاز جو وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ ٻارڻ ڦٽو ڪرڻ جو ڪنٽرول. ===ٽڪر کان بچاءَ جا نظام=== {{Main|هوائي جهاز ٽڪر کان بچاءَ جا نظام}} [[هوائي ٽريفڪ ڪنٽرول]] جي مدد طور، گهڻا وڏا ٽرانسپورٽ جهاز ۽ ڪيترائي ننڍا جهاز [[ٽريفڪ خبرداري ۽ ٽڪر کان بچاءَ جو نظام]] (TCAS) استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪو ويجهن جهازن جي جڳهه معلوم ڪري سگهي ٿو ۽ هوائي ٽڪر کان بچڻ لاءِ هدايتون ڏئي ٿو. ننڍا جهاز وڌيڪ سادا ٽريفڪ خبرداري نظام، جهڙوڪ TPAS، استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيڪي غير فعال هوندا آهن؛ يعني اهي ٻين جهازن جي [[ٽرانسپونڊر]]ن کان پاڻمرادو پڇا نه ڪندا آهن ۽ تڪرار حل ڪرڻ لاءِ صلاحون به نه ڏيندا آهن. زمين ڏانهن ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام ([[ڪنٽرول ٿيل اڏام ۾ زمين سان ٽڪر]]) کان بچڻ لاءِ، جهاز [[زمين جي ويجهڙائي وارننگ نظام]] (GPWS) جهڙا نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن، جن ۾ ريڊار اوچائي ماپ اهم جزو طور شامل هوندو آهي. GPWS جي اهم ڪمزوري اڳتي ڏسڻ واري معلومات جي کوٽ آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهو صرف هيٺ موجود زمين کان اوچائي ٻڌائي ٿو. هن ڪمزوري کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ جديد جهاز [[زمين بابت آگاهي ۽ خبرداري نظام]] (TAWS) استعمال ڪندا آهن. ===اڏام رڪارڊر=== {{Main|اڏام رڪارڊر}} تجارتي جهازن جا ڪاڪ پٽ ڊيٽا رڪارڊر، جيڪي عام طور "ڪارا دٻا" سڏيا ويندا آهن، اڏام بابت معلومات ۽ [[ڪاڪ پٽ]] جو آواز محفوظ ڪندا آهن. حادثي کان پوءِ اهي اڪثر جهاز مان حاصل ڪيا ويندا آهن، ته جيئن واقعي دوران ڪنٽرول سيٽنگون ۽ ٻيا پيرا ميٽر معلوم ڪري سگهجن. ===موسمي نظام=== {{Main|موسمي ريڊار|بجلي سڃاڻيندڙ}} [[موسمي ريڊار]]، جيڪو تجارتي جهازن ۾ عام طور [[آرنڪ 708]] هوندو آهي، ۽ [[بجلي سڃاڻيندڙ]] جهڙا موسمي نظام رات يا [[اوزاري موسمي حالتون|اوزاري موسمي حالتن]] ۾ اڏامندڙ جهازن لاءِ اهم هوندا آهن، جتي پائلٽ اڳيان موسم کي اکين سان نه ڏسي سگهندا آهن. سخت برسات، جيڪا ريڊار سان محسوس ٿئي ٿي، يا شديد [[صاف هوا جي هلچل]]، جيڪا بجليءَ جي سرگرمي سان معلوم ٿئي ٿي، ٻئي مضبوط ڪنوڪشن ۽ شديد هلچل جون نشانيون آهن. موسمي نظام پائلٽن کي انهن علائقن کان پاسو ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا. Stormscope يا Strikefinder جهڙا بجلي سڃاڻيندڙ ايترا سستا ٿي چڪا آهن جو ننڍن جهازن لاءِ به عملي آهن. ريڊار ۽ بجلي سڃاڻپ کان علاوه، مشاهداتي ڄاڻ ۽ وڌايل ريڊار تصويرون، جهڙوڪ [[نڪسرڊ]]، هاڻي سيٽلائيٽ ڊيٽا رابطن وسيلي دستياب آهن، جنهن سان پائلٽ پنهنجي جهازي نظامن جي حد کان گهڻو پري موسم جون حالتون ڏسي سگهن ٿا. جديد ڏيکاءَ موسمي معلومات کي هلندڙ نقشن، زمين ۽ ٽريفڪ سان گڏ هڪ ئي اسڪرين تي ڏيکاري سگهن ٿا، جنهن سان نيويگيشن گهڻي آسان ٿي وڃي ٿي. جديد موسمي نظامن ۾ [[ونڊ شيئر]]، هلچل جي سڃاڻپ، زمين ۽ ٽريفڪ بابت خبرداري نظام پڻ شامل آهن.<ref name="four">{{cite news |last=Ramsey |first=James |title=Broadening Weather Radar's Scope |publisher=Aviation Today |date=August 1, 2000 |url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/commercial/Broadening-Weather-Radars-Scope_12786.html |access-date=January 25, 2012 |archive-date=January 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118175850/http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/commercial/Broadening-Weather-Radars-Scope_12786.html |url-status=live }}</ref> جهاز اندر موسمي هوابرقيات خاص طور [[آفريڪا]]، [[ڀارت]] ۽ ٻين انهن ملڪن ۾ مشهور آهن، جتي هوائي سفر جي مارڪيٽ وڌي رهي آهي، پر زميني سهولتون ايتريون ترقي يافته نه آهن.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fitzsimons |first=Bernard |title=Honeywell Looks East While Innovating For Safe Growth |publisher=Aviation International News |date=November 13, 2011 |url=http://www.ainonline.com/?q=aviation-news/dubai-air-show/2011-11-13/honeywell-looks-east-while-innovating-safe-growth |access-date=December 27, 2011 |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116164353/http://www.ainonline.com/?q=aviation-news%2Fdubai-air-show%2F2011-11-13%2Fhoneywell-looks-east-while-innovating-safe-growth |url-status=live }}</ref> ===هوائي جهاز انتظام نظام=== هوائي جهازن ۾ لڳل ڪيترن پيچيده نظامن، جن ۾ انجڻ جي نگراني ۽ انتظام به شامل آهي، جي مرڪزي ڪنٽرول ڏانهن ترقي ٿي آهي. [[صحت ۽ استعمال نگراني نظام]] (HUMS) کي هوائي جهاز انتظام ڪمپيوٽرن سان ضم ڪيو ويندو آهي، ته جيئن سار سنڀال ڪندڙ عملي کي انهن جزن بابت اڳواٽ خبرداري ملي سگهي، جن جي تبديلي گهربل هوندي. [[مربوط ماڊيولر هوابرقيات]] جو تصور هڪ اهڙي مربوط جوڙجڪ پيش ڪري ٿو، جنهن ۾ ايپليڪيشن سافٽويئر عام هارڊويئر ماڊيولن جي مجموعي تي منتقل ٿي سگهي ٿو. اهو [[چوٿين نسل جا جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهاز|چوٿين نسل جي جيٽ ويڙهاڪ جهازن]] ۽ جديد ترين [[مسافر هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ڪيو ويو آهي. ==مشن يا حڪمتِ عملي واري هوابرقيات== [[فوجي هوائي جهاز]] يا ته هٿيار پهچائڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويا آهن، يا ٻين هٿيارن وارن نظامن جون اکيون ۽ ڪن بڻجڻ لاءِ. فوج وٽ موجود حساسن جو وڏو سلسلو گهربل حڪمتِ عملي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. هوائي جهازن جي انتظام وانگر، وڏن حساس پليٽفارمن، جهڙوڪ E-3D، JSTARS، ASTOR، Nimrod MRA4 ۽ Merlin HM Mk 1، ۾ مشن انتظام ڪمپيوٽر هوندا آهن. پوليس ۽ هنگامي طبي خدمتن جا جهاز پڻ پيچيده حڪمتِ عملي حساس کڻندا آهن. ===فوجي مواصلات=== جڏهن ته هوائي جهازن جون مواصلات محفوظ اڏام لاءِ بنيادي ڍانچو فراهم ڪن ٿيون، حڪمتِ عملي وارا نظام جنگي ميدان جي سخت حالتن کي برداشت ڪرڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن. [[انتهائي اعليٰ تعدد]] (UHF)، [[تمام اعليٰ تعدد]] (VHF) حڪمتِ عملي مواصلات (30–88&nbsp;MHz)، ۽ سيٽلائيٽ مواصلات جا نظام، [[برقي ضد-ضد تدبيرون]] (ECCM) ۽ [[رمزنگاري]] سان گڏ، رابطن کي محفوظ بڻائين ٿا. [[لنڪ 11]]، [[لنڪ 16]]، [[لنڪ 22]]، [[بوومن مواصلاتي نظام]]، [[گڏيل حڪمتِ عملي ريڊيو نظام]] (JTRS) ۽ [[زميني ٽرڪنڊ ريڊيو]] (TETRA) جهڙا ڊيٽا لنڪ تصويرون، نشاندهي معلومات ۽ ٻيا ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ جا وسيلا مهيا ڪن ٿا. ===ريڊار=== هوائي [[ريڊار]] سڀ کان پهرين حڪمتِ عملي حساسن مان هڪ هو. اوچائيءَ سبب وڌيڪ حد حاصل ٿيڻ جي فائدي ڪري هوائي ريڊار ٽيڪنالاجين تي خاص ڌيان ڏنو ويو آهي. ريڊارن ۾ [[هوائي اڳواٽ خبرداري]]، [[آبدوز مخالف جنگ]]، [[موسمي ريڊار]] ([[آرنڪ 708]]) ۽ زميني پيڇو يا ويجهڙائي ريڊار شامل آهن. فوج تيز رفتار جيٽ جهازن ۾ [[زمين جي پيروي ڪندڙ ريڊار]] استعمال ڪري ٿي، ته جيئن پائلٽ گهٽ اوچائيءَ تي اڏام ڪري سگهن. شهري مارڪيٽ ۾ موسمي ريڊار ڪافي عرصي کان موجود آهي،<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-07|author-first=Chris|author-last=Woodford|author-link=Chris Woodford (author)|title=How radar works {{!}} Uses of radar |url=http://www.explainthatstuff.com/radar.html |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Explain that Stuff}}</ref> پر جهاز جي نيويگيشن لاءِ ان جي استعمال بابت سخت ضابطا موجود آهن.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14 CFR § 121.357 - Airborne weather radar equipment requirements. |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/14/121.357 |access-date=October 20, 2022 |website=Legal Information Institute |language=}}</ref> ===سونار=== مختلف فوجي هيليڪاپٽرن ۾ لڳايل ڊپنگ [[سونار]] [[هيليڪاپٽر]] کي آبدوزن يا مٿاڇري وارن خطرن کان سامونڊي اثاثن جي حفاظت ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائي ٿو. سامونڊي مددگار جهاز فعال ۽ غير فعال سونار اوزار، يعني [[سونوبوئي]]، اڇلائي سگهن ٿا، جيڪي دشمن آبدوزن جي جڳهه معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ===برقي-بصري نظام=== برقي-بصري نظامن ۾ [[هيڊ اپ ڊسپلي]] (HUD)، [[اڳتي ڏسندڙ انفراريڊ]] (FLIR)، [[انفراريڊ ڳولا ۽ پيڇو]] ۽ ٻيا غير فعال انفراريڊ اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[غير فعال انفراريڊ حساس]]، شامل آهن. اهي سڀ اڏام عملي کي تصويرون ۽ معلومات مهيا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. اها تصويرڪشي ڳولا ۽ بچاءَ کان وٺي [[نيويگيشن مددگار]]ن ۽ [[هدف حاصل ڪرڻ]] تائين ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. ===برقي مدد جا قدم ۽ دفاعي مدد نظام=== برقي مدد جا قدم ۽ دفاعي مدد نظام خطرن يا ممڪن خطرن بابت معلومات گڏ ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندا آهن. اهي هوائي جهاز خلاف سڌي خطرن کي منهن ڏيڻ لاءِ اوزار ڇڏڻ ۾، ڪجهه حالتن ۾ پاڻمرادو، استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا. اهي خطري جي حالت معلوم ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ===هوائي جهاز نيٽ ورڪ=== فوجي، تجارتي ۽ جديد شهري هوائي جهازن ۾ هوابرقياتي نظام هڪ هوابرقياتي ڊيٽا بس ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل هوندا آهن. عام هوابرقياتي ڊيٽا بس پروٽوڪول، انهن جي بنيادي استعمال سان گڏ، هي آهن: * [[هوائي جهاز ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ]] ([[هوائي جهاز ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ|ADN]]): تجارتي هوائي جهازن لاءِ ايٿرنيٽ مان نڪتل نظام * [[هوابرقياتي مڪمل-ٻطرفي سوئچڊ ايٿرنيٽ]]: تجارتي هوائي جهازن لاءِ [[آرنڪ 664]] ([[هوائي جهاز ڊيٽا نيٽ ورڪ|ADN]]) جي خاص عملدرآمد * [[آرنڪ 429]]: خانگي ۽ تجارتي هوائي جهازن لاءِ عام وچولي رفتار واري ڊيٽا ورڇ * [[هوابرقياتي مڪمل-ٻطرفي سوئچڊ ايٿرنيٽ|آرنڪ 664]]: مٿي ڄاڻايل ADN ڏسو * [[آرنڪ 629]]: تجارتي هوائي جهاز، جهڙوڪ [[بوئنگ 777]] * [[آرنڪ 708]]: تجارتي هوائي جهازن لاءِ موسمي ريڊار * [[آرنڪ 717]]: تجارتي هوائي جهازن لاءِ اڏام ڊيٽا رڪارڊر * [[آرنڪ 825]]: تجارتي هوائي جهازن لاءِ [[ڪن بس]]، مثال طور [[بوئنگ 787]] ۽ [[ايئربس اي 350]] * [[تجارتي معياري ڊجيٽل بس]] * [[آئي اي اي اي 1394 بي]]: فوجي هوائي جهاز * [[ايم آءِ ايل-ايس ٽي ڊي-1553]]: فوجي هوائي جهاز * [[ايم آءِ ايل-ايس ٽي ڊي-1760]]: فوجي هوائي جهاز * [[وقت-محرڪ پروٽوڪول]] (TTP): [[بوئنگ 787]]، [[ايئربس اي 380]] ۽ پارڪر ايرو اسپيس جا فلائي-باءِ-وائر عملدرآمد پليٽفارم == پڻ ڏسو == * [[خلائي جهاز]]ن لاءِ ساڳئي شعبي بابت [[ايسٽريونڪس]] * {{annotated link|ACARS}} * [[ايويانڪس ۾ مخفف ۽ مختصر صورتون]] * {{annotated link|ARINC}} * [[ايويانڪس سافٽويئر]] * {{annotated link|DO-178C}} * [[هنگامي هنڌ معلوم ڪندڙ بيڪن]] * [[هنگامي جڳهه ظاهر ڪندڙ ريڊيو بيڪن]] * {{annotated link|Flight recorder}} * [[انٽيگريٽيڊ ماڊيولر ايويانڪس]] == حوالا == {{Reflist}} == وڌيڪ مطالعو == * ''Avionics: Development and Implementation'' — Cary R. Spitzer (هارڊڪور، 15 ڊسمبر 2006ع) * ''Principles of Avionics''، چوٿون ڇاپو — Albert Helfrick، Len Buckwalter ۽ Avionics Communications Inc. (پيپر بيڪ، 1 جولاءِ 2007ع) * ''Avionics Training: Systems, Installation, and Troubleshooting'' — Len Buckwalter (پيپر بيڪ، 30 جون 2005ع) * ''Avionics Made Simple'' — Mouhamed Abdulla، Ph.D.، Jaroslav V. Svoboda، Ph.D. ۽ Luis Rodrigues، Ph.D. (ڪورس پيڪ، ڊسمبر 2005ع، {{ISBN|978-0-88947-908-1}}) == خارجي ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Avionics}} {{Wiktionary|avionics}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160510105632/http://www.harbourind.com/applications-in-commercial-aircraft تجارتي هوائي جهازن ۾ ايويانڪس] * [http://www.aea.net Aircraft Electronics Association] * [http://www.aeapilotsguide.net ''Pilot's Guide to Avionics''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081020024422/http://www.assconline.co.uk/ The Avionic Systems Standardisation Committee] * [http://klabs.org/DEI/Processor/shuttle/sp-504/sp-504.htm Space Shuttle Avionics] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070921205322/http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/ Aviation Today Avionics magazine] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071230104039/http://www.raes.org.uk/cmspage.asp?cmsitemid=SG_Av_Sys_Home RAES Avionics homepage] {{Aircraft components}} {{Electronic systems}} {{Authority control}} [[زمرو:ايويانڪس]] [[زمرو:هوائي جهازن جا اوزار]] [[زمرو:خلائي جهازن جا جزا]] [[زمرو:برقي انجنيئرنگ]] 9zo22ufjs7js0gnmofd14prky3gsaml 0 99687 390264 390113 2026-07-01T00:20:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{مختصر وضاحت|11هين صديءَ جو مندر ۽ يونيسڪو عالمي ورثي وارو ماڳ}} {{Infobox religious building | image = Brihadisvara Temple during Maha Shivaratri-WUS03611 (edit).jpg | caption = [[مها شوراتري]] دوران برهديشور مندر | native_name = தஞ்சைப் பெருவுடையார் கோயில் | map_type = India#Tamil Nadu | map_caption = [[تامل ناڊو]]، [[هندستان]] ۾ مقام | coordinates = {{coord|10|46|58|N|79|07|54|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation = [[هندومت]] | country = [[هندستان]] | state = [[تامل ناڊو]] | district = [[ٿنجاوور ضلعو]] | location = [[ٿنجاوور]] | elevation_m = 65.83 | deity = [[شيو]] | festivals = [[مها شوراتري]] | architecture_style = [[چولا فن تعمير]] | inscriptions = [[تامل ٻولي|تامل]] | year_completed = 1010ع | creator = [[راجاراجا اول]] | footnotes = {{معلوماتي خانو يونيسڪو عالمي ورثو | child = yes | official_name = برهديشور مندر جو مجموعو، ٿنجاوور | part_of = [[عظيم زندهه چولا مندر]] | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii)}}(ii)، (iii) | ID = 250bis-001 | year = 1987 | extension = 2004 | area = {{convert|18.07|ha|acre|abbr=on}} | buffer_zone = {{convert|9.58|ha|acre|abbr=on}} }} }} '''برهديشور مندر''' (Brihadisvara Temple)، جنهن کي ان جي باني [[راجاراجا اول]] طرفان '''راجاراجيشورم''' (يعني "راجاراجا جو رب") سڏيو ويو، ۽ جيڪو مقامي طور '''ٿنجائي پيريا ڪوول''' (يعني "ٿنجاوور جو وڏو مندر") ۽ '''پيروودائيار ڪوول''' (يعني "عظيم رب جو مندر") جي نالن سان مشهور آهي، [[هندومت]] جي [[شيو مت]] سان لاڳاپيل هڪ شاندار [[هندو مندر]] آهي، جيڪو [[چولا فن ۽ تعمير]] جي طرز تي تعمير ڪيو ويو آهي. هي مندر [[هندستان]] جي [[تامل ناڊو]] رياست جي [[ٿنجاوور]] شهر ۾ [[ڪاويري ندي]] جي ڏاکڻي ڪناري تي واقع آهي. هي مندر هندومت جي سڀ کان وڏن مندرن مان هڪ آهي ۽ [[تامل تعمير]] جو اعليٰ نمونو شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |title=Great Living Chola Temples |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=John |last=Keay |title=India, a History |year=2000 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |pages=xix}}</ref> ان کي '''ڏکڻ ميرو''' پڻ سڏيو وڃي ٿو، جنهن جو مطلب "[[ڏکڻ هندستان]] جو [[ميرو جبل]]" آهي.<ref>{{cite book|title=Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia|author=K. V. Raman|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|year=2006|page=136}}</ref> هي مندر [[چولا خاندان]] جي شهنشاهه [[راجاراجا اول]] جي حڪم تي 1003ع کان 1010ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ٿيو. اڄ اهو [[يونيسڪو]] جي عالمي ورثي واري ماڳ '''[[عظيم زندهه چولا مندر]]''' جو حصو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[برهديشور مندر، گانگائيڪونڊا چولاپورم]] ۽ [[ايراويتيشور مندر]] پڻ شامل آهن.<ref name=UNESCO/> اصل يارهين صديءَ جي مندر جي چوڌاري هڪ کاهي موجود هئي. مندر جي مجموعي ۾ [[گوپورم]]، مکيه عبادتگاهه، ان جو اوچو [[ويمانا (تعمير)|ويمانا]]، ڪتبا، ڀتين جون تصويرون (Frescoes) ۽ مجسما شامل هئا، جن مان گهڻا [[شيو مت]] سان لاڳاپيل آهن، جڏهن ته ڪجهه [[وشنو مت]] ۽ [[شڪتي مت]] سان پڻ واسطو رکن ٿا. مندر پنهنجي تاريخ دوران ڪجهه نقصان به برداشت ڪيو، جنهن سبب ڪجهه فني آثار ضايع ٿي ويا. ايندڙ صدين ۾ وڌيڪ منڊپ ۽ ٻيون اڏاوتون شامل ڪيون ويون، جڏهن ته موجوده حفاظتي ڀتيون [[16هين صدي]] کان پوءِ تعمير ڪيون ويون. {{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=1-21}} گرينائيٽ پٿر سان تعمير ٿيل هن مندر جو [[ويمانا (تعمير)|ويمانا]] [[ڏکڻ هندستان]] جي سڀ کان اوچين مندر ٽاورن مان هڪ آهي. مندر ۾ وڏي ستون واري [[پراڪارا]] (گذرگاهه) ۽ [[هندستان]] جي سڀ کان وڏن [[شيو لنگ]]ن مان هڪ موجود آهي.<ref name=UNESCO/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=20-21}} برهديشور مندر پنهنجي اعليٰ درجي جي مجسما سازي لاءِ پڻ مشهور آهي. هتي يارهين صديءَ ۾ پتل مان تيار ڪيل مشهور [[نٽراج]] (رقص ڪندڙ شيو) جي مورتي ٺهرائڻ جو حڪم پڻ ڏنو ويو هو. مندر جي احاطي ۾ [[ننڊي]]، [[پاروتي]]، [[مروگن]]، [[گڻيش]]، سبهاپتي، [[ڏکڻامورتي]]، [[چنڊيشور نايانار]]، [[وراهي]]، تيرووارور جي ٿياگاراجر، [[سدهر]] [[ڪروورار]] ۽ ٻين ديوتائن ۽ سنتن جا مندر پڻ موجود آهن.<ref name=UNESCO/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-29}} برهديشور مندر [[تامل ناڊو]] جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ گهمڻ وارن سياحتي ماڳن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="Gopal 1990 185">{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year=1990|page=185|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> == نالو == [[راجاراجا اول|راجاراجا چولا]]، جنهن هن مندر جي تعمير جو حڪم ڏنو، ان کي راجاراجيشورم (Rajarājeśvaram) سڏيو، جنهن جي لفظي معنيٰ "راجاراجا جي ديوتا جو مندر" آهي.<ref>{{cite book |author=D. Raphael |title=Temples of Tamil Nadu, Works of Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTqAAAAMAAJ |year=1996 |publisher=Ratnamala |isbn=978-955-9440-00-0 |page=9 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103506/https://books.google.com/books?id=_rTqAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> برهناياڪي عبادتگاهه ۾ موجود هڪ پوءِ واري ڪتبي ۾ مندر جي ديوتا کي پيريا اڊايا نايانار سڏيو ويو آهي، جيڪو جديد نالن برهديشور ۽ پيروودائيار ڪوول جو ماخذ معلوم ٿئي ٿو.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. R. Balasubrahmanyam |title=Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVhJAQAAIAAJ |year=1975 |publisher=Thomson |page=87 |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=iVhJAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> == مقام == [[File:Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (747).jpg|thumb|centre|400px|ڀتين کان ٻاهران ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ برهديشور مندر جو مجموعو]] پيروودائيار مندر<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brihadeeswara Temple|url=https://brihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in/|access-date=2022-02-24|website=Brihadeeswara Temple|language=en-US|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224085645/https://brihadeeswara.temple-mandir.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[ٿنجاوور]] شهر ۾، [[چنئي]] کان اٽڪل {{convert|350|km}} ڏکڻ-اولهه طرف واقع آهي. هي شهر [[هندستاني ريلوي]]، تامل ناڊو بس سروسز ۽ [[تامل ناڊو جون قومي شاهراهون|قومي شاهراهن]] [[قومي شاهراهه 67 (هندستان)|67]]، [[قومي شاهراهه 45C (هندستان)|45C]]، [[قومي شاهراهه 226 (هندستان)|226]] ۽ [[قومي شاهراهه 226 (هندستان)|226 ايڪسٽينشن]] ذريعي روزانو ٻين وڏن شهرن سان ڳنڍيل آهي.<ref name="road">{{cite web | url =http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf | page =2 | title =NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI | access-date =17 December 2011 | work =Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, [[Government of India]] | publisher =[[National Highways Authority of India]] | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf | archive-date =25 February 2009 | url-status =dead | df =dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm|title=Thanjavur bus routes|publisher=Municipality of Thanjavur|access-date=29 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617131259/http://www.municipality.tn.gov.in/thanjavur/city-routes.htm|archive-date=17 June 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> باقاعده خدمتن وارو ويجھو هوائي اڏو [[تروچراپلي بين الاقوامي هوائي اڏو]] (IATA: TRZ) آهي، جيڪو اٽڪل {{convert|55|km}} پري آهي.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri|title=Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FnXXAAAAMAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Nile|page=5}}</ref> شهر ۽ مندر، جيتوڻيڪ اندرونِ ملڪ واقع آهن، پر اهي [[ڪاويري ندي]] جي ڊيلٽا جي شروعات وٽ آهن؛ انهيءَ ڪري انهن کي [[بنگال جو نار]] ۽ ان وسيلي [[هندي وڏو سمنڊ]] تائين رسائي حاصل آهي. مندرن سان گڏ، تامل ماڻهن يارهين صديءَ ۾ زراعت، سامان جي چرپر ۽ شهري مرڪز مان پاڻي جي وهڪري تي ضابطو رکڻ لاءِ آبپاشي جو پهريون وڏو نظام مڪمل ڪيو.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marshall M. Bouton|title=Agrarian Radicalism in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-v_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5784-5|pages=72–78}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[File:Raraja detail.png|thumb|left|200x200px|[[چولا خاندان]] جي شهنشاهه [[راجا راجا چولا اول|راجاراجا اول]] جو مجسمو، جنهن 1003ع کان 1010ع جي وچ ۾ مندر تعمير ڪرايو.<ref name=mitchell/>]] پنجين صديءَ کان نائين صديءَ تائين [[چالوڪيا خاندان|چالوڪيا]] حڪمرانيءَ جي دور ۾ [[ايھول]]، [[بادامي غار مندر|بادامي]] ۽ [[پٽاڊڪل]] ۾ ڏسڻ ۾ ايندڙ مثالن موجب [[دراوڙي تعمير|تامل مندرن]] جا مختلف اڏاوتي انداز ترقي ڪندا رهيا. ان کان پوءِ [[پلاوا خاندان|پلاوا]] دور ۾ [[مهابلي پورم جا يادگار|ماملاپورم]] ۽ ٻين يادگارن ۾ اهو انداز وڌيڪ نمايان ٿيو. 850ع کان 1280ع تائين [[چولا خاندان|چولا]] ڏکڻ هندستان ۾ غالب خاندان طور اڀريا.<ref name=mitchell/>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=1-2}} شروعاتي چولا دور ۾ سندن ڌيان گهڻو ڪري سياسي ۽ جاگرافيائي سرحدن کي محفوظ ڪرڻ تي هو، جڏهن ته تعميراتي سرگرمين تي نسبتاً گهٽ زور ڏنو ويو. ڏهين صديءَ ۾ چولا سلطنت اندر اهڙيون اڏاوتي خصوصيتون ظاهر ٿيون، جهڙوڪ گهڻ-رخا [[ستون]]، جن جي مٿان نڪتل چورس [[سرستون (تعمير)|سرستون]] هوندا هئا. جارج مچل موجب، اهي خاصيتون نئين چولا طرز جي شروعات جي علامت هيون.<ref name=mitchell>{{harvnb|Michell|1988|pp=145–148}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|ڊگلس بيريٽ پنهنجي 1975ع واري چولا تعمير بابت اشاعت ۾ لکي ٿو ته 866ع کان 940ع جي وچ ۾، پهرئين چولا حڪمران وجيالايا کان شروع ٿي، هڪ نئون انداز اڀريو. بيريٽ موجب چولا طرز پلاوا روايت مان پيدا نه ٿي.<ref name="Barrett1974">{{cite book|author=Douglas E. Barrett|title=Early Cola Architecture and Sculpture; 866-1014 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0J4QgAACAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Faber|isbn=978-0-571-10507-6|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=s0J4QgAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> گيري جي. شونڊلر موجب، بيريٽ جو ڪم اهڙيون رايا فراهم ڪري ٿو، جيڪي "لامحدود اندازن ۽ بحث" جا موقعا پيدا ڪن ٿا.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Schwindler | first=Gary J. | title=Review: Early Cola Architecture and Sculpture | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=36 | issue=4 | year=1977 | doi=10.2307/2054437 | page=705| jstor=2054437 | s2cid=163896079 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}} ڏکڻ هندستاني اڏاوت جو اهو انداز پيماني ۽ تفصيل ٻنهي لحاظ کان برهديشور مندر ۾ پنهنجي مڪمل صورت ۾ نظر اچي ٿو، جيڪو چولا بادشاهه [[راجا راجا چولا اول|راجاراجا اول]] 1003ع کان 1010ع جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪرايو. <ref name=mitchell/> {{multiple image | total_width = 500 | align = centre | direction = horizontal | image1 = Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur by William Hodges.jpg | caption1 = | image2 = Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur by Henry Salt.jpg | caption2 = | footer = برهديشور مندر، ٿنجاوور جون شروعاتي يورپي عڪاسيون، ارڙهين صديءَ جي آخر کان اوڻيهين صديءَ جي شروعات تائين. }} === واڌارا، نئين سر مرمت ۽ مرمتي ڪم === مکيه مندر ۽ ان جا [[گوپورم]] يارهين صديءَ جي شروعات سان واسطو رکن ٿا. ايندڙ 1,000 سالن دوران هن مندر ۾ واڌارا، نئين سر مرمت ۽ مرمتي ڪم ٿيندا رهيا. حملا ۽ جنگيون، خاص طور انهن مسلمان [[سلطان]]ن جي وچ ۾ جيڪي [[مدورائي]] تي حڪمراني ڪندا هئا، ۽ انهن [[هندو بادشاهه]]ن جي وچ ۾ جيڪي ٿنجاوور تي حڪمراني ڪندا هئا، مندر کي نقصان پهچائڻ جو سبب بڻيون <refname=michell16/>{{refn|group=note|ٿنجاوور ويجهن ۽ پري واقع مسلمان توڙي هندو پاڙيسري بادشاهتن جو هدف رهيو. [[مدورائي سلطنت]] 14هين صديءَ ۾ قائم ٿي، جڏهن [[دهلي سلطنت]] جي علاءُ الدين خلجي جي فوجن، ملڪ ڪافور جي اڳواڻيءَ ۾، ڏکڻ هندستان تي تباهه ڪندڙ حملا ۽ ڦرلٽ ڪئي.<ref>George Michell (2008), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 9-13, 16-21</ref> بعد ۾ عادل شاهي سلطنت، قطب شاهيون، رندولا خان ۽ ڏکڻ هندستان جي اوڀر ۽ اولهه ڪنارن کان ٻين قوتن ان تي حملا ڪيا، ۽ ڪجھه ان تي چند سالن لاءِ قابض به رهيون.<ref name=michell16/>}} انهن نقصانن جي مرمت انهن هندو خاندانن ڪرائي، جن ٻيهر علائقي تي ضابطو حاصل ڪيو. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ حڪمرانن مندر جي ڦڪي ٿي ويل تصويرن کي نون ڀتين وارين تصويرن سان ڍڪڻ ذريعي مندر کي نئين سر سينگارڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي. ٻين حالتن ۾ هنن نون عبادتگاهن جي واڌاري جي سرپرستي ڪئي. [[ڪارتڪيا]]، جنهن کي [[مروگن]] پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، [[پاروتي]]، جنهن کي اماں پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، ۽ [[ننڊي]] جون اهم عبادتگاهون 16هين ۽ 17هين صديءَ جي نايڪ دور سان تعلق رکن ٿيون.<ref name=michell16>George Michell (2008), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, pages 16-21, 89-91</ref>{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=25-26}} ساڳي طرح [[ڏکڻامورتي]] جي عبادتگاهه به بعد ۾ تعمير ڪئي وئي.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=25-26}} ٿنجاوور جي [[مرهٺا]]ن هن مندر جي سٺي سنڀال ڪئي. == بيان == === تعمير === {{multiple image | total_width = 400 | align = left | direction = horizontal | image1 = Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (451).jpg | image2 = Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (404).jpg | footer = ٿنجاوور ۾ برهديشور مندر جي مجموعي جا مختلف منظر }} پيروودائيار مندر جي رٿابندي ۽ تعمير [[ڪارٽيشيائي همراهن جو نظام|محوري]] ۽ [[هم آهنگي|هم آهنگ]] [[جيوميٽري]] جي اصولن مطابق ڪئي وئي آهي.<ref name=thapar>Thapar 2004, pp.43, 52–53</ref> هن کي ''پيرون ڪوئل'' (Perunkoil)، جنهن کي ''ماداڪوئل'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو، جي درجي ۾ شامل ڪيو وڃي ٿو، يعني اهڙو وڏو مندر جيڪو قدرتي يا مصنوعي دڙي تي تعمير ڪيو ويو هجي.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alayam - The Hindu temple - An epitome of Hindu Culture|page=31|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|location=Mylapore, Chennai|last=Reddy|first=G.Venkatramana|year=2010|isbn=978-81-7823-542-4}}</ref> مندر جو مجموعو مستطيل شڪل جو آهي، جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ هڪ ٻئي جي مٿان رکيل ٻن چورس حصن جهڙو ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو. اهو اوڀر کان اولهه تائين {{convert|240.79|m}} ۽ اتر کان ڏکڻ تائين {{convert|121.92|m}} ايراضيءَ تي پکڙيل آهي. هن احاطي ۾ پنج بنيادي حصا آهن: مکيه عبادتگاهه جنهن جي مٿان اوچو ''[[ويمانا (تعمير)|سري ويمانا]]'' آهي، ان جي سامهون [[نندي]] جو منڊپ (''نندي منڊپم'')، ۽ انهن جي وچ ۾ مکيه اجتماعي هال (''مک منڊپم'')، وڏو گڏجاڻي هال (''مها منڊپم'') ۽ ''انترالا'' نالي اهو حصو جيڪو مها منڊپ کي مکيه عبادتگاهه سان ڳنڍي ٿو.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}} مندر جي وسيع صحن ۾ ستونن سان ڍڪيل هڪ وڏو ''[[پراڪارا]]'' (گذرگاهه) شامل آهي، جنهن جو گهيرو لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|450|m}} آهي ۽ جيڪو پردڪشنا (چڪر هڻڻ) لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. هن پراڪارا کان ٻاهر ٻه احاطي واريون ڀتيون آهن. ٻاهرين ڀت دفاعي مقصدن لاءِ 1777ع ۾ فرانسيسي نوآبادياتي فوجن تعمير ڪرائي، جنهن ۾ بندوقن لاءِ سوراخ پڻ ٺاهيا ويا، ڇاڪاڻ ته ان وقت مندر کي هٿيارخاني طور به استعمال ڪيو ويندو هو. انهن هن ڀت کي وڌيڪ اوچو ڪري مندر جي احاطي کي الڳ ڪيو. اوڀر طرف اصل مکيه [[گوپورم]] موجود آهي، جيڪو [[بيرل والٽ]] طرز تي ٺهيل آهي. هي مکيه مندر جي ويمانا جي اوچائيءَ کان اڌ کان به گهٽ آهي. يارهين صديءَ کان پوءِ مندر ۾ وڌيڪ اڏاوتون شامل ڪيون ويون، جهڙوڪ اتر-اوڀر ڪنڊ ۾ هڪ منڊپ ۽ احاطي جي چوڌاري اضافي گوپورم، ته جيئن مختلف پاسن کان اچ وڃ ممڪن ٿي سگهي.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Winand M. Callewaert|title=Gods and Temples in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXnXAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-107-5|pages=150–151|access-date=12 November 2017|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103401/https://books.google.com/books?id=AXnXAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> نوآبادياتي دور کان اڳ [[پانڊيا خاندان|پانڊيا]]، [[نايڪ خاندان|نايڪ]]، [[وجيانگر سلطنت|وجيانگر]] ۽ [[مرهٽا]] دور ۾ پڻ مندر ۾ ڪيترائي ننڍا عبادتگاهه ۽ اڏاوتون شامل ڪيون ويون، پر انهن سڀني اصل رٿابندي ۽ هم آهنگيءَ جي اصولن جو احترام ڪيو. اصل احاطي اندر، مکيه عبادتگاهه ۽ نندي منڊپ سان گڏ [[ڪارتڪيا]] ۽ [[پاروتي]] جا ٻه اهم عبادتگاهه موجود آهن، جڏهن ته احاطي ۾ ٻيا به ڪيترائي ننڍا مندر آهن.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}<ref name=igncatanj>[http://ignca.nic.in/pdf_data/bt_release_brochure.pdf Tanjavur: Brhadisvara temple, The monument and the living tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330024138/http://www.ignca.nic.in/PDF_data/bt_release_brochure.pdf |date=30 March 2016 }}, Kapila Vatsyayan and R Nagaswamy et al, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, Government of India (2012), page 7</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Imperial Frontiers: Building Sacred Space in Sixteenth-Century South India|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=90|issue=2|jstor=20619601|last=Branfoot|first=Crispin|year=2008|page=185|doi=10.1080/00043079.2008.10786389|s2cid=154135978}}</ref> پيروودائيار مندر ڏکڻ هندستان جي هندو مندرن جي روايت کي جاري رکندي تعميراتي ۽ سينگاريل عنصرن کي اختيار ڪيو، پر ان جي جسامت يارهين صديءَ کان اڳ تعمير ٿيل سڀني مندرن کان گهڻي وڏي هئي. چولا دور جي معمارن ۽ ڪاريگرن وڏن پٿرن کي استعمال ڪندي {{convert|63.4|m}} اوچو [[ويمانا (تعمير)|ويمانا]] تعمير ڪرڻ جي فني مهارت جو شاندار مظاهرو ڪيو.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}}<ref name=igncatanj/> {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2017).jpg | width1 = 248 | caption1 = نندي منڊپ ۽ داخلي گوپورم، صحن مان اتر-اوڀر وارو منظر | image2 = Thanjavur Brihadeeswara Temple Entrance.JPG | width2 = 110 | caption2 = داخلي دروازي جو هڪ ٻيو منظر }} [[File:Gopuram of the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 02.jpg|thumb|برهديشور مندر جو گوپورم]] مندر جو رخ اوڀر طرف آهي ۽ ماضيءَ ۾ ان جي چوڌاري پاڻيءَ سان ڀريل کاهي موجود هئي، جيڪا هاڻي ڀري وئي آهي. موجوده حفاظتي ڀت انهيءَ پراڻي کاهيءَ جي چوڌاري ٺهيل آهي. ٻنهي ڀتين ۾ نفيس سينگاريل دروازا آهن، جن کي [[گوپورم]] چيو وڃي ٿو. اهي پٿر مان تعمير ٿيل آهن ۽ سندن مٿئين حصي تي خوبصورت تعميري سينگار موجود آهي. مکيه داخلي دروازا اوڀر طرف آهن. پهريون گوپورم ''ڪيرالانتاڪن تروواسل'' سڏجي ٿو، جنهن جي معنيٰ "ڪيرالانتاڪن جو مقدس دروازو" آهي. ''ڪيرالانتاڪن'' راجاراجا اول جو هڪ لقب هو. ان کان لڳ ڀڳ {{convert|100|m}} اڳتي اندروني صحن جو گوپورم ''راجاراجن تروواسل'' آهي، جيڪو پهرئين گوپورم کان وڌيڪ سينگاريل آهي. ان جي ''ادهيشٿانم'' تي [[پراڻ]] ۽ ٻين هندو مذهبي متنن جا منظر اُڪريل آهن.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-19}} اندروني اوڀرئين گوپورم مان هڪ وسيع صحن ۾ داخل ٿيندو آهي، جتي سڀئي عبادتگاهه اوڀر-اولهه ۽ اتر-ڏکڻ جي بنيادي رخن مطابق ترتيب ڏنل آهن. هن احاطي ۾ پنج ماڙ گوپورم مان يا هڪ ننڍڙي آزاد بيٺل گوپورم ذريعي به داخل ٿي سگهجي ٿو. مکيه داخلي گوپورم جي اوچائي لڳ ڀڳ 30 ميٽر آهي، جيڪا ويمانا کان گهٽ آهي.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-29}} مکيه مندر ۽ ان جو وڏو ٽاور صحن جي وچ ۾ واقع آهن. شيو لاءِ وقف ڪيل هن مندر جي چوڌاري ڪيترائي ننڍا عبادتگاهه آهن، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري هڪ ئي محور تي ٺهيل آهن. اهي [[پاروتي]]، [[مروگن]]، [[گڻيش]]، [[ننڊي]]، [[وراهي]]، [[ڪروور ديو]] (راجاراجا چولا جو [[گرو]])، [[چنڊيشور]] ۽ [[نٽراج]] لاءِ وقف آهن.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|pp=16-29}} ننڊي منڊپ ۾ هڪ ئي پٿر مان تراشيل ويٺل [[نندي]] جو مجسمو مکيه عبادتگاهه ڏانهن منهن ڪري بيٺل آهي. ننڊي ۽ عبادتگاهه جي وچ ۾ ڏاڪڻيون آهن، جيڪي ستونن واري برآمدي، اجتماعي هال ۽ اندروني منڊپ ڏانهن وڃن ٿيون، جتان [[پردڪشنا]] (چڪر هڻڻ) وارو رستو شروع ٿئي ٿو.{{sfn|S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|1975|p=22}} هي ننڊي جو مجسمو لڳ ڀڳ 25 ٽن وزني آهي، هڪ ئي پٿر مان تراشيل آهي ۽ تقريباً 2 ميٽر اوچو، 6 ميٽر ڊگهو ۽ 2.5 ميٽر ويڪرو آهي. اهو [[هندستان]] جي سڀ کان وڏن هڪ پٿر مان ٺهيل ننڊي جي مجسمن مان هڪ شمار ڪيو وڃي ٿو. == هزار سالا يادگاري تقريبون == <gallery mode="packed" heights="180"> File:1000 years Old Thanjavur Brihadeeshwara Temple View at Sunrise.jpg|1,000 سال پراڻو ٿنجاوور برهديشور مندر — سج اڀرڻ وقت منظر File:Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple, dance (6851706080).jpg|برهديشور مندر جي يادگاري تقريب لاءِ گڏ ٿيل رقاص </gallery> ٿنجاوور ۾ چولا شهنشاهه [[راجا راجا چولا اول|راجاراجا اول]] طرفان 1010ع ۾ تعمير ڪرايل هي مندر عام طور "وڏو مندر" جي نالي سان مشهور آهي. سيپٽمبر 2010ع ۾ هن مندر کي 1,000 سال مڪمل ٿيا. هن عظيم اڏاوت جي هزارين سالگرهه ملهائڻ لاءِ رياستي حڪومت ۽ شهر ۾ ڪيترائي ثقافتي پروگرام منعقد ڪيا ويا. اهو راجاراجا اول (985ع–1014ع) جي حڪمرانيءَ جي 25هين سال جي 275هين ڏينهن (1010ع) جي ياد ۾ هو، جڏهن هن مکيه عبادتگاهه مٿان {{convert|59.82|m}} اوچي [[ويمانا (ٽاور)|ويمانا]] کي تاج ڏيڻ لاءِ آخري تقديس خاطر سون سان ڍڪيل [[ڪلسام]]، يعني ٽامي جو ٿانو يا [[فائنل]]، پيش ڪيو.<ref name="jlbiadsf">{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11406440| title= India's Big Temple marks 1,000th birthday| author= BBC News augue| access-date= 25 September 2010| date= 25 September 2010| archive-date= 26 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926045640/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11406440| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="asedgt">{{citation | title= Early Chola temples:Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, 907–985 A.D | author= PS. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1971), Orient Longman Publications}}</ref><ref name="sdbjt">{{citation | title= Rāja Rāja, the great:seminar proceedings | author= Ananthacharya Indological Research Institute (1984)}}</ref> === ڀارت ناٽيم يگيا === ان موقعي کي ملهائڻ لاءِ رياستي حڪومت مشهور رقاصه [[پدما سبرامنيم]] جي نگرانيءَ هيٺ [[ڀارت ناٽيم]] [[يگيا (هندو رسم)|يگيا]]، يعني ڪلاسيڪي ناچ جو پروگرام، منعقد ڪيو. اهو پروگرام ايسوسيئيشن آف ڀارت ناٽيم آرٽسٽس آف انڊيا (ABHAI) ۽ برهن ناٽيانجلي ٽرسٽ، ٿنجاوور طرفان گڏيل طور منظم ڪيو ويو. عمارت جي 1,000هين سالگرهه جي موقعي تي نئين دهلي، [[ممبئي]]، [[پوني]]، تامل ناڊو، آنڌرا پرديش، [[ڪرناٽڪ]]، ڪيرالا، سنگاپور، ملائيشيا ۽ آمريڪا مان 1,000 رقاصن [[ڪروور ديو]]، جيڪو راجاراجا جو گرو هو، جي ترتيب ڏنل الاهي موسيقي [[ترويسائپا]]، يعني [[ترو مورائي]] جي نائين جلد، جي رڪارڊ ٿيل 11 بندن تي گڏيل ناچ پيش ڪيو. 26 سيپٽمبر 2010ع کان شروع ٿيندڙ ٻن ڏينهن تائين هي ننڍڙو شهر هڪ ثقافتي مرڪز بڻجي ويو، جتي گهٽي فنڪار ۽ رقاص سڄي شهر ۾ پرفارم ڪندا رهيا.<ref name="DDY">{{cite web| url= http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/16/slide-show-1-indias-biggest-temple-turns-1000-years.htm| title= India's Biggest Temple turns 1000-years| author= Rediff News| access-date= 20 August 2010| archive-date= 18 August 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100818165702/http://news.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/aug/16/slide-show-1-indias-biggest-temple-turns-1000-years.htm| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="dfgjoerY">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article544804.ece | title=A grand dance spectacle at the Thanjavur Big Temple | work=The Hindu | access-date=20 August 2010 | location=Chennai, India | date=1 August 2010 | first=T. S. | last=Subramanian | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804150451/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article544804.ece | archive-date=4 August 2010 | url-status=dead }}</ref> === يادگاري ٽڪليون ۽ سڪا === 26 سيپٽمبر 2010ع تي، يعني وڏي مندر جي هزار سالا تقريبن جي پنجين ڏينهن، ملڪ جي ثقافتي، تعميراتي ۽ ڪتبن واري تاريخ ۾ وڏي مندر جي ڪردار جي مڃتا طور [[انڊيا پوسٽ]] طرفان {{INR}} 5 جي خاص ٽپال ٽڪلي جاري ڪئي وئي، جنهن تي {{convert|216|ft|m|order=flip}} اوچي عظيم [[راجا گوپورم]] جي تصوير ڏنل هئي. [[رزرو بئنڪ آف انڊيا]] هن موقعي کي يادگار بڻائڻ لاءِ {{INR}} 5 جو سڪو جاري ڪيو، جنهن تي مندر جو نمونو اُڀريل صورت ۾ ٺاهيو ويو هو.<ref name="sdlkqqqsf">{{cite web | url= http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99918/stamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html | title= Stamp, coin release mark 1,000 years of Big Temple | author= Deccan Herald (26 September 2010) | access-date= 26 September 2010 | archive-date= 6 October 2010 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006063714/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/99918/stamp-coin-release-mark-1000.html | url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="ohjohjf">{{cite news | url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/27/stories/2010092759620100.htm| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100929172241/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/27/stories/2010092759620100.htm| url-status= dead| archive-date= 29 September 2010| title= Release of a special postal stamp and a five- rupee coin | access-date=27 September 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work= [[The Hindu]]| date=27 September 2010}}</ref> [[اي. راجا]]، [[مواصلات ۽ انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي وزارت (هندستان)|مواصلات ۽ انفارميشن ٽيڪنالاجي جو ڪابينا وزير]]، برهديشور مندر جي خاص ٽپال ٽڪلي جاري ڪئي، جنهن جي پهرين ٽڪلي [[جي. ڪي. وسان]]، [[جھازراني وزارت (هندستان)|جھازراني جي ڪابينا وزير]]، وصول ڪئي. [[انڊيا گورنمينٽ منٽ، ممبئي|ممبئي منٽ]] ساڳئي تصوير سان، جيڪا {{INR}} 5 جي سڪي تي هئي، {{INR}} 1,000 جو يادگاري سڪو جاري ڪيو. اهو جمهوريه هندستان جي سڪن ۾ جاري ٿيل پهريون 1,000 رپين جو سڪو هو. هي سڪو غير گردشي قانوني زر (NCLT) هو.<ref name="coin">{{cite news | url=http://www.mumbaimint.in/mint/Noticeapril.pdf | title=Release of Commemorative Coin | date=3 July 2012 | access-date=24 April 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324014546/http://mumbaimint.in/mint/Noticeapril.pdf | archive-date=24 March 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> 1 اپريل 1954ع تي [[رزرو بئنڪ آف انڊيا]] {{INR}} 1,000 جو ڪرنسي نوٽ جاري ڪيو، جنهن تي برهديشور مندر جو پينوراما منظر ڇپيل هو، جيڪو ان جي ثقافتي ورثي ۽ اهميت کي ظاهر ڪندو هو. 1975ع ۾ وزيراعظم [[اندرا گانڌي]] جي اڳواڻيءَ واري حڪومت [[قانوني زر#نوٽن جي منسوخي|نوٽن جي منسوخي]] ذريعي {{INR}} 1,000 جا سڀ نوٽ [[ڪارو ناڻو]] گهٽائڻ جي ڪوشش طور بند ڪري ڇڏيا. اهي نوٽ هاڻي گڏ ڪندڙن ۾ مشهور آهن.<ref name="ppwqqsf">{{cite web | url= http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article478148.ece | title= INR 1000 note of 1954 popular in Tanjavur | author= Express Buzz, The Indian Express (26 September 2010) | access-date= 27 September 2010 | archive-date= 13 May 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160513060520/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article478148.ece | url-status= dead }}</ref> 2010ع ۾ ان وقت جي تامل ناڊو جي وڏي وزير [[ڪرونانڌي|ايم. ڪرونانڌي]]، وڌيڪ پيداوار ڏيندڙ چانورن جي هڪ قسم، سيمي چانور، جو نالو مندر جي تعمير ڪندڙ راجاراجا چولا جي هزار سالا ياد ۾ ''راجا راجن-1,000'' رکيو.<ref name="jjjsqwhnsdff">{{cite web | url= http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4424908 | title= Semmai Paddy as "Raja Rajan-1000" | author= MSN News (26 September 2010) | access-date= 27 September 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == قبوليت == هي مندر "تعمير، مجسمه سازي، مصوري ۽ پتل جي ڍلائيءَ ۾ چولا خاندان جي شاندار ڪاميابين جي شاهدي ڏئي ٿو".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |title=Great Living Chola Temples |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=21 January 2008 |archive-date=5 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105115252/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 |url-status=live }}</ref> هن مندر جو ذڪر ان دور جي ڪيترن ئي همعصر ادبي ڪمن، جهڙوڪ ''موور اولا'' ۽ ''ڪلنگٿوپراني''، ۾ ملي ٿو. چٽرجي موجب [[تامل تعمير]] هن مندر ۽ ان جي جانشين، [[برهديشور مندر، گانگائيڪونڊا چولاپورم]]، ۾ پنهنجي اعليٰ ترين اظهار تائين پهتي.<ref name=india>{{cite book|title=India Art and Architecture in ancient and medieval periods|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|editor=Roma Chatterjee|year=2016|page=32|isbn=978-81-230-2080-8}}</ref> [[حڪومت هندستان]] هن مندر کي ورثي واري يادگار طور قرار ڏنو آهي ۽ [[آرڪيالاجيڪل سروي آف انڊيا]] ان کي محفوظ يادگار طور سنڀالي ٿو. هي مندر [[تامل ناڊو]] جي سڀ کان وڌيڪ گهمڻ وارن سياحتي ماڳن مان هڪ آهي.<ref name="Gopal 1990 185"/> [[يونيسڪو]] هن مندر کي [[گانگائيڪونڊا چولاپورم]] جي برهديشور مندر ۽ [[داراسورم]] جي [[ايراويتيشور مندر]] سان گڏ [[عالمي ورثو ماڳ]] قرار ڏنو آهي؛ انهن ٽنهي کي گڏجي [[عظيم زندهه چولا مندر]] چيو وڃي ٿو.<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|year=2004|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|url-status=live}}</ref> انهن ٽنهي مندرن ۾ هڪجهڙايون موجود آهن، پر هر مندر پنهنجي الڳ رٿابندي ۽ مجسمه سازيءَ جي عنصرن جي ڪري منفرد آهي.<ref>{{cite book |first= P.V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar |title=South Indian Shrines |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |year=1993 |isbn=81-206-0151-3 |page=316}}</ref> اهي ٽيئي مندر چولا حڪمرانن ڏهين کان ٻارهين صدي عيسويءَ جي وچ ۾ تعمير ڪرايا ۽ اهي اڄ تائين هندو برادريءَ طرفان سهارو، استعمال ۽ عبادت لاءِ قائم آهن. انهن مندرن کي "عظيم زندهه" ان ڪري چيو وڃي ٿو، جو اهي اڄ به ثقافتي، زيارت ۽ عبادتي عملن ۾ سرگرم آهن.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/inside-the-chola-temple/article3490256.ece|title=Inside the Chola Temple|location=Coimbatore|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 June 2012|last=Srinivasan|first=Pankaja|access-date=28 November 2015|archive-date=19 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140619081222/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/inside-the-chola-temple/article3490256.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> === ثقافتي تقريبون === [[File:28apr10.jpg|thumb|مندر جي تهوار واري جلوس، 2015ع]] ٿنجاوور جو برهديشور مندر هر سال فيبروريءَ جي لڳ ڀڳ، [[مها شوراتري]] جي موقعي تي، ناچ جي ميلن جو ماڳ هوندو آهي. هندستاني ڪلاسيڪي ناچ جا وڏا فنڪار ۽ علائقائي ٽيمون ڏهن ڏينهن تائين ٿيندڙ برهن ناٽيانجلي ميلو ۾ پنهنجون پيشڪشون پيش ڪن ٿيون.<ref>[http://www.brahannatyanjali.in/events.html Brahan Natyanjali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129054445/http://www.brahannatyanjali.in/events.html |date=29 January 2020 }}, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu</ref> === رٿ جو ميلو === [[مندر جي رٿ]] کي 20 اپريل 2015ع تي [[رام|سري رامار]] مندر جي سامهون آزمائشي طور هلايو ويو، جنهن کي وڏي تعداد ۾ ماڻهن ڏٺو.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews Trial run of Big Temple car, Rolls; out after 100 years; maiden run on April 29] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919003044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/trial-run-of-big-temple-car/article7124357.ece?ref=tpnews |date=19 September 2018 }}, [[The Hindu]], 21 April 2015</ref> نون ڏينهن کان پوءِ مندر جي رٿ جو پهريون باقاعده جلوس ڪڍيو ويو. خبرن موجب، گذريل سئو سالن ۾ هن مندر ۾ اهڙو پهريون جلوس هو.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0 Big temple chariot festival held after 100 years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919003049/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/big-temple-chariot-festival-held-after-100-years/article7156283.ece?mstac=0 |date=19 September 2018 }}, [[The Hindu]], 30 April 2015</ref> === ناول === [[ڪلڪي ڪرشنمورتي]]، مشهور تامل ناول نگار، [[راجا راجا چولا اول|راجاراجا]] جي زندگيءَ تي ٻڌل تاريخي ناول ''[[پونين سيلون]]'' لکيو آهي.<ref>{{cite news|title=Age hardly withers charm of Ponniyin Selvan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece|date=19 October 2011|location=Chennai|last=A.|first=Srivathsan|access-date=9 May 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605103559/http://www.thehindu.com/books/age-hardly-withers-charm-of-ponniyin-selvan/article2550847.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> هڪ ٻئي تامل ليکڪ [[بالڪمارن]] ''[[ادايار (ناول)|ادايار]]'' نالي ناول لکيو آهي، جنهن جو موضوع راجاراجا اول جي زندگي ۽ هن مندر جي تعمير آهي.<ref>{{cite news|title=Special Coin to Remember Rajendra Chola|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Special-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola/2014/02/04/article2036004.ece|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=4 February 2014|location=Chennai|work=Express News Service|access-date=9 May 2015|archive-date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519130228/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Special-Coin-to-Remember-Rajendra-Chola/2014/02/04/article2036004.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> == انتظام == هن وقت مندر جو انتظام ۽ سنڀال [[باباجي راجا ڀونسلي ڇترپتي|باباجي ڀونسلي]]، جيڪو [[ٿنجاوور جي مرهٺا سلطنت|ٿنجاوور جي مرهٺا]] شاهي خاندان جو سربراهه آهي، جي حوالي آهي. هو [[ٿنجاوور محل ديواستانم]] جو موروثي متولي آهي، جيڪو برهديشور مندر سميت اڳوڻي ٿنجاوور علائقي جي 88 مندرن جو انتظام جاري رکي ٿو. ڪجهه [[تامل قومپرستي|تامل قومپرست]] تنظيمن [[تامل ناڊو]] حڪومت کان مطالبو ڪيو آهي ته اهي انتظامي حق واپس ورتا وڃن، ڇاڪاڻ ته سندن خيال ۾ باباجي ڀونسلي نه ته [[چولا خاندان|چولا]] نسل سان تعلق رکي ٿو ۽ نه ئي [[تامل ماڻهو|تامل]] نسل سان. بهرحال، اهي درخواستون ڪامياب نه ٿيون آهن. انهن احتجاج ڪندڙن مان هڪ، جيڪو ''بگ ٽيمپل رائٽس ريٽريول ڪميٽي'' جو رابطاڪار پڻ آهي، اهو به دعويٰ ڪري ٿو ته باباجي ڀونسلي ٿنجاوور جي مرهٺا بادشاهن جو قانوني وارث پڻ ناهي.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3247/tamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html|title=Tamil groups want Maratha hold over Thanjavur Big Temple to go|access-date=2018-05-12|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112322/http://www.theweekendleader.com/Headlines/3247/tamil-groups-want-maratha-hold-over-thanjavur-big-temple-to-go.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == تصويرون == مندر ۾ ڪيترائي مجسما، اُڪريل نقش (ريلِف) ۽ ڀت سازيون موجود آهن.<ref name="Sivaramamurti1977p288">{{cite book|author=C. Sivaramamurti| title= L'Art en Inde|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WKgQAQAAMAAJ|year= 1977|publisher= H. N. Abrams|isbn=978-0-8109-0630-3 |pages=287–288, 427}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg|برهديشور مندر، ٿنجاوور، تامل ناڊو، هندستان File:An elephant relief on the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur.jpg|برهديشور مندر تي هاٿيءَ جو اُڪريل نقش File:Sculptures at the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 04.jpg|[[شيو]] فقير (''[[ڀڪشاٽڻ]]'') جي روپ ۾، هٿ ۾ خيرات جو پيالو کنيل File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 100.jpg|[[ارڌناريشور]] (اڌ شيو، اڌ پاروتي)، جيڪو مرد ۽ عورت جي اصولن جي اڻٽٽ يڪجائيءَ جي علامت آهي.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara|title=Ardhanārīśvara|year=2011|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815031629/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ardhanarishvara|url-status=live}}</ref> File:Le temple de Brihadishwara (Tanjore, Inde) (13908795928).jpg|[[گڻيش]] جي تصوير مکيه مندر ۽ الڳ عبادتگاهه ٻنهي ۾ موجود آهي. File:Brihadeeswarar Temple 04.jpg|پس منظر ۾ مندر جي راهداري سان گڏ گڻيش جو الڳ عبادتگاهه File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2009) 19.jpg|صحن جي اترئين حصي ۾ سبرهمنيار جو عبادتگاهه، جنهن کي ''مروگن''، ''ڪارتڪيا'' يا ''اسڪندا'' پڻ چيو وڃي ٿو. File:Chandeshvara shrine at the Brihadisvara Temple.jpg|[[چنڊيشور]] جو عبادتگاهه؛ ساڄي پاسي مکيه مندر جي ڀت ۽ پٺيان اوڀر وارو گوپورم ڏسڻ ۾ اچي ٿو. چنڊيشور مراقبي ڪندڙ يوگي ۽ [[نياڻمار]] [[ڀڪتي تحريڪ]] جو بزرگ هو. File:1010 CE Brihadishwara Temple, Hindu god Shiva, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India (8).jpg|[[وشنو]] جي [[نرسنها]] اوتار، جيڪو مذهبي عقيدن سبب ماڻهن کي ايذائيندڙ ديو کي قتل ڪري رهيو آهي. File:1010 CE Brihadishwara Shiva Temple, yogini, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India.jpg|[[لکشمي]] جو مجسمو، جيڪو وئشنو مت سان لاڳاپيل فن پارو آهي. File:Tanjore Paintings - Big temple 01.JPG|گجا لکشمي جي ڀت سازي، [[وئشنومت]] سان لاڳاپيل هڪ ٻيو فن پارو File:Sculptures at the Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 01.jpg|شيو مت جي مندر ۾ [[وشنو]] جو مجسمو File:1010 CE Brihadishwara Shiva Temple, wall relief, built by Rajaraja I, Thanjavur Tamil Nadu India.jpg|[[يوگا]] ۽ مراقبي جو اُڪريل نقش؛ مندر ۾ دنياوي زندگي ۽ بزرگن سان لاڳاپيل ڪيترائي منظر به موجود آهن. File:Brihadeeswarar Temple 3407.jpg|[[ڪرشن]] گوپين جا ڪپڙا وڻ تي لڪائي شرارت ڪندي File:Nandi Brihadeeswara.jpg|ننڊي جو عبادتگاهه File:Sculpture2 Brihadeeswara.jpg|مجسمو File:Sculpture3 Brihadeeswara.jpg|ويمانا جي ٻاهرئين ڀت جو نقش File:Relief Staircase, Brihadeeswara.jpg|ڏاڪڻين تي اُڪريل نقش File:Relief detail, Brihadeeswara.jpg|اُڪريل نقش جي ويجهي تصوير File:Relief detail 2 Brihadeeswara.jpg|اُڪريل نقش جي ٻي ويجهي تصوير File:Entrance Brihadeeswara.jpg|داخلا File:Thanjavur Big Temple View.jpg|ويمانا جو منظر File:Brihadisvara Temple - Thanjavur peruvudaiyar kovil ttkcvrvb122k23iph (299).jpg|ويمانا ڏانهن ويندڙ هڪ داخلا File:Left side view Brihadeeswara.jpg|کاٻي پاسي کان منظر File:The Big Temple - Thanjavur.jpg|رات جو مندر جو منظر File:Brihadeeswara Temple Gopuram at Night.jpg|رات جو برهديشور مندر جو گوپورم File:PeriyaKoil June 2016.jpg|تنجور پيريا ڪوئل ۾ صبح سوير جو منظر File:A yoga and meditation relief.jpg|[[يوگا]] ۽ مراقبي جو اُڪريل نقش File:Ta-scr.jpg|برهديشور مندر ۾ [[تامل لکتون|تامل ڪتبا]] </gallery> == پڻ ڏسو == {{Portal bar|ايشيا|هندستان|هندومت|اڏاوت}} * [[پينيشورار مندر]] * [[ٿنجاوور رتھ ميلو]] * [[راجا راجا چولا اول]] * [[چولا خاندان]] * [[سڀ کان وڏن يڪ پٿريلا يادگارن جي فهرست]] * [[20هين صدي کان اڳ تعمير ٿيل سڀ کان اوچين اڏاوتن جي فهرست]] * [[عظيم زنده چولا مندر]] == نوٽس == {{Reflist|group=note}} <references group="note"/> == حوالا == {{Reflist}} === ڪتابيات === {{Refbegin|2}} *{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up|isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}} *{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111032500/https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813200520/https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}} *{{citation|author=S.R. 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Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}} *{{citation|last=Michell|first=George|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|isbn=0-226-53230-5}} *{{cite book|first=John|last=Man|year=1999|title=Atlas of the Year 1000|publisher=Penguin Books|location=United Kingdom|isbn=0-7946-0011-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310103400/https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|first=Binda|last=Thapar|year=2004|title=Introduction to Indian Architecture|publisher=Periplus Editions|location=Singapore|pages=43, 52–53|isbn=0-7946-0011-5}} *{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0878-2|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C|year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher=Vikas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ|year=1978|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033004/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033010/https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=12 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712062730/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|url-status=live}} *{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033504/https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}} {{Refend}} == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Brihadisvara Temple}} {{Wikivoyage listing|Thanjavur}} * [https://ignca.gov.in/thanjavur-brhadisvara-temple/ تنجاوور برهديشور مندر]، اندرا گانڌي نيشنل سينٽر فار دي آرٽس، حڪومتِ هند * [https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/brihadeeswara-temple برهديشور مندر] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304110245/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/brihadeeswara-temple |date=2025-03-04 }}، تامل ناڊو سياحت * [https://indianculture.gov.in/stories/dakshina-meru-brihadeswara-temple ڏکڻ ميرو: برهديشور مندر]، حڪومتِ هند * [http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/thanjavur/bri01.html فن ۽ آثارِقديمه جي ويب سائيٽ تي تصويرون] * [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250 يونيسڪو: عظيم زنده چولا مندر] {{World Heritage Sites in India}} {{Shaivism}} {{Hindudharma}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brihadeeswarar Temple}} [[Category:هندستان جا عالمي ورثي وارا ماڳ]] [[Category:ٿنجاوور جي تاريخ]] [[Category:دراوڙي طرز تعمير]] [[Category:ٿنجاوور ۾ هندو مندر]] [[Category:11هين صديءَ ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هندو مندر]] [[Category:چولا طرز تعمير]] [[Category:ٿنجاوور ضلعي ۾ شيو مندر]] [[Category:ڀرت ناٽيم ڪرڻائن وارا مندر]] opq9knppbqfrgb81q3krfr5fg5y9fkn 0 99698 390216 2026-06-30T20:06:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آ... 390216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> asj0pivputlvwjitkvfc5uzxt0l8e8m 390217 390216 2026-06-30T20:07:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. b4j7twfwykx4zziygolg25oxq72wwft 390218 390217 2026-06-30T20:08:42Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* عمل */ 390218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. 25yp96eqriyj1lwb49sqimfl8mae75w 390219 390218 2026-06-30T20:09:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 390219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. == ڊزائن == [[File:ALU Block Diagram.png|thumb|[[4-بٽ]] [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU) جو [[بلاڪ خاڪو]]]] ڊزائن جو عمل شروعاتي [[وضاحت]] کان شروع ٿي هڪ اهڙي منصوبي تائين پهچندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سرڪٽ کي عملي طور تي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل سموري معلومات موجود هوندي آهي. عام طور تي هي عمل ڪيترن ئي مرحلن مان گذرندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سادن سرڪٽن جي صورت ۾ اهو هڪ ئي مرحلي ۾ مڪمل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif/ |format=GIF |title=Design Flow Chart |website=Informit.