Ciise

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    <title>Ciise</title>
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      <text bytes="4109" sha1="e8cfmwzbpce3506hpfn4f8jbd7t636l" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Christ in the Wilderness - Ivan Kramskoy - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|Rasaanta “Masiixa Lamadegaanka” oo uu sameeyay farshaxanka Ivan Kramskoy.]]
[[File:Isa_(Jesus)1.png|thumb|alt=Nebi Ciise|[[File:The Prophet Isa.png|thumb|Magaca Ciise oo ku qoran xarfaha far-qorista Islaamiga]]Magaca Ciise oo ku qoran xarfaha far-qorista Islaamiga]]
Ciise oo reer Naasared ah wuxuu ahaa macallin iyo wacdiyiye reer Banii [[Israaiil|israaiil]] ah oo ku dhashay dhulka Falastiin qiyaastii laba kun oo sano ka hor. Waxaa guud ahaan lagu tiriyaa inuu noolaa bilowgii qarnigii koowaad miilaadiga, xilli uu dhulka Falastiin maamulayay Boqortooyadii Roomaanka.

Xogaha taariikhiga ah ee la helay, sida qoraallada Flavius Josephus iyo Tacitus, waxay muujinayaan in Ciise uu caan ku ahaa baridda caddaaladda, naxariista iyo akhlaaqda bulshada. Wuxuu dadka ku dhiirrigelin jiray in ay ka fogaadaan dulmiga, isla markaana uu xoojin jiray daryeelka dadka tabaalaysan.

Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu lahaa koox raacsan oo loo yaqaanay xertiisii (''hawariyiinta''), kuwaas oo faafiyay fariintiisii kadib dhimashadiisa. Dadka daraaseeya taariikhda iyo diimaha waxay isku raacsan yihiin in Ciise lagu dilay ama la iskutubay xilligii maamulkii Roomaanka, in kasta oo faahfaahinta dhacdadaas ay ku kala duwan yihiin diimaha kala duwan.

Aragtida taariikhiga ah ee casriga ahi waxay Ciise u aragtaa shakhsiyad dhab ah oo taariikhda saameyn weyn ku yeeshay, gaar ahaan dhinacyada diinta, akhlaaqda iyo falsafadda. Fariintiisa iyo noloshiisa ayaa noqday saldhig muhiim u ah isbeddelladii fikradeed iyo diineed ee dunida ka dhacay qarniyadii xigay..
[[File:Jesus Christ 3.jpg|thumb|Astaanta Kiristaanka ee Ciise Masiix Pantokraator (Pantokraator: macnihiisu waa “Kan wax walba xukuma” ama “Ilaaha awoodda leh”)]]

=== Diinta Islaamka ===
[[Islaam|Islaamka]], '''Ciise Ibnu Maryam''' waa nebi weyn oo ka mid ah rususha Alle. Qur’aanka Kariimka ayaa si cad u xusay magaciisa in ka badan 25 jeer, waxaana Alle ku tilmaamay inuu yahay ''Ereygiisa iyo Ruux ka yimid isaga''.

Ciise wuxuu ku dhashay mucjiso, hooyadiis '''Maryama bintu Cimraanna''' waa haweenayda ugu sharfta badan dumarka adduunka. Qur’aanka wuxuu tilmaamay in Maryam uur yeelatay iyadoo aan lahayn sayg, arrintaasna lagu tilmaamay awoodda Alle ee wax walba sameeya. Suuradda 19aad ee Qur’aanka, ''Suuratu Maryam'', ayaa magaceeda lagu magacaabay hooyadiis.

Nebi Ciise waxaa loo diray '''reer Banii Israa’iil''' si uu ugu yeero cibaado Alle keliya iyo inuu xaqiijiyo fariimihii nebiyada ka horeeyay. Waxaa lagu mannaystay mucjisooyin badan: wuxuu ku hadlay isagoo weli ilmo ah, wuxuu daweyn jiray indho la’ iyo cuduro kale, wuxuu noolayn jiray kuwii dhintay, dhanna ma uusan qabanin, dhammaan isagoo ku sameynayay idinka Alle.

Islaamku wuxuu diiday in Ciise yahay Ilaah ama wiilka Ilaah, balse wuxuu caddeeyay inuu yahay addoon iyo nebi Alle. Qur’aanku wuxuu sheegay in '''Ciise la ma dilin oo la ma iskutubin''', balse Alle kor u qaaday, waana inuu mar dambe soo noqon doonaa dhulka kahor Qiyaamaha si uu u xaqiijiyo caddaaladda oo uu u burburiyo ''Dajjaalka''.

=== Diinta Masiixiyada ===
[[Masiixiyad|Diinta Kiristaanka]], '''Ciise Masiix''' waa xarunta iyo aasaaska rumaysadka. Kiristaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin inuu yahay '''Wiilka Ilaah''', Ereyga Ilaah ee jidh noqday, oo leh labadaba dabeecad bini’aadmi iyo mid ilaahnimo.

Waxay rumaysan yihiin in uu ku dhashay mucjiso, hooyadiis Maryan-na ay uur yeelatay isagoo ay u timid Ruuxa Quduuska ah. Ciise wuxuu dadka baray jacayl, naxariis iyo dembi dhaaf. Wuxuu sameeyay mucjisooyin ay ka mid yihiin bogsiinta bukaanka, quudinta dadka saboolka ah iyo soo nooleynta kuwii dhintay.

Kiristaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin in Ciise la '''isku qodbay iskutub''', uu dhintay iskutubka si uu dembiyada aadanaha u dhaafo, kadibna uu '''saddex maalmood kadib ka soo sara kacay'''. Sarakiciddiisa waxaa loo arkaa calaamad guul iyo badbaado ruuxeed.

Waxaa kale oo Kiristaanku rumeysan yihiin in Ciise markale '''soo laaban doono''' dhulka dhammaadka wakhtiga si uu u xukumo dadka oo uu xaqa u adkeeyo.</text>
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      <text bytes="4113" sha1="lleqemg1iw8cavk9xfxy5c426mf8zjn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Christ in the Wilderness - Ivan Kramskoy - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|Rasaanta “Masiixa Lamadegaanka” oo uu sameeyay farshaxanka Ivan Kramskoy.]]
[[File:Isa_(Jesus)1.png|thumb|alt=Nebi Ciise|[[File:The Prophet Isa.png|thumb|Magaca Ciise oo ku qoran xarfaha far-qorista Islaamiga]]Magaca Ciise oo ku qoran xarfaha far-qorista Islaamiga]]
Ciise oo reer Naasared ah wuxuu ahaa macallin iyo wacdiyiye reer Banii [[Israaiil|israaiil]] ah oo ku dhashay dhulka [[Falastiin]] qiyaastii laba kun oo sano ka hor. Waxaa guud ahaan lagu tiriyaa inuu noolaa bilowgii qarnigii koowaad miilaadiga, xilli uu dhulka Falastiin maamulayay Boqortooyadii Roomaanka.

Xogaha taariikhiga ah ee la helay, sida qoraallada Flavius Josephus iyo Tacitus, waxay muujinayaan in Ciise uu caan ku ahaa baridda caddaaladda, naxariista iyo akhlaaqda bulshada. Wuxuu dadka ku dhiirrigelin jiray in ay ka fogaadaan dulmiga, isla markaana uu xoojin jiray daryeelka dadka tabaalaysan.

Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu lahaa koox raacsan oo loo yaqaanay xertiisii (''hawariyiinta''), kuwaas oo faafiyay fariintiisii kadib dhimashadiisa. Dadka daraaseeya taariikhda iyo diimaha waxay isku raacsan yihiin in Ciise lagu dilay ama la iskutubay xilligii maamulkii Roomaanka, in kasta oo faahfaahinta dhacdadaas ay ku kala duwan yihiin diimaha kala duwan.

Aragtida taariikhiga ah ee casriga ahi waxay Ciise u aragtaa shakhsiyad dhab ah oo taariikhda saameyn weyn ku yeeshay, gaar ahaan dhinacyada diinta, akhlaaqda iyo falsafadda. Fariintiisa iyo noloshiisa ayaa noqday saldhig muhiim u ah isbeddelladii fikradeed iyo diineed ee dunida ka dhacay qarniyadii xigay..
[[File:Jesus Christ 3.jpg|thumb|Astaanta Kiristaanka ee Ciise Masiix Pantokraator (Pantokraator: macnihiisu waa “Kan wax walba xukuma” ama “Ilaaha awoodda leh”)]]

=== Diinta Islaamka ===
[[Islaam|Islaamka]], '''Ciise Ibnu Maryam''' waa nebi weyn oo ka mid ah rususha Alle. Qur’aanka Kariimka ayaa si cad u xusay magaciisa in ka badan 25 jeer, waxaana Alle ku tilmaamay inuu yahay ''Ereygiisa iyo Ruux ka yimid isaga''.

Ciise wuxuu ku dhashay mucjiso, hooyadiis '''Maryama bintu Cimraanna''' waa haweenayda ugu sharfta badan dumarka adduunka. Qur’aanka wuxuu tilmaamay in Maryam uur yeelatay iyadoo aan lahayn sayg, arrintaasna lagu tilmaamay awoodda Alle ee wax walba sameeya. Suuradda 19aad ee Qur’aanka, ''Suuratu Maryam'', ayaa magaceeda lagu magacaabay hooyadiis.

Nebi Ciise waxaa loo diray '''reer Banii Israa’iil''' si uu ugu yeero cibaado Alle keliya iyo inuu xaqiijiyo fariimihii nebiyada ka horeeyay. Waxaa lagu mannaystay mucjisooyin badan: wuxuu ku hadlay isagoo weli ilmo ah, wuxuu daweyn jiray indho la’ iyo cuduro kale, wuxuu noolayn jiray kuwii dhintay, dhanna ma uusan qabanin, dhammaan isagoo ku sameynayay idinka Alle.

Islaamku wuxuu diiday in Ciise yahay Ilaah ama wiilka Ilaah, balse wuxuu caddeeyay inuu yahay addoon iyo nebi Alle. Qur’aanku wuxuu sheegay in '''Ciise la ma dilin oo la ma iskutubin''', balse Alle kor u qaaday, waana inuu mar dambe soo noqon doonaa dhulka kahor Qiyaamaha si uu u xaqiijiyo caddaaladda oo uu u burburiyo ''Dajjaalka''.

=== Diinta Masiixiyada ===
[[Masiixiyad|Diinta Kiristaanka]], '''Ciise Masiix''' waa xarunta iyo aasaaska rumaysadka. Kiristaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin inuu yahay '''Wiilka Ilaah''', Ereyga Ilaah ee jidh noqday, oo leh labadaba dabeecad bini’aadmi iyo mid ilaahnimo.

Waxay rumaysan yihiin in uu ku dhashay mucjiso, hooyadiis Maryan-na ay uur yeelatay isagoo ay u timid Ruuxa Quduuska ah. Ciise wuxuu dadka baray jacayl, naxariis iyo dembi dhaaf. Wuxuu sameeyay mucjisooyin ay ka mid yihiin bogsiinta bukaanka, quudinta dadka saboolka ah iyo soo nooleynta kuwii dhintay.

Kiristaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin in Ciise la '''isku qodbay iskutub''', uu dhintay iskutubka si uu dembiyada aadanaha u dhaafo, kadibna uu '''saddex maalmood kadib ka soo sara kacay'''. Sarakiciddiisa waxaa loo arkaa calaamad guul iyo badbaado ruuxeed.

Waxaa kale oo Kiristaanku rumeysan yihiin in Ciise markale '''soo laaban doono''' dhulka dhammaadka wakhtiga si uu u xukumo dadka oo uu xaqa u adkeeyo.</text>
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      <text bytes="4117" sha1="kmfdzepa9v8eex5gqkl3sjhnsvpzu51" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Christ in the Wilderness - Ivan Kramskoy - Google Cultural Institute.jpg|thumb|Rasaanta “Masiixa Lamadegaanka” oo uu sameeyay farshaxanka Ivan Kramskoy.]]
[[File:Isa_(Jesus)1.png|thumb|alt=Nebi Ciise|[[File:The Prophet Isa.png|thumb|Magaca Ciise oo ku qoran xarfaha far-qorista -[[Islaam]] ah Magaca Ciise oo ku qoran xarfaha far-qorista Islaamiga]]
Ciise oo reer Naasared ah wuxuu ahaa macallin iyo wacdiyiye reer Banii [[Israaiil|israaiil]] ah oo ku dhashay dhulka [[Falastiin]] qiyaastii laba kun oo sano ka hor. Waxaa guud ahaan lagu tiriyaa inuu noolaa bilowgii qarnigii koowaad miilaadiga, xilli uu dhulka Falastiin maamulayay Boqortooyadii Roomaanka.

Xogaha taariikhiga ah ee la helay, sida qoraallada Flavius Josephus iyo Tacitus, waxay muujinayaan in Ciise uu caan ku ahaa baridda caddaaladda, naxariista iyo akhlaaqda bulshada. Wuxuu dadka ku dhiirrigelin jiray in ay ka fogaadaan dulmiga, isla markaana uu xoojin jiray daryeelka dadka tabaalaysan.

Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu lahaa koox raacsan oo loo yaqaanay xertiisii (''hawariyiinta''), kuwaas oo faafiyay fariintiisii kadib dhimashadiisa. Dadka daraaseeya taariikhda iyo diimaha waxay isku raacsan yihiin in Ciise lagu dilay ama la iskutubay xilligii maamulkii Roomaanka, in kasta oo faahfaahinta dhacdadaas ay ku kala duwan yihiin diimaha kala duwan.

Aragtida taariikhiga ah ee casriga ahi waxay Ciise u aragtaa shakhsiyad dhab ah oo taariikhda saameyn weyn ku yeeshay, gaar ahaan dhinacyada diinta, akhlaaqda iyo falsafadda. Fariintiisa iyo noloshiisa ayaa noqday saldhig muhiim u ah isbeddelladii fikradeed iyo diineed ee dunida ka dhacay qarniyadii xigay..
[[File:Jesus Christ 3.jpg|thumb|Astaanta Kiristaanka ee Ciise Masiix Pantokraator (Pantokraator: macnihiisu waa “Kan wax walba xukuma” ama “Ilaaha awoodda leh”)]]

=== Diinta Islaamka ===
[[Islaam|Islaamka]], '''Ciise Ibnu Maryam''' waa nebi weyn oo ka mid ah rususha Alle. Qur’aanka Kariimka ayaa si cad u xusay magaciisa in ka badan 25 jeer, waxaana Alle ku tilmaamay inuu yahay ''Ereygiisa iyo Ruux ka yimid isaga''.

Ciise wuxuu ku dhashay mucjiso, hooyadiis '''Maryama bintu Cimraanna''' waa haweenayda ugu sharfta badan dumarka adduunka. Qur’aanka wuxuu tilmaamay in Maryam uur yeelatay iyadoo aan lahayn sayg, arrintaasna lagu tilmaamay awoodda Alle ee wax walba sameeya. Suuradda 19aad ee Qur’aanka, ''Suuratu Maryam'', ayaa magaceeda lagu magacaabay hooyadiis.

Nebi Ciise waxaa loo diray '''reer Banii Israa’iil''' si uu ugu yeero cibaado Alle keliya iyo inuu xaqiijiyo fariimihii nebiyada ka horeeyay. Waxaa lagu mannaystay mucjisooyin badan: wuxuu ku hadlay isagoo weli ilmo ah, wuxuu daweyn jiray indho la’ iyo cuduro kale, wuxuu noolayn jiray kuwii dhintay, dhanna ma uusan qabanin, dhammaan isagoo ku sameynayay idinka Alle.

Islaamku wuxuu diiday in Ciise yahay Ilaah ama wiilka Ilaah, balse wuxuu caddeeyay inuu yahay addoon iyo nebi Alle. Qur’aanku wuxuu sheegay in '''Ciise la ma dilin oo la ma iskutubin''', balse Alle kor u qaaday, waana inuu mar dambe soo noqon doonaa dhulka kahor Qiyaamaha si uu u xaqiijiyo caddaaladda oo uu u burburiyo ''Dajjaalka''.

=== Diinta Masiixiyada ===
[[Masiixiyad|Diinta Kiristaanka]], '''Ciise Masiix''' waa xarunta iyo aasaaska rumaysadka. Kiristaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin inuu yahay '''Wiilka Ilaah''', Ereyga Ilaah ee jidh noqday, oo leh labadaba dabeecad bini’aadmi iyo mid ilaahnimo.

Waxay rumaysan yihiin in uu ku dhashay mucjiso, hooyadiis Maryan-na ay uur yeelatay isagoo ay u timid Ruuxa Quduuska ah. Ciise wuxuu dadka baray jacayl, naxariis iyo dembi dhaaf. Wuxuu sameeyay mucjisooyin ay ka mid yihiin bogsiinta bukaanka, quudinta dadka saboolka ah iyo soo nooleynta kuwii dhintay.

Kiristaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin in Ciise la '''isku qodbay iskutub''', uu dhintay iskutubka si uu dembiyada aadanaha u dhaafo, kadibna uu '''saddex maalmood kadib ka soo sara kacay'''. Sarakiciddiisa waxaa loo arkaa calaamad guul iyo badbaado ruuxeed.

Waxaa kale oo Kiristaanku rumeysan yihiin in Ciise markale '''soo laaban doono''' dhulka dhammaadka wakhtiga si uu u xukumo dadka oo uu xaqa u adkeeyo.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dagaalkii Dunida Kowaad</title>
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      <comment>Fixed grammar</comment>
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{{Savaş bilgi kutusu|çatışma=I. Dünya Savaşı|parçası=|resim=WWImontage.jpg|resim_boyutu=300px|başlık={{ortala|'''Üstten saat yönünde:''' [[Batı Cephesi]]'nde siperler, siperleri geçen [[İngilizler|İngiliz]] Mark IV tankları, [[Çanakkale Deniz Harekâtları]]'nda İngiliz Kraliyet Donanma gemisi [[HMS Irresistible (1898)|''HMS Irresistible'']] mayına çarpmış batarken, gaz maskeleriyle bir [[Vickers]] makineli tüfek ekibi ve [[Almanlar|Alman]] [[Albatros D. III]] uçakları.}}|tarih=[[Temmuz Krizi|28 Temmuz 1914]] - [[11 Kasım 1918 Ateşkesi|11 Kasım 1918]]&lt;br&gt;({{Yıl, ay, hafta ve güne göre zaman | ay1 = 07| gün1 = 28 | yıl1 = 1914 | ay2 = 11 | gün2 = 11 | yıl2 = 1918}})|yer=[[I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Avrupa cepheleri|Avrupa]], [[I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Afrika cepheleri|Afrika]], [[I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Osmanlı cepheleri|Orta Doğu]], [[I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Asya ve Pasifik cepheleri|Asya-Pasifik]], [[Atlantik Denizaltı Mücadelesi (I. Dünya Savaşı)|Atlantik]], [[I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Akdeniz'deki deniz muharebeleri|Akdeniz]] ve [[Kafkasya Cephesi|Kafkasya]]|bölge=|sebep=→ [[Sanayi Devrimi]] sonrası ortaya çıkan [[sömürgecilik]] rekabeti.&lt;br&gt;→ [[Fransız İhtilali]]'nden (1789) sonra çıkan [[milliyetçilik]] akımı etkisi.&lt;br&gt;→ Devletler arası [[silahlanma]] yarışı.&lt;br&gt;→ [[Avrupa]]lı devletlerin toprak anlaşmazlıkları.&lt;br&gt;→ [[Avrupa]]'da güç dengelerinin bozulması.&lt;br&gt;→ [[Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu|Avusturya-Macaristan]] arşidükü [[Franz Ferdinand]]'ın [[Saraybosna]]'da [[Saraybosna Suikastı|öldürülmesi]].|sonuç=[[İtilaf Devletleri]]'nin zaferi.
* [[Rusya İmparatorluğu|Rus]], [[Alman İmparatorluğu|Alman]], [[Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu|Avusturya-Macaristan]] ve [[Osmanlı İmparatorluğu|Osmanlı]] imparatorlukları yıkıldı.
* [[Avrupa]] ve [[Orta Doğu]]'da yeni devletler kuruldu.
* Alman sömürgeleri ve Orta Doğu, [[İtilaf Devletleri]]'nin kontrolüne geçti.
* Avrupa, [[Asya]] ve [[Afrika]]'da ülke sınırları değişti.
* [[Milletler Cemiyeti]] kuruldu.
* [[Rus İç Savaşı]], [[Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı]] ve [[II. Dünya Savaşı]] gibi savaşlara neden oldu.
* [[Sömürgecilik|Sömürgeciliğin]] yerine [[Manda (diplomasi)|manda ve himaye]] düzeni getirildi.|coğrafi_değişiklikler=|savaşan1=''' [[İtilaf Devletleri]]: 
* [[Dosya: Flag of France.svg|22px]] [[Üçüncü Fransa Cumhuriyeti|Fransa]] &lt;small&gt;(ve yanında katılan Fransız sömürge güçleri.)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dosya: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[Büyük Britanya ve İrlanda Birleşik Krallığı|Birleşik Krallık]]
** [[Dosya: Flag of Australia.svg|22px|]] [[Avustralya]]
** [[Dosya: South Africa Flag 1912-1928.svg|22px]] [[Güney Afrika Birliği|Güney Afrika]]
** [[Dosya: Flag_of_Imperial_India.svg|22px|]] [[Britanya Hindistanı|Hindistan]]
** [[Dosya: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[Britanya Denizaşırı Toprakları]]
** [[Dosya: Canadian_Red_Ensign_1868-1921.svg|22px|]] [[Kanada]]
** [[Dosya: Dominion of Newfoundland Red Ensign.svg|22px|]] [[Newfoundland Dominyonu|Newfoundland]]
** [[Dosya: Flag of New Zealand.svg|22px]] [[Yeni Zelanda]]
* [[Dosya: Russian Empire 1914 17.svg|22px]] [[Rus İmparatorluğu|Rusya]] (1914 - [[Ekim Devrimi|1917]])
* [[Dosya: US flag 48 stars.svg|22px]] [[Amerika Birleşik Devletleri|ABD]] (1917 - 1918)
* [[Dosya: Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|22px]] [[İtalya Krallığı|İtalya]] (1915 - 1918)
* [[Dosya: Flag of Japan.svg|22px]] [[Japon İmparatorluğu|Japonya]]
* [[Dosya: State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg|22px]] [[Sırbistan Krallığı|Sırbistan]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Belgium.svg|20px]] [[Belçika Krallığı|Belçika]] &lt;small&gt;(ve yanında katılan Belçika sömürge güçleri.)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dosya: Flag_of_Montenegro_(1905-1918_&amp;_1941-1944).svg|22px]] [[Karadağ Krallığı|Karadağ]]
* [[Dosya:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|22px]] [[Lüksemburg]]
* [[Dosya:Flag of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa.svg|22px]] [[Necid ve Ahsa Emirliği]]
* [[Dosya:Flag of the Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1909-1927).svg|22px]] [[Asir Emirliği]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Portugal.svg|22px]] [[Portekiz]]
* [[Dosya: Flag_of_Romania.svg|22px]] [[Romanya Krallığı|Romanya]]
* [[Dosya:Flag of Hejaz 1917.svg|22px]] [[Hicaz Krallığı]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Greece (1828-1978).svg|22px]] [[Yunanistan Krallığı|Yunanistan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm | başlık = Ülkelerin I. Dünya Savaşı'na Giriş Tarihleri | erişimtarihi = 30 Ağustos 2009 | arşivurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201143055/http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/declarationsofwar.htm | arşivtarihi = 1 Şubat 2016 | ölüurl = hayır }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Dosya: Flag of Liberia.svg|20px]] [[Liberya]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of San Marino.svg|20px]] [[San Marino]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of the Republic of China 1912-1928.svg|20px]] [[Çin Cumhuriyeti (1912-1949)|Çin Cumhuriyeti]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Cuba.svg|20px]] [[Küba Cumhuriyeti (1902-59)|Küba]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Panama.svg|20px]] [[Panama]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Brazil (1889-1960).svg|20px]] [[Brezilya]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Bolivia.svg|20px]] [[Bolivya]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Thailand 1855.svg|20px]] [[Tayland|Siyam]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Costa Rica.svg|20px]] [[Kosta Rika]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Peru (war).svg|20px]] [[Peru]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Uruguay.svg|20px]] [[Uruguay]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Ecuador.svg|20px]] [[Ekvador]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Guatemala.svg|20px]] [[Guatemala]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Nicaragua.svg|20px]] [[Nikaragua]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Haiti.svg|20px]] [[Haiti]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Honduras.svg|20px]] [[Honduras]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.svg|20px]] [[Ermenistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg|20px]] [[Çekoslovakya]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of Andorra.svg|20px]] [[Andorra]]
* [[Dosya:Flag of the Governor of Jamaica (1906–1957).svg|20px]] [[Jamaika Kolonisi|Jamaika]]
* [[Dosya: Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg|20px]] [[Dominik Cumhuriyeti]]|savaşan2='''[[İttifak Devletleri]]:
* {{Bayraksimge|Alman İmparatorluğu}} [[Alman İmparatorluğu]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of Belarus (1918, 1991-1995).svg|size = 23px}} [[Beyaz Rusya Halk Cumhuriyeti|Belarus]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of Courland (state).svg|size = 23px}} [[Kurland ve Semigallia Düklüğü (1918)|Kurland ve Semigallia]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of the Crimean Regional Government.svg|size = 23px}} [[Kırım Bölgesel Hükümeti]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of Don Cossacks.svg|size = 23px}} [[Don Cumhuriyeti]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of Finland (1918-1920).svg|size = 23px}} [[Finlandiya Krallığı|Finlandiya]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of Georgia (1918-1921).svg|size = 23px}} [[Gürcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti|Gürcistan]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of Kuban People's Republic.svg|size = 23px}} [[Kuban Halk Cumhuriyeti]]
** {{Bayraksimge|Lithuania|size = 23px}} [[Litvanya Krallığı|Litvanya]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Горская Республика.png|size = 23px}} [[Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti|Kuzey Kafkasya]]
** {{Bayraksimge|Poland|size = 23px}} [[Lehistan Krallığı|Polonya]]
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of the Ukranian State.svg|size = 23px}} Ukrayna
** {{Bayraksimge resim|United_Baltic_Duchy_flag.svg|size = 23px}} [[Birleşik Baltık Düklüğü]] 
* {{Bayraksimge|Avusturya-Macaristan}} [[Avusturya-Macaristan İmparatorluğu]] 
* {{Bayraksimge|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}} [[Osmanlı İmparatorluğu]] 
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918).svg|size = 23px}} [[Azerbaycan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti|Azerbaycan]] (1918)
** {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag of the Emirate of Ha'il.svg|size=23px}} [[Cebel Şammar Emirliği]]
* {{Bayraksimge|Bulgaristan Krallığı}} [[Bulgaristan Krallığı]] (1915-1918)
* {{Bayraksimge resim|Flag_of_Transvaal.svg|size = 23px}} [[Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti]] (1914-1915)
* {{Bayraksimge resim|Dervish flag.svg|size = 23px}} [[Derviş Devleti|Somali Derviş hareketi]] (1915-1916)
* [[Dosya: Flag of Cyrenaica.svg|23px|border]] [[Senusilik|Senusiler]] (1915-1918)
* {{Kayma|{{Bayraksimge resim|Bandera Darfur.svg|size = 23px}} [[Darfur Sultanlığı]]}}|savaşan3=|komutan1={{Bayraksimge|Fransa}} [[Raymond Poincaré]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Fransa}} [[Georges Clemenceau]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dosya: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|22px|link = Britanya İmparatorluğu]] [[Herbert Henry Asquith]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dosya: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|border|22px|link = Britanya İmparatorluğu]] [[David Lloyd George]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Rusya İmparatorluğu|1914}} [[II. Nikolay]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|İtalya Krallığı}} [[III. Vittorio Emanuele]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|İtalya Krallığı}} [[Vittorio Emanuele Orlando|Vittorio Orlando]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|ABD|1912}} [[Woodrow Wilson]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Romanya Krallığı}} [[I. Ferdinand (Romanya kralı)|I. Ferdinand]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Japon İmparatorluğu}} [[Taişo (imparator)|Taişo]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Sırbistan Krallığı}} [[I. Petar]]&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[I. Dünya Savaşı'nda İtilaf Devletleri'nin liderleri|ve diğerleri...]]&lt;/small&gt;|komutan2={{Bayraksimge|Alman İmparatorluğu}} [[II. Wilhelm]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Avusturya-Macaristan}} [[Franz Joseph]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Avusturya-Macaristan}} [[I. Karl]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}} [[V. Mehmed]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}} [[VI. Mehmed]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}} [[Üç Paşalar]]&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Bulgaristan Krallığı}} [[I. Ferdinand (Bulgaristan)|I. Ferdinand]]&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt;[[I. Dünya Savaşı'nda İttifak Devletleri'nin liderleri|ve diğerleri...]]&lt;/small&gt;|komutan3=|güç1='''[[İtilaf Devletleri]]:'''&lt;ref name = &quot;Tucker 2005 273&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Tucker|Roberts|2005|p = 273}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Fransa}} 8.660.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Birleşik Krallık}} 8.841.541&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Rusya İmparatorluğu|1914}} 12.000.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|İtalya Krallığı}} 5.615.140&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|ABD|1912}} 4.743.826&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Romanya}} 1.234.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Japonya}} 800.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Sırbistan Krallığı}} 707.343&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Belçika|state}} 380.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Yunanistan Krallığı}} 250.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Portekiz}} 100.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Karadağ Krallığı}} 50.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|San Marino}} 80&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Toplam: 42.959.930|güç2='''[[İttifak Devletleri]]:'''&lt;ref name = &quot;Tucker 2005 273&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Alman İmparatorluğu}} 13.250.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Avusturya-Macaristan}} 7.800.000&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Osmanlı İmparatorluğu}} 2.998.321&lt;br&gt;{{Bayraksimge|Bulgaristan Krallığı}} 1.200.000&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Toplam: 25.248.321|güç3=|kayıp1='''Ölen asker:'''&lt;br&gt;5.525.000&lt;br&gt;'''Yaralı asker:'''&lt;br&gt;12.831.500&lt;br&gt;'''Kayıp asker:'''&lt;br&gt;4.121.000&lt;br&gt;'''Toplam:'''&lt;br&gt;22.477.500|kayıp2='''Ölen asker:'''&lt;br&gt;4.386.000&lt;br&gt;'''Yaralı asker:'''&lt;br&gt;8.388.000&lt;br&gt;'''Kayıp asker:'''&lt;br&gt;3.629.000&lt;br&gt;'''Toplam:'''&lt;br&gt;16.403.000|kayıp3=|notlar=}}Dagaalkii Aduunka 1aad

Dagaalkii 1aad ee dunidu wuxuu ahaa dagaal caalami ah oo xuddun u ahaa Yurub kaasoo bilaabmay July 28, 1914 wuxuuna dhamaaday Noofambar 11, 1918.[3] II. Waxaa loo yaqaanay Dagaalkii Adduunka ama Dagaalkii weynaa[xigasho] ilaa Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1939-1945). Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, oo ka mid ahayd dhinacyadii dagaalka ka qayb galay, waxa loogu yeedhi jiray Dagaalkii Guud (Ottoman: حرب عمومی), oo macnaheedu yahay “Dagaal Guud”, oo caan ku ahaa Abaabulka.[4]. Dagaalkan waxa loo yaqaan dagaalkii Yurub ee saxaafadda Maraykanka ilaa uu Maraykanku ku biiray dagaalka 1917.[5] Dhinacyada dagaallamaya waxay ku dagaalameen inta badan Yurub, Caucasus, Ameerika, Bariga Dhexe iyo qaybo ka mid ah Afrika iyo Aasiya.

