Imaziɣn

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{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = {{unbulleted list|Imaziɣn}}&lt;!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --&gt;
| native_name      = {{hlist|{{lang|ber-Latn|Imaziɣen}}|{{lang|ber|ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ}}}}
| image            = 
| caption          = 
| population       = 25 id mlyun&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ar 36 id mlyun&lt;ref name=&quot;Danver2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA23|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|quote=The Berber population numbers approximately 36 million people.|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber|title=Berber people|access-date=2016-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber speakers&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/north-africas-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/|title=North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=5 May 2012|access-date=8 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bhatia|first1=Tej K.|last2=Ritchie|first2=William C.|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|access-date=16 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region1          = [[Lmɣrib]]
| pop1             = 14 id mlyun{{refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barry |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA554 |title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45578-3 |pages=554 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Berber Marginalization in North Africa Fuels Identity Movements |url=https://fanack.com/morocco/population-of-morocco/berber-identity-movements/ |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=The MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-07-04 |title=Berber {{!}} people {{!}} Britannica.com |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber |access-date=2022-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704131003/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber |archive-date=2018-07-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ar 15 id mlyun{{refn|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Lawrence |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=uo6wCgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA202 |title=Two Arabs, a Berber, and a Jew: Entangled Lives in Morocco |date=2015-12-02 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31751-9 |pages=202 |language=en |quote=He accepts the undocumented estimate that nearly half the Moroccan population—perhaps as many as fifteen million people—identify themselves as Berber...}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=AP PHOTOS: Berbers live on in Morocco's Atlas Mountains |url=https://apnews.com/general-news-dc618d95c6d84e99b219c0fb51f5d4f8 |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=AP News |language=en |quote=At least 15 million Moroccans are Amazigh, divided into different groups according to their dialects.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ennaji |first=Moha |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=DXsF7fT318QC&amp;pg=PA72 |title=Multilingualism, Cultural Identity, and Education in Morocco |date=2005-01-20 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-23979-8 |pages=72 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| region2          = [[Ddzayr]]
| pop2             = 7 id mlyun&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barry |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=8vBnBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA554 |title=The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture |date=2015-03-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45578-3 |pages=554 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ar 13 id mlyun&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769|title=Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language|newspaper=BBC News|date=2016-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region3          = [[Nnijr]]
| pop3             = 2.6 id mlyun&lt;ref name=nigertuareg&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/|title=The World Factbook|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2016-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/|archive-date=2021-03-30}}, Niger: 11% of 23.6 million&lt;/ref&gt;
| region4          = [[Fṛanṣa]]
| pop4             = 2 id mlyun&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm ''Les langues de France: un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm|date=2014-09-29}}, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region5          = [[Mali]]
| pop5             = 850,000&lt;ref name=WorldFactbookMali&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/|title=Mali|date=5 November 2021|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032030/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/|archive-date=30 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region6          = [[Libya]]
| pop6             = 600,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Zurutuza |first=Karlos |year= |title=Libya's Berbers fear ethnic conflict |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Aljazeera]] |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/1/6/libyas-berbers-fear-ethnic-conflict |access-date=2021-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region7          = [[Bljika]]
| pop7             = 500,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html|title=Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain|last=Truong|first=Nicolas|date=2016-03-23|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region8          = [[Hulanḍa]]
| pop8             = 467,455{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}
| region9          = [[Buṛkina Faṣu]]
| pop9             = 406,271&lt;ref name=burkinatuareg&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/|title=The World Factbook|website=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=2021-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020045/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso|archive-date=2021-01-11}}, Burkina Faso: 1.9% of 21.4 million&lt;/ref&gt;
| region10         = [[Tuns]]
| pop10            = 100,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region11         = [[Kanaḍa]]
| pop11            = 37,060&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo1=PR&amp;Code1=01&amp;Geo2=&amp;Code2=&amp;Data=Count&amp;SearchText=Canada&amp;SearchType=Begins&amp;SearchPR=01&amp;B1=All&amp;TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census – Canada |first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region12         = [[Miṣṛa]]
| pop12            = 30,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region13         = [[Muriṭanya]]
| pop13            = 10,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=OxnOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT277 |title=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 volumes] |date=2020-02-24 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=979-8-216-10219-9 |language=en |quote=However, there may be around twenty-five million Berbers in total, with fifteen million Berbers living in Morocco; six million in Algeria; one million each in Libya, Mali, and Niger; thirty thousand in Egypt; one hundred thousand in Tunisia; and ten thousand in Mauritania.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region14         = [[Nnurwij]]
| pop14            = 4,500{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
| region15         = [[Israyil]]
| pop15            = 3,500&lt;ref&gt;Moshe Shokeid: ''The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village''. Manchester University Press, 1971.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region16         = [[Iwankn Munnin n Marikan]]
| pop16            = 1,325&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=US Census Bureau|title=The Arab Population: 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113064140/http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf |archive-date=2004-01-13 |url-status=live|access-date=2013-05-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| langs            = [[Tutlayin timaziɣin]]
| rels             = Amata nnsn gan [[Sunni Islam|imuslmn isunniyn]]&lt;br /&gt;Tidrsiwin n [[Lislam Aybaḍi|Imuslmn Ibaḍiyn]], [[Lislam Aciɛi|Lislam Aciɛi]] d, [[Tmasiḥiyt]] (slawant [[Takatulikt]]),&lt;ref name=Miller2015&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087|title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census|last1=Miller|first1=Duane Alexander|last2=Johnstone|first2=Patrick|journal=Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion|volume=11|number=10|year=2015|via=academia.edu|access-date=27 March 2016|issn=1556-3723}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja: ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018134716/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2017-10-18 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Berber Jews|Judaism]]&lt;!-- as per [[Infobox ethnic group]], the religion parameter is for the &quot;group's religious affiliations&quot; – irreligion is having no religious affiliation --&gt;
| native_name_lang = ber
}}