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعات ۾ وضاحت کي مختلف ڪمن جي [[بلاڪ خاڪو|بلاڪ خاڪي]] ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر بلاڪ جي اندروني جوڙجڪ تي غور نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر صرف ان جي ڪم تي ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. انهيءَ طريقي کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[بليڪ باڪس (سسٽم)|بليڪ باڪس]] ڊزائن چيو ويندو آهي. هن طريقي سان پيچيده مسئلي کي ننڍن حصن ۾ ورهائي، انهن کي ترتيبوار يا ڊزائن ٽيم جي مختلف ميمبرن ۾ ورهائي حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ هر بلاڪ تي وڌيڪ تفصيل سان غور ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو مرحلو اڃا به تجريدي هوندو آهي، پر ان ۾ برقي ڪمن جي تفصيل تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. هن يا ان کان پوءِ جي مرحلن ۾ اهو عام هوندو آهي ته وڏي پيماني تي تحقيق يا [[رياضيائي ماڊلنگ]] ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن اهو معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته ڪهڙيون شيون عملي طور تي ممڪن آهن ۽ ڪهڙيون نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |title=Electric Circuits I: Lab4 |access-date=2007-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830040341/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |archive-date=2005-08-30 }}</ref> جيڪڏهن تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ته ڪو بلاڪ مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر تيار نٿو ٿي سگهي، ته پوءِ ٻين بلاڪن ۾ به تبديليون ڪرڻيون پونديون. هن مرحلي تي اهو پڻ طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڊزائن جي وضاحتن سان مطابقت ڪيئن ثابت ڪئي ويندي ۽ ان جي جاچ ڪهڙي طريقي سان ڪئي ويندي، جنهن ۾ [[آن بورڊ ڊائگناسٽڪس|خود تشخيصي اوزار]] پڻ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |title=A.T.E. Solutions, Inc. &#124; Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test |website=Besttest.com |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901160934/http://besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |archive-date=2016-09-01 }}</ref> [[File:Componentes electronicos.jpg|thumb|انفرادي سرڪٽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]]]] آخر ۾ مجموعي ڊزائن جي هر ڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ مناسب [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] چونڊيا ويندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر جزي جي جسماني ترتيب ۽ برقي ڳانڍاپن جو به فيصلو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي تياري لاءِ آرٽ ورڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي. موجود چونڊن جي وڏي تعداد سبب هي مرحلو گهڻو وقت وٺندڙ هوندو آهي. هن مرحلي ۾ هڪ اهم عملي پابندي معياري جزن جو استعمال آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن هنڌ لاءِ حساب سان ڪنهن جزي جي خاص قيمت گهربل هجي پر اها مارڪيٽ ۾ دستياب نه هجي، ته مسئلو اڃا حل نه ٿيو هوندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ عام ڊزائن جي سادن مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه حد تائين ''ڪيٽالاگ انجنيئرنگ'' استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي عمل ۾، ٻين ڳالهين سان گڏ، آرڪيٽيڪچر جي دائري جي وضاحت، مواد جي چونڊ، اسڪيماٽڪ تيار ڪرڻ، [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي ترتيب، بجلي ۽ سگنلن جي سالميت (Power and Signal Integrity) تي غور، ۽ آخر ۾ جاچ ۽ تصديق شامل هوندي آهي.<ref name="nanocir">Circuit design services - [https://hiquoa.com/ HIQUOA]</ref> === خرچ === [[File:Comparison between field-effect transistors en.svg|thumb|212x212px|[[فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڀيٽ]] عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ سڌو سنئون ان جي پيچيدگي سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. جيترو وڌيڪ سرڪٽ پيچيده هوندو، اوترو وڌيڪ ماهر انجنيئرن جو وقت هڪ ڪارائتي پيداوار تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندو. ننڍيون ننڍيون تفصيلون يا خاصيتون به تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مواد ۽ افرادي قوت گهربل هوندي آهي، جيئن ٽرانزسٽرن جي ماپ يا ڪوڊيڪس ۾ تبديليءَ جي اثرن کي نظر ۾ رکڻ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Wang |last2=Zhao |first2=WeiSheng |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaohao |last4=Zhang |first4=Yue |last5=Klein |first5=Jacques-Olivier |last6=Zhang |first6=Youguang |last7=Chappert |first7=Claude |last8=Ravelosona |first8=Dafiné |title=A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement |journal=Microelectronics Reliability |date=September 2013 |volume=53 |issue=9–11 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.036 |bibcode=2013MiRe...53.1224K }}</ref> [[لچڪدار اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ پولي ايمائيڊ سبسٽريٽن جي بدران PEN يا PET جهڙا مواد استعمال ڪرڻ سان خرچ پنج کان ڏهه ڀيرا گهٽجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Brand |first1=Jeroen |last2=Kusters |first2=Roel |last3=Barink |first3=Marco |last4=Dietzel |first4=Andreas |title=Flexible embedded circuitry: A novel process for high density, cost effective electronics |journal=Microelectronic Engineering |date=October 2010 |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.004 }}</ref> عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ، هر يونٽ جي پيداواري خرچ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيداوار جو خرچ ۽ سرڪٽ جي ڪارڪردگي وڏي حد تائين ڊزائن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=How Much Does a Prototype Cost?|url=https://predictabledesigns.com/how-much-will-a-prototype-cost/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=PREDICTABLE DESIGNS|language=en-US}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي روايتي تياري گهٽائيندڙ (Subtractive) پيداوار واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي، پر اضافي (Additive) پيداوار جا طريقا به موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[3D پرنٽر]] ذريعي PCB "ڇاپڻ" شامل آهي. هن طريقي کي نسبتاً گهٽ خرچ وارو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان سان فضول مواد جي انتظام جي ضرورت به گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |last2=Bao |first2=Chao |last3=Kim |first3=Woo Soo |title=Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Printed Circuit Boards |journal=Joule |date=April 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=579–582 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.015 |bibcode=2018Joule...2..579D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Moore's Law Transistor Count 1970-2020.png|thumb|220x220px|هر سال سرڪٽن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي وڌندڙ تعداد جو گراف، جيڪو [[مور جو قانون]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي]] bylzj3gcu2wutusxrg362gr2nye9duf 390220 390219 2026-06-30T20:11:55Z Intisar Ali 8681 390220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. == ڊزائن == [[File:ALU Block Diagram.png|thumb|[[4-بٽ]] [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU) جو [[بلاڪ خاڪو]]]] ڊزائن جو عمل شروعاتي [[وضاحت]] کان شروع ٿي هڪ اهڙي منصوبي تائين پهچندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سرڪٽ کي عملي طور تي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل سموري معلومات موجود هوندي آهي. عام طور تي هي عمل ڪيترن ئي مرحلن مان گذرندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سادن سرڪٽن جي صورت ۾ اهو هڪ ئي مرحلي ۾ مڪمل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif/ |format=GIF |title=Design Flow Chart |website=Informit.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعات ۾ وضاحت کي مختلف ڪمن جي [[بلاڪ خاڪو|بلاڪ خاڪي]] ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر بلاڪ جي اندروني جوڙجڪ تي غور نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر صرف ان جي ڪم تي ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. انهيءَ طريقي کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[بليڪ باڪس (سسٽم)|بليڪ باڪس]] ڊزائن چيو ويندو آهي. هن طريقي سان پيچيده مسئلي کي ننڍن حصن ۾ ورهائي، انهن کي ترتيبوار يا ڊزائن ٽيم جي مختلف ميمبرن ۾ ورهائي حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ هر بلاڪ تي وڌيڪ تفصيل سان غور ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو مرحلو اڃا به تجريدي هوندو آهي، پر ان ۾ برقي ڪمن جي تفصيل تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. هن يا ان کان پوءِ جي مرحلن ۾ اهو عام هوندو آهي ته وڏي پيماني تي تحقيق يا [[رياضيائي ماڊلنگ]] ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن اهو معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته ڪهڙيون شيون عملي طور تي ممڪن آهن ۽ ڪهڙيون نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |title=Electric Circuits I: Lab4 |access-date=2007-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830040341/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |archive-date=2005-08-30 }}</ref> جيڪڏهن تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ته ڪو بلاڪ مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر تيار نٿو ٿي سگهي، ته پوءِ ٻين بلاڪن ۾ به تبديليون ڪرڻيون پونديون. هن مرحلي تي اهو پڻ طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڊزائن جي وضاحتن سان مطابقت ڪيئن ثابت ڪئي ويندي ۽ ان جي جاچ ڪهڙي طريقي سان ڪئي ويندي، جنهن ۾ [[آن بورڊ ڊائگناسٽڪس|خود تشخيصي اوزار]] پڻ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |title=A.T.E. Solutions, Inc. &#124; Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test |website=Besttest.com |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901160934/http://besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |archive-date=2016-09-01 }}</ref> [[File:Componentes electronicos.jpg|thumb|انفرادي سرڪٽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]]]] آخر ۾ مجموعي ڊزائن جي هر ڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ مناسب [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] چونڊيا ويندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر جزي جي جسماني ترتيب ۽ برقي ڳانڍاپن جو به فيصلو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي تياري لاءِ آرٽ ورڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي. موجود چونڊن جي وڏي تعداد سبب هي مرحلو گهڻو وقت وٺندڙ هوندو آهي. هن مرحلي ۾ هڪ اهم عملي پابندي معياري جزن جو استعمال آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن هنڌ لاءِ حساب سان ڪنهن جزي جي خاص قيمت گهربل هجي پر اها مارڪيٽ ۾ دستياب نه هجي، ته مسئلو اڃا حل نه ٿيو هوندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ عام ڊزائن جي سادن مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه حد تائين ''ڪيٽالاگ انجنيئرنگ'' استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي عمل ۾، ٻين ڳالهين سان گڏ، آرڪيٽيڪچر جي دائري جي وضاحت، مواد جي چونڊ، اسڪيماٽڪ تيار ڪرڻ، [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي ترتيب، بجلي ۽ سگنلن جي سالميت (Power and Signal Integrity) تي غور، ۽ آخر ۾ جاچ ۽ تصديق شامل هوندي آهي.<ref name="nanocir">Circuit design services - [https://hiquoa.com/ HIQUOA]</ref> === خرچ === [[File:Comparison between field-effect transistors en.svg|thumb|212x212px|[[فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڀيٽ]] عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ سڌو سنئون ان جي پيچيدگي سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. جيترو وڌيڪ سرڪٽ پيچيده هوندو، اوترو وڌيڪ ماهر انجنيئرن جو وقت هڪ ڪارائتي پيداوار تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندو. ننڍيون ننڍيون تفصيلون يا خاصيتون به تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مواد ۽ افرادي قوت گهربل هوندي آهي، جيئن ٽرانزسٽرن جي ماپ يا ڪوڊيڪس ۾ تبديليءَ جي اثرن کي نظر ۾ رکڻ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Wang |last2=Zhao |first2=WeiSheng |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaohao |last4=Zhang |first4=Yue |last5=Klein |first5=Jacques-Olivier |last6=Zhang |first6=Youguang |last7=Chappert |first7=Claude |last8=Ravelosona |first8=Dafiné |title=A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement |journal=Microelectronics Reliability |date=September 2013 |volume=53 |issue=9–11 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.036 |bibcode=2013MiRe...53.1224K }}</ref> [[لچڪدار اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ پولي ايمائيڊ سبسٽريٽن جي بدران PEN يا PET جهڙا مواد استعمال ڪرڻ سان خرچ پنج کان ڏهه ڀيرا گهٽجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Brand |first1=Jeroen |last2=Kusters |first2=Roel |last3=Barink |first3=Marco |last4=Dietzel |first4=Andreas |title=Flexible embedded circuitry: A novel process for high density, cost effective electronics |journal=Microelectronic Engineering |date=October 2010 |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.004 }}</ref> عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ، هر يونٽ جي پيداواري خرچ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيداوار جو خرچ ۽ سرڪٽ جي ڪارڪردگي وڏي حد تائين ڊزائن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=How Much Does a Prototype Cost?|url=https://predictabledesigns.com/how-much-will-a-prototype-cost/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=PREDICTABLE DESIGNS|language=en-US}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي روايتي تياري گهٽائيندڙ (Subtractive) پيداوار واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي، پر اضافي (Additive) پيداوار جا طريقا به موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[3D پرنٽر]] ذريعي PCB "ڇاپڻ" شامل آهي. هن طريقي کي نسبتاً گهٽ خرچ وارو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان سان فضول مواد جي انتظام جي ضرورت به گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |last2=Bao |first2=Chao |last3=Kim |first3=Woo Soo |title=Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Printed Circuit Boards |journal=Joule |date=April 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=579–582 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.015 |bibcode=2018Joule...2..579D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Moore's Law Transistor Count 1970-2020.png|thumb|220x220px|هر سال سرڪٽن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي وڌندڙ تعداد جو گراف، جيڪو [[مور جو قانون]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي]] == تصديق ۽ جاچ == جڏهن سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن مڪمل ٿي وڃي ٿي، تڏهن ان جي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] ۽ جاچ ٻئي ضروري هونديون آهن. تصديق اهو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن جي هر مرحلي جو جائزو وٺي يقين ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهو وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن) ۾ بيان ڪيل گهرجن کي پورو ڪري ٿو. هي عمل اڪثر انتهائي رياضيائي نوعيت جو هوندو آهي ۽ ان لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن پڻ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. پيچيده ڊزائنن ۾ هن مرحلي دوران مسئلن جي سڃاڻپ ٿيڻ جو امڪان گهڻو هوندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊزائن جي وڏي حصي کي درستين لاءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪرڻو پئجي سگهي ٿو. جاچ (ٽيسٽنگ) تصديق جو عملي يا حقيقي دنيا وارو مرحلو آهي. ان ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڊزائن جو هڪ نمونو (پروٽوٽائپ) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي وضاحت ۾ بيان ڪيل يا بعد ۾ شامل ڪيل جاچ جي طريقن مطابق آزمائيو ويندو آهي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿي سگهي ته سرڪٽ واقعي اهوئي ڪم ڪري ٿو، جنهن لاءِ ان کي ڊزائن ڪيو ويو هو. 8j5gyk7z273z9j9lduj2loiorqy6e5b 390221 390220 2026-06-30T20:12:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 390221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. == ڊزائن == [[File:ALU Block Diagram.png|thumb|[[4-بٽ]] [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU) جو [[بلاڪ خاڪو]]]] ڊزائن جو عمل شروعاتي [[وضاحت]] کان شروع ٿي هڪ اهڙي منصوبي تائين پهچندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سرڪٽ کي عملي طور تي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل سموري معلومات موجود هوندي آهي. عام طور تي هي عمل ڪيترن ئي مرحلن مان گذرندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سادن سرڪٽن جي صورت ۾ اهو هڪ ئي مرحلي ۾ مڪمل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif/ |format=GIF |title=Design Flow Chart |website=Informit.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعات ۾ وضاحت کي مختلف ڪمن جي [[بلاڪ خاڪو|بلاڪ خاڪي]] ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر بلاڪ جي اندروني جوڙجڪ تي غور نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر صرف ان جي ڪم تي ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. انهيءَ طريقي کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[بليڪ باڪس (سسٽم)|بليڪ باڪس]] ڊزائن چيو ويندو آهي. هن طريقي سان پيچيده مسئلي کي ننڍن حصن ۾ ورهائي، انهن کي ترتيبوار يا ڊزائن ٽيم جي مختلف ميمبرن ۾ ورهائي حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ هر بلاڪ تي وڌيڪ تفصيل سان غور ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو مرحلو اڃا به تجريدي هوندو آهي، پر ان ۾ برقي ڪمن جي تفصيل تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. هن يا ان کان پوءِ جي مرحلن ۾ اهو عام هوندو آهي ته وڏي پيماني تي تحقيق يا [[رياضيائي ماڊلنگ]] ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن اهو معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته ڪهڙيون شيون عملي طور تي ممڪن آهن ۽ ڪهڙيون نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |title=Electric Circuits I: Lab4 |access-date=2007-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830040341/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |archive-date=2005-08-30 }}</ref> جيڪڏهن تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ته ڪو بلاڪ مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر تيار نٿو ٿي سگهي، ته پوءِ ٻين بلاڪن ۾ به تبديليون ڪرڻيون پونديون. هن مرحلي تي اهو پڻ طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڊزائن جي وضاحتن سان مطابقت ڪيئن ثابت ڪئي ويندي ۽ ان جي جاچ ڪهڙي طريقي سان ڪئي ويندي، جنهن ۾ [[آن بورڊ ڊائگناسٽڪس|خود تشخيصي اوزار]] پڻ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |title=A.T.E. Solutions, Inc. &#124; Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test |website=Besttest.com |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901160934/http://besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |archive-date=2016-09-01 }}</ref> [[File:Componentes electronicos.jpg|thumb|انفرادي سرڪٽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]]]] آخر ۾ مجموعي ڊزائن جي هر ڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ مناسب [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] چونڊيا ويندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر جزي جي جسماني ترتيب ۽ برقي ڳانڍاپن جو به فيصلو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي تياري لاءِ آرٽ ورڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي. موجود چونڊن جي وڏي تعداد سبب هي مرحلو گهڻو وقت وٺندڙ هوندو آهي. هن مرحلي ۾ هڪ اهم عملي پابندي معياري جزن جو استعمال آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن هنڌ لاءِ حساب سان ڪنهن جزي جي خاص قيمت گهربل هجي پر اها مارڪيٽ ۾ دستياب نه هجي، ته مسئلو اڃا حل نه ٿيو هوندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ عام ڊزائن جي سادن مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه حد تائين ''ڪيٽالاگ انجنيئرنگ'' استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي عمل ۾، ٻين ڳالهين سان گڏ، آرڪيٽيڪچر جي دائري جي وضاحت، مواد جي چونڊ، اسڪيماٽڪ تيار ڪرڻ، [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي ترتيب، بجلي ۽ سگنلن جي سالميت (Power and Signal Integrity) تي غور، ۽ آخر ۾ جاچ ۽ تصديق شامل هوندي آهي.<ref name="nanocir">Circuit design services - [https://hiquoa.com/ HIQUOA]</ref> === خرچ === [[File:Comparison between field-effect transistors en.svg|thumb|212x212px|[[فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڀيٽ]] عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ سڌو سنئون ان جي پيچيدگي سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. جيترو وڌيڪ سرڪٽ پيچيده هوندو، اوترو وڌيڪ ماهر انجنيئرن جو وقت هڪ ڪارائتي پيداوار تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندو. ننڍيون ننڍيون تفصيلون يا خاصيتون به تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مواد ۽ افرادي قوت گهربل هوندي آهي، جيئن ٽرانزسٽرن جي ماپ يا ڪوڊيڪس ۾ تبديليءَ جي اثرن کي نظر ۾ رکڻ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Wang |last2=Zhao |first2=WeiSheng |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaohao |last4=Zhang |first4=Yue |last5=Klein |first5=Jacques-Olivier |last6=Zhang |first6=Youguang |last7=Chappert |first7=Claude |last8=Ravelosona |first8=Dafiné |title=A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement |journal=Microelectronics Reliability |date=September 2013 |volume=53 |issue=9–11 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.036 |bibcode=2013MiRe...53.1224K }}</ref> [[لچڪدار اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ پولي ايمائيڊ سبسٽريٽن جي بدران PEN يا PET جهڙا مواد استعمال ڪرڻ سان خرچ پنج کان ڏهه ڀيرا گهٽجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Brand |first1=Jeroen |last2=Kusters |first2=Roel |last3=Barink |first3=Marco |last4=Dietzel |first4=Andreas |title=Flexible embedded circuitry: A novel process for high density, cost effective electronics |journal=Microelectronic Engineering |date=October 2010 |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.004 }}</ref> عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ، هر يونٽ جي پيداواري خرچ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيداوار جو خرچ ۽ سرڪٽ جي ڪارڪردگي وڏي حد تائين ڊزائن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=How Much Does a Prototype Cost?|url=https://predictabledesigns.com/how-much-will-a-prototype-cost/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=PREDICTABLE DESIGNS|language=en-US}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي روايتي تياري گهٽائيندڙ (Subtractive) پيداوار واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي، پر اضافي (Additive) پيداوار جا طريقا به موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[3D پرنٽر]] ذريعي PCB "ڇاپڻ" شامل آهي. هن طريقي کي نسبتاً گهٽ خرچ وارو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان سان فضول مواد جي انتظام جي ضرورت به گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |last2=Bao |first2=Chao |last3=Kim |first3=Woo Soo |title=Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Printed Circuit Boards |journal=Joule |date=April 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=579–582 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.015 |bibcode=2018Joule...2..579D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Moore's Law Transistor Count 1970-2020.png|thumb|220x220px|هر سال سرڪٽن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي وڌندڙ تعداد جو گراف، جيڪو [[مور جو قانون]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي]] == تصديق ۽ جاچ == جڏهن سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن مڪمل ٿي وڃي ٿي، تڏهن ان جي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] ۽ جاچ ٻئي ضروري هونديون آهن. تصديق اهو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن جي هر مرحلي جو جائزو وٺي يقين ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهو وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن) ۾ بيان ڪيل گهرجن کي پورو ڪري ٿو. هي عمل اڪثر انتهائي رياضيائي نوعيت جو هوندو آهي ۽ ان لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن پڻ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. پيچيده ڊزائنن ۾ هن مرحلي دوران مسئلن جي سڃاڻپ ٿيڻ جو امڪان گهڻو هوندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊزائن جي وڏي حصي کي درستين لاءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪرڻو پئجي سگهي ٿو. جاچ (ٽيسٽنگ) تصديق جو عملي يا حقيقي دنيا وارو مرحلو آهي. ان ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڊزائن جو هڪ نمونو (پروٽوٽائپ) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي وضاحت ۾ بيان ڪيل يا بعد ۾ شامل ڪيل جاچ جي طريقن مطابق آزمائيو ويندو آهي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿي سگهي ته سرڪٽ واقعي اهوئي ڪم ڪري ٿو، جنهن لاءِ ان کي ڊزائن ڪيو ويو هو. == نمونو تياري (پروٽوٽائپنگ) == نمونو تياري (Prototyping) سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي پيچيده عمل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. هي هڪ ورجائتو (Iterative) عمل آهي، جنهن دوران ڊزائن کي بار بار بهتر بڻايو ويندو آهي ۽ غلطيون درست ڪيون وينديون آهن. سرڪٽ ڊزائن هڪ ڏکيو ڪم آهي، جنهن ۾ غلطين کان بچڻ لاءِ انتهائي احتياط ۽ تفصيل تي ڌيان ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. سرڪٽ ڊزائنرن کي پنهنجي ڊزائن جي ڪارڪردگي ۽ حفاظت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي تجربا ۽ جاچون ڪرڻيون پونديون آهن، ان کان اڳ جو اها صارفن جي استعمال لاءِ مناسب سمجهي وڃي.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Ashby |first1=Darren |title=Circuit design |date=2008 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-08-094965-9 |oclc=444859449 }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> برقي انجنيئرنگ ۾ نمونو تياري هڪ بنيادي مرحلو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن شعبي ۾ تمام گهڻي درستگي ۽ بارڪ بيني گهربل هوندي آهي. جيڪڏهن پروٽوٽائپ تيار نه ڪيو وڃي، ته آخري پيداوار ۾ غلطيون رهجي وڃڻ جو امڪان وڌي ويندو آهي. برقي سرڪٽن جي ڊزائن ڪندڙ ماهرن تي اها ذميواري هوندي آهي ته هو اهڙا محفوظ سرڪٽ تيار ڪن، جيڪي صارف پنهنجي گهرن ۾ اعتماد سان استعمال ڪري سگهن. جيڪڏهن نمونو تياري جي مرحلي کي نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ۽ ناقص برقي سرڪٽ مارڪيٽ ۾ جاري ڪيو وڃي، ته ان سان سنگين خطرا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا. انهن خطرن ۾ باهه لڳڻ، تارن جو حد کان وڌيڪ گرم ٿي وڃڻ، ۽ نتيجي طور ماڻهن کي ساڙ يا ٻيون سخت زخمون پهچڻ شامل آهن.<ref name=":1" /> seykzt8r1c0xa4o3ejfgu05voa6g3r2 390222 390221 2026-06-30T20:14:52Z Intisar Ali 8681 390222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. == ڊزائن == [[File:ALU Block Diagram.png|thumb|[[4-بٽ]] [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU) جو [[بلاڪ خاڪو]]]] ڊزائن جو عمل شروعاتي [[وضاحت]] کان شروع ٿي هڪ اهڙي منصوبي تائين پهچندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سرڪٽ کي عملي طور تي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل سموري معلومات موجود هوندي آهي. عام طور تي هي عمل ڪيترن ئي مرحلن مان گذرندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سادن سرڪٽن جي صورت ۾ اهو هڪ ئي مرحلي ۾ مڪمل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif/ |format=GIF |title=Design Flow Chart |website=Informit.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعات ۾ وضاحت کي مختلف ڪمن جي [[بلاڪ خاڪو|بلاڪ خاڪي]] ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر بلاڪ جي اندروني جوڙجڪ تي غور نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر صرف ان جي ڪم تي ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. انهيءَ طريقي کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[بليڪ باڪس (سسٽم)|بليڪ باڪس]] ڊزائن چيو ويندو آهي. هن طريقي سان پيچيده مسئلي کي ننڍن حصن ۾ ورهائي، انهن کي ترتيبوار يا ڊزائن ٽيم جي مختلف ميمبرن ۾ ورهائي حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ هر بلاڪ تي وڌيڪ تفصيل سان غور ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو مرحلو اڃا به تجريدي هوندو آهي، پر ان ۾ برقي ڪمن جي تفصيل تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. هن يا ان کان پوءِ جي مرحلن ۾ اهو عام هوندو آهي ته وڏي پيماني تي تحقيق يا [[رياضيائي ماڊلنگ]] ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن اهو معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته ڪهڙيون شيون عملي طور تي ممڪن آهن ۽ ڪهڙيون نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |title=Electric Circuits I: Lab4 |access-date=2007-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830040341/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |archive-date=2005-08-30 }}</ref> جيڪڏهن تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ته ڪو بلاڪ مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر تيار نٿو ٿي سگهي، ته پوءِ ٻين بلاڪن ۾ به تبديليون ڪرڻيون پونديون. هن مرحلي تي اهو پڻ طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڊزائن جي وضاحتن سان مطابقت ڪيئن ثابت ڪئي ويندي ۽ ان جي جاچ ڪهڙي طريقي سان ڪئي ويندي، جنهن ۾ [[آن بورڊ ڊائگناسٽڪس|خود تشخيصي اوزار]] پڻ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |title=A.T.E. Solutions, Inc. &#124; Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test |website=Besttest.com |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901160934/http://besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |archive-date=2016-09-01 }}</ref> [[File:Componentes electronicos.jpg|thumb|انفرادي سرڪٽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]]]] آخر ۾ مجموعي ڊزائن جي هر ڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ مناسب [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] چونڊيا ويندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر جزي جي جسماني ترتيب ۽ برقي ڳانڍاپن جو به فيصلو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي تياري لاءِ آرٽ ورڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي. موجود چونڊن جي وڏي تعداد سبب هي مرحلو گهڻو وقت وٺندڙ هوندو آهي. هن مرحلي ۾ هڪ اهم عملي پابندي معياري جزن جو استعمال آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن هنڌ لاءِ حساب سان ڪنهن جزي جي خاص قيمت گهربل هجي پر اها مارڪيٽ ۾ دستياب نه هجي، ته مسئلو اڃا حل نه ٿيو هوندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ عام ڊزائن جي سادن مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه حد تائين ''ڪيٽالاگ انجنيئرنگ'' استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي عمل ۾، ٻين ڳالهين سان گڏ، آرڪيٽيڪچر جي دائري جي وضاحت، مواد جي چونڊ، اسڪيماٽڪ تيار ڪرڻ، [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي ترتيب، بجلي ۽ سگنلن جي سالميت (Power and Signal Integrity) تي غور، ۽ آخر ۾ جاچ ۽ تصديق شامل هوندي آهي.<ref name="nanocir">Circuit design services - [https://hiquoa.com/ HIQUOA]</ref> === خرچ === [[File:Comparison between field-effect transistors en.svg|thumb|212x212px|[[فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڀيٽ]] عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ سڌو سنئون ان جي پيچيدگي سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. جيترو وڌيڪ سرڪٽ پيچيده هوندو، اوترو وڌيڪ ماهر انجنيئرن جو وقت هڪ ڪارائتي پيداوار تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندو. ننڍيون ننڍيون تفصيلون يا خاصيتون به تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مواد ۽ افرادي قوت گهربل هوندي آهي، جيئن ٽرانزسٽرن جي ماپ يا ڪوڊيڪس ۾ تبديليءَ جي اثرن کي نظر ۾ رکڻ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Wang |last2=Zhao |first2=WeiSheng |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaohao |last4=Zhang |first4=Yue |last5=Klein |first5=Jacques-Olivier |last6=Zhang |first6=Youguang |last7=Chappert |first7=Claude |last8=Ravelosona |first8=Dafiné |title=A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement |journal=Microelectronics Reliability |date=September 2013 |volume=53 |issue=9–11 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.036 |bibcode=2013MiRe...53.1224K }}</ref> [[لچڪدار اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ پولي ايمائيڊ سبسٽريٽن جي بدران PEN يا PET جهڙا مواد استعمال ڪرڻ سان خرچ پنج کان ڏهه ڀيرا گهٽجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Brand |first1=Jeroen |last2=Kusters |first2=Roel |last3=Barink |first3=Marco |last4=Dietzel |first4=Andreas |title=Flexible embedded circuitry: A novel process for high density, cost effective electronics |journal=Microelectronic Engineering |date=October 2010 |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.004 }}</ref> عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ، هر يونٽ جي پيداواري خرچ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيداوار جو خرچ ۽ سرڪٽ جي ڪارڪردگي وڏي حد تائين ڊزائن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=How Much Does a Prototype Cost?|url=https://predictabledesigns.com/how-much-will-a-prototype-cost/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=PREDICTABLE DESIGNS|language=en-US}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي روايتي تياري گهٽائيندڙ (Subtractive) پيداوار واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي، پر اضافي (Additive) پيداوار جا طريقا به موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[3D پرنٽر]] ذريعي PCB "ڇاپڻ" شامل آهي. هن طريقي کي نسبتاً گهٽ خرچ وارو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان سان فضول مواد جي انتظام جي ضرورت به گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |last2=Bao |first2=Chao |last3=Kim |first3=Woo Soo |title=Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Printed Circuit Boards |journal=Joule |date=April 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=579–582 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.015 |bibcode=2018Joule...2..579D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Moore's Law Transistor Count 1970-2020.png|thumb|220x220px|هر سال سرڪٽن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي وڌندڙ تعداد جو گراف، جيڪو [[مور جو قانون]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي]] == تصديق ۽ جاچ == جڏهن سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن مڪمل ٿي وڃي ٿي، تڏهن ان جي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] ۽ جاچ ٻئي ضروري هونديون آهن. تصديق اهو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن جي هر مرحلي جو جائزو وٺي يقين ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهو وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن) ۾ بيان ڪيل گهرجن کي پورو ڪري ٿو. هي عمل اڪثر انتهائي رياضيائي نوعيت جو هوندو آهي ۽ ان لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن پڻ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. پيچيده ڊزائنن ۾ هن مرحلي دوران مسئلن جي سڃاڻپ ٿيڻ جو امڪان گهڻو هوندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊزائن جي وڏي حصي کي درستين لاءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪرڻو پئجي سگهي ٿو. جاچ (ٽيسٽنگ) تصديق جو عملي يا حقيقي دنيا وارو مرحلو آهي. ان ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڊزائن جو هڪ نمونو (پروٽوٽائپ) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي وضاحت ۾ بيان ڪيل يا بعد ۾ شامل ڪيل جاچ جي طريقن مطابق آزمائيو ويندو آهي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿي سگهي ته سرڪٽ واقعي اهوئي ڪم ڪري ٿو، جنهن لاءِ ان کي ڊزائن ڪيو ويو هو. == نمونو تياري (پروٽوٽائپنگ) == نمونو تياري (Prototyping) سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي پيچيده عمل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. هي هڪ ورجائتو (انٽر ايڪٽو) عمل آهي، جنهن دوران ڊزائن کي بار بار بهتر بڻايو ويندو آهي ۽ غلطيون درست ڪيون وينديون آهن. سرڪٽ ڊزائن هڪ ڏکيو ڪم آهي، جنهن ۾ غلطين کان بچڻ لاءِ انتهائي احتياط ۽ تفصيل تي ڌيان ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. سرڪٽ ڊزائنرن کي پنهنجي ڊزائن جي ڪارڪردگي ۽ حفاظت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي تجربا ۽ جاچون ڪرڻيون پونديون آهن، ان کان اڳ جو اها صارفن جي استعمال لاءِ مناسب سمجهي وڃي.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Ashby |first1=Darren |title=Circuit design |date=2008 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-08-094965-9 |oclc=444859449 }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> برقي انجنيئرنگ ۾ نمونو تياري هڪ بنيادي مرحلو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن شعبي ۾ تمام گهڻي درستگي ۽ بارڪ بيني گهربل هوندي آهي. جيڪڏهن پروٽوٽائپ تيار نه ڪيو وڃي، ته آخري پيداوار ۾ غلطيون رهجي وڃڻ جو امڪان وڌي ويندو آهي. برقي سرڪٽن جي ڊزائن ڪندڙ ماهرن تي اها ذميواري هوندي آهي ته هو اهڙا محفوظ سرڪٽ تيار ڪن، جيڪي صارف پنهنجي گهرن ۾ اعتماد سان استعمال ڪري سگهن. جيڪڏهن نمونو تياري جي مرحلي کي نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ۽ ناقص برقي سرڪٽ مارڪيٽ ۾ جاري ڪيو وڃي، ته ان سان سنگين خطرا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا. انهن خطرن ۾ باهه لڳڻ، تارن جو حد کان وڌيڪ گرم ٿي وڃڻ، ۽ نتيجي طور ماڻهن کي ساڙ يا ٻيون سخت زخمون پهچڻ شامل آهن.<ref name=":1" /> == نتيجا == هر برقي سرڪٽ جي تياري عام طور تي هڪ سرڪٽ بورڊ سموليٽر سان شروع ٿيندي آهي، جيڪو ڏيکاريندو آهي ته آخرڪار مختلف جزا ڪيئن پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا ۽ سرڪٽ مجازي (Virtual) طور ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elprocus.com/different-electronic-circuit-design-process/|title=Basics of Different Electronic Circuit Design Process|date=2017-04-13|website=ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ هڪ ''بلوپرنٽ'' (Blueprint) يا فني خاڪو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن ۽ آخري پيداوار جي مڪمل تفصيل شامل هوندي آهي. جڏهن انهيءَ خاڪي جي بنياد تي سرڪٽ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، ته نتيجي ۾ اهڙو برقي سرڪٽ حاصل ٿيندو آهي، جيڪو ننڍن اوزارن کان وٺي سينيما گهرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ وڏن ٽيليويزنن تائين مختلف برقي نظامن کي هلائڻ جي قابل هوندو آهي. اهڙي قسم جي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تياري لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مهارت ۽ تجربي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. برقي سرڪٽ اڄڪلهه روزاني زندگيءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ بيشمار اوزارن جو بنيادي حصو آهن. === دستاويزڪاري === ڪنهن به تجارتي ڊزائن ۾ عام طور تي دستاويزڪاري (ڊاڪيومينٽيشن) پڻ شامل هوندي آهي. انهن دستاويزن جي نوعيت سرڪٽ جي ماپ، پيچيدگي ۽ ان ملڪ تي دارومدار رکندي آهي، جتي ان کي استعمال ڪيو ويندو. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ دستاويزن ۾ عام طور تي ڊزائن جي وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن)، جاچ جا طريقا، ۽ موجوده قانونن ۽ ضابطن سان مطابقت جو بيان شامل هوندو آهي. [[يورپي يونين]] ۾ اها آخري گهرج عام طور تي [[سي اي مارڪ|سي اي اعلانِ مطابقت]] (CE Declaration) جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ انهن يورپي هدايتن (ڊائريڪٽوز) جي فهرست ڏني ويندي آهي، جن تي عمل ڪيو ويو هجي، ۽ ان شخص جو نالو به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪو مطابقت جي ذميواري کڻندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/tic/ce_mark/ceFAQ.htm |title=Untitled Document |access-date=2005-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126070550/http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/tic/ce_mark/ceFAQ.htm |archive-date=2005-11-26 }}</ref> 27tqa3kas7f53n5cjclwc090ev5lq7i 390223 390222 2026-06-30T20:18:56Z Intisar Ali 8681 390223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. == ڊزائن == [[File:ALU Block Diagram.png|thumb|[[4-بٽ]] [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU) جو [[بلاڪ خاڪو]]]] ڊزائن جو عمل شروعاتي [[وضاحت]] کان شروع ٿي هڪ اهڙي منصوبي تائين پهچندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سرڪٽ کي عملي طور تي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل سموري معلومات موجود هوندي آهي. عام طور تي هي عمل ڪيترن ئي مرحلن مان گذرندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سادن سرڪٽن جي صورت ۾ اهو هڪ ئي مرحلي ۾ مڪمل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif/ |format=GIF |title=Design Flow Chart |website=Informit.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعات ۾ وضاحت کي مختلف ڪمن جي [[بلاڪ خاڪو|بلاڪ خاڪي]] ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر بلاڪ جي اندروني جوڙجڪ تي غور نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر صرف ان جي ڪم تي ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. انهيءَ طريقي کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[بليڪ باڪس (سسٽم)|بليڪ باڪس]] ڊزائن چيو ويندو آهي. هن طريقي سان پيچيده مسئلي کي ننڍن حصن ۾ ورهائي، انهن کي ترتيبوار يا ڊزائن ٽيم جي مختلف ميمبرن ۾ ورهائي حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ هر بلاڪ تي وڌيڪ تفصيل سان غور ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو مرحلو اڃا به تجريدي هوندو آهي، پر ان ۾ برقي ڪمن جي تفصيل تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. هن يا ان کان پوءِ جي مرحلن ۾ اهو عام هوندو آهي ته وڏي پيماني تي تحقيق يا [[رياضيائي ماڊلنگ]] ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن اهو معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته ڪهڙيون شيون عملي طور تي ممڪن آهن ۽ ڪهڙيون نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |title=Electric Circuits I: Lab4 |access-date=2007-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830040341/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |archive-date=2005-08-30 }}</ref> جيڪڏهن تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ته ڪو بلاڪ مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر تيار نٿو ٿي سگهي، ته پوءِ ٻين بلاڪن ۾ به تبديليون ڪرڻيون پونديون. هن مرحلي تي اهو پڻ طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڊزائن جي وضاحتن سان مطابقت ڪيئن ثابت ڪئي ويندي ۽ ان جي جاچ ڪهڙي طريقي سان ڪئي ويندي، جنهن ۾ [[آن بورڊ ڊائگناسٽڪس|خود تشخيصي اوزار]] پڻ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |title=A.T.E. Solutions, Inc. &#124; Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test |website=Besttest.com |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901160934/http://besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |archive-date=2016-09-01 }}</ref> [[File:Componentes electronicos.jpg|thumb|انفرادي سرڪٽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]]]] آخر ۾ مجموعي ڊزائن جي هر ڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ مناسب [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] چونڊيا ويندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر جزي جي جسماني ترتيب ۽ برقي ڳانڍاپن جو به فيصلو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي تياري لاءِ آرٽ ورڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي. موجود چونڊن جي وڏي تعداد سبب هي مرحلو گهڻو وقت وٺندڙ هوندو آهي. هن مرحلي ۾ هڪ اهم عملي پابندي معياري جزن جو استعمال آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن هنڌ لاءِ حساب سان ڪنهن جزي جي خاص قيمت گهربل هجي پر اها مارڪيٽ ۾ دستياب نه هجي، ته مسئلو اڃا حل نه ٿيو هوندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ عام ڊزائن جي سادن مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه حد تائين ''ڪيٽالاگ انجنيئرنگ'' استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي عمل ۾، ٻين ڳالهين سان گڏ، آرڪيٽيڪچر جي دائري جي وضاحت، مواد جي چونڊ، اسڪيماٽڪ تيار ڪرڻ، [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي ترتيب، بجلي ۽ سگنلن جي سالميت (Power and Signal Integrity) تي غور، ۽ آخر ۾ جاچ ۽ تصديق شامل هوندي آهي.<ref name="nanocir">Circuit design services - [https://hiquoa.com/ HIQUOA]</ref> === خرچ === [[File:Comparison between field-effect transistors en.svg|thumb|212x212px|[[فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڀيٽ]] عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ سڌو سنئون ان جي پيچيدگي سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. جيترو وڌيڪ سرڪٽ پيچيده هوندو، اوترو وڌيڪ ماهر انجنيئرن جو وقت هڪ ڪارائتي پيداوار تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندو. ننڍيون ننڍيون تفصيلون يا خاصيتون به تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مواد ۽ افرادي قوت گهربل هوندي آهي، جيئن ٽرانزسٽرن جي ماپ يا ڪوڊيڪس ۾ تبديليءَ جي اثرن کي نظر ۾ رکڻ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Wang |last2=Zhao |first2=WeiSheng |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaohao |last4=Zhang |first4=Yue |last5=Klein |first5=Jacques-Olivier |last6=Zhang |first6=Youguang |last7=Chappert |first7=Claude |last8=Ravelosona |first8=Dafiné |title=A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement |journal=Microelectronics Reliability |date=September 2013 |volume=53 |issue=9–11 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.036 |bibcode=2013MiRe...53.1224K }}</ref> [[لچڪدار اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ پولي ايمائيڊ سبسٽريٽن جي بدران PEN يا PET جهڙا مواد استعمال ڪرڻ سان خرچ پنج کان ڏهه ڀيرا گهٽجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Brand |first1=Jeroen |last2=Kusters |first2=Roel |last3=Barink |first3=Marco |last4=Dietzel |first4=Andreas |title=Flexible embedded circuitry: A novel process for high density, cost effective electronics |journal=Microelectronic Engineering |date=October 2010 |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.004 }}</ref> عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ، هر يونٽ جي پيداواري خرچ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيداوار جو خرچ ۽ سرڪٽ جي ڪارڪردگي وڏي حد تائين ڊزائن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=How Much Does a Prototype Cost?|url=https://predictabledesigns.com/how-much-will-a-prototype-cost/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=PREDICTABLE DESIGNS|language=en-US}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي روايتي تياري گهٽائيندڙ (Subtractive) پيداوار واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي، پر اضافي (Additive) پيداوار جا طريقا به موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[3D پرنٽر]] ذريعي PCB "ڇاپڻ" شامل آهي. هن طريقي کي نسبتاً گهٽ خرچ وارو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان سان فضول مواد جي انتظام جي ضرورت به گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |last2=Bao |first2=Chao |last3=Kim |first3=Woo Soo |title=Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Printed Circuit Boards |journal=Joule |date=April 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=579–582 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.015 |bibcode=2018Joule...2..579D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Moore's Law Transistor Count 1970-2020.png|thumb|220x220px|هر سال سرڪٽن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي وڌندڙ تعداد جو گراف، جيڪو [[مور جو قانون]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي]] == تصديق ۽ جاچ == جڏهن سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن مڪمل ٿي وڃي ٿي، تڏهن ان جي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] ۽ جاچ ٻئي ضروري هونديون آهن. تصديق اهو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن جي هر مرحلي جو جائزو وٺي يقين ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهو وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن) ۾ بيان ڪيل گهرجن کي پورو ڪري ٿو. هي عمل اڪثر انتهائي رياضيائي نوعيت جو هوندو آهي ۽ ان لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن پڻ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. پيچيده ڊزائنن ۾ هن مرحلي دوران مسئلن جي سڃاڻپ ٿيڻ جو امڪان گهڻو هوندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊزائن جي وڏي حصي کي درستين لاءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪرڻو پئجي سگهي ٿو. جاچ (ٽيسٽنگ) تصديق جو عملي يا حقيقي دنيا وارو مرحلو آهي. ان ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڊزائن جو هڪ نمونو (پروٽوٽائپ) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي وضاحت ۾ بيان ڪيل يا بعد ۾ شامل ڪيل جاچ جي طريقن مطابق آزمائيو ويندو آهي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿي سگهي ته سرڪٽ واقعي اهوئي ڪم ڪري ٿو، جنهن لاءِ ان کي ڊزائن ڪيو ويو هو. == نمونو تياري (پروٽوٽائپنگ) == نمونو تياري (Prototyping) سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي پيچيده عمل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. هي هڪ ورجائتو (انٽر ايڪٽو) عمل آهي، جنهن دوران ڊزائن کي بار بار بهتر بڻايو ويندو آهي ۽ غلطيون درست ڪيون وينديون آهن. سرڪٽ ڊزائن هڪ ڏکيو ڪم آهي، جنهن ۾ غلطين کان بچڻ لاءِ انتهائي احتياط ۽ تفصيل تي ڌيان ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. سرڪٽ ڊزائنرن کي پنهنجي ڊزائن جي ڪارڪردگي ۽ حفاظت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي تجربا ۽ جاچون ڪرڻيون پونديون آهن، ان کان اڳ جو اها صارفن جي استعمال لاءِ مناسب سمجهي وڃي.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Ashby |first1=Darren |title=Circuit design |date=2008 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-08-094965-9 |oclc=444859449 }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> برقي انجنيئرنگ ۾ نمونو تياري هڪ بنيادي مرحلو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن شعبي ۾ تمام گهڻي درستگي ۽ بارڪ بيني گهربل هوندي آهي. جيڪڏهن پروٽوٽائپ تيار نه ڪيو وڃي، ته آخري پيداوار ۾ غلطيون رهجي وڃڻ جو امڪان وڌي ويندو آهي. برقي سرڪٽن جي ڊزائن ڪندڙ ماهرن تي اها ذميواري هوندي آهي ته هو اهڙا محفوظ سرڪٽ تيار ڪن، جيڪي صارف پنهنجي گهرن ۾ اعتماد سان استعمال ڪري سگهن. جيڪڏهن نمونو تياري جي مرحلي کي نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ۽ ناقص برقي سرڪٽ مارڪيٽ ۾ جاري ڪيو وڃي، ته ان سان سنگين خطرا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا. انهن خطرن ۾ باهه لڳڻ، تارن جو حد کان وڌيڪ گرم ٿي وڃڻ، ۽ نتيجي طور ماڻهن کي ساڙ يا ٻيون سخت زخمون پهچڻ شامل آهن.<ref name=":1" /> == نتيجا == هر برقي سرڪٽ جي تياري عام طور تي هڪ سرڪٽ بورڊ سموليٽر سان شروع ٿيندي آهي، جيڪو ڏيکاريندو آهي ته آخرڪار مختلف جزا ڪيئن پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا ۽ سرڪٽ مجازي (Virtual) طور ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elprocus.com/different-electronic-circuit-design-process/|title=Basics of Different Electronic Circuit Design Process|date=2017-04-13|website=ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ هڪ ''بلوپرنٽ'' (Blueprint) يا فني خاڪو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن ۽ آخري پيداوار جي مڪمل تفصيل شامل هوندي آهي. جڏهن انهيءَ خاڪي جي بنياد تي سرڪٽ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، ته نتيجي ۾ اهڙو برقي سرڪٽ حاصل ٿيندو آهي، جيڪو ننڍن اوزارن کان وٺي سينيما گهرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ وڏن ٽيليويزنن تائين مختلف برقي نظامن کي هلائڻ جي قابل هوندو آهي. اهڙي قسم جي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تياري لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مهارت ۽ تجربي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. برقي سرڪٽ اڄڪلهه روزاني زندگيءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ بيشمار اوزارن جو بنيادي حصو آهن. === دستاويزڪاري === ڪنهن به تجارتي ڊزائن ۾ عام طور تي دستاويزڪاري (ڊاڪيومينٽيشن) پڻ شامل هوندي آهي. انهن دستاويزن جي نوعيت سرڪٽ جي ماپ، پيچيدگي ۽ ان ملڪ تي دارومدار رکندي آهي، جتي ان کي استعمال ڪيو ويندو. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ دستاويزن ۾ عام طور تي ڊزائن جي وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن)، جاچ جا طريقا، ۽ موجوده قانونن ۽ ضابطن سان مطابقت جو بيان شامل هوندو آهي. [[يورپي يونين]] ۾ اها آخري گهرج عام طور تي [[سي اي مارڪ|سي اي اعلانِ مطابقت]] (CE Declaration) جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ انهن يورپي هدايتن (ڊائريڪٽوز) جي فهرست ڏني ويندي آهي، جن تي عمل ڪيو ويو هجي، ۽ ان شخص جو نالو به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪو مطابقت جي ذميواري کڻندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/tic/ce_mark/ceFAQ.htm |title=Untitled Document |access-date=2005-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126070550/http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/tic/ce_mark/ceFAQ.htm |archive-date=2005-11-26 }}</ref> == سافٽ ويئر == {{Main|آزاد اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ سموليٽرن جي فهرست}} * [[الٽيم ڊزائنر]] * [[ايزي سيڊا]] (EasyEDA) * [[جي سيڊا]] (gEDA) * [[پي سي بي-آر اين ڊي]] (pcb-rnd) * [[ڪيڊ]] (KiCad) * [[اورڪيڊ]] (OrCAD) * [[اين آئي ملٽي سم]] * [[اسپائس (سافٽويئر)|اسپائس]] (SPICE) 8hhwxzrtqmk81ps1gz4qbg8hoqwbb2e 390224 390223 2026-06-30T20:24:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 390224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|انجنيئرنگ جو عمل}} {{Use American English|date=April 2019}} {{More citations needed|date=July 2009}} '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' [[برقي انجنيئرنگ]] ۾ اهو عمل آهي، جيڪو پيچيده [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظامن کان وٺي [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي اندر موجود انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن تائين مختلف نظامن جي ڊزائن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي. سادن سرڪٽن لاءِ اڪثر هڪ ئي شخص بغير ڪنهن رسمي يا منظم [[ڊزائن جو عمل|ڊزائن جي عمل]] جي ڊزائن مڪمل ڪري سگهي ٿو. بهرحال، وڌيڪ پيچيده ڊزائنن لاءِ هاڻي اهڙيون ڊزائنر ٽيمون عام ٿينديون پيون وڃن، جيڪي منظم طريقي سان ڪم ڪنديون آهن ۽ ذهين [[ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن]] جي مدد سان ڊزائن تيار ڪنديون آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] ۾، '''سرڪٽ ڊزائن''' جو اصطلاح عام طور تي ڊزائن جي ان مرحلي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جنهن مان [[اسڪيماٽڪس]] (Schematics) تيار ٿيندا آهن. عام طور تي هي مرحلو [[لاجڪ ڊزائن]] ۽ [[فزيڪل ڊزائن (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فزيڪل ڊزائن]] جي وچ ۾ ايندو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Naveed |title=Algorithms for VLSI Physical Design Automation |date=1995 |publisher=Springer US |isbn=978-1-4615-2351-2 |edition=Second |location=Boston, MA |oclc=852788338}}</ref> ==عمل== [[File:76477 Musical Organ.JPG|thumb|[[Texas Instruments SN76477]] [[ساؤنڊ چپ]] جي هڪ استعمال لاءِ [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]]]] روايتي سرڪٽ ڊزائن عام طور تي ڪيترن ئي مرحلن تي مشتمل هوندي آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن گراهڪ سان صلاح مشوري کان پوءِ [[ڊزائن جي وضاحت]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪرڻ لاءِ [[پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت|فني تجويز]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. ايندڙ مرحلي ۾ ڪاغذ تي [[لاجڪ سنٿيسس|سنٿيسس]] ذريعي [[اسڪيماٽڪ]] [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ تجريدي برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ هوندو آهي ۽ مقرر ڪيل وضاحتن کي پورو ڪندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ مقرر حالتن هيٺ ڪم ڪندڙ وضاحتن مطابق پرزن جي قيمتن (Component Values) جا حساب ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڊزائن جي درستگي جي [[تصديق ۽ توثيق]] لاءِ سموليشن پڻ ڪيا ويندا آهن. وضاحتن مطابق جاچ لاءِ [[بريڊ بورڊ]] يا ڊزائن جو ٻيو ڪو نمونو (Prototype) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ضرورت پوي ته سرڪٽ ۾ تبديليون آڻي ان کي مقرر وضاحتن سان هم آهنگ بڻايو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ تعمير جي طريقي، استعمال ٿيندڙ سڀني حصن ۽ مواد جو انتخاب ڪيو ويندو آهي. نموني جي تياري لاءِ جزن ۽ ترتيب بابت معلومات ڊرافٽس مين، لي آئوٽ انجنيئرن ۽ ميڪانيڪي انجنيئرن کي ڏني ويندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ گراهڪ جي گهرجن سان مطابقت يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ هڪ يا وڌيڪ نمونن جي جاچ يا قسم وار جاچ (Type Testing) ڪئي ويندي آهي. آخر ۾ تيار ڪيل پيداوار وارن خاڪن (Manufacturing Drawings) جي منظوري ۽ دستخط ڪيا ويندا آهن، ۽ ڊزائن مڪمل ٿيڻ کان پوءِ به ڪجهه خدمتون، جهڙوڪ [[فرسودگي]] سبب پرزن جي تبديلي وغيره، مهيا ڪيون وينديون آهن. == وضاحت == [[File:Mikroel 0141 lille4.jpg|thumb|[[مائڪروچپ]]]] {{Main|پراڊڪٽ ڊزائن جي وضاحت}} سرڪٽ ڊزائن جو عمل [[وضاحت]] (Specification) سان شروع ٿيندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي ته تيار ٿيل ڊزائن کي ڪهڙي ڪارڪردگي مهيا ڪرڻي آهي، پر اهو نه ٻڌايو ويندو آهي ته اها ڪارڪردگي ڪهڙي طريقي سان حاصل ڪئي ويندي.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lam |first=William K. |url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification &#124; What Is Design Verification? |website=Informit.com |date=2005-08-19 |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعاتي وضاحت عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي فني بيان هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ گراهڪ جون گهرجون بيان ڪيل هونديون آهن. ان ۾ مختلف [[مربوط سرڪٽ ۾ بجلي نيٽورڪ جي ڊزائن|برقي گهرجون]] شامل ٿي سگهن ٿيون، جيئن ته سرڪٽ کي ڪهڙا سگنل وصول ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙا سگنل خارج ڪرڻا آهن، ڪهڙي قسم جي بجلي فراهم هوندي، ۽ ان کي وڌ ۾ وڌ ڪيتري بجلي استعمال ڪرڻ جي اجازت هوندي. وضاحت ۾ عام طور تي ڪجهه جسماني گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن، جهڙوڪ ماپ، وزن، [[نمي حساسيت جي سطح|نمي جي مزاحمت]]، ڪم ڪندڙ گرمي پد جي حد، حرارتي اخراج، لوڏن کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ تيز رفتار (Acceleration) کي برداشت ڪرڻ جي گنجائش.<ref>A. Tajalli, et al., "[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5730513 Design trade-offs in ultra-low-power digital nanoscale CMOS]," IEEE TCAS-I 2011.