Waxaa dagaalka ka qayb qaatay quwadihii waaweynaa ee wakhtigaas iyagoo u kala qaybiyey laba dhinac oo la kala odhan jiray &quot;Entente&quot; iyo &quot;Alliance&quot;[6]. Awoodaha Isbahaysiga; Waxay udub dhexaad u tahay Triple Entente ee u dhexeeya Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska, iyo Boqortooyada Ruushka. Isbahaysigu wuxuu leeyahay; Waxay udub dhexaad u tahay Isbahaysiga Saddex-geesoodka ah ee u dhexeeya Boqortooyada Jarmalka, Boqortooyada Austro-Hungary, iyo Boqortooyada Talyaaniga; laakiin Talyaanigu ma uusan gelin dagaalka sababtoo ah Awstaria-Hungary ayaa weerar ka dhan ah heshiiska.[7] Isbahaysigan ayaa dib loo habeeyey (Talyaani waxa uu ku biiray Quwadaha Isbahaysiga 1915) waxana la balaadhiyey markii ay dawlado cusub soo galeen dagaalka.[8]

Ugu dambeyntii, 70 milyan oo ciidan ah, oo ay ku jiraan 60 milyan oo reer Yurub ah, ayaa loo abaabulay dagaalkan, mid ka mid ah dagaalladii ugu weynaa ee taariikhda.[9] [10] In kasta oo horumarka baaxadda leh ee halista ah ee hubka ay uga mahadcelinayaan tignoolajiyada cusub, ku dhawaad ​​​​9 milyan oo qof oo ka qaybqaatay dagaalka ayaa naftooda ku waayey natiijada la'aanta isku midka ah ee horumarka difaaca iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa. Haddaba, dagaalkani waxa uu noqday dagaalkii 5-aad ee khasaaraha ugu badan ka soo gaadho taariikhda adduunka, waxana uu horseeday isbeddello siyaasadeed iyo kacdoonno badan oo dawladihii ka qaybqaatay dagaalka.[11]

Sababta kale ee dagaalka ayaa ah siyaasadaha dibadda ee Imperialist ee muddada dheer ee quwadaha waaweyn ee Yurub: Boqortooyada Jarmalka, Boqortooyada Australiya-Hungary, Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta, Boqortooyada Ruushka, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Boqortooyada Talyaaniga iyo Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska. Dilkii Archduke Franz Ferdinand, oo ah dhaxalka carshiga Austro-Hungary, oo uu geystay nin waddaniyiin ah oo Serbian ah oo lagu magacaabo Gavrilo Princip bishii Juun 28, 1914, magaalada Sarajevo, ee caasimadda gobolka, waxay ahayd dhacdadii dagaalka kicisay. Dhacdada ka dib, Boqortooyadii Austro-Hungary waxay u dirtay amar kama-dambays ah Boqortooyada Serbia.[12][13] Ugu dambeyntiina, markii uu shaqeynayey nidaamka isbaheysiga oo soo dhisnaa muddo tobanaan sano ah, quwadihii ugu muhiimsanaa ee Yurub waxay isku arkeen dagaal dhowr toddobaad gudahood ah, dagaalkuna wuxuu ku faafay adduunka oo dhan iyada oo loo marayo gumeysi.

Isku dhacyadu waxay ka bilowdeen duullaankii Austria-Hungary ee Serbia bishii Luulyo 28, [14] [15] waxaana ku xigay duullaankii Jarmalka ee Belgium, Luxembourg iyo Faransiiska, iyo weerarkii Ruushka ee Jarmalka. Markii uu istaagay socodkii Jarmalku ku socday ee Paris, dagaalkii ka socday Jabhadda Galbeedku waxa uu isu beddelay dagaal jeex-jeex ah, xaaladduna wax badan iskamay beddelin illaa 1917kii. Dhinaca bari, ciidamada Ruushku waxay si guul leh ula dagaallameen ciidamadii Austro-Hungary, laakiin waxaa iska caabiyay ciidamadii Prussian Bari, Polish iyo Jarmalka.

Waxaa la furay wajiyo dheeraad ah markii Boqortooyada Cusmaaniyiinta ay soo gashay dagaalka 1914, Talyaaniga iyo Bulgaria 1915, iyo Romania 1916. Ruushka oo uu maamuli jiray taliskii Tsarist, ayaa ka baxay dagaalka markii uu burburiyay Kacaankii Bolshevik 1917kii. Ka dib weerarkii Jarmalku ku qaaday Jabhadda Galbeedka 1918-kii, xulafadu waxay Jarmalku ku celiyeen weerarro is-daba joog ah, ciidamada Maraykankuna waxay bilaabeen inay galaan dhufeysyada. Halkaa marka ay marayso, Jarmalkii oo dhibaato kala kulmay kacdoonayaashiisii, waxa uu aqbalay cududkii 11-kii November, 1918-kii, kaas oo hadhow taariikhda u geli doona &quot;Maalinta Ciidanka&quot;. Sidaas darteed, dagaalku wuxuu ku dhammaaday guul ay ka gaareen xulufada.

Xaalada dadka rayidka ah ayaa noqotay mid aad u qalafsan sida kuwa hore ee dagaalka, iyadoo dhinacyadii dagaalamay ay isku dayeen in ay awoodooda iyo dhaqaale ahaanba u abaabulaan dagaal dhan walba ah. Dhammaadkii dagaalka, afar ka mid ah quwadaha waaweyn ee Imperialist, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary iyo Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, ayaa la waayay taariikhda. Dhaxal-sugaha Boqortooyada Jarmalka iyo Ruushka waxay la kulmeen khasaare baaxad leh oo dhuleed; Boqortooyadii Austro-Hungary iyo Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa gebi ahaanba burburay.

Khariidadda Yurub ayaa dib loo sawiray oo ka kooban qaybo yaryar.[16] Ururka Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka dhaxaysa waxaa la aas aasay 10-kii Jannaayo 1920-kii, iyadoo rajada laga qabay in laga hortago colaadahaas oo kale inay dhacaan mar dambe. Dib u soo noolaynta qarannimada iyadoo burburkii boqortooyooyinkii Yurub ka dhashay dagaalkan, waxyeelada jabka Germany iyo dhibaatooyinkii uu abuuray heshiiskii Versailles, dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Waxa lagu tiriyaa inay yihiin arrimo ka qayb qaatay dillaaca dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka.[17 


Iyadoo Kaatooligga-Protestant ay Yurub u kala qaybsameen qarnigii 16aad, maamulladii Boqortooyada Roomaanka ee Quduuska ah waxay ku dagaalameen dhinacyo kala duwan; Dagaalkan, oo taariikhda loo yaqaan Dagaalkii Soddon Sano (1618-1648), wuxuu ku dhammaaday heshiiskii Westphalia. Natiijadii dagaalka, Boqortooyada Quduuska ah ee Roomaanka, oo weli ah aasaaska Midowga Yurub, waa la kala diray. Dhamaadkii dagaalku, Faransiisku wuu xoogaystay, caksigeedana waxaa wiiqmay Boqortooyadii Jarmalka ee Roomaanka iyo Habsburg Dynasty. Natiijadu waxay keentay in Jarmalku uu tabar-daran yahay oo sii jiri doona ilaa qarnigii 19-aad oo uu awoodi kari waayay in uu midnimadiisa dhidibbada u taago ilaa wakhtigaas. Dhacdadani waxay sidoo kale saameyn ku yeelatay kacdoonkii warshadaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqii gumeysiga, iyadoo Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska ay si xawli ah ugu xoogeysteen dhinaca gumeysiga, waxay sababtay in Jarmalku dib u dhaco qaybtan.

Iyadoo Congress-ka Vienna la qabtay 1815, maqaam cusub ayaa loo keenay Yurub iyo adduunka oo dhan, waxaana la aasaasay isku dheelitirka awoodaha si waafaqsan. Si looga hortago isu-dheellitirnaantan in ay isbeddelaan oo ay u door bidaan Ruushka Dagaalkii Crimean (1853-56), dawladaha Yurub, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, waxay la dagaallameen Ruushka isbahaysigii ugu muhiimsanaa ee Saliibiyiinta ka dib. Ruushkii laga adkaaday waxay la kulmeen isbeddel siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale oo socday ilaa Kacaankii Bolshevik ee 1917. Mar kale, markii uu dagaalkaas dhammaaday, waxaa la furay waddooyinka soo gala Midowga Talyaaniga.

Dagaalkii Sedan (1870) iyo aasaaskii midnimada Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga iyo isku daygii ay ku doonayeen inay ka qayb qaataan xidhiidhka dawladaha waaweyni waxay si weyn u beddeleen meeqaamkii iyo isu-dheellitirkii awoodaha Congress-ka Vienna. Wixii ku xigay waxa ay horseedeen in la isku dayo in dib loo soo celiyo isu dheeli tirnaan, soo ifbaxa kooxo cusub oo Yurub ah, iyo isku dhac dhexdooda ah. Xiisada ka dhex aloosan isbaarooyinka ayaa sidoo kale keentay in la is hubeeyo waxaana soo ifbaxday xilli nabadeed hubeysan. Muddadaas, iska hor imaadyo wajiyo badan leh oo ka dhex dhacay kutlad iyo dowlad-goboleedyo ayaa sii kordhiyey xiisadda oo keentay in dowlad goboleedyada ay qarka u saaran yihiin dagaal.


[[File:Bundesarchiv_DVM_10_Bild-23-61-23,_Linienschiff_&quot;SMS_Rheinland&quot;.jpg|center|thumb| Markabka ''SMS Rheinland'', oo ka mid ah afarta dagaal ee Nassau-class ee loo dhisay ciidamada badda ee Boqortooyada Jarmalka, wuxuu soo galay adeegga 1910.]]
Qaab-dhismeedkan guud, sababaha dagaalkii 1aad ee adduunku waxay ku salaysan yihiin horumarro dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo ciidan oo kala duwan. Waa lagama maarmaan in lagu daro danaha dowladaha waaweyn. Gaar ahaan ka dib markii Prussia ay ka adkaatay Austria oo ay heshay midnimo Jarmal ah, Imbaraadooriyadda Jarmalka ee dhawaan soo shaac baxday, in kasta oo aysan lahayn wax gumeysi ah oo la taaban karo, haddana waxay noqotay warshad, shaqaale iyo teknoloji oo ka soo horjeeda ama xitaa ka sarraysa Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, oo ah quwad weyn ee xilliga, iyo tani. Isha ugu weyn ee muranka ayaa ah in ay rabto in ay xannibaan England iyo Faransiiska.[18][19][20]

=== Sababaha dhaqaale ===
Ingriiska iyo Faransiiska oo xoojiyey mawqifkooda dhaqaale ee ka dhashay Kacaankii Warshadaha iyo gumaysigii, waxay dhaqaale ahaan aad uga horeeyeen dalalkii ka soo horjeeday sida Jarmalka iyo Talyaaniga. Ka dib markii ay aasaaseen midawgooda siyaasadeed, Jarmalka iyo Talyaanigu waxay isku dayeen inay xidhaan farqiga ilaa 1914. Ujeedka England iyo France ay ka leeyihiin in ay ilaashadaan meelaha ay ka taliyaan dhaqaalaha iyo in Jarmalku uu doonayo in uu qabsado meelahaas ayaa ah sababaha ugu muhiimsan ee dagaalka. Sababahaan; Waxaa lagu qiimeyn karaa cinwaannada muhiimka ah sida gumeysiga, xukunka marinnada badda, mudnaanta ganacsiga caalamiga ah.

Dhinaca kale, lahaanshaha goobaha shidaalka, oo la bilaabay in la isticmaalo ilaa dhamaadkii qarnigii 19-aad, raadkeedana ku reebay ku dhawaad ​​qarnigii 20-aad, waa mid ka mid ah sababaha dhaqaale ee ugu waaweyn ee dagaalka. Jiritaanka goobaha shidaalka ee Juquraafiga Bariga Dhexe, oo hoos iman jiray taliskii Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta, ayaa lagu ogaaday habab kala duwan oo qarsoodi ah iyo kuwo furan, gaar ahaan Ingiriiska, dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad. Britain waxay siyaasadda saliidda ka dhigtay meesha ugu sarreysa dhammaan xeeladaheeda 1900-meeyadii.


[[File:Meso-WW1-1.jpg|center|thumb| Ingiriisku waxa uu bilaabay in uu weeraro [[Bariga Dhexe]] oo ay lahayd [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta]], 1914kii si uu u qabsado goobaha [[Shidaal|shidaalka]] .]]
Arrin kale ayaa ah xaaladda dhaqaale ee Boqortooyada Ruushka. Ruushku waa waddanka uu isbeddelka bulsho ee ugu sarreeyay ka soo bilaabmay dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad ilaa horraantii qarnigii 20aad. dabaqadda beeralayda ah, oo ka kooban qaybta ugu badan ee bulshada, iyo dabaqad shaqo oo firfircoon, in kasta oo aanay sidaas u badnayn, haddana waxay u gogol xaadhaysay kacaankii 1905 iyo Kacaankii Oktoobar 1917kii. Isbeddellada bulshadu waxay khatar dhaqaale ku keeneen Boqortooyadii Ruushka iyo nidaamkii tsaristaha. Maamulka Ruushku waxay ahayd inuu helo awood siyaasadeed iyo dhaqaale si uu uga hortago isbedbeddelladaas.[18][19][20]

== Xeeladaha wadamada ==
[[File:Map_Europe_alliances_1914-en.svg|center|thumb| Khariidad isbahaysigii la sameeyay 1914kii. Kuwa ''cagaarka'' ah waa Triple Entente, iyo kuwa ''brown'' waa dawladaha Isbahaysiga Triple . Kuwii midabka ''kareemka'' ahaa ayaa markii dambe ku biiray dagaalka oo ay ku dagaalameen mid ka mid ah labadaas qaybood.]]

=== Boqortooyada Ingiriiska ===
Intii lagu jiray xukunkii dheeraa ee guusha lahaa ee Elizabeth I (1558-1603) saamaynta Ingiriisida ee Scotland waxay bilaabeen inay isbedelaan. Is-guursiga u dhexeeya Aqalka Tudor ee England iyo House of Stuart ee Scotland waxay isu soo dhoweeyeen labada cadaw ee dhaqameed. Boqor James I ee Scotland ayaa isna noqday boqorka Ingiriiska. Sanadkii 1707dii, waxaa la saxiixay heshiis ay ku midoobeen labada boqortooyo. Taariikhdaas ka dib, taariikhda Great Britain waxay bilaabatay.

Boqortooyada waxaa lagu afgembiyay natiijadii dagaalkii sokeeye ee Ingiriiska, kaas oo dhacay intii u dhaxaysay 1642 iyo 1651. Taa beddelkeeda, waxaa la aasaasay jamhuuriyad kooban, oo markii ugu horreysay hoos imanaysa xukunkii baarlamaanka (1649-53) ka dibna ay hoos timaad xukunkii Oliver Cromwell (1653-59). Dhimashadii Cromwell ka dib, baarlamaanku wuxuu magacaabay boqorkii la masaafuriyey ee Henry II si uu uga hortago kacdoonka gudaha. Wuxuu Charles ku casuumay Ingiriiska si uu u soo celiyo boqortooyada.

Qarnigii 18-aad iyo 19-aad, Ingiriisku waxa uu ahaa xudunta Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, taas oo noqotay dawlad warshadeed oo weyn iyo awood gumaysi. Bilowgii qarnigii 19-aad, waxaa la aas aasay boqortooyo gumeysi oo aad u weyn oo ku fiday adduunka intiisa badan, sida Australia, Canada, India, qaar ka mid ah gobollada Afrika, Antilles iyo Hong Kong. Xilligii boqoradda Victoria (1837-1901), Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxay noqotay quwadda adduunka ugu weyn. Hindiya waxaa markii ugu horreysay la gumeystay 1858-kii. Sannadkii 1882-kii, Masar ayaa laga qabsaday Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta.

Dhulalka Boqortooyada Ingiriiska 1914kii

Boqortooyadii Ingriiska ayaa wali ahayd quwadii aduunka ugu waynayd ilaa qarnigii 20-aad. Waxa ay ku guulaysatay in ay awooddan ku ilaaliso dhinacyada milatariga iyo siyaasadda iyada oo u maraysa gumaysi, maamul badeed, iyo shirkado caalami ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1871, wuxuu u arkay Boqortooyada Jarmalka inay tahay khatarta ugu muhiimsan ee waxtarkiisa. Sababtoo ah Jarmal xoog leh ayaa noqon doona khatarta ugu weyn ee England. Wadashaqeynta joogtada ah ee ay la leedahay Faransiiska, cadowtinimada Faransiiska ee ku wajahan Boqortooyada Jarmalka tan iyo guuldaradii 1871 ayaa ahayd barta ugu muhiimsan. Sidoo kale, isbahaysigii Ruushka ee dagaalkii 1aad ee Adduunka ka hor wuxuu ku salaysnaa mucaaradnimadii ka dhaxaysay siyaasadda Pan-Slavism ee Ruushka iyo siyaasadda Jarmalka ee Jarmalka ee Balkans iyo Yurubta bari.

Maadaama Ingiriisku uu ahaa waddan jasiirad ah, waxay istiraatijiyaddeeda difaac ku salaysay iska caabintii Nederland iyo Beljamka ee ka dhanka ahaa Jarmalka.[18] Xaqiiqda ah in Boqortooyada Jarmalku ay labadaba khatar dhaqaale iyo mid siyaasadeed ku noqotay Ingiriiska waxay ahayd sabab aan shaki lahayn oo dagaal u ah Ingiriiska. Isla mar ahaantaana, xeeladaha ilaalinta gumeysiga, xakamaynta marinnada badda, xukunka shirkadaha caalamiga ah, iyo tan ugu muhiimsan, haysashada Waddada Tamarta ee Bariga Dhexe waxay si buuxda uga hortimid danaha Boqortooyada Jarmalka.[18] [19] [20] ]
[[File:Women's-Land-Army-1917.jpg|left|thumb| Boostar [[Ingiriis (Dad)|uu Ingiriisku]] u diyaariyey dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka.]]


[[File:British_Empire_in_1914.png|thumb| Dhulalka Boqortooyada Ingiriiska 1914kii]]


=== Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska ===
[[File:Anonymous_-_Prise_de_la_Bastille.jpg|thumb| Duufaantii Bastille (1789)]]


=== Boqortooyada Ruushka ===
[[File:Russian_Empire_(orthographic_projection).svg|thumb| Meelaha ''cagaaran ee madow'' waxay muujinayaan dhulka Ruushka 1914-kii.]]


[[File:Siege_of_Przemyśl.jpg|thumb| Boodhka dagaalka ee Boqortooyada Ruushka (1915)]]

#


=== Boqortooyada Jarmalka ===
[[File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg|left|thumb| Calanka Gumeysiga ee Boqortooyada Jarmalka]]


[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R19231,_Berlin,_Mobilmachung.jpg|thumb| Ciidamada Jarmalka ayaa la abaabulayaa. (1914)]]


[[File:Alsace-Lorraine_in_the_German_Reich_(1871).svg|left|thumb| Gobolka Alsace-Lorraine ee gudaha dhulka Boqortooyada Jarmalka.]]


=== Boqortooyada Austro-Hungary ===
[[File:Austria1914physical.jpg|thumb| Boqortooyadii Austro-Hungary, 1914.]]


=== Boqortooyada Talyaaniga ===


[[File:Triple_Alliance.png|left|thumb| Isbahaysiga Saddexda ah oo ay ku jirto Boqortooyada Talyaaniga]]


=== Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta ===


[[File:OttomanEmpire1914.png|thumb| Xuduudihii [[Dawlada Cosmaniya|Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta]] 1914kii.]]


== filimada la xiriira ==

* Liiska filimada iyo bandhigyada TV-ga Dagaalkii Adduunka 1aad

== sidoo kale arag ==

* Taariikhda dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka
* Dagaalka soo afjari doona dagaalka

== Xigasho ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dünya Savaşı 1}}{{Çift resim|sağ|French mutilé without mask2.jpg|150|French mutilé with mask2.jpg|150|I. Dünya Savaşı'nda [[çene]]sini kaybedip [[sakat]] kalan [[Fransızlar|Fransız]] [[gazi]]si [[Kızılhaç]] tarafından temin edilen maskeyi taktığı hâli.}}</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) waxa uu ahaa siyaasi Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.
=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Austria Sare]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) waxa uu ahaa siyaasi Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.
=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstariya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) waxa uu ahaa siyaasi Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.
=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) waxa uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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      <comment>Fixed typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="4710" sha1="7bydmf36gf6atcruge3k9wnvn50cn4o" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|right|150px]]
[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay Munich, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee ra'iisal wasaarihii Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan isbahaysiga Weimar.

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay Munich, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee ra'iisal wasaarihii Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan isbahaysiga Weimar.

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay Munich, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee ra'iisal wasaarihii Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan isbahaysiga Weimar.

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee ra'iisal wasaarihii Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan isbahaysiga Weimar.

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee ra'iisal wasaarihii Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan isbahaysiga Weimar.

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee ra'iisal wasaarihii Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' (20 Abriil 1889 – 30 Abriil  1945) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka]]. iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay Belgium Oktoobar 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Belgium]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii Luulyo 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff


===Afgambigii Beer Haawl l'fashilmay===

Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas.

Goobta Beer Putsch waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]]

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff


===Afgambigii Beer Haawl l'fashilmay===

Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas.

Goobta Beer Putsch waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]]


===Reich-ka 3aad===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-504,_Berlin,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Hermann_Göring.jpg|thumb|adolf Hitler Iyo Saaxiibkiisa Hermaan Gooriing]]


Ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa siyaasadeed sannadkii 1933, Hitler wuxuu isku dayay inuu taageero dadweyne u helo siyaasadihiisa isagoo ku qanciyay inta badan dadka Jarmalka inuu ka badbaadin doono hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee adduunka, Heshiiska Versailles, shuuciga, &quot;Bolsheviks-ka Yuhuudda&quot; (kuwaas oo si xun u saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa shuuciga ee u dhexeeyay labadii dagaal ee adduunka), iyo saameynta dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee kale ee &quot;aan loo baahnayn&quot;. Naasiyiintu waxay tirtireen dhammaan mucaaradkii iyagoo adeegsanaya hab ay ugu yeereen &quot;isku-dubaridka dhammaan nidaamyada&quot; iyo is-dhexgalkooda hal nidaam.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11631" sha1="rcyr0qqcl4fz0uy0clxv7gmtybgq51k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|right|150px]]
[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff


===Afgambigii Beer Haawl l'fashilmay===

Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas.

Goobta Beer Putsch waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]]


===Reich-ka 3aad===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-504,_Berlin,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Hermann_Göring.jpg|thumb|adolf Hitler Iyo Saaxiibkiisa Hermaan Gooriing]]


Ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa siyaasadeed sannadkii 1933, Hitler wuxuu isku dayay inuu taageero dadweyne u helo siyaasadihiisa isagoo ku qanciyay inta badan dadka Jarmalka inuu ka badbaadin doono hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee adduunka, Heshiiska Versailles, shuuciga, &quot;Bolsheviks-ka Yuhuudda&quot; (kuwaas oo si xun u saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa shuuciga ee u dhexeeyay labadii dagaal ee adduunka), iyo saameynta dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee kale ee &quot;aan loo baahnayn&quot;. Naasiyiintu waxay tirtireen dhammaan mucaaradkii iyagoo adeegsanaya hab ay ugu yeereen &quot;isku-dubaridka dhammaan nidaamyada&quot; iyo is-dhexgalkooda hal nidaam.

===Dhisidda xulafooyin leh dhidibka===

[[File:Adolf_Hitler_en_visite_en_Italie.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler Iyo Hogaamiyihii Talyaanigi faashiistaha]]

Jarmalka ayaa ka soo baxay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka isagoo guuldarro ceeb ah la kulmay, taasoo ku qasabtay inay saxiixdo Heshiiskii Versailles. Heshiiskan wuxuu Jarmalka ka qaaday mas'uuliyadda dagaalka wuxuuna ku qasbay inay magdhow siiso dadkii ay dhibaatadu soo gaartay, taasoo culays ku saartay dhaqaalaha Jarmalka iyo dadka dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u weyn. Waxay sidoo kale kor u qaadday dareen ceeb iyo rabitaan ah in la soo celiyo sharaftii lumay ee qaranka.

Siyaasad ahaan, guuldarradu waxay horseeday burburkii Reich-kii Labaad iyo aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Weimar. Jamhuuriyadda Weimar waxay bilowday barnaamij dib-u-habayn qarsoodi ah, taasoo jebisay shuruudaha Heshiiska Versailles. Barnaamijkan wuxuu ahaa mid xaddidan ilaa uu xukunka qabtay Adolf Hitler 1933. Waqtigaas, barnaamijka waxaa la siiyay mudnaanta koowaad, taasoo lagama maarmaan u ahayd xoojinta xiriirka dhaqaale ee lala leeyahay waddamada hodanka ku ah agabka ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay warshadaha militariga, sida Shiinaha.

Xilligii Nazi-ga ee ka horreeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa ka dhacay isbeddello badan oo ku yimid siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka, oo ay ku jiraan:

Hagaajinta xiriirka [[Boland]] inkastoo Heshiiskii Versailles uu dhul Jarmal ah u dhiibay Poland, kaas oo markii dambe Jarmalka ku daray bilowgii dagaalka.

Joojinta xiriirka [[Shiinaha]] iyo saxiixa Heshiiska Aksiis ee [[Jabaan]].

Gelitaanka isbahaysi lala galay [[Talyaaniga]] inkastoo ay ka baxeen xerada [[Jarmalka]] ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, fal loo arkay khiyaano militari iyo qodob weyn oo ka mid ah guuldarradii Jarmalka.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff


===Afgambigii Beer Haawl l'fashilmay===

Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas.

Goobta Beer Putsch waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]]


===Reich-ka 3aad===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-504,_Berlin,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Hermann_Göring.jpg|thumb|adolf Hitler Iyo Saaxiibkiisa Hermaan Gooriing]]


Ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa siyaasadeed sannadkii 1933, Hitler wuxuu isku dayay inuu taageero dadweyne u helo siyaasadihiisa isagoo ku qanciyay inta badan dadka Jarmalka inuu ka badbaadin doono hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee adduunka, Heshiiska Versailles, shuuciga, &quot;Bolsheviks-ka Yuhuudda&quot; (kuwaas oo si xun u saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa shuuciga ee u dhexeeyay labadii dagaal ee adduunka), iyo saameynta dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee kale ee &quot;aan loo baahnayn&quot;. Naasiyiintu waxay tirtireen dhammaan mucaaradkii iyagoo adeegsanaya hab ay ugu yeereen &quot;isku-dubaridka dhammaan nidaamyada&quot; iyo is-dhexgalkooda hal nidaam.

===Dhisidda xulafooyin leh dhidibka===

[[File:Adolf_Hitler_en_visite_en_Italie.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler Iyo Hogaamiyihii Talyaanigi faashiistaha]]

Jarmalka ayaa ka soo baxay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka isagoo guuldarro ceeb ah la kulmay, taasoo ku qasabtay inay saxiixdo Heshiiskii Versailles. Heshiiskan wuxuu Jarmalka ka qaaday mas'uuliyadda dagaalka wuxuuna ku qasbay inay magdhow siiso dadkii ay dhibaatadu soo gaartay, taasoo culays ku saartay dhaqaalaha Jarmalka iyo dadka dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u weyn. Waxay sidoo kale kor u qaadday dareen ceeb iyo rabitaan ah in la soo celiyo sharaftii lumay ee qaranka.

Siyaasad ahaan, guuldarradu waxay horseeday burburkii Reich-kii Labaad iyo aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Weimar. Jamhuuriyadda Weimar waxay bilowday barnaamij dib-u-habayn qarsoodi ah, taasoo jebisay shuruudaha Heshiiska Versailles. Barnaamijkan wuxuu ahaa mid xaddidan ilaa uu xukunka qabtay Adolf Hitler 1933. Waqtigaas, barnaamijka waxaa la siiyay mudnaanta koowaad, taasoo lagama maarmaan u ahayd xoojinta xiriirka dhaqaale ee lala leeyahay waddamada hodanka ku ah agabka ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay warshadaha militariga, sida Shiinaha.