Gan '''Imaziɣn''' yan uɣrf illan ɣ ugafa n [[Tfriqt]], gin aɣrf nns anṣli, gint [[Tutlayin timaziɣin|tutalyin Timaziɣin]] ils nnsn.


== Ism ==
''Imaziɣn'' iga ism nna fkan imaziɣen i iɣfawn-nnsn, ig ism agʷnsan (endonym), ikka-d ayt dars. Asuf nns iga tt ''(t)amaziɣ(t)''. Llan ismawen yaḍen nna gan imaziɣn i yixfawn nnsn; zun d ''iclḥiyen'' gin itutlayt nnsn ''taclḥit''. Tacelḥit ad nenna as tlla tunɣilt-ad n Wikipidia (shi). ''Imuhaɣ'', ger wiyyaḍ, iga yism da akkan imaziɣn n ayt tnzruft (désert) i ixfawn nnsn, mac ism ad nufa ad nini iga ɣar tamzarayt n ''imaziɣn''. Iga amagut agʷnsan (nɣ irẓan) n tguri ''amaziɣ'': ''imuzaɣ'', s tmerniwt n usnfl amsesli n &quot;z&quot; s &quot;h&quot;, yan usnfl bahra ittwassann ɣ dar ayt tnzruft (''izi'', s umdya, ar darsn ittgga ''ihi'').

==Amadan amaziɣ ==
Afgan amaziɣ amzwaru nɣ babatsn n imaziɣn assaɣ ns igat &quot;Maziɣ&quot;, ilma maziɣ dars sin warraw &quot;Bṛans&quot; d &quot;Madɣis&quot;, mayad a ibḍan imaziɣn s sin iɣrfan : Ibṛnasn (aɣrf n Bṛans) d imdɣasn (aɣrf n Madɣis).