</ref> ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڊزائنر بار بار وضاحت ڏانهن موٽندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي اڳڀرائي مطابق ان ۾ ضروري تبديليون ڪندا آهن. ان ۾ گراهڪ طرفان ڏنل وضاحتن کي وڌيڪ واضح يا سخت بڻائڻ، ۽ اهڙيون آزمائشون شامل ڪرڻ به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي منظوري حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪاميابي سان پاس ڪرڻيون پونديون. اهي اضافي وضاحتون بعد ۾ ڊزائن جي تصديق دوران استعمال ٿينديون آهن. جيڪڏهن ڪا تبديلي گراهڪ جي اصل وضاحتن سان ٽڪراءُ رکي ٿي يا انهن ۾ ترميم آڻي ٿي، ته ان تي عمل ڪرڻ کان اڳ گراهڪ جي منظوري وٺڻ لازمي هوندي آهي. گراهڪ جي ضرورتن جي صحيح سڃاڻپ ڪرڻ سان هڪ اهڙي حالت کان بچي سگهجي ٿو، جنهن کي '''ڊزائن ڪريپ''' (Design Creep) چيو ويندو آهي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن شروعات ۾ حقيقت پسندانه اميدون مقرر نه ڪيون وڃن يا ڊزائن جي عمل دوران گراهڪ سان مڪمل رابطي ۾ گهٽتائي رهي. ان جي نتيجي ۾ يا ته سرڪٽ ۾ ضرورت کان وڌيڪ خاصيتون شامل ٿي وينديون آهن يا وري سرڪٽ گهربل ڪارڪردگي ئي فراهم نه ڪندو آهي.<ref>DeMers, 1997</ref>{{Who|date=September 2016}} بهرحال، ڊزائن جي عمل دوران ڪجهه تبديليون متوقع هونديون آهن. سٺو عملي طريقو اهو آهي ته ممڪن حد تائين اختيار کليل رکجن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ بعد ۾ غير ضروري جزن کي هٽائڻ، انهن کي پوءِ شامل ڪرڻ جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو آسان هوندو آهي. == ڊزائن == [[File:ALU Block Diagram.png|thumb|[[4-بٽ]] [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU) جو [[بلاڪ خاڪو]]]] ڊزائن جو عمل شروعاتي [[وضاحت]] کان شروع ٿي هڪ اهڙي منصوبي تائين پهچندو آهي، جنهن ۾ سرڪٽ کي عملي طور تي تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل سموري معلومات موجود هوندي آهي. عام طور تي هي عمل ڪيترن ئي مرحلن مان گذرندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سادن سرڪٽن جي صورت ۾ اهو هڪ ئي مرحلي ۾ مڪمل ٿي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif/ |format=GIF |title=Design Flow Chart |website=Informit.com |access-date=2016-09-27}}</ref> شروعات ۾ وضاحت کي مختلف ڪمن جي [[بلاڪ خاڪو|بلاڪ خاڪي]] ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي انجام ڏيڻا هوندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر بلاڪ جي اندروني جوڙجڪ تي غور نه ڪيو ويندو آهي، پر صرف ان جي ڪم تي ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. انهيءَ طريقي کي ڪڏهن ڪڏهن [[بليڪ باڪس (سسٽم)|بليڪ باڪس]] ڊزائن چيو ويندو آهي. هن طريقي سان پيچيده مسئلي کي ننڍن حصن ۾ ورهائي، انهن کي ترتيبوار يا ڊزائن ٽيم جي مختلف ميمبرن ۾ ورهائي حل ڪيو ويندو آهي. ان کان پوءِ هر بلاڪ تي وڌيڪ تفصيل سان غور ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيتوڻيڪ اهو مرحلو اڃا به تجريدي هوندو آهي، پر ان ۾ برقي ڪمن جي تفصيل تي وڌيڪ ڌيان ڏنو ويندو آهي. هن يا ان کان پوءِ جي مرحلن ۾ اهو عام هوندو آهي ته وڏي پيماني تي تحقيق يا [[رياضيائي ماڊلنگ]] ڪئي وڃي ته جيئن اهو معلوم ڪري سگهجي ته ڪهڙيون شيون عملي طور تي ممڪن آهن ۽ ڪهڙيون نه آهن.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |title=Electric Circuits I: Lab4 |access-date=2007-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830040341/http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~ee205/Labs97S/Lab4.html |archive-date=2005-08-30 }}</ref> جيڪڏهن تحقيق مان ظاهر ٿئي ته ڪو بلاڪ مقرر ڪيل حدن اندر تيار نٿو ٿي سگهي، ته پوءِ ٻين بلاڪن ۾ به تبديليون ڪرڻيون پونديون. هن مرحلي تي اهو پڻ طئي ڪيو ويندو آهي ته ڊزائن جي وضاحتن سان مطابقت ڪيئن ثابت ڪئي ويندي ۽ ان جي جاچ ڪهڙي طريقي سان ڪئي ويندي، جنهن ۾ [[آن بورڊ ڊائگناسٽڪس|خود تشخيصي اوزار]] پڻ شامل ٿي سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |title=A.T.E. Solutions, Inc. &#124; Design for Testability and for Built-In Self Test |website=Besttest.com |access-date=2016-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901160934/http://besttest.com/Courses/DFTBIST.cfm |archive-date=2016-09-01 }}</ref> [[File:Componentes electronicos.jpg|thumb|انفرادي سرڪٽ [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]]]] آخر ۾ مجموعي ڊزائن جي هر ڪم کي انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ مناسب [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] چونڊيا ويندا آهن. هن مرحلي تي هر جزي جي جسماني ترتيب ۽ برقي ڳانڍاپن جو به فيصلو ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] جي تياري لاءِ آرٽ ورڪ جي صورت اختيار ڪندي آهي. موجود چونڊن جي وڏي تعداد سبب هي مرحلو گهڻو وقت وٺندڙ هوندو آهي. هن مرحلي ۾ هڪ اهم عملي پابندي معياري جزن جو استعمال آهي. مثال طور، جيڪڏهن ڪنهن هنڌ لاءِ حساب سان ڪنهن جزي جي خاص قيمت گهربل هجي پر اها مارڪيٽ ۾ دستياب نه هجي، ته مسئلو اڃا حل نه ٿيو هوندو. اهڙين حالتن ۾ عام ڊزائن جي سادن مسئلن کي حل ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه حد تائين ''ڪيٽالاگ انجنيئرنگ'' استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. عام طور تي سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي عمل ۾، ٻين ڳالهين سان گڏ، آرڪيٽيڪچر جي دائري جي وضاحت، مواد جي چونڊ، اسڪيماٽڪ تيار ڪرڻ، [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي ترتيب، بجلي ۽ سگنلن جي سالميت (Power and Signal Integrity) تي غور، ۽ آخر ۾ جاچ ۽ تصديق شامل هوندي آهي.<ref name="nanocir">Circuit design services - [https://hiquoa.com/ HIQUOA]</ref> === خرچ === [[File:Comparison between field-effect transistors en.svg|thumb|212x212px|[[فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڀيٽ]] عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ سڌو سنئون ان جي پيچيدگي سان لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. جيترو وڌيڪ سرڪٽ پيچيده هوندو، اوترو وڌيڪ ماهر انجنيئرن جو وقت هڪ ڪارائتي پيداوار تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهربل هوندو. ننڍيون ننڍيون تفصيلون يا خاصيتون به تيار ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مواد ۽ افرادي قوت گهربل هوندي آهي، جيئن ٽرانزسٽرن جي ماپ يا ڪوڊيڪس ۾ تبديليءَ جي اثرن کي نظر ۾ رکڻ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kang |first1=Wang |last2=Zhao |first2=WeiSheng |last3=Wang |first3=Zhaohao |last4=Zhang |first4=Yue |last5=Klein |first5=Jacques-Olivier |last6=Zhang |first6=Youguang |last7=Chappert |first7=Claude |last8=Ravelosona |first8=Dafiné |title=A low-cost built-in error correction circuit design for STT-MRAM reliability improvement |journal=Microelectronics Reliability |date=September 2013 |volume=53 |issue=9–11 |pages=1224–1229 |doi=10.1016/j.microrel.2013.07.036 |bibcode=2013MiRe...53.1224K }}</ref> [[لچڪدار اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ پولي ايمائيڊ سبسٽريٽن جي بدران PEN يا PET جهڙا مواد استعمال ڪرڻ سان خرچ پنج کان ڏهه ڀيرا گهٽجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van den Brand |first1=Jeroen |last2=Kusters |first2=Roel |last3=Barink |first3=Marco |last4=Dietzel |first4=Andreas |title=Flexible embedded circuitry: A novel process for high density, cost effective electronics |journal=Microelectronic Engineering |date=October 2010 |volume=87 |issue=10 |pages=1861–1867 |doi=10.1016/j.mee.2009.11.004 }}</ref> عام طور تي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن جو خرچ، هر يونٽ جي پيداواري خرچ کان گهڻو وڌيڪ هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ پيداوار جو خرچ ۽ سرڪٽ جي ڪارڪردگي وڏي حد تائين ڊزائن تي دارومدار رکن ٿا.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-04|title=How Much Does a Prototype Cost?|url=https://predictabledesigns.com/how-much-will-a-prototype-cost/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=PREDICTABLE DESIGNS|language=en-US}}</ref> جيتوڻيڪ [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] جي روايتي تياري گهٽائيندڙ (Subtractive) پيداوار واري طريقي سان ٿيندي آهي، پر اضافي (Additive) پيداوار جا طريقا به موجود آهن، جن ۾ [[3D پرنٽر]] ذريعي PCB "ڇاپڻ" شامل آهي. هن طريقي کي نسبتاً گهٽ خرچ وارو تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو ۽ ان سان فضول مواد جي انتظام جي ضرورت به گهٽجي وڃي ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dong |first1=Yue |last2=Bao |first2=Chao |last3=Kim |first3=Woo Soo |title=Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Printed Circuit Boards |journal=Joule |date=April 2018 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=579–582 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2018.03.015 |bibcode=2018Joule...2..579D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Moore's Law Transistor Count 1970-2020.png|thumb|220x220px|هر سال سرڪٽن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي وڌندڙ تعداد جو گراف، جيڪو [[مور جو قانون]] جي نالي سان مشهور آهي]] == تصديق ۽ جاچ == جڏهن سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن مڪمل ٿي وڃي ٿي، تڏهن ان جي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] ۽ جاچ ٻئي ضروري هونديون آهن. تصديق اهو عمل آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن جي هر مرحلي جو جائزو وٺي يقين ڪيو ويندو آهي ته اهو وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن) ۾ بيان ڪيل گهرجن کي پورو ڪري ٿو. هي عمل اڪثر انتهائي رياضيائي نوعيت جو هوندو آهي ۽ ان لاءِ وڏي پيماني تي ڪمپيوٽر سموليشن پڻ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. پيچيده ڊزائنن ۾ هن مرحلي دوران مسئلن جي سڃاڻپ ٿيڻ جو امڪان گهڻو هوندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ ڊزائن جي وڏي حصي کي درستين لاءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪرڻو پئجي سگهي ٿو. جاچ (ٽيسٽنگ) تصديق جو عملي يا حقيقي دنيا وارو مرحلو آهي. ان ۾ گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ڊزائن جو هڪ نمونو (پروٽوٽائپ) تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي وضاحت ۾ بيان ڪيل يا بعد ۾ شامل ڪيل جاچ جي طريقن مطابق آزمائيو ويندو آهي، ته جيئن پڪ ٿي سگهي ته سرڪٽ واقعي اهوئي ڪم ڪري ٿو، جنهن لاءِ ان کي ڊزائن ڪيو ويو هو. == نمونو تياري (پروٽوٽائپنگ) == نمونو تياري (Prototyping) سرڪٽ ڊزائن جي پيچيده عمل ۾ اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿي. هي هڪ ورجائتو (انٽر ايڪٽو) عمل آهي، جنهن دوران ڊزائن کي بار بار بهتر بڻايو ويندو آهي ۽ غلطيون درست ڪيون وينديون آهن. سرڪٽ ڊزائن هڪ ڏکيو ڪم آهي، جنهن ۾ غلطين کان بچڻ لاءِ انتهائي احتياط ۽ تفصيل تي ڌيان ڏيڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. سرڪٽ ڊزائنرن کي پنهنجي ڊزائن جي ڪارڪردگي ۽ حفاظت کي يقيني بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي تجربا ۽ جاچون ڪرڻيون پونديون آهن، ان کان اڳ جو اها صارفن جي استعمال لاءِ مناسب سمجهي وڃي.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |last1=Ashby |first1=Darren |title=Circuit design |date=2008 |publisher=Newnes |isbn=978-0-08-094965-9 |oclc=444859449 }}{{page needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> برقي انجنيئرنگ ۾ نمونو تياري هڪ بنيادي مرحلو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هن شعبي ۾ تمام گهڻي درستگي ۽ بارڪ بيني گهربل هوندي آهي. جيڪڏهن پروٽوٽائپ تيار نه ڪيو وڃي، ته آخري پيداوار ۾ غلطيون رهجي وڃڻ جو امڪان وڌي ويندو آهي. برقي سرڪٽن جي ڊزائن ڪندڙ ماهرن تي اها ذميواري هوندي آهي ته هو اهڙا محفوظ سرڪٽ تيار ڪن، جيڪي صارف پنهنجي گهرن ۾ اعتماد سان استعمال ڪري سگهن. جيڪڏهن نمونو تياري جي مرحلي کي نظرانداز ڪيو وڃي ۽ ناقص برقي سرڪٽ مارڪيٽ ۾ جاري ڪيو وڃي، ته ان سان سنگين خطرا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا. انهن خطرن ۾ باهه لڳڻ، تارن جو حد کان وڌيڪ گرم ٿي وڃڻ، ۽ نتيجي طور ماڻهن کي ساڙ يا ٻيون سخت زخمون پهچڻ شامل آهن.<ref name=":1" /> == نتيجا == هر برقي سرڪٽ جي تياري عام طور تي هڪ سرڪٽ بورڊ سموليٽر سان شروع ٿيندي آهي، جيڪو ڏيکاريندو آهي ته آخرڪار مختلف جزا ڪيئن پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا ۽ سرڪٽ مجازي (Virtual) طور ڪيئن ڪم ڪندو.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elprocus.com/different-electronic-circuit-design-process/|title=Basics of Different Electronic Circuit Design Process|date=2017-04-13|website=ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> ان کان پوءِ هڪ ''بلوپرنٽ'' (Blueprint) يا فني خاڪو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن ۾ ڊزائن ۽ آخري پيداوار جي مڪمل تفصيل شامل هوندي آهي. جڏهن انهيءَ خاڪي جي بنياد تي سرڪٽ تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، ته نتيجي ۾ اهڙو برقي سرڪٽ حاصل ٿيندو آهي، جيڪو ننڍن اوزارن کان وٺي سينيما گهرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ وڏن ٽيليويزنن تائين مختلف برقي نظامن کي هلائڻ جي قابل هوندو آهي. اهڙي قسم جي سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تياري لاءِ گهڻو وقت، مهارت ۽ تجربي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. برقي سرڪٽ اڄڪلهه روزاني زندگيءَ ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ بيشمار اوزارن جو بنيادي حصو آهن. === دستاويزڪاري === ڪنهن به تجارتي ڊزائن ۾ عام طور تي دستاويزڪاري (ڊاڪيومينٽيشن) پڻ شامل هوندي آهي. انهن دستاويزن جي نوعيت سرڪٽ جي ماپ، پيچيدگي ۽ ان ملڪ تي دارومدار رکندي آهي، جتي ان کي استعمال ڪيو ويندو. گهٽ ۾ گهٽ دستاويزن ۾ عام طور تي ڊزائن جي وضاحت (اسپيسيفڪيشن)، جاچ جا طريقا، ۽ موجوده قانونن ۽ ضابطن سان مطابقت جو بيان شامل هوندو آهي. [[يورپي يونين]] ۾ اها آخري گهرج عام طور تي [[سي اي مارڪ|سي اي اعلانِ مطابقت]] (CE Declaration) جي صورت ۾ هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ انهن يورپي هدايتن (ڊائريڪٽوز) جي فهرست ڏني ويندي آهي، جن تي عمل ڪيو ويو هجي، ۽ ان شخص جو نالو به شامل هوندو آهي، جيڪو مطابقت جي ذميواري کڻندو آهي.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/tic/ce_mark/ceFAQ.htm |title=Untitled Document |access-date=2005-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051126070550/http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/tic/ce_mark/ceFAQ.htm |archive-date=2005-11-26 }}</ref> == سافٽ ويئر == {{Main|آزاد اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ سموليٽرن جي فهرست}} * [[الٽيم ڊزائنر]] * [[ايزي سيڊا]] (EasyEDA) * [[جي سيڊا]] (gEDA) * [[پي سي بي-آر اين ڊي]] (pcb-rnd) * [[ڪيڊ]] (KiCad) * [[اورڪيڊ]] (OrCAD) * [[اين آئي ملٽي سم]] * [[اسپائس (سافٽويئر)|اسپائس]] (SPICE) == پڻ ڏسو == {{Portal|اليڪٽرانڪس}} {{Wikibooks|Electronics|Devices}} {{Wikibooks|Electronics|Analog Circuits}} {{Wikibooks|Circuit Theory}} {{Wikibooks|Practical Electronics}} * [[ايڊوانسڊ ڊزائن سسٽم]] * [[سرڪٽ ڊزائن ٻولي]] * [[ڪنفگريشن ڊزائن]] * [[اليڪٽرڪ نظام جي ڊزائن]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ ڊزائن]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] * [[ايسپريسو هيورسٽڪ لاجڪ منيمائزر]] * [[جي ڊي ايس II]] (GDS II) * [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن ڪمپنين جي فهرست]] * [[ميش تجزيو]] * [[اوپن آرٽ ورڪ سسٽم انٽرچينج معيار]] == حوالا == {{Reflist}} === ذريعا === * {{cite news |title=Does Your Design Meet Its Specs? Introduction to Hardware Design Verification {{!}} What Is Design Verification? |url=https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=392278 |work=InformIT |date=19 August 2005 }} * [http://www.informit.com/content/images/chap1_0131433474/elementLinks/01fig01.gif ڊزائن جي ممڪن عمل جو خاڪو] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081024232117/http://export.gov/cemark/doc_ce_mark_main.asp سي اي مارڪنگ بابت آمريڪي رهنمائي] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201082122/http://www.berr.gov.uk/whatwedo/sectors/sustainability/regulations/cemark/page11646.html سي اي مارڪنگ بابت برطانوي رهنمائي] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070409052309/http://ikalogic.com/beg_1_res_v_c.php بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي سمجهڻ، تجزيو ڪرڻ ۽ ڊزائن ڪرڻ بابت شروعاتي سبق] * Vladimir Gurevich, ''Electronic Devices on Discrete Components for Industrial and Power Engineering'', CRC Press, London–New York, 2008, 418 p., ISBN 9781420069822 {{Design}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:سرڪٽ ڊزائن}} [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن]] [[زمرو:اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئرنگ]] 9xo3sovpwebwiwblk4eaaigqzsyyric 0 99699 390225 2026-06-30T20:34:03Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳا... 390225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف ڪجهه ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح به ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع قبوليت کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نئون ڊزائن طريقو]] وجود ۾ آيو. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ ڪل پيداوار بي مثال سطح تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ٿيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to th qpt00w71cbvn0efvjb9fn1pz72pwsg1 390226 390225 2026-06-30T20:39:02Z Intisar Ali 8681 390226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 6a6mbnvl4gzxbof23qu69rp33fxuntg 390227 390226 2026-06-30T20:40:49Z Intisar Ali 8681 390227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} iajam76atclzt2twydukke8apadcbvs 390228 390227 2026-06-30T20:41:59Z Intisar Ali 8681 390228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. eikra458uhhub6ielg5hlb0a0k66c85 390229 390228 2026-06-30T20:44:09Z Intisar Ali 8681 390229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. 64zouuw38sixog7gty04l8xhls5j58e 390230 390229 2026-06-30T20:44:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 390230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. bz0t5uefmbbgneg6h2z7frjpys3q93z 390231 390230 2026-06-30T20:46:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 390231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. l1m09mlovo1ff9vptqk1snv4hqr0yo1 390232 390231 2026-06-30T20:47:45Z Intisar Ali 8681 390232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. 06vse7oya0mmhf4hx3h6t98c1nkoapz 390233 390232 2026-06-30T20:49:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 390233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. p7juv4q7bft1qjc1asvjqm1vw4ngh0j 390234 390233 2026-06-30T20:50:15Z Intisar Ali 8681 390234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتا (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. bsq939lqf31d155dsby99mzzilx6xwq 390235 390234 2026-06-30T20:50:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 390235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. adtpwpjd88f32b3t5evdc9oa4w077tf 390236 390235 2026-06-30T20:53:00Z Intisar Ali 8681 390236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن (Contacts) تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[CMOS منطق]] تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[IBM System z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. 6np8wjrg28r7d0p1jjj73exyd52dq4f 390237 390236 2026-06-30T20:56:21Z Intisar Ali 8681 390237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. 0g3v45o9ogew9p82uyqv7hp8td7qoic 390238 390237 2026-06-30T20:56:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 390238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. == تازيون اڳڀرائيون == 2009ع ۾ محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته [[ميمريسٽر]] [[بولين]] حالت کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا ۽ روايتي CMOS سيميڪنڊڪٽر عملن کي استعمال ڪندي تمام گهٽ جڳهه ۽ توانائي سان مڪمل منطقي خاندان (Logic Family) مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Eero |last2=Laiho |first2=Mika |work=2009 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures |title=Stateful implication logic with memristors |date=2009 |pages=33–36 |doi=10.1109/NANOARCH.2009.5226356|isbn=978-1-4244-4957-6 }}</ref> [[سپر ڪنڊڪٽيوٽي]] جي دريافت [[تيز واحد فِلڪس ڪوانٽم]] (Rapid Single Flux Quantum؛ RSFQ) سرڪٽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي کي ممڪن بڻايو، جيڪا [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي بدران [[جوزفسن جنڪشن]] استعمال ڪري ٿي. تازو سالن ۾ اهڙن مڪمل [[نظرياتي ڪمپيوٽنگ]] (Optical Computing) نظامن جي تعمير جون پڻ ڪوششون جاري آهن، جيڪي [[غير لڪيري نظريات]] (Nonlinear Optics) جي عنصرن جي مدد سان ڊجيٽل معلومات جي پروسيسنگ ڪري سگهن. jr5g39xbs5l4oxflyyz8keauor6ikm7 390239 390238 2026-06-30T20:59:29Z Intisar Ali 8681 390239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. == تازيون اڳڀرائيون == 2009ع ۾ محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته [[ميمريسٽر]] [[بولين]] حالت کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا ۽ روايتي CMOS سيميڪنڊڪٽر عملن کي استعمال ڪندي تمام گهٽ جڳهه ۽ توانائي سان مڪمل منطقي خاندان (لاجڪ فيملي) مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Eero |last2=Laiho |first2=Mika |work=2009 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures |title=Stateful implication logic with memristors |date=2009 |pages=33–36 |doi=10.1109/NANOARCH.2009.5226356|isbn=978-1-4244-4957-6 }}</ref> [[سپر ڪنڊڪٽيوٽي]] جي دريافت [[تيز واحد فِلڪس ڪوانٽم]] (ريپڊ سنگل فلڪس ڪوانٽم؛ RSFQ) سرڪٽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي کي ممڪن بڻايو، جيڪا [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي بدران [[جوزفسن جنڪشن]] استعمال ڪري ٿي. تازو سالن ۾ اهڙن مڪمل [[بصري ڪمپيوٽنگ]] (آپٽيڪل ڪمپيوٽنگ) نظامن جي تعمير جون پڻ ڪوششون جاري آهن، جيڪي [[غير لڪيري بصريات]] (مان لينيئر آپٽڪس) جي عنصرن جي مدد سان ڊجيٽل معلومات جي پروسيسنگ ڪري سگهن. 9m3g7de2h33mv16t92rpoifkxrtjmoq 390240 390239 2026-06-30T21:00:54Z Intisar Ali 8681 390240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. == تازيون اڳڀرائيون == 2009ع ۾ محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته [[ميمريسٽر]] [[بولين]] حالت کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا ۽ روايتي CMOS سيميڪنڊڪٽر عملن کي استعمال ڪندي تمام گهٽ جڳهه ۽ توانائي سان مڪمل منطقي خاندان (لاجڪ فيملي) مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Eero |last2=Laiho |first2=Mika |work=2009 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures |title=Stateful implication logic with memristors |date=2009 |pages=33–36 |doi=10.1109/NANOARCH.2009.5226356|isbn=978-1-4244-4957-6 }}</ref> [[سپر ڪنڊڪٽيوٽي]] جي دريافت [[تيز واحد فِلڪس ڪوانٽم]] (ريپڊ سنگل فلڪس ڪوانٽم؛ RSFQ) سرڪٽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي کي ممڪن بڻايو، جيڪا [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي بدران [[جوزفسن جنڪشن]] استعمال ڪري ٿي. تازو سالن ۾ اهڙن مڪمل [[بصري ڪمپيوٽنگ]] (آپٽيڪل ڪمپيوٽنگ) نظامن جي تعمير جون پڻ ڪوششون جاري آهن، جيڪي [[غير لڪيري بصريات]] (مان لينيئر آپٽڪس) جي عنصرن جي مدد سان ڊجيٽل معلومات جي پروسيسنگ ڪري سگهن. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[ڊي مورگن جا قانون]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪِٽ]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ اوپن سورس هارڊويئر منصوبن جي فهرست]] * [[منطقي ڪوشش]] * [[منطق جي بهتري]] * [[مائڪرو اليڪٽرانڪس]] * [[آسيلوسڪوپ]] * [[غير روايتي ڪمپيوٽنگ]] == نوٽس == {{Notelist}} == حوالا == {{Reflist}} == وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ == * Douglas Lewin, ''Logical Design of Switching Circuits'', Nelson, 1974. * R. H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994. * P. K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996. * Y. K. Chan and S. Y. Lim, ''Progress In Electromagnetics Research B'', جلد 1، صفحا 269–290، 2008، "Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signal Generation"، Faculty of Engineering & Technology، Multimedia University، Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama، Bukit Beruang، Melaka 75450، Malaysia. == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Digital electronics}} * [http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=oer Digital Circuit Projects: An Overview of Digital Circuits Through Implementing Integrated Circuits] (2014) * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127110933/http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits/Digital/index.html |title=Lessons in Electric Circuits – Volume IV (Digital)}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ MIT OpenCourseWare: ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي تعارفي ڪورس جا تدريسي مواد ("6.004: Computation Structures")] {{Digital systems}} {{Electronic components}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] 3qmv4vxe6heosodtzbnq4kigf6inw2l 390241 390240 2026-06-30T21:01:47Z Intisar Ali 8681 390241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. == تازيون اڳڀرائيون == 2009ع ۾ محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته [[ميمريسٽر]] [[بولين]] حالت کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا ۽ روايتي CMOS سيميڪنڊڪٽر عملن کي استعمال ڪندي تمام گهٽ جڳهه ۽ توانائي سان مڪمل منطقي خاندان (لاجڪ فيملي) مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Eero |last2=Laiho |first2=Mika |work=2009 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures |title=Stateful implication logic with memristors |date=2009 |pages=33–36 |doi=10.1109/NANOARCH.2009.5226356|isbn=978-1-4244-4957-6 }}</ref> [[سپر ڪنڊڪٽيوٽي]] جي دريافت [[تيز واحد فِلڪس ڪوانٽم]] (ريپڊ سنگل فلڪس ڪوانٽم؛ RSFQ) سرڪٽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي کي ممڪن بڻايو، جيڪا [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي بدران [[جوزفسن جنڪشن]] استعمال ڪري ٿي. تازو سالن ۾ اهڙن مڪمل [[بصري ڪمپيوٽنگ]] (آپٽيڪل ڪمپيوٽنگ) نظامن جي تعمير جون پڻ ڪوششون جاري آهن، جيڪي [[غير لڪيري بصريات]] (مان لينيئر آپٽڪس) جي عنصرن جي مدد سان ڊجيٽل معلومات جي پروسيسنگ ڪري سگهن. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[ڊي مورگن جا قانون]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪِٽ]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ اوپن سورس هارڊويئر منصوبن جي فهرست]] * [[منطقي ڪوشش]] * [[منطق جي بهتري]] * [[مائڪرو اليڪٽرانڪس]] * [[آسيلوسڪوپ]] * [[غير روايتي ڪمپيوٽنگ]] == نوٽ == {{Notelist}} == حوالا == {{Reflist}} == وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ == * Douglas Lewin, ''Logical Design of Switching Circuits'', Nelson, 1974. * R. H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994. * P. K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996. * Y. K. Chan and S. Y. Lim, ''Progress In Electromagnetics Research B'', جلد 1، صفحا 269–290، 2008، "Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signal Generation"، Faculty of Engineering & Technology، Multimedia University، Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama، Bukit Beruang، Melaka 75450، Malaysia. == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Digital electronics}} * [http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=oer Digital Circuit Projects: An Overview of Digital Circuits Through Implementing Integrated Circuits] (2014) * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127110933/http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits/Digital/index.html |title=Lessons in Electric Circuits – Volume IV (Digital)}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ MIT OpenCourseWare: ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي تعارفي ڪورس جا تدريسي مواد ("6.004: Computation Structures")] {{Digital systems}} {{Electronic components}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] 4cjtjdjjxclch8ersgqsyi4tw459k1v 390242 390241 2026-06-30T21:02:23Z Intisar Ali 8681 390242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. == تازيون اڳڀرائيون == 2009ع ۾ محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته [[ميمريسٽر]] [[بولين]] حالت کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا ۽ روايتي CMOS سيميڪنڊڪٽر عملن کي استعمال ڪندي تمام گهٽ جڳهه ۽ توانائي سان مڪمل منطقي خاندان (لاجڪ فيملي) مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Eero |last2=Laiho |first2=Mika |work=2009 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures |title=Stateful implication logic with memristors |date=2009 |pages=33–36 |doi=10.1109/NANOARCH.2009.5226356|isbn=978-1-4244-4957-6 }}</ref> [[سپر ڪنڊڪٽيوٽي]] جي دريافت [[تيز واحد فِلڪس ڪوانٽم]] (ريپڊ سنگل فلڪس ڪوانٽم؛ RSFQ) سرڪٽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي کي ممڪن بڻايو، جيڪا [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي بدران [[جوزفسن جنڪشن]] استعمال ڪري ٿي. تازو سالن ۾ اهڙن مڪمل [[بصري ڪمپيوٽنگ]] (آپٽيڪل ڪمپيوٽنگ) نظامن جي تعمير جون پڻ ڪوششون جاري آهن، جيڪي [[غير لڪيري بصريات]] (مان لينيئر آپٽڪس) جي عنصرن جي مدد سان ڊجيٽل معلومات جي پروسيسنگ ڪري سگهن. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[ڊي مورگن جا قانون]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪِٽ]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ اوپن سورس هارڊويئر منصوبن جي فهرست]] * [[منطقي ڪوشش]] * [[منطق جي بهتري]] * [[مائڪرو اليڪٽرانڪس]] * [[آسيلوسڪوپ]] * [[غير روايتي ڪمپيوٽنگ]] == نوٽ == {{Notelist}} == وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ == * Douglas Lewin, ''Logical Design of Switching Circuits'', Nelson, 1974. * R. H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994. * P. K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996. * Y. K. Chan and S. Y. Lim, ''Progress In Electromagnetics Research B'', جلد 1، صفحا 269–290، 2008، "Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signal Generation"، Faculty of Engineering & Technology، Multimedia University، Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama، Bukit Beruang، Melaka 75450، Malaysia. == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Digital electronics}} * [http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=oer Digital Circuit Projects: An Overview of Digital Circuits Through Implementing Integrated Circuits] (2014) * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127110933/http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits/Digital/index.html |title=Lessons in Electric Circuits – Volume IV (Digital)}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ MIT OpenCourseWare: ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي تعارفي ڪورس جا تدريسي مواد ("6.004: Computation Structures")] {{Digital systems}} {{Electronic components}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] jyq4spzg2ix63du9dkq8w6ylzfdzzxh 390243 390242 2026-06-30T21:02:50Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* حوالا */ 390243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي استعمال ڪندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ}} {{Multiple image |header = ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس |direction = vertical | image1 = Digital-signal-noise.svg | caption1 = [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]] جون ٻه يا وڌيڪ سڃاڻي سگهجندڙ موجي شڪليون هونديون آهن؛ هن مثال ۾ وڏي وولٽيج ۽ گهٽ وولٽيج، جن مان هر هڪ کي ڪنهن عدد سان لاڳاپيل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. | image3 = HitachiJ100A.jpg | caption3 = هڪ صنعتي [[ڊجيٽل ڪنٽرولر]] }} '''ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس''' [[اليڪٽرانڪس]] جو اهو شعبو آهي، جنهن ۾ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو مطالعو ۽ اهڙن اوزارن جي انجنيئرنگ شامل آهي، جيڪي اهي سگنل استعمال ڪن ٿا يا پيدا ڪن ٿا. هي شعبو [[ٻنائي عدد|ٻنائي]] ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي لاڳاپي سان واسطو رکي ٿو، جنهن ۾ برقي سگنلن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ|منطقي گيٽن]]، [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽرن]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]ن، [[ايمپليفائر]]ن ۽ ٻين [[اليڪٽرانڪ جزو|اليڪٽرانڪ جزن]] مان گذاريو ويندو آهي. ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جو شعبو [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس]] جي ابتڙ آهي، جيڪا بنيادي طور [[اينالاگ سگنل]]ن سان ڪم ڪري ٿي، يعني اهڙا سگنل جن ۾ شدت جا مختلف درجا هوندا آهن، جڏهن ته ڊجيٽل سگنل آن/آف ٻن حالتن واري ٻنائي صورت ۾ هوندا آهن. نالي جي باوجود، ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس جي ڊزائنن ۾ اهم اينالاگ ڊزائن جون گهرجون پڻ شامل هونديون آهن. [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن جا وڏا مجموعا، جيڪي وڌيڪ پيچيده خيالن جي نمائندگي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، اڪثر [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن ۾ بند ڪيا ويندا آهن. پيچيده اوزارن ۾ [[Boolean logic#Digital electronic circuit design|بولين منطق جي ڪمن]] جون ساديون اليڪٽرانڪ نمائندگيون ٿي سگهن ٿيون.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Null |first1=Linda |last2=Lobur |first2=Julia |title=The essentials of computer organization and architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcomp00null/page/n156 121] |year=2006 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn=978-0-7637-3769-6 |quote=We can build logic diagrams (which in turn lead to digital circuits) for any Boolean expression...}}</ref> == تاريخ == [[ٻنائي عدد نظام]] کي [[گوٽفريڊ ولهيلم لائبنز]] وڌيڪ بهتر ڪيو، جيڪو 1705ع ۾ شايع ٿيو، ۽ هن اهو پڻ ثابت ڪيو ته ٻنائي نظام استعمال ڪندي حساب ۽ منطق جا اصول گڏ ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ڊجيٽل منطق، جيئن اڄ ڄاتو وڃي ٿو، 19هين صدي جي وچ ڌاري [[جارج بول]] جي ايجاد هئي. 1886ع جي هڪ خط ۾ [[چارلس سينڊرس پيرس]] بيان ڪيو ته منطقي عملن کي برقي سوئچنگ سرڪٽن ذريعي ڪيئن انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="P2M">Peirce, C. S., "Letter, Peirce to [[Allan Marquand|A. Marquand]]", dated 1886, ''[[Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography#W|Writings of Charles S. Peirce]]'', v. 5, 1993, pp. 541–3. Google [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnvLHp919_wC&q=Marquand Preview]. See [[Arthur W. Burks|Burks, Arthur W.]], "Review: Charles S. Peirce, ''The new elements of mathematics''", ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' v. 84, n. 5 (1978), pp. 913–18, see 917. [http://projecteuclid.org/DPubS/Repository/1.0/Disseminate?view=body&id=pdf_1&handle=euclid.bams/1183541145 PDF Eprint].</ref> آخرڪار منطقي عملن لاءِ رليز جي جاءِ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]ن ورتي. [[لي ڊي فاريسٽ]] طرفان 1907ع ۾ [[فليمنگ والو]] ۾ ڪيل تبديلي کي [[AND گيٽ]] طور استعمال ڪري سگهجي پيو. [[لڊوگ وٽگنسٽائن]] پنهنجي ڪتاب ''[[Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]]'' (1921ع) جي قضيي 5.101 ۾ 16 قطارن واري [[سچائي جدول]] جو هڪ نسخو پيش ڪيو. [[والٿر بوٿي]]، جيڪو [[اتفاقي سرڪٽ]] جو موجد هو، 1924ع ۾ پهريون جديد اليڪٽرانڪ AND گيٽ ٺاهڻ تي 1954ع جو [[طبعيات جو نوبل انعام]] گڏيل طور حاصل ڪيو. [[ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر|ميڪانيڪي]] [[اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر]] پهرين صديءَ ۾ ظاهر ٿيڻ شروع ٿيا ۽ پوءِ وچئين دور ۾ فلڪياتي حسابن لاءِ استعمال ٿيا. [[ٻي عالمي جنگ]] دوران ميڪانيڪي اينالاگ ڪمپيوٽر خاص فوجي استعمالن لاءِ ڪم آيا، جهڙوڪ تارپيڊو جي نشاني جو حساب. انهيءَ زماني ۾ پهريان اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا|ڊجيٽل]] ڪمپيوٽر تيار ڪيا ويا، ۽ ''ڊجيٽل'' جو اصطلاح [[George Stibitz#Origin of the term "digital"|جارج اسٽيبٽز 1942ع ۾]] تجويز ڪيو. شروعات ۾ اهي هڪ وڏي ڪمري جيترا هوندا هئا ۽ ڪيترن سو جديد [[ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر|پي سيز]] جيتري بجلي استعمال ڪندا هئا.<ref>In 1946, [[ENIAC]] required an estimated 174&nbsp;kW. By comparison, a modern laptop computer may use around 30&nbsp;W; nearly six thousand times less. {{cite web |url = http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |title = Approximate Desktop & Notebook Power Usage |publisher = University of Pennsylvania |access-date = 20 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090603230016/http://www.upenn.edu/computing/provider/docs/hardware/powerusage.html |archive-date = 3 June 2009 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> [[ڪلاڊ شينن]] 1937ع جي پنهنجي [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|ماسٽرز ٿيسز]] ۾ اهو ڏيکاريو ته بولين الجبرا جون برقي لاڳو صورتون ڪنهن به منطقي عددي لاڳاپي کي تعمير ڪري سگهن ٿيون، جنهن سان ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽنگ ۽ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جا بنياد پيا. اها ٿيسز اڪثر تاريخ جي سڀ کان اهم ماسٽرز ٿيسز مان هڪ سمجهي ويندي آهي ۽ ان تي هن [[Alfred Noble Prize#Recipients|1939ع جو الفريڊ نوبل انعام]] حاصل ڪيو.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LUjpDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishing+the+theory+behind+digital+computing+and+digital+circuits+claude+shannon&pg=PA87 |title=The Industrialization of Intelligence: Mind and Machine in the Modern Age |date=2018 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |isbn=978-0-8153-4954-9 |series= |location=London New York |pages=87–89 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chow |first=Rony |date=2021-06-05 |title=Claude Shannon: The Father of Information Theory |url=https://www.historyofdatascience.com/claude-shannon/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=History of Data Science |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Z3 (computer)|زي 3]] هڪ [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جنهن کي [[ڪونراڊ زوزه]] ڊزائن ڪيو. 1941ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيل هي دنيا جو پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ، [[ڪمپيوٽر پروگرامنگ|پروگرام لائق]]، مڪمل خودڪار ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽر هو.<ref>{{cite news|title = A Computer Pioneer Rediscovered, 50 Years On|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/20/news/20iht-zuse.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = April 20, 1994}}</ref> ان جي ڪم کي 1904ع ۾ [[جان امبروز فليمنگ]] جي ايجاد ڪيل ويڪيوم ٽيوب آسان بڻايو. جڏهن ڊجيٽل حساب ڪتاب اينالاگ حساب ڪتاب جي جاءِ وٺي رهيو هو، تڏهن خالص [[اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] جا جزا جلد ئي پنهنجي ميڪانيڪي ۽ برقي-ميڪانيڪي هم منصبن جي جاءِ وٺڻ لڳا. [[جان بارڊين]] ۽ [[والٽر براٽين]] 1947ع ۾ [[بيل ليبز]] ۾ [[پوائنٽ-ڪانٽيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو، جنهن کان پوءِ [[وليم شاڪلي]] 1948ع ۾ بيل ليبز ۾ [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Thomas H. |title=The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139643771 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/ee/ee214/ee214.1032/Handouts/HO2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Puers">{{cite book |last1=Puers |first1=Robert |last2=Baldi |first2=Livio |last3=Voorde |first3=Marcel Van de |last4=Nooten |first4=Sebastiaan E. van |title=Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, 2 Volumes |date=2017 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Son]]s |isbn=9783527340538 |page=14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOqVDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14}}</ref> [[يونيورسٽي آف مانچسٽر]] ۾ [[ٽام ڪلبرن]] جي اڳواڻي هيٺ هڪ ٽيم ويڪيوم ٽيوبن بدران نئين تيار ڪيل [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن کي استعمال ڪري هڪ مشين ڊزائن ۽ تعمير ڪئي.<ref>{{Citation|last = Lavington|first = Simon|title = A History of Manchester Computers|year = 1998|edition = 2|publisher = The British Computer Society|location = Swindon|pages = 34–35}}</ref> سندن "[[ٽرانزسٽر ڪمپيوٽر|ٽرانزسٽرائيزڊ ڪمپيوٽر]]"، جيڪو دنيا جو پهريون هو، [[Manchester computers#Transistor Computer|1953ع تائين ڪم ڪندڙ]] ٿي ويو، ۽ ان جو ٻيو نسخو اپريل 1955ع ۾ مڪمل ٿيو. 1955ع کان پوءِ ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائنن ۾ ٽرانزسٽرن ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي جاءِ ورتي، جنهن سان ڪمپيوٽرن جي "ٻئي نسل" جو آغاز ٿيو. ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ٽرانزسٽر ننڍا، وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳا، غير معين عمر وارا ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ هئا؛ تنهنڪري اهي گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندا هئا ۽ نسبتاً ننڍي جاءِ ۾ ڏهاڪن هزارن تائين سرڪٽن جي گهڻي گنجائش ممڪن بڻائيندا هئا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} 1955ع ۾ [[ڪارل فروش]] ۽ لنڪن ڊيرڪ سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ جي سطح جي پاسيويشن جا اثر دريافت ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US2802760A|title=Oxidation of semiconductive surfaces for controlled diffusion|gdate=1957-08-13|invent1=Lincoln|invent2=Frosch|inventor1-first=Derick|inventor2-first=Carl J.|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US2802760A}}</ref> 1957ع ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ ماسڪنگ ۽ پري ڊپوزيشن استعمال ڪندي سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ فيلڊ افيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر ٺاهڻ ۾ ڪامياب ٿيا؛ اهي پهريان پلانر ٽرانزسٽر هئا، جن ۾ ڊرين ۽ سورس ساڳئي سطح تي هڪ ٻئي جي ڀرسان هئا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Frosch |first1=C. J. |last2=Derick |first2=L |date=1957 |title=Surface Protection and Selective Masking during Diffusion in Silicon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2428650 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |language=en |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=547 |doi=10.1149/1.2428650|url-access=subscription }}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ فروش ۽ ڊيرڪ جي ٽيڪنيڪ ۽ ٽرانزسٽرن جي اهميت فوراً سمجهي وئي. سندن ڪم جا نتيجا 1957ع ۾ شايع ٿيڻ کان اڳ بيل ليبز ۾ BTL ميموز جي صورت ۾ گردش ڪندا رهيا. [[شاڪلي سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ شاڪلي ڊسمبر 1956ع ۾ سندن مضمون جو پري پرنٽ پنهنجي سڀني سينيئر عملي ۾ ورهايو، جن ۾ [[جين هورني]] به شامل هو،<ref name="Moskowitz">{{cite book |last1=Moskowitz |first1=Sanford L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2STRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century |date=2016 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-0-470-50892-3 |page=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Christophe Lécuyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaZpUpkG70QC&pg=PA62 |title=Makers of the Microchip: A Documentary History of Fairchild Semiconductor |author2=David C. Brook |author3=Jay Last |date=2010 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01424-3 |pages=62–63}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Claeys |first1=Cor L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bu22JNYbE5MC&pg=PA27 |title=ULSI Process Integration III: Proceedings of the International Symposium |date=2003 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1-56677-376-8 |pages=27–30}}</ref><ref name="Lojek120">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9783540342588 |page=120}}</ref> جنهن بعد ۾ 1959ع ۾ [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ ڪم ڪندي [[پلانر پروسيس]] ايجاد ڪيو.<ref>{{patent|US|3025589|Hoerni, J. A.: "Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices” filed May 1, 1959}}</ref><ref>{{patent|US|3064167|Hoerni, J. A.: "Semiconductor device" filed May 15, 1960}}</ref> بيل ليبز ۾ J. R. Ligenza ۽ W. G. Spitzer حرارتي طور وڌندڙ آڪسائيڊس جي ميڪانيزم جو مطالعو ڪيو، اعليٰ معيار جو Si/[[سليڪان ڊاءِ آڪسائيڊ|SiO₂]] اسٽيڪ ٺاهيو ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجا نتيجا شايع ڪيا.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ligenza |first1=J. R. |last2=Spitzer |first2=W. G. |date=1960-07-01 |title=The mechanisms for silicon oxidation in steam and oxygen |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0022369760902195 |journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids |volume=14 |pages=131–136 |doi=10.1016/0022-3697(60)90219-5 |bibcode=1960JPCS...14..131L |issn=0022-3697|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Deal2">{{cite book |last1=Deal |first1=Bruce E. |title=Silicon materials science and technology |date=1998 |publisher=[[The Electrochemical Society]] |isbn=978-1566771931 |page=183 |chapter=Highlights Of Silicon Thermal Oxidation Technology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cr8FPGkiRS0C&pg=PA183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3540342588 |page=322}}</ref> بيل ليبز جي هن تحقيق کان پوءِ [[محمد عطالا]] ۽ [[ڊاون ڪاهنگ]] 1959ع ۾ سليڪان MOS ٽرانزسٽر تجويز ڪيو<ref name="Bassett222">{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Ross Knox |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UUbB3d2UnaAC&pg=PA22 |title=To the Digital Age: Research Labs, Start-up Companies, and the Rise of MOS Technology |date=2007 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8018-8639-3 |pages=22–23}}</ref> ۽ 1960ع ۾ پنهنجي بيل ليبز ٽيم سان گڏ ڪم ڪندڙ MOS ڊوائيس ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Atalla |first1=M. |author1-link=Mohamed Atalla |last2=Kahng |first2=D. |author2-link=Dawon Kahng |date=1960 |title=Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices |journal=IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/metal-oxide-semiconductor-mos-transistor-demonstrated/ |journal=The Silicon Engine |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> ٽيم ۾ E. E. LaBate ۽ E. I. Povilonis شامل هئا، جن ڊوائيس ٺاهي؛ M. O. Thurston، L. A. D’Asaro ۽ J. R. Ligenza ڊفيوزن عمل تيار ڪيا، ۽ H. K. Gummel ۽ R. Lindner ڊوائيس جي خاصيتن جو جائزو ورتو.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=KAHNG |first=D. |date=1961 |title=Silicon-Silicon Dioxide Surface Device |url=https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |journal=Technical Memorandum of Bell Laboratories |pages=583–596 |doi=10.1142/9789814503464_0076 |isbn=978-981-02-0209-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lojek |first=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |date=2007 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |page=321}}</ref> [[ٽيڪساس انسٽرومينٽس]] ۾ جولاءِ 1958ع دوران ڪم ڪندي [[جيڪ ڪلبي]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) بابت پنهنجا ابتدائي خيال قلمبند ڪيا، ۽ پوءِ 12 سيپٽمبر 1958ع تي پهريون ڪم ڪندڙ مربوط سرڪٽ ڪاميابي سان ڏيکاريو.<ref name="TIJackBuilt">{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/kilbyctr/jackbuilt.shtml |title=The Chip that Jack Built |date=2008 |publisher=Texas Instruments |access-date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ڪلبي جي چپ [[جرمينيم]] مان ٺهيل هئي. ايندڙ سال [[رابرٽ نوئس]] [[فيئرچائلڊ سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] ۾ [[سليڪان]] مربوط سرڪٽ ايجاد ڪيو. نوئس جي سليڪان IC جو بنياد هورني جو [[پلانر پروسيس]] هو.{{cn|date=August 2025}} MOSFET جي فائدن ۾ [[MOSFET scaling|وڏي پيماني تي ننڍو ۽ وڌيڪ ڳاڙهو ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت]]،<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motoyoshi |first1=M. |date=2009 |title=Through-Silicon Via (TSV) |journal=Proceedings of the IEEE |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1109/JPROC.2008.2007462 |issn=0018-9219 |s2cid=29105721}}</ref> گهٽ قيمت،<ref name="computerhistory-digital">{{cite web |title=Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race - CHM Revolution |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/digital-logic/12/279 |access-date=22 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref> گهٽ بجلي خرچ ۽ وڏي [[ٽرانزسٽر کثافت]] شامل آهن.<ref>{{cite news |date=12 December 2018 |title=Transistors Keep Moore's Law Alive |url=https://www.eetimes.com/author.asp?section_id=36&doc_id=1334068 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[EETime]]s}}</ref> ان جي تيز آن–آف [[اليڪٽرانڪ سوئچ]]نگ رفتار ان کي [[پلس ٽرين]] پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ پڻ مناسب بڻائي ٿي،<ref name="electronicdesign">{{cite magazine |date=23 May 2016 |title=Applying MOSFETs to Today's Power-Switching Designs |url=https://www.electronicdesign.com/mosfets/applying-mosfets-today-s-power-switching-designs |access-date=10 August 2019 |magazine=[[Electronic Design]]}}</ref> جيڪا اليڪٽرانڪ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل]]ن جو بنياد آهي،<ref>{{cite book |author=B. SOMANATHAN NAIR |title=Digital electronics and logic design |date=2002 |publisher=PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=9788120319561 |page=289 |quote=Digital signals are fixed-width pulses, which occupy only one of two levels of amplitude.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Joseph Migga Kizza |title=Computer Network Security |date=2005 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9780387204734}}</ref> جڏهن ته BJT نسبتاً آهستي [[سائن موج]] جهڙا [[اينالاگ سگنل]] پيدا ڪندا آهن.<ref name="electronicdesign" /> MOS [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) سان گڏ اهي عنصر MOSFET کي [[ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ]]ن لاءِ هڪ اهم سوئچنگ ڊوائيس بڻائين ٿا.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6FDii6_nSEC&pg=PA151 |title=2000 Solved Problems in Digital Electronics |date=2005 |publisher=[[Tata McGraw-Hill Education]] |isbn=978-0-07-058831-8 |page=151}}</ref> MOSFET [[اليڪٽرانڪس صنعت]] ۾ انقلاب آندو،<ref name="Chan">{{cite book |last1=Chan |first1=Yi-Jen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sV4eAQAAMAAJ |title=Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications |date=1992 |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |page=1 |quote=The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.}}</ref><ref name="Grant">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Duncan Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiZTAAAAMAAJ |title=Power MOSFETS: theory and applications |last2=Gowar |first2=John |date=1989 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=9780471828679 |page=1 |quote=The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and computers.}}</ref> ۽ اهو سڀ کان وڌيڪ عام [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس]] آهي.<ref name="computerhistory-transistor">{{cite web |date=4 December 2013 |title=Who Invented the Transistor? |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-invented-the-transistor/ |access-date=20 July 2019 |website=[[Computer History Museum]]}}</ref><ref name="Golio">{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=SA18-PA2 |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=18–2}}</ref> [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي شروعاتي ڏينهن ۾ هر چپ صرف چند ٽرانزسٽرن تائين محدود هوندي هئي، ۽ انضمام جي گهٽ درجي سبب ڊزائن جو عمل نسبتاً سادو هوندو هو. اڄ جي معيارن جي ڀيٽ ۾ پيداوار جي ڪاميابي شرح پڻ ڪافي گهٽ هئي. 1970ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين MOSFET ٽرانزسٽر جي وسيع قبوليت پهرين [[وڏي پيماني جي انٽيگريشن]] (LSI) چپن تائين پهتي، جن ۾ هڪ ئي چپ تي 10,000 کان وڌيڪ ٽرانزسٽر هوندا هئا.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hittinger |first1=William C. |title=Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Technology |journal=Scientific American |date=1973 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pages=48–59 |issn=0036-8733|jstor=24923169 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0873-48 |bibcode=1973SciAm.229b..48H }}</ref> 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي تائين [[CMOS]]، جيڪو MOSFET منطق جو هڪ قسم آهي، جي وسيع استعمال کان پوءِ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي سان هڪ چپ تي لکين ۽ پوءِ اربين MOSFET رکڻ ممڪن ٿي ويا،<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Peter Clarke |title=Intel enters billion-transistor processor era |url=http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=172301051 |magazine=EE Times |date=14 October 2005}}</ref> ۽ سٺين ڊزائنن لاءِ تفصيلي منصوبابندي ضروري ٿي وئي، جنهن سان [[مربوط سرڪٽ ڊزائن|نوان ڊزائن طريقا]] وجود ۾ آيا. ڊوائيسن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر ڳڻپ]] ۽ مجموعي پيداوار بي مثال حدن تائين وڌي وئي. 2018ع تائين پيدا ڪيل ٽرانزسٽرن جو ڪل تعداد {{Val|1.3E22}} (13{{nbsp}}[[سڪسٽيلين]]) اندازو ڪيو ويو آهي.<ref name="computerhistory2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref> [[وائرليس انقلاب]]، يعني [[وائرليس نيٽ ورڪ]]ن جو تعارف ۽ ڦهلاءُ، 1990ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ شروع ٿيو ۽ اهو MOSFET تي ٻڌل [[آر ايف پاور ايمپليفائر]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[پاور MOSFET]] ۽ [[LDMOS]]، ۽ [[آر ايف سرڪٽ]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[RF CMOS]]، جي وسيع استعمال سبب ممڪن ٿيو.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golio |first1=Mike |last2=Golio |first2=Janet |title=RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies |date=2018 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781420006728 |pages=ix, I-1, 18-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCj9jxSVQKIC&pg=PR9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rappaport |first1=T. S. |title=The wireless revolution |journal=IEEE Communications Magazine |date=November 1991 |volume=29 |issue=11 |pages=52–71 |doi=10.1109/35.109666 |bibcode=1991IComM..29k..52R |s2cid=46573735 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The wireless revolution |url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/1999/01/21/the-wireless-revolution |access-date=12 September 2019 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |date=January 21, 1999}}</ref> وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن ڪيبلن جي ضرورت کان سواءِ عوامي ڊجيٽل ترسيل کي ممڪن بڻايو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1990ع کان 2000ع واري ڏهاڪي دوران [[ڊجيٽل ٽيليويزن]]، [[سيٽلائيٽ ريڊيو|سيٽلائيٽ]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل ريڊيو]]، [[GPS]]، [[وائرليس انٽرنيٽ]] ۽ [[موبائل فون]] عام ٿيا.{{cn|date=August 2025}} == خاصيتون == اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جو هڪ فائدو اهو آهي ته ڊجيٽل صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪيل سگنلن کي [[شور]] سبب ٿيندڙ خرابي کان سواءِ منتقل ڪري سگهجي ٿو.<ref>[[پال هورووٽز]] ۽ Winfield Hill, ''The Art of Electronics 2nd Ed.'