Xilligii Nazi-ga ee ka horreeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa ka dhacay isbeddello badan oo ku yimid siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka, oo ay ku jiraan:

Hagaajinta xiriirka [[Boland]] inkastoo Heshiiskii Versailles uu dhul Jarmal ah u dhiibay Poland, kaas oo markii dambe Jarmalka ku daray bilowgii dagaalka.

Joojinta xiriirka [[Shiinaha]] iyo saxiixa Heshiiska Aksiis ee [[Jabaan]].

Gelitaanka isbahaysi lala galay [[Talyaaniga]] inkastoo ay ka baxeen xerada [[Jarmalka]] ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, fal loo arkay khiyaano militari iyo qodob weyn oo ka mid ah guuldarradii Jarmalka.

===Dagaalka Aduunka ee 2aad===

Bishii Febraayo 1938, Hitler ugu dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay dhibaatadii qabsatay siyaasadda Jarmalka ee ku saabsan Bariga Fog: doorashada u dhaxaysa ilaalinta isbahaysiga aan rasmiga ahayn ee Sino-Jarmalka ee laga soo bilaabo 1911 ama gelitaanka isbahaysi cusub oo lala galo Japan. Waqtigaas, ciidanku waxay si weyn u taageereen Jarmalka inay sii wadaan isbahaysigooda Shiinaha. Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Konstantin von Neurath iyo Wasiirka Dagaalka Werner von Blumberg, oo loogu magac daray &quot;lobby-ga Shiinaha,&quot; waxay ahaayeen kuwo taageersan Shiinaha waxayna isku dayeen inay siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka ka jeediyaan ku lug lahaanshaha dagaal kasta oo Yurub ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Hitler wuxuu shaqada ka eryay labada wasiir horraantii 1938. Isagoo raacaya talada Wasiirkiisii Arrimaha Dibadda ee dhawaan loo magacaabay, Joachim von Ribbentrop oo si xooggan u taageersan Jabbaan, Hitler wuxuu doortay inuu soo afjaro isbahaysiga uu la leeyahay Shiinaha isagoo u hiilinaya isbahaysi uu la leeyahay Jabbaan oo awood badan oo ilbax ah. Mid ka mid ah khudbadihiisii uu u jeediyay Reichstag, Hitler wuxuu ka hadlay aqoonsiga Jarmalka ee dawladda Manchukuo. Gobol ku yaal Manchuria waxaa qabsaday Japan, kaas oo markaa ku dhaqmay madax-bannaani magac u yaal ah. Jarmalka ayaa ka tanaasulay sheegashadiisii gumaystayaashii hore ee Baasifigga.[59] Hitler wuxuu amray in la joojiyo shixnadaha hubka ee loo dirayo Shiinaha, wuxuuna dib u soo celiyay dhammaan saraakiishii Jarmalka ee ka tirsanaa ciidamada Shiinaha. Si uu uga aarguto Jarmalka oo joojiyay taageeradii uu siin jiray Shiinaha dagaalkii ka dhanka ahaa Japan, Jeneraal Chiang Kai-shek wuxuu baabi'iyay heshiisyadii dhaqaale ee u dhexeeyay Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka. Natiijo ahaan, Jarmalka waxaa laga qaaday agabkii ceeriin, sida tungsten, oo Shiinuhu hore u bixiyay. Dhammaadka isbahaysiga Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka ayaa sii xumeeyay dhibaatooyinka dib-u-habaynta Jarmalka, iyadoo hadda lagu qasbay inay ka faa'iidaysato kaydka lacagta qalaad ee xaddidan si ay u iibsato agabyada ceeriin ee suuqa furan.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff


===Afgambigii Beer Haawl l'fashilmay===

Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas.

Goobta Beer Putsch waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]]


===Reich-ka 3aad===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-504,_Berlin,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Hermann_Göring.jpg|thumb|adolf Hitler Iyo Saaxiibkiisa Hermaan Gooriing]]


Ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa siyaasadeed sannadkii 1933, Hitler wuxuu isku dayay inuu taageero dadweyne u helo siyaasadihiisa isagoo ku qanciyay inta badan dadka Jarmalka inuu ka badbaadin doono hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee adduunka, Heshiiska Versailles, shuuciga, &quot;Bolsheviks-ka Yuhuudda&quot; (kuwaas oo si xun u saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa shuuciga ee u dhexeeyay labadii dagaal ee adduunka), iyo saameynta dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee kale ee &quot;aan loo baahnayn&quot;. Naasiyiintu waxay tirtireen dhammaan mucaaradkii iyagoo adeegsanaya hab ay ugu yeereen &quot;isku-dubaridka dhammaan nidaamyada&quot; iyo is-dhexgalkooda hal nidaam.

===Dhisidda xulafooyin leh dhidibka===

[[File:Adolf_Hitler_en_visite_en_Italie.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler Iyo Hogaamiyihii Talyaanigi faashiistaha]]

Jarmalka ayaa ka soo baxay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka isagoo guuldarro ceeb ah la kulmay, taasoo ku qasabtay inay saxiixdo Heshiiskii Versailles. Heshiiskan wuxuu Jarmalka ka qaaday mas'uuliyadda dagaalka wuxuuna ku qasbay inay magdhow siiso dadkii ay dhibaatadu soo gaartay, taasoo culays ku saartay dhaqaalaha Jarmalka iyo dadka dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u weyn. Waxay sidoo kale kor u qaadday dareen ceeb iyo rabitaan ah in la soo celiyo sharaftii lumay ee qaranka.

Siyaasad ahaan, guuldarradu waxay horseeday burburkii Reich-kii Labaad iyo aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Weimar. Jamhuuriyadda Weimar waxay bilowday barnaamij dib-u-habayn qarsoodi ah, taasoo jebisay shuruudaha Heshiiska Versailles. Barnaamijkan wuxuu ahaa mid xaddidan ilaa uu xukunka qabtay Adolf Hitler 1933. Waqtigaas, barnaamijka waxaa la siiyay mudnaanta koowaad, taasoo lagama maarmaan u ahayd xoojinta xiriirka dhaqaale ee lala leeyahay waddamada hodanka ku ah agabka ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay warshadaha militariga, sida Shiinaha.

Xilligii Nazi-ga ee ka horreeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa ka dhacay isbeddello badan oo ku yimid siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka, oo ay ku jiraan:

Hagaajinta xiriirka [[Boland]] inkastoo Heshiiskii Versailles uu dhul Jarmal ah u dhiibay Poland, kaas oo markii dambe Jarmalka ku daray bilowgii dagaalka.

Joojinta xiriirka [[Shiinaha]] iyo saxiixa Heshiiska Aksiis ee [[Jabaan]].

Gelitaanka isbahaysi lala galay [[Talyaaniga]] inkastoo ay ka baxeen xerada [[Jarmalka]] ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, fal loo arkay khiyaano militari iyo qodob weyn oo ka mid ah guuldarradii Jarmalka.

===Dagaalka Aduunka ee 2aad===

Bishii Febraayo 1938, Hitler ugu dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay dhibaatadii qabsatay siyaasadda Jarmalka ee ku saabsan Bariga Fog: doorashada u dhaxaysa ilaalinta isbahaysiga aan rasmiga ahayn ee Sino-Jarmalka ee laga soo bilaabo 1911 ama gelitaanka isbahaysi cusub oo lala galo Japan. Waqtigaas, ciidanku waxay si weyn u taageereen Jarmalka inay sii wadaan isbahaysigooda Shiinaha. Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Konstantin von Neurath iyo Wasiirka Dagaalka Werner von Blumberg, oo loogu magac daray &quot;lobby-ga Shiinaha,&quot; waxay ahaayeen kuwo taageersan Shiinaha waxayna isku dayeen inay siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka ka jeediyaan ku lug lahaanshaha dagaal kasta oo Yurub ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Hitler wuxuu shaqada ka eryay labada wasiir horraantii 1938. Isagoo raacaya talada Wasiirkiisii Arrimaha Dibadda ee dhawaan loo magacaabay, Joachim von Ribbentrop oo si xooggan u taageersan Jabbaan, Hitler wuxuu doortay inuu soo afjaro isbahaysiga uu la leeyahay Shiinaha isagoo u hiilinaya isbahaysi uu la leeyahay Jabbaan oo awood badan oo ilbax ah. Mid ka mid ah khudbadihiisii uu u jeediyay Reichstag, Hitler wuxuu ka hadlay aqoonsiga Jarmalka ee dawladda Manchukuo. Gobol ku yaal Manchuria waxaa qabsaday Japan, kaas oo markaa ku dhaqmay madax-bannaani magac u yaal ah. Jarmalka ayaa ka tanaasulay sheegashadiisii gumaystayaashii hore ee Baasifigga.[59] Hitler wuxuu amray in la joojiyo shixnadaha hubka ee loo dirayo Shiinaha, wuxuuna dib u soo celiyay dhammaan saraakiishii Jarmalka ee ka tirsanaa ciidamada Shiinaha. Si uu uga aarguto Jarmalka oo joojiyay taageeradii uu siin jiray Shiinaha dagaalkii ka dhanka ahaa Japan, Jeneraal Chiang Kai-shek wuxuu baabi'iyay heshiisyadii dhaqaale ee u dhexeeyay Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka. Natiijo ahaan, Jarmalka waxaa laga qaaday agabkii ceeriin, sida tungsten, oo Shiinuhu hore u bixiyay. Dhammaadka isbahaysiga Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka ayaa sii xumeeyay dhibaatooyinka dib-u-habaynta Jarmalka, iyadoo hadda lagu qasbay inay ka faa'iidaysato kaydka lacagta qalaad ee xaddidan si ay u iibsato agabyada ceeriin ee suuqa furan.

===Heshiiska Muniik 1938===

[[File:Munich_conference(1938).png|thumb|Hitler oo midig jooga, Mussolini oo dhexda jooga, iyo Chamberlain oo bidixda fog jooga.]]

Shirkii hal maalin socday ee ka dhacay Munich, oo ay ka soo qaybgaleen Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, iyo [[Mussolini]], ayaa la saxiixay Heshiiskii Muniik, kaas oo daboolay dalabaadka Hitler isla markaana dhulalka ku yaal dhulka Ardayda loogu wareejiyay Jarmalka. Maadaama [[London]] iyo [[Baariis]] ay horey u ogolaadeen fikradda ah in dhulka lagu muransan yahay lagu wareejiyo Jarmalka bartamihii [[Sebteembar]], shirku wuxuu ku qaatay hal maalin oo keliya isagoo ka hadlaya farsamooyinka sida loo fulin doono wareejinta. Shirku wuxuu sidoo kale ka hadlay tanaasulaadka yar yar ee Hitler sameyn doono: wareejinta waxay dhici doontaa toban maalmood gudahood bisha Oktoobar, iyadoo la siinayo amar caalami ah oo lagu kormeerayo geeddi-socodka, Jarmalkana wuxuu sugi doonaa ilaa laga gaaro heshiisyada [[Hungariya]] iyo [[Boland]]. Markii shirka la soo gabagabeeyay, Hitler wuxuu saxiixay Heshiis Saaxiibtinimo oo [[Jarmal]] iyo [[Ingiriis]] ah, kaas oo Chamberlain uu rajo weyn ka qabay, halka Hitler uusan tixgelin badan siinin. Inkasta oo Chamberlain uu ku qancay Shirka Munich; In kasta oo uu si been abuur ah u sheegay in shirku uu &quot;dammaanad qaaday nabad waqtigaas,&quot; Hitler wuxuu si gudaha ah uga xanaaqay inuu &quot;ka tanaasulo&quot; dagaalkii uu rajeynayay inuu qaado 1938. Natiijo ahaan, Hitler wuxuu ku guuleystay ra'yi ururintii Ninka Sannadka ee joornaalka Time sannadkii 1938.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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[[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|right|150px]]
'''Adolf Hitler''' ([[20]] [[Abriil]] [[1889]] – [[30 ]][[Abriil]]  [[1945]]) wuxuu uu ahaa [[siyaasi]]. Jarmal ah oo Austria u dhashay iyo hogaamiyihii xisbigii Nazi laga soo bilaabo 1933 ilaa dhimashadiisii ​​1945. Dawladiisu waxay caan ku tahay inay sababto [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]] iyo [[Holokost]].

Hitler aabihiis, Alois (wuxuu dhashay 1837), wuxuu ahaa sharci-darro.  In muddo ah wuxuu u dhashay magaca hooyadii, Schiklgruber, laakiin 1876-kii wuxuu aasaasay sheegashada qoyskiisa magaca Hitler.  Adolf waligiis magac kale ma isticmaalin.

=Nolosha hore=
Ka dib markii aabihiis uu ka fariistay adeegga canshuuraha dawladda, Adolf Hitler wuxuu inta badan caruurnimadiisii ​​ku qaatay Linz, caasimadda [[Awstriya]].  Waxay ahaan jirtay magaaladii uu jeclaa intii uu noolaa oo dhan, wuxuuna muujiyay rabitaankiisa ah in lagu aaso halkaas.  Alois Hitler waxa uu dhintay 1903-dii balse waxa uu ka tagay hawlgab iyo kayd ku filan si uu u taageero xaaskiisa iyo caruurtiisa.  Inkasta oo Hitler uu aabbihii ka cabsaday oo uu necbahay, haddana waxa uu ahaa wiil u heellan hooyadii, taas oo u geeriyootay silic badan 1907-dii. Isaga oo haysta rikoodh isku dhafan oo arday ah, Hitler waligiis ma dhaafin waxbarashada sare.  Kadib markii uu dugsiga ka baxay, wuxuu booqday [[Fiyena]], ka dibna wuxuu ku laabtay Linz, halkaas oo uu ku riyooday inuu noqdo farshaxan.  Later, wuxuu isticmaalay gunnada yar ee uu sii waday inuu sawiro si uu naftiisa ugu ilaaliyo Vienna.  Waxa uu damcay in uu barto fanka, kaas oo uu u lahaa kulliyado, laakiin laba jeer ayuu ku guul daraystay in uu galo Akademiyada Farshaxanka.  Muddo sannado ah waxa uu ku noolaa nolol cidla ah oo go’doon ah, waxa uu ka heli jiray nolol aan fiicneyn oo uu ku rinjiyeeyo kaararka boostada iyo xayaysiisyada oo uu ka guurayo hool ay degmadu leedahay oo uu mid kale u guurayo.  Hitler wuxuu horey u muujiyay sifooyin muujinaya noloshiisa dambe: kalinimada iyo qarsoodiga, qaabka bohemian ee jiritaanka maalinlaha ah, iyo nacaybka kosmobolitaanisme iyo dabeecadda caalamiga ah ee Vienna.

[[1913]]kii Hitler waxa uu u guuray [[Munich]].  Waxaa loo baadhay adeegga millatariga Awstaria bishii Febraayo [[1914]]-kii, waxa lagu sifeeyay mid aan taam ahayn sababtoo ah firfircooni jireed oo aan ku filnayn;  laakiin markii uu Dagaalkii I aad   qarxay, waxa uu ka codsaday Bavarian King Louis III  in loo oggolaado in uu adeego, iyo maalin kaddib markii uu codsigaas gudbiyay, waxaa la ogeysiiyay in loo oggolaan doono in uu ku biiro Guutada Kaydka Bavaria ee 16aad.  Muddo siddeed toddobaad ah oo tababar ah ka dib, Hitler waxa la geeyay [[Beljim]] [[Oktoobar]] 1914-kii, halkaas oo uu kaga qayb qaatay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Ypres.  Waxa uu soo shaqeeyay dagaalka oo dhan, waxa la dhaawacay Oktoobar 1916-kii, waxaana gaas lagu dilay laba sano ka dib meel u dhow Ypres.  Waxa la dhigay cusbitaal markii ay colaaddu dhammaatay.  Intii uu dagaalku socday, waxa uu si joogto ah ugu jiray jiidda hore ee orodyahanka xarunta;  geesinimadiisa ficilka ah waxaa lagu abaalmariyay Birta, Fasalka Labaad, Diseembar 1914, iyo ''Iron Cross, Class First'' (qurxinta dhifka ah ee jirka), Ogosto 1918. Waxa uu ku salaamay dagaalka si xamaasad leh, si ay uga nafiso weyn niyad jabka iyo hadaf la'aanta nolosha rayidka ah.  Wuxuu ka helay anshax  iyo saaxiibtinimo ku qanacsan waxaana la xaqiijiyay inuu aaminsan yahay wanaagga geesinimada leh ee dagaalka yoomis kaabuul
.

=Nolosha Hitler iyo caadooyinka=
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-13774,_Adolf_Hitler.jpg|thumb]]

Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 1aad [[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagaalkii_Dunida_Kowaad?wprov=sfla1]]. ee aduunka ka dib, Hitler waxa uu ku hadhay ciidanka waxaanu ku laabtay [[Muniik]]., halkaas oo uu kaga qayb galay aaskii milatari ee [[ra'iisal wasaare]]. Bavaria ee la dilay, Kurt Eisner, taas oo lid ku ah odhaahdiisii danbe.[51] Ka dib markii la ciribtiray Jamhuuriyadii Soofiyeeti ee Bavarian, Hitler waxa uu ka qayb galay koorsooyin &quot;Fikirka Qaranka&quot; ee ay soo qabanqaabiyeen Bavarian Reichswehr's Education and Propaganda ee Xarunta Taliska Afaraad ee ugu weyn ee hoos yimaada Captain Karl Mayr. Waxa uu eedayn dusha ka saaray dadka Yuhuuda ah ee ku kala firdhisan dunida dacaladeeda, shuuciyada, iyo siyaasiyiinta dhinacyada kala duwan, gaar ahaan jamhuuriyadda Viiyemar

Bishii [[Luuliyo]] 1919, Hitler waxaa loo xilsaaray adeegga sirdoonka ee Reichswehr si uu u saameeyo askarta kale oo uu u galo xisbi yar. Kani wuxuu ahaa Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DAP). Intii lagu guda jiray sahaminta xisbiga, Hitler waxaa saameeyay nacaybka Yuhuudda, waddaniyiinta, ka-hortagga hantida, iyo fikradaha Marxist ee aasaasihii, Anton Drexler. Fikradaha Drexler waxay u ololeeyeen dawlad xoog leh oo firfircoon, fikrado ay dhiiri galiyeen fikradaha hantiwadaaga &quot;aan Yuhuudi ahayn&quot; iyo aaminsanaanta lagama maarmaanka u ah taageerada wadajirka ah ee dhammaan xubnaha bulshada. Drexler waxa aad ula dhacay xirfada odhaahda ee Hitler waxana uu ku casuumay in uu ku soo biiro xisbiga, isaga oo ka dhigay xubintiisii shan iyo kontonaad. Hitler waxa kale oo uu noqday xubintii toddobaad ee guddiga fulinta

Guddida Fulinta ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Qaranka ee Xisbiga Hantiwadaaga Jarmalku (NSDW) ayaa ugu dambayntii ka noqday mawqifkoodii oo ay qirteen in laga adkaaday. Waxaa cod loo qaaday xubnaha xisbiga in la aqbalo dalabaadka Hitler iyo in kale. Hitler waxa uu helay 543 cod halka hal kaliya uu ka soo horjeestay. Kulankii xigay ee xisbiga, oo la qabtay July 29, 1921, Adolf Hitler waxaa loo soo bandhigay Führer ee NSDW; tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horeysay ee uu si fagaare ah u isticmaalo cinwaankan.

Khudbadihii Hitler ee naadiyada, halkaas oo uu ku weeraray Yuhuudda, dimuqraadiyiinta bulshada, liberaaliga, boqortooyooyinka falcelinta, hanti-wadaaga, iyo shuuciyada, waxay bilaabeen inay miro dhalaan oo ay soo jiidaan taageerayaal badan. Taageerayaashii hore ee Hitler waxaa ka mid ahaa Rudolf Hess, duuliyihii hore ee Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, iyo Taliyihii Ciidanka Ernst Röhm, oo markii dambe madax ka noqday ururkii Nazi-ga ee loo yaqaan SA (Storm Troopers), kuwaas oo ilaalin jiray shirarka, weerarna ku ah siyaasiyiinta ka soo horjeeda. Hitler waxa kale oo uu sameeyay kooxo madax banaan oo la mid ah, sida Jabhadda Shaqaalaha Jarmalka (DWF), oo fadhigeedu yahay Nuremberg. Julius Streicher waxa uu ahaa gudoomiyihii ururka oo markii dambe u shaqeeyay gölter, oo macnaheedu yahay madaxa laanta gobolka ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Jarmalka ee Hantiwadaaga Qaranka (NSD) ee Franconia. Intaa waxaa dheer, Hitler wuxuu soo jiitay dareenka danaha ganacsiga maxalliga ah wuxuuna helay aqbalaadda wareegyada ay ku jiraan shakhsiyaadka saamaynta ku leh bulshada Munich. Magaciisa waxa kale oo lala xidhiidhiyay kii taliyihii caanka ahaa ee wakhtiga dagaalka, General Erich Ludendorff


===Afgambigii Beer Haawl l'fashilmay===

Sannadkii 1923, ciidamada Nazi waxay isku dayeen afgambi ka dhan ah dowladda, laakiin isku daygii wuu fashilmay wuxuuna sababay in la xiro Adolf Hitler, oo ahaa hoggaamiyihii xisbiga xilligaas.

Goobta Beer Putsch waxay ahayd isku day afgambi oo fashilmay oo ay Hitler iyo Xisbiga Nazi ku doonayeen inay xukunka kula wareegaan Bavaria iyo Jarmalka. Isku dayga ayaa bilaabmay fiidkii Noofambar 8 wuxuuna socday ilaa duhurnimadii Noofambar 9, 1923. Adolf Hitler wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u adeegsado magaca Jeneraal Erich Ludendorff sidii afgambigii, kaasoo ku dhammaaday fashil weyn iyo xariggii hoggaamiyihii Xisbiga Nazi, Adolf Hitler.[[File:242-HF-0804_001_Beginnings_of_the_Nazi_Movement_Deutscher_Tag_Coburg_14-15_Oct_1922_NSDAP_Hitlerbewegung_SA_Sturmabteilung_Graf_Alfarth_Rosenberg_Schaub_Esser_Feder_Dietrich_Weber_Alpers_etc_Swastikas_Deutschvölkisch_NARA_Cropped.jpg|thumb|Isku day lagu abaabulayo afgambi lagu qabsanayo awoodda Berlin]]


===Ryiikh-ka 3aad===
[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2004-1202-504,_Berlin,_Adolf_Hitler_und_Hermann_Göring.jpg|thumb|adolf Hitler Iyo Saaxiibkiisa Hermaan Gooriing]]


Ka dib markii uu xoojiyay awooddiisa siyaasadeed sannadkii 1933, Hitler wuxuu isku dayay inuu taageero dadweyne u helo siyaasadihiisa isagoo ku qanciyay inta badan dadka Jarmalka inuu ka badbaadin doono hoos u dhaca dhaqaale ee adduunka, Heshiiska Versailles, shuuciga, &quot;Bolsheviks-ka Yuhuudda&quot; (kuwaas oo si xun u saameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa shuuciga ee u dhexeeyay labadii dagaal ee adduunka), iyo saameynta dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee kale ee &quot;aan loo baahnayn&quot;. Naasiyiintu waxay tirtireen dhammaan mucaaradkii iyagoo adeegsanaya hab ay ugu yeereen &quot;isku-dubaridka dhammaan nidaamyada&quot; iyo is-dhexgalkooda hal nidaam.

===Dhisidda xulafooyin leh dhidibka===

[[File:Adolf_Hitler_en_visite_en_Italie.jpg|thumb|Adolf Hitler Iyo Hogaamiyihii Talyaanigi faashiistaha]]

Jarmalka ayaa ka soo baxay Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka isagoo guuldarro ceeb ah la kulmay, taasoo ku qasabtay inay saxiixdo Heshiiskii Versailles. Heshiiskan wuxuu Jarmalka ka qaaday mas'uuliyadda dagaalka wuxuuna ku qasbay inay magdhow siiso dadkii ay dhibaatadu soo gaartay, taasoo culays ku saartay dhaqaalaha Jarmalka iyo dadka dhibaato dhaqaale oo aad u weyn. Waxay sidoo kale kor u qaadday dareen ceeb iyo rabitaan ah in la soo celiyo sharaftii lumay ee qaranka.

Siyaasad ahaan, guuldarradu waxay horseeday burburkii Reich-kii Labaad iyo aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Weimar. Jamhuuriyadda Weimar waxay bilowday barnaamij dib-u-habayn qarsoodi ah, taasoo jebisay shuruudaha Heshiiska Versailles. Barnaamijkan wuxuu ahaa mid xaddidan ilaa uu xukunka qabtay Adolf Hitler 1933. Waqtigaas, barnaamijka waxaa la siiyay mudnaanta koowaad, taasoo lagama maarmaan u ahayd xoojinta xiriirka dhaqaale ee lala leeyahay waddamada hodanka ku ah agabka ceeriin ee loo baahan yahay warshadaha militariga, sida Shiinaha.

Xilligii Nazi-ga ee ka horreeyay Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka waxaa ka dhacay isbeddello badan oo ku yimid siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka, oo ay ku jiraan:

Hagaajinta xiriirka [[Boland]] inkastoo Heshiiskii Versailles uu dhul Jarmal ah u dhiibay Poland, kaas oo markii dambe Jarmalka ku daray bilowgii dagaalka.

Joojinta xiriirka [[Shiinaha]] iyo saxiixa Heshiiska Aksiis ee [[Jabaan]].

Gelitaanka isbahaysi lala galay [[Talyaaniga]] inkastoo ay ka baxeen xerada [[Jarmalka]] ee Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka, fal loo arkay khiyaano militari iyo qodob weyn oo ka mid ah guuldarradii Jarmalka.

===Dagaalka Aduunka ee 2aad===

Bishii Febraayo 1938, Hitler ugu dambeyntii wuxuu xalliyay dhibaatadii qabsatay siyaasadda Jarmalka ee ku saabsan Bariga Fog: doorashada u dhaxaysa ilaalinta isbahaysiga aan rasmiga ahayn ee Sino-Jarmalka ee laga soo bilaabo 1911 ama gelitaanka isbahaysi cusub oo lala galo Japan. Waqtigaas, ciidanku waxay si weyn u taageereen Jarmalka inay sii wadaan isbahaysigooda Shiinaha. Wasiirka Arrimaha Dibadda Konstantin von Neurath iyo Wasiirka Dagaalka Werner von Blumberg, oo loogu magac daray &quot;lobby-ga Shiinaha,&quot; waxay ahaayeen kuwo taageersan Shiinaha waxayna isku dayeen inay siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda ee Jarmalka ka jeediyaan ku lug lahaanshaha dagaal kasta oo Yurub ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Hitler wuxuu shaqada ka eryay labada wasiir horraantii 1938. Isagoo raacaya talada Wasiirkiisii Arrimaha Dibadda ee dhawaan loo magacaabay, Joachim von Ribbentrop oo si xooggan u taageersan Jabbaan, Hitler wuxuu doortay inuu soo afjaro isbahaysiga uu la leeyahay Shiinaha isagoo u hiilinaya isbahaysi uu la leeyahay Jabbaan oo awood badan oo ilbax ah. Mid ka mid ah khudbadihiisii uu u jeediyay Reichstag, Hitler wuxuu ka hadlay aqoonsiga Jarmalka ee dawladda Manchukuo. Gobol ku yaal Manchuria waxaa qabsaday Japan, kaas oo markaa ku dhaqmay madax-bannaani magac u yaal ah. Jarmalka ayaa ka tanaasulay sheegashadiisii gumaystayaashii hore ee Baasifigga.[59] Hitler wuxuu amray in la joojiyo shixnadaha hubka ee loo dirayo Shiinaha, wuxuuna dib u soo celiyay dhammaan saraakiishii Jarmalka ee ka tirsanaa ciidamada Shiinaha. Si uu uga aarguto Jarmalka oo joojiyay taageeradii uu siin jiray Shiinaha dagaalkii ka dhanka ahaa Japan, Jeneraal Chiang Kai-shek wuxuu baabi'iyay heshiisyadii dhaqaale ee u dhexeeyay Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka. Natiijo ahaan, Jarmalka waxaa laga qaaday agabkii ceeriin, sida tungsten, oo Shiinuhu hore u bixiyay. Dhammaadka isbahaysiga Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka ayaa sii xumeeyay dhibaatooyinka dib-u-habaynta Jarmalka, iyadoo hadda lagu qasbay inay ka faa'iidaysato kaydka lacagta qalaad ee xaddidan si ay u iibsato agabyada ceeriin ee suuqa furan.

===Heshiiska Muniik 1938===

[[File:Munich_conference(1938).png|thumb|Hitler oo midig jooga, Mussolini oo dhexda jooga, iyo Chamberlain oo bidixda fog jooga.]]