===Ibrnas===
----
Ibrnas bḍan s mraw n iɣrfan (nɣ iqqbiln) :
*Iskurn
*Iẓnagn
*Iktamn
*Iwrabn
*Imṣmudn
*Izdajn
*Iwriɣn
*Iɛjisn
*Ilmaṭn
*Iguzuln

=== Imdɣasn ===
----
Imdɣasn bḍan s sin d mraw n uɣrf :
*Ijanatn (Znata)
*Infzawn
*Imzatn
*Imɣiln
*Imtɣṛn
*Iṣḍinen
*Izwaɣn
*Izwwarn
*Ilwwatn
*Inffusn
*Imṭmaṭn
*Imdyunen

== Tamsalt n usala ==
Assa, amata n imaraten ar ttinin mas d-kkan imaziɣn kra n imzdaɣn ganin autoktonn, bayenn-d ''in situ'' ɣ [[Tafriqt n ugafa|Ifriqya n ugafa]], tili darsn yan idls apaliolit igan ibiromaurus (-16,000 usggʷas), d wiyyaḍ darsn yan idls amizolit igan u Gfsa (idels agefsi). Wiyyaḍ ar ttinin mas d-kkan (imaziɣn) imzdaɣn icrqiyn ganin ayt Ccam, zugn s ugafa n Ifriqya ɣ uzmz n tetranzisiont taniolitt. (gr - 9,500 d -7,000 usggʷas)....

==Amzruy==
[[Afaylu:East_Numidia.jpg|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:East_Numidia.jpg|thumb|250x250px|takarḍa n [[Numidya]]]]

=== Numidya ===
numidya nttat tagldit taqburt tamaẓunt nns sirta ɣilad assaɣ nns qsenṭina tbed ghrb n ẓlmḍ n ifriqya zi tuns ar lmɣrib  lan dis sin n trbiɛin tarbiɛt tamzwarut assaɣ n mazilyun  di ljiha lghrbiya di tgldit n numidya netnin d taqbilt n tamizt di mdukal n ṛuman gin tiwiza jirasn x qarṭaj, tarbiɛt wais sin assaɣ nns masaysulyun lan ag qerṭaj x ṛuman tamurt nnsen tla jar sṭif d dzayt (tamaẓunt) d wahran dɣi

[[masinissa]] niɣ masin asmzi n ussaɣ

=== Iglidn imaziɣn ===

* [[Masinissa|masinisa]]
* [[sifaks]]
* [[gaya]]
* [[tin hinan]]
* [[aksil]]
* [[yugrtn]]

== Tiram ==
[[Afaylu:Couscous_of_Fes.JPG|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Couscous_of_Fes.JPG|thumb|200x200px|ksksu]]
sksu niɣ  الكُسْكُس utci da amaziɣ itwag s uggran n imndi niɣ dra itwac s tɣnjayi niɣ s ufuil
illint ola tiram yanin dar imazighn twasen nist g tsgwin n umadal zond taglla nghd tarayt na skarn imazighn sg irden ola tomzin

== Tutlayt ==

== Asgd ==

== Timizar ==
[[Afaylu:Moroccan_stop_sign_in_Arabic_and_Berber.jpg|link=https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moroccan_stop_sign_in_Arabic_and_Berber.jpg|thumb|bedd]]

=== Ɣ Lmɣrib ===
niɣ tagldit n lmɣrib([[Amṛṛuk|lmrruk]])s taɛrabt [[المغرب| المملكة المغربية]]  awank tlla g ẓlmḍ n ifriqya tamaẓunt nnes ṛbaṭ  tga tadart tumlilt tamdint tamqrant d tamaẓunt tadmsant; tsaja lmɣrib x yil amllal n wammas  x tagut  n ugaraw n laṭlanti agmmuḍ nns dzayr ayfus nns muriṭanya

=== Ɣ Dzayr ===
dzayr assaɣ nnes unṣib (tagdudant n dzayr tadimuqraṭit taɣrfant) niɣ  الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية  tawankt tamuslmt taɛrabt tamaziɣt dzayr yan n tmurt tamqrat di tafrikt tis mraw deg umaḍal, tlla deg tafrikt n ugafa x ẓlmḍ nnes il amlal n wammas x ugmmuḍ nnes tuns d libya x uyfus mali d nijer x tagutn lmɣrib d muriṭanya