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989 {{ISBN|0-521-37095-7}} page 471</ref> مثال طور، جيڪڏهن هڪ لڳاتار آڊيو سگنل کي 1 ۽ 0 جي سلسلي طور منتقل ڪيو وڃي، ته ان کي غلطي کان سواءِ ٻيهر تيار ڪري سگهجي ٿو، بشرطيڪ ترسيل دوران شامل ٿيل شور ايترو وڌيڪ نه هجي جو 1 ۽ 0 جي سڃاڻپ ناممڪن بڻجي وڃي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ سگنل جي وڌيڪ درست نمائندگي وڌيڪ ٻنائي عدد استعمال ڪري حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي. جيتوڻيڪ ان لاءِ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ وڌيڪ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي ضرورت پوي ٿي، پر هر عدد ساڳئي قسم جي هارڊويئر سان سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، جنهن سان نظام آساني سان [[اسڪيليبل]] بڻجي ويندو آهي. اينالاگ نظام ۾ وڌيڪ ريزوليوشن حاصل ڪرڻ لاءِ [[سگنل چين]] جي هر مرحلي ۾ لڪيريت (Linearity) ۽ شور جي خاصيتن ۾ بنيادي بهتري گهربل هوندي آهي. ڪمپيوٽر سان ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ نوان ڪم سافٽ ويئر جي ترميم ذريعي شامل ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ تبديلي جي ضرورت نه پوندي آهي. اڪثر اهڙو ڪم ڪارخاني کان ٻاهر به پيداوار جي سافٽ ويئر کي اپڊيٽ ڪري ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهڙي طريقي سان پيداوار جي ڊزائن جون غلطيون، پيداوار گراهڪ جي هٿ ۾ پهچڻ کان پوءِ به درست ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڊجيٽل نظامن ۾ معلومات کي محفوظ ڪرڻ اينالاگ نظامن جي ڀيٽ ۾ آسان ٿي سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل نظامن جي شور کان بچاءُ واري صلاحيت سبب ڊيٽا کي خرابي کان سواءِ محفوظ ۽ واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اينالاگ نظام ۾ عمر وڌڻ ۽ استعمال سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ شور محفوظ ڪيل معلومات کي خراب ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي. ڊجيٽل نظام ۾، جيستائين مجموعي شور هڪ مقرر حد کان هيٺ رهي ٿو، معلومات کي مڪمل طور واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. جڏهن وڌيڪ شور موجود هجي، تڏهن به [[فالتوپڻو (اطلاعاتي نظريو)|فالتوپڻي]] جي استعمال سان اصل ڊيٽا واپس حاصل ڪري سگهجي ٿي، بشرطيڪ غلطيون تمام گهڻيون نه ٿين. ڪجهه حالتن ۾ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا ڪم انجام ڏيڻ لاءِ اينالاگ سرڪٽن کان وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندا آهن، جنهن سبب وڌيڪ گرمي پيدا ٿيندي آهي ۽ سرڪٽن جي پيچيدگي وڌندي آهي، جهڙوڪ هيٽ سنڪ شامل ڪرڻ جي ضرورت. پورٽيبل يا بيٽري سان هلندڙ نظامن ۾ هي ڳالهه ڊجيٽل نظامن جي استعمال کي محدود ڪري سگهي ٿي. مثال طور، بيٽري سان هلندڙ [[سيلولر فون]] اڪثر بيس اسٽيشن کان ايندڙ ريڊيو سگنلن کي [[ايمپليفائر|وڌائڻ]] ۽ [[ٽيونر (ريڊيو)|ٽيون]] ڪرڻ لاءِ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ اينالاگ فرنٽ اينڊ استعمال ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، بيس اسٽيشن وٽ گرڊ بجلي موجود هوندي آهي ۽ اها وڌيڪ بجلي استعمال ڪندڙ پر تمام لچڪدار [[سافٽ ويئر ريڊيو]] استعمال ڪري سگهي ٿي. اهڙيون بيس اسٽيشنون نون سيلولر معيارن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ سگنلن جي پروسيسنگ لاءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. ڪيترن ئي مفيد ڊجيٽل نظامن کي لڳاتار اينالاگ سگنلن کي جدا جدا ڊجيٽل سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ان سان [[ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي]]ون پيدا ٿينديون آهن. ڪوانٽائيزيشن غلطي گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي، جيڪڏهن نظام سگنل کي گهربل [[درستگي]] جي سطح تائين ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪافي ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا محفوظ ڪري. [[نائيڪوسٽ-شينن سيمپلنگ ٿيورم]] هڪ اهم اصول فراهم ڪري ٿو ته ڪنهن ڏنل اينالاگ سگنل کي صحيح نموني ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيتري ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا گهربل آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊجيٽل ڊيٽا جو هڪ حصو وڃائجي وڃي يا غلط سمجهيو وڃي، ته ڪجهه نظامن ۾ صرف ننڍي غلطي پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي، جڏهن ته ٻين نظامن ۾ لاڳاپيل ڊيٽا جي وڏن حصن جو مطلب مڪمل طور تبديل ٿي سگهي ٿو. مثال طور، [[لينيئر پلس ڪوڊ موڊوليشن]] طور سڌي طرح محفوظ ڪيل آڊيو ڊيٽا ۾ هڪ بٽ جي غلطي وڌ ۾ وڌ هڪ ننڍو ٻڌڻ جوڳو ڪلڪ پيدا ڪري ٿي. پر جڏهن محفوظ جاءِ ۽ ترسيل وقت گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[آڊيو ڪمپريشن (ڊيٽا)|آڊيو ڪمپريشن]] استعمال ڪئي وڃي، ته هڪ بٽ جي غلطي گهڻو وڏو خلل پيدا ڪري سگهي ٿي. [[ڪلف اثر]] سبب صارفن لاءِ اهو ڄاڻڻ ڏکيو ٿي سگهي ٿو ته ڪو خاص نظام ناڪامي جي بلڪل ڪناري تي آهي يا ناڪام ٿيڻ کان اڳ اڃا وڌيڪ شور برداشت ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڊجيٽل ڪمزوري کي [[مضبوطي (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|مضبوطي]] لاءِ ڊجيٽل نظام ڊزائن ڪري گهٽائي سگهجي ٿو. مثال طور، سگنل جي رستي ۾ [[پيريٽي بٽ]] يا غلطي سنڀالڻ جو ٻيو طريقو شامل ڪري سگهجي ٿو. اهي طريقا نظام کي غلطيون سڃاڻڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا ۽ پوءِ يا ته [[غلطي جي سڃاڻپ ۽ درستگي|غلطيون درست]] ڪن ٿا، يا ڊيٽا جي ٻيهر ترسيل جي درخواست ڪن ٿا. {{Further|ڊجيٽل سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ|سگنل ڪنڊيشننگ}} == تعمير == [[File:relogio binario.JPG|thumb|[[بائنري گهڙي]]، [[بريڊ بورڊ]]ن تي هٿ سان وائرنگ ڪيل]] ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ عام طور تي ننڍن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن مان ٺهندو آهي، جن کي [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي. انهن جي مدد سان [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]] تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هر لاجڪ گيٽ کي اهڙي نموني ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جو اهو منطقي سگنلن تي عمل ڪندي [[بولين منطق]] جو هڪ مخصوص ڪم انجام ڏئي. لاجڪ گيٽ عام طور تي هڪ يا وڌيڪ برقي طور تي ڪنٽرول ٿيندڙ سوئچن، خاص طور [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن، مان ٺهندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ تاريخي طور [[ٿرميونڪ والو]] پڻ استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. هڪ لاجڪ گيٽ جو آئوٽ پٽ وري ٻين لاجڪ گيٽن کي ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهي ٿو يا انهن ڏانهن موڪلي سگهجي ٿو. ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن جي هڪ ٻي صورت [[لوڪ اپ ٽيبل]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي، جن مان گهڻيون [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] طور وڪرو ٿينديون آهن، جيتوڻيڪ PLD جا ٻيا قسم پڻ موجود آهن. لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون لاجڪ گيٽن تي ٻڌل نظامن جهڙا ئي ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهن ٿيون، پر انهن کي وائرنگ تبديل ڪرڻ کان سواءِ آساني سان ٻيهر پروگرام ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جو مطلب اهو آهي ته ڊزائنر اڪثر تارن جي ترتيب ۾ تبديلي آڻڻ کان سواءِ ڊزائن جون غلطيون درست ڪري سگهي ٿو. انهيءَ سبب ننڍي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ شين لاءِ پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس اڪثر پسنديده حل هوندا آهن. اهي عام طور [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] سافٽ ويئر جي مدد سان انجنيئرن طرفان ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] هڪ ئي سليڪان چپ تي ڪيترن ئي ٽرانزسٽرن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن ۽ وڏي تعداد ۾ پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيل لاجڪ گيٽ تيار ڪرڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو آهن. مربوط سرڪٽ عام طور تي [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي لڳايا ويندا آهن، جيڪو هڪ اهڙو بورڊ هوندو آهي، جنهن تي برقي جزا لڳايا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي ٽامي جي لائينن (Copper Traces) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيو ويندو آهي. == ڊزائن == انجنيئر سرڪٽ جي پيچيدگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ [[منطقي فالتوپڻو]] (Logic Redundancy) کي گهٽ ڪرڻ جون ڪيترين ئي طريقن سان ڪوششون ڪندا آهن. پيچيدگي ۾ گهٽتائي سان جزن (Components) جو تعداد ۽ ممڪن غلطيون گهٽ ٿينديون آهن، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عام طور تي خرچ پڻ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. منطقي فالتوپڻي کي ختم ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪيترائي مشهور طريقا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams)، [[بولين الجبرا]]، [[ڪارنا نقشو]] (Karnaugh Maps)، [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]]، ۽ [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer|هيورسٽڪ ڪمپيوٽري طريقو]]. اهي سڀئي عمل عام طور تي [[ڪمپيوٽر جي مدد سان ڊزائن]] (Computer-Aided Design) واري نظام اندر انجام ڏنا ويندا آهن. [[ايمبيڊڊ سسٽم]]، جيڪي [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن، اڪثر اهڙن پيچيده نظامن ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق لاڳو ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ انتهائي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي گهربل نه هوندي آهي. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي [[سافٽ ويئر انجنيئر]]ن يا برقي انجنيئرن طرفان [[ليڊر لاجڪ]] استعمال ڪندي پروگرام ڪيا ويندا آهن. === نمائندگي === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ جي ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ جي وچ ۾ لاڳاپي کي [[سچائي جدول]] (Truth Table) جي صورت ۾ ظاهر ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان جي برابر هڪ اعليٰ سطحي سرڪٽ [[لاجڪ گيٽ]]ن تي مشتمل هوندو آهي، جن مان هر هڪ کي مختلف معياري شڪل سان ظاهر ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا [[IEEE]] ۽ [[ANSI]] 91–1984 مطابق معياري بڻايل آهي.<ref>Maini. A.K. (2007). ''Digital Electronics Principles, Devices and Applications''. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</ref> هيٺين سطح تي ان جي نمائندگي برقي سوئچن (عام طور تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن) جي برابر سرڪٽ ذريعي ڪئي ويندي آهي. گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام ٻن بنيادي قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن: [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] ۽ [[ترتيبي منطق|سيڪوينشل لاجڪ]]. ڪمبينيشنل نظام جو آئوٽ پٽ صرف موجوده ان پٽن تي دارومدار رکي ٿو، جڏهن ته سيڪوينشل نظام ۾ ڪجهه آئوٽ پٽ وري ان پٽ طور موٽايا ويندا آهن، تنهنڪري ان جو آئوٽ پٽ موجوده ان پٽن سان گڏ گذريل ان پٽن تي پڻ دارومدار رکي سگهي ٿو، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ عملن جو هڪ ''سلسلو'' پيدا ٿيندو آهي. انهن جي رويي جي سادي نمائندگي، جنهن کي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]] چيو ويندو آهي، ڊزائن ۽ جاچ کي آسان بڻائي ٿي. سيڪوينشل نظام وڌيڪ ٻن قسمن ۾ ورهايل هوندا آهن. [[هم وقتي نظام|هم وقتي (Synchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] تڏهن ئي پنهنجي حالت تبديل ڪندا آهن، جڏهن [[ڪلاڪ سگنل]] جي حالت تبديل ٿيندي آهي. جڏهن ته [[غير هم وقتي نظام|غير هم وقتي (Asynchronous) سيڪوينشل نظام]] ۾ ان پٽن ۾ تبديلي ايندي ئي تبديليون اڳتي منتقل ٿيڻ لڳنديون آهن. هم وقتي سيڪوينشل نظام عام طور تي [[فِلپ فلاپ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|فلپ فلاپ]]ن جي مدد سان ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي ڪلاڪ جي تبديلي وقت ان پٽ وولٽيج کي هڪ [[بٽ]] جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندا آهن. === هم وقتي نظام === [[File:JohnsonCounter2.png|thumb|هڪ [[ڊي-قسم فلپ فلاپ]] استعمال ڪندڙ 4-بٽ رنگ ڳڻپيندڙ (Ring Counter)، جيڪو هم وقتي منطق جو مثال آهي. هر ڊوائيس ڪلاڪ سگنل سان ڳنڍيل هوندو آهي ۽ سڀ گڏجي تازه ڪاري (Update) ٿيندا آهن.]] {{Main|هم وقتي منطق}} هم وقتي سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين کي لاڳو ڪرڻ جو عام طريقو اهو آهي ته ان کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو وڃي: هڪ [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو حصو ۽ ٻيو فلپ فلاپن جو مجموعو، جنهن کي ''اسٽيٽ رجسٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اسٽيٽ رجسٽر موجوده حالت کي هڪ ٻنائي عدد جي صورت ۾ محفوظ ڪندو آهي. ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ايندڙ حالت جي ٻنائي نمائندگي تيار ڪندي آهي. هر ڪلاڪ چڪر (Clock Cycle) تي اسٽيٽ رجسٽر، ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ جي گذريل حالت مان پيدا ٿيل فيڊ بيڪ کي محفوظ ڪري، ان کي اسٽيٽ مشين جي ڪمبينيشنل حصي ڏانهن هڪ مستقل ان پٽ طور موٽائيندو آهي. ڪلاڪ جي رفتار ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ وقت وٺندڙ منطقي حساب سان محدود ٿيندي آهي. === رجسٽر منتقلي نظام === [[File:Register transfer level - example toggler.svg|right|thumb|300px|هڪ سادي سرڪٽ جو مثال، جنهن ۾ آئوٽ پٽ بار بار تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو. هن سرڪٽ ۾ [[اِنورٽر]] [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو ڪم سرانجام ڏئي ٿو، جڏهن ته رجسٽر حالت (State) کي محفوظ رکي ٿو.]] گهڻا ڊجيٽل نظام [[ڊيٽا فلو آرڪيٽيڪچر|ڊيٽا فلو مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهڙا نظام عام طور تي هم وقتي [[رجسٽر منتقلي سطح|رجسٽر منتقلي منطق]] (Register Transfer Logic) استعمال ڪندي ڊزائن ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن کي [[هارڊويئر وضاحتي ٻولي]]ن، جهڙوڪ [[VHDL]] يا [[Verilog]]، ۾ لکيو ويندو آهي. رجسٽر منتقلي منطق ۾ ٻنائي عدد فلپ فلاپن جي گروهن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن کي [[پروسيسر رجسٽر|رجسٽر]] چيو ويندو آهي. هڪ سيڪوينشل اسٽيٽ مشين ڪنٽرول ڪندي آهي ته هر رجسٽر پنهنجي ان پٽ مان نئون ڊيٽا ڪڏهن قبول ڪندو. هر رجسٽر جا آئوٽ پٽ تارن جي هڪ مجموعي تي مشتمل هوندا آهن، جنهن کي ''[[ڪمپيوٽر بس|بس]]'' چيو ويندو آهي، ۽ اها بس اهو عدد ٻين حسابي عملن ڏانهن منتقل ڪندي آهي. هر حسابي عمل صرف [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] جو هڪ حصو هوندو آهي. هر حسابي عمل وٽ پڻ هڪ آئوٽ پٽ بس هوندي آهي، جيڪا ڪيترن ئي رجسٽرن جي ان پٽن سان ڳنڍي سگهجي ٿي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ڪنهن رجسٽر جي ان پٽ تي [[ملٽي پليڪسر]] لڳايو ويندو آهي، جنهن جي ذريعي اهو مختلف بسن مان ڪنهن هڪ تي موجود عدد کي محفوظ ڪري سگهي ٿو.{{efn|متبادل طور، ڪيترن ئي جزن جا آئوٽ پٽ [[3-state|ٽي-اسٽيٽ بفر]]ن ذريعي هڪ ئي بس سان ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي هڪ کانسواءِ باقي سڀني ڊوائيسن جا آئوٽ پٽ بند ڪري سگهن ٿا.}} غير هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي نظامن (جهڙوڪ ڪمپيوٽرن) لاءِ هڪ عام حل موجود آهي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪجهه محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته تقريباً سڀئي هم وقتي رجسٽر منتقلي مشينون ''فرسٽ اِن، فرسٽ آئوٽ'' (FIFO) هم وقت سازي منطق استعمال ڪندي غير هم وقتي ڊزائنن ۾ تبديل ڪري سگهجن ٿيون. هن طريقي ۾ ڊجيٽل مشين کي ڊيٽا جي وهڪرن (Data Flows) جي هڪ مجموعي طور بيان ڪيو ويندو آهي. وهڪري جي هر مرحلي تي هڪ هم وقت سازي وارو سرڪٽ اهو طئي ڪندو آهي ته ان مرحلي جا آئوٽ پٽ ڪڏهن صحيح آهن، ۽ پوءِ ايندڙ مرحلي کي هدايت ڪندو آهي ته انهن آئوٽ پٽن کي ڪڏهن استعمال ڪيو وڃي.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} === غير هم وقتي نظام === گهڻي ڀاڱي ڊجيٽل منطق هم وقتي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هم وقتي ڊزائن کي تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي تصديق ڪرڻ نسبتاً آسان هوندو آهي. بهرحال، غير هم وقتي منطق جو اهم فائدو اهو آهي ته ان جي رفتار ڪنهن مقرر ڪيل ڪلاڪ سگنل سان محدود نه هوندي، بلڪه اها پنهنجي لاجڪ گيٽن جي وڌ کان وڌ رفتار تي ڪم ڪندي آهي.{{efn|شروعاتي غير هم وقتي ڊجيٽل ڪمپيوٽرن مان هڪ مثال ''Jaincomp-B1'' هو، جيڪو 1951ع ۾ Jacobs Instrument Company طرفان تيار ڪيو ويو.<ref name=symp>[http://www.ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Computers-1952-hand.html Pentagon symposium: ''Commercially Available General Purpose Electronic Digital Computers of Moderate Price'', Washington, D.C., 14 MAY 1952]</ref>}} تنهن هوندي به، گهڻن نظامن کي ٻاهران ايندڙ غير هم وقتي سگنلن کي پنهنجي هم وقتي منطقي سرڪٽن ۾ قبول ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. اهڙو ڳانڍاپو فطري طور غير هم وقتي هوندو آهي ۽ ان جو اهڙيءَ ريت ئي تجزيو ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ٿيندڙ غير هم وقتي سرڪٽن ۾ [[سنڪرونائزر فلپ فلاپ]]، سوئچ [[ڊي بائونس]]ر ۽ [[آربيٽر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|آربيٽر]] شامل آهن. غير هم وقتي منطقي جزن جي ڊزائن نسبتاً ڏکي هوندي آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هر ممڪن حالت ۽ ان جي هر ممڪن وقتي ترتيب تي غور ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. عام طور تي ان لاءِ هر حالت جي گهٽ ۾ گهٽ ۽ وڌ ۾ وڌ ممڪن وقت جي جدول تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي، ۽ پوءِ سرڪٽ ۾ اهڙيون تبديليون ڪيون وينديون آهن، جن سان اهڙين حالتن جو تعداد گهٽجي وڃي. ڊزائنر کي اهو پڻ يقيني بڻائڻو پوندو آهي ته سرڪٽ وقت بوقت انتظار ڪري، جيستائين ان جا سڀئي حصا هڪ ٻئي سان مطابقت رکندڙ حالت ۾ نه پهچي وڃن. هن عمل کي ''خود هم وقت سازي'' (Self-resynchronization) چيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊزائن احتياط سان نه ڪئي وڃي، ته آساني سان اهڙي غير هم وقتي منطق ٺهي سگهي ٿي، جيڪا غير مستحڪم هجي؛ اهڙي حالت ۾ حقيقي اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ، برقي جزن جي قيمتن ۾ معمولي فرق سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گڏيل دير (Cumulative Delays) جي ڪري غير متوقع نتيجا ڏئي سگهي ٿو. === ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن === [[File:80486dx2-large.jpg|thumb|[[Intel 80486DX2]] [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]]] رجسٽر منتقلي منطق تي ٻڌل سڀ کان عام مقصد واري مشين [[ڪمپيوٽر]] آهي. بنيادي طور تي اهو هڪ خودڪار [[ايبيڪس|ٻنائي ايبيڪس]] هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر جو [[ڪنٽرول يونٽ]] عام طور تي هڪ [[مائڪرو پروگرام]] جي صورت ۾ ڊزائن ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو [[مائڪرو سيڪوينسر]] ذريعي هلندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام ڪنهن خودڪار پيانو جي رول (Player Piano Roll) وانگر هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام جي جدول ۾ موجود هر داخلا ڪمپيوٽر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندڙ هر بٽ جي حالت جو حڪم ڏيندي آهي. ان کان پوءِ مائڪرو سيڪوينسر ڳڻپ ڪندو آهي، ۽ اها ڳڻپ ميموري يا انهيءَ ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ مشين کي ايڊريس ڪندي آهي، جنهن ۾ مائڪرو پروگرام محفوظ هوندو آهي. مائڪرو پروگرام مان حاصل ٿيندڙ بٽ [[رياضياتي ۽ منطقي يونٽ]] (ALU)، [[ميموري]]، ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن ۽ خود مائڪرو سيڪوينسر کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ ريت ڪمپيوٽر جي ڪنٽرول نظام جي پيچيده ڊزائن کي ڪيترين ئي سادي منطقي مشينن جي پروگرامنگ واري نسبتاً آسان ڪم ۾ تبديل ڪيو ويندو آهي. تقريباً سڀئي ڪمپيوٽر هم وقتي هوندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ [[غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر]] پڻ تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. انهن مان هڪ مثال [[ASPIDA DLX]] ڪور آهي.<ref name=aspida>{{cite web|title=ASODA sync/async DLX Core|url=http://opencores.org/project,aspida|website=OpenCores.org|access-date=September 5, 2014}}</ref> ٻيو مثال [[ARM Holdings]] طرفان پيش ڪيو ويو.<ref name=arm-asynch/> بهرحال، جديد ڪمپيوٽر ڊزائن اڳ ئي پنهنجي سڀ کان سست جز، عام طور تي ميموري، جي رفتار تي هلندي آهي، تنهنڪري انهن کي رفتار جي حوالي سان ڪو خاص فائدو حاصل نه ٿيندو آهي. البت، انهن ۾ ڪلاڪ سگنلن جي ورڇ واري نيٽ ورڪ جي ضرورت نه هجڻ سبب بجلي جو استعمال ڪجهه گهٽ هوندو آهي. هڪ غير متوقع فائدو اهو به آهي ته غير هم وقتي ڪمپيوٽر ريڊيو فريڪوئنسي تي خالص اسپيڪٽرل شور پيدا نه ڪندا آهن. انهيءَ سبب اهي ڪجهه ريڊيو-حساس موبائل فون بيس اسٽيشن ڪنٽرولرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن.<!--that's quite a noun stack--> اهي [[ڪرپٽوگرافي]] جي استعمالن ۾ پڻ وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا برقي ۽ ريڊيو اخراج سمجهڻ يا تجزيو ڪرڻ وڌيڪ ڏکيو هوندو آهي.<ref name=arm-asynch>{{cite web|last1=Clarke|first1=Peter|title=ARM Offers First Clockless Processor Core|url=http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1299083|website=eetimes.com|publisher=UBM Tech (Universal Business Media)|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref> === ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر === [[ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪچر]] انجنيئرنگ جو هڪ خاص شعبو آهي، جنهن جو مقصد رجسٽرن، حسابي منطق، بسن ۽ ڪمپيوٽر جي ٻين حصن کي ڪنهن خاص مقصد لاءِ بهترين ممڪن طريقي سان ترتيب ڏيڻ هوندو آهي. ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن ڪمپيوٽرن جي رفتار وڌائڻ، خرچ گهٽائڻ ۽ پروگرامنگ جي غلطين جي خلاف انهن جي مزاحمت بهتر ڪرڻ لاءِ گهڻي تحقيق ۽ ترقي ڪئي آهي. اڄڪلهه ڪمپيوٽر آرڪيٽيڪٽن جو هڪ وڌندڙ مقصد بيٽري سان هلندڙ ڪمپيوٽر نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[سمارٽ فون]]ن، ۾ بجلي جي استعمال کي گهٽائڻ پڻ آهي. === ڊجيٽل سرڪٽن ۾ ڊزائن جا مسئلا === {{Unreferenced section|date=September 2015}} ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اصل ۾ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن. ان ڪري ڊزائن اهڙي هجڻ گهرجي، جيڪا يقيني بڻائي ته انهن جزن جي اينالاگ خاصيتون سرڪٽ جي گهربل ڊجيٽل رويي تي غالب نه اچن. ڊجيٽل نظامن کي شور (Noise)، وقتي مارجن (Timing Margins)، ۽ غير ارادي [[انڊڪٽنس]] ۽ [[ڪئپيسيٽنس]] جهڙن اثرن جو مناسب انتظام ڪرڻو پوندو آهي. ناقص ڊزائن سبب وقفي وقفي سان ظاهر ٿيندڙ مسئلا پيدا ٿي سگهن ٿا، جهڙوڪ [[گليچ]]، انتهائي مختصر دورانيي وارا نبض نما سگنل (Pulses)، جيڪي ڪجهه منطقي سرڪٽن کي ته متحرڪ ڪن ٿا پر ٻين کي نه، يا [[رنٽ پلس]]، جيڪي صحيح [[ٿريشولڊ وولٽيج]] تائين نه پهچندا آهن. ان کان علاوه، جڏهن ڪلاڪ سان هلندڙ ڊجيٽل نظام اينالاگ نظامن يا مختلف ڪلاڪ سگنلن سان هلندڙ نظامن سان ڳنڍيا وڃن ٿا، ته انهن ۾ [[ميٽاسٽيبلٽي (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ميٽاسٽيبلٽي]] پيدا ٿي سگهي ٿي. اها حالت تڏهن پيدا ٿيندي آهي، جڏهن ان پٽ ۾ تبديلي ڊجيٽل اِن پٽ ليچ جي [[سيٽ اپ ٽائيم]] جي گهرج جي ڀڃڪڙي ڪري. ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ اينالاگ جزن مان ٺهيل هوندا آهن، تنهنڪري اهي ساڳئي جڳهه ۽ توانائي استعمال ڪندڙ گهٽ درست اينالاگ سرڪٽن جي ڀيٽ ۾ حساب نسبتاً آهستي ڪندا آهن. بهرحال، شور جي خلاف وڌيڪ مزاحمت هجڻ سبب ڊجيٽل سرڪٽ ساڳيا نتيجا بار بار وڌيڪ اعتماد سان پيدا ڪندا آهن. === خودڪار ڊزائن جا اوزار === {{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}} وڏين منطقي مشينن جي ڊزائن ۾ ٿيندڙ وڏي حصي جي انجنيئرنگ محنت کي [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] (EDA) جي استعمال سان خودڪار بڻايو ويو آهي. منطق جي سادي سچائي جدولن (Truth Tables) تي ٻڌل وضاحتن کي EDA سافٽ ويئر پاڻمرادو بهتر بڻائيندو آهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ لاجڪ گيٽن جا گهٽ تعداد وارا نظام يا ننڍيون لوڪ اپ ٽيبلون تيار ٿينديون آهن، جيڪي ساڳيا گهربل آئوٽ پٽ پيدا ڪن ٿيون. اهڙي قسم جي سافٽ ويئر جو سڀ کان مشهور مثال [[Espresso heuristic logic minimizer]] آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن کي بهتر بڻائڻ لاءِ [[ڪوائن–ميڪ ڪلسڪي الگورٿم]] يا [[ٻنائي فيصلا ساز خاڪو]] (Binary Decision Diagrams) استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[جينياتي الگورٿم]] ۽ [[Simulated annealing|اينيلنگ آپٽيمائيزيشن]] جي استعمال بابت پڻ اميد افزا تجربا ڪيا پيا وڃن. مهانگي انجنيئرنگ جي عملن کي خودڪار بڻائڻ لاءِ ڪجهه EDA اوزار [[اسٽيٽ ٽيبل]]ن، جيڪي [[اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن کي بيان ڪن ٿيون، مان پاڻمرادو سچائي جدول يا اسٽيٽ مشين جي [[ڪمبينيشنل لاجڪ]] لاءِ [[فنڪشن ٽيبل]] تيار ڪندا آهن. اسٽيٽ ٽيبل هڪ متني فائل هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ هر حالت، ان ڏانهن منتقل ٿيڻ جون شرطون، ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل آئوٽ پٽ سگنل درج هوندا آهن. حقيقي منطقي نظام اڪثر ڪيترن ئي ننڍن ذيلي منصوبن (Sub-projects) جي صورت ۾ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جيڪي بعد ۾ هڪ ''ٽول فلو'' (Tool Flow) ذريعي پاڻ ۾ ڳنڍيا ويندا آهن. ٽول فلو عام طور تي [[اسڪرپٽنگ ٻولي]] جي مدد سان ڪنٽرول ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪا هڪ سادي ڪمپيوٽري ٻولي هوندي آهي ۽ ڊزائن سافٽ ويئر کي صحيح ترتيب سان هلائڻ جي قابل بڻائيندي آهي. وڏن منطقي نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن، لاءِ ٽول فلو هزارين حڪمن تي مشتمل ٿي سگهي ٿو ۽ سوين انجنيئرن جي ڪم کي گڏ ڪري سگهي ٿو. اهڙن ٽول فلوز کي لکڻ ۽ انهن جي خرابين کي درست ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل ڊزائن تيار ڪندڙ ڪمپنين ۾ هڪ باقاعده انجنيئرنگ خصوصيت آهي. ٽول فلو جو آخري نتيجو عام طور تي هڪ تفصيلي ڪمپيوٽر فائل يا فائلن جو مجموعو هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو بيان ٿيل هوندو آهي ته منطقي سرڪٽ کي عملي طور ڪيئن تيار ڪيو وڃي. گهڻو ڪري ان ۾ [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] تي [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن ۽ تارن جي ترتيب بابت هدايتون شامل هونديون آهن. ٽول فلو جي مختلف حصن جي درستگي کي، سموليٽ ڪيل منطق جي آئوٽ پٽن کي متوقع ان پٽن سان ڀيٽي جانچيو ويندو آهي. جاچ جا اوزار ان پٽ ۽ آئوٽ پٽ تي مشتمل ڪمپيوٽر فائلون استعمال ڪري سموليشن جي نتيجن ۽ متوقع نتيجن جي وچ ۾ اختلاف ظاهر ڪندا آهن. جڏهن ان پٽ ڊيٽا کي صحيح سمجهيو وڃي، تڏهن به خود ڊزائن جي درستگي جي تصديق ضروري هوندي آهي. ڪجهه ٽول فلوز پهرين ڊزائن تيار ڪندا آهن، پوءِ ان کي اسڪين ڪري ٽول فلو سان مطابقت رکندڙ ان پٽ ڊيٽا پيدا ڪندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اسڪين ٿيل ڊيٽا اصل ان پٽ سان ملي وڃي، ته گهڻو امڪان هوندو آهي ته ٽول فلو ۾ ڪا غلطي شامل نه ٿي هجي. فعالي [[رسمي تصديق|تصديق]] لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊيٽا کي عام طور ''ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر'' چيو ويندو آهي. اهي فعالي ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر محفوظ ڪري ڪارخاني ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا ته جيئن نوان تيار ڪيل منطقي سرڪٽ صحيح ڪم ڪن ٿا يا نه. بهرحال، فعالي ٽيسٽ نمونا تياري دوران پيدا ٿيندڙ سڀني خرابين کي ظاهر نٿا ڪن. انهيءَ لاءِ پيداوار واري جاچ اڪثر [[خودڪار ٽيسٽ نمونو تياري]] (Automatic Test Pattern Generation) سافٽ ويئر ذريعي تيار ڪئي ويندي آهي. هي اوزار منطقي جوڙجڪ جو تجزيو ڪري ممڪن خرابين لاءِ مخصوص ٽيسٽ ويڪٽر پيدا ڪندا آهن. اهڙيءَ طرح [[خرابي جي ڪوريج]] (Fault Coverage) لڳ ڀڳ 100٪ تائين پهچي سگهي ٿي، بشرطيڪ ڊزائن کي صحيح نموني جاچ لائق بڻايو ويو هجي (اڳيون سيڪشن ڏسو). جڏهن ڊزائن تيار، تصديق ٿيل ۽ جاچ لائق بڻجي وڃي، تڏهن ان کي پيداوار لاءِ به مناسب بڻائڻ ضروري هوندو آهي. جديد مربوط سرڪٽن جون خاصيتون ان روشني جي طولِ موج کان به ننڍيون هونديون آهن، جيڪا فوٽو ريزسٽ کي ظاهر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪئي ويندي آهي. انهيءَ ڪري [[پيداوار لاءِ ڊزائن]] (Design for Manufacturability) واري سافٽ ويئر ماسڪن ۾ مداخلتي نمونا (Interference Patterns) شامل ڪندو آهي ته جيئن کليل سرڪٽن کان بچي سگهجي ۽ ماسڪن جي تضاد (Contrast) ۾ بهتري اچي. === جاچ لائق ڊزائن === منطقي سرڪٽ جي جاچ ڪرڻ جا ڪيترائي سبب هوندا آهن. جڏهن سرڪٽ پهريون ڀيرو تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، تڏهن اهو تصديق ڪرڻ ضروري هوندو آهي ته ڊزائن گهربل فعالي ۽ وقتي وضاحتن کي پورو ڪري ٿي يا نه. جڏهن هڪ صحيح ڊزائن ڪيل سرڪٽ جون گهڻيون ڪاپيون تيار ڪيون وڃن، تڏهن هر ڪاپي جي جاچ ڪرڻ ضروري هوندي آهي ته جيئن يقين ٿي سگهي ته پيداوار واري عمل دوران ڪا خرابي پيدا نه ٿي آهي.<ref>Brown S & Vranesic Z. (2009). ''Fundamentals of Digital Logic with VHDL Design''. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y.: Mc Graw Hill.</ref> هڪ وڏي منطقي مشين (مثال طور، جنهن ۾ سئو کان وڌيڪ منطقي متغير هجن) ۾ ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد انتهائي وڏو هوندو آهي. ظاهر آهي ته اهڙي مشين جي هر حالت کي ڪارخاني ۾ جاچڻ عملي طور ناممڪن آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ جيڪڏهن هر حالت جي جاچ صرف هڪ مائڪرو سيڪنڊ وٺي، تڏهن به ممڪن حالتن جو تعداد ڪائنات جي شروعات کان وٺي گذريل مائڪرو سيڪنڊن کان به وڌيڪ هوندو. انهيءَ ڪري وڏيون منطقي مشينون عام طور تي ننڍين منطقي مشينن جي مجموعي طور ڊزائن ڪيون وينديون آهن. وقت بچائڻ لاءِ انهن ننڍين ذيلي مشينن کي مستقل طور نصب ڪيل ''جاچ لاءِ ڊزائن'' (Design for Test) سرڪٽ ذريعي الڳ ڪيو ويندو آهي ۽ پوءِ انهن جي الڳ الڳ جاچ ڪئي ويندي آهي. هڪ عام جاچ واري طريقي ۾ ''ٽيسٽ موڊ'' استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو منطقي مشين جي ڪنهن حصي کي ''ٽيسٽ چڪر'' (Test Cycle) ۾ داخل ٿيڻ تي مجبور ڪندو آهي. هي ٽيسٽ چڪر عام طور تي مشين جي وڏن ۽ هڪ ٻئي کان آزاد حصن کي آزمائيندو آهي. [[بارڊرِي اسڪين]] (Boundary Scan) هڪ مشهور جاچ وارو طريقو آهي، جنهن ۾ ٻاهرين جاچ واري سامان سان [[سيريل مواصلات]] ذريعي هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[شفٽ رجسٽر]]ن، جن کي ''اسڪين چين'' (Scan Chain) چيو ويندو آهي، جي مدد سان رابطو ڪيو ويندو آهي. سيريل اسڪين ۾ ڊيٽا منتقل ڪرڻ لاءِ صرف هڪ يا ٻه تارون گهربل هونديون آهن، جنهن سان گهٽ استعمال ٿيندڙ جاچ واري منطق جي جسماني سائيز ۽ خرچ گهٽجي ويندو آهي. جڏهن سمورا جاچ وارا ڊيٽا بٽ پنهنجي جڳهه تي پهچي وڃن ٿا، تڏهن ڊزائن کي ٻيهر ''عام موڊ'' (Normal Mode) ۾ آندو ويندو آهي ۽ هڪ يا وڌيڪ ڪلاڪ نبضون (Clock Pulses) لاڳو ڪيون وينديون آهن، ته جيئن ممڪن خرابين، جهڙوڪ ''هميشه گهٽ'' (Stuck-at-Low) يا ''هميشه وڌيڪ'' (Stuck-at-High)، جي جاچ ڪري نتيجا اسڪين شفٽ رجسٽرن جي فلپ فلاپن يا ليچن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا وڃن. آخر ۾ جاچ جا نتيجا بلاڪ جي حد تائين شفٽ ڪري ٻاهر ڪڍيا ويندا آهن ۽ انهن جو مقابلو اڳواٽ متوقع ''صحيح مشين'' جي نتيجن سان ڪيو ويندو آهي. بورڊ جي جاچ واري ماحول ۾ سيريل کان متوازي (Serial-to-Parallel) جاچ کي [[JTAG]] معيار جي صورت ۾ معياري بڻايو ويو آهي. === سمجھوتو (Trade-offs) === ==== خرچ ==== ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ هڪ ڊجيٽل نظام ۾ ڪيترائي لاجڪ گيٽ استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا، تنهنڪري ڪمپيوٽر ٺاهڻ جو مجموعي خرچ لاجڪ گيٽ جي قيمت سان ويجهي لاڳاپيل هوندو آهي. 1930ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ابتدائي ڊجيٽل منطقي نظام ٽيليفون رليز مان ٺاهيا ويندا هئا، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي نسبتاً سستا ۽ ڀروسي جوڳا هوندا هئا. پهريان [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] وزن گهٽائڻ ۽ [[اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] کي خلائي جهاز جي [[جڙت واري رهنمائي نظام]] (Inertial Guidance System) کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ جي قابل بڻائڻ لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويا. شروعاتي مربوط سرڪٽ لاجڪ گيٽن جي قيمت لڳ ڀڳ 50 آمريڪي ڊالر هئي، جيڪا {{Inflation/year|US}} جي حساب سان اڄ جي لڳ ڀڳ ${{Inflation|US|50|1960}} جي برابر آهي. وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيل مربوط سرڪٽن جا گيٽ بعد ۾ ڊجيٽل منطق ٺاهڻ جو سڀ کان گهٽ خرچ وارو طريقو بڻجي ويا. [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]ن جي عام ٿيڻ سان استعمال ٿيندڙ چپن جو ڪل تعداد گهٽائڻ خرچ گهٽائڻ جو هڪ ٻيو اهم طريقو بڻجي ويو. ڊزائنر جو مقصد صرف سڀ کان سادو سرڪٽ تيار ڪرڻ نه هوندو آهي، پر جزن جو تعداد به گهٽ رکڻ هوندو آهي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان مقصد لاءِ بنيادي ڊجيٽل منطق وڌيڪ پيچيده بڻجي ويندي آهي، پر ان جي باوجود جزن، بورڊ جي سائيز ۽ ڪڏهن ڪڏهن بجلي جي استعمال ۾ به گهٽتائي اچي ويندي آهي. == منطقي خاندان == {{Main|منطقي خاندان}} ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي شروعات [[رلي لاجڪ]] سان ٿي، جيڪا نسبتاً سست هئي. ڪڏهن ڪڏهن ان ۾ ميڪانيڪي خرابيون پڻ پيدا ٿينديون هيون. عام طور تي ان جو فين آئوٽ لڳ ڀڳ 10 هوندو هو، جيڪو ڪوائلن جي مزاحمت ۽ وڌيڪ وولٽيج سبب رابطن تي پيدا ٿيندڙ چڻنگن (Arcing) جي ڪري محدود هوندو هو. بعد ۾ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] استعمال ٿيڻ لڳيون. اهي تمام تيز هيون، پر گهڻي گرمي پيدا ڪنديون هيون ۽ مڪمل طور ڀروسي جوڳيون نه هيون، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ انهن جا فلامينٽ سڙي ويندا هئا. انهن جو عام فين آئوٽ 5 کان 7 جي وچ ۾ هوندو هو، جيڪو ٽيوبن مان گذرندڙ رو سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ گرمي سان محدود هوندو هو. 1950ع واري ڏهاڪي ۾ ڪمپيوٽرن لاءِ خاص ويڪيوم ٽيوبون تيار ڪيون ويون، جن جي فلامينٽن ۾ سليڪان جهڙا اُڏامندڙ عنصر شامل نه هوندا هئا. اهي ٽيوبون لکين ڪلاڪن تائين ڪم ڪري سگهنديون هيون. پهريون [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] منطقي خاندان [[رزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (RTL) هو. اهو ويڪيوم ٽيوبن جي ڀيٽ ۾ لڳ ڀڳ هزار ڀيرا وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو هو، گهٽ گرمي پيدا ڪندو هو ۽ گهٽ بجلي استعمال ڪندو هو، پر ان جو فين آئوٽ صرف 3 هوندو هو. [[ڊائيوڊ–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (DTL) فين آئوٽ کي لڳ ڀڳ 7 تائين وڌايو ۽ بجلي جو استعمال پڻ گهٽايو. ڪجهه DTL ڊزائنن ۾ فين آئوٽ وڌائڻ لاءِ NPN ۽ PNP ٽرانزسٽرن جي بدلجندڙ تہن سان ٻه بجلي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا استعمال ڪيا ويندا هئا. [[ٽرانزسٽر–ٽرانزسٽر لاجڪ]] (TTL) انهن سڀني جي ڀيٽ ۾ هڪ وڏي بهتري هئي. شروعاتي ڊوائيسن ۾ فين آئوٽ 10 تائين پهتو، جڏهن ته بعد وارن قسمن ۾ اهو اعتماد سان 20 تائين پهچي ويو. TTL پڻ تيز رفتار هئي، ۽ ان جي ڪجهه قسمن ۾ سوئچنگ جو وقت صرف 20&nbsp;نانو سيڪنڊ تائين گهٽجي ويو. TTL اڄ به ڪجهه ڊزائنن ۾ استعمال ڪئي وڃي ٿي. [[ايميٽر ڪپلڊ لاجڪ]] (ECL) تمام تيز رفتار آهي، پر اها تمام گهڻي بجلي استعمال ڪندي آهي. انهيءَ سبب ان کي اعليٰ ڪارڪردگي وارن ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[Illiac IV]]، ۾ وڏي پيماني تي استعمال ڪيو ويو، جيڪي ڪيترن ئي وچولي درجي جي مربوط جزن تي مشتمل هئا. اڄڪلهه سڀ کان وڌيڪ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊجيٽل مربوط سرڪٽ [[سي موس منطق]] (CMOS) تي ٻڌل آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها تيز رفتار، وڌيڪ سرڪٽ ڪثافت ۽ هر گيٽ تي گهٽ بجلي جي استعمال جون خاصيتون رکي ٿي. انهيءَ ڪري ان کي وڏن ۽ تيز رفتار ڪمپيوٽرن، جهڙوڪ [[آء بي ايم نظام z]]، ۾ پڻ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. == تازيون اڳڀرائيون == 2009ع ۾ محققن اهو دريافت ڪيو ته [[ميمريسٽر]] [[بولين]] حالت کي محفوظ ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت رکن ٿا ۽ روايتي CMOS سيميڪنڊڪٽر عملن کي استعمال ڪندي تمام گهٽ جڳهه ۽ توانائي سان مڪمل منطقي خاندان (لاجڪ فيملي) مهيا ڪري سگهن ٿا.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Eero |last2=Laiho |first2=Mika |work=2009 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Nanoscale Architectures |title=Stateful implication logic with memristors |date=2009 |pages=33–36 |doi=10.1109/NANOARCH.2009.5226356|isbn=978-1-4244-4957-6 }}</ref> [[سپر ڪنڊڪٽيوٽي]] جي دريافت [[تيز واحد فِلڪس ڪوانٽم]] (ريپڊ سنگل فلڪس ڪوانٽم؛ RSFQ) سرڪٽ ٽيڪنالاجي جي ترقي کي ممڪن بڻايو، جيڪا [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي بدران [[جوزفسن جنڪشن]] استعمال ڪري ٿي. تازو سالن ۾ اهڙن مڪمل [[بصري ڪمپيوٽنگ]] (آپٽيڪل ڪمپيوٽنگ) نظامن جي تعمير جون پڻ ڪوششون جاري آهن، جيڪي [[غير لڪيري بصريات]] (مان لينيئر آپٽڪس) جي عنصرن جي مدد سان ڊجيٽل معلومات جي پروسيسنگ ڪري سگهن. == پڻ ڏسو == * [[ڊي مورگن جا قانون]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڪِٽ]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪس لاءِ اوپن سورس هارڊويئر منصوبن جي فهرست]] * [[منطقي ڪوشش]] * [[منطق جي بهتري]] * [[مائڪرو اليڪٽرانڪس]] * [[آسيلوسڪوپ]] * [[غير روايتي ڪمپيوٽنگ]] == حوالا == {{Reflist}} <references group="lower-alpha"/> {{Notelist}} == وڌيڪ مطالعي لاءِ == * Douglas Lewin, ''Logical Design of Switching Circuits'', Nelson, 1974. * R. H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994. * P. K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996. * Y. K. Chan and S. Y. Lim, ''Progress In Electromagnetics Research B'', جلد 1، صفحا 269–290، 2008، "Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Signal Generation"، Faculty of Engineering & Technology، Multimedia University، Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama، Bukit Beruang، Melaka 75450، Malaysia. == ٻاهريان ڳنڍڻا == {{Commons category|Digital electronics}} * [http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=oer Digital Circuit Projects: An Overview of Digital Circuits Through Implementing Integrated Circuits] (2014) * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127110933/http://openbookproject.net/electricCircuits/Digital/index.html |title=Lessons in Electric Circuits – Volume IV (Digital)}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ MIT OpenCourseWare: ڊجيٽل ڊزائن جي تعارفي ڪورس جا تدريسي مواد ("6.004: Computation Structures")] {{Digital systems}} {{Electronic components}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ ڊزائن آٽوميشن]] b3mjizmzzlcad3cr6aild6uy15pb4e0 0 99700 390244 2026-06-30T21:08:56Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} {{More citations needed|date=October 2019}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو الي... 390244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} {{More citations needed|date=October 2019}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (Discrete Circuits) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (Discrete Components) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (Discrete) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. 6mp4jmmum2xrhj32yotl4ikbh27d0d4 390245 390244 2026-06-30T21:09:24Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (Discrete Circuits) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (Discrete Components) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (Discrete) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. rirw70kjfxt9irlmyp6sfld21owey8p 390246 390245 2026-06-30T21:10:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. 8rhcp7iolny7amnet7gcsmd15uwn5cn 390247 390246 2026-06-30T21:13:08Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (Reciprocity) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. 3vr8rdcdwe5h69bgqmq2gsha1r3tqbn 390248 390247 2026-06-30T21:13:39Z Intisar Ali 8681 390248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. bgc55836xhgkmamko5tcddgegk4ay5t 390249 390248 2026-06-30T21:30:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 390249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) 3s90a53u7v0f921no1oufkss2l1b0ql 390250 390249 2026-06-30T21:33:40Z Intisar Ali 8681 390250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. k4ha9sr6t0e89ihzn9x610hym0nj66s 390251 390250 2026-06-30T21:35:49Z Intisar Ali 8681 390251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] 5jc893fk3iahxrj5rucw60qsgdby9ch 390252 390251 2026-06-30T21:36:33Z Intisar Ali 8681 390252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) 31abff6o0t5rmgzxqlyvx59bzpr4hsp 390253 390252 2026-06-30T21:52:04Z Intisar Ali 8681 390253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. 04nmp2rv22pre7qiql4vq15rxucuedp 390254 390253 2026-06-30T21:53:02Z Intisar Ali 8681 390254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. === خارجي ڊوائيس === * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] * [[اگنائيٽرون]] * [[ٿائراٽرون]] '''متروڪ:''' * [[پاريدار قوسي ريڪٽيفائر]] * وولٽيج ريگيوليٽر ٽيوب * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] === توانائي جا ذريعا === برقي توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا: * [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] — تيزاب يا الڪلي تي ٻڌل برقي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[فيول سيل]] — هڪ برقي-ڪيميائي جنريٽر. * [[بجلي جي فراهمي]] (Power Supply) — عام طور مکيه برقي فراهمي سان ڳنڍيل. * [[فوٽووولٽائڪ]] ڊوائيس — روشني مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — گرمي پد جي فرق مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[برقي جنريٽر]] — هڪ برقي-ميڪانيڪي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — ميڪانيڪي دٻاءَ (Mechanical Strain) مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[وين ڊي گراف جنريٽر]] — رگڙ (Friction) ذريعي جامد بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. 8kt7ex2qdxiv35rqhndh8prcv2wj13d 390255 390254 2026-06-30T21:56:12Z Intisar Ali 8681 390255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. === خارجي ڊوائيس === * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] * [[اگنائيٽرون]] * [[ٿائراٽرون]] '''متروڪ:''' * [[پاريدار قوسي ريڪٽيفائر]] * وولٽيج ريگيوليٽر ٽيوب * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] === توانائي جا ذريعا === برقي توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا: * [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] — تيزاب يا الڪلي تي ٻڌل برقي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[فيول سيل]] — هڪ برقي-ڪيميائي جنريٽر. * [[بجلي جي فراهمي]] (پاور سپلاء) — عام طور مکيه برقي فراهمي سان ڳنڍيل. * [[فوٽووولٽائڪ]] ڊوائيس — روشني مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — گرمي پد جي فرق مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[برقي جنريٽر]] — هڪ برقي-ميڪانيڪي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — ميڪانيڪي دٻاءَ (ميڪينيڪل اسٽرين) مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[وين ڊي گراف جنريٽر]] — رگڙ (فرڪشن) ذريعي جامد بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. ==<span class="anchor" id="passive_component_anchor"></span>غير فعال جزا== اهي جزا، جيڪي ڪنهن ٻئي برقي سگنل جي ذريعي برقي رو (ڪرنٽ) کي ڪنٽرول نٿا ڪري سگهن، ''غير فعال'' (پيسو) ڊوائيس سڏبا آهن. [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] سڀ غير فعال ڊوائيس سمجهيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinecomponents.com/en/blogpost/what-are-passive-components-in-electronics-192/|title=What are Passive Components in Electronics?|website=OnlineComponents.com|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> === مزاحمتي جزا (Resistors) === [[File:Surface Mounted Device, soldered.jpg|thumb|right|PCB جي پٺئين پاسي لڳل سرفيس-مائونٽ رزسٽر]] [[File:Potentiometer transparent.jpg|thumb|پوٽينشيوميٽر، هڪ متغير رزسٽر]] رزسٽر [[اوهم جي قانون]] مطابق وولٽيج جي تناسب سان برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ رو جي مخالفت ڪندا آهن. * [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — مقرر قدر وارو ** پاور [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — گرمي کي محفوظ نموني خارج ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي سائيز وارو ** SIP يا [[ڊيوئل اِن-لائين پيڪيج|DIP]] رزسٽر نيٽ ورڪ — هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ ڪيترن رزسٽرن جو مجموعو * متغير رزسٽر ** [[رهيوسٽيٽ]] — ٻه ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (عام طور وڌيڪ طاقت لاءِ) ** [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] — ٽي ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (متغير وولٽيج ڊيوائيڊر)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abernathy |first1=Johanna |title=Understanding Voltage Divider Circuits |url=https://www.quarktwin.com/blogs/resistor/understanding-voltage-divider-circuits/389 |website=QuarkTwin |publisher=Connelly Roth |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[ٽرمر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرم پوٽ]] — ننڍو پوٽينشيوميٽر، عام طور اندروني ترتيب لاءِ ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] — گرمي پد سان حساس رزسٽر، جنهن جي مزاحمت جسم جي گرمي پد جي تبديلي سان وڏي، اڳڪٿي لائق ۽ درست نموني تبديل ٿيندي آهي.<ref>[http://www.ussensor.com/technical-info/what-is-a-thermistor What is a Thermistor]. U.S. Sensor Corp.</ref> ** [[هيومسٽر]] — نمي جي تبديلي سان مزاحمت بدلائيندڙ رزسٽر ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] ** [[ويريسٽر]]، [[وولٽيج تي ڀاڙيندڙ رزسٽر]]، [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر|MOV]] — اضافي وولٽيج موجود هئڻ تي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. * [[مزاحمتي تار]]، [[نائيڪروم]] تار — وڌيڪ مزاحمت واري ڌاتوءَ جي تار، جيڪا گهڻو ڪري گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي. * [[هيٽر]] — [[گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر]] === ڪئپيسيٽر === [[File:Verschiedene Kondensatoren 2.JPG|thumb|right|اليڪٽرانڪ سامان ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ مختلف ڪئپيسيٽر]] ڪئپيسيٽر برقي چارج کي محفوظ ۽ خارج ڪندا آهن. اهي بجلي جي فراهمي وارين لائينن کي فلٽر ڪرڻ، گونجندڙ سرڪٽن کي ٽيون ڪرڻ، DC وولٽيج کي روڪڻ ۽ AC سگنلن کي گذرڻ ڏيڻ سميت ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. * [[ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مربوط ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[MIS ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرينچ ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مقرر ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[سيرامڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلم ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ايلومينيم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ٽينٽالم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نائوبيئم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[پوليمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نينو آئيونڪ سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ليٿيم-آئن ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ميڪا ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽيوننگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** خاص مقصدن وارا ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[پاور ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[حفاظتي ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[موٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فوٽو فليش ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ذخيرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڊي-ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بائي پاس ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[پيڊنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بيڪ اپ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سوئچ ٿيل ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فيڊٿرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** ڪئپيسيٽر نيٽ ورڪ (Array) * [[ويريڪيپ]] ڊائيوڊ — جنهن جي AC گنجائش لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج سان تبديل ٿيندي آهي. === مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس === [[مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس]] اهڙا غير فعال جزا آهن، جيڪي هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ مربوط ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي الڳ جزن جي برابر مجموعي جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ جڳهه والاريندا آهن. === مقناطيسي (انڊڪٽو) ڊوائيس === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو ذريعي مقناطيسيت جي مدد سان توانائي کي محفوظ ۽ آزاد ڪندا آهن. * [[انڊڪٽر]]، ڪوئل، چوڪ * متغير انڊڪٽر * [[سچوريبل ريئڪٽر|سچوريبل انڊڪٽر]] * [[ٽرانسفارمر]] * [[مقناطيسي ايمپليفائر]] * [[فيرائيٽ بيڊ]] * [[برقي موٽر]] / [[برقي جنريٽر]] * [[سولينائڊ]] * [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ۽ [[مائڪروفون]] === ميمريسٽر === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي مقناطيسي وهڪري جي تناسب سان چارج کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ پنهنجي اڳوڻي مزاحمتي حالت کي محفوظ رکڻ جي صلاحيت رکندا آهن، تنهنڪري انهن جو نالو ''ميموري'' ۽ ''رزسٽر'' مان نڪتل آهي. * [[ميمريسٽر]] === نيٽ ورڪ === اهي جزا، جيڪي هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسمن جي غير فعال جزن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. * RC نيٽ ورڪ — [[RC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو [[سنبر]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * LC نيٽ ورڪ — [[LC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو ٽيون ٿيندڙ ٽرانسفارمرن ۽ RFI فلٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. === ٽرانسڊيوسر، سينسر، ڊيڪٽر === # [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] برقي سگنل جي اثر هيٺ جسماني اثر پيدا ڪندا آهن، يا ان جي ابتڙ. # [[سينسر]] (ڊيڪٽر) اهڙا ٽرانسڊيوسر آهن، جيڪي ماحول جي حالتن تي ردعمل ڏيئي پنهنجون برقي خاصيتون تبديل ڪندا آهن يا برقي سگنل پيدا ڪندا آهن. # هتي درج ڪيل ٽرانسڊيوسر صرف انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا آهن (مڪمل اسيمبلين بدران) ۽ [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] آهن. * آواز ** [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ** [[بزر]] * مقام ۽ حرڪت ** [[لڪيرِي متغير تفاضلي ٽرانسفارمر]] (LVDT) ** [[گھمندڙ اينڪوڊر]] ** [[انڪلائينوميٽر]] ** [[حرڪت سينسر]] ** [[فلو ميٽر]] * قوت ۽ ٽورڪ ** [[اسٽرين گيج]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] * حرارتي ** [[ٿرموڪپل]] ** [[ٿرموپائل]] ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] ** [[مزاحمتي ٿرماميٽر|RTD]] ** [[بولوميٽر]] ** [[حرارتي ڪٽ آف]] * مقناطيسي ميدان ** [[ميگنيٽو ميٽر]] * نمي ** [[هائيگرو ميٽر]] * برقي مقناطيسي، روشني ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] === اينٽينا === [[ريڊيو اينٽينا|اينٽينا]] ريڊيو لهرون موڪليندا يا وصول ڪندا آهن. * [[ڊائپول اينٽينا]] * [[ياگي اينٽينا]] * [[فيزڊ ايري]] * [[لوپ اينٽينا]] * [[پيرابولڪ ڊش]] * [[لاگ-پيريئڊڪ ڊائپول ايري]] * [[بائيڪونيڪل اينٽينا]] * [[فيڊ هارن]] === اسيمبليون، ماڊيول === ڪيترن ئي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي گڏ ڪري تيار ڪيل اهڙو ڊوائيس، جيڪو پاڻ به هڪ جزو طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[اوسيليٽر]] * ڊسپلي ڊوائيس ** [[مائع بلور ڊسپلي]] (LCD) ** [[ڊجيٽل وولٽ ميٽر]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ فلٽر]] === پروٽوٽائپنگ جا اوزار === {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪس پروٽوٽائپنگ}} * [[وائر-ريپ]] * [[بريڊ بورڊ]] 0u6nsig9918hnremjvve30ed8ztt57b 390256 390255 2026-06-30T21:57:34Z Intisar Ali 8681 390256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. === خارجي ڊوائيس === * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] * [[اگنائيٽرون]] * [[ٿائراٽرون]] '''متروڪ:''' * [[پاريدار قوسي ريڪٽيفائر]] * وولٽيج ريگيوليٽر ٽيوب * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] === توانائي جا ذريعا === برقي توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا: * [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] — تيزاب يا الڪلي تي ٻڌل برقي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[فيول سيل]] — هڪ برقي-ڪيميائي جنريٽر. * [[بجلي جي فراهمي]] (پاور سپلاء) — عام طور مکيه برقي فراهمي سان ڳنڍيل. * [[فوٽووولٽائڪ]] ڊوائيس — روشني مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — گرمي پد جي فرق مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[برقي جنريٽر]] — هڪ برقي-ميڪانيڪي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — ميڪانيڪي دٻاءَ (ميڪينيڪل اسٽرين) مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[وين ڊي گراف جنريٽر]] — رگڙ (فرڪشن) ذريعي جامد بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. ==<span class="anchor" id="passive_component_anchor"></span>غير فعال جزا== اهي جزا، جيڪي ڪنهن ٻئي برقي سگنل جي ذريعي برقي رو (ڪرنٽ) کي ڪنٽرول نٿا ڪري سگهن، ''غير فعال'' (پيسو) ڊوائيس سڏبا آهن. [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] سڀ غير فعال ڊوائيس سمجهيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinecomponents.com/en/blogpost/what-are-passive-components-in-electronics-192/|title=What are Passive Components in Electronics?|website=OnlineComponents.com|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> === مزاحمتي جزا (Resistors) === [[File:Surface Mounted Device, soldered.jpg|thumb|right|PCB جي پٺئين پاسي لڳل سرفيس-مائونٽ رزسٽر]] [[File:Potentiometer transparent.jpg|thumb|پوٽينشيوميٽر، هڪ متغير رزسٽر]] رزسٽر [[اوهم جي قانون]] مطابق وولٽيج جي تناسب سان برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ رو جي مخالفت ڪندا آهن. * [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — مقرر قدر وارو ** پاور [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — گرمي کي محفوظ نموني خارج ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي سائيز وارو ** SIP يا [[ڊيوئل اِن-لائين پيڪيج|DIP]] رزسٽر نيٽ ورڪ — هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ ڪيترن رزسٽرن جو مجموعو * متغير رزسٽر ** [[رهيوسٽيٽ]] — ٻه ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (عام طور وڌيڪ طاقت لاءِ) ** [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] — ٽي ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (متغير وولٽيج ڊيوائيڊر)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abernathy |first1=Johanna |title=Understanding Voltage Divider Circuits |url=https://www.quarktwin.com/blogs/resistor/understanding-voltage-divider-circuits/389 |website=QuarkTwin |publisher=Connelly Roth |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[ٽرمر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرم پوٽ]] — ننڍو پوٽينشيوميٽر، عام طور اندروني ترتيب لاءِ ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] — گرمي پد سان حساس رزسٽر، جنهن جي مزاحمت جسم جي گرمي پد جي تبديلي سان وڏي، اڳڪٿي لائق ۽ درست نموني تبديل ٿيندي آهي.<ref>[http://www.ussensor.com/technical-info/what-is-a-thermistor What is a Thermistor]. U.S. Sensor Corp.