Shirkii hal maalin socday ee ka dhacay Munich, oo ay ka soo qaybgaleen Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier, iyo [[Mussolini]], ayaa la saxiixay Heshiiskii Muniik, kaas oo daboolay dalabaadka Hitler isla markaana dhulalka ku yaal dhulka Ardayda loogu wareejiyay Jarmalka. Maadaama [[London]] iyo [[Baariis]] ay horey u ogolaadeen fikradda ah in dhulka lagu muransan yahay lagu wareejiyo Jarmalka bartamihii [[Sebteembar]], shirku wuxuu ku qaatay hal maalin oo keliya isagoo ka hadlaya farsamooyinka sida loo fulin doono wareejinta. Shirku wuxuu sidoo kale ka hadlay tanaasulaadka yar yar ee Hitler sameyn doono: wareejinta waxay dhici doontaa toban maalmood gudahood bisha Oktoobar, iyadoo la siinayo amar caalami ah oo lagu kormeerayo geeddi-socodka, Jarmalkana wuxuu sugi doonaa ilaa laga gaaro heshiisyada [[Hungariya]] iyo [[Boland]]. Markii shirka la soo gabagabeeyay, Hitler wuxuu saxiixay Heshiis Saaxiibtinimo oo [[Jarmal]] iyo [[Ingiriis]] ah, kaas oo Chamberlain uu rajo weyn ka qabay, halka Hitler uusan tixgelin badan siinin. Inkasta oo Chamberlain uu ku qancay Shirka Munich; In kasta oo uu si been abuur ah u sheegay in shirku uu &quot;dammaanad qaaday nabad waqtigaas,&quot; Hitler wuxuu si gudaha ah uga xanaaqay inuu &quot;ka tanaasulo&quot; dagaalkii uu rajeynayay inuu qaado 1938. Natiijo ahaan, Hitler wuxuu ku guuleystay ra'yi ururintii Ninka Sannadka ee joornaalka Time sannadkii 1938.

=Tixraac=
*[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/ Adolf Hitler], ''Britannica''.
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}}
* {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}}
* {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}}
* {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}}
* {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}}
{{Commonscat}}
[[Category:Jarmal|Hitler]]
[[Category:Taariikh]]</text>
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    <title>Kiristiyano Ronaldo</title>
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      <text bytes="3309" sha1="34x3mkg0d9jl512weuj2iycuxahib4q" xml:space="preserve">:{{Infobox football biography|name=Kiristiyano Ronaldo|nationalyears2=2001–2002|years5=2018–2021|caps5=98|goals5=81|clubs6=Manjistar Yuneytid|years6=2021–|caps6=30|goals6=18|nationalteam1=Burtuqaal K15|nationalyears1=2001|nationalcaps1=9|nationalgoals1=7|nationalteam2=Burtuqaal K17|nationalcaps2=7|goals4=311|nationalgoals2=5|nationalteam3=Burtuqaal K20|nationalyears3=2003|nationalcaps3=5|nationalgoals3=1|nationalteam4=Burtuqaal K21|nationalyears4=2002–2003|nationalcaps4=10|nationalgoals4=3|nationalteam5=Burtuqaal|nationalyears5=2003–|nationalcaps5=189|clubs5=Jufentus|caps4=292|image=Cristiano_Ronaldo_2018.jpg|youthyears2=1995–1997|caption=ROnaldo usafan Burtuqaal koobka aduunka 2018|fullname=Kiristiyano Ronaldo Dos Santos Afiro|birth_date=5 February 1985 (Da'da 37)|birth_place=funjaal, Madeera, [[Burtuqaal]]|height=1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)|position=werar|currentclub=manjistar yuneytid|clubnumber=7|youthclubs1=andorina|clubs1=Isbortigi B (Sporting CP B)|youthyears1=1992–1995|youthclubs2=nashinal|youthclubs3=Isbortigi (Sporting CP)|years4=2009–2018|youthyears3=1997–2002|years1=2002–2003|caps1=2|goals1=0|clubs2=Isbortigi (Sporting CP)|years2=2002–2003|caps2=25|goals2=3|clubs3=Manjistar yuneytid|years3=2003–2009|caps3=196|goals3=84|clubs4=Riyal Madrid|nationalgoals5=117}}
Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro ama  ''Kiiristiyaano Ronaldo Doos Santos Aviiero'' (dhashay 5 febraayo 1985 Madeira [[Portugal]]) waa ciyaaryahan bortuqiis ah,waxa uu u dhelaa kooxda [[Manjistar Yuneytid]] waana gooldhaliyahay ugu sareeya kooxda waxa uu dhaliyay goolala gaaraya 365 gool tan iyo markii uu uga soo biiray koox reer ingiriis ee [[Manchester United FC|Manchester united]] waa mid kamid ah ciyaaryahana loogu jecelyahay aduunka waana gooldhaliye halis ah waana ciyaar yahan keliya ee ilaa hada dhaliyay wax kabadan 50 gool sandkii shan xili ciyaareed , rekoorkiisa gool dhalinta ayaa aduunka ka noqday wax la yaab ah kamana daalo inuu gool dhaliyo xili walba malaha weeba u fududyihiin, waa kabtanka xulka qarankiisa ee bortaqiiska waana kan ugu safashada badan taariikhda kooxda qaranka maxamed boqortiqiiska waxana u sii dheer inuu yahay kan ugu goolasha badan , 2016 ciyaaraha qaramada yurub ayuu ku hogaamiyay qarankiisa guul taariikhi ah waxa uuna u qaaday koobkoodiii ugu horeeyay ee heer caalami ah , sandkii 2014 kadib markii uu xiriirka dalka borturqiiska u dabaal dagay sanad guuradi boqolaad ee ka soo wareegatay markii la aas aasay ayaa waxaa loogu codeeyay looguna aqoonsaday in cristiano Ronaldo yahay laacibkii ugu fiicnaa abid ee u dhashay bortaqiiska  ciyaaryahan lamid ah isaga uma dhalan doono abidkood waa laacib ku fiican goolasha madaxa waxaa uuna dhulka ka boodi kara joog kasareeya ciyaryahanada ciyaara kubada basket ballka [[Manchester United FC|Cristiano Ronaldo]] xidigan ayaa lashega Inuu ka mid yahay ciyaar yahanadii aabid so mara tariikhda kubada cagta xidigan ayaa lashega inuu aabihi kasoo jeedo Brazil hoyadiina Portugal xidigan ayaa haysta shan kubadood oo dahabi iyo 4 European golden boot xidigan aya gabadha u dhashy wiilkiisa yar ee Cristiano ronaldo jr inuu lacag siyay wararka yaaa shegaya Inuu ku dhashay wacalnimo ama garac ronaldo ayaa lagu yaqaana bakhayl nimo oo jecel inuu kubada cagtiisa ku maamulo.

* [[Andriy Mykolayovych Nesmaczny]]</text>
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    <title>Lionel Messi</title>
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      <text bytes="5795" sha1="13ajzi9ia669d9bwz2cozutb7li3id7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name        = Lionel Messi
| image       = Lionel_Messi_20180626.jpg
| caption     = Messi in [[2018]]
| fullname    = Lionel Andrés Messi&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi/sheet | title = Messi – Lionel Andrés Messi – Sheet &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; FC Barcelona | accessdate =6 January 2012 | publisher=FC Barcelona}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=y|1987|6|24}}&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot; /&gt;
| birth_place = [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], Argentina&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot; /&gt;
| height      = {{convert|1.63
|m|ftin|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot;/&gt;
| position    = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]]
| clubnumber  = 30
| youthyears1 = 1995–2000 | youthclubs1 = [[Newell's Old Boys]]
| youthyears2 = 2000–2003 | youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| years1 = 2003–2004  | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] | caps1 = 10  | goals1 = 5
| years2 = 2004–2005  | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps2 = 22  | goals2 = 6
| years3 = 2004–2021  | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]     | caps3 = 520 | goals3 = 474
| years4 = 2021–      | clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]]     | caps4 = 1   | goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 16 | nationalgoals1 = 11
| nationalyears2 = 2007–2008 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]] | nationalcaps2 = 5  | nationalgoals2 = 2
| nationalyears3 = 2005–     | nationalteam3 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]              | nationalcaps3 = 136 | nationalgoals3 = 68 &lt;!-- update if game for Argentina --&gt;
| medaltemplates = 
{{Medal|Team|{{fb|ARG}}}}
{{Medal|W|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]|[[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[U-20 South American Championship|U-20 South American C'ship]]|[[2005 South American Youth Championship|2005]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Copa América]]|[[2007 Copa América|2007]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]|[[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008]]}}
| pcupdate       = 18:03, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
| ntupdate       = 15:38, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
}}

[[File:Lionel Messi Player of the Year 2011.jpg|thumbnail|Lionel Messi laacibka sanadka 2011]]
'''Lionel Messi''' waa ciyaaryahan u dhashay wadanka [[Arjantiina]]. Waxa uu dhashay sanadku markii uu ahaa (24 Juun [[1987]]. waxa uu u ciyaraa koox ka ciyaara horyaalka wadanka [[Isbania]] oo la dhoho [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]], waxa uu yahay laacib kooda.messi isagaoo yar ayuu xanuun saday sababtoo ah wuxuu ahaa dhicis 6 bilood ku dhashay hooyadiis magaalo kale ayeey guri ccid shaqaalo uga eheed abihiisna tuugada laga cabsado ayuu ku jiray , kadib markii uu 10 jirsaday ayeey hooyadiis qaxootinimo iska dhiibtay spain kadib markii 2 sano ee kaam qaxooti ku jirtay ayaa loo ogolaaday sharciga sidaas ayeeyna ku timid magaalada barcelona , mowhibadiisa kubada cagta yaa u sahashay inuu kasbado indhaha kooxda yar yar ee barcelona b sidaasi ayuu ugu soo gudbay kooxda weyn , barcelona messi abaal ayeey u galeen sababtoo ah isbitaal ayeey geeyeen lugihiisa ayeey daawweeyen , wuxuu u balan qaaday in uusan ka tagi doonin abidkood waxan mararka qaar afkisa laga maqalay in wayihisa ciyared u ku soo gaba gabayn doono kooxda barcelona. 

macalimiinta sida aadka ah u soo caawiyay messi waxa ka mid ah macalinki u dhashay dalka netherland ee Frank Rijkaard kaaso kooxda soo maamulay 2003 ilaa 2008 oo aha macalinki champions league 2005-2006 isaga oo ka qaaday kooxda arsenal, messi ayaana ka dhaxlay waayo aragnimo dheraad ah isla markaana ka mid ahaa kooxdisa kowaad, macalinka labaad ee heerkan so gaadhsiiyay messi ayaa ah macalinka u dhashay wadanka spain kana tirsanaan jiray wakhti hore kooxda barcelona pep guardiola wakhtigii u kooxda haysan jiray 2009 ilaa 2013 isaga oo kooxda u qaaday koobab fara badan oo ay ka mid yihin laba champions league 2008-2009 iyo 2010-2011 waana macalinki kooxda ku so kordhiyay khibrada loo yaqaano tiki taka oo ay in badan kooxdu ku caano maashay Messi ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu yahay ciyaar yahankii abid soo mara kubada cagta kagana gulaystay labada xidig ee maradoona iyo pele oo ku tartami jiray xidigan ayaa haysta shan European golden boot oo ah rikoor u gaar ah xidigan ayaa kasbaday taageero fara badan ee aduunka jooga Lionel Messi ayaa ah xidigii ugu horeeyay ee oo European champion league dhaliya afar gool hal kulan kaliya xidigan ayaa haysta 4 onze dire oo ah xidigan ugu Europe xidigan ayaa lo baxshay mucjisada kubada cagta ama magic player xidigan ayaa abihiis aya lashega inuu kusoo jeedo talyaaniga halka hoyadii kasoo jeedo Spain xidigan aya UNICEF ka noqday ambassador ayaa noqday xidigii ugu ugu yaraa oo 22 jir ah oo ku gulaysta ballon d'ore xidigan oo ah kan ugu golasha badan xaga laligaha sido kale waa kan ugu golasha badan kulanka caanka aha ee elcalasico xidigan ayaa ah ciyaar yahanka ugu fiican tariikhda laligaha ama Spain Messi ayaa dhowr jeer loo so bandhigay inuu qandaraasyo fara badan oo qaliya lkn wuu diiday oo wuku gacan sayray oo warar ayaa shegaya inuu yiri waxaan &quot;diyaar u ahay inaan mushaar la'aan ugu ciyaaro Barcelona&quot; Guuldaradii ay kala kulmeen xulka qaranka Argentina koobkii adduunka ee ka dhanka ahaa Germany sanadkii 2014 iyo sababta oo ah ciyaartii Mareykanka ee ka dhacday Chile 2 oo isku xigta finalka sanadihii 2015 iyo 2016 isweydaarsiga seegay waxa uu u hibeeyay taallo taariikhi ah oo kuyaala garoonka Camp Nou ee magaalada Barcelona Lionel Messi isagoo leh braugrana fog. 

{{gumud}}
🇮🇱&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Ciyaartooyda Arjantiina]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5800" sha1="tp9rvxu851937qmfi3q7s0eiqs1g2z6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name        = Lionel Messi
| image       = Lionel_Messi_20180626.jpg
| caption     = Messi in [[2018]]
| fullname    = Lionel Andrés Messi&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.fcbarcelona.com/football/first-team/staff/players/messi/sheet | title = Messi – Lionel Andrés Messi – Sheet &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; FC Barcelona | accessdate =6 January 2012 | publisher=FC Barcelona}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=y|1987|6|24}}&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot; /&gt;
| birth_place = [[Rosario, Santa Fe|Rosario]], Argentina&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot; /&gt;
| height      = {{convert|1.63
|m|ftin|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;barca&quot;/&gt;
| position    = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]]
| clubnumber  = 30
| youthyears1 = 1995–2000 | youthclubs1 = [[Newell's Old Boys]]
| youthyears2 = 2000–2003 | youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| years1 = 2003–2004  | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona C|Barcelona C]] | caps1 = 10  | goals1 = 5
| years2 = 2004–2005  | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps2 = 22  | goals2 = 6
| years3 = 2004–2021  | clubs3 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]     | caps3 = 520 | goals3 = 474
| years4 = 2021–      | clubs4 = [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]]     | caps4 = 1   | goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam1 = [[Argentina national under-20 football team|Argentina U20]] | nationalcaps1 = 16 | nationalgoals1 = 11
| nationalyears2 = 2007–2008 | nationalteam2 = [[Argentina national under-23 football team|Argentina U23]] | nationalcaps2 = 5  | nationalgoals2 = 2
| nationalyears3 = 2005–     | nationalteam3 = [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]              | nationalcaps3 = 136 | nationalgoals3 = 68 &lt;!-- update if game for Argentina --&gt;
| medaltemplates = 
{{Medal|Team|{{fb|ARG}}}}
{{Medal|W|[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]|[[2005 FIFA World Youth Championship|2005]]}}
{{Medal|3rd|[[U-20 South American Championship|U-20 South American C'ship]]|[[2005 South American Youth Championship|2005]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[Copa América]]|[[2007 Copa América|2007]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]|[[Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008]]}}
| pcupdate       = 18:03, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
| ntupdate       = 15:38, 27 March 2013 (UTC)
}}

[[File:Lionel Messi Player of the Year 2011.jpg|thumbnail|Lionel Messi laacibka sanadka 2011]]
'''Lionel Messi''' waa ciyaaryahan u dhashay wadanka [[Arjantiina]]. Waxa uu dhashay sanadku markii uu ahaa (24 Juun [[1987]]. waxa uu u ciyaraa koox ka ciyaara horyaalka wadanka [[Isbania]] oo la dhoho [[Paris Saint-Germain FC|Paris Saint-Germain]], waxa uu yahay laacib kooda.messi isagaoo yar ayuu xanuun saday sababtoo ah wuxuu ahaa dhicis 6 bilood ku dhashay hooyadiis magaalo kale ayeey guri ccid shaqaalo uga eheed abihiisna tuugada laga cabsado ayuu ku jiray , kadib markii uu 10 jirsaday ayeey hooyadiis qaxootinimo iska dhiibtay spain kadib markii 2 sano ee kaam qaxooti ku jirtay ayaa loo ogolaaday sharciga sidaas ayeeyna ku timid magaalada barcelona , mowhibadiisa kubada cagta yaa u sahashay inuu kasbado indhaha kooxda yar yar ee barcelona b sidaasi ayuu ugu soo gudbay kooxda weyn , barcelona messi abaal ayeey u galeen sababtoo ah isbitaal ayeey geeyeen lugihiisa ayeey daawweeyen , wuxuu u balan qaaday in uusan ka tagi doonin abidkood waxan mararka qaar afkisa laga maqalay in wayihisa ciyared u ku soo gaba gabayn doono kooxda barcelona. 

macalimiinta sida aadka ah u soo caawiyay messi waxa ka mid ah macalinki u dhashay dalka [[Holland]] ee Frank Rijkaard kaaso kooxda soo maamulay 2003 ilaa 2008 oo aha macalinki champions league 2005-2006 isaga oo ka qaaday kooxda [[Arsenal]], messi ayaana ka dhaxlay waayo aragnimo dheraad ah isla markaana ka mid ahaa kooxdisa kowaad, macalinka labaad ee heerkan so gaadhsiiyay messi ayaa ah macalinka u dhashay wadanka spain kana tirsanaan jiray wakhti hore kooxda barcelona pep guardiola wakhtigii u kooxda haysan jiray 2009 ilaa 2013 isaga oo kooxda u qaaday koobab fara badan oo ay ka mid yihin laba champions league 2008-2009 iyo 2010-2011 waana macalinki kooxda ku so kordhiyay khibrada loo yaqaano tiki taka oo ay in badan kooxdu ku caano maashay Messi ayaa la xaqiijiyay inuu yahay ciyaar yahankii abid soo mara kubada cagta kagana gulaystay labada xidig ee maradoona iyo pele oo ku tartami jiray xidigan ayaa haysta shan European golden boot oo ah rikoor u gaar ah xidigan ayaa kasbaday taageero fara badan ee aduunka jooga Lionel Messi ayaa ah xidigii ugu horeeyay ee oo European champion league dhaliya afar gool hal kulan kaliya xidigan ayaa haysta 4 onze dire oo ah xidigan ugu Europe xidigan ayaa lo baxshay mucjisada kubada cagta ama magic player xidigan ayaa abihiis aya lashega inuu kusoo jeedo talyaaniga halka hoyadii kasoo jeedo Spain xidigan aya UNICEF ka noqday ambassador ayaa noqday xidigii ugu ugu yaraa oo 22 jir ah oo ku gulaysta ballon d'ore xidigan oo ah kan ugu golasha badan xaga laligaha sido kale waa kan ugu golasha badan kulanka caanka aha ee elcalasico xidigan ayaa ah ciyaar yahanka ugu fiican tariikhda laligaha ama Spain Messi ayaa dhowr jeer loo so bandhigay inuu qandaraasyo fara badan oo qaliya lkn wuu diiday oo wuku gacan sayray oo warar ayaa shegaya inuu yiri waxaan &quot;diyaar u ahay inaan mushaar la'aan ugu ciyaaro Barcelona&quot; Guuldaradii ay kala kulmeen xulka qaranka Argentina koobkii adduunka ee ka dhanka ahaa Germany sanadkii 2014 iyo sababta oo ah ciyaartii Mareykanka ee ka dhacday Chile 2 oo isku xigta finalka sanadihii 2015 iyo 2016 isweydaarsiga seegay waxa uu u hibeeyay taallo taariikhi ah oo kuyaala garoonka Camp Nou ee magaalada Barcelona Lionel Messi isagoo leh braugrana fog. 

{{gumud}}
🇮🇱&lt;references/&gt;

[[Category:Ciyaartooyda Arjantiina]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wayne Rooney</title>
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      <text bytes="2408" sha1="di2mh4vynuiwan6fjhik0am43bxh4cz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Rooney CL.jpg|thumbnail|Wayne Rooney]]
Wayne Mark Rooney (wuxuu dhashay 24 October [[1985]]) waa ciyaaryahan xirfadle ah oo [[Ingiriis]] ah kaasoo u ciyaara kooxda Major League Soccer ee Mareykanka. Waxa uu ciyaaray kubad badan oo kubada cagta ah, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaalay boosaska khadka dhexe ee kala duwan. Waa gooldhaliyaha ugu goolasha badan xulka qaranka England iyo Manchester United. Heerka Naadiga, wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarin kasta oo uu ku heli karo Ingiriis, Europe iyo Continental Football, marka laga reebo European Super Cup. Michael Carrick, waa ciyaaryahanka keliya ee Ingiriis ah ee ku guuleystay Premier League, FA Cup, UEFA Champions League, League Cup, UEFA Europa League iyo FIFA Club World Cup.

Rooney ayaa ku biiray kooxda da'yarta Everton isagoo 9 jir ah, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horeysay u saftay kooxda 2002dii isagoo da'diisu ahayd 16 jir. Waxa uu labo xilli ciyaareed ku qaatay kooxda Merseyside ka hor inta uusan u dhaqaaqin Manchester United 25.6 milyan ginni xagaagii 2004. daaqada suuqa. Waxa uu ku guuleystay 16 koob oo uu la qaaday kooxda, shan kamid ah Premier League, FA Cup iyo Champions League 2008. Waxa uu 253 gool u dhaliyay United tartamada oo dhan si uu u noqdo ciyaaryahanka ugu goolasha badan taariikhda, 183 gool oo Premier League ah ayaana ah goolasha ugu badan ee uu u dhaliyay ciyaaryahan kasta oo hal koox ah. Rooney oo 208 gool u dhaliyay Premier League ayaa ka dhigay goolkiisii ​​labaad ee ugu goolasha badan Premier League xilli ciyaareedkan oo dhan kaliya hal gool oo uu ka dhaliyay Alan Shearer. Waxa uu sidoo kale heystaa kaalinta sadexaad ee ugu sareeya Premier League, isagoo leh 103.

Rooney ayaa kulankiisii ​​ugu horeysay u saftay xulka England bishii February 2003, isagoo da'diisu ahayd 17 jir, wuxuuna noqday ciyaaryahankii ugu da'da yaraa ee u matalaa England (rikoorka tan iyo markii uu jabiyay Theo Walcott), waana ciyaaryahanka ugu goolasha badan England. Waxa uu u ciyaaray Euro 2004, waxaana uu dhaliyay afar gool, isagoo gabi ahaanba noqday ciyaaryahanka ugu da'da yar taariikhda Koobka Yurub. Wayne Rooney ayaa tan iyo markii uu kasoo muuqday 2006, 2010 iyo 2014 Koobka Adduunka, waxaana loo arkaa inuu yahay ciyaaryahanka ugu fiican wadankiisa. Wuxuu ku guuleystey abaalmarinta xiddiga sannadka ee England sannadkii afar jeer, isagoo ku guuleestay 200.


* [[Peter Knowles]]

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Wayne Mark Rooney (wuxuu dhashay [[24]] [[Oktoobar]] [[1985]]) waa ciyaaryahan xirfadle ah oo [[Ingiriis]] ah kaasoo u ciyaara kooxda Major League Soccer ee Mareykanka. Waxa uu ciyaaray kubad badan oo kubada cagta ah, waxaana sidoo kale loo isticmaalay boosaska khadka dhexe ee kala duwan. Waa gooldhaliyaha ugu goolasha badan xulka qaranka England iyo Manchester United. Heerka Naadiga, wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarin kasta oo uu ku heli karo Ingiriis, Europe iyo Continental Football, marka laga reebo European Super Cup. Michael Carrick, waa ciyaaryahanka keliya ee Ingiriis ah ee ku guuleystay Premier League, FA Cup, UEFA Champions League, League Cup, UEFA Europa League iyo FIFA Club World Cup.

Rooney ayaa ku biiray kooxda da'yarta Everton isagoo 9 jir ah, wuxuuna kulankiisii ​​ugu horeysay u saftay kooxda 2002dii isagoo da'diisu ahayd 16 jir. Waxa uu labo xilli ciyaareed ku qaatay kooxda Merseyside ka hor inta uusan u dhaqaaqin Manchester United 25.6 milyan ginni xagaagii 2004. daaqada suuqa. Waxa uu ku guuleystay 16 koob oo uu la qaaday kooxda, shan kamid ah Premier League, FA Cup iyo Champions League 2008. Waxa uu 253 gool u dhaliyay United tartamada oo dhan si uu u noqdo ciyaaryahanka ugu goolasha badan taariikhda, 183 gool oo Premier League ah ayaana ah goolasha ugu badan ee uu u dhaliyay ciyaaryahan kasta oo hal koox ah. Rooney oo 208 gool u dhaliyay Premier League ayaa ka dhigay goolkiisii ​​labaad ee ugu goolasha badan Premier League xilli ciyaareedkan oo dhan kaliya hal gool oo uu ka dhaliyay Alan Shearer. Waxa uu sidoo kale heystaa kaalinta sadexaad ee ugu sareeya Premier League, isagoo leh 103.

Rooney ayaa kulankiisii ​​ugu horeysay u saftay xulka England bishii February 2003, isagoo da'diisu ahayd 17 jir, wuxuuna noqday ciyaaryahankii ugu da'da yaraa ee u matalaa England (rikoorka tan iyo markii uu jabiyay Theo Walcott), waana ciyaaryahanka ugu goolasha badan England. Waxa uu u ciyaaray Euro 2004, waxaana uu dhaliyay afar gool, isagoo gabi ahaanba noqday ciyaaryahanka ugu da'da yar taariikhda Koobka Yurub. Wayne Rooney ayaa tan iyo markii uu kasoo muuqday 2006, 2010 iyo 2014 Koobka Adduunka, waxaana loo arkaa inuu yahay ciyaaryahanka ugu fiican wadankiisa. Wuxuu ku guuleystey abaalmarinta xiddiga sannadka ee England sannadkii afar jeer, isagoo ku guuleestay 200.


* [[Peter Knowles]]

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{{Flag|Germany}}
[[File:Munchen collage.jpg|thumbnail|München]][[File:Bavaria location map G.svg|thumbnail|Kaarka München]]
'''Munshiin''' ama '''Muniik''' (Austrian-Bavarian: Minga [mɪŋ (ː) ɐ]) waa caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu badan ee gobolka [[Jarmal]]ka ee Bavariya, on bangiyada Wabiga Isar waqooyiga ee Bavarian Alps. München sidoo kale waa magaalada saddexaad ee ugu weyn Germany, ka dib Berlin iyo Hamburg, iyo magaalada 12aad ee ugu weyn ee Midowga Yurub, oo leh dad ku dhowaad 1.5 milyan. Gobolka München caasimadda waxaa ku nool 6 milyan oo qof.

Magaaladu waa xarun weyn oo farshaxan, tiknoolajiyad, maaliyad, daabacaadda, dhaqanka, hal-abuurka, waxbarashada, ganacsiga, iyo dalxiiska ee Jarmalka iyo Yurub waxayna ku raaxeeysataa heer aad u sareeya iyo tayada noloshooda, marka ugu horeysa ee Jarmalka iyo adduunka saddexaad ah sida ku cad 2018 Baaritaanka Mercer, waxaana lagu qiimeeyay magaalo-nololeedkii dunida ugu noolaa ee ay samaysay Sahaminta Tayada ee Monocle ee [[2018]] Sida laga soo xigtay Machadka Cilmi-baarista Caalamiga ah iyo World Rankings Munich waxaa loo tixgeliyaa magaalo caalami ah, sida [[2015]].

Magaca magaalada waxaa laga soo qaatay jumlada hore ee Jarmalka Highen / Middle Munich Munich, oo micnaheedu yahay &quot;by ra'yiga&quot;. Waxay ka soo jiidatay riwaayadaha Benedictin amar, kuwaas oo ku orday riwaayad ah meeshii uu ka dambeeyay si uu u noqdo magaalada Old Munich ee Munich; Sidaa daraadeed riwaayad ayaa lagu sawiray dharka magaalada.

[[File:Apple logo grey.svg|thump|left|125px|Abbel Enky.|Dn’tRmvpl.:{{Flag|Germany}}]]

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== New way to edit wikitext ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

'''Summary''': There's a new opt-in Beta Feature of a [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|wikitext mode for the visual editor]]. Please [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|go try it out]].


We in the Wikimedia Foundation's Editing department are responsible for making editing better for all our editors, new and experienced alike. We've been slowly improving [[:mw:VisualEditor|the visual editor]] based on feedback, user tests, and feature requests. However, that doesn't work for all our user needs: whether you need to edit a wikitext talk page, create a template, or fix some broken reference syntax, sometimes you need to use wikitext, and many experienced editors prefer it.

Consequently, we've planned a &quot;wikitext mode&quot; for the visual editor for a long time. It provides as much of the visual editor's features as possible, for those times that you need or want wikitext. It has the same user interface as the visual editor, including the same toolbar across the top with the same buttons. It provides access to the [[:mw:citoid|citoid service]] for formatting citations, integrated search options for inserting images, and the ability to add new templates in a simple dialog. Like in the visual editor, if you paste in formatted text copied from another page, then formatting (such as bolding) will automatically be converted into wikitext.

All wikis now have access to this mode as a [[:mw:Beta Features|Beta Feature]]. When enabled, it replaces your existing [[:mw:Editor|wikitext editor]] everywhere. If you don't like it, you can reverse this at any time by turning off the Beta Feature in your preferences. We don't want to surprise anyone, so it's strictly an ''opt-in-only'' Beta Feature. It won't switch on automatically for anyone, even if you have previously checked the box to &quot;{{Int:Betafeatures-auto-enroll}}&quot;.

The new wikitext edit mode is based on the visual editor, so it requires JavaScript (as does the [[:mw:Extension:WikiEditor|current wikitext editor]]). It doesn't work with gadgets that have only been designed for the older one (and ''vice versa''), so some users will miss gadgets they find important. We're happy to [[:mw:VisualEditor/Gadgets|work with gadget authors to help them update their code to work]] with both editors. We're not planning to get rid of the current main wikitext editor on desktop in the foreseeable future. We're also not going to remove the existing ability to edit plain wikitext without JavaScript. Finally, though it should go without saying, if you prefer to continue using the current wikitext editor, then you may so do.

This is an early version, and we'd love to know what you think so we can make it better. Please leave feedback about the new mode [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor/Feedback|on the feedback page]].  You may write comments in any language.  Thank you.

&lt;/div&gt; [[:mw:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James Forrester]] (Product Manager, Editing department, Wikimedia Foundation) --19:31, 14 Diseembar 2016 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=15942009 --&gt;

== Review of initial updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English. [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Initial announcements review|Message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].''