=== Ɣ Tuns ===
tuns tawankt n ifriqya ugafa tusid ingr dzayr d libya tamaẓunt nns tuns ma immalan masd itunsiyn imaziɣn ,mamk imaziɣn maṛṛa , acku tussna n itunsiyn nttat 100% tga tamaziɣt iɣ itɛrrb ils , ur ittɛrrb tussna gan maṛṛa imzdaɣ n tmurt tuns sg imaziɣn، di anggaru... tnna tzrawt timttit (ijtilaɛiya) di tuns tagara usggʷas 2009 tenna masd uṭṭun n itunsiyn sg laṣl amaziɣ ur idrus xf 60% sg maṛṛa imzdaɣ n tuns. tugt n itunsiyn walan i tiqbilin timaziɣin timqqranin tnfra (tḥkm) tmurt dat (qbl) ad tḍṛ qarṭaj di anaw tikunfidiraliyin lli iḥkmn maṛṛa tisggiwin sg tamazirt , ilmma tbḍa ɣr iɣrman d tiwacunin، da nttafa gr tikunfidariwin lli cigan itussan، takunfidiralit lfaracic tssnta nttat sg tala d lqṣrin ar aftas ( susa d ṣfaqṣ ) tyawskar g ufus umɣar amaziɣ anṭlas d tkkatin tamanaɣt nns tala، d ula takunfidiralit n warɣma g iffus (ljanub) acrqi nttat tkkatin da tsmuna tugt n tiqbilin dis lɛkara d lxzur d tawazin d wadrna d didsn imzdaɣ ɣmrasn ljbaliya . da nttafa ula di iẓlmḍ tiqbilin yaḍn timqranin , s twala tbḍa ar tiqbilin timẓyanin، da nk°tti digs zund: lḥiṣr، mqɛd، naqza، makna، bjawa، lḥnanca، awtala، ulad ɛiyar، wartlan، lbraqa، kasra، hwara، carn، zɣalma ... gan imsiwln s tutlayt tamaziɣt ass a di tuns ugar n 500,000 n ufgan llan di mṭmaṭa، tiṭṭawin، tigzirt jarba،qabs, gafṣa، lgṣrin,tkruna,ksra,tala d idurar xamir d tmi n iwutta akd dzayr d ula imsiwln s tmaziɣt d imzdaɣn n tuns tamanaɣt n iffus bla nettu imaziɣn imzwagn di bṛṛa

=== Ɣ Libya ===
libya tawankt tlla di ifriqya n ugafa (iẓlmḍ) tamaẓunt nns ṭarablus

=== Ɣ Muritanya ===
muriṭanya niɣ tagdudant tamuslmt tamuriṭanit;  awank  di iẓlmḍ n ifriqya tamaẓunt nns nwakcuṭ tlla xu agaraw n laṭlasi x ẓlmḍ ins lmɣrid d dzayr d siniɣal x yfus d mali x ugmmuḍ d uyfus

=== Ɣ Miṣra ===
[[Afaylu:Girl wearing the traditional dress of Siwa Oasis grinding salt.jpg|thumb|Yat terbat tamaziɣt igan ult Isiwan, Miṣra, ar teẓẓaḍ tisent s uzerg.]]
Yat lwaḥt a'ɣ bahra sul llan imaziɣen ɣ tmazirt n Miṣra, a'tt-igan d Siwa, neɣ Isiwan iɣ nit nra ad nsawel s tmaziɣt. Tucka-d Isiwan ɣ utaram akkʷ n tmazirt n Miṣra, taẓ i iwetta n tmazirt d Libya. Uṭṭun n imezdaɣen nns iga-t 35,000, 20,000 ad zigsen isawalen s tmaziɣt, d wuṭṭun-ad n imselmaziɣen ar ukan sul ittnaqas. Tella yat lwaḥt yaḍen, imeẓẓeyn f Isiwan, ɣ llan imaziɣen, tga-tt Gara. Tella ɣ ugafa ugmiḍ n Isiwan, d ur nn bahra fell-as taggug. Ayt Gara drusen f ayt Isiwan.

== iɣrfan n imaziɣn ==

== Tisaɣulin == 
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