</ref> ** [[هيومسٽر]] — نمي جي تبديلي سان مزاحمت بدلائيندڙ رزسٽر ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] ** [[ويريسٽر]]، [[وولٽيج تي ڀاڙيندڙ رزسٽر]]، [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر|MOV]] — اضافي وولٽيج موجود هئڻ تي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. * [[مزاحمتي تار]]، [[نائيڪروم]] تار — وڌيڪ مزاحمت واري ڌاتوءَ جي تار، جيڪا گهڻو ڪري گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي. * [[هيٽر]] — [[گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر]] === ڪئپيسيٽر === [[File:Verschiedene Kondensatoren 2.JPG|thumb|right|اليڪٽرانڪ سامان ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ مختلف ڪئپيسيٽر]] ڪئپيسيٽر برقي چارج کي محفوظ ۽ خارج ڪندا آهن. اهي بجلي جي فراهمي وارين لائينن کي فلٽر ڪرڻ، گونجندڙ سرڪٽن کي ٽيون ڪرڻ، DC وولٽيج کي روڪڻ ۽ AC سگنلن کي گذرڻ ڏيڻ سميت ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. * [[ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مربوط ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[MIS ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرينچ ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مقرر ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[سيرامڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلم ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ايلومينيم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ٽينٽالم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نائوبيئم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[پوليمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نينو آئيونڪ سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ليٿيم-آئن ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ميڪا ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽيوننگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** خاص مقصدن وارا ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[پاور ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[حفاظتي ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[موٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فوٽو فليش ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ذخيرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڊي-ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بائي پاس ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[پيڊنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بيڪ اپ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سوئچ ٿيل ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فيڊٿرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** ڪئپيسيٽر نيٽ ورڪ (Array) * [[ويريڪيپ]] ڊائيوڊ — جنهن جي AC گنجائش لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج سان تبديل ٿيندي آهي. === مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس === [[مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس]] اهڙا غير فعال جزا آهن، جيڪي هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ مربوط ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي الڳ جزن جي برابر مجموعي جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ جڳهه والاريندا آهن. === مقناطيسي (انڊڪٽو) ڊوائيس === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو ذريعي مقناطيسيت جي مدد سان توانائي کي محفوظ ۽ آزاد ڪندا آهن. * [[انڊڪٽر]]، ڪوئل، چوڪ * متغير انڊڪٽر * [[سچوريبل ريئڪٽر|سچوريبل انڊڪٽر]] * [[ٽرانسفارمر]] * [[مقناطيسي ايمپليفائر]] * [[فيرائيٽ بيڊ]] * [[برقي موٽر]] / [[برقي جنريٽر]] * [[سولينائڊ]] * [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ۽ [[مائڪروفون]] === ميمريسٽر === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي مقناطيسي وهڪري جي تناسب سان چارج کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ پنهنجي اڳوڻي مزاحمتي حالت کي محفوظ رکڻ جي صلاحيت رکندا آهن، تنهنڪري انهن جو نالو ''ميموري'' ۽ ''رزسٽر'' مان نڪتل آهي. * [[ميمريسٽر]] === نيٽ ورڪ === اهي جزا، جيڪي هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسمن جي غير فعال جزن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. * RC نيٽ ورڪ — [[RC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو [[سنبر]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * LC نيٽ ورڪ — [[LC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو ٽيون ٿيندڙ ٽرانسفارمرن ۽ RFI فلٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. === ٽرانسڊيوسر، سينسر، ڊيڪٽر === # [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] برقي سگنل جي اثر هيٺ جسماني اثر پيدا ڪندا آهن، يا ان جي ابتڙ. # [[سينسر]] (ڊيڪٽر) اهڙا ٽرانسڊيوسر آهن، جيڪي ماحول جي حالتن تي ردعمل ڏيئي پنهنجون برقي خاصيتون تبديل ڪندا آهن يا برقي سگنل پيدا ڪندا آهن. # هتي درج ڪيل ٽرانسڊيوسر صرف انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا آهن (مڪمل اسيمبلين بدران) ۽ [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] آهن. * آواز ** [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ** [[بزر]] * مقام ۽ حرڪت ** [[لڪيرِي متغير تفاضلي ٽرانسفارمر]] (LVDT) ** [[گھمندڙ اينڪوڊر]] ** [[انڪلائينوميٽر]] ** [[حرڪت سينسر]] ** [[فلو ميٽر]] * قوت ۽ ٽورڪ ** [[اسٽرين گيج]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] * حرارتي ** [[ٿرموڪپل]] ** [[ٿرموپائل]] ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] ** [[مزاحمتي ٿرماميٽر|RTD]] ** [[بولوميٽر]] ** [[حرارتي ڪٽ آف]] * مقناطيسي ميدان ** [[ميگنيٽو ميٽر]] * نمي ** [[هائيگرو ميٽر]] * برقي مقناطيسي، روشني ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] === اينٽينا === [[ريڊيو اينٽينا|اينٽينا]] ريڊيو لهرون موڪليندا يا وصول ڪندا آهن. * [[ڊائپول اينٽينا]] * [[ياگي اينٽينا]] * [[فيزڊ ايري]] * [[لوپ اينٽينا]] * [[پيرابولڪ ڊش]] * [[لاگ-پيريئڊڪ ڊائپول ايري]] * [[بائيڪونيڪل اينٽينا]] * [[فيڊ هارن]] === اسيمبليون، ماڊيول === ڪيترن ئي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي گڏ ڪري تيار ڪيل اهڙو ڊوائيس، جيڪو پاڻ به هڪ جزو طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[اوسيليٽر]] * ڊسپلي ڊوائيس ** [[مائع بلور ڊسپلي]] (LCD) ** [[ڊجيٽل وولٽ ميٽر]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ فلٽر]] === پروٽوٽائپنگ جا اوزار === {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪس پروٽوٽائپنگ}} * [[وائر-ريپ]] * [[بريڊ بورڊ]] == برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڊوائيس == [[File:18MHZ 12MHZ Crystal 110.jpg|thumb|هڪ ڪوارٽز ڪرسٽل (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ هڪ ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر]] === پائزو اليڪٽرڪ ڊوائيس، ڪرسٽل ۽ ريزونيٽر === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]] جيڪي [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن: * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي اعليٰ فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ يا فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ هي اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر|ڪرسٽل]] — درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل (مڪمل اوسيليٽرن لاءِ هيٺ ''ماڊيول'' وارو حصو ڏسو). ** [[سيرامڪ ريزونيٽر]] — نيم درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل. ** سيرامڪ فلٽر — فريڪوئنسي جي مخصوص پٽي کي فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل، جيئن [[ريڊيو رسيور]] ۾. ** [[سطحي صوتي لهر فلٽر|سطحي صوتي لهر (SAW) فلٽر]] * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي هن اثر کي ميڪانيڪي [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] طور استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[الٽراسونڪ موٽر]] — اهڙو برقي موٽر، جيڪو [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** پائزو بزر ۽ مائڪروفون لاءِ هيٺ ''ٽرانسڊيوسر'' وارو حصو ڏسو. === مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام === * [[مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] ** [[ڊجيٽل مائڪرو مرر ڊوائيس]] === ٽرمينل ۽ ڪنيڪٽر === برقي ڳانڍاپا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊوائيس. * [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرمينل]] * [[برقي ڪنيڪٽر|ڪنيڪٽر]] ** [[جيڪ (ڪنيڪٽر)|ساڪٽ]] ** [[اسڪرو ٽرمينل]]، ٽرمينل بلاڪ ** [[پن هيڊر]] === ڪيبل اسيمبليون === اهي [[برقي ڪيبل]]، جن جي ٻنهي پاسن تي ڪنيڪٽر يا ٽرمينل لڳل هوندا آهن. * [[پاور ڪارڊ]] * [[پيچ ڪارڊ]] * [[ٽيسٽ ليڊ]] [[File:Micro switch.jpg|thumb|right|ننڍي سائيز جي ٻن مختلف پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جا مثال]] === سوئچ === [[File:Sequenceur a cames 001.jpg|thumb|7-ڪيم، 7-رابطن وارو ڪيم ٽائمر]] اهي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏين ("بند") يا رو کي روڪين ("کليل"). * [[سوئچ]] — هٿ سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. ** برقي وضاحت: SPST، SPDT، DPST، DPDT، NPNT ** ٽيڪنالاجي: سلائيڊ سوئچ، ٽاگل سوئچ، راڪر سوئچ، روٽري سوئچ، پُش بٽڻ سوئچ * [[ڪيم ٽائمر]] (ڊرم سيڪوئنسر) — واقعن جي هڪ سلسلي کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام. * [[ڪي پيڊ]] — پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[DIP سوئچ]] — اندروني ترتيب (Configuration) لاءِ ننڍن سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[فوٽ سوئچ]] — پير سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. * [[چاقو سوئچ]] — کليل ڪنڊڪٽرن وارو سوئچ. * [[مائڪرو سوئچ]] — ميڪانيڪي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ تيز عمل وارو سوئچ. * [[حد سوئچ]] — حرڪت جي آخري حد معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. * [[پاريدار سوئچ]] — جهڪاءُ (Tilt) محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[مرڪزگري سوئچ]] — گردش جي رفتار سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ مرڪزگري قوت محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[رلي]] يا [[ڪانٽيڪٽر]] — برقي-ميڪانيڪي طور هلندڙ سوئچ (ڏسو [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]]). * [[ريڊ سوئچ]] — مقناطيسي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] — گرمي پد سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[هيوميڊسٽيٽ]] — نمي سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندڙ، ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيڻ وارو فيوز. * [[ڊسڪنڪٽر]] — اعليٰ ۽ وچولي وولٽيج نظامن ۾ سار سنڀال يا سرڪٽ کي الڳ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٽرانسفر سوئچ]] — لوڊ کي ٻن مختلف توانائي ذريعن جي وچ ۾ منتقل ڪندڙ سوئچ. === حفاظتي ڊوائيس === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]]، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي وڌيڪ رو يا وولٽيج کان بچائيندا آهن. * [[برقي فيوز|فيوز]] — وڌيڪ رو کان تحفظ؛ صرف هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — ميڪانيڪي سوئچ جي صورت ۾ ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز. * [[ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز]] (PolySwitch) * [[زميني خرابي کان تحفظ]] يا [[Residual-current device]] (RCD) * [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر]] (MOV)، [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ|TVS]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج کان تحفظ. * [[شروعاتي رو محدود ڪندڙ]] — شروعاتي تيز [[شروعاتي رو]] کان تحفظ. * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] — اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن کان تحفظ. * [[اسپارڪ گيپ]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج تي قوس (Arc) پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن اليڪٽروڊن جي وچ ۾ وٿي. * [[وڄ روڪيندڙ]] — وڄ جي اثرن کان تحفظ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ اسپارڪ گيپ. * [[ريڪلوزر]] — خودڪار سوئچ، جيڪو وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندو آهي، پوءِ خرابي ختم ٿيڻ جي جاچ لاءِ ٻيهر بند ٿيندو آهي. * [[آرڪ فالٽ سرڪٽ انٽرپٽر]] — برقي آرڪ کان تحفظ ڏيندڙ سرڪٽ بريڪر. * [[نيٽ ورڪ پروٽيڪٽر]] — توانائي جي وهڪري جي رخ بدلجڻ تي تقسيمي ٽرانسفارمر کي ڌار ڪندڙ حفاظتي ڊوائيس. * [[مقناطيسي اسٽارٽر]] — موٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ برقي-ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. === ميڪانيڪي لوازمات === * [[برقي باڪس]] * [[هيٽ سنڪ]] * [[فين (ميڪانيڪي)|فين]] === ٻيا === * [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] * [[بتي (برقي جزو)|بتي]] * [[ويئو گائيڊ]] === متروڪ === * ڪاربان ايمپليفائر (ڏسو [[Carbon microphone#Carbon microphones used as amplifiers|ڪاربان مائڪروفون ايمپليفائر]]) * ڪاربان آرڪ (منفي مزاحمت وارو ڊوائيس) * ڊائنامو (تاريخي RF جنريٽر) * [[ڪوهيئرر]] 7xssfd4akhxaq0vrefgcwy1lqkz3pdt 390257 390256 2026-06-30T21:59:00Z Intisar Ali 8681 390257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. === خارجي ڊوائيس === * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] * [[اگنائيٽرون]] * [[ٿائراٽرون]] '''متروڪ:''' * [[پاريدار قوسي ريڪٽيفائر]] * وولٽيج ريگيوليٽر ٽيوب * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] === توانائي جا ذريعا === برقي توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا: * [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] — تيزاب يا الڪلي تي ٻڌل برقي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[فيول سيل]] — هڪ برقي-ڪيميائي جنريٽر. * [[بجلي جي فراهمي]] (پاور سپلاء) — عام طور مکيه برقي فراهمي سان ڳنڍيل. * [[فوٽووولٽائڪ]] ڊوائيس — روشني مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — گرمي پد جي فرق مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[برقي جنريٽر]] — هڪ برقي-ميڪانيڪي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — ميڪانيڪي دٻاءَ (ميڪينيڪل اسٽرين) مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[وين ڊي گراف جنريٽر]] — رگڙ (فرڪشن) ذريعي جامد بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. ==<span class="anchor" id="passive_component_anchor"></span>غير فعال جزا== اهي جزا، جيڪي ڪنهن ٻئي برقي سگنل جي ذريعي برقي رو (ڪرنٽ) کي ڪنٽرول نٿا ڪري سگهن، ''غير فعال'' (پيسو) ڊوائيس سڏبا آهن. [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] سڀ غير فعال ڊوائيس سمجهيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinecomponents.com/en/blogpost/what-are-passive-components-in-electronics-192/|title=What are Passive Components in Electronics?|website=OnlineComponents.com|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> === مزاحمتي جزا (Resistors) === [[File:Surface Mounted Device, soldered.jpg|thumb|right|PCB جي پٺئين پاسي لڳل سرفيس-مائونٽ رزسٽر]] [[File:Potentiometer transparent.jpg|thumb|پوٽينشيوميٽر، هڪ متغير رزسٽر]] رزسٽر [[اوهم جي قانون]] مطابق وولٽيج جي تناسب سان برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ رو جي مخالفت ڪندا آهن. * [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — مقرر قدر وارو ** پاور [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — گرمي کي محفوظ نموني خارج ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي سائيز وارو ** SIP يا [[ڊيوئل اِن-لائين پيڪيج|DIP]] رزسٽر نيٽ ورڪ — هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ ڪيترن رزسٽرن جو مجموعو * متغير رزسٽر ** [[رهيوسٽيٽ]] — ٻه ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (عام طور وڌيڪ طاقت لاءِ) ** [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] — ٽي ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (متغير وولٽيج ڊيوائيڊر)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abernathy |first1=Johanna |title=Understanding Voltage Divider Circuits |url=https://www.quarktwin.com/blogs/resistor/understanding-voltage-divider-circuits/389 |website=QuarkTwin |publisher=Connelly Roth |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[ٽرمر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرم پوٽ]] — ننڍو پوٽينشيوميٽر، عام طور اندروني ترتيب لاءِ ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] — گرمي پد سان حساس رزسٽر، جنهن جي مزاحمت جسم جي گرمي پد جي تبديلي سان وڏي، اڳڪٿي لائق ۽ درست نموني تبديل ٿيندي آهي.<ref>[http://www.ussensor.com/technical-info/what-is-a-thermistor What is a Thermistor]. U.S. Sensor Corp.</ref> ** [[هيومسٽر]] — نمي جي تبديلي سان مزاحمت بدلائيندڙ رزسٽر ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] ** [[ويريسٽر]]، [[وولٽيج تي ڀاڙيندڙ رزسٽر]]، [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر|MOV]] — اضافي وولٽيج موجود هئڻ تي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. * [[مزاحمتي تار]]، [[نائيڪروم]] تار — وڌيڪ مزاحمت واري ڌاتوءَ جي تار، جيڪا گهڻو ڪري گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي. * [[هيٽر]] — [[گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر]] === ڪئپيسيٽر === [[File:Verschiedene Kondensatoren 2.JPG|thumb|right|اليڪٽرانڪ سامان ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ مختلف ڪئپيسيٽر]] ڪئپيسيٽر برقي چارج کي محفوظ ۽ خارج ڪندا آهن. اهي بجلي جي فراهمي وارين لائينن کي فلٽر ڪرڻ، گونجندڙ سرڪٽن کي ٽيون ڪرڻ، DC وولٽيج کي روڪڻ ۽ AC سگنلن کي گذرڻ ڏيڻ سميت ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. * [[ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مربوط ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[MIS ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرينچ ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مقرر ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[سيرامڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلم ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ايلومينيم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ٽينٽالم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نائوبيئم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[پوليمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نينو آئيونڪ سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ليٿيم-آئن ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ميڪا ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽيوننگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** خاص مقصدن وارا ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[پاور ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[حفاظتي ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[موٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فوٽو فليش ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ذخيرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڊي-ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بائي پاس ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[پيڊنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بيڪ اپ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سوئچ ٿيل ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فيڊٿرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** ڪئپيسيٽر نيٽ ورڪ (Array) * [[ويريڪيپ]] ڊائيوڊ — جنهن جي AC گنجائش لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج سان تبديل ٿيندي آهي. === مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس === [[مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس]] اهڙا غير فعال جزا آهن، جيڪي هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ مربوط ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي الڳ جزن جي برابر مجموعي جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ جڳهه والاريندا آهن. === مقناطيسي (انڊڪٽو) ڊوائيس === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو ذريعي مقناطيسيت جي مدد سان توانائي کي محفوظ ۽ آزاد ڪندا آهن. * [[انڊڪٽر]]، ڪوئل، چوڪ * متغير انڊڪٽر * [[سچوريبل ريئڪٽر|سچوريبل انڊڪٽر]] * [[ٽرانسفارمر]] * [[مقناطيسي ايمپليفائر]] * [[فيرائيٽ بيڊ]] * [[برقي موٽر]] / [[برقي جنريٽر]] * [[سولينائڊ]] * [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ۽ [[مائڪروفون]] === ميمريسٽر === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي مقناطيسي وهڪري جي تناسب سان چارج کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ پنهنجي اڳوڻي مزاحمتي حالت کي محفوظ رکڻ جي صلاحيت رکندا آهن، تنهنڪري انهن جو نالو ''ميموري'' ۽ ''رزسٽر'' مان نڪتل آهي. * [[ميمريسٽر]] === نيٽ ورڪ === اهي جزا، جيڪي هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسمن جي غير فعال جزن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. * RC نيٽ ورڪ — [[RC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو [[سنبر]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * LC نيٽ ورڪ — [[LC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو ٽيون ٿيندڙ ٽرانسفارمرن ۽ RFI فلٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. === ٽرانسڊيوسر، سينسر، ڊيڪٽر === # [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] برقي سگنل جي اثر هيٺ جسماني اثر پيدا ڪندا آهن، يا ان جي ابتڙ. # [[سينسر]] (ڊيڪٽر) اهڙا ٽرانسڊيوسر آهن، جيڪي ماحول جي حالتن تي ردعمل ڏيئي پنهنجون برقي خاصيتون تبديل ڪندا آهن يا برقي سگنل پيدا ڪندا آهن. # هتي درج ڪيل ٽرانسڊيوسر صرف انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا آهن (مڪمل اسيمبلين بدران) ۽ [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] آهن. * آواز ** [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ** [[بزر]] * مقام ۽ حرڪت ** [[لڪيرِي متغير تفاضلي ٽرانسفارمر]] (LVDT) ** [[گھمندڙ اينڪوڊر]] ** [[انڪلائينوميٽر]] ** [[حرڪت سينسر]] ** [[فلو ميٽر]] * قوت ۽ ٽورڪ ** [[اسٽرين گيج]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] * حرارتي ** [[ٿرموڪپل]] ** [[ٿرموپائل]] ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] ** [[مزاحمتي ٿرماميٽر|RTD]] ** [[بولوميٽر]] ** [[حرارتي ڪٽ آف]] * مقناطيسي ميدان ** [[ميگنيٽو ميٽر]] * نمي ** [[هائيگرو ميٽر]] * برقي مقناطيسي، روشني ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] === اينٽينا === [[ريڊيو اينٽينا|اينٽينا]] ريڊيو لهرون موڪليندا يا وصول ڪندا آهن. * [[ڊائپول اينٽينا]] * [[ياگي اينٽينا]] * [[فيزڊ ايري]] * [[لوپ اينٽينا]] * [[پيرابولڪ ڊش]] * [[لاگ-پيريئڊڪ ڊائپول ايري]] * [[بائيڪونيڪل اينٽينا]] * [[فيڊ هارن]] === اسيمبليون، ماڊيول === ڪيترن ئي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي گڏ ڪري تيار ڪيل اهڙو ڊوائيس، جيڪو پاڻ به هڪ جزو طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[اوسيليٽر]] * ڊسپلي ڊوائيس ** [[مائع بلور ڊسپلي]] (LCD) ** [[ڊجيٽل وولٽ ميٽر]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ فلٽر]] === پروٽوٽائپنگ جا اوزار === {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪس پروٽوٽائپنگ}} * [[وائر-ريپ]] * [[بريڊ بورڊ]] == برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڊوائيس == [[File:18MHZ 12MHZ Crystal 110.jpg|thumb|هڪ ڪوارٽز ڪرسٽل (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ هڪ ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر]] === پائزو اليڪٽرڪ ڊوائيس، ڪرسٽل ۽ ريزونيٽر === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]] جيڪي [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن: * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي اعليٰ فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ يا فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ هي اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر|ڪرسٽل]] — درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل (مڪمل اوسيليٽرن لاءِ هيٺ ''ماڊيول'' وارو حصو ڏسو). ** [[سيرامڪ ريزونيٽر]] — نيم درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل. ** سيرامڪ فلٽر — فريڪوئنسي جي مخصوص پٽي کي فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل، جيئن [[ريڊيو رسيور]] ۾. ** [[سطحي صوتي لهر فلٽر|سطحي صوتي لهر (SAW) فلٽر]] * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي هن اثر کي ميڪانيڪي [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] طور استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[الٽراسونڪ موٽر]] — اهڙو برقي موٽر، جيڪو [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** پائزو بزر ۽ مائڪروفون لاءِ هيٺ ''ٽرانسڊيوسر'' وارو حصو ڏسو. === مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام === * [[مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] ** [[ڊجيٽل مائڪرو مرر ڊوائيس]] === ٽرمينل ۽ ڪنيڪٽر === برقي ڳانڍاپا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊوائيس. * [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرمينل]] * [[برقي ڪنيڪٽر|ڪنيڪٽر]] ** [[جيڪ (ڪنيڪٽر)|ساڪٽ]] ** [[اسڪرو ٽرمينل]]، ٽرمينل بلاڪ ** [[پن هيڊر]] === ڪيبل اسيمبليون === اهي [[برقي ڪيبل]]، جن جي ٻنهي پاسن تي ڪنيڪٽر يا ٽرمينل لڳل هوندا آهن. * [[پاور ڪارڊ]] * [[پيچ ڪارڊ]] * [[ٽيسٽ ليڊ]] [[File:Micro switch.jpg|thumb|right|ننڍي سائيز جي ٻن مختلف پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جا مثال]] === سوئچ === [[File:Sequenceur a cames 001.jpg|thumb|7-ڪيم، 7-رابطن وارو ڪيم ٽائمر]] اهي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏين ("بند") يا رو کي روڪين ("کليل"). * [[سوئچ]] — هٿ سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. ** برقي وضاحت: SPST، SPDT، DPST، DPDT، NPNT ** ٽيڪنالاجي: سلائيڊ سوئچ، ٽاگل سوئچ، راڪر سوئچ، روٽري سوئچ، پُش بٽڻ سوئچ * [[ڪيم ٽائمر]] (ڊرم سيڪوئنسر) — واقعن جي هڪ سلسلي کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام. * [[ڪي پيڊ]] — پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[DIP سوئچ]] — اندروني ترتيب (Configuration) لاءِ ننڍن سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[فوٽ سوئچ]] — پير سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. * [[چاقو سوئچ]] — کليل ڪنڊڪٽرن وارو سوئچ. * [[مائڪرو سوئچ]] — ميڪانيڪي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ تيز عمل وارو سوئچ. * [[حد سوئچ]] — حرڪت جي آخري حد معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. * [[پاريدار سوئچ]] — جهڪاءُ (Tilt) محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[مرڪزگري سوئچ]] — گردش جي رفتار سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ مرڪزگري قوت محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[رلي]] يا [[ڪانٽيڪٽر]] — برقي-ميڪانيڪي طور هلندڙ سوئچ (ڏسو [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]]). * [[ريڊ سوئچ]] — مقناطيسي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] — گرمي پد سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[هيوميڊسٽيٽ]] — نمي سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندڙ، ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيڻ وارو فيوز. * [[ڊسڪنڪٽر]] — اعليٰ ۽ وچولي وولٽيج نظامن ۾ سار سنڀال يا سرڪٽ کي الڳ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٽرانسفر سوئچ]] — لوڊ کي ٻن مختلف توانائي ذريعن جي وچ ۾ منتقل ڪندڙ سوئچ. === حفاظتي ڊوائيس === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]]، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي وڌيڪ رو يا وولٽيج کان بچائيندا آهن. * [[برقي فيوز|فيوز]] — وڌيڪ رو کان تحفظ؛ صرف هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — ميڪانيڪي سوئچ جي صورت ۾ ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز. * [[ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز]] (PolySwitch) * [[زميني خرابي کان تحفظ]] يا [[Residual-current device]] (RCD) * [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر]] (MOV)، [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ|TVS]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج کان تحفظ. * [[شروعاتي رو محدود ڪندڙ]] — شروعاتي تيز [[شروعاتي رو]] کان تحفظ. * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] — اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن کان تحفظ. * [[اسپارڪ گيپ]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج تي قوس (Arc) پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن اليڪٽروڊن جي وچ ۾ وٿي. * [[وڄ روڪيندڙ]] — وڄ جي اثرن کان تحفظ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ اسپارڪ گيپ. * [[ريڪلوزر]] — خودڪار سوئچ، جيڪو وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندو آهي، پوءِ خرابي ختم ٿيڻ جي جاچ لاءِ ٻيهر بند ٿيندو آهي. * [[آرڪ فالٽ سرڪٽ انٽرپٽر]] — برقي آرڪ کان تحفظ ڏيندڙ سرڪٽ بريڪر. * [[نيٽ ورڪ پروٽيڪٽر]] — توانائي جي وهڪري جي رخ بدلجڻ تي تقسيمي ٽرانسفارمر کي ڌار ڪندڙ حفاظتي ڊوائيس. * [[مقناطيسي اسٽارٽر]] — موٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ برقي-ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. === ميڪانيڪي لوازمات === * [[برقي باڪس]] * [[هيٽ سنڪ]] * [[فين (ميڪانيڪي)|فين]] === ٻيا === * [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] * [[بتي (برقي جزو)|بتي]] * [[ويئو گائيڊ]] === متروڪ === * ڪاربان ايمپليفائر (ڏسو [[Carbon microphone#Carbon microphones used as amplifiers|ڪاربان مائڪروفون ايمپليفائر]]) * ڪاربان آرڪ (منفي مزاحمت وارو ڊوائيس) * ڊائنامو (تاريخي RF جنريٽر) * [[ڪوهيئرر]] == معياري نشان == {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪ نشان}} [[سرڪٽ خاڪو|سرڪٽ خاڪي]] ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس روايتي (معياري) نشانن ذريعي ظاهر ڪيا ويندا آهن. جزن جي سڃاڻپ لاءِ انهن نشانن تي [[حوالو سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ]] (Reference Designators) لڳايا ويندا آهن. rrmo8mthvxe3ilkyltmgrs5hhvaeuem 390258 390257 2026-06-30T22:01:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 390258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. === خارجي ڊوائيس === * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] * [[اگنائيٽرون]] * [[ٿائراٽرون]] '''متروڪ:''' * [[پاريدار قوسي ريڪٽيفائر]] * وولٽيج ريگيوليٽر ٽيوب * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] === توانائي جا ذريعا === برقي توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا: * [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] — تيزاب يا الڪلي تي ٻڌل برقي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[فيول سيل]] — هڪ برقي-ڪيميائي جنريٽر. * [[بجلي جي فراهمي]] (پاور سپلاء) — عام طور مکيه برقي فراهمي سان ڳنڍيل. * [[فوٽووولٽائڪ]] ڊوائيس — روشني مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — گرمي پد جي فرق مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[برقي جنريٽر]] — هڪ برقي-ميڪانيڪي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — ميڪانيڪي دٻاءَ (ميڪينيڪل اسٽرين) مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[وين ڊي گراف جنريٽر]] — رگڙ (فرڪشن) ذريعي جامد بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. ==<span class="anchor" id="passive_component_anchor"></span>غير فعال جزا== اهي جزا، جيڪي ڪنهن ٻئي برقي سگنل جي ذريعي برقي رو (ڪرنٽ) کي ڪنٽرول نٿا ڪري سگهن، ''غير فعال'' (پيسو) ڊوائيس سڏبا آهن. [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] سڀ غير فعال ڊوائيس سمجهيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinecomponents.com/en/blogpost/what-are-passive-components-in-electronics-192/|title=What are Passive Components in Electronics?|website=OnlineComponents.com|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> === مزاحمتي جزا (Resistors) === [[File:Surface Mounted Device, soldered.jpg|thumb|right|PCB جي پٺئين پاسي لڳل سرفيس-مائونٽ رزسٽر]] [[File:Potentiometer transparent.jpg|thumb|پوٽينشيوميٽر، هڪ متغير رزسٽر]] رزسٽر [[اوهم جي قانون]] مطابق وولٽيج جي تناسب سان برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ رو جي مخالفت ڪندا آهن. * [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — مقرر قدر وارو ** پاور [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — گرمي کي محفوظ نموني خارج ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي سائيز وارو ** SIP يا [[ڊيوئل اِن-لائين پيڪيج|DIP]] رزسٽر نيٽ ورڪ — هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ ڪيترن رزسٽرن جو مجموعو * متغير رزسٽر ** [[رهيوسٽيٽ]] — ٻه ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (عام طور وڌيڪ طاقت لاءِ) ** [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] — ٽي ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (متغير وولٽيج ڊيوائيڊر)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abernathy |first1=Johanna |title=Understanding Voltage Divider Circuits |url=https://www.quarktwin.com/blogs/resistor/understanding-voltage-divider-circuits/389 |website=QuarkTwin |publisher=Connelly Roth |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[ٽرمر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرم پوٽ]] — ننڍو پوٽينشيوميٽر، عام طور اندروني ترتيب لاءِ ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] — گرمي پد سان حساس رزسٽر، جنهن جي مزاحمت جسم جي گرمي پد جي تبديلي سان وڏي، اڳڪٿي لائق ۽ درست نموني تبديل ٿيندي آهي.<ref>[http://www.ussensor.com/technical-info/what-is-a-thermistor What is a Thermistor]. U.S. Sensor Corp.</ref> ** [[هيومسٽر]] — نمي جي تبديلي سان مزاحمت بدلائيندڙ رزسٽر ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] ** [[ويريسٽر]]، [[وولٽيج تي ڀاڙيندڙ رزسٽر]]، [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر|MOV]] — اضافي وولٽيج موجود هئڻ تي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. * [[مزاحمتي تار]]، [[نائيڪروم]] تار — وڌيڪ مزاحمت واري ڌاتوءَ جي تار، جيڪا گهڻو ڪري گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي. * [[هيٽر]] — [[گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر]] === ڪئپيسيٽر === [[File:Verschiedene Kondensatoren 2.JPG|thumb|right|اليڪٽرانڪ سامان ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ مختلف ڪئپيسيٽر]] ڪئپيسيٽر برقي چارج کي محفوظ ۽ خارج ڪندا آهن. اهي بجلي جي فراهمي وارين لائينن کي فلٽر ڪرڻ، گونجندڙ سرڪٽن کي ٽيون ڪرڻ، DC وولٽيج کي روڪڻ ۽ AC سگنلن کي گذرڻ ڏيڻ سميت ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. * [[ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مربوط ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[MIS ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرينچ ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مقرر ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[سيرامڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلم ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ايلومينيم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ٽينٽالم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نائوبيئم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[پوليمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نينو آئيونڪ سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ليٿيم-آئن ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ميڪا ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽيوننگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** خاص مقصدن وارا ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[پاور ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[حفاظتي ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[موٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فوٽو فليش ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ذخيرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڊي-ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بائي پاس ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[پيڊنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بيڪ اپ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سوئچ ٿيل ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فيڊٿرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** ڪئپيسيٽر نيٽ ورڪ (Array) * [[ويريڪيپ]] ڊائيوڊ — جنهن جي AC گنجائش لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج سان تبديل ٿيندي آهي. === مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس === [[مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس]] اهڙا غير فعال جزا آهن، جيڪي هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ مربوط ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي الڳ جزن جي برابر مجموعي جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ جڳهه والاريندا آهن. === مقناطيسي (انڊڪٽو) ڊوائيس === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو ذريعي مقناطيسيت جي مدد سان توانائي کي محفوظ ۽ آزاد ڪندا آهن. * [[انڊڪٽر]]، ڪوئل، چوڪ * متغير انڊڪٽر * [[سچوريبل ريئڪٽر|سچوريبل انڊڪٽر]] * [[ٽرانسفارمر]] * [[مقناطيسي ايمپليفائر]] * [[فيرائيٽ بيڊ]] * [[برقي موٽر]] / [[برقي جنريٽر]] * [[سولينائڊ]] * [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ۽ [[مائڪروفون]] === ميمريسٽر === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي مقناطيسي وهڪري جي تناسب سان چارج کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ پنهنجي اڳوڻي مزاحمتي حالت کي محفوظ رکڻ جي صلاحيت رکندا آهن، تنهنڪري انهن جو نالو ''ميموري'' ۽ ''رزسٽر'' مان نڪتل آهي. * [[ميمريسٽر]] === نيٽ ورڪ === اهي جزا، جيڪي هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسمن جي غير فعال جزن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. * RC نيٽ ورڪ — [[RC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو [[سنبر]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * LC نيٽ ورڪ — [[LC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو ٽيون ٿيندڙ ٽرانسفارمرن ۽ RFI فلٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. === ٽرانسڊيوسر، سينسر، ڊيڪٽر === # [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] برقي سگنل جي اثر هيٺ جسماني اثر پيدا ڪندا آهن، يا ان جي ابتڙ. # [[سينسر]] (ڊيڪٽر) اهڙا ٽرانسڊيوسر آهن، جيڪي ماحول جي حالتن تي ردعمل ڏيئي پنهنجون برقي خاصيتون تبديل ڪندا آهن يا برقي سگنل پيدا ڪندا آهن. # هتي درج ڪيل ٽرانسڊيوسر صرف انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا آهن (مڪمل اسيمبلين بدران) ۽ [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] آهن. * آواز ** [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ** [[بزر]] * مقام ۽ حرڪت ** [[لڪيرِي متغير تفاضلي ٽرانسفارمر]] (LVDT) ** [[گھمندڙ اينڪوڊر]] ** [[انڪلائينوميٽر]] ** [[حرڪت سينسر]] ** [[فلو ميٽر]] * قوت ۽ ٽورڪ ** [[اسٽرين گيج]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] * حرارتي ** [[ٿرموڪپل]] ** [[ٿرموپائل]] ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] ** [[مزاحمتي ٿرماميٽر|RTD]] ** [[بولوميٽر]] ** [[حرارتي ڪٽ آف]] * مقناطيسي ميدان ** [[ميگنيٽو ميٽر]] * نمي ** [[هائيگرو ميٽر]] * برقي مقناطيسي، روشني ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] === اينٽينا === [[ريڊيو اينٽينا|اينٽينا]] ريڊيو لهرون موڪليندا يا وصول ڪندا آهن. * [[ڊائپول اينٽينا]] * [[ياگي اينٽينا]] * [[فيزڊ ايري]] * [[لوپ اينٽينا]] * [[پيرابولڪ ڊش]] * [[لاگ-پيريئڊڪ ڊائپول ايري]] * [[بائيڪونيڪل اينٽينا]] * [[فيڊ هارن]] === اسيمبليون، ماڊيول === ڪيترن ئي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي گڏ ڪري تيار ڪيل اهڙو ڊوائيس، جيڪو پاڻ به هڪ جزو طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[اوسيليٽر]] * ڊسپلي ڊوائيس ** [[مائع بلور ڊسپلي]] (LCD) ** [[ڊجيٽل وولٽ ميٽر]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ فلٽر]] === پروٽوٽائپنگ جا اوزار === {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪس پروٽوٽائپنگ}} * [[وائر-ريپ]] * [[بريڊ بورڊ]] == برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڊوائيس == [[File:18MHZ 12MHZ Crystal 110.jpg|thumb|هڪ ڪوارٽز ڪرسٽل (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ هڪ ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر]] === پائزو اليڪٽرڪ ڊوائيس، ڪرسٽل ۽ ريزونيٽر === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]] جيڪي [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن: * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي اعليٰ فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ يا فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ هي اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر|ڪرسٽل]] — درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل (مڪمل اوسيليٽرن لاءِ هيٺ ''ماڊيول'' وارو حصو ڏسو). ** [[سيرامڪ ريزونيٽر]] — نيم درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل. ** سيرامڪ فلٽر — فريڪوئنسي جي مخصوص پٽي کي فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل، جيئن [[ريڊيو رسيور]] ۾. ** [[سطحي صوتي لهر فلٽر|سطحي صوتي لهر (SAW) فلٽر]] * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي هن اثر کي ميڪانيڪي [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] طور استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[الٽراسونڪ موٽر]] — اهڙو برقي موٽر، جيڪو [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** پائزو بزر ۽ مائڪروفون لاءِ هيٺ ''ٽرانسڊيوسر'' وارو حصو ڏسو. === مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام === * [[مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] ** [[ڊجيٽل مائڪرو مرر ڊوائيس]] === ٽرمينل ۽ ڪنيڪٽر === برقي ڳانڍاپا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊوائيس. * [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرمينل]] * [[برقي ڪنيڪٽر|ڪنيڪٽر]] ** [[جيڪ (ڪنيڪٽر)|ساڪٽ]] ** [[اسڪرو ٽرمينل]]، ٽرمينل بلاڪ ** [[پن هيڊر]] === ڪيبل اسيمبليون === اهي [[برقي ڪيبل]]، جن جي ٻنهي پاسن تي ڪنيڪٽر يا ٽرمينل لڳل هوندا آهن. * [[پاور ڪارڊ]] * [[پيچ ڪارڊ]] * [[ٽيسٽ ليڊ]] [[File:Micro switch.jpg|thumb|right|ننڍي سائيز جي ٻن مختلف پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جا مثال]] === سوئچ === [[File:Sequenceur a cames 001.jpg|thumb|7-ڪيم، 7-رابطن وارو ڪيم ٽائمر]] اهي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏين ("بند") يا رو کي روڪين ("کليل"). * [[سوئچ]] — هٿ سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. ** برقي وضاحت: SPST، SPDT، DPST، DPDT، NPNT ** ٽيڪنالاجي: سلائيڊ سوئچ، ٽاگل سوئچ، راڪر سوئچ، روٽري سوئچ، پُش بٽڻ سوئچ * [[ڪيم ٽائمر]] (ڊرم سيڪوئنسر) — واقعن جي هڪ سلسلي کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام. * [[ڪي پيڊ]] — پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[DIP سوئچ]] — اندروني ترتيب (Configuration) لاءِ ننڍن سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[فوٽ سوئچ]] — پير سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. * [[چاقو سوئچ]] — کليل ڪنڊڪٽرن وارو سوئچ. * [[مائڪرو سوئچ]] — ميڪانيڪي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ تيز عمل وارو سوئچ. * [[حد سوئچ]] — حرڪت جي آخري حد معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. * [[پاريدار سوئچ]] — جهڪاءُ (Tilt) محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[مرڪزگري سوئچ]] — گردش جي رفتار سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ مرڪزگري قوت محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[رلي]] يا [[ڪانٽيڪٽر]] — برقي-ميڪانيڪي طور هلندڙ سوئچ (ڏسو [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]]). * [[ريڊ سوئچ]] — مقناطيسي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] — گرمي پد سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[هيوميڊسٽيٽ]] — نمي سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندڙ، ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيڻ وارو فيوز. * [[ڊسڪنڪٽر]] — اعليٰ ۽ وچولي وولٽيج نظامن ۾ سار سنڀال يا سرڪٽ کي الڳ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٽرانسفر سوئچ]] — لوڊ کي ٻن مختلف توانائي ذريعن جي وچ ۾ منتقل ڪندڙ سوئچ. === حفاظتي ڊوائيس === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]]، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي وڌيڪ رو يا وولٽيج کان بچائيندا آهن. * [[برقي فيوز|فيوز]] — وڌيڪ رو کان تحفظ؛ صرف هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — ميڪانيڪي سوئچ جي صورت ۾ ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز. * [[ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز]] (PolySwitch) * [[زميني خرابي کان تحفظ]] يا [[Residual-current device]] (RCD) * [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر]] (MOV)، [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ|TVS]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج کان تحفظ. * [[شروعاتي رو محدود ڪندڙ]] — شروعاتي تيز [[شروعاتي رو]] کان تحفظ. * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] — اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن کان تحفظ. * [[اسپارڪ گيپ]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج تي قوس (Arc) پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن اليڪٽروڊن جي وچ ۾ وٿي. * [[وڄ روڪيندڙ]] — وڄ جي اثرن کان تحفظ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ اسپارڪ گيپ. * [[ريڪلوزر]] — خودڪار سوئچ، جيڪو وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندو آهي، پوءِ خرابي ختم ٿيڻ جي جاچ لاءِ ٻيهر بند ٿيندو آهي. * [[آرڪ فالٽ سرڪٽ انٽرپٽر]] — برقي آرڪ کان تحفظ ڏيندڙ سرڪٽ بريڪر. * [[نيٽ ورڪ پروٽيڪٽر]] — توانائي جي وهڪري جي رخ بدلجڻ تي تقسيمي ٽرانسفارمر کي ڌار ڪندڙ حفاظتي ڊوائيس. * [[مقناطيسي اسٽارٽر]] — موٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ برقي-ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. === ميڪانيڪي لوازمات === * [[برقي باڪس]] * [[هيٽ سنڪ]] * [[فين (ميڪانيڪي)|فين]] === ٻيا === * [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] * [[بتي (برقي جزو)|بتي]] * [[ويئو گائيڊ]] === متروڪ === * ڪاربان ايمپليفائر (ڏسو [[Carbon microphone#Carbon microphones used as amplifiers|ڪاربان مائڪروفون ايمپليفائر]]) * ڪاربان آرڪ (منفي مزاحمت وارو ڊوائيس) * ڊائنامو (تاريخي RF جنريٽر) * [[ڪوهيئرر]] == معياري نشان == {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪ نشان}} [[سرڪٽ خاڪو|سرڪٽ خاڪي]] ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس روايتي (معياري) نشانن ذريعي ظاهر ڪيا ويندا آهن. جزن جي سڃاڻپ لاءِ انهن نشانن تي [[حوالو سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ]] (Reference Designators) لڳايا ويندا آهن. == پڻ ڏسو == {{Commons category|Electronic components}} {{Portal|Electronics}} * [[سرڪٽ ڊزائن]] * [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] * [[آپريشنل ايمپليفائر]] * [[7400-سيريز مربوط سرڪٽ]] * [[ترجيحي انگن جي E-سيريز]] * [[مرڪوز جزو ماڊل]] * [[جعلي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] * [[برقي جزو]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ مڪسر]] * اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جون [[ڊيٽاشيٽ]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئرنگ جي تاريخ]] * [[IEEE 315-1975]] * [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ اليڪٽرانڪس]] == حوالا == {{Reflist}} {{Electronic components|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Electronic Component}} [[Category:برقي جزا]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] 0tl9dome56sew1pdj8iz83oullqdvt2 390263 390258 2026-07-01T00:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 390263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام ۾ هڪ الڳ جزو}} [[File:Componentes.JPG|thumb|400px|مختلف اليڪٽرانڪ جزا، ماپ لاءِ 15 سينٽي ميٽر جي حڪمران سان.]] '''اليڪٽرانڪ جزو''' اهڙي بنيادي الڳ [[اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ نظام]] جو جسماني حصو هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[اليڪٽران]]ن يا انهن سان لاڳاپيل [[برقي مقناطيسي ميدان|برقي مقناطيسي ميدانن]] تي اثرانداز ٿيڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي. اليڪٽرانڪ جزا گهڻو ڪري [[صنعتي پيداوار]] هوندا آهن، جيڪي انفرادي صورت ۾ دستياب هوندا آهن، ۽ انهن کي [[برقي عنصر]]ن سان نه ملائڻ گهرجي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ برقي عنصر نظرياتي تصور هوندا آهن، جيڪي مثالي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۽ عنصرن جي نمائندگي ڪندا آهن. ڪنهن اليڪٽرانڪ جزي جي ''ڊيٽا شيٽ'' هڪ فني دستاويز هوندي آهي، جنهن ۾ ان جزي جون وضاحتون، خاصيتون ۽ ڪارڪردگي بابت تفصيلي ڄاڻ ڏنل هوندي آهي. الڳ سرڪٽ (ڊسڪريٽ سرڪٽ) انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن مان ٺهندا آهن، جن مان هر هڪ پنهنجي پيڪيج جي صورت ۾ صرف هڪ ئي ڪم انجام ڏيندو آهي؛ اهڙن جزن کي ''الڳ جزا'' (ڊسڪريٽ ڪمپونينٽس) چيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ سخت معنيٰ ۾ ''الڳ جزو'' خاص طور اهڙي [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] جزي لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ انفرادي [[ٽرانزسٽر]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/discrete-component | title=Definition of discrete component }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UjJlDwAAQBAJ&dq=discrete+vs+integrated+circuit+cost&pg=SA1-PA6 | title=Principles of VLSI and CMOS Integrated Circuits | date=2016 | publisher=S. Chand | isbn=978-81-219-4000-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xll-DAAAQBAJ&q=discrete+circuit | title=Passive and Discrete Circuits: Newnes Electronics Circuits Pocket Book, Volume 2 | date=23 June 2016 | publisher=Elsevier | isbn=978-1-4832-9198-7 }}</ref> اليڪٽرانڪ جزن ۾ هڪ يا وڌيڪ [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|برقي ٽرمينل]] يا [[ليڊ (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ليڊ]] هوندا آهن. اهي ليڊون ٻين برقي جزن سان، اڪثر تارن ذريعي، ڳنڍجي هڪ [[برقي نيٽ ورڪ|اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] ٺاهينديون آهن، جيڪو ڪنهن خاص ڪم لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جهڙوڪ [[ايمپليفائر]]، [[ريڊيو رسيور]] يا [[اليڪٽرانڪ اوسيليٽر]]. بنيادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا الڳ پيڪيجن جي صورت ۾، هڪجهڙن جزن جي صفن يا نيٽ ورڪن جي صورت ۾، يا [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] يا [[ٿِڪ فلم ٽيڪنالاجي|ٿِڪ فلم]] ڊوائيسن جي اندر مربوط صورت ۾ پڻ موجود ٿي سگهن ٿا. هيٺ ڏنل اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جي فهرست بنيادي طور انهن جي الڳ (ڊسڪريٽ) صورت تي ڌيان ڏئي ٿي، ۽ اهڙن پيڪيجن کي به پنهنجي حيثيت ۾ هڪ جزو سمجهي ٿي. == درجابندي == اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] (Passive), فعال (ايڪٽو)، يا [[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزن ۾ ورهائي سگهجي ٿو. طبعيات جي سخت تعريف مطابق، غير فعال جزا اهي آهن، جيڪي پاڻ توانائي فراهم نٿا ڪري سگهن، جڏهن ته [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] کي هڪ فعال جزو سمجهيو ويندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اها حقيقت ۾ توانائي جو ذريعو هوندي آهي. بهرحال، [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئر]]، جيڪي [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ڪندا آهن، غير فعاليت جي وڌيڪ محدود تعريف استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن رڳو [[سگنل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|سگنل]] جي توانائي تي ڌيان ڏنو وڃي، ته نام نهاد [[سڌي رو]] (DC) سرڪٽ کي نظرانداز ڪرڻ آسان هوندو آهي ۽ اهو فرض ڪيو ويندو آهي ته توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ جزا، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]] يا [[مربوط سرڪٽ]]، موجود ئي ناهن (ڄڻ ته هر اهڙي جزو ۾ پنهنجي الڳ بيٽري لڳل هجي)، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ انهن کي DC سرڪٽ مان بجلي ملي رهي هوندي آهي. اهڙي حالت ۾ تجزيو صرف AC سرڪٽ تائين محدود رهندو آهي، جيڪو هڪ نظرياتي تصور آهي ۽ حقيقي سرڪٽ ۾ موجود DC وولٽيج، DC رو ۽ انهن سان لاڳاپيل توانائي کي نظرانداز ڪندو آهي. مثال طور، هن تصور جي بنياد تي هڪ [[اوسيليٽر]] کي "توانائي پيدا ڪندڙ" سمجهيو ويندو آهي، جيتوڻيڪ حقيقت ۾ اهو DC بجلي جي فراهمي مان ان کان به وڌيڪ توانائي استعمال ڪندو آهي، جنهن کي هن تجزيي ۾ نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي. هن محدود تعريف تحت، [[سرڪٽ تجزيو]] ۾ اصطلاحن جي معنيٰ هن ريت هوندي آهي: * '''فعال جزا''' (ايڪٽو ڪمپونينٽس) ڪنهن توانائي جي ذريعي تي ڀاڙيندا آهن (عام طور DC سرڪٽ، جنهن کي هتي نظرانداز ڪيو ويو آهي) ۽ اڪثر سرڪٽ ۾ توانائي داخل ڪري سگهن ٿا، جيتوڻيڪ اها ڳالهه تعريف جو لازمي حصو نه آهي.<ref>For instance, a computer could be contained inside a black box with two external terminals. It might do various calculations and signal its results by varying its resistance, but always consuming power as resistance does. Nevertheless, it is an ''active'' component, since it relies on a power source to operate.</ref> فعال جزن ۾ سگنل کي وڌائيندڙ جزا شامل آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]، ٽرائيوڊ [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]] (والو)، ۽ [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]]. * '''غير فعال جزا''' (پيسو ڪمپونينٽس) سرڪٽ ۾ خالص توانائي شامل نٿا ڪري سگهن. اهي ڪنهن ٻاهرين بجلي جي ذريعي تي به ڀاڙي نٿا سگهن، سواءِ ان AC سرڪٽ جي، جنهن سان اهي ڳنڍيل هجن. نتيجي طور اهي سگنل کي طاقت جي لحاظ کان وڌائي نٿا سگهن، جيتوڻيڪ اهي وولٽيج يا رو ۾ واڌ آڻي سگهن ٿا، جيئن [[ٽرانسفارمر]] يا گونجندڙ (ريزوننٽ) سرڪٽ ڪندا آهن. غير فعال جزن ۾ ٻه ٽرمينل وارا جزا، جهڙوڪ [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] شامل آهن. * '''[[برقي-ميڪانيڪي]] جزا''' (اليڪٽرو مڪينيڪل ڪمپونينٽس) حرڪت ڪندڙ حصن يا برقي رابطن جي مدد سان برقي عمل سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. گهڻا غير فعال جزا، جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن، انهن کي [[ٻه-پورٽ پيرا ميٽر]]ن جي صورت ۾ بيان ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جيڪي [[برقي نيٽ ورڪن ۾ باهمي اصول|باهمي اصول]] (ريسيپروسٽي) تي عمل ڪندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ ڪجهه ناياب استثنا پڻ موجود آهن.<ref>Nonreciprocal passive devices include the [[gyrator]] (though as a truly passive component, this exists more in theoretical terms, and is usually implemented using an active circuit)—and the [[circulator]], which is used at microwave and optical frequencies.</ref> ان جي ابتڙ، فعال جزا (جن ۾ ٻن کان وڌيڪ ٽرمينل هوندا آهن) عام طور تي هن خاصيت جا حامل نه هوندا آهن. == فعال جزا == [[File:Intel i7-640M.jpg|thumb|هڪ [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]، جيڪو هڪ ترقي يافته اليڪٽرانڪ جزو آهي.]] === سيميڪنڊڪٽر === ==== ٽرانزسٽر ==== [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ويهين صديءَ جي اهڙي ايجاد سمجهيا وڃن ٿا، جنهن اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽن کي هميشه لاءِ تبديل ڪري ڇڏيو. ٽرانزسٽر هڪ سيميڪنڊڪٽر ڊوائيس آهي، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪ سگنلن ۽ برقي توانائي کي وڌائڻ (Amplify) ۽ سوئچ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]] (FET) ** [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — سڀ کان وڌيڪ تيار ٿيندڙ اليڪٽرانڪ جزو (MOS ٽرانزسٽر پڻ سڏيو ويندو آهي).<ref name="Computer History Museum-2018">{{cite web |title=13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/13-sextillion-counting-the-long-winding-road-to-the-most-frequently-manufactured-human-artifact-in-history/ |date=April 2, 2018 |website=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=28 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Baker-2011">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=R. Jacob |title=CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation |date=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1118038239 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxYhNrOKuJQC&pg=PA7}}</ref> *** [[PMOS منطق|PMOS]] ([[پي-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|پي-قسم]] MOS) *** [[NMOS منطق|NMOS]] ([[اين-قسم سيميڪنڊڪٽر|اين-قسم]] MOS) *** [[CMOS]] (تڪميلي MOS) *** [[پاور MOSFET]] **** [[LDMOS]] (ليٽرل ڊفيوزڊ MOSFET) *** [[گهڻ-گيٽ ڊوائيس|MuGFET]] (گهڻ-گيٽ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) **** [[FinFET]] (فن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) *** TFT ([[ٿِن-فلم ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[FeFET]] (فيرو اليڪٽرڪ فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر|CNTFET]] (ڪاربن نينوٽيوب فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[JFET]] (جنڪشن فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) — اين-چينل يا پي-چينل *** SIT ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]]) ** [[MESFET]] (ڌاتو–سيميڪنڊڪٽر فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر) ** [[HEMT]] ([[اعليٰ اليڪٽران حرڪت وارو ٽرانزسٽر]]) * مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر ** [[BiCMOS]] (بائي پولر CMOS) ** [[IGBT]] ([[انسوليٽيڊ-گيٽ بائي پولر ٽرانزسٽر]]) * ٻيا [[ٽرانزسٽر]] ** [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (BJT، يا صرف "ٽرانزسٽر") — NPN يا PNP *** [[فوٹو ٽرانزسٽر]] — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[ڊارلنگٽن ٽرانزسٽر]] — NPN يا PNP *** فوٽو ڊارلنگٽن — وڌايل فوٽو ڊيڪٽر ** [[Sziklai pair|سزڪلي جوڙو]] (مرڪب ٽرانزسٽر، تڪميلي ڊارلنگٽن) ** [[ٽيٽروڊ ٽرانزسٽر]] — اهڙو [[ٽرانزسٽر]] جنهن ۾ چار فعال ٽرمينل هوندا آهن. * [[ٿائرسٽر]] ** [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر]] (SCR) — گيٽ تي مناسب ڪنٽرول وولٽيج لاڳو ٿيڻ کان پوءِ ئي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[TRIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ٽرائيوڊ) — ٻه طرفي SCR ** [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (UJT) ** پروگراميبل [[يوني جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر]] (PUT) ** [[SITh]] ([[اسٽيٽڪ انڊڪشن ٿائرسٽر]]) ==== ڊائيوڊ ==== ڊائيوڊ اهڙا سيميڪنڊڪٽر جزا آهن، جيڪي عام طور تي برقي رو کي هڪ ئي رخ ۾ آسانيءَ سان گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن، جيتوڻيڪ انهن مان ڪيترن جون مخصوص اضافي خاصيتون پڻ هونديون آهن. * [[ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ريڪٽيفائر]] * [[ڊائيوڊ پل]] * [[شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ|شاٽڪي ڊائيوڊ (هاٽ ڪيريئر ڊائيوڊ)]] — انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ، جنهن ۾ اڳتي وولٽيج ڊراپ گهٽ هوندو آهي. * [[زينر ڊائيوڊ]] — جڏهن هڪ مخصوص وولٽيج حاصل ٿئي ٿي ته رو کي "ابتڙ رخ" ۾ وهڻ جي اجازت ڏيندو آهي. * [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (TVS) — يوني پولر يا بائي پولر؛ اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن (Voltage Spikes) کي جذب ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[ويريڪيپ|ويريڪيپ، ٽيوننگ ڊائيوڊ، ويريڪٽر، متغير گنجائش وارو ڊائيوڊ]] — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جنهن جي AC گنجائش (Capacitance) لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج جي مطابق تبديل ٿيندي آهي. [[File:Verschiedene LEDs.jpg|thumb|right|250px|روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊن (LEDs) جا مختلف مثال]] * [[ليزر ڊائيوڊ]] * [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED) — اهڙو ڊائيوڊ، جيڪو روشني خارج ڪندو آهي. * [[فوٹو ڊائيوڊ]] — پوندڙ روشنيءَ جي مقدار جي تناسب سان برقي رو گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. ** [[ايويلانچ فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] — اندروني سگنل واڌ (Internal Gain) وارو فوٽو ڊائيوڊ. ** [[شمسي خلئو|شمسي خلئو، فوٽووولٽائڪ خلئو، PV ايري]] يا پينل — روشني مان برقي توانائي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[DIAC]] (متبادل رو لاءِ ڊائيوڊ)، ٽرگر ڊائيوڊ، SIDAC — اڪثر [[سلڪون ڪنٽرولڊ ريڪٽيفائر|SCR]] کي متحرڪ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[مستقل رو وارو ڊائيوڊ]] * [[اسٽيپ ريڪوري ڊائيوڊ]] * [[ٽنل ڊائيوڊ]] — ڪوانٽم ميڪانيڪي ٽنلنگ تي ٻڌل انتهائي تيز رفتار ڊائيوڊ. ==== مربوط سرڪٽ ==== مربوط سرڪٽ (Integrated Circuits) ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ۾ ٽائمر طور ڪم ڪرڻ، ڊجيٽل سگنلن کي اينالاگ سگنلن ۾ تبديل ڪرڻ، سگنلن کي وڌائڻ (Amplification)، يا منطقي عمل سرانجام ڏيڻ شامل آهن. * [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ** [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS IC) ** [[هائبرڊ مربوط سرڪٽ]] (Hybrid IC) ** [[مخلوط-سگنل مربوط سرڪٽ]] ** [[ٽن-رخي مربوط سرڪٽ]] (3D IC) * [[ڊجيٽل اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[لاجڪ گيٽ]] ** [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] * [[اينالاگ سرڪٽ]] ** [[هال-ايفيڪٽ سينسر]] — مقناطيسي ميدان کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ** [[رو سينسر]] — پنهنجي مان گذرندڙ برقي رو کي محسوس ڪندو آهي. ==== پروگراميبل ڊوائيس ==== * [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] ** [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ** [[پيچيده پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڊوائيس]] (CPLD) * [[فيلڊ-پروگراميبل اينالاگ ايري]] (FPAA) ==== نظرياتي-اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس ==== * [[نظرياتي اليڪٽرانڪس]] ** [[آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر|آپٽو-آئيسوليٽر، آپٽو-ڪپلر، فوٽو-ڪپلر]] — فوٽو ڊائيوڊ، BJT، JFET، SCR، TRIAC، زيرو-ڪراسنگ TRIAC، اوپن ڪليڪٽر IC، CMOS IC، [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]] (SSR) ** [[سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ|سلاٽڊ آپٽيڪل سوئچ، آپٽو سوئچ، آپٽيڪل سوئچ]] ** [[LED ڊسپلي]] — [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[سورهن-حصن واري ڊسپلي]]، [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ڊسپلي]] === ڊسپلي ٽيڪنالاجيون === '''موجوده ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * [[فلامينٽ بتي]] (اشاري واري بتي) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) ** [[ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس]] اسڪين ** شعاعي اسڪين (مثال طور [[ريڊار]]) ** اختياري اسڪين (مثال طور [[آسيلوسڪوپ]]) ** [[يڪ رنگي]] ** [[رنگين]] * [[LCD]] ** اڳواٽ ٺهيل اکر ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس ** غير فعال (Passive) ** [[TFT LCD]] ** يڪ رنگي ** رنگين * [[نيون]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] * [[LED]] ** انفرادي ڊسپلي ** [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] ** [[اسٽاربرسٽ ڊسپلي]] ** ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس * [[اسپلٽ-فليپ ڊسپلي]] ** عددي ** اڳواٽ ڇپيل پيغام * [[پلازما ڊسپلي]] (ڊاٽ-ميٽرڪس) * [[OLED]] ** LCD جهڙي ڊسپلي، پر هر پکسل پنهنجي روشني پاڻ پيدا ڪندو آهي. ** لچڪدار يا شفاف به ٺاهي سگهجي ٿو. * [[Micro-LED]] ** OLED سان ملندڙ جلندڙ، پر نامياتي مواد بدران غير نامياتي [[LED]] استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** [[اسڪرين برن-اِن]] جي مسئلي کان محفوظ. ** پر لچڪدار يا شفاف نٿو بڻائي سگهجي. '''متروڪ ٽيڪنالاجيون:''' * تاپديپڪ فلامينٽ [[ست-حصن واري ڊسپلي]] (''[[Numitron]]'' پڻ سڏبي آهي) * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] * [[ڊيڪاٽرون]] (Glow Transfer Tube) * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] اشاري * [[Penetron]] (ٻن رنگن واري شفاف CRT) === ويڪيوم ٽيوبون (والوز) === ويڪيوم ٽيوب اهڙو برقي جزو آهي، جيڪو خال (Vacuum) جي اندر برقي رو جي وهڪري جي اصول تي ڪم ڪندو آهي (ڏسو [[ويڪيوم ٽيوب]]). * [[ڊائيوڊ]] يا [[ريڪٽيفائر#ويڪيوم ٽيوب (والو)|ريڪٽيفائر ٽيوب]] * سگنل واڌ (Amplification) ** [[ٽرائيوڊ]] ** [[ٽيٽروڊ]] ** [[پينٽوڊ]] ** [[هيڪسوڊ]] ** [[پينٽاگرڊ ڪنورٽر(هيپٽوڊ)]] ** [[آڪٽوڊ]] ** [[ٽرئولنگ-ويو ٽيوب]] ** [[ڪلائيسٽرون]] * [[اوسيليشن]] (Oscillation) ** [[ميگنيٽرون]] ** [[ريفليڪس ڪلائيسٽرون]] (متروڪ) ** [[ڪارسينوٽرون]] ==== [[فوٽو ڊيڪٽر|نظرياتي ڊيڪٽر]] يا روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊوائيس ==== * [[فوٽو ٽيوب]] يا فوٽو ڊائيوڊ — [[سيميڪنڊڪٽر]] [[فوٽو ڊائيوڊ]] جي ويڪيوم ٽيوب واري هم منصب. * [[فوٽو ملٽيپلائر]] ٽيوب — اندروني سگنل واڌ (انٽرنل گئن) سان فوٽو ٽيوب. * [[ڪيٿوڊ ري ٽيوب]] (CRT) يا [[ٽيليويزن تصويري ٽيوب]] (متروڪ) * [[ويڪيوم فلوريسينٽ ڊسپلي]] (VFD) — جديد، غير راسٽر قسم جي ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي. * [[ميجڪ آئي ٽيوب]] — ننڍي CRT ڊسپلي، جيڪا ٽيوننگ ميٽر طور استعمال ٿيندي هئي (متروڪ). * [[ايڪس-ري ٽيوب]] — ايڪس-ري شعاعون پيدا ڪندي آهي. === خارجي ڊوائيس === * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] * [[اگنائيٽرون]] * [[ٿائراٽرون]] '''متروڪ:''' * [[پاريدار قوسي ريڪٽيفائر]] * وولٽيج ريگيوليٽر ٽيوب * [[نڪسي ٽيوب]] === توانائي جا ذريعا === برقي توانائي فراهم ڪندڙ ذريعا: * [[برقي بيٽري|بيٽري]] — تيزاب يا الڪلي تي ٻڌل برقي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[فيول سيل]] — هڪ برقي-ڪيميائي جنريٽر. * [[بجلي جي فراهمي]] (پاور سپلاء) — عام طور مکيه برقي فراهمي سان ڳنڍيل. * [[فوٽووولٽائڪ]] ڊوائيس — روشني مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[ٿرمو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — گرمي پد جي فرق مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[برقي جنريٽر]] — هڪ برقي-ميڪانيڪي توانائي جو ذريعو. * [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ جنريٽر]] — ميڪانيڪي دٻاءَ (ميڪينيڪل اسٽرين) مان بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. * [[وين ڊي گراف جنريٽر]] — رگڙ (فرڪشن) ذريعي جامد بجلي پيدا ڪندو آهي. ==<span class="anchor" id="passive_component_anchor"></span>غير فعال جزا== اهي جزا، جيڪي ڪنهن ٻئي برقي سگنل جي ذريعي برقي رو (ڪرنٽ) کي ڪنٽرول نٿا ڪري سگهن، ''غير فعال'' (پيسو) ڊوائيس سڏبا آهن. [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]]، [[ڪئپيسيٽر]]، [[انڊڪٽر]] ۽ [[ٽرانسفارمر]] سڀ غير فعال ڊوائيس سمجهيا ويندا آهن.