The Wikimedia movement is beginning a movement-wide strategy discussion, a process which will run throughout 2017. For 15 years, Wikimedians have worked together to build the largest free knowledge resource in human history. During this time, we've grown from a small group of editors to a diverse network of editors, developers, affiliates, readers, donors, and partners. Today, we are more than a group of websites. We are a movement rooted in values and a powerful vision: all knowledge for all people. As a movement, we have an opportunity to decide where we go from here. 

This movement strategy discussion will focus on the future of our movement: where we want to go together, and what we want to achieve. We hope to design an inclusive process that makes space for everyone: editors, community leaders, affiliates, developers, readers, donors, technology platforms, institutional partners, and people we have yet to reach. There will be multiple ways to participate including on-wiki, in private spaces, and in-person meetings. You are warmly invited to join and make your voice heard.

The immediate goal is to have a strategic direction by Wikimania 2017 to help frame a discussion on how we work together toward that strategic direction.

Regular updates are being sent to the [[mail:Wikimedia-l|Wikimedia-l mailing list]], and posted [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates|on Meta-Wiki]]. Beginning with this message, monthly reviews of these updates will be sent to this page as well. [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Signup|Sign up]] to receive future announcements and monthly highlights of strategy updates on your user talk page.

Here is a review of the updates that have been sent so far:

* [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/15 December 2016 - Update 1 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 1 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (15 December 2016)
** Introduction to process and information about budget spending resolution to support it
* [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/23 December 2016 - Update 2 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 2 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (23 December 2016)
** Start of search for Lead Architect for movement strategy process
* [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/8 January 2017 - Update 3 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 3 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (8 January 2017)
** Plans for strategy sessions at upcoming Wikimedia Conference 2017
* [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/11 January 2017 - Update 4 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 4 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (11 January 2017)
** Introduction of williamsworks 
* [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/2 February 2017 - Update 5 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 5 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (2 February 2017)
** The core movement strategy team, team tracks being developed, introduction of the Community Process Steering Committee, discussions at WikiIndaba conference 2017 and the Wikimedia movement affiliates executive directors gathering in Switzerland
* [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/10 February 2017 - Update 6 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 6 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (10 February 2017)
** Tracks A &amp; B process prototypes and providing feedback, updates on development of all four Tracks

More information about the movement strategy is available on the [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017|Meta-Wiki 2017 Wikimedia movement strategy portal]].

''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], 20:31, 15 Febraayo 2017 (UTC) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Initial announcements review|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=16297862 --&gt;

== Overview #2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Overview 2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process|This message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].''

As we mentioned last month, the Wikimedia movement is beginning a movement-wide strategy discussion, a process which will run throughout 2017. This movement strategy discussion will focus on the future of our movement: where we want to go together, and what we want to achieve.

Regular updates are being sent to the [[mail:Wikimedia-l|Wikimedia-l mailing list]], and posted [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates|on Meta-Wiki]]. Each month, we are sending overviews of these updates to this page as well. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Signup|Sign up]] to receive future announcements and monthly highlights of strategy updates on your user talk page.

Here is a overview of the updates that have been sent since our message last month:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/16 February 2017 - Update 7 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 7 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (16 February 2017)
** Development of documentation for Tracks A &amp; B
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/24 February 2017 - Update 8 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 8 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (24 February 2017)
** Introduction of Track Leads for all four audience tracks
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/2 March 2017 - Update 9 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 9 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (2 March 2017)
** Seeking feedback on documents being used to help facilitate upcoming community discussions

More information about the movement strategy is available on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017|Meta-Wiki 2017 Wikimedia movement strategy portal]].

''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], 19:44, 9 Maarso 2017 (UTC) • [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Overview 2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=16350625 --&gt;

== We invite you to join the movement strategy conversation (now through April 15) ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
: ''This message, &quot;[[mailarchive:wikimediaannounce-l/2017-March/001383.html|We invite you to join the movement strategy conversation (now through April 15)]]&quot;, was sent through multiple channels by  [[m:User:GVarnum-WMF|Gregory Varnum]] on 15 and 16 of March 2017 to village pumps, affiliate talk pages, movement mailing lists, and MassMessage groups. A similar message was sent by [[m:User:Nicole_Ebber_(WMDE)|Nicole Ebber]] to organized groups and their mailing lists on 15 of March 2017. This version of the message is available for translation and documentation purposes'' 

Dear Wikimedians/Wikipedians:

Today we are starting a broad discussion to define Wikimedia's future role in the world and develop a collaborative strategy to fulfill that role. You are warmly invited to join the conversation.

There are many ways to participate, by joining an existing conversation or starting your own: 

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Track_A|Track A (organized groups)]]: Discussions with your affiliate, committee or other organized group (these are groups that support the Wikimedia movement). 

Track B (individual contributors): [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Cycle_1|On Meta]] or your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Participate|local language or project wiki]].

This is the first of three conversations, and it will run between now and April 15. The purpose of cycle 1 is to discuss the future of the movement and generate major themes around potential directions. What do we want to build or achieve together over the next 15 years?

We welcome you, as we create this conversation together, and look forward to broad and diverse participation from all parts of our movement.

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017|Find out more about the movement strategy process]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Toolkit/Discussion_Coordinator_Role|Learn more about volunteering to be a Discussion Coordinator]]

Sincerely,

Nicole Ebber (Track A Lead), Jaime Anstee (Track B Lead), &amp; the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/People|engagement support teams]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 05:10, 18 Maarso 2017 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=16453957 --&gt;

== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections]] ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Please accept our apologies for cross-posting this message. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|This message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].''
[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|right|150px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017]]

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee, I am pleased to announce that self-nominations are being accepted for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2017/Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_candidates|2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Elections]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] (Board) is the decision-making body that is ultimately responsible for the long-term sustainability of the Wikimedia Foundation, so we value wide input into its selection. More information about this role can be found [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|on Meta-Wiki]]. Please read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Call for candidates|letter from the Board of Trustees calling for candidates]].

'''The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Candidates|candidacy submission phase]] will last from April 7 (00:00 UTC) to April 20 (23:59 UTC).'''

'''We will also be accepting questions to ask the candidates from April 7 to April 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Questions|You can submit your questions on Meta-Wiki]].'''

Once the questions submission period has ended on April 20, the Elections Committee will then collate the questions for the candidates to respond to beginning on April 21.

The goal of this process is to fill the '''three community-selected seats''' on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. The election results will be used by the Board itself to select its new members.

The full schedule for the Board elections is as follows. All dates are '''inclusive''', that is, from the beginning of the first day (UTC) to the end of the last. 

* April 7 (00:00 UTC) – April 20 (23:59 UTC) – '''Board nominations''' 
* April 7 – April 20 – '''Board candidates questions submission period'''
* April 21 – April 30 – '''Board candidates answer questions'''
* May 1 – May 14 – '''Board voting period'''
* May 15–19 – '''Board vote checking'''
* May 20 – '''Board result announcement goal'''

In addition to the Board elections, we will also soon be holding elections for the following roles:

* '''Funds Dissemination Committee (FDC)'''
** There are five positions being filled. More information about this election will be available [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee|on Meta-Wiki]].

* '''Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson (Ombuds)'''
** One position is being filled.  More information about this election will be available [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|on Meta-Wiki]].

Please note that this year the Board of Trustees elections will be held before the FDC and Ombuds elections. Candidates who are not elected to the Board are explicitly permitted and encouraged to submit themselves as candidates to the FDC or Ombuds positions after the results of the Board elections are announced. 

More information on this year's elections can be found [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|on Meta-Wiki]]. Any questions related to the election can be posted on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|election talk page on Meta-Wiki]], or sent to the election committee's mailing list, &lt;tt dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;board-elections[[File:At sign.svg|15x15px|middle|link=|alt=(at)]]wikimedia.org&lt;/tt&gt;.

On behalf of the Election Committee,&lt;br /&gt;
[[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation

''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]], 03:36, 7 Abriil 2017 (UTC) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]''&lt;/div&gt;
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== Read-only mode for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|Read this message in another language]]  •  {{int:please-translate}}

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data center in Dallas.  This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.  To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to conduct a planned test.  This test will show whether they can reliably switch from one data center to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

They will switch all traffic to the secondary data center on '''Wednesday, 19 April 2017'''.
On '''Wednesday, 3 May 2017''', they will switch back to the primary data center.  

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop during those two switches.  We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for approximately 20 to 30 minutes on Wednesday, 19 April and Wednesday, 3 May. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170419T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Thursday 20 April and Thursday 4 May). 
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.  We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
*There will be code freezes for the weeks of 17 April 2017 and 1 May 2017.  Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2017 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule.  There will be more notifications about this.  '''Please share this information with your community.''' /&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 17:34, 11 Abriil 2017 (UTC)
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== Wikidata description editing in the Wikipedia Android app ==

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[:mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions|Wikidata description editing]] is a new experiment being rolled out on the Wikipedia app for Android.  While this primarily impacts Wikidata, the changes are also addressing a concern about the mobile versions of Wikipedia, so that mobile users will be able to edit directly the descriptions shown under the title of the page and in the search results.

We began by rolling out this feature several weeks ago  to a pilot group of Wikipedias (Russian, Hebrew, and Catalan), and have seen very positive [[:mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions/Research|results]] including numerous quality contributions in the form of new and updated descriptions, and a low rate of vandalism.

We are now ready for the next phase of rolling out this feature, which is to enable it in a few days for all Wikipedias except the top ten by usage within the app (i.e. except English, German, Italian, French, Spanish, Japanese, Dutch, Portuguese, Turkish, and Chinese). We will enable the feature for those languages instead at some point in the future, as we closely monitor user engagement with our expanded set of pilot communities.
As always, if have any concerns, please reach out to us on wiki at [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions|the talk page for this project]] or by email at reading@wikimedia.org. Thanks!

-[[:mw:User:DBrant (WMF)|DBrant (WMF)]] 08:41, 14 Abriil 2017 (UTC)
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== New Page previews feature ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
New Page previews feature

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:CKoerner (WMF)/Enable Hovercards/Phase 1|Read this message in another language]]  •  {{int:please-translate}}

Hello,

The Reading web team at the Wikimedia Foundation has been working to enable [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page previews]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|a beta feature]] known previously as Hovercards, as opt-in behavior for logged-in users and the default behavior for logged-out users across Wikipedia projects. Page previews provide a preview of any linked article, giving readers a quick understanding of a related article without leaving the current page. For this project, we are expecting to collect feedback over the following few weeks and tentatively enable the feature in early May, 2017.

A quick note on the implementation:

* For logged-in users who are not currently testing out the beta feature, Page previews will be off by default. Users may turn them on from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|their user preferences]] page.
* For logged-out users, the feature will be on by default. Users may disable it at any time by selecting the setting cog available in each preview.
* For users of the Navigation popups gadget, you will not be able to turn on the Page previews feature while using navigational popups. If you would like to try out the Page preview feature, make sure to first turn Navigation popups off prior to turning Page previews on. 

You can read more about [[mw:Beta_Features/Hovercards|the feature]] and [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards#Success Metrics and Feature Evaluation|the tests we used to evaluate performance]], try it out by enabling it from the beta features page, and leave feedback or questions [[mw:Talk:Beta_Features/Hovercards|on the talk page]]. 

Thank you, [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 16:52, 19 Abriil 2017 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Pride featured picture drive ==

[[File:Men kissing in IKEA.jpg|right|250px]]
Comments and feedback on the planned international LGBT+ [[m:Wikimedia_LGBT/Wiki_Loves_Pride_Featured_Picture_drive_2017|Wiki Loves Pride featured picture drive]] are welcome on the discussion page, see [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_LGBT/Wiki_Loves_Pride_Featured_Picture_drive_2017|link]].

The competition encourages high quality photographs from Pride events and other LGBT+ cultural related images to be released to Wikimedia Commons. The goal is to see a jump in the numbers of LGBT+ cultural related photographs nominated for Featured Picture status on all Wikimedia projects.

Help is needed to prepare a banner in Somali! See [[:m:Grants:Project/Rapid/LGBT/Wiki_Loves_Pride_Featured_Picture_drive_2017/Banners|banner translations]].

Thank you! --[[User:Fæ|Fæ]] ([[User talk:Fæ|talk]]) 19:51, 23 Abriil 2017 (UTC)

== New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2017) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials from:

* '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Association]]''' – Psychiatry books and journals
* '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Bloomsbury|Bloomsbury]]''' – ''Who's Who'', Drama Online, Berg Fashion Library, and ''Whitaker's''
* '''[[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian Lähdekirjasto/Gaudeamus|Gaudeamus]]''' – Finnish humanities and social sciences
* '''[[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian Lähdekirjasto/Ympäristö-lehti|Ympäristö-lehti]]''' – The Finnish Environment Institute's ''Ympäristö-lehti'' magazine

'''Expansions'''
* '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Gale|Gale]]''' – Biography In Context database added
* '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Adam Matthew|Adam Matthew]]''' – all 53 databases now available

Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:en:WP:Taylor &amp; Francis|Taylor &amp; Francis]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. 

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today!
&lt;br&gt;--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 18:52, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

:''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:AVasanth_(WMF)|Aaron]].''&lt;br&gt; 
:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}} Voting has begun in 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|{{#switch:{{CONTENTLANG}}|ar=left|he=left|right}}|125px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun]]''This is a message from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun|Translations]] are available.''

[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}}&amp;uselang={{CONTENTLANG}} Voting has begun] for [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017#Requirements|eligible voters]] in the 2017 elections for the ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]]''.

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is the ultimate governing authority of the Wikimedia Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization registered in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation manages many diverse projects such as Wikipedia and Commons.

The voting phase lasts from 00:00 UTC May 1 to 23:59 UTC May 14. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}}&amp;uselang={{CONTENTLANG}} Click here to vote].''' More information on the candidates and the elections can be found on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|2017 Board of Trustees election page]] on Meta-Wiki. 

On behalf of the Elections Committee,&lt;br/&gt;
[[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation

''Posted by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun|Translate]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]&lt;/div&gt; 19:14, 3 May 2017 (UTC)''
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== Beta Feature Two Column Edit Conflict View ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
From May 9, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two_Column_Edit_Conflict_View|Two Column Edit Conflict View]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis. The Two Column Edit Conflict View is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page. It highlights differences between the editor's and the conflicting changes to make it easy to copy and paste pieces of the text and resolve the conflict. The feature fulfils a request for a more user-friendly edit conflict resolution from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well! &lt;/div&gt; [[m:user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 14:41, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
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== Editing News #1—2017 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]''

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;&quot;&gt;
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?'''  
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;   

Did you know that you can review your changes visually? 

[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - visual diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes to an article.  Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|245x245px]]When you are finished editing the page, type your edit summary and then choose &quot;{{Int:visualeditor-savedialog-label-review}}&quot;.  
In visual mode, you will see additions, removals, new links, and formatting highlighted.  Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side.


[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected.|center|frameless|220x220px]]


Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs.


[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - wikitext diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display.|center|frameless|245x245px]]


The wikitext diff is the same diff tool that is used in the wikitext editors and in the page history. You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;


Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[:mediawikiwiki:2017_wikitext_editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]] which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and adding [[:mediawikiwiki:VisualEditor/Diffs|the new visual diff tool]]. Their workboard is available [[:phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]].  You can find links to the work finished each week at  [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]].   Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[:mw:Beta Features|beta feature]], and improving the visual diff tool.   

=== Recent changes ===
*A '''new wikitext editing mode''' is available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices.  The [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools.  Go to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures]] to enable the {{Int:Visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-label}}. 
* A new '''[[:mediawikiwiki:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' is available in VisualEditor's visual mode.  You can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs.  More features will be added to this later.  In the future, this tool may be integrated into other MediaWiki components. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143350]
* The team have added [[:mediawikiwiki:Editing/Projects/Columns_for_references|multi-column support for lists of footnotes]]. The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; block can automatically display long lists of references in columns on wide screens.  This makes footnotes easier to read.  You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&amp;title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&amp;priority=10&amp;parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597]
* You can now use your web browser's function to switch typing direction in the new wikitext mode. This is particularly helpful for RTL language users like Urdu or Hebrew who have to write JavaScript or CSS. You can use Command+Shift+X or Control+Shift+X to trigger this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153356]
* The way to switch between the visual editing mode and the wikitext editing mode is now consistent. There is a drop-down menu that shows the two options. This is now the same in desktop and mobile web editing, and inside things that embed editing, such as Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116417]
* The {{Int:visualeditor-categories-tool}} item has been moved to the top of the {{Int:visualeditor-pagemenu-tooltip}} menu (from clicking on the &quot;hamburger&quot; icon) for quicker access. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399] There is also now a &quot;Templates used on this page&quot; feature there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009]
* You can now create &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;chem&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  tags (sometimes used as &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ce&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;) for chemical formulas inside the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153365]
* Tables can be set as collapsed or un-collapsed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157989]
* The {{Int:visualeditor-specialcharacter-button-tooltip}} menu now includes characters for Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and angle quotation marks (‹› and ⟨⟩) .  The team thanks the volunteer developer, [[:S:en:User:Tpt|Tpt]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108626]
* A bug caused some section edit conflicts to blank the rest of the page.  This has been fixed.  The team are sorry for the disruption. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154217]
* There is a new keyboard shortcut for citations:  &lt;code&gt;Control&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;Shift&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt; on a PC, or &lt;code&gt;Command&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;Shift&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt; on a Mac.  It is based on the keyboard shortcut for making links, which is &lt;code&gt;Control&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Command&lt;/code&gt;+&lt;code&gt;K&lt;/code&gt; respectively. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299]

=== Future changes ===
* The team is working on a syntax highlighting tool.  It will highlight matching pairs of &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; tags and other types of wikitext syntax.  You will be able to turn it on and off.  It will first become available in VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode, maybe late in 2017. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246]
* The kind of button used to {{Int:Showpreview}}, {{Int:showdiff}}, and finish an edit will change in all WMF-supported wikitext editors.  The new buttons will use [[Mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]].  The buttons will be larger, brighter, and easier to read.  The labels will remain the same.  You can test the new button by editing a page and adding &lt;code&gt;&amp;ooui=1&lt;/code&gt; to the end of the URL, like this:  https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=edit&amp;ooui=1  The old appearance will no longer be possible, even with local CSS changes.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849]
* The [[:mediawikiwiki:File:Edit_toolbar_-_2.png|outdated 2006 wikitext editor]] will be removed later this year.  It is used by approximately 0.03% of active editors.  See [[:mw:Editor|a list of editing tools on mediawiki.org]] if you are uncertain which one you use.  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856]
*If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}

—[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]
&lt;/div&gt; 18:06, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
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== Prototype for editing Wikidata infoboxes on Wikipedia ==

Hello,

I’m sorry for writing in English. It’d be great if someone could translate this message if necessary.

One of the most requested features for Wikidata is to enable editing of Wikidata’s data directly from Wikipedia, so the editors can continue their workflow without switching websites.

The Wikidata development team has been working on a tool to achieve this goal: '''fill and edit the Wikipedia infoboxes with information from Wikidata, directly on Wikipedia''', via the Visual Editor. 

We already [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|asked for feedback in 2015]], and collected some interesting ideas which we [[:File:Facilitating_the_use_of_Wikidata_in_Wikimedia_projects_with_a_user-centered_design_approach.pdf|shared with you in this thesis]]. Now we would like to present to you our first prototype and collect your feedback, in order to improve and continue the development of this feature.

We present this work to you very early, so we can include your feedback before and all along the development. You are the core users of this feature, so we want to make sure that it fits your needs and editing processes.

You will find the prototype, description of the features, and a demo video, '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Client editing prototype|on this page]]'''. Feel free to add any comment or feedback on the talk page. The page is currently not translated in every languages, but you can add your contribution by helping to translate it.

Unfortunately, I won’t be able to follow all the discussions on Wikipedia, so if you want to be sure that your feedback is read, please add it on the Wikidata page, in your favorite language. Thanks for your understanding.

Thanks, [[user:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]]
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== RevisionSlider ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a default feature for all users on all wikis from May 17. The RevisionSlider adds a slider view to the diff page so that you can easily move between revisions. The slider view is collapsed by default, and will load by clicking on it. It can also be turned off entirely in the user preferences. RevisionSlider has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia for 6 months and a beta feature on all wikis for 8 months. The feature fulfills a wish from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Thanks to everyone who tested RevisionSlider and gave valuable feedback to improve the feature! We hope that RevisionSlider will continue to serve you well in your work. &lt;/div&gt; [[m:user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 14:44, 16 May 2017 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2|Join the next cycle of Wikimedia movement strategy discussions (underway until June 12)]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Cycle 2 discussions launch|Message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]]''
[[File:Wikimedia-logo.svg||{{#switch:{{CONTENTLANG}}|ar=left|he=left|right}}||150px]]
The Wikimedia movement strategy core team and working groups have completed reviewing the more than 1800 thematic statements we received from the first discussion. They have identified [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2|5 themes that were consistent across all the conversations]] - each with their own set of sub-themes. These are not the final themes, just an initial working draft of the core concepts.

You are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Participate|join the online and offline discussions taking place]] on these 5 themes. This round of discussions will take place between now and June 12th. You can discuss as many as you like; we ask you to participate in the ones that are most (or least) important to you.

Here are the five themes, each has a page on Meta-Wiki with more information about the theme and how to participate in that theme's discussion:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/Healthy, Inclusive Communities|Healthy, Inclusive Communities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/The Augmented Age|The Augmented Age]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/A Truly Global Movement|A Truly Global Movement]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/The Most Respected Source of Knowledge|The Most Respected Source of Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/Engaging in the Knowledge Ecosystem|Engaging in the Knowledge Ecosystem]]

On the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Participate|movement strategy portal on Meta-Wiki]], you can find more information about each of these themes, their discussions, and how to participate.

''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Cycle 2 discussions launch|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]''&lt;/div&gt; 21:09, 16 May 2017 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections|Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|{{#switch:{{CONTENTLANG}}|ar=left|he=left|right}}|125px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections]]
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections|Translations of this message are available on Meta-Wiki]].''

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee, we are pleased to announce that self-nominations are being accepted for the [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Call for candidates|2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson]] elections. Please read the letter from the Wikimedia Foundation calling for candidates at [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Call for candidates|on the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation elections portal]].

''Funds Dissemination Committee''&lt;br /&gt;
The Funds Dissemination Committee (FDC) makes recommendations about how to allocate Wikimedia movement funds to eligible entities.  There are five positions being filled. More information about this role can be found at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee|the FDC elections page]].

''Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson''&lt;br /&gt;
The Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson receives complaints and feedback about the FDC process, investigates complaints at the request of the Board of Trustees,  and summarizes the investigations and feedback for the Board of Trustees on an annual basis. One position is being filled. More information about this role can be found at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|the FDC Ombudsperson elections page]]. 

'''The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Candidates|candidacy submission phase]] will last until May 28 (23:59 UTC).'''

'''We will also be accepting questions to ask the candidates until May 28. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Questions|You can submit your questions on Meta-Wiki]].''' Once the questions submission period has ended on May 28, the Elections Committee will then collate the questions for the candidates to respond to.

The goal of this process is to fill the '''five community-selected seats''' on the Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee and the '''community-selected ombudsperson'''. The election results will be used by the Board itself to make the appointments.

The full schedule for the FDC elections is as follows. All dates are '''inclusive''', that is, from the beginning of the first day (UTC) to the end of the last.

* May 15 (00:00 UTC) – May 28 (23:59 UTC) – '''Nominations'''
* May 15 – May 28 – '''Candidates questions submission period'''
* May 29 – June 2 – '''Candidates answer questions'''
* June 3 – June 11 – '''Voting period'''
* June 12–14 – '''Vote checking'''
* June 15 – '''Goal date for announcing election results'''

More information on this year's elections can be found at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation elections portal]].

Please feel free to post a note about the election on your project's village pump. Any questions related to the election can be posted on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|the talk page on Meta-Wiki]], or sent to the election committee's mailing list, &lt;tt dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;board-elections[[File:At sign.svg|15x15px|middle|link=|alt=(at)]]wikimedia.org&lt;/tt&gt;.

On behalf of the Election Committee,&lt;br /&gt;
[[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation

''Posted by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections|Translate]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]''&lt;/div&gt; 21:05, 23 May 2017 (UTC)
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== Accessible editing buttons ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;The MediaWiki developers have been slowly improving the accessibility of the user interface.  The next step in this transition will change the appearance of some buttons and may break some outdated (non-updated or unmaintained) user scripts and gadgets.

You can see and use the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=submit&amp;ooui=0 old] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=submit&amp;ooui=1 new] versions now.  Most editors will only notice that some buttons are slightly larger and have different colors.

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot; caption=&quot;Comparison of old and new styles&quot; heights=&quot;240&quot; widths=&quot;572&quot;&gt;
File:MediaWiki edit page buttons accessibility change 2017, before.png|Buttons before the change
File:MediaWiki edit page buttons accessibility change 2017, after.png|Buttons after the change
&lt;/gallery&gt;

However, this change also affects some user scripts and gadgets.  Unfortunately, some of them may not work well in the new system.  &lt;mark&gt;If you maintain any user scripts or gadgets that are used for editing, please see '''[[:mw:Contributors/Projects/Accessible editing buttons]]''' for information on how to test and fix your scripts.  Outdated scripts can be tested and fixed now.&lt;/mark&gt;

This change will probably reach this wiki on '''Tuesday, 18 July 2017'''.  Please leave a note at [[:mw:Talk:Contributors/Projects/Accessible editing buttons]] if you need help.&lt;/div&gt; [[:m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 22:22, 10 Luuliyo 2017 (UTC)
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== Page Previews (Hovercards) update ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello,

A quick update on the progress of enabling [[mw:Hovercards|Page Previews]] (previously named Hovercards) on this project. Page Previews provide a preview of any linked article, giving readers a quick understanding of a related article without leaving the current page. As mentioned in December we're preparing to remove the feature from Beta and make it the default behavior for logged-out users. We have recently made a large update to the code which fixes most outstanding bugs. 

Due to some issues with our instrumentation, we delayed our deployment by a few months.  We are finally ready to deploy the feature.  Page Previews will be off by default and available in the user preferences page for logged-in users the week of July 24th. The feature will be on by default for current beta users and logged-out users. If you would like to preview the feature, you can enable it as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]. For more information see [[mw:Hovercards|Page Previews]]. Questions can be left [[mw:Talk:Beta_Features/Hovercards|on the talk page]] in your preferred language. 

Thank you again.
&lt;/div&gt;[[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 22:32, 20 Luuliyo 2017 (UTC)
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== RfC regarding &quot;Interlinking of accounts involved with paid editing to decrease impersonation&quot; ==

There is currently a RfC open on Meta regarding &quot;[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Interlinking_of_accounts_involved_with_paid_editing_to_decrease_impersonation requiring those involved with paid editing on Wikipedia to link on their user page to all other active accounts through which they advertise paid Wikipedia editing business.]&quot; 

Note this is to apply to Wikipedia and not necessarily other sister projects, this is only to apply to websites where people are specifically advertising that they will edit Wikipedia for pay and not any other personal, professional, or social media accounts a person may have.

[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Interlinking_of_accounts_involved_with_paid_editing_to_decrease_impersonation Please comment on meta]. Thanks. Send on behalf of [[User:Doc James]].

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 21:07, 17 Sebteembar 2017 (UTC)
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== Discussion on synced reading lists ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
'''Discussion on synced reading lists'''

Hello,

[[File:Illustration of Reading List feature on Android Wikipedia App (not logged in).png|thumb]] The Reading Infrastructure team at the Wikimedia Foundation is developing a cross-platform reading list service for the mobile Wikipedia app. Reading lists are like bookmark folders in your web browser. They allow readers using the Wikipedia app to bookmark pages into folders to read later. This includes reading offline. Reading lists do not create or alter content in any way.  

To create Reading Lists, app users will register an account and marked pages will be tied to that account. Reading List account preferences sync between devices. You can read the same pages on different mobile platforms (tablets, phones).  This is the first time we are syncing preference data between devices in such a way. We want to hear and address concerns about privacy and data security. We also want to explain why the current watchlist system is not being adapted for this purpose. 
=== Background ===
In 2016 the Android team replaced the simple Saved Pages feature with Reading Lists. Reading Lists allow users to bookmark pages into folders and for reading offline. The intent of this feature was to allow &quot;syncing&quot; of these lists for users with many devices. Due to overlap with the Gather feature and related community concerns, this part was put on hold. 

The Android team has identified this lack of synching as a major area of complaint from users. They expect lists to sync. The iOS team has held off implementing Reading Lists, as syncing was seen as a &quot;must have&quot; for this feature. A recent [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164990 technical RfC] has allowed these user stories and needs to be unblocked. Initially for Android, then iOS, and with web to potentially follow.

Reading lists are private, stored as part of a user's account, not as a public wiki page. There is no sharing or publishing ability for reading lists. No planned work to make these public. The target audience are people that read Wikipedia and want to bookmark and organize that content in the app. There is a potential for the feature to be available on the web in the future.

=== Why not watchlists ===

Watchlists offer similar functionality to Reading Lists. The Reading Infrastructure team evaluated watchlist infrastructure before exploring other options. In general, the needs of watchlists differ from Reading Lists in a few key ways:
* Reading lists focus on Reading articles, not the monitoring of changes.
* Watchlists are focused on monitoring changes of pages/revisions. 
** The Watchlist infrastructure is key to our contributor community for monitoring content changes manually and through the use of automated tools (bots). Because of these needs, expanding the scope of Watchlists to reading purposes will only make the project harder to maintain and add more constraints.
* By keeping the projects separate it is easier to scale resources. We can serve these two different audiences and prioritize the work accordingly. Reading Lists are, by their nature, less critical to the health of Wikipedia/MediaWiki.
* Multi-project support. Reading Lists are by design cross-wiki/project. Watchlists are tied to specific wikis. While there have been many discussion for making them cross-wiki, resolution is not in the near term.
[[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|More information can be found on MediaWiki.org]] where feedback and ideas are welcome. 