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onlinecomponents.com/en/blogpost/what-are-passive-components-in-electronics-192/|title=What are Passive Components in Electronics?|website=OnlineComponents.com|access-date=18 August 2025}}</ref> === مزاحمتي جزا (Resistors) === [[File:Surface Mounted Device, soldered.jpg|thumb|right|PCB جي پٺئين پاسي لڳل سرفيس-مائونٽ رزسٽر]] [[File:Potentiometer transparent.jpg|thumb|پوٽينشيوميٽر، هڪ متغير رزسٽر]] رزسٽر [[اوهم جي قانون]] مطابق وولٽيج جي تناسب سان برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ رو جي مخالفت ڪندا آهن. * [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — مقرر قدر وارو ** پاور [[مزاحمتي جزو|رزسٽر]] — گرمي کي محفوظ نموني خارج ڪرڻ لاءِ وڏي سائيز وارو ** SIP يا [[ڊيوئل اِن-لائين پيڪيج|DIP]] رزسٽر نيٽ ورڪ — هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ ڪيترن رزسٽرن جو مجموعو * متغير رزسٽر ** [[رهيوسٽيٽ]] — ٻه ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (عام طور وڌيڪ طاقت لاءِ) ** [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] — ٽي ٽرمينل وارو متغير رزسٽر (متغير وولٽيج ڊيوائيڊر)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abernathy |first1=Johanna |title=Understanding Voltage Divider Circuits |url=https://www.quarktwin.com/blogs/resistor/understanding-voltage-divider-circuits/389 |website=QuarkTwin |publisher=Connelly Roth |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> ** [[ٽرمر (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرم پوٽ]] — ننڍو پوٽينشيوميٽر، عام طور اندروني ترتيب لاءِ ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] — گرمي پد سان حساس رزسٽر، جنهن جي مزاحمت جسم جي گرمي پد جي تبديلي سان وڏي، اڳڪٿي لائق ۽ درست نموني تبديل ٿيندي آهي.<ref>[http://www.ussensor.com/technical-info/what-is-a-thermistor What is a Thermistor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315122620/http://www.ussensor.com/technical-info/what-is-a-thermistor |date=2018-03-15 }}. U.S. Sensor Corp.</ref> ** [[هيومسٽر]] — نمي جي تبديلي سان مزاحمت بدلائيندڙ رزسٽر ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] ** [[ويريسٽر]]، [[وولٽيج تي ڀاڙيندڙ رزسٽر]]، [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر|MOV]] — اضافي وولٽيج موجود هئڻ تي رو کي گذرڻ ڏيندو آهي. * [[مزاحمتي تار]]، [[نائيڪروم]] تار — وڌيڪ مزاحمت واري ڌاتوءَ جي تار، جيڪا گهڻو ڪري گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر طور استعمال ٿيندي آهي. * [[هيٽر]] — [[گرمائش پيدا ڪندڙ عنصر]] === ڪئپيسيٽر === [[File:Verschiedene Kondensatoren 2.JPG|thumb|right|اليڪٽرانڪ سامان ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ مختلف ڪئپيسيٽر]] ڪئپيسيٽر برقي چارج کي محفوظ ۽ خارج ڪندا آهن. اهي بجلي جي فراهمي وارين لائينن کي فلٽر ڪرڻ، گونجندڙ سرڪٽن کي ٽيون ڪرڻ، DC وولٽيج کي روڪڻ ۽ AC سگنلن کي گذرڻ ڏيڻ سميت ڪيترن ئي مقصدن لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. * [[ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مربوط ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[MIS ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرينچ ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** مقرر ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[سيرامڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلم ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ايلومينيم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ٽينٽالم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نائوبيئم اليڪٽرولائٽڪ ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[پوليمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[نينو آئيونڪ سپر ڪئپيسيٽر]] **** [[ليٿيم-آئن ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ميڪا ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽيوننگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ٽرمر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ويڪيوم متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** خاص مقصدن وارا ڪئپيسيٽر *** [[پاور ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[حفاظتي ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فلٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[موٽر ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فوٽو فليش ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ذخيرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[ڊي-ڪپلنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بائي پاس ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[پيڊنگ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[بيڪ اپ ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[سوئچ ٿيل ڪئپيسيٽر]] *** [[فيڊٿرو ڪئپيسيٽر]] ** ڪئپيسيٽر نيٽ ورڪ (Array) * [[ويريڪيپ]] ڊائيوڊ — جنهن جي AC گنجائش لاڳو ڪيل DC وولٽيج سان تبديل ٿيندي آهي. === مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس === [[مربوط غير فعال ڊوائيس]] اهڙا غير فعال جزا آهن، جيڪي هڪ ئي پيڪيج ۾ مربوط ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي الڳ جزن جي برابر مجموعي جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ جڳهه والاريندا آهن. === مقناطيسي (انڊڪٽو) ڊوائيس === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو ذريعي مقناطيسيت جي مدد سان توانائي کي محفوظ ۽ آزاد ڪندا آهن. * [[انڊڪٽر]]، ڪوئل، چوڪ * متغير انڊڪٽر * [[سچوريبل ريئڪٽر|سچوريبل انڊڪٽر]] * [[ٽرانسفارمر]] * [[مقناطيسي ايمپليفائر]] * [[فيرائيٽ بيڊ]] * [[برقي موٽر]] / [[برقي جنريٽر]] * [[سولينائڊ]] * [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ۽ [[مائڪروفون]] === ميمريسٽر === اهي برقي جزا، جيڪي مقناطيسي وهڪري جي تناسب سان چارج کي گذرڻ ڏيندا آهن ۽ پنهنجي اڳوڻي مزاحمتي حالت کي محفوظ رکڻ جي صلاحيت رکندا آهن، تنهنڪري انهن جو نالو ''ميموري'' ۽ ''رزسٽر'' مان نڪتل آهي. * [[ميمريسٽر]] === نيٽ ورڪ === اهي جزا، جيڪي هڪ کان وڌيڪ قسمن جي غير فعال جزن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. * RC نيٽ ورڪ — [[RC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو [[سنبر]] ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * LC نيٽ ورڪ — [[LC سرڪٽ]] ٺاهيندو آهي، جيڪو ٽيون ٿيندڙ ٽرانسفارمرن ۽ RFI فلٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي. === ٽرانسڊيوسر، سينسر، ڊيڪٽر === # [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] برقي سگنل جي اثر هيٺ جسماني اثر پيدا ڪندا آهن، يا ان جي ابتڙ. # [[سينسر]] (ڊيڪٽر) اهڙا ٽرانسڊيوسر آهن، جيڪي ماحول جي حالتن تي ردعمل ڏيئي پنهنجون برقي خاصيتون تبديل ڪندا آهن يا برقي سگنل پيدا ڪندا آهن. # هتي درج ڪيل ٽرانسڊيوسر صرف انفرادي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا آهن (مڪمل اسيمبلين بدران) ۽ [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال]] آهن. * آواز ** [[لائوڊ اسپيڪر]] ** [[بزر]] * مقام ۽ حرڪت ** [[لڪيرِي متغير تفاضلي ٽرانسفارمر]] (LVDT) ** [[گھمندڙ اينڪوڊر]] ** [[انڪلائينوميٽر]] ** [[حرڪت سينسر]] ** [[فلو ميٽر]] * قوت ۽ ٽورڪ ** [[اسٽرين گيج]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] * حرارتي ** [[ٿرموڪپل]] ** [[ٿرموپائل]] ** [[ٿرمسٽر]] ** [[مزاحمتي ٿرماميٽر|RTD]] ** [[بولوميٽر]] ** [[حرارتي ڪٽ آف]] * مقناطيسي ميدان ** [[ميگنيٽو ميٽر]] * نمي ** [[هائيگرو ميٽر]] * برقي مقناطيسي، روشني ** [[فوٽو رزسٽر]] === اينٽينا === [[ريڊيو اينٽينا|اينٽينا]] ريڊيو لهرون موڪليندا يا وصول ڪندا آهن. * [[ڊائپول اينٽينا]] * [[ياگي اينٽينا]] * [[فيزڊ ايري]] * [[لوپ اينٽينا]] * [[پيرابولڪ ڊش]] * [[لاگ-پيريئڊڪ ڊائپول ايري]] * [[بائيڪونيڪل اينٽينا]] * [[فيڊ هارن]] === اسيمبليون، ماڊيول === ڪيترن ئي اليڪٽرانڪ جزن کي گڏ ڪري تيار ڪيل اهڙو ڊوائيس، جيڪو پاڻ به هڪ جزو طور استعمال ٿيندو آهي. * [[اوسيليٽر]] * ڊسپلي ڊوائيس ** [[مائع بلور ڊسپلي]] (LCD) ** [[ڊجيٽل وولٽ ميٽر]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ فلٽر]] === پروٽوٽائپنگ جا اوزار === {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪس پروٽوٽائپنگ}} * [[وائر-ريپ]] * [[بريڊ بورڊ]] == برقي-ميڪانيڪي ڊوائيس == [[File:18MHZ 12MHZ Crystal 110.jpg|thumb|هڪ ڪوارٽز ڪرسٽل (کاٻي پاسي) ۽ هڪ ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر]] === پائزو اليڪٽرڪ ڊوائيس، ڪرسٽل ۽ ريزونيٽر === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]] جيڪي [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن: * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي اعليٰ فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ يا فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ هي اثر استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[ڪرسٽل اوسيليٽر|ڪرسٽل]] — درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل (مڪمل اوسيليٽرن لاءِ هيٺ ''ماڊيول'' وارو حصو ڏسو). ** [[سيرامڪ ريزونيٽر]] — نيم درست فريڪوئنسيون پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل. ** سيرامڪ فلٽر — فريڪوئنسي جي مخصوص پٽي کي فلٽر ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سيرامڪ ڪرسٽل، جيئن [[ريڊيو رسيور]] ۾. ** [[سطحي صوتي لهر فلٽر|سطحي صوتي لهر (SAW) فلٽر]] * اهڙا جزا، جيڪي هن اثر کي ميڪانيڪي [[ٽرانسڊيوسر]] طور استعمال ڪندا آهن. ** [[الٽراسونڪ موٽر]] — اهڙو برقي موٽر، جيڪو [[پائزو اليڪٽرڪ]] اثر استعمال ڪندو آهي. ** پائزو بزر ۽ مائڪروفون لاءِ هيٺ ''ٽرانسڊيوسر'' وارو حصو ڏسو. === مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام === * [[مائڪرو برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام]] ** [[ايڪسيليرو ميٽر]] ** [[ڊجيٽل مائڪرو مرر ڊوائيس]] === ٽرمينل ۽ ڪنيڪٽر === برقي ڳانڍاپا ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڊوائيس. * [[ٽرمينل (اليڪٽرانڪس)|ٽرمينل]] * [[برقي ڪنيڪٽر|ڪنيڪٽر]] ** [[جيڪ (ڪنيڪٽر)|ساڪٽ]] ** [[اسڪرو ٽرمينل]]، ٽرمينل بلاڪ ** [[پن هيڊر]] === ڪيبل اسيمبليون === اهي [[برقي ڪيبل]]، جن جي ٻنهي پاسن تي ڪنيڪٽر يا ٽرمينل لڳل هوندا آهن. * [[پاور ڪارڊ]] * [[پيچ ڪارڊ]] * [[ٽيسٽ ليڊ]] [[File:Micro switch.jpg|thumb|right|ننڍي سائيز جي ٻن مختلف پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جا مثال]] === سوئچ === [[File:Sequenceur a cames 001.jpg|thumb|7-ڪيم، 7-رابطن وارو ڪيم ٽائمر]] اهي جزا، جيڪي برقي رو کي گذرڻ ڏين ("بند") يا رو کي روڪين ("کليل"). * [[سوئچ]] — هٿ سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. ** برقي وضاحت: SPST، SPDT، DPST، DPDT، NPNT ** ٽيڪنالاجي: سلائيڊ سوئچ، ٽاگل سوئچ، راڪر سوئچ، روٽري سوئچ، پُش بٽڻ سوئچ * [[ڪيم ٽائمر]] (ڊرم سيڪوئنسر) — واقعن جي هڪ سلسلي کي ڪنٽرول ڪرڻ لاءِ برقي-ميڪانيڪي نظام. * [[ڪي پيڊ]] — پُش بٽڻ سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[DIP سوئچ]] — اندروني ترتيب (Configuration) لاءِ ننڍن سوئچن جو مجموعو. * [[فوٽ سوئچ]] — پير سان هلائيندڙ سوئچ. * [[چاقو سوئچ]] — کليل ڪنڊڪٽرن وارو سوئچ. * [[مائڪرو سوئچ]] — ميڪانيڪي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ تيز عمل وارو سوئچ. * [[حد سوئچ]] — حرڪت جي آخري حد معلوم ڪرڻ لاءِ ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. * [[پاريدار سوئچ]] — جهڪاءُ (Tilt) محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[مرڪزگري سوئچ]] — گردش جي رفتار سبب پيدا ٿيندڙ مرڪزگري قوت محسوس ڪندڙ سوئچ. * [[رلي]] يا [[ڪانٽيڪٽر]] — برقي-ميڪانيڪي طور هلندڙ سوئچ (ڏسو [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ رلي]]). * [[ريڊ سوئچ]] — مقناطيسي طور متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] — گرمي پد سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[هيوميڊسٽيٽ]] — نمي سان متحرڪ ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندڙ، ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيڻ وارو فيوز. * [[ڊسڪنڪٽر]] — اعليٰ ۽ وچولي وولٽيج نظامن ۾ سار سنڀال يا سرڪٽ کي الڳ ڪرڻ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ سوئچ. * [[ٽرانسفر سوئچ]] — لوڊ کي ٻن مختلف توانائي ذريعن جي وچ ۾ منتقل ڪندڙ سوئچ. === حفاظتي ڊوائيس === [[غير فعاليت (انجنيئرنگ)|غير فعال جزا]]، جيڪي سرڪٽ کي وڌيڪ رو يا وولٽيج کان بچائيندا آهن. * [[برقي فيوز|فيوز]] — وڌيڪ رو کان تحفظ؛ صرف هڪ ڀيرو استعمال ٿيندڙ. * [[سرڪٽ بريڪر]] — ميڪانيڪي سوئچ جي صورت ۾ ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز. * [[ٻيهر سيٽ ٿيندڙ فيوز]] (PolySwitch) * [[زميني خرابي کان تحفظ]] يا [[Residual-current device]] (RCD) * [[ڌاتو-آڪسائيڊ ويريسٽر]] (MOV)، [[عارضي وولٽيج دٻاءُ روڪيندڙ ڊائيوڊ|TVS]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج کان تحفظ. * [[شروعاتي رو محدود ڪندڙ]] — شروعاتي تيز [[شروعاتي رو]] کان تحفظ. * [[گئس خارجي ٽيوب]] — اعليٰ وولٽيج جي اوچتين لهرن کان تحفظ. * [[اسپارڪ گيپ]] — وڌيڪ وولٽيج تي قوس (Arc) پيدا ڪرڻ لاءِ ٻن اليڪٽروڊن جي وچ ۾ وٿي. * [[وڄ روڪيندڙ]] — وڄ جي اثرن کان تحفظ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ اسپارڪ گيپ. * [[ريڪلوزر]] — خودڪار سوئچ، جيڪو وڌيڪ رو اچڻ تي کلي ويندو آهي، پوءِ خرابي ختم ٿيڻ جي جاچ لاءِ ٻيهر بند ٿيندو آهي. * [[آرڪ فالٽ سرڪٽ انٽرپٽر]] — برقي آرڪ کان تحفظ ڏيندڙ سرڪٽ بريڪر. * [[نيٽ ورڪ پروٽيڪٽر]] — توانائي جي وهڪري جي رخ بدلجڻ تي تقسيمي ٽرانسفارمر کي ڌار ڪندڙ حفاظتي ڊوائيس. * [[مقناطيسي اسٽارٽر]] — موٽرن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ برقي-ميڪانيڪي سوئچ. === ميڪانيڪي لوازمات === * [[برقي باڪس]] * [[هيٽ سنڪ]] * [[فين (ميڪانيڪي)|فين]] === ٻيا === * [[پرنٽيڊ سرڪٽ بورڊ]] * [[بتي (برقي جزو)|بتي]] * [[ويئو گائيڊ]] === متروڪ === * ڪاربان ايمپليفائر (ڏسو [[Carbon microphone#Carbon microphones used as amplifiers|ڪاربان مائڪروفون ايمپليفائر]]) * ڪاربان آرڪ (منفي مزاحمت وارو ڊوائيس) * ڊائنامو (تاريخي RF جنريٽر) * [[ڪوهيئرر]] == معياري نشان == {{Main|اليڪٽرانڪ نشان}} [[سرڪٽ خاڪو|سرڪٽ خاڪي]] ۾ اليڪٽرانڪ ڊوائيس روايتي (معياري) نشانن ذريعي ظاهر ڪيا ويندا آهن. جزن جي سڃاڻپ لاءِ انهن نشانن تي [[حوالو سڃاڻپ ڪندڙ]] (Reference Designators) لڳايا ويندا آهن. == پڻ ڏسو == {{Commons category|Electronic components}} {{Portal|Electronics}} * [[سرڪٽ ڊزائن]] * [[سرڪٽ خاڪو]] * [[آپريشنل ايمپليفائر]] * [[7400-سيريز مربوط سرڪٽ]] * [[ترجيحي انگن جي E-سيريز]] * [[مرڪوز جزو ماڊل]] * [[جعلي اليڪٽرانڪ جزا]] * [[برقي جزو]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ مڪسر]] * اليڪٽرانڪ جزن جون [[ڊيٽاشيٽ]] * [[اليڪٽرانڪ انجنيئرنگ جي تاريخ]] * [[IEEE 315-1975]] * [[سالڊ اسٽيٽ اليڪٽرانڪس]] == حوالا == {{Reflist}} {{Electronic components|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Electronic Component}} [[Category:برقي جزا]] [[Category:اليڪٽرانڪ سرڪٽ]] f47yo8b47bhmfmfg5n5ix4q6r9tx8i0 0 99701 390280 2026-07-01T10:10:49Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>2... 390280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. lhcgb70du1gomavlg0f8n8xlxkbyejm 390281 390280 2026-07-01T10:11:13Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ريگستان]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 390281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. [[زمرو:ريگستان]] 01d7ml2amc1b2hrmnfilv9514thujgx 390282 390281 2026-07-01T10:12:07Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:سعودي عرب جي ارضيات]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 390282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي ارضيات]] te71mvcuxc1q58n6bylhpwsnm5xen37 390283 390282 2026-07-01T10:12:37Z Ibne maryam 17680 added [[Category:ايشيا ۾ زميني شڪليون]] [[وڪيپيڊيا:ھاٽ ڪيٽ|ھاٽ ڪيت]] جي مدد سان 390283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي ارضيات]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ زميني شڪليون]] c29farf0pdrdij3st45lp0wb3aqgf2r 390284 390283 2026-07-01T10:15:27Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390284 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي ارضيات]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ زميني شڪليون]] 7rqu386olz4es343mkxhbfka6hsyuth 390288 390284 2026-07-01T10:19:19Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* حوالا */ 390288 wikitext text/x-wiki '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] b6nlh8mqt8teo5mekd1zvwn5fmtk5om 390290 390288 2026-07-01T10:23:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox landform | water = | name = Nafud desert | native_name = <!-- {{Native name|<IETF language tag>|<the native name>}} --> | other_name = | type = Desert <!-- Image --> | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = }} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] ab0uwcvdqru7blb2n3cpq5swhwezkr3 390291 390290 2026-07-01T10:23:31Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = Nafud desert | native_name = <!-- {{Native name|<IETF language tag>|<the native name>}} --> | other_name = | type = Desert <!-- Image --> | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = }} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ •<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] f4p5vazwm4hxf084jr05eyz1isxet1a 390292 390291 2026-07-01T10:32:38Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = Desert | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age =? | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 =? | area_mi2 =? | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=[[مڪه صوبو]]|subdivision_name2=600 ميل|subdivision_name3=200 ميل|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ريجن|subdivision_type2=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type3=ويڪر|subdivision_type4=پکيڙ|subdivision_name4=500 چورس ميل|subdivision_type5=A|subdivision_name5=A|subdivision_type6=B|subdivision_name6=B}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] d2mzujbovl16xf1pvu4rlbynhulegy7 390293 390292 2026-07-01T10:36:17Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = ريگستان | image = ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis. | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} --> | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age =? | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 =? | area_mi2 =? | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=[[مڪه صوبو]]|subdivision_name2=600 ميل|subdivision_name3=200 ميل|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ريجن|subdivision_type2=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type3=ويڪر|subdivision_type4=پکيڙ|subdivision_name4=500 چورس ميل|subdivision_type5=A|subdivision_name5=A|subdivision_type6=B|subdivision_name6=B}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] i270mk951uh0olddysbvrde73zd72my 390294 390293 2026-07-01T10:42:30Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = ريگستان | image = | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis. | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = °28.30 اتر ۽ °41.00 اوڀر | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=290 ڪلوميٽر (180 ميل)|subdivision_name2=225 ڪلوميٽر (140 ميل)|subdivision_name3=65,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (25,000 چورس ميل)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type2=ويڪر|subdivision_type3=پکيڙ|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|image_skyline=ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|image_caption=Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] o2bdynngbuzeodaesmaqxp7lxo4qr5n 390295 390294 2026-07-01T10:45:07Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = ريگستان | image = | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis. | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = {{=coord|28.30|41.00|display=title}} | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=290 ڪلوميٽر (180 ميل)|subdivision_name2=225 ڪلوميٽر (140 ميل)|subdivision_name3=65,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (25,000 چورس ميل)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type2=ويڪر|subdivision_type3=پکيڙ|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|image_skyline=ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|image_caption=Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] nopl3ietop4jghhhee0qc6d7e0jo4qs 390296 390295 2026-07-01T10:47:02Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = ريگستان | image = | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis. {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=290 ڪلوميٽر (180 ميل)|subdivision_name2=225 ڪلوميٽر (140 ميل)|subdivision_name3=65,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (25,000 چورس ميل)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type2=ويڪر|subdivision_type3=پکيڙ|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|image_skyline=ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|image_caption=Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] 56c0jn0q6tb8ox5s2pozgkkany8b5jj 390297 390296 2026-07-01T10:48:41Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = ريگستان | image = | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis. {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=290 ڪلوميٽر (180 ميل)|subdivision_name2=225 ڪلوميٽر (140 ميل)|subdivision_name3=65,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (25,000 چورس ميل)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type2=ويڪر|subdivision_type3=پکيڙ|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|image_skyline=ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|image_caption=Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي. The '''Nafud desert''', or simply the '''Nafud''' ({{langx|ar|صحراء النفود|ṣaḥrā' an-nafūd}}), is a [[desert]] in the northern part of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] at {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}}, occupying a great oval depression. It is {{convert|290|km|mi}} long and {{convert|225|km|mi}} wide, with an area of {{convert|65,000|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The Nafud is an [[erg (landform)|erg]], a desert region located in north-central [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is noted for its sudden violent winds, which account for the large crescent-shaped [[Dune|dunes]]. The sand in the Nafud is a brick-reddish color. Rain comes once or twice per year. In some lowland areas, namely those near the [[Hejaz]] Mountains, there are oases where dates, vegetables, barley, and fruits are grown. The Nafud is connected to the [[Rub' al Khali]] by the [[Dahna]], a corridor of gravel plains and sand dunes, {{convert|800|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|to|50|mi|km|1}} wide. [[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] frjtn3l9d8x1g52br0z8s1wqlnbnffj 390298 390297 2026-07-01T10:56:29Z Ibne maryam 17680 /* */ 390298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Desert in northern Saudi Arabia}} {{Infobox settlement | water = | name = نفود ريگستان | native_name = صحراء النفود | other_name = | type = ريگستان | image = | image_size = 250px | alt = | caption = Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis. {{coord|28.30|41.00|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = | map_width = | map_caption = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | mapframe-zoom = 4 | pushpin_label = | mark = | marker_size = | coordinates = | coordinates_ref = <!-- Location --> | location = Saudi Arabia | grid_ref = | grid_ref_UK = | grid_ref_Ireland = | range = | part_of = | water_bodies = <!-- Geology --> | age = | orogeny = | formed_by = | geology = <!-- Naming --> | etymology = | nickname = | authority = <!-- Operator --> | operator = <!-- Area --> | area = <!-- {{Convert|NN|ha|acres}} --> | area_km2 = | area_mi2 = | area_ref = <!-- Dimensions --> | length = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | width = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | depth = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | drop = <!-- {{Convert|NN|km|mi}} --> | height = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> <!-- Elevation --> | elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | elevation_m =0 | elevation_ft =0 | elevation_ref = | surface_elevation = <!-- {{Convert|NN|m|ft}} --> | surface_elevation_m = | surface_elevation_ft = | surface_elevation_ref = | highest_point = | highest_elevation = | highest_coords = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> <!-- Volcanism --> | volcanic_arc/belt = | volcanic_arc = | volcanic_belt = | volcanic_field = | last_eruption = <!-- Other --> | topo = | designation = | free_label_1 = | free_data_1 = | free_label_2 = | free_data_2 = | free_label_3 = | free_data_3 = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | embedded = |official_name=Nafud desert|settlement_type=[[ريگستان]]|subdivision_name=[[سعودي عرب]]|subdivision_name1=290 ڪلوميٽر (180 ميل)|subdivision_name2=225 ڪلوميٽر (140 ميل)|subdivision_name3=65,000 چورس ڪلوميٽر (25,000 چورس ميل)|subdivision_type=[[ملڪ]]|subdivision_type1=ڊيگهه|subdivision_type2=ويڪر|subdivision_type3=پکيڙ|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=|subdivision_type6=|subdivision_name6=|image_skyline=ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|image_caption=Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.}} '''نفود ريگستان''' يا صرف '''نفود''' ([[عربي ٻولي|عربي]]: صحراء النفود)، [[عرب جزيري نما|جزيري نما عرب]] جي اترئين حصي ۾ °<small>28.30</small> اتر ۽ °<small>41.00</small> اوڀر تي هڪ [[ريگستان]] آهي، جيڪو هڪ وڏو بيضوي دٻاءُ (<small>depression</small>) رکي ٿو. اهو <small>290</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>180</small> ميل) ڊگهو ۽ <small>225</small> ڪلوميٽر (<small>140</small> ميل) ويڪرو آهي، جنهن جي ايراضي <small>65,000</small> چورس ڪلوميٽر (<small>25,000</small> چورس ميل) آهي.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Nafūd {{!}} Desert, Map, Saudi Arabia, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/al-Nafud |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> نفود هڪ ريگستاني علائقو آهي جيڪو سعودي عرب جي اتر-مرڪزي حصي ۾ واقع آهي. اهو پنهنجي اوچتي تيز هوائن لاءِ مشهور آهي، جيڪي وڏين هلال جي شڪل جي ٽڪرين جو سبب بڻجن ٿيون. نفود ۾ واريءَ جو رنگ اينٽن جي ڳاڙهي رنگ جهڙو آهي. مينهن سال ۾ هڪ يا ٻه ڀيرا ايندو آهي. ڪجهه هيٺاهين وارن علائقن ۾، يعني حجاز جي جبلن جي ويجهي، نخلستان آهن جتي کجور، ڀاڄيون، جَو ۽ ميوا پوکيا ويندا آهن. نفود '''دهنه'''، جيڪو بجری جي ميدانن ۽ واريءَ جي ٽڪرين جو هڪ 800 ميل (1,287 ڪلو ميٽر) ڊگهو ۽ 15 کان 50 ميل (24.1 کان 80.5 ڪلو ميٽر) ويڪرو لنگهه آهي، جي ذريعي [[ربع الخالي]] [[ربع الخالي|ريگستان]] سان ڳنڍيل آهي[[File:ISS064-E-6310 - View of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of the Nafud desert with the Jubbah oasis.]] During the [[Arab Revolt]] in 1917, forces led by [[Auda ibu Tayi]] [[Battle of Aqaba|attacked the Turkish-held coastal town]] of [[Aqaba]] on its poorly defended eastern flank. The approach was via a long and wide desert route, passing close to the edge of the Nafud. Colonel [[T. E. Lawrence]] asked Auda ibu Tayi to allow their group to stray from their course into the Nafud. Auda refused because it was unnecessary.<ref name=7pill>{{cite book | first=T. E. | last=Lawrence | author-link=T. E. Lawrence | year=1926 | title=[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom: A Triumph]] | edition=1991 | publisher=Anchor Books | location=New York | isbn=978-0-385-41895-9 | page=[https://archive.org/details/sevenpillarsofwi00lawr_0/page/250 250] }}</ref> Their harsh transit did not include entering the Nafud, as is depicted in the film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''. The discovery of an 85,000-year-old fossilised human finger in An Nafud in 2016 by Dr Mathieu Duval of [[Griffith University]] provided the earliest evidence of modern humans outside Africa and the [[Levant]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Toumi |first1=Habib |title=85,000-year-old footprints found in kingdom |url=https://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/85-000-year-old-footprints-found-in-kingdom-1.2221112 |website=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=27 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018}}</ref> This desert was thought to be relatively inhabited between the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] and the end of [[Pleistocene]]. Recent findings in northern Saudi Arabia, including Jebel Misma and Jebel Arnaan, of [[camel]] engravings points towards seasonal human presence in this area and biological and cultural exchanges with [[Levant|Levantine]] groups between 12,800 and 11,400 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Monumental Animal Art Reveals People in 'Uninhabitable' Arabia 12,000 Years Ago |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2025-09-30/ty-article-magazine/monumental-animal-art-reveals-people-in-uninhabitable-arabia-12-000-years-ago/00000199-997e-df33-a5dd-9d7f814c0000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ariel |first=David|title= Surprise! Monumental Camel Sculptures in Arabia Are Prehistoric, Archaeologists Find |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2021-09-15/ty-article-magazine/surprise-monumental-camel-sculptures-in-arabia-are-prehistoric-archaeologists-find/0000017f-dc22-d3ff-a7ff-fda281b20000 |website=[[Haaretz]] |access-date=13 October 2025|date= 15 September 2021}}</ref> ==حوالا== {{حوالا}} [[زمرو:نفود ريگستان]] [[زمرو:ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب]] [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي طبعي جاگرافي]] awz02xww0r8kd3sh4xe1sir97qnyerv 14 99702 390285 2026-07-01T10:16:56Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] 390285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ ريگستان]] 71xqgzbhxquqfc49yezdcj6r86qsi27 14 99703 390286 2026-07-01T10:18:08Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ زميني شڪليون]] 390286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ ريگستان]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب ۾ زميني شڪليون]] kvyqef24c3zxxjpgxumk69s0e8s1zsg 14 99704 390287 2026-07-01T10:18:25Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ زميني شڪليون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي ارضيات]] 390287 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:ايشيا ۾ زميني شڪليون]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي ارضيات]] 46q17kcsbv57jcdvrt25znqu3qdzgod 14 99705 390289 2026-07-01T10:20:20Z Ibne maryam 17680 نئون صفحو: [[زمرو:طبيعي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي جاگرافي]] 390289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[زمرو:طبيعي جاگرافي]] [[زمرو:سعودي عرب جي جاگرافي]] bxx1y0jy03q7b8ypm3av0rqc419kx2j 0 99706 390299 2026-07-01T10:59:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 نئون صفحو: {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' (Embedded System) هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو ڪ... 390299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' (Embedded System) هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> {{as of|2009|alt=2009ع تائين}} اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[Astrionics|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. tq76cf35savcu094qsyaf0c1kjm9aj1 390301 390299 2026-07-01T11:02:27Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' (Embedded System) هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[Astrionics|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. eq1zpkfqrwpsl50txv8nvec61kjtysf 390302 390301 2026-07-01T11:22:10Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. 5f4uetlyafbn7p3lfzdj7wtthh9gzcj 390303 390302 2026-07-01T11:23:46Z Intisar Ali 8681 /* */ 390303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. == تاريخ == === پسمنظر === {{See also|Microprocessor chronology}} مائڪرو پروسيسر ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي شروعات کي [[MOS مربوط سرڪٽ]] سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو [[MOSFET]] (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]) مان تيار ڪيل [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] چِپ آهي ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ترقي ڪئي وئي. 1964ع تائين MOS چِپن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڪثافت وڌيڪ ۽ پيداوار جي قيمت [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر|بائي پولر]] چِپن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ٿي چڪي هئي. ان کان پوءِ [[مور جو قانون]] مطابق MOS چِپن جي پيچيدگي تيزيءَ سان وڌندي رهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين [[وڏي پيماني واري مربوطي]] (LSI) ممڪن ٿي، جتي هڪ ئي MOS چِپ تي سوين [[ٽرانزسٽر]] شامل هوندا هئا. ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ MOS LSI چِپن جي استعمال سان پهرين مائڪرو پروسيسرن جي بنياد پئي، جڏهن انجنيئرن اهو محسوس ڪيو ته مڪمل ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر نظام کي چند MOS LSI چِپن تي سموئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> پهريان گهڻ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر، [[Four-Phase Systems AL1]] (1969ع) ۽ [[Garrett AiResearch]] [[MP944]] (1970ع)، ڪيترن ئي MOS LSI چِپن تي ٻڌل هئا. پهريون هڪ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر [[Intel 4004]] هو، جيڪو 1971ع ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ان کي [[Federico Faggin]] پنهنجي [[سلڪون-گيٽ]] MOS ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي [[Intel]] جي انجنيئرن [[Marcian Hoff]] ۽ [[Stan Mazor]] سان گڏ، ۽ [[Busicom]] جي انجنيئر [[Masatoshi Shima]] جي سهڪار سان تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> === ترقي === پهريون جديد طرز جو سڃاڻپ لائق ايمبيڊڊ نظام [[Apollo Guidance Computer]] هو،<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=1962: Aerospace systems are the first applications for ICs in computers |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/aerospace-systems-are-first-the-applications-for-ics-in-computers/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 1965ع ۾ [[Charles Stark Draper]] طرفان [[MIT Instrumentation Laboratory]] ۾ تيار ڪيو ويو. منصوبي جي شروعات ۾ اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر کي سڄي اپولو منصوبي جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري وارو حصو سمجهيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان ۾ ڪمپيوٽر جي سائيز ۽ وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ نون تيار ڪيل [[مونولٿڪ مربوط سرڪٽ]] استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا. شروعاتي وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن مان هڪ [[Minuteman missile|Minuteman ميزائل]] لاءِ [[Autonetics D-17 guidance computer|Autonetics D-17 گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جيڪو 1961ع ۾ متعارف ٿيو. جڏهن 1966ع ۾ Minuteman II جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، ته D-17 جي جاءِ هڪ نئين ڪمپيوٽر ورتي، جيڪو مربوط سرڪٽن جي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال جو پهريون مثال بڻيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي انهن شروعاتي استعمالن کان پوءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي قيمت ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي، جڏهن ته انهن جي پروسيسنگ طاقت ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ ٿي. شروعاتي مائڪرو پروسيسر [[Intel 4004]] (1971ع) [[ڪيلڪيوليٽر]]ن ۽ ٻين ننڍن نظامن لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو، پر ان کي اڃا به ٻاهرين يادگيري ۽ مددگار چِپن جي ضرورت هوندي هئي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين يادگيري، ان پُٽ ۽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا جزا ساڳئي چِپ تي پروسيسر سان گڏ مربوط ڪيا ويا، جنهن سان مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر وجود ۾ آيو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي عام مقصد وارو ڪمپيوٽر تمام مهانگو ثابت ٿئي. مائڪرو پروسيسرن ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي قيمت گهٽجڻ سان ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جو استعمال تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. نسبتاً گهٽ قيمت وارو مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر ڪيترن ئي الڳ جزن جي برابر ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهي ٿو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي آمد سان، صارفين جي شين ۾ به مهانگا [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس|اينالاگ]] جزا، جهڙوڪ [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] ۽ [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]]، مائڪرو پروسيسر ذريعي پڙهيا ويندڙ مٿي/هيٺ بٽڻن يا ڪنٽرول نوبن سان مٽائڻ ممڪن ٿي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ اهڙي صورت ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام روايتي حل جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندو آهي، پر اها پيچيدگي گهڻي ڀاڱي خود مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي اندر هوندي آهي. نتيجي ۾ تمام ٿورا اضافي جزا گهربل هوندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي گهڻي ڪوشش سافٽويئر تي مرڪوز هوندي آهي. سافٽويئر جو نمونو (پروٽو ٽائيپ) تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي جاچ، اهڙي نئين سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تعمير جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر استعمال نه ڪيو ويو هجي. m8cchwhhxchwi19xglrqwzpsj4zxzxe 390304 390303 2026-07-01T11:43:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 390304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. == تاريخ == === پسمنظر === {{See also|مائڪروپروسيسر ڪرونالاجي}} مائڪرو پروسيسر ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي شروعات کي [[موس مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS) سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو [[موسفيٽ]] (MOS) (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]) مان تيار ڪيل [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] چِپ آهي ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ترقي ڪئي وئي. 1964ع تائين MOS چِپن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڪثافت وڌيڪ ۽ پيداوار جي قيمت [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر|بائي پولر]] چِپن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ٿي چڪي هئي. ان کان پوءِ [[مور جو قانون]] مطابق MOS چِپن جي پيچيدگي تيزيءَ سان وڌندي رهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين [[وڏي پيماني واري مربوطي]] (LSI) ممڪن ٿي، جتي هڪ ئي MOS چِپ تي سوين [[ٽرانزسٽر]] شامل هوندا هئا. ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ MOS LSI چِپن جي استعمال سان پهرين مائڪرو پروسيسرن جي بنياد پئي، جڏهن انجنيئرن اهو محسوس ڪيو ته مڪمل ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر نظام کي چند MOS LSI چِپن تي سموئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> پهريان گهڻ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر، [[چار-فيز نظام اي ايل1]] (1969ع) ۽ [[گاريٽ اي آء ريسرچ]] [[ايم پي 944]] (1970ع)، ڪيترن ئي MOS LSI چِپن تي ٻڌل هئا. پهريون هڪ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] هو، جيڪو 1971ع ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ان کي [[فيڊريڪو فيگن]] پنهنجي [[سلڪون-گيٽ]] MOS ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي [[انٽيل]] جي انجنيئرن [[مارسيئن هوف]] ۽ [[اسٽين ميزور]] سان گڏ، ۽ [[بسيڪام]] جي انجنيئر [[ماساتوشي شيما]] جي سهڪار سان تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> === ترقي === پهريون جديد طرز جو سڃاڻپ لائق ايمبيڊڊ نظام [[اپالو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو،<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=1962: Aerospace systems are the first applications for ICs in computers |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/aerospace-systems-are-first-the-applications-for-ics-in-computers/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 1965ع ۾ [[چارلس اسٽارڪ ڊريپر]] طرفان[[ايم آئي ٽي انسٽرومينٽيشن ليبارٽري]] ۾ تيار ڪيو ويو. منصوبي جي شروعات ۾ اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر کي سڄي اپولو منصوبي جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري وارو حصو سمجهيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان ۾ ڪمپيوٽر جي سائيز ۽ وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ نون تيار ڪيل [[مونولٿڪ مربوط سرڪٽ]] استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا. شروعاتي وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن مان هڪ [[منٽمين ميزائل]] لاءِ [[آٽونيٽڪس D-17 گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جيڪو 1961ع ۾ متعارف ٿيو. جڏهن 1966ع ۾ منٽمين II جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، ته D-17 جي جاءِ هڪ نئين ڪمپيوٽر ورتي، جيڪو مربوط سرڪٽن جي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال جو پهريون مثال بڻيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي انهن شروعاتي استعمالن کان پوءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي قيمت ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي، جڏهن ته انهن جي پروسيسنگ طاقت ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ ٿي. شروعاتي مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] (1971ع) [[ڪيلڪيوليٽر]]ن ۽ ٻين ننڍن نظامن لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو، پر ان کي اڃا به ٻاهرين يادگيري ۽ مددگار چِپن جي ضرورت هوندي هئي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين يادگيري، ان پُٽ ۽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا جزا ساڳئي چِپ تي پروسيسر سان گڏ مربوط ڪيا ويا، جنهن سان مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر وجود ۾ آيو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي عام مقصد وارو ڪمپيوٽر تمام مهانگو ثابت ٿئي. مائڪرو پروسيسرن ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي قيمت گهٽجڻ سان ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جو استعمال تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. نسبتاً گهٽ قيمت وارو مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر ڪيترن ئي الڳ جزن جي برابر ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهي ٿو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي آمد سان، صارفين جي شين ۾ به مهانگا [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس|اينالاگ]] جزا، جهڙوڪ [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] ۽ [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]]، مائڪرو پروسيسر ذريعي پڙهيا ويندڙ مٿي/هيٺ بٽڻن يا ڪنٽرول نوبن سان مٽائڻ ممڪن ٿي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ اهڙي صورت ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام روايتي حل جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندو آهي، پر اها پيچيدگي گهڻي ڀاڱي خود مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي اندر هوندي آهي. نتيجي ۾ تمام ٿورا اضافي جزا گهربل هوندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي گهڻي ڪوشش سافٽويئر تي مرڪوز هوندي آهي. سافٽويئر جو نمونو (پروٽو ٽائيپ) تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي جاچ، اهڙي نئين سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تعمير جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر استعمال نه ڪيو ويو هجي. == استعمال == [[File:Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg|thumb|Accupoll اليڪٽرانڪ ووٽنگ مشين لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽر سب-اسيمبلي<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/|title=Electronic Frontier Foundation|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation}}</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي صارفين جي شين، صنعتي نظامن، [[گاڏين جي صنعت]]، [[گهريلو اوزار]]ن، طبي اوزارن، مواصلات، واپاري نظامن، هوابازي ۽ فوجي استعمالن ۾ ملندا آهن. [[ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن نظام]]ن ۾ نيٽ ورڪ لاءِ [[ٽيليفون ايڪسچينج]]ن کان وٺي آخري استعمال ڪندڙ وٽ موجود [[موبائل فون]]ن تائين بيشمار ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ڪمپيوٽر نيٽ ورڪن ۾ ڊيٽا جي منتقلي لاءِ خاص [[رائوٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|رائوٽر]] ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ برج]] استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ [[ايم پي 3 پليئر]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[موبائل فون]]، [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]]، [[ڊجيٽل ڪيمرا]]، [[جي پي ايس رسيور]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پرنٽر|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن. گهريلو اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪروويو اوون]]، [[واشنگ مشين]] ۽ [[ڊش واشر]]، لچڪ، ڪارڪردگي ۽ وڌيڪ سهولتن لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. جديد [[گرمائش، هواداري ۽ ايئر ڪنڊيشننگ]] (HVAC) نظام نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي ڏينهن جي وقت ۽ [[موسم]] جي تبديليءَ مطابق گرمي پد کي وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مؤثر طريقي سان ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. [[گهر جي خودڪاري]] (ھوم آٽوميشن) ۾ تارن وارا ۽ بغير تارن وارا نيٽ ورڪ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ذريعي روشني، موسمي ڪنٽرول، سيڪيورٽي، آڊيو/وڊيو، نگراني وغيره کي سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، ۽ انهن سڀني ۾ احساس (سينسنگ) ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس استعمال ٿيندا آهن. هوائي سفر کان وٺي گاڏين تائين ٽرانسپورٽ جا نظام وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. جديد [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ ترقي يافته [[ايويونڪس]]، جهڙوڪ [[انرشيل گائيڊنس سسٽم]] ۽ [[جي پي ايس رسيور]]، شامل هوندا آهن، جن لاءِ اعليٰ حفاظتي گهرجون پڻ هونديون آهن. [[خلائي جهاز]] پنهنجي رستي جي درستگي لاءِ [[خلائي جهازي برقيات]] (ااسٽرائيونِڪس) تي ڀاڙيندا آهن. مختلف برقي موٽر، جهڙوڪ [[برش کان آزاد ڊي سي موٽر]]، [[انڊڪشن موٽر]] ۽ [[ڊي سي موٽر]]، اليڪٽرانڪ [[موٽر ڪنٽرولر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن. [[گاڏي]]ون، [[برقي گاڏي]]ون ۽ [[هائبرڊ گاڏي]]ون ڪارڪردگي وڌائڻ ۽ آلودگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪن ٿيون. گاڏين جي ٻين حفاظتي نظامن ۾ [[اينٽي لاڪ بريڪنگ سسٽم]] (ABS)، [[اليڪٽرانڪ استحڪام ڪنٽرول]] (ESC/ESP)، [[ٽريڪشن ڪنٽرول]] (TCS) ۽ خودڪار [[چار ڦيٿن واري ڊرائيو]] شامل آهن. [[طبي اوزار]] نگراني ([[طبي نگراني]]) ۽ مختلف [[طبي تصويرنگ]] طريقن، جهڙوڪ [[پوزيٽرون ايميشن ٽوموگرافي]] (PET)، [[سنگل فوٽان ايميشن ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (SPECT)، [[ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT) ۽ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرنگ]] (MRI)، ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي جسم جي اندروني حصن جي بغير جراحي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. طبي اوزارن ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام اڪثر صنعتي ڪمپيوٽرن ذريعي هلندا آهن.<ref>[http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127080734/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell |date=2013-01-27 }}. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06.</ref> ايمبيڊڊ نظام هوابازي ۽ دفاعي صنعتن ۾ [[حياتي-اهم نظام]] (سيفٽي-ڪرٽيڪل سسٽمز) لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي IoT نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ چِپ تي موجود 3G سيلولر يا ٻين وائرڊ/وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن سان ڳنڍيل نه هجن، ته اهي هيڪنگ کان الڳ رهندا آهن ۽ ان ڪري وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} باهه کان تحفظ لاءِ اهڙا نظام وڌيڪ گرمي پد برداشت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪم جاري رکڻ جي صلاحيت سان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. سيڪيورٽي جي لحاظ کان، ايمبيڊڊ نظام خودمختيار ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ بجلي يا مواصلاتي رابطا ختم ٿيڻ جي صورت ۾ به ڪم جاري رکي سگهن ٿا. ننڍڙا وائرليس ڊوائيس، جن کي [[موٽ (سينسر)|موٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي، نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل وائرليس سينسر هوندا آهن. [[وائرليس سينسر نيٽ ورڪ]] جديد [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ڊزائن ذريعي حاصل ٿيندڙ ننڍڙي سائيز جي ٽيڪنالاجي استعمال ڪري مڪمل وائرليس ذيلي نظامن کي ترقي يافته سينسرن سان ڳنڍيندو آهي، جنهن سان ماڻهو ۽ ادارا حقيقي دنيا ۾ بيشمار شين جي ماپ ڪري سگهن ٿا ۽ انهن معلوماتن کي نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا. اهي موٽ مڪمل طور خودمختيار هوندا آهن ۽ عام طور تي بيٽرين تي ڪيترن ئي سالن تائين هلندا آهن، ان کان اڳ جو بيٽري تبديل يا ٻيهر چارج ڪرڻ جي ضرورت پوي. ikel49ziswhz1066zm0oswe9dofsm4t 390305 390304 2026-07-01T11:49:37Z Intisar Ali 8681 390305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. == تاريخ == === پسمنظر === {{See also|مائڪروپروسيسر ڪرونالاجي}} مائڪرو پروسيسر ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي شروعات کي [[موس مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS) سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو [[موسفيٽ]] (MOS) (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]) مان تيار ڪيل [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] چِپ آهي ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ترقي ڪئي وئي. 1964ع تائين MOS چِپن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڪثافت وڌيڪ ۽ پيداوار جي قيمت [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر|بائي پولر]] چِپن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ٿي چڪي هئي. ان کان پوءِ [[مور جو قانون]] مطابق MOS چِپن جي پيچيدگي تيزيءَ سان وڌندي رهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين [[وڏي پيماني واري مربوطي]] (LSI) ممڪن ٿي، جتي هڪ ئي MOS چِپ تي سوين [[ٽرانزسٽر]] شامل هوندا هئا. ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ MOS LSI چِپن جي استعمال سان پهرين مائڪرو پروسيسرن جي بنياد پئي، جڏهن انجنيئرن اهو محسوس ڪيو ته مڪمل ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر نظام کي چند MOS LSI چِپن تي سموئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> پهريان گهڻ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر، [[چار-فيز نظام اي ايل1]] (1969ع) ۽ [[گاريٽ اي آء ريسرچ]] [[ايم پي 944]] (1970ع)، ڪيترن ئي MOS LSI چِپن تي ٻڌل هئا. پهريون هڪ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] هو، جيڪو 1971ع ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ان کي [[فيڊريڪو فيگن]] پنهنجي [[سلڪون-گيٽ]] MOS ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي [[انٽيل]] جي انجنيئرن [[مارسيئن هوف]] ۽ [[اسٽين ميزور]] سان گڏ، ۽ [[بسيڪام]] جي انجنيئر [[ماساتوشي شيما]] جي سهڪار سان تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> === ترقي === پهريون جديد طرز جو سڃاڻپ لائق ايمبيڊڊ نظام [[اپالو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو،<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=1962: Aerospace systems are the first applications for ICs in computers |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/aerospace-systems-are-first-the-applications-for-ics-in-computers/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 1965ع ۾ [[چارلس اسٽارڪ ڊريپر]] طرفان[[ايم آئي ٽي انسٽرومينٽيشن ليبارٽري]] ۾ تيار ڪيو ويو. منصوبي جي شروعات ۾ اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر کي سڄي اپولو منصوبي جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري وارو حصو سمجهيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان ۾ ڪمپيوٽر جي سائيز ۽ وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ نون تيار ڪيل [[مونولٿڪ مربوط سرڪٽ]] استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا. شروعاتي وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن مان هڪ [[منٽمين ميزائل]] لاءِ [[آٽونيٽڪس D-17 گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جيڪو 1961ع ۾ متعارف ٿيو. جڏهن 1966ع ۾ منٽمين II جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، ته D-17 جي جاءِ هڪ نئين ڪمپيوٽر ورتي، جيڪو مربوط سرڪٽن جي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال جو پهريون مثال بڻيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي انهن شروعاتي استعمالن کان پوءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي قيمت ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي، جڏهن ته انهن جي پروسيسنگ طاقت ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ ٿي. شروعاتي مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] (1971ع) [[ڪيلڪيوليٽر]]ن ۽ ٻين ننڍن نظامن لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو، پر ان کي اڃا به ٻاهرين يادگيري ۽ مددگار چِپن جي ضرورت هوندي هئي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين يادگيري، ان پُٽ ۽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا جزا ساڳئي چِپ تي پروسيسر سان گڏ مربوط ڪيا ويا، جنهن سان مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر وجود ۾ آيو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي عام مقصد وارو ڪمپيوٽر تمام مهانگو ثابت ٿئي. مائڪرو پروسيسرن ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي قيمت گهٽجڻ سان ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جو استعمال تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. نسبتاً گهٽ قيمت وارو مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر ڪيترن ئي الڳ جزن جي برابر ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهي ٿو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي آمد سان، صارفين جي شين ۾ به مهانگا [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس|اينالاگ]] جزا، جهڙوڪ [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] ۽ [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]]، مائڪرو پروسيسر ذريعي پڙهيا ويندڙ مٿي/هيٺ بٽڻن يا ڪنٽرول نوبن سان مٽائڻ ممڪن ٿي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ اهڙي صورت ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام روايتي حل جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندو آهي، پر اها پيچيدگي گهڻي ڀاڱي خود مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي اندر هوندي آهي. نتيجي ۾ تمام ٿورا اضافي جزا گهربل هوندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي گهڻي ڪوشش سافٽويئر تي مرڪوز هوندي آهي. سافٽويئر جو نمونو (پروٽو ٽائيپ) تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي جاچ، اهڙي نئين سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تعمير جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر استعمال نه ڪيو ويو هجي. == استعمال == [[File:Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg|thumb|Accupoll اليڪٽرانڪ ووٽنگ مشين لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽر سب-اسيمبلي<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/|title=Electronic Frontier Foundation|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation}}</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي صارفين جي شين، صنعتي نظامن، [[گاڏين جي صنعت]]، [[گهريلو اوزار]]ن، طبي اوزارن، مواصلات، واپاري نظامن، هوابازي ۽ فوجي استعمالن ۾ ملندا آهن. [[ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن نظام]]ن ۾ نيٽ ورڪ لاءِ [[ٽيليفون ايڪسچينج]]ن کان وٺي آخري استعمال ڪندڙ وٽ موجود [[موبائل فون]]ن تائين بيشمار ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ڪمپيوٽر نيٽ ورڪن ۾ ڊيٽا جي منتقلي لاءِ خاص [[رائوٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|رائوٽر]] ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ برج]] استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ [[ايم پي 3 پليئر]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[موبائل فون]]، [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]]، [[ڊجيٽل ڪيمرا]]، [[جي پي ايس رسيور]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پرنٽر|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن. گهريلو اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪروويو اوون]]، [[واشنگ مشين]] ۽ [[ڊش واشر]]، لچڪ، ڪارڪردگي ۽ وڌيڪ سهولتن لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. جديد [[گرمائش، هواداري ۽ ايئر ڪنڊيشننگ]] (HVAC) نظام نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي ڏينهن جي وقت ۽ [[موسم]] جي تبديليءَ مطابق گرمي پد کي وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مؤثر طريقي سان ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. [[گهر جي خودڪاري]] (ھوم آٽوميشن) ۾ تارن وارا ۽ بغير تارن وارا نيٽ ورڪ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ذريعي روشني، موسمي ڪنٽرول، سيڪيورٽي، آڊيو/وڊيو، نگراني وغيره کي سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، ۽ انهن سڀني ۾ احساس (سينسنگ) ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس استعمال ٿيندا آهن. هوائي سفر کان وٺي گاڏين تائين ٽرانسپورٽ جا نظام وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. جديد [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ ترقي يافته [[ايويونڪس]]، جهڙوڪ [[انرشيل گائيڊنس سسٽم]] ۽ [[جي پي ايس رسيور]]، شامل هوندا آهن، جن لاءِ اعليٰ حفاظتي گهرجون پڻ هونديون آهن. [[خلائي جهاز]] پنهنجي رستي جي درستگي لاءِ [[خلائي جهازي برقيات]] (ااسٽرائيونِڪس) تي ڀاڙيندا آهن. مختلف برقي موٽر، جهڙوڪ [[برش کان آزاد ڊي سي موٽر]]، [[انڊڪشن موٽر]] ۽ [[ڊي سي موٽر]]، اليڪٽرانڪ [[موٽر ڪنٽرولر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن. [[گاڏي]]ون، [[برقي گاڏي]]ون ۽ [[هائبرڊ گاڏي]]ون ڪارڪردگي وڌائڻ ۽ آلودگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪن ٿيون. گاڏين جي ٻين حفاظتي نظامن ۾ [[اينٽي لاڪ بريڪنگ سسٽم]] (ABS)، [[اليڪٽرانڪ استحڪام ڪنٽرول]] (ESC/ESP)، [[ٽريڪشن ڪنٽرول]] (TCS) ۽ خودڪار [[چار ڦيٿن واري ڊرائيو]] شامل آهن. [[طبي اوزار]] نگراني ([[طبي نگراني]]) ۽ مختلف [[طبي تصويرنگ]] طريقن، جهڙوڪ [[پوزيٽرون ايميشن ٽوموگرافي]] (PET)، [[سنگل فوٽان ايميشن ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (SPECT)، [[ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT) ۽ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرنگ]] (MRI)، ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي جسم جي اندروني حصن جي بغير جراحي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. طبي اوزارن ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام اڪثر صنعتي ڪمپيوٽرن ذريعي هلندا آهن.<ref>[http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127080734/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell |date=2013-01-27 }}. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06.</ref> ايمبيڊڊ نظام هوابازي ۽ دفاعي صنعتن ۾ [[حياتي-اهم نظام]] (سيفٽي-ڪرٽيڪل سسٽمز) لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي IoT نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ چِپ تي موجود 3G سيلولر يا ٻين وائرڊ/وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن سان ڳنڍيل نه هجن، ته اهي هيڪنگ کان الڳ رهندا آهن ۽ ان ڪري وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} باهه کان تحفظ لاءِ اهڙا نظام وڌيڪ گرمي پد برداشت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪم جاري رکڻ جي صلاحيت سان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. سيڪيورٽي جي لحاظ کان، ايمبيڊڊ نظام خودمختيار ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ بجلي يا مواصلاتي رابطا ختم ٿيڻ جي صورت ۾ به ڪم جاري رکي سگهن ٿا. ننڍڙا وائرليس ڊوائيس، جن کي [[موٽ (سينسر)|موٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي، نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل وائرليس سينسر هوندا آهن. [[وائرليس سينسر نيٽ ورڪ]] جديد [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ڊزائن ذريعي حاصل ٿيندڙ ننڍڙي سائيز جي ٽيڪنالاجي استعمال ڪري مڪمل وائرليس ذيلي نظامن کي ترقي يافته سينسرن سان ڳنڍيندو آهي، جنهن سان ماڻهو ۽ ادارا حقيقي دنيا ۾ بيشمار شين جي ماپ ڪري سگهن ٿا ۽ انهن معلوماتن کي نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا. اهي موٽ مڪمل طور خودمختيار هوندا آهن ۽ عام طور تي بيٽرين تي ڪيترن ئي سالن تائين هلندا آهن، ان کان اڳ جو بيٽري تبديل يا ٻيهر چارج ڪرڻ جي ضرورت پوي. == خاصيتون == ايمبيڊڊ نظام خاص مقصد وارا ڪم سرانجام ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته عام مقصد وارا ڪمپيوٽر ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڪمن لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڪجهه ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ|حقيقي وقت]] (Real-time) جون ڪارڪردگي گهرجون لاڳو هونديون آهن، جيئن حفاظت ۽ استعمال جي سهولت کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي؛ جڏهن⁠ته ٻين ۾ ڪارڪردگي جون گهرجون تمام گهٽ يا نه هجڻ برابر هونديون آهن، جنهن سبب نظام جي هارڊويئر کي سادو بڻائي قيمت گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام هميشه الڳ ڊوائيس نه هوندا آهن. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو ننڍڙو حصو هوندا آهن، جيڪو وڌيڪ عام مقصد سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. مثال طور [[گبسن روبوٽ گٽار]] ۾ تارن کي پاڻمرادو ٺيڪ سُر ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ هڪ ايمبيڊڊ نظام موجود هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته سڄي گٽار جو بنيادي مقصد موسيقي وڄائڻ هوندو آهي.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |title=Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708195311/http://embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |archive-date=2008-07-08 |author=David Carey |date=2008-04-22 |magazine=Embedded Systems Design}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح [[گاڏي]] ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام، گاڏي جي هڪ ذيلي نظام (Subsystem) طور مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. [[File:ESOM270 eSOM300 Computer on Modules.jpg|thumb|e-con Systems جا eSOM270 ۽ eSOM300 ڪمپيوٽر ماڊيول]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ لکيل پروگرام هدايتن کي [[فرم ويئر]] چيو ويندو آهي. اهي عام طور صرف پڙهڻ واري يادگيري (ROM) يا [[فليش يادگيري]] جي چِپن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي محدود ڪمپيوٽري وسيلن سان ڪم ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ گهٽ يادگيري، ننڍڙي يا بلڪل نه هجڻ برابر ڪيبورڊ يا اسڪرين. === استعمال ڪندڙ جو رابطو === [[File:MicroVGA TUI demoapp.jpg|thumb|MicroVGA استعمال ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظام جو [[متني استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]]<ref group="nb" name="MicroVGA">For more details of MicroVGA see this [http://www.microvga.com/pdf/uvga-text-ds.pdf PDF].</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطي جا طريقا بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪي نظام اهڙا هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[بغير استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو وارو ڪمپيوٽر|ڪو به استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] نه هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي صرف هڪ ئي ڪم لاءِ مخصوص هوندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه نظام جديد ڪمپيوٽرن جهڙا پيچيده [[گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] (GUI) رکن ٿا. سادا ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس [[بٽڻ]]، [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED)، گرافيائي يا حرفي [[مائع قلمو نمايشگر]] (LCD) ۽ سادي [[مينيو (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|مينيو]] تي ٻڌل نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. وڌيڪ ترقي يافته ڊوائيس، جيڪي گرافيائي اسڪرين، [[ڇهاءُ حساس اسڪرين]] يا اسڪرين جي ڪنارن تي موجود [[سافٽ ڪي]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، گهٽ جڳهه والاريندي وڌيڪ لچڪ فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙين حالتن ۾ بٽڻن جو مطلب اسڪرين تي ڏيکاريل مواد مطابق تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو، ۽ استعمال ڪندڙ رڳو گهربل شئي تي ڇهڻ سان چونڊ ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڪجهه نظام [[سيريل رابطي]] (جهڙوڪ [[آر ايس-232]]) يا نيٽ ورڪ (جهڙوڪ [[ايٿرنيٽ]]) ذريعي پري کان استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطو فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان ايمبيڊڊ نظام جون صلاحيتون وڌن ٿيون، الڳ ڊسپلي جي ضرورت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي، [[بورڊ سپورٽ پيڪيج]] (BSP) سادو بڻجي وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڊزائنر ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر تي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو تيار ڪري سگهن ٿا. ان جو سٺو مثال ڪنهن [[آئي پي ڪيمرا]] يا [[نيٽ ورڪ رائوٽر]] ۾ هلندڙ [[ايمبيڊڊ ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي سرور]] آهي، جنهن جو استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيل ڪمپيوٽر جي [[ويب برائوزر]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو آهي. === ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ پروسيسر === عام مقصد وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽرن جون خاصيتون گهٽ بجلي واپرائڻ، ننڍڙي جسامت، سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ في يونٽ گهٽ قيمت هونديون آهن. البت ان جي بدلي ۾ انهن وٽ پروسيسنگ جا وسيلا محدود هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ خاص طور تي [[عام مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي فهرست|بيشمار مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. عام مقصد وارا مائڪرو پروسيسر به ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، پر انهن کي عام طور مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مددگار سرڪٽري جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. ==== تيار ٿيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊ ==== [[PC/104]] ۽ PC/104+ ننڍن، گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ۽ سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ تيار ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊن جا معياري مثال آهن. اهي گهڻو ڪري x86 بنياد وارا هوندا آهن ۽ روايتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ جسامت ۾ ننڍا، پر گهڻن سادن (8/16-bit) ايمبيڊڊ نظامن کان وڏا هوندا آهن. انهن ۾ [[لينڪس]] يا [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]] جهڙا معياري آپريٽنگ نظام، يا [[MicroC/OS-II]]، [[QNX]] ۽ [[VxWorks]] جهڙا ايمبيڊڊ [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾، جتي ننڍڙي جسامت يا توانائي جي بچت بنيادي ضرورت نه هجي، اتي اهڙا جزا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي عام مقصد وارن x86 ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان هم آهنگ هوندا آهن. VIA جي [[اي پي آءِ اي]] جهڙا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان مطابقت رکندي به وڌيڪ مربوط، ننڍي جسامت وارا يا ٻين خاصيتن سبب ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي انجنيئرن لاءِ پرڪشش هوندا آهن. هن طريقي جو فائدو اهو آهي ته گهٽ قيمت وارا معياري جزا ۽ اهي ئي سافٽويئر ترقياتي اوزار استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، جيڪي عام ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر جي ترقي ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان تيار ڪيل نظام اڃا به ايمبيڊڊ نظام سڏبا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو حصو هوندا آهن ۽ هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. هن طريقي جا مثال [[خودڪار ٽيلر مشين]] (ATM) ۽ [[آرڪيڊ مشين]]ون آهن، جن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪوڊ مخصوص مقصد لاءِ لکيل هوندو آهي. e2a7k504e0k7j9qasaq3wkfz5dsklnk 390306 390305 2026-07-01T11:53:44Z Intisar Ali 8681 390306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. == تاريخ == === پسمنظر === {{See also|مائڪروپروسيسر ڪرونالاجي}} مائڪرو پروسيسر ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي شروعات کي [[موس مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS) سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو [[موسفيٽ]] (MOS) (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]) مان تيار ڪيل [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] چِپ آهي ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ترقي ڪئي وئي. 1964ع تائين MOS چِپن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڪثافت وڌيڪ ۽ پيداوار جي قيمت [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر|بائي پولر]] چِپن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ٿي چڪي هئي. ان کان پوءِ [[مور جو قانون]] مطابق MOS چِپن جي پيچيدگي تيزيءَ سان وڌندي رهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين [[وڏي پيماني واري مربوطي]] (LSI) ممڪن ٿي، جتي هڪ ئي MOS چِپ تي سوين [[ٽرانزسٽر]] شامل هوندا هئا. ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ MOS LSI چِپن جي استعمال سان پهرين مائڪرو پروسيسرن جي بنياد پئي، جڏهن انجنيئرن اهو محسوس ڪيو ته مڪمل ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر نظام کي چند MOS LSI چِپن تي سموئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> پهريان گهڻ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر، [[چار-فيز نظام اي ايل1]] (1969ع) ۽ [[گاريٽ اي آء ريسرچ]] [[ايم پي 944]] (1970ع)، ڪيترن ئي MOS LSI چِپن تي ٻڌل هئا. پهريون هڪ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] هو، جيڪو 1971ع ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ان کي [[فيڊريڪو فيگن]] پنهنجي [[سلڪون-گيٽ]] MOS ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي [[انٽيل]] جي انجنيئرن [[مارسيئن هوف]] ۽ [[اسٽين ميزور]] سان گڏ، ۽ [[بسيڪام]] جي انجنيئر [[ماساتوشي شيما]] جي سهڪار سان تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> === ترقي === پهريون جديد طرز جو سڃاڻپ لائق ايمبيڊڊ نظام [[اپالو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو،<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=1962: Aerospace systems are the first applications for ICs in computers |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/aerospace-systems-are-first-the-applications-for-ics-in-computers/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 1965ع ۾ [[چارلس اسٽارڪ ڊريپر]] طرفان[[ايم آئي ٽي انسٽرومينٽيشن ليبارٽري]] ۾ تيار ڪيو ويو. منصوبي جي شروعات ۾ اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر کي سڄي اپولو منصوبي جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري وارو حصو سمجهيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان ۾ ڪمپيوٽر جي سائيز ۽ وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ نون تيار ڪيل [[مونولٿڪ مربوط سرڪٽ]] استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا. شروعاتي وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن مان هڪ [[منٽمين ميزائل]] لاءِ [[آٽونيٽڪس D-17 گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جيڪو 1961ع ۾ متعارف ٿيو. جڏهن 1966ع ۾ منٽمين II جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، ته D-17 جي جاءِ هڪ نئين ڪمپيوٽر ورتي، جيڪو مربوط سرڪٽن جي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال جو پهريون مثال بڻيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي انهن شروعاتي استعمالن کان پوءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي قيمت ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي، جڏهن ته انهن جي پروسيسنگ طاقت ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ ٿي. شروعاتي مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] (1971ع) [[ڪيلڪيوليٽر]]ن ۽ ٻين ننڍن نظامن لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو، پر ان کي اڃا به ٻاهرين يادگيري ۽ مددگار چِپن جي ضرورت هوندي هئي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين يادگيري، ان پُٽ ۽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا جزا ساڳئي چِپ تي پروسيسر سان گڏ مربوط ڪيا ويا، جنهن سان مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر وجود ۾ آيو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي عام مقصد وارو ڪمپيوٽر تمام مهانگو ثابت ٿئي. مائڪرو پروسيسرن ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي قيمت گهٽجڻ سان ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جو استعمال تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. نسبتاً گهٽ قيمت وارو مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر ڪيترن ئي الڳ جزن جي برابر ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهي ٿو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي آمد سان، صارفين جي شين ۾ به مهانگا [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس|اينالاگ]] جزا، جهڙوڪ [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] ۽ [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]]، مائڪرو پروسيسر ذريعي پڙهيا ويندڙ مٿي/هيٺ بٽڻن يا ڪنٽرول نوبن سان مٽائڻ ممڪن ٿي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ اهڙي صورت ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام روايتي حل جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندو آهي، پر اها پيچيدگي گهڻي ڀاڱي خود مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي اندر هوندي آهي. نتيجي ۾ تمام ٿورا اضافي جزا گهربل هوندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي گهڻي ڪوشش سافٽويئر تي مرڪوز هوندي آهي. سافٽويئر جو نمونو (پروٽو ٽائيپ) تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي جاچ، اهڙي نئين سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تعمير جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر استعمال نه ڪيو ويو هجي. == استعمال == [[File:Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg|thumb|Accupoll اليڪٽرانڪ ووٽنگ مشين لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽر سب-اسيمبلي<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/|title=Electronic Frontier Foundation|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation}}</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي صارفين جي شين، صنعتي نظامن، [[گاڏين جي صنعت]]، [[گهريلو اوزار]]ن، طبي اوزارن، مواصلات، واپاري نظامن، هوابازي ۽ فوجي استعمالن ۾ ملندا آهن. [[ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن نظام]]ن ۾ نيٽ ورڪ لاءِ [[ٽيليفون ايڪسچينج]]ن کان وٺي آخري استعمال ڪندڙ وٽ موجود [[موبائل فون]]ن تائين بيشمار ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ڪمپيوٽر نيٽ ورڪن ۾ ڊيٽا جي منتقلي لاءِ خاص [[رائوٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|رائوٽر]] ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ برج]] استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ [[ايم پي 3 پليئر]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[موبائل فون]]، [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]]، [[ڊجيٽل ڪيمرا]]، [[جي پي ايس رسيور]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پرنٽر|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن. گهريلو اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪروويو اوون]]، [[واشنگ مشين]] ۽ [[ڊش واشر]]، لچڪ، ڪارڪردگي ۽ وڌيڪ سهولتن لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. جديد [[گرمائش، هواداري ۽ ايئر ڪنڊيشننگ]] (HVAC) نظام نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي ڏينهن جي وقت ۽ [[موسم]] جي تبديليءَ مطابق گرمي پد کي وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مؤثر طريقي سان ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. [[گهر جي خودڪاري]] (ھوم آٽوميشن) ۾ تارن وارا ۽ بغير تارن وارا نيٽ ورڪ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ذريعي روشني، موسمي ڪنٽرول، سيڪيورٽي، آڊيو/وڊيو، نگراني وغيره کي سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، ۽ انهن سڀني ۾ احساس (سينسنگ) ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس استعمال ٿيندا آهن. هوائي سفر کان وٺي گاڏين تائين ٽرانسپورٽ جا نظام وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. جديد [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ ترقي يافته [[ايويونڪس]]، جهڙوڪ [[انرشيل گائيڊنس سسٽم]] ۽ [[جي پي ايس رسيور]]، شامل هوندا آهن، جن لاءِ اعليٰ حفاظتي گهرجون پڻ هونديون آهن. [[خلائي جهاز]] پنهنجي رستي جي درستگي لاءِ [[خلائي جهازي برقيات]] (ااسٽرائيونِڪس) تي ڀاڙيندا آهن. مختلف برقي موٽر، جهڙوڪ [[برش کان آزاد ڊي سي موٽر]]، [[انڊڪشن موٽر]] ۽ [[ڊي سي موٽر]]، اليڪٽرانڪ [[موٽر ڪنٽرولر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن. [[گاڏي]]ون، [[برقي گاڏي]]ون ۽ [[هائبرڊ گاڏي]]ون ڪارڪردگي وڌائڻ ۽ آلودگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪن ٿيون. گاڏين جي ٻين حفاظتي نظامن ۾ [[اينٽي لاڪ بريڪنگ سسٽم]] (ABS)، [[اليڪٽرانڪ استحڪام ڪنٽرول]] (ESC/ESP)، [[ٽريڪشن ڪنٽرول]] (TCS) ۽ خودڪار [[چار ڦيٿن واري ڊرائيو]] شامل آهن. [[طبي اوزار]] نگراني ([[طبي نگراني]]) ۽ مختلف [[طبي تصويرنگ]] طريقن، جهڙوڪ [[پوزيٽرون ايميشن ٽوموگرافي]] (PET)، [[سنگل فوٽان ايميشن ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (SPECT)، [[ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT) ۽ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرنگ]] (MRI)، ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي جسم جي اندروني حصن جي بغير جراحي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. طبي اوزارن ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام اڪثر صنعتي ڪمپيوٽرن ذريعي هلندا آهن.<ref>[http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127080734/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell |date=2013-01-27 }}. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06.</ref> ايمبيڊڊ نظام هوابازي ۽ دفاعي صنعتن ۾ [[حياتي-اهم نظام]] (سيفٽي-ڪرٽيڪل سسٽمز) لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي IoT نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ چِپ تي موجود 3G سيلولر يا ٻين وائرڊ/وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن سان ڳنڍيل نه هجن، ته اهي هيڪنگ کان الڳ رهندا آهن ۽ ان ڪري وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} باهه کان تحفظ لاءِ اهڙا نظام وڌيڪ گرمي پد برداشت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪم جاري رکڻ جي صلاحيت سان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. سيڪيورٽي جي لحاظ کان، ايمبيڊڊ نظام خودمختيار ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ بجلي يا مواصلاتي رابطا ختم ٿيڻ جي صورت ۾ به ڪم جاري رکي سگهن ٿا. ننڍڙا وائرليس ڊوائيس، جن کي [[موٽ (سينسر)|موٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي، نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل وائرليس سينسر هوندا آهن. [[وائرليس سينسر نيٽ ورڪ]] جديد [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ڊزائن ذريعي حاصل ٿيندڙ ننڍڙي سائيز جي ٽيڪنالاجي استعمال ڪري مڪمل وائرليس ذيلي نظامن کي ترقي يافته سينسرن سان ڳنڍيندو آهي، جنهن سان ماڻهو ۽ ادارا حقيقي دنيا ۾ بيشمار شين جي ماپ ڪري سگهن ٿا ۽ انهن معلوماتن کي نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا. اهي موٽ مڪمل طور خودمختيار هوندا آهن ۽ عام طور تي بيٽرين تي ڪيترن ئي سالن تائين هلندا آهن، ان کان اڳ جو بيٽري تبديل يا ٻيهر چارج ڪرڻ جي ضرورت پوي. == خاصيتون == ايمبيڊڊ نظام خاص مقصد وارا ڪم سرانجام ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته عام مقصد وارا ڪمپيوٽر ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڪمن لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڪجهه ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ|حقيقي وقت]] (Real-time) جون ڪارڪردگي گهرجون لاڳو هونديون آهن، جيئن حفاظت ۽ استعمال جي سهولت کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي؛ جڏهن⁠ته ٻين ۾ ڪارڪردگي جون گهرجون تمام گهٽ يا نه هجڻ برابر هونديون آهن، جنهن سبب نظام جي هارڊويئر کي سادو بڻائي قيمت گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام هميشه الڳ ڊوائيس نه هوندا آهن. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو ننڍڙو حصو هوندا آهن، جيڪو وڌيڪ عام مقصد سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. مثال طور [[گبسن روبوٽ گٽار]] ۾ تارن کي پاڻمرادو ٺيڪ سُر ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ هڪ ايمبيڊڊ نظام موجود هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته سڄي گٽار جو بنيادي مقصد موسيقي وڄائڻ هوندو آهي.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |title=Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708195311/http://embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |archive-date=2008-07-08 |author=David Carey |date=2008-04-22 |magazine=Embedded Systems Design}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح [[گاڏي]] ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام، گاڏي جي هڪ ذيلي نظام (Subsystem) طور مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. [[File:ESOM270 eSOM300 Computer on Modules.jpg|thumb|e-con Systems جا eSOM270 ۽ eSOM300 ڪمپيوٽر ماڊيول]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ لکيل پروگرام هدايتن کي [[فرم ويئر]] چيو ويندو آهي. اهي عام طور صرف پڙهڻ واري يادگيري (ROM) يا [[فليش يادگيري]] جي چِپن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي محدود ڪمپيوٽري وسيلن سان ڪم ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ گهٽ يادگيري، ننڍڙي يا بلڪل نه هجڻ برابر ڪيبورڊ يا اسڪرين. === استعمال ڪندڙ جو رابطو === [[File:MicroVGA TUI demoapp.jpg|thumb|MicroVGA استعمال ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظام جو [[متني استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]]<ref group="nb" name="MicroVGA">For more details of MicroVGA see this [http://www.microvga.com/pdf/uvga-text-ds.pdf PDF].</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطي جا طريقا بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪي نظام اهڙا هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[بغير استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو وارو ڪمپيوٽر|ڪو به استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] نه هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي صرف هڪ ئي ڪم لاءِ مخصوص هوندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه نظام جديد ڪمپيوٽرن جهڙا پيچيده [[گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] (GUI) رکن ٿا. سادا ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس [[بٽڻ]]، [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED)، گرافيائي يا حرفي [[مائع قلمو نمايشگر]] (LCD) ۽ سادي [[مينيو (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|مينيو]] تي ٻڌل نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. وڌيڪ ترقي يافته ڊوائيس، جيڪي گرافيائي اسڪرين، [[ڇهاءُ حساس اسڪرين]] يا اسڪرين جي ڪنارن تي موجود [[سافٽ ڪي]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، گهٽ جڳهه والاريندي وڌيڪ لچڪ فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙين حالتن ۾ بٽڻن جو مطلب اسڪرين تي ڏيکاريل مواد مطابق تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو، ۽ استعمال ڪندڙ رڳو گهربل شئي تي ڇهڻ سان چونڊ ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڪجهه نظام [[سيريل رابطي]] (جهڙوڪ [[آر ايس-232]]) يا نيٽ ورڪ (جهڙوڪ [[ايٿرنيٽ]]) ذريعي پري کان استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطو فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان ايمبيڊڊ نظام جون صلاحيتون وڌن ٿيون، الڳ ڊسپلي جي ضرورت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي، [[بورڊ سپورٽ پيڪيج]] (BSP) سادو بڻجي وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڊزائنر ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر تي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو تيار ڪري سگهن ٿا. ان جو سٺو مثال ڪنهن [[آئي پي ڪيمرا]] يا [[نيٽ ورڪ رائوٽر]] ۾ هلندڙ [[ايمبيڊڊ ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي سرور]] آهي، جنهن جو استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيل ڪمپيوٽر جي [[ويب برائوزر]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو آهي. === ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ پروسيسر === عام مقصد وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽرن جون خاصيتون گهٽ بجلي واپرائڻ، ننڍڙي جسامت، سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ في يونٽ گهٽ قيمت هونديون آهن. البت ان جي بدلي ۾ انهن وٽ پروسيسنگ جا وسيلا محدود هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ خاص طور تي [[عام مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي فهرست|بيشمار مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. عام مقصد وارا مائڪرو پروسيسر به ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، پر انهن کي عام طور مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مددگار سرڪٽري جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. ==== تيار ٿيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊ ==== [[PC/104]] ۽ PC/104+ ننڍن، گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ۽ سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ تيار ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊن جا معياري مثال آهن. اهي گهڻو ڪري x86 بنياد وارا هوندا آهن ۽ روايتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ جسامت ۾ ننڍا، پر گهڻن سادن (8/16-bit) ايمبيڊڊ نظامن کان وڏا هوندا آهن. انهن ۾ [[لينڪس]] يا [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]] جهڙا معياري آپريٽنگ نظام، يا [[مائڪرو سي/او ايس-II]]، [[ڪيو اين ايڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڪس ورڪس]] جهڙا ايمبيڊڊ [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾، جتي ننڍڙي جسامت يا توانائي جي بچت بنيادي ضرورت نه هجي، اتي اهڙا جزا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي عام مقصد وارن x86 ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان هم آهنگ هوندا آهن. VIA جي [[اي پي آءِ اي]] جهڙا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان مطابقت رکندي به وڌيڪ مربوط، ننڍي جسامت وارا يا ٻين خاصيتن سبب ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي انجنيئرن لاءِ پرڪشش هوندا آهن. هن طريقي جو فائدو اهو آهي ته گهٽ قيمت وارا معياري جزا ۽ اهي ئي سافٽويئر ترقياتي اوزار استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، جيڪي عام ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر جي ترقي ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان تيار ڪيل نظام اڃا به ايمبيڊڊ نظام سڏبا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو حصو هوندا آهن ۽ هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. هن طريقي جا مثال [[خودڪار ٽيلر مشين]] (ATM) ۽ [[آرڪيڊ مشين]]ون آهن، جن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪوڊ مخصوص مقصد لاءِ لکيل هوندو آهي. پر گهڻا تيار ٿيل ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن تي ٻڌل نه هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي [[انڊسٽري اسٽينڊرڊ آرڪيٽيڪچر]] (ISA) يا [[پيريفيرل ڪمپوننٽ انٽرڪنيڪٽ]] (PCI) بس استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] (SoC) پروسيسر استعمال ٿيندو آهي، تڏهن الڳ جزن کي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ معياري بس رکڻ جو فائدو تمام گهٽ هوندو آهي، ۽ هارڊويئر توڙي سافٽويئر اوزارن جو ماحول به بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهي ٿو. هڪ عام ڊزائن انداز ۾ ننڍڙو نظامي ماڊيول استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ڪاروباري ڪارڊ جيتري جسامت جو به ٿي سگهي ٿو. ان ۾ اعليٰ ڪثافت وارا [[بال گرڊ ايري]] (BGA) چِپ، جهڙوڪ [[آرم آرڪيٽيڪچر]] تي ٻڌل [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] پروسيسر ۽ ان سان لاڳاپيل پيريفيرلز، ذخيري لاءِ ٻاهرين [[فليش يادگيري]] ۽ هلندڙ يادگيري لاءِ [[ڊائنامڪ رينڊم ايڪسيس ميموري]] (DRAM) شامل هوندي آهي. ماڊيول ٺاهيندڙ عام طور شروعاتي (Boot) سافٽويئر مهيا ڪندو آهي ۽ مختلف آپريٽنگ نظامن جي سهولت پڻ ڏيندو آهي، جن ۾ عام طور [[لينڪس]] ۽ ڪجهه [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) شامل هوندا آهن. اهڙا ماڊيول وڏي مقدار ۾ تيار ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ پوءِ گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ خاص مقصد وارن مين بورڊن سان، جن تي مخصوص پيريفيرلز لڳل هوندا آهن، گڏ ڪيا ويندا آهن. هن طريقي جا نمايان مثال [[آرڊوينو]] ۽ [[راسبيري پائي]] آهن. ==== ASIC ۽ FPGA تي ٻڌل SoC حل ==== [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] (SoC) هڪ اهڙي چِپ آهي، جنهن ۾ مڪمل نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ ڪيترائي پروسيسر، ملٽي پلائر، ڪيش، مختلف قسمن جون يادگيريون ۽ گهڻو ڪري تار وارن يا وائرليس رابطن لاءِ مختلف انٽرفيس پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. اهڙين چِپن ۾ اڪثر [[گرافيڪس پروسيسنگ يونٽ]] (GPU) ۽ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) پڻ موجود هوندا آهن. SoC کي يا ته [[ايپليڪيشن مخصوص مربوط سرڪٽ]] (ASIC) جي صورت ۾ يا [[فيلڊ-پروگرامبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ذريعي تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي عام طور ٻيهر ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. ASIC تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد وڏي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[موبائل فون]] ۽ [[سمارٽ فون]]، ۾ عام آهي. جڏهن⁠ته ASIC يا FPGA تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد اهڙن ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جتي سگنل پروسيسنگ، انٽرفيس يا اعتبار جي لحاظ کان خاص گهرجون هجن، جيئن [[ايويونڪس]] ۾. === پيريفيرلز === [[File:SMSC LAN91C110 ethernet chip.jpg|thumb|SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) ايمبيڊڊ [[ايٿرنيٽ]] چِپ]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام ٻاهرين دنيا سان [[پيريفيرل]]ن ذريعي رابطو ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ: * [[سيريل رابطي جو انٽرفيس]] (SCI): [[آر ايس-232]]، [[آر ايس-422]]، [[آر ايس-485]] وغيره. * [[هم وقتي سيريل انٽرفيس]]: [[I2C]]، [[سيريل پيريفيرل انٽرفيس]] (SPI)، SSC ۽ ESSI. * [[يونيورسل سيريل بس]] (USB) * ميديا ڪارڊ ([[ايس ڊي ڪارڊ]]، [[ڪامپيڪٽ فليش]] وغيره) * [[نيٽ ورڪ انٽرفيس ڪنٽرولر]]: [[ايٿرنيٽ]]، [[وائي فائي]] وغيره. * [[فيلڊ بس]]: [[ڪين بس]] CAN، [[مقامي انٽرڪنيڪٽ نيٽ ورڪ|LIN بس]]، [[پروفي بس]] وغيره. * ٽائمر: [[فيز لاڪڊ لوپ]]، [[پروگرامبل انٽرول ٽائمر]] * [[عام مقصد ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] (GPIO) * [[اينالاگ کان ڊجيٽل ڪنورٽر]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل کان اينالاگ ڪنورٽر]] * ڊيبگنگ: [[جي ٽيگ]] (JTAG)، [[اِن-سسٽم پروگرامنگ]]، بيڪگرائونڊ ڊيبگ موڊ انٽرفيس پورٽ، BITP ۽ DB9 پورٽ. === اوزار === ٻين سافٽويئرن وانگر، ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جا ڊزائنر به [[ڪمپائلر]]، [[اسمبلر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|اسمبلر]] ۽ [[ڊيبگر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، پر ان سان گڏ هيٺيان خاص اوزار پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا: * اِن-سرڪٽ ڊيبگر يا ايميوليٽر (ڏسو [[#ڊيبگنگ]]). * اهڙا اوزار، جيڪي پروگرام ۾ چيڪ سم يا [[سائيڪلنڪ ريڊنڊنسي چيڪ]] (CRC) شامل ڪن، جيئن ايمبيڊڊ نظام پروگرام جي درست هجڻ جي تصديق ڪري سگهي. * [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسنگ]] استعمال ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[حسابي نوٽ بڪ]]، جنهن ذريعي رياضيائي نمونن جي نقل (Simulation) ڪئي وڃي. * نظامي سطح جا ماڊلنگ ۽ سموليشن اوزار، جيڪي پروسيسر، [[يادگيري]]، [[سڌي يادگيري رسائي]] (DMA)، [[انٽرفيس (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|انٽرفيس]]، بس ۽ سافٽويئر جي وهڪري جا ماڊل تيار ڪن. انهن ذريعي توانائي، ڪارڪردگي، اعتبار ۽ رڪاوٽن جو جائزو وٺي مناسب جزا چونڊيا ويندا آهن. * ماڊل تي ٻڌل ترقياتي اوزار، جيڪي گرافيائي ڊيٽا فلو ۽ UML اسٽيٽ چارٽ جي صورت ۾ جزن، جهڙوڪ ڊجيٽل فلٽر، موٽر ڪنٽرولر، رابطي جي پروٽوڪول ۽ گهڻ-رفتاري وارن ڪمن جا ماڊل تيار ۽ نقل ڪن. * خاص هارڊويئر لاءِ بهتر ڪيل [[ڪمپائلر]] ۽ لنڪر. * ايمبيڊڊ نظام لاءِ پنهنجون خاص پروگرامنگ ٻوليون يا اوزار، يا موجوده ٻولين جهڙوڪ [[فورٿ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|فورٿ]] يا [[بيسڪ اسٽيمپ]] جون واڌايون. * يا وري [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) يا [[ايمبيڊڊ آپريٽنگ نظام]] جو استعمال. * [[يو ايم ايل اوزار]]، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري [[يو ايم ايل اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهي سافٽويئر اوزار مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿي سگهن ٿا: * ايمبيڊڊ مارڪيٽ ۾ ماهر سافٽويئر ڪمپنيون. * [[GNU]] جا پورٽ ڪيل ترقياتي اوزار. * يا جيڪڏهن ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر عام ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جي پروسيسر سان ويجهو لاڳاپيل هجي، ته ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جا ترقياتي اوزار پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ايمبيڊڊ سافٽويئر جي ترقي لاءِ عام طور ڪيترن ئي اوزارن جي ضرورت هوندي آهي، جن ۾ [[سي++]]، [[رسٽ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|رسٽ]] ۽ [[پائٿن (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|پائٿن]] جهڙيون پروگرامنگ ٻوليون، ۽ گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ڪيو ٽي]] جهڙا فريم ورڪ شامل آهن. اهي اوزار ڊولپرن کي اهڙيون مؤثر، توسيع لائق ۽ خصوصيتن سان ڀرپور ايپليڪيشنون تيار ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا، جيڪي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي مخصوص گهرجن کي پورو ڪن. اوزارن جي چونڊ عام طور حقيقي وقت واري ڪارڪردگي، هارڊويئر سان هم آهنگي ۽ توانائي جي بچت جهڙن عنصرن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي. جيئن⁠جيئن ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿيندا پيا وڃن، تيئن اعليٰ درجي جا اوزار ۽ آپريٽنگ نظام به انهن ۾ شامل ٿيندا پيا وڃن. مثال طور [[موبائل فون]]، [[ذاتي ڊجيٽل مددگار]] (PDA) ۽ ٻيا صارف ڪمپيوٽر اڪثر اهڙي اهم سافٽويئر جا محتاج هوندا آهن، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ بدران ڪنهن ٽئين ڌر طرفان تيار يا مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهڙن نظامن ۾ [[لينڪس]]، [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]]، [[فري بي ايس ڊي]]، [[او ايس جي آئي]] يا [[ايمبيڊڊ جاوا]] جهڙو کليل پروگرامنگ ماحول ضروري هوندو آهي، جيئن ٽئين ڌر جا سافٽويئر تيار ڪندڙ وڏي مارڪيٽ تائين پنهنجيون ايپليڪيشنون پهچائي سگهن. c4e2sbbkx4z2zi4j056csilgu96xpwl 390307 390306 2026-07-01T11:55:25Z Intisar Ali 8681 390307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. == تاريخ == === پسمنظر === {{See also|مائڪروپروسيسر ڪرونالاجي}} مائڪرو پروسيسر ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي شروعات کي [[موس مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS) سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو [[موسفيٽ]] (MOS) (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]) مان تيار ڪيل [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] چِپ آهي ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ترقي ڪئي وئي. 1964ع تائين MOS چِپن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڪثافت وڌيڪ ۽ پيداوار جي قيمت [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر|بائي پولر]] چِپن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ٿي چڪي هئي. ان کان پوءِ [[مور جو قانون]] مطابق MOS چِپن جي پيچيدگي تيزيءَ سان وڌندي رهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين [[وڏي پيماني واري مربوطي]] (LSI) ممڪن ٿي، جتي هڪ ئي MOS چِپ تي سوين [[ٽرانزسٽر]] شامل هوندا هئا. ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ MOS LSI چِپن جي استعمال سان پهرين مائڪرو پروسيسرن جي بنياد پئي، جڏهن انجنيئرن اهو محسوس ڪيو ته مڪمل ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر نظام کي چند MOS LSI چِپن تي سموئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> پهريان گهڻ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر، [[چار-فيز نظام اي ايل1]] (1969ع) ۽ [[گاريٽ اي آء ريسرچ]] [[ايم پي 944]] (1970ع)، ڪيترن ئي MOS LSI چِپن تي ٻڌل هئا. پهريون هڪ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] هو، جيڪو 1971ع ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ان کي [[فيڊريڪو فيگن]] پنهنجي [[سلڪون-گيٽ]] MOS ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي [[انٽيل]] جي انجنيئرن [[مارسيئن هوف]] ۽ [[اسٽين ميزور]] سان گڏ، ۽ [[بسيڪام]] جي انجنيئر [[ماساتوشي شيما]] جي سهڪار سان تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> === ترقي === پهريون جديد طرز جو سڃاڻپ لائق ايمبيڊڊ نظام [[اپالو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو،<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=1962: Aerospace systems are the first applications for ICs in computers |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/aerospace-systems-are-first-the-applications-for-ics-in-computers/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 1965ع ۾ [[چارلس اسٽارڪ ڊريپر]] طرفان[[ايم آئي ٽي انسٽرومينٽيشن ليبارٽري]] ۾ تيار ڪيو ويو. منصوبي جي شروعات ۾ اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر کي سڄي اپولو منصوبي جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري وارو حصو سمجهيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان ۾ ڪمپيوٽر جي سائيز ۽ وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ نون تيار ڪيل [[مونولٿڪ مربوط سرڪٽ]] استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا. شروعاتي وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن مان هڪ [[منٽمين ميزائل]] لاءِ [[آٽونيٽڪس D-17 گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جيڪو 1961ع ۾ متعارف ٿيو. جڏهن 1966ع ۾ منٽمين II جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، ته D-17 جي جاءِ هڪ نئين ڪمپيوٽر ورتي، جيڪو مربوط سرڪٽن جي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال جو پهريون مثال بڻيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي انهن شروعاتي استعمالن کان پوءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي قيمت ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي، جڏهن ته انهن جي پروسيسنگ طاقت ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ ٿي. شروعاتي مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] (1971ع) [[ڪيلڪيوليٽر]]ن ۽ ٻين ننڍن نظامن لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو، پر ان کي اڃا به ٻاهرين يادگيري ۽ مددگار چِپن جي ضرورت هوندي هئي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين يادگيري، ان پُٽ ۽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا جزا ساڳئي چِپ تي پروسيسر سان گڏ مربوط ڪيا ويا، جنهن سان مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر وجود ۾ آيو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي عام مقصد وارو ڪمپيوٽر تمام مهانگو ثابت ٿئي. مائڪرو پروسيسرن ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي قيمت گهٽجڻ سان ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جو استعمال تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. نسبتاً گهٽ قيمت وارو مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر ڪيترن ئي الڳ جزن جي برابر ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهي ٿو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي آمد سان، صارفين جي شين ۾ به مهانگا [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس|اينالاگ]] جزا، جهڙوڪ [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] ۽ [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]]، مائڪرو پروسيسر ذريعي پڙهيا ويندڙ مٿي/هيٺ بٽڻن يا ڪنٽرول نوبن سان مٽائڻ ممڪن ٿي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ اهڙي صورت ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام روايتي حل جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندو آهي، پر اها پيچيدگي گهڻي ڀاڱي خود مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي اندر هوندي آهي. نتيجي ۾ تمام ٿورا اضافي جزا گهربل هوندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي گهڻي ڪوشش سافٽويئر تي مرڪوز هوندي آهي. سافٽويئر جو نمونو (پروٽو ٽائيپ) تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي جاچ، اهڙي نئين سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تعمير جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر استعمال نه ڪيو ويو هجي. == استعمال == [[File:Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg|thumb|Accupoll اليڪٽرانڪ ووٽنگ مشين لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽر سب-اسيمبلي<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/|title=Electronic Frontier Foundation|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation}}</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي صارفين جي شين، صنعتي نظامن، [[گاڏين جي صنعت]]، [[گهريلو اوزار]]ن، طبي اوزارن، مواصلات، واپاري نظامن، هوابازي ۽ فوجي استعمالن ۾ ملندا آهن. [[ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن نظام]]ن ۾ نيٽ ورڪ لاءِ [[ٽيليفون ايڪسچينج]]ن کان وٺي آخري استعمال ڪندڙ وٽ موجود [[موبائل فون]]ن تائين بيشمار ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ڪمپيوٽر نيٽ ورڪن ۾ ڊيٽا جي منتقلي لاءِ خاص [[رائوٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|رائوٽر]] ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ برج]] استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ [[ايم پي 3 پليئر]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[موبائل فون]]، [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]]، [[ڊجيٽل ڪيمرا]]، [[جي پي ايس رسيور]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پرنٽر|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن. گهريلو اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪروويو اوون]]، [[واشنگ مشين]] ۽ [[ڊش واشر]]، لچڪ، ڪارڪردگي ۽ وڌيڪ سهولتن لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. جديد [[گرمائش، هواداري ۽ ايئر ڪنڊيشننگ]] (HVAC) نظام نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي ڏينهن جي وقت ۽ [[موسم]] جي تبديليءَ مطابق گرمي پد کي وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مؤثر طريقي سان ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. [[گهر جي خودڪاري]] (ھوم آٽوميشن) ۾ تارن وارا ۽ بغير تارن وارا نيٽ ورڪ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ذريعي روشني، موسمي ڪنٽرول، سيڪيورٽي، آڊيو/وڊيو، نگراني وغيره کي سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، ۽ انهن سڀني ۾ احساس (سينسنگ) ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس استعمال ٿيندا آهن. هوائي سفر کان وٺي گاڏين تائين ٽرانسپورٽ جا نظام وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. جديد [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ ترقي يافته [[ايويونڪس]]، جهڙوڪ [[انرشيل گائيڊنس سسٽم]] ۽ [[جي پي ايس رسيور]]، شامل هوندا آهن، جن لاءِ اعليٰ حفاظتي گهرجون پڻ هونديون آهن. [[خلائي جهاز]] پنهنجي رستي جي درستگي لاءِ [[خلائي جهازي برقيات]] (ااسٽرائيونِڪس) تي ڀاڙيندا آهن. مختلف برقي موٽر، جهڙوڪ [[برش کان آزاد ڊي سي موٽر]]، [[انڊڪشن موٽر]] ۽ [[ڊي سي موٽر]]، اليڪٽرانڪ [[موٽر ڪنٽرولر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن. [[گاڏي]]ون، [[برقي گاڏي]]ون ۽ [[هائبرڊ گاڏي]]ون ڪارڪردگي وڌائڻ ۽ آلودگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪن ٿيون. گاڏين جي ٻين حفاظتي نظامن ۾ [[اينٽي لاڪ بريڪنگ سسٽم]] (ABS)، [[اليڪٽرانڪ استحڪام ڪنٽرول]] (ESC/ESP)، [[ٽريڪشن ڪنٽرول]] (TCS) ۽ خودڪار [[چار ڦيٿن واري ڊرائيو]] شامل آهن. [[طبي اوزار]] نگراني ([[طبي نگراني]]) ۽ مختلف [[طبي تصويرنگ]] طريقن، جهڙوڪ [[پوزيٽرون ايميشن ٽوموگرافي]] (PET)، [[سنگل فوٽان ايميشن ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (SPECT)، [[ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT) ۽ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرنگ]] (MRI)، ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي جسم جي اندروني حصن جي بغير جراحي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. طبي اوزارن ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام اڪثر صنعتي ڪمپيوٽرن ذريعي هلندا آهن.<ref>[http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127080734/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell |date=2013-01-27 }}. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06.</ref> ايمبيڊڊ نظام هوابازي ۽ دفاعي صنعتن ۾ [[حياتي-اهم نظام]] (سيفٽي-ڪرٽيڪل سسٽمز) لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي IoT نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ چِپ تي موجود 3G سيلولر يا ٻين وائرڊ/وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن سان ڳنڍيل نه هجن، ته اهي هيڪنگ کان الڳ رهندا آهن ۽ ان ڪري وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} باهه کان تحفظ لاءِ اهڙا نظام وڌيڪ گرمي پد برداشت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪم جاري رکڻ جي صلاحيت سان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. سيڪيورٽي جي لحاظ کان، ايمبيڊڊ نظام خودمختيار ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ بجلي يا مواصلاتي رابطا ختم ٿيڻ جي صورت ۾ به ڪم جاري رکي سگهن ٿا. ننڍڙا وائرليس ڊوائيس، جن کي [[موٽ (سينسر)|موٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي، نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل وائرليس سينسر هوندا آهن. [[وائرليس سينسر نيٽ ورڪ]] جديد [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ڊزائن ذريعي حاصل ٿيندڙ ننڍڙي سائيز جي ٽيڪنالاجي استعمال ڪري مڪمل وائرليس ذيلي نظامن کي ترقي يافته سينسرن سان ڳنڍيندو آهي، جنهن سان ماڻهو ۽ ادارا حقيقي دنيا ۾ بيشمار شين جي ماپ ڪري سگهن ٿا ۽ انهن معلوماتن کي نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا. اهي موٽ مڪمل طور خودمختيار هوندا آهن ۽ عام طور تي بيٽرين تي ڪيترن ئي سالن تائين هلندا آهن، ان کان اڳ جو بيٽري تبديل يا ٻيهر چارج ڪرڻ جي ضرورت پوي. == خاصيتون == ايمبيڊڊ نظام خاص مقصد وارا ڪم سرانجام ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته عام مقصد وارا ڪمپيوٽر ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڪمن لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڪجهه ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ|حقيقي وقت]] (Real-time) جون ڪارڪردگي گهرجون لاڳو هونديون آهن، جيئن حفاظت ۽ استعمال جي سهولت کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي؛ جڏهن⁠ته ٻين ۾ ڪارڪردگي جون گهرجون تمام گهٽ يا نه هجڻ برابر هونديون آهن، جنهن سبب نظام جي هارڊويئر کي سادو بڻائي قيمت گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام هميشه الڳ ڊوائيس نه هوندا آهن. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو ننڍڙو حصو هوندا آهن، جيڪو وڌيڪ عام مقصد سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. مثال طور [[گبسن روبوٽ گٽار]] ۾ تارن کي پاڻمرادو ٺيڪ سُر ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ هڪ ايمبيڊڊ نظام موجود هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته سڄي گٽار جو بنيادي مقصد موسيقي وڄائڻ هوندو آهي.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |title=Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708195311/http://embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |archive-date=2008-07-08 |author=David Carey |date=2008-04-22 |magazine=Embedded Systems Design}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح [[گاڏي]] ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام، گاڏي جي هڪ ذيلي نظام (Subsystem) طور مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. [[File:ESOM270 eSOM300 Computer on Modules.jpg|thumb|e-con Systems جا eSOM270 ۽ eSOM300 ڪمپيوٽر ماڊيول]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ لکيل پروگرام هدايتن کي [[فرم ويئر]] چيو ويندو آهي. اهي عام طور صرف پڙهڻ واري يادگيري (ROM) يا [[فليش يادگيري]] جي چِپن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي محدود ڪمپيوٽري وسيلن سان ڪم ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ گهٽ يادگيري، ننڍڙي يا بلڪل نه هجڻ برابر ڪيبورڊ يا اسڪرين. === استعمال ڪندڙ جو رابطو === [[File:MicroVGA TUI demoapp.jpg|thumb|MicroVGA استعمال ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظام جو [[متني استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]]<ref group="nb" name="MicroVGA">For more details of MicroVGA see this [http://www.microvga.com/pdf/uvga-text-ds.pdf PDF].</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطي جا طريقا بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪي نظام اهڙا هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[بغير استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو وارو ڪمپيوٽر|ڪو به استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] نه هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي صرف هڪ ئي ڪم لاءِ مخصوص هوندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه نظام جديد ڪمپيوٽرن جهڙا پيچيده [[گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] (GUI) رکن ٿا. سادا ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس [[بٽڻ]]، [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED)، گرافيائي يا حرفي [[مائع قلمو نمايشگر]] (LCD) ۽ سادي [[مينيو (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|مينيو]] تي ٻڌل نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. وڌيڪ ترقي يافته ڊوائيس، جيڪي گرافيائي اسڪرين، [[ڇهاءُ حساس اسڪرين]] يا اسڪرين جي ڪنارن تي موجود [[سافٽ ڪي]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، گهٽ جڳهه والاريندي وڌيڪ لچڪ فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙين حالتن ۾ بٽڻن جو مطلب اسڪرين تي ڏيکاريل مواد مطابق تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو، ۽ استعمال ڪندڙ رڳو گهربل شئي تي ڇهڻ سان چونڊ ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڪجهه نظام [[سيريل رابطي]] (جهڙوڪ [[آر ايس-232]]) يا نيٽ ورڪ (جهڙوڪ [[ايٿرنيٽ]]) ذريعي پري کان استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطو فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان ايمبيڊڊ نظام جون صلاحيتون وڌن ٿيون، الڳ ڊسپلي جي ضرورت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي، [[بورڊ سپورٽ پيڪيج]] (BSP) سادو بڻجي وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڊزائنر ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر تي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو تيار ڪري سگهن ٿا. ان جو سٺو مثال ڪنهن [[آئي پي ڪيمرا]] يا [[نيٽ ورڪ رائوٽر]] ۾ هلندڙ [[ايمبيڊڊ ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي سرور]] آهي، جنهن جو استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيل ڪمپيوٽر جي [[ويب برائوزر]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو آهي. === ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ پروسيسر === عام مقصد وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽرن جون خاصيتون گهٽ بجلي واپرائڻ، ننڍڙي جسامت، سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ في يونٽ گهٽ قيمت هونديون آهن. البت ان جي بدلي ۾ انهن وٽ پروسيسنگ جا وسيلا محدود هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ خاص طور تي [[عام مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي فهرست|بيشمار مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. عام مقصد وارا مائڪرو پروسيسر به ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، پر انهن کي عام طور مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مددگار سرڪٽري جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. ==== تيار ٿيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊ ==== [[PC/104]] ۽ PC/104+ ننڍن، گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ۽ سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ تيار ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊن جا معياري مثال آهن. اهي گهڻو ڪري x86 بنياد وارا هوندا آهن ۽ روايتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ جسامت ۾ ننڍا، پر گهڻن سادن (8/16-bit) ايمبيڊڊ نظامن کان وڏا هوندا آهن. انهن ۾ [[لينڪس]] يا [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]] جهڙا معياري آپريٽنگ نظام، يا [[مائڪرو سي/او ايس-II]]، [[ڪيو اين ايڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڪس ورڪس]] جهڙا ايمبيڊڊ [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾، جتي ننڍڙي جسامت يا توانائي جي بچت بنيادي ضرورت نه هجي، اتي اهڙا جزا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي عام مقصد وارن x86 ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان هم آهنگ هوندا آهن. VIA جي [[اي پي آءِ اي]] جهڙا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان مطابقت رکندي به وڌيڪ مربوط، ننڍي جسامت وارا يا ٻين خاصيتن سبب ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي انجنيئرن لاءِ پرڪشش هوندا آهن. هن طريقي جو فائدو اهو آهي ته گهٽ قيمت وارا معياري جزا ۽ اهي ئي سافٽويئر ترقياتي اوزار استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، جيڪي عام ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر جي ترقي ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان تيار ڪيل نظام اڃا به ايمبيڊڊ نظام سڏبا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو حصو هوندا آهن ۽ هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. هن طريقي جا مثال [[خودڪار ٽيلر مشين]] (ATM) ۽ [[آرڪيڊ مشين]]ون آهن، جن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪوڊ مخصوص مقصد لاءِ لکيل هوندو آهي. پر گهڻا تيار ٿيل ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن تي ٻڌل نه هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي [[انڊسٽري اسٽينڊرڊ آرڪيٽيڪچر]] (ISA) يا [[پيريفيرل ڪمپوننٽ انٽرڪنيڪٽ]] (PCI) بس استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] (SoC) پروسيسر استعمال ٿيندو آهي، تڏهن الڳ جزن کي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ معياري بس رکڻ جو فائدو تمام گهٽ هوندو آهي، ۽ هارڊويئر توڙي سافٽويئر اوزارن جو ماحول به بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهي ٿو. هڪ عام ڊزائن انداز ۾ ننڍڙو نظامي ماڊيول استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ڪاروباري ڪارڊ جيتري جسامت جو به ٿي سگهي ٿو. ان ۾ اعليٰ ڪثافت وارا [[بال گرڊ ايري]] (BGA) چِپ، جهڙوڪ [[آرم آرڪيٽيڪچر]] تي ٻڌل [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] پروسيسر ۽ ان سان لاڳاپيل پيريفيرلز، ذخيري لاءِ ٻاهرين [[فليش يادگيري]] ۽ هلندڙ يادگيري لاءِ [[ڊائنامڪ رينڊم ايڪسيس ميموري]] (DRAM) شامل هوندي آهي. ماڊيول ٺاهيندڙ عام طور شروعاتي (Boot) سافٽويئر مهيا ڪندو آهي ۽ مختلف آپريٽنگ نظامن جي سهولت پڻ ڏيندو آهي، جن ۾ عام طور [[لينڪس]] ۽ ڪجهه [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) شامل هوندا آهن. اهڙا ماڊيول وڏي مقدار ۾ تيار ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ پوءِ گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ خاص مقصد وارن مين بورڊن سان، جن تي مخصوص پيريفيرلز لڳل هوندا آهن، گڏ ڪيا ويندا آهن. هن طريقي جا نمايان مثال [[آرڊوينو]] ۽ [[راسبيري پائي]] آهن. ==== ASIC ۽ FPGA تي ٻڌل SoC حل ==== [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] (SoC) هڪ اهڙي چِپ آهي، جنهن ۾ مڪمل نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ ڪيترائي پروسيسر، ملٽي پلائر، ڪيش، مختلف قسمن جون يادگيريون ۽ گهڻو ڪري تار وارن يا وائرليس رابطن لاءِ مختلف انٽرفيس پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. اهڙين چِپن ۾ اڪثر [[گرافيڪس پروسيسنگ يونٽ]] (GPU) ۽ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) پڻ موجود هوندا آهن. SoC کي يا ته [[ايپليڪيشن مخصوص مربوط سرڪٽ]] (ASIC) جي صورت ۾ يا [[فيلڊ-پروگرامبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ذريعي تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي عام طور ٻيهر ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. ASIC تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد وڏي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[موبائل فون]] ۽ [[سمارٽ فون]]، ۾ عام آهي. جڏهن⁠ته ASIC يا FPGA تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد اهڙن ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جتي سگنل پروسيسنگ، انٽرفيس يا اعتبار جي لحاظ کان خاص گهرجون هجن، جيئن [[ايويونڪس]] ۾. === پيريفيرلز === [[File:SMSC LAN91C110 ethernet chip.jpg|thumb|SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) ايمبيڊڊ [[ايٿرنيٽ]] چِپ]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام ٻاهرين دنيا سان [[پيريفيرل]]ن ذريعي رابطو ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ: * [[سيريل رابطي جو انٽرفيس]] (SCI): [[آر ايس-232]]، [[آر ايس-422]]، [[آر ايس-485]] وغيره. * [[هم وقتي سيريل انٽرفيس]]: [[I2C]]، [[سيريل پيريفيرل انٽرفيس]] (SPI)، SSC ۽ ESSI. * [[يونيورسل سيريل بس]] (USB) * ميديا ڪارڊ ([[ايس ڊي ڪارڊ]]، [[ڪامپيڪٽ فليش]] وغيره) * [[نيٽ ورڪ انٽرفيس ڪنٽرولر]]: [[ايٿرنيٽ]]، [[وائي فائي]] وغيره. * [[فيلڊ بس]]: [[ڪين بس]] CAN، [[مقامي انٽرڪنيڪٽ نيٽ ورڪ|LIN بس]]، [[پروفي بس]] وغيره. * ٽائمر: [[فيز لاڪڊ لوپ]]، [[پروگرامبل انٽرول ٽائمر]] * [[عام مقصد ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] (GPIO) * [[اينالاگ کان ڊجيٽل ڪنورٽر]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل کان اينالاگ ڪنورٽر]] * ڊيبگنگ: [[جي ٽيگ]] (JTAG)، [[اِن-سسٽم پروگرامنگ]]، بيڪگرائونڊ ڊيبگ موڊ انٽرفيس پورٽ، BITP ۽ DB9 پورٽ. === اوزار === ٻين سافٽويئرن وانگر، ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جا ڊزائنر به [[ڪمپائلر]]، [[اسمبلر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|اسمبلر]] ۽ [[ڊيبگر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، پر ان سان گڏ هيٺيان خاص اوزار پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا: * اِن-سرڪٽ ڊيبگر يا ايميوليٽر (ڏسو [[#ڊيبگنگ]]). * اهڙا اوزار، جيڪي پروگرام ۾ چيڪ سم يا [[سائيڪلنڪ ريڊنڊنسي چيڪ]] (CRC) شامل ڪن، جيئن ايمبيڊڊ نظام پروگرام جي درست هجڻ جي تصديق ڪري سگهي. * [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسنگ]] استعمال ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[حسابي نوٽ بڪ]]، جنهن ذريعي رياضيائي نمونن جي نقل (Simulation) ڪئي وڃي. * نظامي سطح جا ماڊلنگ ۽ سموليشن اوزار، جيڪي پروسيسر، [[يادگيري]]، [[سڌي يادگيري رسائي]] (DMA)، [[انٽرفيس (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|انٽرفيس]]، بس ۽ سافٽويئر جي وهڪري جا ماڊل تيار ڪن. انهن ذريعي توانائي، ڪارڪردگي، اعتبار ۽ رڪاوٽن جو جائزو وٺي مناسب جزا چونڊيا ويندا آهن. * ماڊل تي ٻڌل ترقياتي اوزار، جيڪي گرافيائي ڊيٽا فلو ۽ UML اسٽيٽ چارٽ جي صورت ۾ جزن، جهڙوڪ ڊجيٽل فلٽر، موٽر ڪنٽرولر، رابطي جي پروٽوڪول ۽ گهڻ-رفتاري وارن ڪمن جا ماڊل تيار ۽ نقل ڪن. * خاص هارڊويئر لاءِ بهتر ڪيل [[ڪمپائلر]] ۽ لنڪر. * ايمبيڊڊ نظام لاءِ پنهنجون خاص پروگرامنگ ٻوليون يا اوزار، يا موجوده ٻولين جهڙوڪ [[فورٿ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|فورٿ]] يا [[بيسڪ اسٽيمپ]] جون واڌايون. * يا وري [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) يا [[ايمبيڊڊ آپريٽنگ نظام]] جو استعمال. * [[يو ايم ايل اوزار]]، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري [[يو ايم ايل اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهي سافٽويئر اوزار مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿي سگهن ٿا: * ايمبيڊڊ مارڪيٽ ۾ ماهر سافٽويئر ڪمپنيون. * [[GNU]] جا پورٽ ڪيل ترقياتي اوزار. * يا جيڪڏهن ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر عام ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جي پروسيسر سان ويجهو لاڳاپيل هجي، ته ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جا ترقياتي اوزار پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ايمبيڊڊ سافٽويئر جي ترقي لاءِ عام طور ڪيترن ئي اوزارن جي ضرورت هوندي آهي، جن ۾ [[سي++]]، [[رسٽ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|رسٽ]] ۽ [[پائٿن (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|پائٿن]] جهڙيون پروگرامنگ ٻوليون، ۽ گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ڪيو ٽي]] جهڙا فريم ورڪ شامل آهن. اهي اوزار ڊولپرن کي اهڙيون مؤثر، توسيع لائق ۽ خصوصيتن سان ڀرپور ايپليڪيشنون تيار ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا، جيڪي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي مخصوص گهرجن کي پورو ڪن. اوزارن جي چونڊ عام طور حقيقي وقت واري ڪارڪردگي، هارڊويئر سان هم آهنگي ۽ توانائي جي بچت جهڙن عنصرن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي. جيئن⁠جيئن ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿيندا پيا وڃن، تيئن اعليٰ درجي جا اوزار ۽ آپريٽنگ نظام به انهن ۾ شامل ٿيندا پيا وڃن. مثال طور [[موبائل فون]]، [[ذاتي ڊجيٽل مددگار]] (PDA) ۽ ٻيا صارف ڪمپيوٽر اڪثر اهڙي اهم سافٽويئر جا محتاج هوندا آهن، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ بدران ڪنهن ٽئين ڌر طرفان تيار يا مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهڙن نظامن ۾ [[لينڪس]]، [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]]، [[فري بي ايس ڊي]]، [[او ايس جي آئي]] يا [[ايمبيڊڊ جاوا]] جهڙو کليل پروگرامنگ ماحول ضروري هوندو آهي، جيئن ٽئين ڌر جا سافٽويئر تيار ڪندڙ وڏي مارڪيٽ تائين پنهنجيون ايپليڪيشنون پهچائي سگهن. == ڊيبگنگ == ايمبيڊڊ [[ڊيبگنگ]] موجود سهولتن جي لحاظ کان مختلف سطحن تي انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. ان دوران ڪيترن ئي ڳالهين تي غور ڪيو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ: ڇا ڊيبگنگ بنيادي ايپليڪيشن جي رفتار گهٽائي ٿي؟ ڇا ڊيبگ ٿيندڙ نظام يا ايپليڪيشن اصل نظام جي ڪيتري ويجهو آهي؟ ڊيبگنگ لاءِ مقرر ڪيل ٽرگر ڪيترا تفصيلي آهن (مثال طور، جڏهن [[پروگرام ڪائونٽر]] ڪنهن خاص قدر تي پهچي ته يادگيري جو جائزو وٺڻ)، ۽ ڊيبگنگ دوران ڪهڙين شين جو معائنو ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جهڙوڪ رڳو يادگيري يا يادگيري سان گڏ رجسٽر وغيره. سادن کان وٺي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته طريقن تائين، ڊيبگنگ جون ٽيڪنيڪون ۽ نظام تقريباً هيٺين قسمن ۾ ورهايا وڃن ٿا: * ايمبيڊڊ آپريٽنگ نظام پاران مهيا ڪيل سادي شيل (Shell) استعمال ڪندي رابطي واري رهائشي ڊيبگنگ، جهڙوڪ [[فورٿ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|فورٿ]] ۽ بيسڪ. * صرف سافٽويئر تي ٻڌل ڊيبگر، جن جو فائدو اهو آهي ته انهن لاءِ هارڊويئر ۾ ڪا تبديلي ڪرڻي نه پوندي آهي، پر وقت ۽ اسٽوريج بچائڻ لاءِ انهن کي احتياط سان طئي ڪرڻو پوندو آهي ته ڪهڙي معلومات محفوظ ڪئي وڃي.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tancreti |first1=Matthew |last2=Sundaram |first2=Vinaitheerthan |last3=Bagchi |first3=Saurabh |last4=Eugster |first4=Patrick |title=Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks |chapter=TARDIS |date=2015 |series=IPSN '15 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=ACM |pages=286–297 |doi=10.1145/2737095.2737096 |isbn=9781450334754 |s2cid=10120929}}</ref> * لاگنگ يا سيريل پورٽ جي آئوٽ پُٽ ذريعي ٻاهرين ڊيبگنگ، جنهن ۾ فليش ۾ موجود مانيٽر يا [[ريميڊي ڊيبگر]] جهڙو ڊيبگ سرور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو مختلف قسمن جي [[گهڻ-مرڪزي پروسيسنگ|گهڻ-ڪور]] نظامن سان پڻ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو. * [[اِن-سرڪٽ ڊيبگر]] (ICD)، جيڪو هڪ هارڊويئر اوزار هوندو آهي ۽ [[جي ٽيگ]] يا [[نيڪسس (معيار)|نيڪسس]] انٽرفيس ذريعي مائڪرو پروسيسر سان ڳنڍبو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tancreti|first1=Matthew|last2=Hossain|first2=Mohammad Sajjad|last3=Bagchi|first3=Saurabh|last4=Raghunathan|first4=Vijay|title=Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems |chapter=Aveksha |date=2011|series=SenSys '11|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=288–301|doi=10.1145/2070942.2070972|isbn=9781450307185|s2cid=14769602}}</ref> ان سان مائڪرو پروسيسر جي عمل کي ٻاهران ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهجي ٿو، پر عام طور اهو پروسيسر جي مخصوص ڊيبگنگ صلاحيتن تائين محدود هوندو آهي. * [[اِن-سرڪٽ ايميوليٽر]] (ICE)، جيڪو اصل مائڪرو پروسيسر جي جاءِ تي ان جو نقل رکندو آهي ۽ مائڪرو پروسيسر جي سڀني حصن تي مڪمل ڪنٽرول فراهم ڪندو آهي. * مڪمل [[ايميوليٽر]]، جيڪو هارڊويئر جي هر پهلوءَ جي نقل فراهم ڪندو آهي، جنهن سان هر شيءِ کي ڪنٽرول ۽ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو ۽ عام ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر تي ڊيبگنگ به ممڪن ٿيندي آهي. البت ان جون خاميون وڌيڪ قيمت ۽ گهٽ رفتار آهن، جيڪا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن اصل نظام جي ڀيٽ ۾ سئو ڀيرا به گهٽ ٿي سگهي ٿي. * SoC ڊزائنن لاءِ عام طريقيڪار اهو آهي ته ڊزائن کي [[فيلڊ-پروگرامبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) جي نمونياتي بورڊ تي جانچيو ۽ ڊيبگ ڪيو وڃي. Certus جهڙا اوزار<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eejournal.com/archives/articles/20121030-tektronix/ |author-first1=Kevin|author-last1=Morris|title=Tektronix Shakes Up Prototyping, Embedded Instrumentation Boosts Boards to Emulator Status |publisher=Electronic Engineering Journal |date= 2012-10-30 |access-date=2012-10-30}}</ref> FPGA ۾ جاچ لاءِ پروب شامل ڪندا آهن، جن ذريعي سگنلن جو مشاهدو ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان سان ڪيترن ئي FPGA تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد ۾ هارڊويئر، فرم ويئر ۽ سافٽويئر جي گڏيل عمل کي، لاجڪ اينالائيزر جهڙين صلاحيتن سان، ڊيبگ ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊيبگنگ صرف ٻاهرين اوزارن تائين محدود نه هجي، ته پروگرامر عام طور اوزارن جي مدد سان سافٽويئر لوڊ ۽ هلائي سگهي ٿو، پروسيسر ۾ هلندڙ ڪوڊ ڏسي سگهي ٿو ۽ ان جي عمل کي شروع يا بند ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڪوڊ جو ڏيک [[اعليٰ سطحي پروگرامنگ ٻولي]]، [[اسمبلي ٻولي]] يا ٻنهي جي گڏيل صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿو. === ٽريسنگ === [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] اڪثر [[ٽريسنگ (سافٽويئر)|ٽريسنگ]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪندا آهن، جنهن ذريعي آپريٽنگ نظام جي واقعن کي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويندو آهي. نظام جي رويي جي رڪارڊ جي بنياد تي ميزبان ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جو اوزار ان جو گرافيائي ڏيک پيش ڪندو آهي. ٽريس رڪارڊنگ سافٽويئر، RTOS يا خاص ٽريسنگ هارڊويئر ذريعي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. RTOS ٽريسنگ ڊولپرن کي سافٽويئر نظام جي وقتبندي ۽ ڪارڪردگي سان لاڳاپيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ڏئي ٿي ۽ نظام جي اعليٰ سطحي رويي جي به سٺي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي. ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ ٽريس رڪارڊنگ هارڊويئر يا سافٽويئر ٻنهي طريقن سان ممڪن آهي. سافٽويئر تي ٻڌل ٽريسنگ لاءِ خاص ڊيبگنگ هارڊويئر جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي ۽ ان کي اڳ ئي استعمال هيٺ موجود ڊوائيسن ۾ به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، پر ان جو اثر CPU ۽ RAM جي استعمال تي پئجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kraft |first1=Johan |chapter=Trace Recording for Embedded Systems: Lessons Learned from Five Industrial Projects |date=2010 |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_24 |title=Runtime Verification |volume=6418 |pages=315–329 |editor-last=Barringer |editor-first=Howard |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_24 |isbn=978-3-642-16611-2 |access-date=2022-08-16 |last2=Wall |first2=Anders |last3=Kienle |first3=Holger |editor2-last=Falcone |editor2-first=Ylies |editor3-last=Finkbeiner |editor3-first=Bernd |editor4-last=Havelund |editor4-first=Klaus|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> RTOS ماحول ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ اهڙي سافٽويئر ٽريسنگ جو هڪ مثال خالي [[ميڪرو (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|ميڪرو]] آهن، جيڪي آپريٽنگ نظام طرفان ڪوڊ جي اهم هنڌن تي سڏيا ويندا آهن ۽ [[هوڪنگ]] لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. mi25vvx6lyor7lz4pbz7r7dp7punn4k 390308 390307 2026-07-01T11:56:18Z Intisar Ali 8681 390308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|ڪنهن مخصوص ڪم لاءِ وقف ڪمپيوٽر نظام}} [[File:DHCOM Computer On Module - AM35x.jpg|thumb|right|هڪ پلگ-اِن ڪارڊ تي ٻڌل ''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''، جنهن ۾ پروسيسر، يادگيري، بجلي جي فراهمي ۽ ٻاهريان رابطا شامل آهن.]] '''ايمبيڊڊ نظام''' ('''Embedded System''') هڪ خاص مقصد وارو [[ڪمپيوٽر نظام]] هوندو آهي، جيڪو [[ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر]]، [[ڪمپيوٽر يادگيري]] ۽ [[ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] [[پرديئي ڊوائيس]]ن جي ميلاپ تي مشتمل هوندو آهي ۽ ڪنهن وڏي ميڪانيڪي يا [[اليڪٽرانڪس|اليڪٽرانڪ]] نظام جي اندر هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي.<ref name="Barr-glossary">{{cite web |author=Michael Barr |title=Embedded Systems Glossary |work=Neutrino Technical Library |access-date=2007-04-21 |url=http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary |author-link=Michael Barr (software engineer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Heath |first=Steve |title=Embedded systems design|publisher=Newnes |year=2003 |edition=2 |series=EDN series for design engineers |page=[https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2 2] |url=https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat |url-access=registration|quote= An embedded system is a [[microprocessor]] based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions. | isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0}}</ref> اهو مڪمل ڊوائيس جي هڪ حصي طور شامل هوندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اڪثر برقي يا اليڪٽرانڪ هارڊويئر ۽ ميڪانيڪي حصا پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظام روزمره استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪيترن ئي ڊوائيسن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Michael Barr|author2=Anthony J. Massa|title=Programming embedded systems: with C and GNU development tools|publisher=O'Reilly|year=2006|pages=1–2|chapter=Introduction|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPZaPJrw_L0C&pg=PA1 | isbn=978-0-596-00983-0}}</ref> 2009ع تائين اندازو لڳايو ويو هو ته تيار ٿيندڙ سڀني [[مائڪرو پروسيسر]]ن مان لڳ ڀڳ 98٪ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا هئا.<ref>{{cite web | title=Real men program in C | last=Barr |first=Michael | page=2 | date=1 August 2009 | work=Embedded Systems Design | publisher=TechInsights (United Business Media) | url=http://www.embedded.com/electronics-blogs/barr-code/4027479/Real-men-program-in-C | access-date=2009-12-23 }}</ref>{{Update inline|reason=Computing has changed a lot since 2009.|date=March 2022}} ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي ان مشين جي جسماني عملن کي ڪنٽرول ڪندو آهي، جنهن ۾ اهو شامل هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري ان تي اڪثر [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ]] جون پابنديون لاڳو ٿينديون آهن. جديد ايمبيڊڊ نظام گهڻو ڪري [[مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن (يعني اهڙا مائڪرو پروسيسر، جن ۾ يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطا اڳ ۾ ئي مربوط هوندا آهن)، پر عام مائڪرو پروسيسر (جيڪي يادگيري ۽ پرديئي رابطن لاءِ ٻاهرين چِپن جو استعمال ڪندا آهن) پڻ عام آهن، خاص طور تي وڌيڪ پيچيده نظامن ۾. ٻنهي حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ پروسيسر عام مقصد وارن کان وٺي مخصوص حسابن لاءِ تيار ڪيل يا خاص طور تي ڪنهن مخصوص استعمال لاءِ ترتيب ڏنل قسمن جا ٿي سگهن ٿا. مخصوص پروسيسرن جي هڪ عام درجي کي [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) چيو ويندو آهي. ڇاڪاڻ ته ايمبيڊڊ نظام مخصوص ڪمن لاءِ وقف هوندو آهي، تنهن ڪري [[ڊزائن انجنيئر]] ان کي اهڙي نموني بهتر بڻائيندا آهن، جو پيداوار جي سائيز ۽ قيمت گهٽجي وڃي ۽ ان جي اعتبار ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ واڌ اچي. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڏي پيماني تي تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن، جنهن سان [[پيماني جي معيشت]] مان فائدو حاصل ٿيندو آهي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام سائيز ۾ ننڍن پورٽبل ذاتي ڊوائيسن، جهڙوڪ [[ڊجيٽل واچ]] ۽ [[MP3 پليئر]]، کان وٺي وڏين مشينن، جهڙوڪ [[گهريلو اوزار]]، صنعتي [[اسيمبلي لائين]]ن، [[روبوٽ]]ن، ٽرانسپورٽ گاڏين، [[ٽريفڪ لائيٽ ڪنٽرولر]]ن ۽ [[طبي تصويرنگ]] نظامن تائين پکڙيل آهن. اهي اڪثر ٻين مشينن جا ذيلي نظام هوندا آهن، جهڙوڪ [[ايويونڪس]]، جيڪا [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾، ۽ [[ااسٽرائيونِڪس|خلائي جهازي برقيات]]، جيڪا [[خلائي جهاز]]ن ۾ استعمال ٿيندي آهي. وڏا تنصيب، جهڙوڪ [[ڪارخانو|ڪارخانا]]، [[پائپ لائين]]ون ۽ [[برقي گرڊ]]، هڪ ٻئي سان ڳنڍيل ڪيترن ئي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. سافٽويئر ذريعي عام بڻايل ايمبيڊڊ نظام، جهڙوڪ [[پروگراميبل لاجڪ ڪنٽرولر]]، گهڻو ڪري پنهنجي اندر ئي مختلف فعالي حصن تي مشتمل هوندا آهن. == تاريخ == === پسمنظر === {{See also|مائڪروپروسيسر ڪرونالاجي}} مائڪرو پروسيسر ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي شروعات کي [[موس مربوط سرڪٽ]] (MOS) سان ڳنڍيو وڃي ٿو، جيڪو [[موسفيٽ]] (MOS) (ڌاتو–آڪسائيڊ–سيميڪنڊڪٽر [[فيلڊ-ايفيڪٽ ٽرانزسٽر]]) مان تيار ڪيل [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] چِپ آهي ۽ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات ۾ ترقي ڪئي وئي. 1964ع تائين MOS چِپن ۾ [[ٽرانزسٽر]]ن جي ڪثافت وڌيڪ ۽ پيداوار جي قيمت [[بائي پولر جنڪشن ٽرانزسٽر|بائي پولر]] چِپن جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهٽ ٿي چڪي هئي. ان کان پوءِ [[مور جو قانون]] مطابق MOS چِپن جي پيچيدگي تيزيءَ سان وڌندي رهي، جنهن جي نتيجي ۾ 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي آخر تائين [[وڏي پيماني واري مربوطي]] (LSI) ممڪن ٿي، جتي هڪ ئي MOS چِپ تي سوين [[ٽرانزسٽر]] شامل هوندا هئا. ڪمپيوٽنگ ۾ MOS LSI چِپن جي استعمال سان پهرين مائڪرو پروسيسرن جي بنياد پئي، جڏهن انجنيئرن اهو محسوس ڪيو ته مڪمل ڪمپيوٽر پروسيسر نظام کي چند MOS LSI چِپن تي سموئي سگهجي ٿو.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal |last1=Shirriff |first1=Ken |title=The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors |journal=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |volume=53 |issue=9 |pages=48–54 |date=30 August 2016 |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors |access-date=13 October 2019|doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2016.7551353 |s2cid=32003640 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> پهريان گهڻ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر، [[چار-فيز نظام اي ايل1]] (1969ع) ۽ [[گاريٽ اي آء ريسرچ]] [[ايم پي 944]] (1970ع)، ڪيترن ئي MOS LSI چِپن تي ٻڌل هئا. پهريون هڪ-چِپ مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] هو، جيڪو 1971ع ۾ جاري ڪيو ويو. ان کي [[فيڊريڪو فيگن]] پنهنجي [[سلڪون-گيٽ]] MOS ٽيڪنالاجي جي بنياد تي [[انٽيل]] جي انجنيئرن [[مارسيئن هوف]] ۽ [[اسٽين ميزور]] سان گڏ، ۽ [[بسيڪام]] جي انجنيئر [[ماساتوشي شيما]] جي سهڪار سان تيار ڪيو.<ref>{{cite web |title=1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip |website=The Silicon Engine |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/microprocessor-integrates-cpu-function-onto-a-single-chip/ |publisher=[[Computer History Museum]] |access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref> === ترقي === پهريون جديد طرز جو سڃاڻپ لائق ايمبيڊڊ نظام [[اپالو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو،<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=1962: Aerospace systems are the first applications for ICs in computers |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/aerospace-systems-are-first-the-applications-for-ics-in-computers/ |access-date=March 13, 2025 |website=Computer History Museum}}</ref> جيڪو لڳ ڀڳ 1965ع ۾ [[چارلس اسٽارڪ ڊريپر]] طرفان[[ايم آئي ٽي انسٽرومينٽيشن ليبارٽري]] ۾ تيار ڪيو ويو. منصوبي جي شروعات ۾ اپولو گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر کي سڄي اپولو منصوبي جو سڀ کان وڌيڪ خطري وارو حصو سمجهيو ويندو هو، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ ان ۾ ڪمپيوٽر جي سائيز ۽ وزن گهٽائڻ لاءِ نون تيار ڪيل [[مونولٿڪ مربوط سرڪٽ]] استعمال ڪيا ويا هئا. شروعاتي وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن مان هڪ [[منٽمين ميزائل]] لاءِ [[آٽونيٽڪس D-17 گائيڊنس ڪمپيوٽر]] هو، جيڪو 1961ع ۾ متعارف ٿيو. جڏهن 1966ع ۾ منٽمين II جي پيداوار شروع ٿي، ته D-17 جي جاءِ هڪ نئين ڪمپيوٽر ورتي، جيڪو مربوط سرڪٽن جي وڏي پيماني تي استعمال جو پهريون مثال بڻيو. 1960ع واري ڏهاڪي جي انهن شروعاتي استعمالن کان پوءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي قيمت ۾ نمايان گهٽتائي آئي، جڏهن ته انهن جي پروسيسنگ طاقت ۽ ڪارڪردگي ۾ تمام گهڻي واڌ ٿي. شروعاتي مائڪرو پروسيسر [[انٽيل 4004]] (1971ع) [[ڪيلڪيوليٽر]]ن ۽ ٻين ننڍن نظامن لاءِ ٺاهيو ويو هو، پر ان کي اڃا به ٻاهرين يادگيري ۽ مددگار چِپن جي ضرورت هوندي هئي. 1980ع واري ڏهاڪي جي شروعات تائين يادگيري، ان پُٽ ۽ آئوٽ پُٽ جا جزا ساڳئي چِپ تي پروسيسر سان گڏ مربوط ڪيا ويا، جنهن سان مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر وجود ۾ آيو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر انهن حالتن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جتي عام مقصد وارو ڪمپيوٽر تمام مهانگو ثابت ٿئي. مائڪرو پروسيسرن ۽ مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي قيمت گهٽجڻ سان ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جو استعمال تيزيءَ سان وڌيو. نسبتاً گهٽ قيمت وارو مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر ڪيترن ئي الڳ جزن جي برابر ڪم سرانجام ڏئي سگهي ٿو. مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي آمد سان، صارفين جي شين ۾ به مهانگا [[اينالاگ اليڪٽرانڪس|اينالاگ]] جزا، جهڙوڪ [[پوٽينشيوميٽر]] ۽ [[متغير ڪئپيسيٽر]]، مائڪرو پروسيسر ذريعي پڙهيا ويندڙ مٿي/هيٺ بٽڻن يا ڪنٽرول نوبن سان مٽائڻ ممڪن ٿي ويو. جيتوڻيڪ اهڙي صورت ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام روايتي حل جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ پيچيده هوندو آهي، پر اها پيچيدگي گهڻي ڀاڱي خود مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر جي اندر هوندي آهي. نتيجي ۾ تمام ٿورا اضافي جزا گهربل هوندا آهن ۽ ڊزائن جي گهڻي ڪوشش سافٽويئر تي مرڪوز هوندي آهي. سافٽويئر جو نمونو (پروٽو ٽائيپ) تيار ڪرڻ ۽ ان جي جاچ، اهڙي نئين سرڪٽ جي ڊزائن ۽ تعمير جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ تيز ٿي سگهي ٿي، جنهن ۾ ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر استعمال نه ڪيو ويو هجي. == استعمال == [[File:Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg|thumb|Accupoll اليڪٽرانڪ ووٽنگ مشين لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽر سب-اسيمبلي<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/|title=Electronic Frontier Foundation|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation}}</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام عام طور تي صارفين جي شين، صنعتي نظامن، [[گاڏين جي صنعت]]، [[گهريلو اوزار]]ن، طبي اوزارن، مواصلات، واپاري نظامن، هوابازي ۽ فوجي استعمالن ۾ ملندا آهن. [[ٽيليڪميونيڪيشن نظام]]ن ۾ نيٽ ورڪ لاءِ [[ٽيليفون ايڪسچينج]]ن کان وٺي آخري استعمال ڪندڙ وٽ موجود [[موبائل فون]]ن تائين بيشمار ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ٿيندا آهن. ڪمپيوٽر نيٽ ورڪن ۾ ڊيٽا جي منتقلي لاءِ خاص [[رائوٽر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|رائوٽر]] ۽ [[نيٽ ورڪ برج]] استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. [[صارف اليڪٽرانڪس]] ۾ [[ايم پي 3 پليئر]]، [[ٽيليويزن]]، [[موبائل فون]]، [[وڊيو گيم ڪنسول]]، [[ڊجيٽل ڪيمرا]]، [[جي پي ايس رسيور]] ۽ [[ڪمپيوٽر پرنٽر|پرنٽر]] شامل آهن. گهريلو اوزار، جهڙوڪ [[مائڪروويو اوون]]، [[واشنگ مشين]] ۽ [[ڊش واشر]]، لچڪ، ڪارڪردگي ۽ وڌيڪ سهولتن لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. جديد [[گرمائش، هواداري ۽ ايئر ڪنڊيشننگ]] (HVAC) نظام نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل [[ٿرموسٽيٽ]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي ڏينهن جي وقت ۽ [[موسم]] جي تبديليءَ مطابق گرمي پد کي وڌيڪ صحيح ۽ مؤثر طريقي سان ڪنٽرول ڪندا آهن. [[گهر جي خودڪاري]] (ھوم آٽوميشن) ۾ تارن وارا ۽ بغير تارن وارا نيٽ ورڪ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، جن ذريعي روشني، موسمي ڪنٽرول، سيڪيورٽي، آڊيو/وڊيو، نگراني وغيره کي سنڀاليو ويندو آهي، ۽ انهن سڀني ۾ احساس (سينسنگ) ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس استعمال ٿيندا آهن. هوائي سفر کان وٺي گاڏين تائين ٽرانسپورٽ جا نظام وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي ڀاڙين ٿا. جديد [[هوائي جهاز]]ن ۾ ترقي يافته [[ايويونڪس]]، جهڙوڪ [[انرشيل گائيڊنس سسٽم]] ۽ [[جي پي ايس رسيور]]، شامل هوندا آهن، جن لاءِ اعليٰ حفاظتي گهرجون پڻ هونديون آهن. [[خلائي جهاز]] پنهنجي رستي جي درستگي لاءِ [[خلائي جهازي برقيات]] (ااسٽرائيونِڪس) تي ڀاڙيندا آهن. مختلف برقي موٽر، جهڙوڪ [[برش کان آزاد ڊي سي موٽر]]، [[انڊڪشن موٽر]] ۽ [[ڊي سي موٽر]]، اليڪٽرانڪ [[موٽر ڪنٽرولر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن. [[گاڏي]]ون، [[برقي گاڏي]]ون ۽ [[هائبرڊ گاڏي]]ون ڪارڪردگي وڌائڻ ۽ آلودگي گهٽائڻ لاءِ وڌندڙ حد تائين ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪن ٿيون. گاڏين جي ٻين حفاظتي نظامن ۾ [[اينٽي لاڪ بريڪنگ سسٽم]] (ABS)، [[اليڪٽرانڪ استحڪام ڪنٽرول]] (ESC/ESP)، [[ٽريڪشن ڪنٽرول]] (TCS) ۽ خودڪار [[چار ڦيٿن واري ڊرائيو]] شامل آهن. [[طبي اوزار]] نگراني ([[طبي نگراني]]) ۽ مختلف [[طبي تصويرنگ]] طريقن، جهڙوڪ [[پوزيٽرون ايميشن ٽوموگرافي]] (PET)، [[سنگل فوٽان ايميشن ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (SPECT)، [[ڪمپيوٽيڊ ٽوموگرافي]] (CT) ۽ [[مقناطيسي گونج تصويرنگ]] (MRI)، ۾ ايمبيڊڊ نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن، جيڪي جسم جي اندروني حصن جي بغير جراحي جاچ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. طبي اوزارن ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام اڪثر صنعتي ڪمپيوٽرن ذريعي هلندا آهن.<ref>[http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell Embedded Systems Dell OEM Solutions | Dell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127080734/http://content.dell.com/us/en/enterprise/oem-industry-solutions-build-your-product-with-dell |date=2013-01-27 }}. Content.dell.com (2011-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-02-06.</ref> ايمبيڊڊ نظام هوابازي ۽ دفاعي صنعتن ۾ [[حياتي-اهم نظام]] (سيفٽي-ڪرٽيڪل سسٽمز) لاءِ پڻ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. جيڪڏهن اهي IoT نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول لاءِ چِپ تي موجود 3G سيلولر يا ٻين وائرڊ/وائرليس نيٽ ورڪن سان ڳنڍيل نه هجن، ته اهي هيڪنگ کان الڳ رهندا آهن ۽ ان ڪري وڌيڪ محفوظ ٿي سگهن ٿا.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} باهه کان تحفظ لاءِ اهڙا نظام وڌيڪ گرمي پد برداشت ڪرڻ ۽ ڪم جاري رکڻ جي صلاحيت سان ٺاهي سگهجن ٿا. سيڪيورٽي جي لحاظ کان، ايمبيڊڊ نظام خودمختيار ٿي سگهن ٿا ۽ بجلي يا مواصلاتي رابطا ختم ٿيڻ جي صورت ۾ به ڪم جاري رکي سگهن ٿا. ننڍڙا وائرليس ڊوائيس، جن کي [[موٽ (سينسر)|موٽ]] چيو ويندو آهي، نيٽ ورڪ سان ڳنڍيل وائرليس سينسر هوندا آهن. [[وائرليس سينسر نيٽ ورڪ]] جديد [[مربوط سرڪٽ]] (IC) ڊزائن ذريعي حاصل ٿيندڙ ننڍڙي سائيز جي ٽيڪنالاجي استعمال ڪري مڪمل وائرليس ذيلي نظامن کي ترقي يافته سينسرن سان ڳنڍيندو آهي، جنهن سان ماڻهو ۽ ادارا حقيقي دنيا ۾ بيشمار شين جي ماپ ڪري سگهن ٿا ۽ انهن معلوماتن کي نگراني ۽ ڪنٽرول نظامن ذريعي استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا. اهي موٽ مڪمل طور خودمختيار هوندا آهن ۽ عام طور تي بيٽرين تي ڪيترن ئي سالن تائين هلندا آهن، ان کان اڳ جو بيٽري تبديل يا ٻيهر چارج ڪرڻ جي ضرورت پوي. == خاصيتون == ايمبيڊڊ نظام خاص مقصد وارا ڪم سرانجام ڏيڻ لاءِ ٺاهيا ويندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته عام مقصد وارا ڪمپيوٽر ڪيترن ئي مختلف ڪمن لاءِ تيار ڪيا ويندا آهن. ڪجهه ايمبيڊڊ نظامن تي [[حقيقي وقت ڪمپيوٽنگ|حقيقي وقت]] (Real-time) جون ڪارڪردگي گهرجون لاڳو هونديون آهن، جيئن حفاظت ۽ استعمال جي سهولت کي يقيني بڻائي سگهجي؛ جڏهن⁠ته ٻين ۾ ڪارڪردگي جون گهرجون تمام گهٽ يا نه هجڻ برابر هونديون آهن، جنهن سبب نظام جي هارڊويئر کي سادو بڻائي قيمت گهٽائي سگهجي ٿي. ايمبيڊڊ نظام هميشه الڳ ڊوائيس نه هوندا آهن. ڪيترائي ايمبيڊڊ نظام ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو ننڍڙو حصو هوندا آهن، جيڪو وڌيڪ عام مقصد سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. مثال طور [[گبسن روبوٽ گٽار]] ۾ تارن کي پاڻمرادو ٺيڪ سُر ۾ آڻڻ لاءِ هڪ ايمبيڊڊ نظام موجود هوندو آهي، جڏهن⁠ته سڄي گٽار جو بنيادي مقصد موسيقي وڄائڻ هوندو آهي.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |title=Under the Hood: Robot Guitar embeds autotuning |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708195311/http://embedded.com/underthehood/207401418 |archive-date=2008-07-08 |author=David Carey |date=2008-04-22 |magazine=Embedded Systems Design}}</ref> اهڙيءَ طرح [[گاڏي]] ۾ موجود ايمبيڊڊ نظام، گاڏي جي هڪ ذيلي نظام (Subsystem) طور مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندو آهي. [[File:ESOM270 eSOM300 Computer on Modules.jpg|thumb|e-con Systems جا eSOM270 ۽ eSOM300 ڪمپيوٽر ماڊيول]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ لکيل پروگرام هدايتن کي [[فرم ويئر]] چيو ويندو آهي. اهي عام طور صرف پڙهڻ واري يادگيري (ROM) يا [[فليش يادگيري]] جي چِپن ۾ محفوظ ڪيا ويندا آهن. اهي محدود ڪمپيوٽري وسيلن سان ڪم ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ گهٽ يادگيري، ننڍڙي يا بلڪل نه هجڻ برابر ڪيبورڊ يا اسڪرين. === استعمال ڪندڙ جو رابطو === [[File:MicroVGA TUI demoapp.jpg|thumb|MicroVGA استعمال ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظام جو [[متني استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]]<ref group="nb" name="MicroVGA">For more details of MicroVGA see this [http://www.microvga.com/pdf/uvga-text-ds.pdf PDF].</ref>]] ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطي جا طريقا بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪي نظام اهڙا هوندا آهن، جن ۾ [[بغير استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو وارو ڪمپيوٽر|ڪو به استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] نه هوندو آهي، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي صرف هڪ ئي ڪم لاءِ مخصوص هوندا آهن، جڏهن⁠ته ڪجهه نظام جديد ڪمپيوٽرن جهڙا پيچيده [[گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو]] (GUI) رکن ٿا. سادا ايمبيڊڊ ڊوائيس [[بٽڻ]]، [[روشني خارج ڪندڙ ڊائيوڊ]] (LED)، گرافيائي يا حرفي [[مائع قلمو نمايشگر]] (LCD) ۽ سادي [[مينيو (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|مينيو]] تي ٻڌل نظام استعمال ڪندا آهن. وڌيڪ ترقي يافته ڊوائيس، جيڪي گرافيائي اسڪرين، [[ڇهاءُ حساس اسڪرين]] يا اسڪرين جي ڪنارن تي موجود [[سافٽ ڪي]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، گهٽ جڳهه والاريندي وڌيڪ لچڪ فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙين حالتن ۾ بٽڻن جو مطلب اسڪرين تي ڏيکاريل مواد مطابق تبديل ٿيندو رهي ٿو، ۽ استعمال ڪندڙ رڳو گهربل شئي تي ڇهڻ سان چونڊ ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڪجهه نظام [[سيريل رابطي]] (جهڙوڪ [[آر ايس-232]]) يا نيٽ ورڪ (جهڙوڪ [[ايٿرنيٽ]]) ذريعي پري کان استعمال ڪندڙ سان رابطو فراهم ڪندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان ايمبيڊڊ نظام جون صلاحيتون وڌن ٿيون، الڳ ڊسپلي جي ضرورت ختم ٿي وڃي ٿي، [[بورڊ سپورٽ پيڪيج]] (BSP) سادو بڻجي وڃي ٿو، ۽ ڊزائنر ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر تي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو تيار ڪري سگهن ٿا. ان جو سٺو مثال ڪنهن [[آئي پي ڪيمرا]] يا [[نيٽ ورڪ رائوٽر]] ۾ هلندڙ [[ايمبيڊڊ ايڇ ٽي ٽي پي سرور]] آهي، جنهن جو استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ڊوائيس سان ڳنڍيل ڪمپيوٽر جي [[ويب برائوزر]] ۾ ظاهر ٿيندو آهي. === ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ پروسيسر === عام مقصد وارن ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ ايمبيڊڊ ڪمپيوٽرن جون خاصيتون گهٽ بجلي واپرائڻ، ننڍڙي جسامت، سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪرڻ جي صلاحيت ۽ في يونٽ گهٽ قيمت هونديون آهن. البت ان جي بدلي ۾ انهن وٽ پروسيسنگ جا وسيلا محدود هوندا آهن. ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ خاص طور تي [[عام مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي فهرست|بيشمار مائڪرو ڪنٽرولر]] تيار ڪيا ويا آهن. عام مقصد وارا مائڪرو پروسيسر به ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن، پر انهن کي عام طور مائڪرو ڪنٽرولرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ وڌيڪ مددگار سرڪٽري جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. ==== تيار ٿيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊ ==== [[PC/104]] ۽ PC/104+ ننڍن، گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ۽ سخت ماحول ۾ ڪم ڪندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ تيار ڪيل ڪمپيوٽر بورڊن جا معياري مثال آهن. اهي گهڻو ڪري x86 بنياد وارا هوندا آهن ۽ روايتي ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي ڀيٽ ۾ جسامت ۾ ننڍا، پر گهڻن سادن (8/16-bit) ايمبيڊڊ نظامن کان وڏا هوندا آهن. انهن ۾ [[لينڪس]] يا [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]] جهڙا معياري آپريٽنگ نظام، يا [[مائڪرو سي/او ايس-II]]، [[ڪيو اين ايڪس]] ۽ [[وي ايڪس ورڪس]] جهڙا ايمبيڊڊ [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) استعمال ٿي سگهن ٿا. ڪجهه استعمالن ۾، جتي ننڍڙي جسامت يا توانائي جي بچت بنيادي ضرورت نه هجي، اتي اهڙا جزا استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن جيڪي عام مقصد وارن x86 ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان هم آهنگ هوندا آهن. VIA جي [[اي پي آءِ اي]] جهڙا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن سان مطابقت رکندي به وڌيڪ مربوط، ننڍي جسامت وارا يا ٻين خاصيتن سبب ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي انجنيئرن لاءِ پرڪشش هوندا آهن. هن طريقي جو فائدو اهو آهي ته گهٽ قيمت وارا معياري جزا ۽ اهي ئي سافٽويئر ترقياتي اوزار استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، جيڪي عام ڪمپيوٽر سافٽويئر جي ترقي ۾ استعمال ٿيندا آهن. اهڙي طريقي سان تيار ڪيل نظام اڃا به ايمبيڊڊ نظام سڏبا آهن، ڇاڪاڻ⁠تہ اهي ڪنهن وڏي ڊوائيس جو حصو هوندا آهن ۽ هڪ مخصوص ڪم سرانجام ڏيندا آهن. هن طريقي جا مثال [[خودڪار ٽيلر مشين]] (ATM) ۽ [[آرڪيڊ مشين]]ون آهن، جن ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ ڪوڊ مخصوص مقصد لاءِ لکيل هوندو آهي. پر گهڻا تيار ٿيل ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جا بورڊ ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن تي ٻڌل نه هوندا آهن ۽ نه ئي [[انڊسٽري اسٽينڊرڊ آرڪيٽيڪچر]] (ISA) يا [[پيريفيرل ڪمپوننٽ انٽرڪنيڪٽ]] (PCI) بس استعمال ڪندا آهن. جڏهن [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] (SoC) پروسيسر استعمال ٿيندو آهي، تڏهن الڳ جزن کي ڳنڍڻ لاءِ معياري بس رکڻ جو فائدو تمام گهٽ هوندو آهي، ۽ هارڊويئر توڙي سافٽويئر اوزارن جو ماحول به بلڪل مختلف ٿي سگهي ٿو. هڪ عام ڊزائن انداز ۾ ننڍڙو نظامي ماڊيول استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو ڪاروباري ڪارڊ جيتري جسامت جو به ٿي سگهي ٿو. ان ۾ اعليٰ ڪثافت وارا [[بال گرڊ ايري]] (BGA) چِپ، جهڙوڪ [[آرم آرڪيٽيڪچر]] تي ٻڌل [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] پروسيسر ۽ ان سان لاڳاپيل پيريفيرلز، ذخيري لاءِ ٻاهرين [[فليش يادگيري]] ۽ هلندڙ يادگيري لاءِ [[ڊائنامڪ رينڊم ايڪسيس ميموري]] (DRAM) شامل هوندي آهي. ماڊيول ٺاهيندڙ عام طور شروعاتي (Boot) سافٽويئر مهيا ڪندو آهي ۽ مختلف آپريٽنگ نظامن جي سهولت پڻ ڏيندو آهي، جن ۾ عام طور [[لينڪس]] ۽ ڪجهه [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) شامل هوندا آهن. اهڙا ماڊيول وڏي مقدار ۾ تيار ڪري سگهجن ٿا ۽ پوءِ گهٽ مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ خاص مقصد وارن مين بورڊن سان، جن تي مخصوص پيريفيرلز لڳل هوندا آهن، گڏ ڪيا ويندا آهن. هن طريقي جا نمايان مثال [[آرڊوينو]] ۽ [[راسبيري پائي]] آهن. ==== ASIC ۽ FPGA تي ٻڌل SoC حل ==== [[سسٽم آن اي چپ]] (SoC) هڪ اهڙي چِپ آهي، جنهن ۾ مڪمل نظام شامل هوندو آهي. ان ۾ ڪيترائي پروسيسر، ملٽي پلائر، ڪيش، مختلف قسمن جون يادگيريون ۽ گهڻو ڪري تار وارن يا وائرليس رابطن لاءِ مختلف انٽرفيس پڻ شامل هوندا آهن. اهڙين چِپن ۾ اڪثر [[گرافيڪس پروسيسنگ يونٽ]] (GPU) ۽ [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسر]] (DSP) پڻ موجود هوندا آهن. SoC کي يا ته [[ايپليڪيشن مخصوص مربوط سرڪٽ]] (ASIC) جي صورت ۾ يا [[فيلڊ-پروگرامبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) ذريعي تيار ڪيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي عام طور ٻيهر ترتيب ڏئي سگهجي ٿو. ASIC تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد وڏي مقدار ۾ تيار ٿيندڙ ايمبيڊڊ نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[موبائل فون]] ۽ [[سمارٽ فون]]، ۾ عام آهي. جڏهن⁠ته ASIC يا FPGA تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد اهڙن ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ استعمال ٿيندو آهي، جتي سگنل پروسيسنگ، انٽرفيس يا اعتبار جي لحاظ کان خاص گهرجون هجن، جيئن [[ايويونڪس]] ۾. === پيريفيرلز === [[File:SMSC LAN91C110 ethernet chip.jpg|thumb|SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) ايمبيڊڊ [[ايٿرنيٽ]] چِپ]] ايمبيڊڊ نظام ٻاهرين دنيا سان [[پيريفيرل]]ن ذريعي رابطو ڪندا آهن، جهڙوڪ: * [[سيريل رابطي جو انٽرفيس]] (SCI): [[آر ايس-232]]، [[آر ايس-422]]، [[آر ايس-485]] وغيره. * [[هم وقتي سيريل انٽرفيس]]: [[I2C]]، [[سيريل پيريفيرل انٽرفيس]] (SPI)، SSC ۽ ESSI. * [[يونيورسل سيريل بس]] (USB) * ميديا ڪارڊ ([[ايس ڊي ڪارڊ]]، [[ڪامپيڪٽ فليش]] وغيره) * [[نيٽ ورڪ انٽرفيس ڪنٽرولر]]: [[ايٿرنيٽ]]، [[وائي فائي]] وغيره. * [[فيلڊ بس]]: [[ڪين بس]] CAN، [[مقامي انٽرڪنيڪٽ نيٽ ورڪ|LIN بس]]، [[پروفي بس]] وغيره. * ٽائمر: [[فيز لاڪڊ لوپ]]، [[پروگرامبل انٽرول ٽائمر]] * [[عام مقصد ان پُٽ/آئوٽ پُٽ]] (GPIO) * [[اينالاگ کان ڊجيٽل ڪنورٽر]] ۽ [[ڊجيٽل کان اينالاگ ڪنورٽر]] * ڊيبگنگ: [[جي ٽيگ]] (JTAG)، [[اِن-سسٽم پروگرامنگ]]، بيڪگرائونڊ ڊيبگ موڊ انٽرفيس پورٽ، BITP ۽ DB9 پورٽ. === اوزار === ٻين سافٽويئرن وانگر، ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جا ڊزائنر به [[ڪمپائلر]]، [[اسمبلر (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|اسمبلر]] ۽ [[ڊيبگر]] استعمال ڪندا آهن، پر ان سان گڏ هيٺيان خاص اوزار پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهن ٿا: * اِن-سرڪٽ ڊيبگر يا ايميوليٽر (ڏسو [[#ڊيبگنگ]]). * اهڙا اوزار، جيڪي پروگرام ۾ چيڪ سم يا [[سائيڪلنڪ ريڊنڊنسي چيڪ]] (CRC) شامل ڪن، جيئن ايمبيڊڊ نظام پروگرام جي درست هجڻ جي تصديق ڪري سگهي. * [[ڊجيٽل سگنل پروسيسنگ]] استعمال ڪندڙ نظامن لاءِ [[حسابي نوٽ بڪ]]، جنهن ذريعي رياضيائي نمونن جي نقل (Simulation) ڪئي وڃي. * نظامي سطح جا ماڊلنگ ۽ سموليشن اوزار، جيڪي پروسيسر، [[يادگيري]]، [[سڌي يادگيري رسائي]] (DMA)، [[انٽرفيس (ڪمپيوٽنگ)|انٽرفيس]]، بس ۽ سافٽويئر جي وهڪري جا ماڊل تيار ڪن. انهن ذريعي توانائي، ڪارڪردگي، اعتبار ۽ رڪاوٽن جو جائزو وٺي مناسب جزا چونڊيا ويندا آهن. * ماڊل تي ٻڌل ترقياتي اوزار، جيڪي گرافيائي ڊيٽا فلو ۽ UML اسٽيٽ چارٽ جي صورت ۾ جزن، جهڙوڪ ڊجيٽل فلٽر، موٽر ڪنٽرولر، رابطي جي پروٽوڪول ۽ گهڻ-رفتاري وارن ڪمن جا ماڊل تيار ۽ نقل ڪن. * خاص هارڊويئر لاءِ بهتر ڪيل [[ڪمپائلر]] ۽ لنڪر. * ايمبيڊڊ نظام لاءِ پنهنجون خاص پروگرامنگ ٻوليون يا اوزار، يا موجوده ٻولين جهڙوڪ [[فورٿ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|فورٿ]] يا [[بيسڪ اسٽيمپ]] جون واڌايون. * يا وري [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) يا [[ايمبيڊڊ آپريٽنگ نظام]] جو استعمال. * [[يو ايم ايل اوزار]]، جيڪي گهڻو ڪري [[يو ايم ايل اسٽيٽ مشين]]ن تي ٻڌل هوندا آهن. اهي سافٽويئر اوزار مختلف ذريعن کان حاصل ٿي سگهن ٿا: * ايمبيڊڊ مارڪيٽ ۾ ماهر سافٽويئر ڪمپنيون. * [[GNU]] جا پورٽ ڪيل ترقياتي اوزار. * يا جيڪڏهن ايمبيڊڊ پروسيسر عام ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جي پروسيسر سان ويجهو لاڳاپيل هجي، ته ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جا ترقياتي اوزار پڻ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. ايمبيڊڊ سافٽويئر جي ترقي لاءِ عام طور ڪيترن ئي اوزارن جي ضرورت هوندي آهي، جن ۾ [[سي++]]، [[رسٽ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|رسٽ]] ۽ [[پائٿن (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|پائٿن]] جهڙيون پروگرامنگ ٻوليون، ۽ گرافيائي استعمال ڪندڙ رابطو ٺاهڻ لاءِ [[ڪيو ٽي]] جهڙا فريم ورڪ شامل آهن. اهي اوزار ڊولپرن کي اهڙيون مؤثر، توسيع لائق ۽ خصوصيتن سان ڀرپور ايپليڪيشنون تيار ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏين ٿا، جيڪي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن جي مخصوص گهرجن کي پورو ڪن. اوزارن جي چونڊ عام طور حقيقي وقت واري ڪارڪردگي، هارڊويئر سان هم آهنگي ۽ توانائي جي بچت جهڙن عنصرن تي ٻڌل هوندي آهي. جيئن⁠جيئن ايمبيڊڊ نظام وڌيڪ پيچيده ٿيندا پيا وڃن، تيئن اعليٰ درجي جا اوزار ۽ آپريٽنگ نظام به انهن ۾ شامل ٿيندا پيا وڃن. مثال طور [[موبائل فون]]، [[ذاتي ڊجيٽل مددگار]] (PDA) ۽ ٻيا صارف ڪمپيوٽر اڪثر اهڙي اهم سافٽويئر جا محتاج هوندا آهن، جيڪو اليڪٽرانڪس ٺاهيندڙ بدران ڪنهن ٽئين ڌر طرفان تيار يا مهيا ڪيو ويندو آهي. اهڙن نظامن ۾ [[لينڪس]]، [[نيٽ بي ايس ڊي]]، [[فري بي ايس ڊي]]، [[او ايس جي آئي]] يا [[ايمبيڊڊ جاوا]] جهڙو کليل پروگرامنگ ماحول ضروري هوندو آهي، جيئن ٽئين ڌر جا سافٽويئر تيار ڪندڙ وڏي مارڪيٽ تائين پنهنجيون ايپليڪيشنون پهچائي سگهن. == ڊيبگنگ == ايمبيڊڊ [[ڊيبگنگ]] موجود سهولتن جي لحاظ کان مختلف سطحن تي انجام ڏئي سگهجي ٿي. ان دوران ڪيترن ئي ڳالهين تي غور ڪيو ويندو آهي، جهڙوڪ: ڇا ڊيبگنگ بنيادي ايپليڪيشن جي رفتار گهٽائي ٿي؟ ڇا ڊيبگ ٿيندڙ نظام يا ايپليڪيشن اصل نظام جي ڪيتري ويجهو آهي؟ ڊيبگنگ لاءِ مقرر ڪيل ٽرگر ڪيترا تفصيلي آهن (مثال طور، جڏهن [[پروگرام ڪائونٽر]] ڪنهن خاص قدر تي پهچي ته يادگيري جو جائزو وٺڻ)، ۽ ڊيبگنگ دوران ڪهڙين شين جو معائنو ڪري سگهجي ٿو، جهڙوڪ رڳو يادگيري يا يادگيري سان گڏ رجسٽر وغيره. سادن کان وٺي وڌيڪ ترقي يافته طريقن تائين، ڊيبگنگ جون ٽيڪنيڪون ۽ نظام تقريباً هيٺين قسمن ۾ ورهايا وڃن ٿا: * ايمبيڊڊ آپريٽنگ نظام پاران مهيا ڪيل سادي شيل (Shell) استعمال ڪندي رابطي واري رهائشي ڊيبگنگ، جهڙوڪ [[فورٿ (پروگرامنگ ٻولي)|فورٿ]] ۽ بيسڪ. * صرف سافٽويئر تي ٻڌل ڊيبگر، جن جو فائدو اهو آهي ته انهن لاءِ هارڊويئر ۾ ڪا تبديلي ڪرڻي نه پوندي آهي، پر وقت ۽ اسٽوريج بچائڻ لاءِ انهن کي احتياط سان طئي ڪرڻو پوندو آهي ته ڪهڙي معلومات محفوظ ڪئي وڃي.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tancreti |first1=Matthew |last2=Sundaram |first2=Vinaitheerthan |last3=Bagchi |first3=Saurabh |last4=Eugster |first4=Patrick |title=Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks |chapter=TARDIS |date=2015 |series=IPSN '15 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=ACM |pages=286–297 |doi=10.1145/2737095.2737096 |isbn=9781450334754 |s2cid=10120929}}</ref> * لاگنگ يا سيريل پورٽ جي آئوٽ پُٽ ذريعي ٻاهرين ڊيبگنگ، جنهن ۾ فليش ۾ موجود مانيٽر يا [[ريميڊي ڊيبگر]] جهڙو ڊيبگ سرور استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪو مختلف قسمن جي [[گهڻ-مرڪزي پروسيسنگ|گهڻ-ڪور]] نظامن سان پڻ ڪم ڪري سگهي ٿو. * [[اِن-سرڪٽ ڊيبگر]] (ICD)، جيڪو هڪ هارڊويئر اوزار هوندو آهي ۽ [[جي ٽيگ]] يا [[نيڪسس (معيار)|نيڪسس]] انٽرفيس ذريعي مائڪرو پروسيسر سان ڳنڍبو آهي.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tancreti|first1=Matthew|last2=Hossain|first2=Mohammad Sajjad|last3=Bagchi|first3=Saurabh|last4=Raghunathan|first4=Vijay|title=Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems |chapter=Aveksha |date=2011|series=SenSys '11|location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=288–301|doi=10.1145/2070942.2070972|isbn=9781450307185|s2cid=14769602}}</ref> ان سان مائڪرو پروسيسر جي عمل کي ٻاهران ڪنٽرول ڪري سگهجي ٿو، پر عام طور اهو پروسيسر جي مخصوص ڊيبگنگ صلاحيتن تائين محدود هوندو آهي. * [[اِن-سرڪٽ ايميوليٽر]] (ICE)، جيڪو اصل مائڪرو پروسيسر جي جاءِ تي ان جو نقل رکندو آهي ۽ مائڪرو پروسيسر جي سڀني حصن تي مڪمل ڪنٽرول فراهم ڪندو آهي. * مڪمل [[ايميوليٽر]]، جيڪو هارڊويئر جي هر پهلوءَ جي نقل فراهم ڪندو آهي، جنهن سان هر شيءِ کي ڪنٽرول ۽ تبديل ڪري سگهجي ٿو ۽ عام ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر تي ڊيبگنگ به ممڪن ٿيندي آهي. البت ان جون خاميون وڌيڪ قيمت ۽ گهٽ رفتار آهن، جيڪا ڪڏهن ڪڏهن اصل نظام جي ڀيٽ ۾ سئو ڀيرا به گهٽ ٿي سگهي ٿي. * SoC ڊزائنن لاءِ عام طريقيڪار اهو آهي ته ڊزائن کي [[فيلڊ-پروگرامبل گيٽ ايري]] (FPGA) جي نمونياتي بورڊ تي جانچيو ۽ ڊيبگ ڪيو وڃي. Certus جهڙا اوزار<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eejournal.com/archives/articles/20121030-tektronix/ |author-first1=Kevin|author-last1=Morris|title=Tektronix Shakes Up Prototyping, Embedded Instrumentation Boosts Boards to Emulator Status |publisher=Electronic Engineering Journal |date= 2012-10-30 |access-date=2012-10-30}}</ref> FPGA ۾ جاچ لاءِ پروب شامل ڪندا آهن، جن ذريعي سگنلن جو مشاهدو ڪري سگهجي ٿو. ان سان ڪيترن ئي FPGA تي ٻڌل عملدرآمد ۾ هارڊويئر، فرم ويئر ۽ سافٽويئر جي گڏيل عمل کي، لاجڪ اينالائيزر جهڙين صلاحيتن سان، ڊيبگ ڪيو ويندو آهي. جيڪڏهن ڊيبگنگ صرف ٻاهرين اوزارن تائين محدود نه هجي، ته پروگرامر عام طور اوزارن جي مدد سان سافٽويئر لوڊ ۽ هلائي سگهي ٿو، پروسيسر ۾ هلندڙ ڪوڊ ڏسي سگهي ٿو ۽ ان جي عمل کي شروع يا بند ڪري سگهي ٿو. ڪوڊ جو ڏيک [[اعليٰ سطحي پروگرامنگ ٻولي]]، [[اسمبلي ٻولي]] يا ٻنهي جي گڏيل صورت ۾ ٿي سگهي ٿو. === ٽريسنگ === [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] اڪثر [[ٽريسنگ (سافٽويئر)|ٽريسنگ]] جي سهولت فراهم ڪندا آهن، جنهن ذريعي آپريٽنگ نظام جي واقعن کي رڪارڊ ڪيو ويندو آهي. نظام جي رويي جي رڪارڊ جي بنياد تي ميزبان ذاتي ڪمپيوٽر جو اوزار ان جو گرافيائي ڏيک پيش ڪندو آهي. ٽريس رڪارڊنگ سافٽويئر، RTOS يا خاص ٽريسنگ هارڊويئر ذريعي ڪري سگهجي ٿي. RTOS ٽريسنگ ڊولپرن کي سافٽويئر نظام جي وقتبندي ۽ ڪارڪردگي سان لاڳاپيل مسئلن کي سمجهڻ ۾ مدد ڏئي ٿي ۽ نظام جي اعليٰ سطحي رويي جي به سٺي ڄاڻ فراهم ڪري ٿي. ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ ٽريس رڪارڊنگ هارڊويئر يا سافٽويئر ٻنهي طريقن سان ممڪن آهي. سافٽويئر تي ٻڌل ٽريسنگ لاءِ خاص ڊيبگنگ هارڊويئر جي ضرورت نه هوندي آهي ۽ ان کي اڳ ئي استعمال هيٺ موجود ڊوائيسن ۾ به استعمال ڪري سگهجي ٿو، پر ان جو اثر CPU ۽ RAM جي استعمال تي پئجي سگهي ٿو.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kraft |first1=Johan |chapter=Trace Recording for Embedded Systems: Lessons Learned from Five Industrial Projects |date=2010 |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_24 |title=Runtime Verification |volume=6418 |pages=315–329 |editor-last=Barringer |editor-first=Howard |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16612-9_24 |isbn=978-3-642-16611-2 |access-date=2022-08-16 |last2=Wall |first2=Anders |last3=Kienle |first3=Holger |editor2-last=Falcone |editor2-first=Ylies |editor3-last=Finkbeiner |editor3-first=Bernd |editor4-last=Havelund |editor4-first=Klaus|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> RTOS ماحول ۾ استعمال ٿيندڙ اهڙي سافٽويئر ٽريسنگ جو هڪ مثال خالي [[ميڪرو (ڪمپيوٽر سائنس)|ميڪرو]] آهن، جيڪي آپريٽنگ نظام طرفان ڪوڊ جي اهم هنڌن تي سڏيا ويندا آهن ۽ [[هوڪنگ]] لاءِ استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا. === ڀروسي جوڳائپ === ايمبيڊڊ نظام اڪثر اهڙين مشينن ۾ نصب هوندا آهن، جن کان اميد ڪئي ويندي آهي ته اهي سالن تائين بنا ڪنهن غلطي جي لڳاتار ڪم ڪندا رهندا، ۽ ڪجهه حالتن ۾ جيڪڏهن ڪا خرابي پيدا ٿئي ته پاڻ ئي بحال به ٿي وڃن. انهيءَ سبب انهن جو سافٽويئر عام ذاتي ڪمپيوٽرن جي سافٽويئر جي ڀيٽ ۾ گهڻو وڌيڪ احتياط سان تيار ۽ آزمائيو ويندو آهي، ۽ غير قابلِ اعتماد مشيني حرڪت وارا حصا، جهڙوڪ ڊسڪ ڊرائيو، سوئچ يا بٽڻ، عام طور استعمال کان پاسو ڪيو ويندو آهي. ڀروسي جوڳائپ سان لاڳاپيل مخصوص مسئلن ۾ هيٺيان شامل آهن: * نظام کي مرمت لاءِ محفوظ نموني بند نٿو ڪري سگهجي، يا اهو مرمت لاءِ تمام گهڻو ڏورانهين هنڌ تي هوندو آهي. مثالن ۾ خلائي نظام، سمنڊ هيٺان ڪيبلون، سامونڊي رهنمائي جا بتي گهر، بور هول نظام ۽ گاڏيون شامل آهن. * حفاظتي سببن جي ڪري نظام جو هلندڙ رهڻ لازمي هوندو آهي. اهڙين حالتن ۾ خرابي دوران محدود ڪارڪردگي به ناقابلِ قبول ٿي سگهي ٿي. گهڻو ڪري بيڪ اپ نظام آپريٽر جي چونڊ سان استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن. مثالن ۾ جهازن جا نيويگيشن نظام، ري ايڪٽر ڪنٽرول نظام، حفاظتي لحاظ کان اهم ڪيميائي ڪارخانن جا ڪنٽرول، ريلوي سگنل وغيره شامل آهن. * جيڪڏهن نظام بند ٿي وڃي ته وڏي مالي نقصان جو انديشو هوندو آهي، جهڙوڪ ٽيليفون ايڪسچينج، ڪارخانن جا ڪنٽرول، پلن ۽ لفٽن جا ڪنٽرول، رقم جي منتقلي ۽ مارڪيٽ ميڪنگ جا نظام، خودڪار وڪرو ۽ خدمتي نظام. سافٽويئر جي خرابين، جهڙوڪ [[ميموري ليڪ]]، ۽ هارڊويئر ۾ ٿيندڙ [[عارضي هارڊويئر غلطي|عارضي غلطي]]ن مان بحالي لاءِ مختلف طريقا، ڪڏهن گڏيل طور، استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن، جن ۾ شامل آهن: * [[واچ ڊاگ ٽائمر]]، جيڪو ان صورت ۾ نظام کي ٻيهر شروع ڪري ڇڏيندو آهي جيڪڏهن سافٽويئر مقرر وقفي سان واچ ڊاگ ذيلي نظام کي اطلاع نه ڏئي. * [[قابلِ اعتماد ڪمپيوٽنگ بنياد]] (TCB) تي ٻڌل جوڙجڪ سان ڊزائن، جيڪا انتهائي محفوظ ۽ ڀروسي جوڳو نظامي ماحول مهيا ڪري ٿي.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://c59951.r51.cf2.rackcdn.com/5557-528-heiser.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129070740/http://c59951.r51.cf2.rackcdn.com/5557-528-heiser.pdf |archive-date=2014-11-29 |url-status=live |title=Your System is secure? Prove it! |first1=Gernot |last1=Heiser |date=December 2007 |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=35–8 |journal=[[;login:]]}}</ref> * ايمبيڊڊ نظامن لاءِ تيار ڪيل [[هائپروائيزر]]، جيڪو هر ذيلي نظام کي محفوظ الڳ ماحول مهيا ڪندو آهي، جنهن سان جيڪڏهن ڪو سافٽويئر جزو متاثر به ٿي وڃي ته اهو ٻين ذيلي نظامن يا اعليٰ اختيار رکندڙ نظامي سافٽويئر ۾ مداخلت نٿو ڪري سگهي.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Moratelli|first1=C|last2=Johann|first2=S|last3=Neves|first3=M|last4=Hessel|first4=F|title=Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Rapid System Prototyping: Shortening the Path from Specification to Prototype|chapter=Embedded virtualization for the design of secure IoT applications|pages=2–6|date=2016|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7909116|access-date=2 February 2018|doi=10.1145/2990299.2990301|isbn=9781450345354|s2cid=17466572}}</ref> اهڙي الڳ رکڻ سان هڪ ذيلي نظام جي خرابي ٻئي تائين منتقل نه ٿيندي آهي، جنهن سان ڀروسي جوڳائپ بهتر ٿيندي آهي. ان سان اهو به ممڪن ٿيندو آهي ته خرابي معلوم ٿيڻ تي ذيلي نظام کي پاڻمرادو بند ڪري ٻيهر شروع ڪيو وڃي. * غلطيءَ کان بچاءَ بابت آگاهي واري پروگرامنگ (Immunity-aware programming)، جيڪا انجنيئرن کي وڌيڪ ڀروسي جوڳو ايمبيڊڊ ڪوڊ تيار ڪرڻ ۾ مدد ڏئي ٿي.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Short|first=Michael|title=2008 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications |chapter=Development guidelines for dependable real-time embedded systems |date=March 2008|chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4493674|pages=1032–1039|doi=10.1109/AICCSA.2008.4493674|isbn=978-1-4244-1967-8|s2cid=14163138|url=https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Development_Guidelines_for_Dependable_Real-Time_Embedded_Systems_/10083272 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Motor Industry Software Reliability Association|title=MISRA C:2012 Third Edition, First Revision|url=https://www.misra.org.uk/product/misra-c2012-third-edition-first-revision/|access-date=2022-02-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[MISRA C]] ۽ C++ جهڙيون هدايتون ۽ ڪوڊنگ ضابطا ڊولپرن جي مدد ڪن ٿا ته جيئن هو اهڙين ڪوڊنگ طريقن کان پاسو ڪن جيڪي هلندڙ وقت غلطيون پيدا ڪري سگهن، جهڙوڪ ميموري ليڪ، غلط پوائنٽرن جو استعمال، رن ٽائيم جاچ، استثنا سنڀال، حدن ۽ منطقي درستگي جون جاچون، صفر سان ورهاست کان بچاءُ، بفر انڊيڪس جي تصديق، لوپن جون حدون مقرر ڪرڻ، پڙهڻ ۾ آسان ۽ چڱيءَ طرح تبصرا ڪيل ڪوڊ لکڻ، ۽ پروگرامنگ ٻولي جي اهڙين ابهامن کان پاسو ڪرڻ جيڪي ڪمپائلر جي مختلف رويي يا ضمني اثرن جو سبب بڻجي سگهن. اهي ضابطا گهڻو ڪري [[جامد ڪوڊ جاچيندڙ]] يا محدود [[ماڊل جاچ]] سان گڏ فنڪشنل تصديق لاءِ استعمال ڪيا ويندا آهن ۽ ڪوڊ جي [[بدترين عملدرآمد وقت]] جي تعين ۾ پڻ مدد ڏيندا آهن.<ref name=":1"/> === وڏي پيماني تي پيداوار بمقابله گهٽ پيماني تي پيداوار === وڏي پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ نظامن، جهڙوڪ [[موبائل فون]]ن، ۾ عام طور قيمت کي گهٽ کان گهٽ رکڻ ڊزائن جو بنيادي مقصد هوندو آهي. انجنيئر اڪثر اهڙو هارڊويئر چونڊيندا آهن، جيڪو صرف گهربل ڪم سرانجام ڏيڻ لاءِ ڪافي هجي. گهٽ پيماني تي تيار ٿيندڙ يا نمونياتي ايمبيڊڊ نظامن ۾ عام مقصد وارا ڪمپيوٽر به استعمال ڪري سگهجن ٿا، جتي غير ضروري پروگرامن کي محدود ڪيو ويندو آهي يا آپريٽنگ نظام جي جاءِ تي [[حقيقي وقت آپريٽنگ نظام]] (RTOS) نصب ڪيو ويندو آهي. hp4n4yjg3oe6v7jvthqnclyalay1g05