Thank you
&lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 20:35, 20 Sebteembar 2017 (UTC)
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==October 2017 Mogadishu bombings==
Would somebody mind making an article on the [[:en:October 2017 Mogadishu bombings]]?
Thanks
[[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] ([[User talk:WhisperToMe|talk]]) 22:10, 17 Oktoobar 2017 (UTC)

== New print to pdf feature for mobile web readers ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
'''New print to pdf feature for mobile web readers'''

The Readers web team will be deploying a new feature this week to make it [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs|easier to download PDF versions of articles on the mobile website]].

Providing better offline functionality was one of the highlighted areas from [[m:New_Readers/Offline|the research done by the New Readers team in Mexico, Nigeria, and India]]. The teams created a prototype for mobile PDFs which was evaluated by user research and community feedback.  The [[m:New_Readers/Offline#Concept_testing_for_mobile_web|prototype evaluation]] received positive feedback and results, so development continued.

For the initial deployment, the feature will be available to Google Chrome browsers on Android. Support for other mobile browsers to come in the future. For Chrome, the feature will use the native Android print functionality. Users can choose to download a webpage as a PDF. [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Print_Styles#Mobile_Printing|Mobile print styles]] will be used for these PDFs to ensure optimal readability for smaller screens.

The feature is available starting Wednesday, Nov 15. For more information, see [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs|the project page on MediaWiki.org]]. 

{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} 
&lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 22:07, 20 Nofeembar 2017 (UTC)
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== Call for Wikimania 2018 Scholarships ==

Hi all,

We wanted to inform you that scholarship applications for [[:wm2018:Wikimania 2018|Wikimania 2018]] which is being held in Cape Town, South Africa on July 18–22, 2018 are now being accepted. '''Applications are open until Monday, 22 January 2018 23:59 UTC.'''

Applicants will be able to apply for a partial or full scholarship. A full scholarship will cover the cost of an individual's round-trip travel, shared accommodation, and conference registration fees as arranged by the Wikimedia Foundation. A partial scholarship will cover conference registration fees and shared accommodation. Applicants will be rated using a pre-determined selection process and selection criteria established by the Scholarship Committee and the Wikimedia Foundation, who will determine which applications are successful. To learn more about Wikimania 2018 scholarships, please visit: [[:wm2018:Scholarships]].

To apply for a scholarship, fill out the multi-language application form on: '''https://scholarships.wikimedia.org/apply'''

It is highly recommended that applicants review all the material on the Scholarships page and [[:wm2018:Scholarships/FAQ|the associated FAQ]] before submitting an application. If you have any questions, please contact: wikimania-scholarships at wikimedia.org or leave a message at: [[:wm2018:Talk:Scholarships]]. Please help us spread the word and translate pages!

Best regards, [[:m:User:Slashme|David Richfield]] and [[:m:DerHexer|Martin Rulsch]] for the [[:wm2018:Scholarship Committee|Scholarship Committee]] 19:24, 20 Diseembar 2017 (UTC)
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== User group for Military Historians ==

Greetings, 

&quot;Military history&quot; is one of the most important subjects when speak of sum of all human knowledge. To support contributors interested in the area over various language Wikipedias, we intend to form a user group. It also provides a platform to share the best practices between military historians, and various military related projects on Wikipedias. An initial discussion was has been done between the coordinators and members of WikiProject Military History on English Wikipedia. Now this discussion has been taken to Meta-Wiki. Contributors intrested in the area of military history are requested to share their feedback and give suggestions at [[:m:Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians|Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians]].

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:46, 21 Diseembar 2017 (UTC)
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== Editing News #1—2018 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]''
&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;&quot;&gt;
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]
'''Did you know?'''&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;
Did you know that you can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]] on any page?

[[File:Wikitext diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display|center|frameless|250px]]

Sometimes, it is hard to see important changes in a wikitext diff.  This screenshot of a wikitext diff (click to enlarge) shows that the paragraphs have been rearranged, but it does not highlight the removal of a word or the addition of a new sentence.

If you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the Beta Feature]] for &quot;{{Int:visualeditor-preference-visualdiffpage-label}}&quot;, you will have a new option.  It will give you a new box at the top of every diff page.  This box will let you choose either diff system on any edit.

[[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected|center|frameless|200px]]
Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs.

In the visual diff, additions, removals, new links, and formatting changes will be highlighted.  Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side.

[[File:Visual diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes to an article.  Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|250px]]

This screenshot shows the same edit as the wikitext diff.  The visual diff highlights the removal of one word and the addition of a new sentence.

You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|the last newsletter]], the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]], which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and improving [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]].  You can find links to the work finished each week at [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]].  Their [[mw:Editing team/Current priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor, and improving the visual diff tool.
===Recent changes===
*The '''[[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]''' is [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|available as a Beta Feature]] on desktop devices.  It has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools.  The team have been comparing the performance of different editing environments.  They have studied how long it takes to open the page and start typing.  The study uses data for more than one million edits during December and January.  Some changes have been made to improve the speed of the 2017 wikitext editor and the visual editor.  Recently, the 2017 wikitext editor opened fastest for most edits, and the 2010 WikiEditor was fastest for some edits.  More information will be posted at [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Editing performance]].
*The '''[[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' was developed for the visual editor.  It is now available to all users of the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor.  When you review your changes, you can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs.  You can also [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the new Beta Feature]] for &quot;Visual diffs&quot;.  The Beta Feature lets you use the visual diff tool to view other people's edits on page histories and [[Special:RecentChanges]].  [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167508]
*[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|'''Wikitext syntax highlighting''']] is available as a Beta Feature for both [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor]] and the 2010 wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246]
*The [[mw:Citoid|citoid service]] automatically translates URLs, DOIs, ISBNs, and PubMed id numbers into wikitext citation templates.  It is very popular and useful to editors, although it can be a bit tricky to set up.  &lt;mark&gt;Your wiki can have this service.  Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|read the instructions]]. You can [[phab:T127354|ask the team to help you enable citoid at your wiki]]&lt;/mark&gt;.

===Let's work together===
*The team will talk about editing tools at an upcoming [[m:Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meetings|Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meeting]].
*Wikibooks, Wikiversity, and other communities may have the visual editor made available by default to contributors.  If your community wants this, then please contact [[mw:User talk:Deskana (WMF)|Dan Garry]].
*The &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; block can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Projects/Columns for references|automatically display long lists of references in columns]] on wide screens.  This makes footnotes easier to read.  You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&amp;title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&amp;priority=10&amp;parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597]
*If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} 

—[[mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]]
&lt;/div&gt; 20:56, 2 Maarso 2018 (UTC)
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== AdvancedSearch ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
From May 8, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|AdvancedSearch]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] in your wiki. The feature enhances the [[Special:Search|search page]] through an advanced parameters form and aims to make [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/AdvancedSearch/Functional_scope|existing search options]] more visible and accessible for everyone. AdvancedSearch is a project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well in your work!  &lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 14:53, 7 May 2018 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2018) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;


Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to research and tools as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: 
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/69/ Rock's Backpages]''' – Music articles and interviews from the 1950s onwards - 50 accounts
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/68/ Invaluable]''' – Database of more than 50 million auctions and over 500,000 artists - 15 accounts
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/70/ Termsoup]''' – Translation tool

'''Expansions'''
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/43/ Fold3]''' – Available content has more than doubled, now including new military collections from the UK, Australia, and New Zealand.
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/52/ Oxford University Press]''' – The Scholarship collection now includes [http://www.e-enlightenment.com/ Electronic Enlightenment]
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/60/ Alexander Street Press]''' – [https://alexanderstreet.com/products/women-and-social-movements-library Women and Social Movements Library] now available
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/58/ Cambridge University Press]''' – [http://orlando.cambridge.org/ Orlando Collection] now available

Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/41/ Loeb Classical Library], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury].

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today!
&lt;br&gt;--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 18:03, 30 May 2018 (UTC)

:''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''&lt;br&gt; 
:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
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== Global preferences are available ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Global preferences are now available, you can set them by visiting your new [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. Visit [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|mediawiki.org for information on how to use them]] and [[mw:Help talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|leave feedback]]. -- [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 19:19, 10 Luuliyo 2018 (UTC)
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== New user group for editing sitewide CSS / JS ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
''({{int:please-translate}})''

Hi all!

To improve the security of our readers and editors, permission handling for CSS/JS pages has changed. (These are pages like &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Common.css&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:Vector.js&lt;/code&gt; which contain code that is executed in the browsers of users of the site.)
A new user group, &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface-admin]]&lt;/code&gt;, has been created.
Starting four weeks from now, only members of this group will be able edit CSS/JS pages that they do not own (that is, any page ending with &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;.css&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;.js&lt;/code&gt; that is either in the &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt; namespace or is another user's user subpage).

You can learn more about the motivation behind the change [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|here]].

Please add users who need to edit CSS/JS to the new group (this can be done the same way new administrators are added, by stewards or local bureaucrats).
This is a dangerous permission; a malicious user or a hacker taking over the account of a careless interface-admin can abuse it in far worse ways than admin permissions could be abused. Please only assign it to users who need it, who are trusted by the community, and who follow common basic password and computer security practices (use strong passwords, do not reuse passwords, use two-factor authentication if possible, do not install software of questionable origin on your machine, use antivirus software if that's a standard thing in your environment).

Thanks!
&lt;br/&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 17:45, 30 Luuliyo 2018 (UTC) &lt;small&gt;(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Editing of sitewide CSS/JS is only possible for interface administrators from now ==

''({{int:please-translate}})''

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi all,

as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS/announcement 2|announced previously]], permission handling for CSS/JS pages has changed: only members of the &lt;code&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface-admin]]&lt;/code&gt; ({{int:group-interface-admin}}) group, and a few highly privileged global groups such as stewards, can edit CSS/JS pages that they do not own (that is, any page ending with .css or .js that is either in the MediaWiki: namespace or is another user's user subpage). This is done to improve the security of readers and editors of Wikimedia projects. More information is available at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS]]. If you encounter any unexpected problems, please contact me or file a bug.

Thanks!&lt;br /&gt;
[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 12:40, 27 Agoosto 2018 (UTC) &lt;small&gt;(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])&lt;/small&gt;
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== Read-only mode for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|Read this message in another language]]  •  {{int:please-translate}}

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data centre.  This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster.  To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

They will switch all traffic to the secondary data center on '''Wednesday, 12 September 2018'''.
On '''Wednesday, 10 October 2018''', they will switch back to the primary data center.  

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop when we switch.  We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Wednesday, 12 September and Wednesday, 10 October. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170503T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Thursday 13 September and Thursday 11 October). 
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.  We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
*There will be code freezes for the weeks of 10 September 2018 and 8 October 2018.  Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule.  There will be more notifications about this.  '''Please share this information with your community.''' /&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Johan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 13:33, 6 Sebteembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Editing News #2—2018 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
''[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]''

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;&quot;&gt;
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]
'''Did you know?'''  
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;  

Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device?
[[File:Mobile editing watchlist star editing pencil.png|alt=Screenshot showing the location of the pencil icon|center|frameless|250px]]

Tap on the pencil icon to start editing.  The page will probably open in the wikitext editor.

You will see another pencil icon in the toolbar.  Tap on that pencil icon to the switch between visual editing and wikitext editing.

[[File:Visual editing mobile switch wikitext.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]]

Remember to publish your changes when you're done.

You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has wrapped up most of their work on the [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] and [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]].  The team has begun investigating the needs of editors who use mobile devices.  Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]].  Their [[mw:Wikimedia Audiences/2018-19 Q2 Goals#Contributors|current priorities]] are fixing bugs and improving mobile editing.   

=== Recent changes ===
*The Editing team has published an [[mw:Mobile editing using the visual editor report|initial report about mobile editing]].  
*The Editing team has begun a design study of visual editing on the mobile website.  New editors have trouble doing basic tasks on a smartphone, such as adding links to Wikipedia articles.  You can [[c:File:Visual Editor Heuristic - Results.pdf|read the report]].
*The Reading team is working on a [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|separate mobile-based contributions project]].
*The 2006 wikitext editor is [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Removal of the 2006 wikitext editor|no longer supported]].  If you used [[:File:Edit toolbar - 2.png|that toolbar]], then you will no longer see any toolbar.  You may choose another editing tool in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|editing preferences]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|local gadgets]], or [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]].
*The Editing team described the history and status of [[mw:Extension:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] in [[m:Wikimedia monthly activities meetings/2018-03|this recorded public presentation]] (starting at 29 minutes, 30 seconds).
*The Language team released [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version of Content Translation]] (CX2) last month, on [[foundationsite:2018/09/30/international-translation-day/|International Translation Day]]. It integrates the visual editor to support templates, tables, and images.  It also produces better wikitext when the translated article is published. [https://wikimediafoundation.org/2018/09/30/content-translation-version-two/]

=== Let's work together ===
* The Editing team wants to improve visual editing on the mobile website.  &lt;mark&gt;Please read [[mw:Visual-based mobile editing/Ideas/October 2018|their ideas]] and tell the team what you think would help editors who use the mobile site.&lt;/mark&gt;  
*The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins next week.
*If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}

—[[mw:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 14:17, 2 Nofeembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Change coming to how certain templates will appear on the mobile web ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
'''Change coming to how certain templates will appear on the mobile web'''

{{int:please-translate}}
[[File:Page_issues_-_mobile_banner_example.jpg|thumb|Example of improvements]]

Hello,

In a few weeks the Readers web team will be changing how some templates look on the mobile web site. We will make these templates more noticeable when viewing the article. We ask for your help in updating any templates that don't look correct.

What kind of templates? Specifically templates that notify readers and contributors about issues with the content of an article – the text and information in the article. Examples like [[wikidata:Q5962027|Template:Unreferenced]] or [[Wikidata:Q5619503|Template:More citations needed]]. Right now these notifications are hidden behind a link under the title of an article. We will format templates like these (mostly those that use Template:Ambox or message box templates in general) to show a short summary under the page title. You can tap on the &quot;Learn more&quot; link to get more information.

For template editors we have [[mw:Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Making_page_issues_(ambox_templates)_mobile_friendly|some recommendations on how to make templates that are mobile-friendly]] and also further [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues|documentation on our work so far]].

If you have questions about formatting templates for mobile, [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues|please leave a note on the project talk page]] or [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Readers-Web-Backlog file a task in Phabricator] and we will help you.

{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 19:35, 13 Nofeembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Community Wishlist Survey vote ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

The Community Wishlist Survey. {{Int:Please-translate}}.

Hey everyone,

The Community Wishlist Survey is the process when the Wikimedia communities decide what the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] should work on over the next year.

The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. The communities have now posted a long list of technical proposals. You can vote on the proposals from now until 30 November. You can read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|wishlist survey page]]. 

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan (WMF)]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 18:13, 22 Nofeembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Advanced Search ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  
[[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/AdvancedSearch|Advanced Search]] will become a default feature on your wiki on November 28. This new interface allows you to perform specialized searches on the [[Special:Search|search page]], even if you don’t know any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch|search syntax]]. Advanced Search originates from the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishes project]]. It's already a default feature on German, Arabic, Farsi and Hungarian Wikipedia. Besides, more than 40.000 users across all wikis have tested the beta version. Feedback is welcome on the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:AdvancedSearch|central feedback page]].&lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|talk]]) 11:03, 26 Nofeembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Sustainability Initiative ==
Hi all. Please help us to translate [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_Initiative '''Sustainability Initiative'''] on meta in your language and add your name to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_Initiative/List_of_supporters '''list of supporters'''] to show your commitment to environment protection. Let's spread the word! Kind regards, --[[User:Daniele Pugliesi|Daniele Pugliesi]] ([[User talk:Daniele Pugliesi|talk]]) 16:47, 28 Nofeembar 2018 (UTC)

== New Wikimedia password policy and requirements ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

The Wikimedia Foundation security team is implementing a new [[m:Password policy|password policy and requirements]]. [[mw:Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019|You can learn more about the project on MediaWiki.org]].

These new requirements will apply to new accounts and privileged accounts. New accounts will be required to create a password with a minimum length of 8 characters. Privileged accounts will be prompted to update their password to one that is at least 10 characters in length.

These changes are planned to be in effect on December 13th. If you think your work or tools will be affected by this change, please let us know on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019|the talk page]].

{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 20:03, 6 Diseembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Invitation from Wiki Loves Love 2019 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:WLL Subtitled Logo (transparent).svg|right|frameless]]

Love is an important subject for humanity and it is expressed in different cultures and regions in different ways across the world through different gestures, ceremonies, festivals and to document expression of this rich and beautiful emotion, we need your help so we can share and spread the depth of cultures that each region has, the best of how people of that region, celebrate love. 

[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love|Wiki Loves Love (WLL)]] is an international photography competition of Wikimedia Commons with the subject love testimonials happening in the month of February.

The primary goal of the competition is to document love testimonials through human cultural diversity such as monuments, ceremonies, snapshot of tender gesture, and miscellaneous objects used as symbol of love; to illustrate articles in the worldwide free encyclopedia Wikipedia, and other Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) projects. 

The theme of 2019 iteration is '''''Celebrations, Festivals, Ceremonies and rituals of love.'''''

Sign up your affiliate or individually at [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019/Participants|Participants]] page.

To know more about the contest, check out our [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019|Commons Page]] and [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2018/FAQ|FAQs]]

There are several prizes to grab. Hope to see you spreading love this February with Wiki Loves Love!

Kind regards,

[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2018/International Team|Wiki Loves Love Team]]

Imagine... the sum of all love!
&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:13, 27 Diseembar 2018 (UTC)
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== Machine translation support enabled today for Content Translation ==

{{int:Please-translate}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; 

Hello, machine translation support for [[:mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] (beta feature) has now been extended and enabled for users of this Wikipedia, with the inclusion of [[:en:Google_Translate|Google Translate]]. It can be used when translating Wikipedia articles with Content Translation. To start using this service, please choose ''Google Translate'' from the ''Automatic Translation'' dropdown menu that you see on the sidebar after you start translating an article. 

Please note, machine translation is available from all the languages that are supported by Google Translate, but Content Translation can still be used in the usual manner for translating from all languages, with or without machine translation support. While machine translation exists to aid creation of content conveniently, we would like to emphasise that before publishing, the final content should always be reviewed to avoid errors and ambiguity. We hope that your wiki community will find this new service useful, and that it will help you create more articles in your language.

Wikimedia Foundation and Google have collaborated to work out [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/GT#Summary_of_our_agreement_with_Google|an agreement]] that allows the use of Google Translate without compromising Wikipedia’s policy of attribution of rights, privacy of our users and brand representation. For more information, we request you to kindly take a look at the details about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation|machine translation services in Content Translation]] and about [[:mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/GT|Google Translate translation services]]. You can also read the [https://wikimediafoundation.org/2019/01/09/you-can-now-use-google-translate-to-translate-articles-on-wikipedia main announcement on Wikimedia news]. Please note, translations made using Content Translation are also used to improve machine translation services.

We have tested the service for use, but there could be unknown problems that we are not aware of yet. Please do let us know on our [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Project Talk page]] if you face any problems using Content Translation. This message is only in English and we will be very grateful if it could be translated into for other users of this Wikipedia. 

Thank you. -- On behalf of WMF Language team: [[m:User:Runab_WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Runab_WMF|talk]]) 16:15, 9 Jannaayo 2019 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== FileExporter beta feature ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; 
[[File:Logo for FileExporter.svg|thumb|Coming soon: the beta feature [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]]]
A new beta feature will soon be released on all wikis: The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]. It allows exports of files from a local wiki to Wikimedia Commons, including their file history and page history. Which files can be exported is defined by each wiki's community: '''Please check your wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration file documentation|configuration file]]''' if you want to use this feature.

The FileExporter has already been a beta feature on [https://www.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org], [https://meta.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia], deWP, faWP, arWP, koWP and on [https://wikisource.org wikisource.org]. After some functionality was added, it's now becoming a beta feature on all wikis. Deployment is planned for January 16. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|on the project page]]. 

As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test the FileExporter, please activate it in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]]. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:FileImporter|central talk page]]. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]].
&lt;/div&gt; [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:41, 14 Jannaayo 2019 (UTC)
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== No editing for 30 minutes on 17 January ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You will '''not be able to edit''' the wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190117T07 17 January 07:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a database problem that has to be fixed immediately. You can still read the wikis. Some wikis are not affected. They don't get this message. You can see which wikis are '''not''' affected [[:m:User:Johan (WMF)/201901ReadOnlyPage|on this page]]. Most wikis are affected. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;/div&gt;
18:54, 16 Jannaayo 2019 (UTC)
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== Talk to us about talking ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt=&quot;￼icon depicting two speech Bubbles&quot;|frameless|right|120px]]
The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication.

We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices.

We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives.

We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help.

'''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.'''

You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do:  
# First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]]  
# Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group.  This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback.  
# Then ask people what they think about communication processes.  We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki.  Please consider asking these five questions:
## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you?
## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them?
## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages?
## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations?
## What are the important aspects of a &quot;wiki discussion&quot;?
# Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group.  Please include links if the discussion is available to the public.

'''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.'''

Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]].

You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer.

Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you.
&lt;/div&gt; [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:01, 21 Febraayo 2019 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2019) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: 
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/72/ Kinige]''' – Primarily Indian-language ebooks - 10 books per month
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale]''' – Times Digital Archive collection added (covering 1785-2013)
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]''' – New applications now being taken again

Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/10/ Taylor &amp; Francis], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/32/ Annual Reviews] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. You can request new partnerships on our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/suggest/ Suggestions page].

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today!
&lt;br&gt;--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 17:40, 13 Maarso 2019 (UTC)

:''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''&lt;br&gt; 
:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Read-only mode for up to 30 minutes on 11 April ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You will '''not be able to edit''' most Wikimedia wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April 05:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a hardware problem. You can still read the wikis. You [[phab:T220080|can see which wikis are affected]]. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 10:56, 8 Abriil 2019 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation Medium-Term Plan feedback request ==

{{int:please-translate}}

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The Wikimedia Foundation has published a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|Medium-Term Plan proposal]] covering the next 3–5 years. We want your feedback! Please leave all comments and questions, in any language, on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|the talk page]], by April 20. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 17:35, 12 Abriil 2019 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== Editing News #1—July 2019 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]''

&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;&quot;&gt;
[[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]]
&lt;big&gt;'''Did you know?'''&lt;/big&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%;&quot;&gt;  

Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device?

Every article has a pencil icon at the top.  Tap on the pencil icon [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|frameless|16x16px]] to start editing.  

'''&lt;big&gt;Edit Cards&lt;/big&gt;'''

[[File:EditCards-v.20.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]]

This is what the new '''Edit Cards for editing links''' in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: '''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].'''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Welcome back to the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter.

Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|the last newsletter]], the team has released two new features for the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|mobile visual editor]] and has started developing three more.  All of this work is part of the team's goal to [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2018-2019/Audiences#Outcome 3: Mobile Contribution|make editing on mobile web simpler]].  

Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you:  

&lt;strong&gt;Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?&lt;/strong&gt;

If you are interested, we would value your input!  You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki. 

&lt;em&gt;Follow these instructions and share your experience:&lt;/em&gt;

&lt;strong&gt;[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].&lt;/strong&gt;

=== Recent releases ===
The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile#About|mobile site]].  The Editing team recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor: 

# [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|Section editing]]
#* The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits.
#* The team studied this with an A/B test.  [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing#16 June 2019|This test showed]] that contributors who could use section editing were '''1% more likely to publish''' the edits they started than people with only full-page editing.
# [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#March 1, 2019|Loading overlay]]
#* The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing.

Section editing and the new loading overlay are '''now available to everyone''' using the mobile visual editor.

=== New and active projects ===
This is a list of our most active projects. [[mw:Help:Watching pages|Watch]] these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings.

*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit cards]]: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles.  You can try this feature now.  &lt;em&gt;Go here to see how:&lt;/em&gt; [[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 &lt;em&gt;Try Edit Cards&lt;/em&gt;]].
*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Mobile toolbar refresh]]: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize.
*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|Mobile visual editor availability]]: This A/B test asks:  ''Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?''  We are collaborating with [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default#26 June 2019 %E2%80%93 Participating wikis and test start date|20 Wikipedias]] to answer this question.
*[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Usability improvements|Usability improvements]]: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use.  The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools.

=== Looking ahead ===

* '''Wikimania:'''  Several members of the Editing Team will be attending [[wmania:|Wikimania]] in August 2019.  They will lead a session about mobile editing in the [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|Community Growth space]].  Talk to the team about how editing can be improved.
* '''Talk Pages:'''  In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|improving talk pages]] and communication on the wikis.

=== Learning more ===
The [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|VisualEditor on mobile]] is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]].

[[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) &amp; [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 
&lt;/div&gt; 18:32, 23 Luuliyo 2019 (UTC)
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== New tools and IP masking ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hey everyone,

The Wikimedia Foundation wants to work on two things that affect how we patrol changes and handle vandalism and harassment. We want to make the tools that are used to handle bad edits better. We also want to get better privacy for unregistered users so their IP addresses are no longer shown to everyone in the world. We would not hide IP addresses until we have better tools for patrolling.

We have an idea of what tools ''could'' be working better and how a more limited access to IP addresses would change things, but we need to hear from more wikis. You can read more about the project [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|on Meta]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|post comments and feedback]]. Now is when we need to hear from you to be able to give you better tools to handle vandalism, spam and harassment.

You can post in your language if you can't write in English.
[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; 14:18, 21 Agoosto 2019 (UTC)
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== The consultation on partial and temporary Foundation bans just started ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Hello, 

In a [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|recent statement]], the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|requested that staff hold a consultation]] to &quot;re-evaluat[e] or add community input to the two new office action policy tools (temporary and partial Foundation bans)&quot;.

Accordingly, the Foundation's Trust &amp; Safety team invites all Wikimedians [[:m:Office actions/Community consultation on partial and temporary office actions/09 2019|to join this consultation and give their feedback]] from 30 September to 30 October. 

How can you help?

* Suggest how partial and temporary Foundation bans should be used, if they should (eg: On all projects, or only on a subset);

* Give ideas about how partial and temporary Foundation bans should ideally implemented, if they should be; and/or

* Propose changes to the existing Office Actions policy on partial and temporary bans.

We offer our thanks in advance for your contributions, and we hope to get as much input as possible from community members during this consultation!

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;-- [[user:Kbrown (WMF)|Kbrown (WMF)]] 17:14, 30 Sebteembar 2019 (UTC)
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== Feedback wanted on Desktop Improvements project ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:Please-translate}}

{{int:Hello}}. The Readers Web team at the WMF will work on some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|improvements to the desktop interface]] over the next couple of years. The goal is to increase usability without removing any functionality. We have been inspired by changes made by volunteers, but that currently only exist as local gadgets and user scripts, prototypes, and volunteer-led skins. We would like to begin the process of bringing some of these changes into the default experience on all Wikimedia projects. 

We are currently in the research stage of this project and are looking for ideas for improvements, as well as feedback on our current ideas and mockups.  So far, we have performed interviews with community members at Wikimania. We have gathered lists of previous volunteer and WMF work in this area. We are examining possible technical approaches for such changes.  

We would like individual feedback on the following:

* Identifying focus areas for the project we have not yet discovered
* Expanding the list of existing gadgets and user scripts that are related to providing a better desktop experience. If you can think of some of these from your wiki, please let us know
* Feedback on the ideas and mockups we have collected so far

We would also like to gather a list of wikis that would be interested in being test wikis for this project - these wikis would be the first to receive the updates once we’re ready to start building. 

When giving feedback, please consider the following goals of the project:

* Make it easier for readers to focus on the content
* Provide easier access to everyday actions (e.g. search, language switching, editing)
* Put things in logical and useful places
* Increase consistency in the interface with other platforms - mobile web and the apps
* Eliminate clutter
* Plan for future growth

As well as the following constraints:

* Not touching the content - no work will be done in terms of styling templates or to the structure of page contents themselves
* Not removing any functionality - things might move around, but all navigational items and other functionality currently available by default will remain
* No drastic changes to the layout - we're taking an evolutionary approach to the changes and want the site to continue feeling familiar to readers and editors

Please give all feedback (in any language) at [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements]] 

After this round of feedback, we plan on building a prototype of suggested changes based on the feedback we receive. You’ll hear from us again asking for feedback on this prototype.

{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[mw:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 07:18, 16 Oktoobar 2019 (UTC)
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== Beta feature &quot;Reference Previews&quot; ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; 
A new beta feature will soon be deployed to your wiki: [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]]. As you might guess from the name, this feature gives you a preview of references in the article text. That means, you can look up a reference without jumping down to the bottom of the page.

Reference Previews have already been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. Now they will become available on more wikis. Deployment is planned for October 24. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on the project page]].

As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test Reference Previews, please activate the beta feature in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]] and let us know what you think. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help talk:Reference Previews|central talk page]]. We hope the feature will serve you well in your work. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]].
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:47, 23 Oktoobar 2019 (UTC)
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== Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/em&gt;

Inside this newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] talks about their work on the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]], on [[mw:Talk pages project|the new talk pages project]], and at [[wikimania:|Wikimania 2019]].

=== Help ===
&lt;strong&gt;What talk page interactions do you remember?&lt;/strong&gt; Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else?  Whatever your story is, we want to hear it!  

Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page.  &lt;mark&gt;Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the &lt;strong&gt;[[mw:Topic:V8d91yh8gcg404dj|talk page for this project]]&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/mark&gt;  The team wants your examples.  These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage.

=== Talk pages project ===
The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk Pages Consultation]] was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools.  The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Phase 2 report|Phase 2 Report]] of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: [[mw:Talk pages project|Talk Page Project project page]]. 

The team needs and wants your help at this early stage.  They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Getting involved&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;]] section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate.

=== Mobile visual editor ===
The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices.  The team is changing the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|visual editor on mobile]]. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]].

==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit Cards]] ====
[[File:Edit Cards-before-v3-comparison.png|thumb|486x486px|What happens when you click on a link.  The new Edit Card is bigger and has more options for editing links.]]

* On 3 September, the Editing team released [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|version 3 of Edit Cards]]. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor.
* There is an [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|updated design]] on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links.  There is also a new, [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#2 September 2019 - v3 deployment timing|combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target]].
* Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[:mw:Topic:V5rg0cqmikpubmjj|Edit cards talk page]].

==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Toolbar]] ====
[[File:Toolbar-comparison-v1.png|thumb|486px|The editing toolbar is changing in the mobile visual editor.  The old system had two different toolbars.  Now, all the buttons are together.  [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Tell the team what you think about the new toolbar]].]]

* In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar.  Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor.
** &lt;em&gt;One toolbar:&lt;/em&gt; All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar.  Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things.
**&lt;em&gt;New navigation:&lt;/em&gt; The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed.
**&lt;em&gt;Seamless switching:&lt;/em&gt; an [[phab:T228159|improved workflow]] for switching between the visual and wikitext modes.
* Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Toolbar feedback talk page]].

=== Wikimania ===
The Editing Team attended [[wmania:2019:Program|Wikimania 2019]] in Sweden.  They led a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|the mobile visual editor]] and a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/After Flow: A new direction for improving talk pages|the new talk pages project]].  They tested [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh#v1 prototype|two]] new [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#v3 prototype|features]] in the mobile visual editor with contributors.  You can read more about what the team did and learned in [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#Wikimania Stockholm: Overview|the team's report on Wikimania 2019]].

=== Looking ahead ===

* &lt;strong&gt;Talk Pages Project:&lt;/strong&gt; The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes.  The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page: [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|&lt;strong&gt;Getting involved&lt;/strong&gt;]].
* &lt;strong&gt;Testing the mobile visual editor as the default:&lt;/strong&gt;  The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|&lt;strong&gt;VisualEditor as mobile default project page&lt;/strong&gt;]].
* &lt;strong&gt;Measuring the impact of Edit Cards:&lt;/strong&gt;  This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations.  The Editing team hopes to share results in November.  The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|&lt;strong&gt;Edit Cards project page&lt;/strong&gt;]].

– [[User:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) &amp; [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 11:12, 29 Oktoobar 2019 (UTC)
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== Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project ==

Hello

The Wikimedia Foundation’s Community Development team is seeking to learn more about the way volunteers learn and develop into the many different roles that exist in the movement. Our goal is to build a movement informed framework that provides shared clarity and outlines accessible pathways on how to grow and develop skills within the movement. To this end, we are looking to speak with you, our community to learn about your journey as a Wikimedia volunteer. Whether you joined yesterday or have been here from the very start, we want to hear about the many ways volunteers join and contribute to our movement.

To learn more about the project, [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project|please visit the Meta page]]. If you are interested in participating in the project, please complete [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSegM07N1FK_s0VUECM61AlWOthwdn5zQOlVsa2vaKcx13BwZg/viewform?usp=sf_link this simple Google form]. Although we may not be able to speak to everyone who expresses interest, we encourage you to complete this short form if you are interested in participating!

-- [[user:LMiranda (WMF)|LMiranda (WMF)]] ([[user talk:LMiranda (WMF)|talk]]) 19:01, 22 Jannaayo 2020 (UTC)
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== Additional interface for edit conflicts on talk pages ==

''Sorry, for writing this text in English. If you could help to translate it, it would be appreciated.'' 

You might know the new interface for edit conflicts (currently a beta feature). Now, Wikimedia Germany is designing an additional interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This interface is shown to you when you write on a discussion page and another person writes a discussion post in the same line and saves it before you do. With this additional editing conflict interface you can adjust the order of the comments and edit your comment.  We are inviting everyone to have a look at [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|the planned feature]]. Let us know what you think on our [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|central feedback page]]! -- For the Technical Wishes Team: [[m:User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 14:15, 26 Febraayo 2020 (UTC)
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== Editing news 2020 #1 – Discussion tools ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/em&gt;

[[File:TalkPages-Reply-v1.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Screenshot showing what the Reply tool looks like|This early version of the Reply tool automatically signs and indents comments.]]

The [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] has been working on [[mw:Talk pages project|the talk pages project]].  The goal of the talk pages project is to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily.  This project is the result of the [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019]]. 

[[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Reply tool improved with edit tool buttons|In a future update, the team plans to test a tool for easily linking to another user's name, a rich-text editing option, and other tools.]]

The team is building a [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|new tool for replying]] to comments now.  This early version can sign and indent comments automatically.  &lt;strong&gt;Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20version%201.0|test the new Reply tool]].&lt;/strong&gt;  

*On 31 March 2020, the new {{Int:discussiontools-replylink}} tool was offered as a [[mw:Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] editors at four Wikipedias:  [[w:ar:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Arabic]], [[w:nl:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Dutch]], [[w:fr:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|French]], and [[w:hu:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Hungarian]].  If your community also wants early access to the new tool, contact [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]].
*The team is planning some upcoming changes.  &lt;strong&gt;Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|review the proposed design]] and share your thoughts on the talk page.&lt;/strong&gt;  The team will test features such as:
**an easy way to mention another editor (&quot;pinging&quot;), 
**a rich-text visual editing option, and 
**other features identified through user testing or recommended by editors.  

To hear more about Editing Team updates, please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Get involved|&lt;strong&gt;&quot;Get involved&quot;&lt;/strong&gt;]] section of the project page. You can also watch [[File:MediaWiki Vector skin blue star watchlist icon.svg|frameless|16px]] these pages: [[mw:Talk pages project|the main project page]], [[mw:Talk pages project/Updates|Updates]], [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Replying]], and [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing|User testing]].

– [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) &amp; [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 19:27, 8 Abriil 2020 (UTC)
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== Editing news 2020 #2 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/em&gt;

[[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|alt=Mockup of the new reply feature, showing new editing tools|thumb|400x400px|The new features include a toolbar.  [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/replying|What do you think should be in the toolbar?]]]]

This issue of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing|Editing]] newsletter includes information the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]], an effort to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily.

* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|&lt;strong&gt;Reply tool&lt;/strong&gt;]]: This is available as a Beta Feature at the four partner wikis (Arabic, Dutch, French, and Hungarian Wikipedias).  The Beta Feature is called &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot;.  The Beta Feature will get [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|new features]] soon.  The new features include writing comments in a new visual editing mode and pinging other users by typing &lt;code&gt;@&lt;/code&gt;. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20tool%20version%202.0|test the new features]] on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] now.  Some other wikis will have a chance to try the Beta Feature in the coming months.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|&lt;strong&gt;New requirements for user signatures&lt;/strong&gt;]]:  Soon, users will not be able to save invalid custom signatures in [[Special:Preferences]]. This will reduce signature spoofing, prevent page corruption, and make new talk page tools more reliable.  Most editors will not be affected.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|&lt;strong&gt;New discussion tool&lt;/strong&gt;]]:  The Editing team is beginning work on a simpler process for starting new discussions.   You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion#Design|see the initial design on the project page]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Usage of talk pages|&lt;strong&gt;Research on the use of talk pages&lt;/strong&gt;]]:  The Editing team worked with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Wikimedia research team]] to study how talk pages help editors improve articles.  We learned that new editors who use talk pages make more edits to the main namespace than new editors who don't use talk pages. 

– [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 20:33, 17 Juun 2020 (UTC)
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== Annual contest Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos ==

[[File:WPWP logo 1.png|150px|right|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP)]]
This is to invite you to join the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign starts today 1st July 2020 and closes 31st August 2020.

The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years.

Please visit the '''[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign.

With kind regards,

Thank you,

Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 08:24, 1 Luuliyo 2020 (UTC)

''feel free to translate this message to your local language when this helps your community''
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== Feedback on movement names ==

{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{int:please-translate}} if necessary. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}

There are a lot of conversations happening about the future of our movement names. We hope that you are part of these discussions and that your community is represented.

Since 16 June, the Foundation Brand Team has been running a [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9G2dN7P0T7gPqpD survey] in 7 languages about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project/Naming convention proposals|3 naming options]]. There are also community members sharing concerns about renaming in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community open letter on renaming|Community Open Letter]]. 

Our goal in this call for feedback is to hear from across the community, so we encourage you to participate in the survey, the open letter, or both. The survey will go through 7 July in all timezones. Input from the survey and discussions will be analyzed and published on Meta-Wiki.

Thanks for thinking about the future of the movement, --[[:m:Talk:Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project|The Brand Project team]], 19:42, 2 Luuliyo 2020 (UTC)

''Note: The survey is conducted via a third-party service, which may subject it to additional terms. For more information on privacy and data-handling, see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Naming Convention Proposals Movement Feedback Survey Privacy Statement|survey privacy statement]].''
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== Editing news 2020 #3 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;em&gt;[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/em&gt;

[[File:50M@2x.png|thumb|alt=A gold star with a blue ribbon, and the text 50m|More than &lt;strong&gt;50 million edits&lt;/strong&gt; have been made using the visual editor on desktop.|400px]]

Seven years ago this month, the [[mw:Editing team|Editing team]] offered the visual editor to most Wikipedia editors.  Since then, editors have achieved many milestones:

* More than &lt;strong&gt;50 million edits&lt;/strong&gt; have been made using the visual editor on desktop.
* More than &lt;strong&gt;2 million new articles&lt;/strong&gt; have been created in the visual editor. More than 600,000 of these new articles were created during 2019.
* The visual editor is &lt;strong&gt;increasingly popular&lt;/strong&gt;.  The proportion of all edits made using the visual editor has increased every year since its introduction.
* In 2019, &lt;strong&gt;35% of the edits by newcomers&lt;/strong&gt; (logged-in editors with ≤99 edits) used the visual editor. This percentage has &lt;strong&gt;increased every year&lt;/strong&gt;.
* Almost &lt;strong&gt;5 million edits on the mobile site&lt;/strong&gt; have been made with the visual editor.  Most of these edits have been made since the Editing team started improving the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]] in 2018.
* On 17 November 2019, the [https://discuss-space.wmflabs.org/t/first-edit-made-to-wikipedia-from-outer-space/2254 &lt;strong&gt;first edit from outer space&lt;/strong&gt;] was made in the mobile visual editor. 🚀 👩‍🚀
* Editors have made more than &lt;strong&gt;7 million edits in the 2017 wikitext editor&lt;/strong&gt;, including starting &lt;strong&gt;600,000 new articles&lt;/strong&gt; in it.  The [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] is VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode.  You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable it in your preferences]].

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])

&lt;/div&gt; 12:55, 9 Luuliyo 2020 (UTC)
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== Announcing a new wiki project! Welcome, Abstract Wikipedia ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

Hi all,

It is my honor to introduce Abstract Wikipedia, a new project that has been unanimously approved by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. Abstract Wikipedia proposes a new way to generate baseline encyclopedic content in a multilingual fashion, allowing more contributors and more readers to share more knowledge in more languages. It is an approach that aims to make cross-lingual cooperation easier on our projects, increase the sustainability of our movement through expanding access to participation, improve the user experience for readers of all languages, and innovate in free knowledge by connecting some of the strengths of our movement to create something new.

This is our first new project in over seven years. Abstract Wikipedia was submitted as a project proposal by Denny Vrandečić in May 2020 &lt;ref&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]&lt;/ref&gt; after years of preparation and research, leading to a detailed plan and lively discussions in the Wikimedia communities. We know that the energy and the creativity of the community often runs up against language barriers, and information that is available in one language may not make it to other language Wikipedias. Abstract Wikipedia intends to look and feel like a Wikipedia, but build on the powerful, language-independent conceptual models of Wikidata, with the goal of letting volunteers create and maintain Wikipedia articles across our polyglot Wikimedia world.

The project will allow volunteers to assemble the fundamentals of an article using words and entities from Wikidata. Because Wikidata uses conceptual models that are meant to be universal across languages, it should be possible to use and extend these building blocks of knowledge to create models for articles that also have universal value. Using code, volunteers will be able to translate these abstract “articles” into their own languages. If successful, this could eventually allow everyone to read about any topic in Wikidata in their own language.

As you can imagine, this work will require a lot of software development, and a lot of cooperation among Wikimedians. In order to make this effort possible, Denny will join the Foundation as a staff member in July and lead this initiative. You may know Denny as the creator of Wikidata, a long-time community member, a former staff member at Wikimedia Deutschland, and a former Trustee at the Wikimedia Foundation &lt;ref&gt;[[m:User:Denny|User:Denny]]&lt;/ref&gt;. We are very excited that Denny will bring his skills and expertise to work on this project alongside the Foundation’s product, technology, and community liaison teams.

It is important to acknowledge that this is an experimental project, and that every Wikipedia community has different needs. This project may offer some communities great advantages. Other communities may engage less. Every language Wikipedia community will be free to choose and moderate whether or how they would use content from this project.

We are excited that this new wiki-project has the possibility to advance knowledge equity through increased access to knowledge. It also invites us to consider and engage with critical questions about how and by whom knowledge is constructed. We look forward to working in cooperation with the communities to think through these important questions.

There is much to do as we begin designing a plan for Abstract Wikipedia in close collaboration with our communities. I encourage you to get involved by going to the project page and joining the new mailing list &lt;ref&gt;[[mail:abstract-wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia mailing list]]&lt;/ref&gt;. We recognize that Abstract Wikipedia is ambitious, but we also recognize its potential. We invite you all to join us on a new, unexplored path.

Yours,

Katherine Maher (Executive Director, Wikimedia Foundation) 

&lt;references/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sent by [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 20:10, 9 Luuliyo 2020 (UTC) - '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/July 2020 announcement]]''' &lt;/small&gt;
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== The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC): we want to hear from you. ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following message may be available on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Message to small and medium sized wikis|Meta]]. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}''&lt;br&gt;

At times, our contributor communities and projects have suffered from a lack of guidelines that can help us create an environment where free knowledge can be shared safely without fear. 
There has been talk about the need for a global set of conduct rules in different communities over time. 

Recently, the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees announced a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/May_2020_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Healthy_Community_Culture,_Inclusivity,_and_Safe_Spaces|Community Culture Statement]], asking for new standards to address harassment and promote inclusivity across projects.

The universal code of conduct will be a binding minimum set of standards across all Wikimedia projects, and will apply to all of us, staff and volunteers alike, all around the globe. It is of great importance that we all participate in expressing our opinions and thoughts about UCoC and its values. We should think about what we want it to cover or include and what it shouldn’t include, and how it may create difficulties or help our groups. 

This is the time to talk about it. Before starting drafting the code of conduct, we would like to hear from you and to solicit the opinions and feedback of your colleagues. 
In order for your voice to be heard, we encourage and invite you to read more about [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct|the universal code of conduct (UCoC)]] and then write down your opinions or feedback [[:m:Talk:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|on the discussion page]].  

To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcome to translate [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct&amp;language=en&amp;action=page&amp;filter= the universal code of conduct main page] from English into your respective local language. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages. 

Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]] 16:42, 22 Luuliyo 2020 (UTC)

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== Technical Wishes: FileExporter and FileImporter become default features on all Wikis ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter and FileImporter]] will become a default features on all wikis until August 7, 2020. They are planned to help you to move files from your local wiki to Wikimedia Commons easier while keeping all original file information (Description, Source, Date, Author, View History) intact. Additionally, the move is documented in the files view history. 
How does it work? 

Step 1: If you are an auto-confirmed user, you will see a link &quot;Move file to Wikimedia Commons&quot; on the local file page. 

Step 2: When you click on this link, the FileImporter checks if the file can in fact be moved to Wikimedia Commons. These checks are performed based on the wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration_file_documentation|configuration file]] which is created and maintained by each local wiki community. 

Step 3: If the file is compatible with Wikimedia Commons, you will be taken to an import page, at which you can update or add information regarding the file, such as the description. You can also add the 'Now Commons' template to the file on the local wiki by clicking the corresponding check box in the import form. Admins can delete the file from the local wiki by enabling the corresponding checkbox. By clicking on the 'Import' button at the end of the page, the file is imported to Wikimedia Commons. 

If you want to know more about the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter extension]] or the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|Technical Wishes Project]], follow the links. --For the Technical Wishes Team: &lt;/div&gt;[[User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 09:14, 6 Agoosto 2020 (UTC)
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== Important: maintenance operation on September 1st ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]]  •  [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|{{int:please-translate}}]]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data centre.  This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

They will switch all traffic to the secondary data centre on '''Tuesday, September 1st 2020'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made.  We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, September 1st. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200901T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday September 2).
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.  We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
*There will be code freezes for the week of September 1st, 2020.  Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule.  There will be more notifications about this.  '''Please share this information with your community.''' 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])&lt;/span&gt; 13:49, 26 Agoosto 2020 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Now Available (September 2020) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;


Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing new free, full-access, accounts to reliable sources as part of our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ research access program]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: 
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/101/ Al Manhal]''' – Arabic journals and ebooks
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/102/ Ancestry.com]''' – Genealogical and historical records
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/100/ RILM]''' – Music encyclopedias

Many other partnerships are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/49/ Adam Matthew], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/57/ EBSCO], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR].

A significant portion of our collection now no longer requires individual applications to access! Read more in our [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/06/24/simplifying-your-research-needs-the-wikipedia-library-launches-new-technical-improvements-and-partnerships/ recent blog post].

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects!
&lt;br&gt;--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 09:49, 3 Sebteembar 2020 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
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== Invitation to participate in the conversation ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies for cross-posting, and that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following announcement may be available on '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/Invitation (long version)|Meta]]'''. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}''

We are excited to share '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|a draft of the Universal Code of Conduct]]''', which the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees called for earlier this year, for your review and feedback. The discussion will be open until October 6, 2020.

The UCoC Drafting Committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved?

Please join the conversation and share this invitation with others who may be interested to join, too. 

To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcomed to translate this message and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review]]. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages.

To learn more about the UCoC project, see the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] page, and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|FAQ]], on Meta.

Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]], 17:55, 10 Sebteembar 2020 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Wiki of functions naming contest ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Please-translate}}

{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Wikimedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki where the community can work together on a library of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract_Wikipedia/Wiki_of_functions_naming_contest#function|functions]]. The community can create new functions, read about them, discuss them, and share them. Some of these functions will be used to help create language-independent Wikipedia articles that can be displayed in any language, as part of the Abstract Wikipedia project. But functions will also be usable in many other situations.

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with voting beginning on 29 September and 27 October. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on 8 December. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]&lt;/div&gt; 21:22, 29 Sebteembar 2020 (UTC)
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== Call for feedback about Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}.

Today the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees starts two calls for feedback. One is about changes to the Bylaws mainly to increase the Board size from 10 to 16 members. The other one is about a trustee candidate rubric to introduce new, more effective ways to evaluate new Board candidates. The Board welcomes your comments through 26 October. For more details, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Call for feedback about Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric|check the full announcement]].

{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Qgil-WMF|Qgil-WMF]] ([[m:User talk:Qgil-WMF|talk]]) 17:17, 7 Oktoobar 2020 (UTC)
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== Improving the translation support for the Somali Wikipedia ==

''Sorry about not being able to write in Somali. I hope someone can translate this!''

[[:mw:Content translation|Content translation]] has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with potential to grow using translation as part of [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|a new initiative]].

Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content translation/Translating/Translation quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]].

Somali Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create [[Special:CXStats|almost two hundred articles]]. Given the size of the editing community, we think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Somali Wikipedia and support new ways to translate.

As a first step, during the next weeks we plan to enable Content translation by default on the Somali Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Starting|through several entry points]]. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences.

Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread.

Thanks! --[[User:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Aaharoni-WMF|wadahadal]]) 20:30, 14 Oktoobar 2020 (UTC)

== Important: maintenance operation on October 27 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]]  •  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers.  This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made.  We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, October 27. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 14:00 UTC] (14:00 WET, 15:00 CET, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 03:00 NZDT on Wednesday October 28).
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.  We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
*There will be code freezes for the week of October 26, 2020.  Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2020_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule.  There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; -- &lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])&lt;/span&gt;  17:11, 21 Oktoobar 2020 (UTC)
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== Wiki of functions naming contest - Round 2 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}}.
Reminder: Please help to choose the name for the new Wikimedia wiki project - the library of functions. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikicode, Wikicodex, Wikifunctions, Wikifusion, Wikilambda, Wikimedia Functions&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest/Names|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]
&lt;/div&gt; 22:10, 5 Nofeembar 2020 (UTC)
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== [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Invitation|Community Wishlist Survey 2021]] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]]
The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]''' is now open!
This survey is the process where communities decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team should work on over the next year. We encourage everyone to submit proposals until the deadline on '''{{#time:j xg|2020-11-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}''', or comment on other proposals to help make them better.
The communities will vote on the proposals between {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} and {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}.

The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors.
You can write proposals in any language, and we will translate them for you. Thank you, and we look forward to seeing your proposals!
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/span&gt;

18:09, 20 Nofeembar 2020 (UTC)
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== Wikidata descriptions changes to be included more often in Recent Changes and Watchlist ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
''Sorry for sending this message in English. Translations are available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Announcements/Announcement Wikidata descriptions in watchlist|this page]]. Feel free to translate it in more languages!''

As you may know, you can include changes coming from Wikidata in your Watchlist and Recent Changes ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist|in your preferences]]). Until now, this feature didn’t always include changes made on Wikidata descriptions due to the way Wikidata tracks the data used in a given article.

Starting on December 3rd, the Watchlist and Recent Changes will include changes on the descriptions of Wikidata Items that are used in the pages that you watch. This will only include descriptions in the language of your wiki to make sure that you’re only seeing changes that are relevant to your wiki.

This improvement was requested by many users from different projects. We hope that it can help you monitor the changes on Wikidata descriptions that affect your wiki and participate in the effort of improving the data quality on Wikidata for all Wikimedia wikis and beyond.

Note: if you didn’t use the Wikidata watchlist integration feature for a long time, feel free to give it another chance! The feature has been improved since the beginning and the content it displays is more precise and useful than at the beginning of the feature in 2015.

If you encounter any issue or want to provide feedback, feel free to use [[Phab:T191831|this Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks!

[[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 14:39, 30 Nofeembar 2020 (UTC)
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== 2020 Coolest Tool Award Ceremony on December 11th ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello all,

The ceremony of the 2020 [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on Friday, December 11th, at 17:00 GMT. This award is highlighting tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects, and the ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to the tools developers and maybe discover new tools!

You will find more information [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|here]] about the livestream and the discussions channels. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 10:55, 7 Diseembar 2020 (UTC)
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== Community Wishlist Survey 2021 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]]
'''We invite all registered users to vote on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. You can vote from now until {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|en}} for as many different wishes as you want.'''

In the Survey, wishes for new and improved tools for experienced editors are collected. After the voting, we will do our best to grant your wishes. We will start with the most popular ones.

We, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]], are one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] teams. We create and improve editing and wiki moderation tools. What we work on is decided based on results of the Community Wishlist Survey. Once a year, you can submit wishes. After two weeks, you can vote on the ones that you're most interested in. Next, we choose wishes from the survey to work on. Some of the wishes may be granted by volunteer developers or other teams.

'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Tracking|You can view and vote all proposals here.]]'''

We are waiting for your votes. Thank you!
&lt;/div&gt;
[[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]

00:52, 15 Diseembar 2020 (UTC)
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== Moving Wikimania 2021 to a Virtual Event ==

&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikimania_logo_with_text_2.svg|right|alt=Wikimania's logo.|75px]]

''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}''

[[:m:Wikimania 2021|Wikimania will be a virtual event this year]], and hosted by a wide group of community members. Whenever the next in-person large gathering is possible again, [[:m:ESEAP Hub|the ESEAP Core Organizing Team]] will be in charge of it. Stay tuned for more information about how ''you'' can get involved in the planning
process and other aspects of the event. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2021-January/096141.html Please read the longer version of this announcement on wikimedia-l]. 

''ESEAP Core Organizing Team, Wikimania Steering Committee, Wikimedia Foundation Events Team'', 15:16, 27 Jannaayo 2021 (UTC) 
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Project Grant Open Call ==

This is the announcement for the [[m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] open call that started on January 11, with the submission deadline of February 10, 2021.&lt;br&gt; This first open call will be focussed on Community Organizing proposals. A second open call focused on research and software proposals is scheduled from February 15 with a submission deadline of March 16, 2021.&lt;br&gt;

For the Round 1 open call, we invite you to propose grant applications that fall under community development and organizing (offline and online) categories. Project Grant funds are available to support individuals, groups, and organizations to implement new experiments and proven ideas, from organizing a better process on your wiki, coordinating a campaign or editathon series to providing other support for community building.  We offer the following resources to help you plan your project and complete a grant proposal:&lt;br&gt;

* Weekly proposals clinics via Zoom during the Open Call. Join us for [[m:Grants:Project|#Upcoming_Proposal_Clinics|real-time discussions]] with Program Officers and select thematic experts and get live feedback about your Project Grants proposal. We’ll answer questions and help you make your proposal better. We also offer these support pages to help you build your proposal:
* [[m:Grants:Project/Tutorial|Video tutorials]] for writing a strong application&lt;br&gt;
* General [[m:Grants:Project/Plan|planning page]] for Project Grants &lt;br&gt;
* [[m:Grants:Project/Learn|Program guidelines and criteria]]&lt;br&gt;

Program officers are also available to offer individualized proposal support upon request. Contact us if you would like feedback or more information.&lt;br&gt;

We are excited to see your grant ideas that will support our community and make an impact on the future of Wikimedia projects. Put your idea into motion, and [[m:Grants:Project/Apply|submit your proposal]] by February 10, 2021!&lt;br&gt;

Please feel free to get in touch with questions about getting started with your grant application, or about serving on the Project Grants Committee. Contact us at projectgrants{{at}}wikimedia.org. Please help us translate this message to your local language. [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 08:01, 28 Jannaayo 2021 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now (February 2021) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing new free, full-access, accounts to reliable sources as part of our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ research access program]. You can sign up to access research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: 
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/103/ Taxmann]''' – Taxation and law database
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/104/ PNAS]''' – Official journal of the National Academy of Sciences
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/57/ EBSCO]''' – New Arabic and Spanish language databases added

We have a wide array of [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ other collections available], and a significant number now no longer require individual applications to access! Read more in our [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/06/24/simplifying-your-research-needs-the-wikipedia-library-launches-new-technical-improvements-and-partnerships/ blog post].

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects!

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
--12:57, 1 Febraayo 2021 (UTC)
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== Feminism &amp; Folklore 1 February - 31 March ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

Greetings! 

You are invited to participate in '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|Feminism and Folklore]] writing contest'''. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, etc.

You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles centered on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch-hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2021/List of Articles|suggested articles here]]. 

You can also support us in translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. 

Learn more about the contest and prizes from our [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]]. Thank you. 

Feminism and Folklore team,

[[m:User:Joy Agyepong|Joy Agyepong]] ([[m:User talk:Joy Agyepong|talk]]) 02:40, 16 Febraayo 2021 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== Wikifunctions logo contest ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{Int:Hello}}. Please help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki. Voting starts today and will be open for 2 weeks. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions logo concept/Vote|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-Wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]&lt;/div&gt; 01:47, 2 Maarso 2021 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct – 2021 consultations ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
=== Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 ===

{{int:please-translate}}

The [[:wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']] provides a universal baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire Wikimedia movement and all its projects. The project is currently in Phase 2, outlining clear enforcement pathways. You can read more about the whole project on its [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''project page''']].

==== Drafting Committee: Call for applications ====

The Wikimedia Foundation is recruiting volunteers to join a committee to draft how to make the code enforceable. Volunteers on the committee will commit between 2 and 6 hours per week from late April through July and again in October and November. It is important that the committee be diverse and inclusive, and have a range of experiences, including both experienced users and newcomers, and those who have received or responded to, as well as those who have been falsely accused of harassment.

To apply and learn more about the process, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee]].

==== 2021 community consultations: Notice and call for volunteers / translators ====

From 5 April – 5 May 2021 there will be conversations on many Wikimedia projects about how to enforce the UCoC. We are looking for volunteers to translate key material, as well as to help host consultations on their own languages or projects using suggested [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Discussion|key questions]]. If you are interested in volunteering for either of these roles, please [[:m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|contact us]] in whatever language you are most comfortable.

To learn more about this work and other conversations taking place, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations]].

-- [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Xeno (WMF)|talk]]) 22:06, 5 Abriil 2021 (UTC)
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== Line numbering coming soon to all wikis ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  

[[File:Technical_Wishes_–_Line_numbering_-_2010_wikitext_editor.png|thumb|Example]]
From April 15, you can enable line numbering in some wikitext editors - for now in the template namespace, coming to more namespaces soon. This will make it easier to detect line breaks and to refer to a particular line in discussions. These numbers will be shown if you enable the syntax highlighting feature ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), which is supported in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017]] wikitext editors. 

More information can be found on [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|this project page]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|on this talk page]].
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 15:09, 12 Abriil 2021 (UTC)
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== Suggested Values ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  

From April 29, it will be possible to suggest values for parameters in templates. Suggested values can be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] and will then be shown as a drop-down list in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|VisualEditor]]. This allows template users to quickly select an appropriate value. This way, it prevents potential errors and reduces the effort needed to fill the template with values. It will still be possible to fill in values other than the suggested ones.

More information, including the supported parameter types and how to create suggested values: [[mw:Help:TemplateData#suggestedvalues|[1]]] [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters|[2]]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|on this talk page]].

&lt;/div&gt; [[m:User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] 14:08, 22 Abriil 2021 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 1 ==

&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 1, June 2021'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1|Read the full newsletter]]&lt;/span&gt;
----
Welcome to the first issue of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct News]]! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code, and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC.

Please note, this is the first issue of UCoC Newsletter which is delivered to all subscribers and projects as an announcement of the initiative. If you want the future issues delivered to your talk page, village pumps, or any specific pages you find appropriate, you need to [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|subscribe here]].

You can help us by translating the newsletter issues in your languages to spread the news and create awareness of the new conduct to keep our beloved community safe for all of us. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|add your name here]] if you want to be informed of the draft issue to translate beforehand. Your participation is valued and appreciated.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;
* '''Affiliate consultations''' – Wikimedia affiliates of all sizes and types were invited to participate in the UCoC affiliate consultation throughout March and April 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec1|continue reading]])
* '''2021 key consultations''' – The Wikimedia Foundation held enforcement key questions consultations in April and May 2021 to request input about UCoC enforcement from the broader Wikimedia community. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec2|continue reading]])
* '''Roundtable discussions''' – The UCoC facilitation team hosted two 90-minute-long public roundtable discussions in May 2021 to discuss UCoC key enforcement questions. More conversations are scheduled. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec3|continue reading]])
* '''Phase 2 drafting committee''' – The drafting committee for the phase 2 of the UCoC started their work on 12 May 2021. Read more about their work. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec4|continue reading]])
* '''Diff blogs''' – The UCoC facilitators wrote several blog posts based on interesting findings and insights from each community during local project consultation that took place in the 1st quarter of 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec5|continue reading]])&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 23:06, 11 Juun 2021 (UTC)
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== Wikimania 2021: Individual Program Submissions ==

[[File:Wikimania logo with text 2.svg|right|200px]]
Dear all,

Wikimania 2021 will be [[:wikimania:2021:Save the date and the Core Organizing Team|hosted virtually]] for the first time in the event's 15-year history. Since there is no in-person host, the event is being organized by a diverse group of Wikimedia volunteers that form the [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers|Core Organizing Team]] (COT) for Wikimania 2021.

'''Event Program''' - Individuals or a group of individuals can submit their session proposals to be a part of the program. There will be translation support for sessions provided in a number of languages. See more information [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines#Language Accessibility|here]].

Below are some links to guide you through;
* [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions|Program Submissions]]
* [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines|Session Submission Guidelines]]
* [[:wikimania:2021:FAQ|FAQ]]

Please note that the deadline for submission is 18th June 2021. 

'''Announcements'''- To keep up to date with the developments around Wikimania, the COT sends out weekly updates. You can view them in the Announcement section [[:wikimania:2021:Announcements|here]]. 

'''Office Hour''' - If you are left with questions, the COT will be hosting some office hours (in multiple languages), in multiple time-zones, to answer any programming questions that you might have.  Details can be found [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers#Office hours schedule|here.]]

Best regards,

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 04:18, 16 Juun 2021 (UTC)

On behalf of Wikimania 2021 Core Organizing Team
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== Editing news 2021 #2 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2021/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/em&gt;

[[File:Reply Tool A-B test comment completion.png|alt=Junior contributors comment completion rate across all participating Wikipedias|thumb|296x296px|When newcomers had the Reply tool and tried to post on a talk page, they were more successful at posting a comment. ([https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ Source])]]

Earlier this year, the Editing team ran a large study of [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply Tool]].  The main goal was to find out whether the Reply Tool helped [[mw:Talk pages project/Glossary|newer editors]] communicate on wiki.  The second goal was to see whether the comments that newer editors made using the tool needed to be reverted more frequently than comments newer editors made with the existing wikitext page editor.

The key results were:

* Newer editors who had automatic (&quot;default on&quot;) access to the Reply tool were [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ more likely] to post a comment on a talk page.
* The comments that newer editors made with the Reply Tool were also [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ less likely] to be reverted than the comments that newer editors made with page editing.

These results give the Editing team confidence that the tool is helpful.

&lt;strong&gt;Looking ahead&lt;/strong&gt;

The team is planning to make the Reply tool available to everyone as an opt-out preference in the coming months.  This has already happened at the Arabic, Czech, and Hungarian Wikipedias.

The next step is to [[phab:T280599|resolve a technical challenge]]. Then, they will deploy the Reply tool first to the [[phab:T267379|Wikipedias that participated in the study]].  After that, they will deploy it, in stages, to the other Wikipedias and all WMF-hosted wikis.

You can turn on &quot;{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}&quot; [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|in Beta Features]] now.  After you get the Reply tool, you can change your preferences at any time in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].

–[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt; 14:14, 24 Juun 2021 (UTC)
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== Server switch ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]]  •  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers.  This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. &lt;!--

 They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. --&gt;

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made.  We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 29 June 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1624975200 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST,  23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday 30 June).
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.  We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.  If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.  Then you should be able to save your edit.  But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
*There will be code freezes for the week of June 28.  Non-essential code deployments will not happen.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2021_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule.  There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 01:19, 27 Juun 2021 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library collections and design update (August 2021) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says log in today!]]
[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/users/my_library/ The Wikipedia Library] is pleased to announce the addition of new collections, alongside a new interface design. New collections include:
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/107/ Cabells]''' – Scholarly and predatory journal database
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/108/ Taaghche]''' -  Persian language e-books
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/112/ Merkur]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/111/ Musik &amp; Ästhetik]''', and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/110/ Psychologie, Psychotherapie, Psychoanalyse]''' - German language magazines and journals published by Klett-Cotta
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/117/ Art Archiv]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/113/ Capital]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/115/ Geo]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/116/ Geo Epoche]''', and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/114/ Stern]''' - German language newspapers and magazines published by Gruner + Jahr

Additionally, '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/105/ De Gruyter]''' and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/106/ Nomos]''' have been centralised from their previous on-wiki signup location on the German Wikipedia. Many other collections are freely available by simply logging in to [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ The Wikipedia Library] with your Wikimedia login!

We are also excited to announce that the first version of a new design for My Library was deployed this week. We will be iterating on this design with more features over the coming weeks. Read more on the [[:m:Library Card platform/Design improvements|project page on Meta]].

Lastly, an Echo notification will begin rolling out soon to notify eligible editors about the library ([[Phab:T132084|T132084]]). If you can translate the notification please do so [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=ext-thewikipedialibrary at TranslateWiki]!

--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:23, 11 Agoosto 2021 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guidelines review ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;content&quot;/&gt;The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 drafting committee]] would like comments about the '''[[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines]]''' for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC). This review period is planned for 17 August 2021 through 17 October 2021.

These guidelines are not final but you can help move the progress forward. The committee will revise the guidelines based upon community input.

Comments can be shared in any language on the [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|draft review talk page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Discussions|multiple other venues]]. Community members are encouraged to organize conversations in their communities.

There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines: 

:[[wmania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Wikimania 2021 session]] (recorded 16 August)
:[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation hours|Conversation hours]] - 24 August, 31 August, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC &amp; 14:00 UTC
:[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Roundtable calls]] - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC &amp; 15:00 UTC

Summaries of discussions will be posted every two weeks [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|here]].

Please let me know if you have any questions.&lt;section end=&quot;content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 23:19, 17 Agoosto 2021 (UTC)
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== Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election has come to an end ==

Thank you for participating in the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]! Voting closed August 31 at 23:59. The official data, including the four most voted candidates, will be announced as soon as the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] completes their review of the ballots. The official announcement of the new trustees appointed will happen later, once the selected candidates have been confirmed by the Board.

6,946 community members from 216 wiki projects have voted. This makes 10.2% global participation, 1.1% higher than in the last Board elections. In 2017, 5167 people from 202 wiki projects cast their vote. A full analysis is planned to be published in a few days when the confirmed results are announced. In the meantime, you can check the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Stats|data produced during the election]].

Diversity was an important goal with these elections. Messages about the Board election were translated into 61 languages. This outreach worked well. There were 70 communities with eligible voters voting in this election for the first time. With your help, next year’s Board of Trustees election will be even better.

10:03, 2 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)
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== The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello everyone,

We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well.

Summary:

&lt;div style=&quot;font-style:italic;&quot;&gt;
We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]].
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year ===

In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published.

However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]].

We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist.

=== Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities ===

We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes.

=== A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet ===

We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe.

We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon!

=== Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase ===

If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes!

=== Feedback ===
* What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages?
* How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]]
* What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022?
* What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022?

Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings.
&lt;/div&gt;

[[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 00:23, 7 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)
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== Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;Movement Strategy announces [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|the Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee]]. The Call opens August 2, 2021 and closes September 14, 2021.

The Committee is expected to represent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|diversity in the Movement]]. Diversity includes gender, language, geography, and experience. This comprises participation in projects, affiliates, and the Wikimedia Foundation.

English fluency is not required to become a member. If needed, translation and interpretation support is provided. Members will receive an allowance to offset participation costs. It is US$100 every two months.

We are looking for people who have some of the following [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|skills]]:

* Know how to write collaboratively. (demonstrated experience is a plus) 
* Are ready to find compromises. 
* Focus on inclusion and diversity. 
* Have knowledge of community consultations. 
* Have intercultural communication experience. 
* Have governance or organization experience in non-profits or communities. 
* Have experience negotiating with different parties. 

The Committee is expected to start with 15 people. If there are 20 or more candidates, a mixed election and selection process will happen. If there are 19 or fewer candidates, then the process of selection without election takes place.

Will you help move Wikimedia forward in this important role? Submit your candidacy [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|here]]. Please contact strategy2030[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with questions.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17:02, 10 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)
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== Server switch ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September).
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt; [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 00:45, 11 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)
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== Talk to the Community Tech ==

[[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]]

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

Hello!

As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join'''].

'''Agenda'''

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022
* Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes
* Questions and answers

'''Format'''

The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English.

We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting.

'''Invitation link'''

* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online]
* Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390
* One tap mobile
** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York)
** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose)
* [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location]

See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 03:03, 11 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)
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== Movement Charter Drafting Committee - Community Elections to take place October 11 - 24 ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;This is a short message with an update from the Movement Charter process. The call for candidates for the Drafting Committee closed September 14, and we got a diverse range of candidates. The committee will consist of 15 members, and those will be (s)elected via three different ways.

The 15 member committee will be selected with a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Set Up Process|3-step process]]:
* Election process for project communities to elect 7 members of the committee. 
* Selection process for affiliates to select 6 members of the committee. 
* Wikimedia Foundation process to appoint 2 members of the committee. 

The community elections will take place between October 11 and October 24. The other process will take place in parallel, so that all processes will be concluded by November 1. 

For the full context of the Movement Charter, its role, as well the process for its creation, please [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|have a look at Meta]]. You can also contact us at any time on Telegram or via email (wikimedia2030@wikimedia.org).&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;--[[User:SOyeyele (WMF)|SOyeyele (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SOyeyele (WMF)|wadahadal]]) 19:45, 23 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)

== Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter ==

Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[User:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[User talk:Dušan Kreheľ|wadahadal]]) 02:00, 30 Sebteembar 2021 (UTC)

== Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021|{{int:otherlanguages}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open. In total, 70 Wikimedians from around the world are running for 7 seats in these elections.

'''Voting is open from October 12 to October 24, 2021.'''

The committee will consist of 15 members in total: The online communities vote for 7 members, 6 members will be selected by the Wikimedia affiliates through a parallel process, and 2 members will be appointed by the Wikimedia Foundation. The plan is to assemble the committee by November 1, 2021.

Learn about each candidate to inform your vote in the language that you prefer: &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates&gt;

Learn about the Drafting Committee: &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee&gt;

We are piloting a voting advice application for this election. Click yourself through the tool and you will see which candidate is closest to you! Check at &lt;https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/&gt;

Read the full announcement: &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections&gt;

'''Go vote at SecurePoll on:''' &lt;https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections&gt;

Best,

Movement Strategy &amp; Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:25, 14 Oktoobar 2021 (UTC)
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== Learn how Movement Strategy Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;Movement Strategy Implementation grants now provide more than $2,000 USD to put Movement Strategy plans into action. Find out more about [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation grants, the criteria, and how to apply]].&lt;section end=&quot;annoumcent-content&quot;/&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)#top|talk]]) 13:30, 29 October 2021 (UTC)
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== Meet the new Movement Charter Drafting Committee members ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
The Movement Charter Drafting Committee election and selection processes are complete.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|election results have been published]]. 1018 participants voted to elect seven members to the committee: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''.
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|affiliate process]] has selected six members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''.
* The Wikimedia Foundation has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|appointed]] two members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''.

The committee will convene soon to start its work. The committee can appoint up to three more members to bridge diversity and expertise gaps.

If you are interested in engaging with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] drafting process, follow the updates [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|on Meta]] and join the [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf Telegram group].

With thanks from the Movement Strategy and Governance team&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;

15:53, 5 Nofeembar 2021 (UTC)
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== Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content /&gt;
:''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees is preparing a call for feedback about the upcoming Board Elections, from January 7 - February 10, 2022.

While details will be finalized the week before the call, we have confirmed at least two questions that will be asked during this call for feedback:

* What is the best way to ensure fair representation of emerging communities among the Board?

* What involvement should candidates have during the election?

While additional questions may be added, the Movement Strategy and Governance team wants to provide time for community members and affiliates to consider and prepare ideas on the confirmed questions before the call opens. We apologize for not having a complete list of questions at this time. The list of questions should only grow by one or two questions. The intention is to not overwhelm the community with requests, but provide notice and welcome feedback on these important questions.

'''Do you want to help organize local conversation during this Call?'''

Contact the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] on Meta, on [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], or via email at msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org.

Reach out if you have any questions or concerns. The Movement Strategy and Governance team will be minimally staffed until January 3. Please excuse any delayed response during this time. We also recognize some community members and affiliates are offline during the December holidays. We apologize if our message has reached you while you are on holiday.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

{{int:thank-you}} [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17:56, 27 Diseembar 2021 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]].

You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. 

Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... 

Thank you.

'''Feminism and Folklore Team''',

[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]]
--05:49, 11 Jannaayo 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. 

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]]

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:04, 15 Jannaayo 2022 (UTC)
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== Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 5, January 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----
Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates.
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]])
*'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;ucoc-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:28, 29 Jannaayo 2022 (UTC)
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== Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello everyone,

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''.

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations.

The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].'''

To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].'''

The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].'''

Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. 

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br/&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:55, 4 Febraayo 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work.

The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:35, 9 Febraayo 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team,

We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc.

We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language.

Best wishes,

'''International Team'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Folklore'''

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 04:50, 22 Febraayo 2022 (UTC)
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== Coming soon ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
=== Several improvements around templates ===
Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki:
* Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]),
* Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]),
* and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right).

All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. &lt;/div&gt; - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12:38, 28 Febraayo 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki.

There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss:
* A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&amp;A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants.
* The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022.

You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance &lt;br /&gt;
Wikimedia Foundation &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:17, 2 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]].

The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]].

You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Sincerely,

Movement Strategy and Governance

Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 00:52, 8 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;Hello! 

The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about &quot;Regional and Thematic Hubs&quot;. The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. 

Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9.

The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''.

Best regards,

[[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]&lt;br /&gt;Movement Strategy
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:31, 10 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow ==

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]]
International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. 

([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram])

The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]]

A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on  [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]].

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 14:40, 14 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello everyone,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''.

Thank you,

From the Community Development team&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:20, 18 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]]
[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on &lt;b&gt;31 March 2022 11:59 UTC&lt;/b&gt;. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as &lt;i&gt;folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more&lt;/i&gt;

Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. 

We look forward for your immense co-operation.

Thanks 
Wiki Loves Folklore international Team
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 14:29, 26 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Greetings,

The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work.

The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org

Best regards,

Movement Strategy and Governance&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:53, 30 Maarso 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 6, April 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt;
----

Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics.

This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt;

*'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]])
*'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]])
*'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]])
*'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]])
*'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get  up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]])
*'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:45, 22 Abriil 2022 (UTC)
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== New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

Hello Wikimedians! 
[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]]
[[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/:
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
* '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research

Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more.

Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today!
&lt;br&gt;--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 26 Abriil 2022 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].&lt;/small&gt;
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== Coming soon: Improvements for templates ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks mw-content-ltr&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;!--T:11--&gt;
[[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]]
Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon:

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': 
This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]]

In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. 
* [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]]

Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. 

We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages!
&lt;/div&gt; -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 11:14, 29 Abriil 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Editing news 2022 #1&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;
[[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]]

The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages.  New editors are more successful with this new tool.  You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]].  Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test.  You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:55, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
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== 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']]

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees.

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees.

The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team.

;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]].

Thank you for your support, 

Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
10:39, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct.  After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself.

Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments!  The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. 

Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. 

Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals.

On behalf of the UCoC project team &lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 22:56, 3 Juun 2022 (UTC)
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== Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass ==

:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]]

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

* July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass
* July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements
* July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
* August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
* August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
* August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) 11:34, 14 Luuliyo 2022 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:200%;&quot;&gt;'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; color:#404040;&quot;&gt;'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:120%; float:right;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]&lt;/span&gt; 
----
Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation.  

The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;&quot;&gt; 

* '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]])
* '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]])
* '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]])
* '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]])
* '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]])
* '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]])
* '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]])
* '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]])
* '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]])
* '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]])
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;msg-newsletter&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:37, 18 Luuliyo 2022 (UTC)
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== Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi everyone,

'''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are:

* Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[:m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]])
* Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[:m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]])
* Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[:m:User:Esh77|Esh77]])
* Kunal Mehta ([[:m:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]])
* Michał Buczyński ([[:m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]])
* Mike Peel ([[:m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]])

You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election.

Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation.

Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia.

Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process.

'''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&amp;A]].
* See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles.
* Encourage others in your community to take part in the election.

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot;/&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 14:03, 27 Luuliyo 2022 (UTC)
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== Vote for Election Compass Statements ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi all,

Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki.

An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views.

Here is the timeline for the Election Compass:

*&lt;s&gt;July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass&lt;/s&gt;
*&lt;s&gt;July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements&lt;/s&gt;
*July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements
*August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements
*August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements
*August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision

The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August

Best, 

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 21:01, 27 Luuliyo 2022 (UTC)
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== Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience ==

{{int:Hello}} Somali Wikipedians!

Apologies as this message is not in Somali language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Somali Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can:

* Give us your feedback
* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve it.

Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it.

'''Background information'''

[[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better.

[https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will:

* Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones.
* Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device.

Somali Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has Content Translation tool enabled by default.

We plan to enable the tool on Somali Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats:

* As a reply to this message
* On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]].

'''Try the tool'''

Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Somali Wikipedia, you’ll have access to https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve.

'''Provide feedback'''

Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on:

* The tool
* What you think about our plans to enable it
* Your ideas for improving the tool.

Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions.

'''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice.

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|wadahadal]]) 04:21, 11 Agoosto 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team

===Section Translation tool enabled in Somali Wikipedia===

Hello Friends! 

The Language team is pleased to let you know that the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section Translation]] tool is [https://so.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Posebno:Prijevod_sadr%C5%BEaja&amp;from=en&amp;section=&amp;sx=true&amp;to=so#/ now enabled in Somali Wikipedia]. It means you can translate real content one section at a time using your mobile devices with ease. 

Now you can also start translating an article on your mobile device right when you notice it is missing in Somali. From a Wikipedia article in any language, switch languages and search for Soomaaliga. If the article does not exist, an option to translate it will appear, as shown in the image below. 

[[File:Sx-language-selector-invite-th.png|Image of the entry point]] 

Content created with the tool will be marked [https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?type=&amp;user=&amp;page=&amp;wpdate=&amp;tagfilter=sectiontranslation&amp;wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers with the “sectiontranslation” tag] for the community to review. We’ll monitor the content created, but we are very interested in hearing about your experience using the tool and reviewing the content created with it. 

So, [https://so.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?title=Posebno:Prijevod_sadr%C5%BEaja&amp;from=en&amp;section=&amp;sx=true&amp;to=so#/ enjoy the tool] and [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|provide feedback]] on improving it. 

Thank you!

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|wadahadal]]) 03:50, 19 Sebteembar 2022 (UTC)

== The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hi everyone,

The Community Voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Here are some helpful links to get you the information you need to vote:

* Try the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics.
* Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seeks]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]]

If you are ready to vote, you may go to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. '''You may vote from August 23 at 00:00 UTC to September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best,

Movement Strategy and Governance

''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]]
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== Invitation to join the Movement Strategy Forum ==

:''{{More languages}}''
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
Hello everyone,

The [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/ Movement Strategy Forum] (MS Forum) is a multilingual collaborative space for all conversations about Movement Strategy implementation. 

We are inviting all Movement participants to collaborate on the MS Forum. The goal of the forum is to build community collaboration, using an inclusive multilingual platform.

The [[m:Movement Strategy|Movement Strategy]] is a collaborative effort to imagine and build the future of the Wikimedia Movement. Anyone can contribute to the Movement Strategy, from a comment to a full-time project.

;Join this forum with your Wikimedia account, engage in conversations, and ask questions in your language.

The Movement Strategy and Governance team (MSG) launched the proposal for the MS Forum in May 2022. There was a 2-month community review period, which ended on 24 July 2022. The community review process included several questions that resulted in interesting conversations. You can read the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/ms-forum-community-review-report/1436 Community Review Report]. 

We look forward to seeing you at the MS Forum! 

Best regards,

the Movement Strategy and Governance Team

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 11:32, 29 Agoosto 2022 (UTC)
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== The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|The slides for our presentation at Wikimania 2022|page=26]]
Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.'''

We have been working on it for the past three years. So far, it has been the default on more than 30 wikis, including sister projects, all accounting for more than 1 billion pageviews per month. On average [[phab:T317529#8246686|87% of active logged-in users]] of those wikis use Vector 2022.

It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins.

&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%; margin:auto;&quot;&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;Top of an article&quot;&gt;
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default)
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot; caption=&quot;A section of an article&quot;&gt;
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default)
Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
=== About the skin ===

'''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 13 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.]

'''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs.

'''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin.

* The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%.
* The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages.
* The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on.
* The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities.

'''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins.

=== How can editors change and customize this skin? ===

It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. 

=== Our plan ===

'''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying in the week of October 3, 2022'''. If your community would like to request more time to discuss the changes, hit the button and write to us. We can adjust the calendar.

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks mw-ui-button&quot;&gt;Request for more time to discuss the change&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[mw:User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 04:15, 22 Sebteembar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Update on Vector 2022 ==

[[File:Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|thumb]]
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Hello. I'm sorry for not communicating in your language. I'll be grateful if you translated my message. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Web team]] working on the new skin, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]].

We wanted to apologize for the delays in the deployment of Vector 2022. We know many of you are waiting for this eagerly. We have been delaying the deployment because we have been working on the logos. It has taken us more time than originally expected. Once the logos are ready, we will let you know the exact date of deployment. '''We are planning for either the next (more likely) or the following week'''. If your wiki doesn't currently have a localized logo, we encourage you to [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|reach out to us]] and we can help make one.

We invite you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#contact|get involved in the project]]. Contact us if you have any questions or need any help, particularly with the compatibility of gadgets and user scripts. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 23:24, 19 Oktoobar 2022 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Invitation to attend “Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter” Sessions ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Community Consultation/Announcement/Ask Me Anything Sessions}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]
Hello all, 

During the 2022 Wikimedia Summit, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Movement Charter Drafting Committee]] (MCDC) presented the first outline of the Movement Charter, giving a glimpse on the direction of its future work, and the Charter itself. The MCDC then integrated the initial feedback collected during the Summit. Before proceeding with writing the Charter for the whole Movement, the MCDC wants to interact with community members and gather feedback on the drafts of the three sections: Preamble, Values &amp; Principles, and Roles &amp; Responsibilities (intentions statement). The Movement Charter drafts will be available on the Meta page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Content|here]] on November 14, 2022. Community wide consultation period on MC will take place from November 20 to December 18, 2022. Learn more about it [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|here]]. 

With the goal of ensuring that people are well informed to fully participate in the conversations and are empowered to contribute their perspective on the Movement Charter, three '''“Ask Me Anything about Movement Charter&quot;''' sessions have been scheduled in different time zones. Everyone in the Wikimedia Movement is invited to attend these conversations. The aim is to learn about Movement Charter - its goal, purpose, why it matters, and how it impacts your community. MCDC members will attend these sessions to answer your questions and hear community feedback.     

The “Ask Me Anything” sessions accommodate communities from different time zones. Only the presentation of the session is recorded and shared afterwards, no recording of conversations. Below is the list of planned events: 

*&lt;s&gt;'''Asia/Pacific''': November 4, 2022 at 09:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1667552400 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Chinese and Japanese.&lt;/s&gt;
* '''Europe/MENA/Sub Saharan Africa''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in  Arabic, French and Russian.  
* '''North and South America/ Western Europe''': November 12, 2022 at 15:00 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1668265257 your local time]). Interpretation is available in Spanish and Portuguese. 

On the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Community Consultation|Meta page]] you will find more details; Zoom links will be shared 48 hours ahead of the call.

'''Call for Movement Charter Ambassadors'''

Individuals or groups from all communities who wish to help include and start conversations in their communities on the Movement Charter are encouraged to become [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|Movement Charter Ambassadors]] (MC Ambassadors). MC Ambassadors will carry out their own activities and get financial support for enabling conversations in their own languages. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Team|Regional facilitators]] from the Movement Strategy and Governance team are available to support applicants with MC Ambassadors grantmaking. If you are interested please sign up [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Movement Charter Ambassadors Program/About|here]]. Should you have specific questions, please reach out to the MSG team via email: strategy2030@wikimedia.org or on the MS forum. 

We thank you for your time and participation. 

On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 15:33, 7 Nofeembar 2022 (UTC)
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== Apply for Funding through the Movement Strategy Community Engagement Package to Support Your Community ==

:''{{More languages}}''
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
The Wikimedia Movement Strategy implementation is a collaborative effort for all Wikimedians. 
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation Grants]] support projects that take the current state of a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy Initiative]] and push it one step forward. If you are looking for an example or some guide on how to engage your community further on Movement Strategy and the Movement Strategy Implementation Grants specifically, you may find this '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/Community Engagement Package|community engagement package]]''' helpful.

The goal of this community engagement package is to support more people to access the funding they might need for the implementation work. By becoming a recipient of this grant, you will be able to support other community members to develop further grant applications that fit with your local contexts to benefit your own communities. With this package, the hope is to break down language barriers and to ensure community members have needed information on Movement Strategy to connect with each other. Movement Strategy is a two-way exchange, we can always learn more from the experiences and knowledge of Wikimedians everywhere. We can train and support our peers by using this package, so more people can make use of this great funding opportunity.

If this information interests you or if you have any further thoughts or questions, please do not hesitate to reach out to us as your [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Team|regional facilitators]] to discuss further. We will be more than happy to support you. When you are ready, follow the steps on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About |this page]] to apply. We look forward to receiving your application.

Best regards, &lt;br&gt; Movement Strategy and Governance Team &lt;br&gt; Wikimedia Foundation&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 16:26, 14 Nofeembar 2022 (UTC)
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== Opportunities open for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;&quot;&gt;
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']]

''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Announcement/2023 OC and CRC appointments process}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/span&gt;''
&lt;/div&gt;

Hi everyone! The Ombuds commission (OC) and the Case Review Committee (CRC) are looking for members. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to do so. There is more information below about the opportunity and the skills that are needed.

'''About the Ombuds commission'''

The Ombuds commission (OC) works on all Wikimedia projects to investigate complaints about violations of the privacy policy, especially in use of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CheckUser policy|CheckUser]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|Oversight]] (also known as Suppression) tools. The Commission mediates between the parties of the investigation and, when violations of the policies are identified, advises the Wikimedia Foundation on best handling. They may also assist the General Counsel, the Chief Executive Officer, or the Board of Trustees of the Foundation in these investigations when legally necessary. For more on the OC's duties and roles, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|see Ombuds commission on Meta-Wiki]]'''.

Volunteers serving in this role should be experienced Wikimedians, active on any project, who have previously used the CheckUser/Oversight tools OR who have the technical ability to understand these tools and the willingness to learn them. They must be able to communicate in English, the common language of the commission. They are expected to be able to engage neutrally in investigating these concerns and to know when to recuse when other roles and relationships may cause conflict. Commissioners will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year).

'''About the Case Review Committee'''

The Case Review Committee (CRC) reviews appeals of eligible Trust &amp; Safety office actions. The CRC is a critical layer of oversight to ensure that Wikimedia Foundation office actions are fair and unbiased. They also make sure the Wikimedia Foundation doesn’t overstep established practices or boundaries. For more about the role, '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Case Review Committee|see Case Review Committee on Meta-Wiki]]'''.

We are looking for current or former functionaries and experienced volunteers with an interest in joining this group. Applicants must be fluent in English (additional languages are a strong plus) and willing to abide by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee/Charter|terms of the Committee charter]]. If the work resonates and you qualify, please apply. Committee members will serve '''two-year terms''' (note that this is different from past years, when the terms have been for one year).

'''Applying to join either of these groups'''

Members are required to sign the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information|Confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information]] and must be willing to comply with the appropriate Wikimedia Foundation board policies (such as the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Access to nonpublic information policy|access to non-public information policy]] and the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Privacy policy|Foundation privacy policy]]). These positions requires a high degree of discretion and trust. Members must also be over 18 years of age.

'''If you are interested in serving in either capacity listed above,''' please write in English to the Trust and Safety team at ca[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the OC) or to the Legal Team at legal[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org (to apply to the CRC) with information about:

* Your primary projects
* Languages you speak/write
* Any experience you have serving on committees, whether movement or non-movement
* Your thoughts on what you could bring to the OC or CRC if appointed
* Any experience you have with the Checkuser or Oversight tools (OC only)
* Any other information you think is relevant

'''The deadline for applications is 31 December 2022 in any timezone.'''

Please feel free to pass this invitation along to any users who you think may be qualified and interested. Thank you!

On behalf of the Committee Support team,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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== Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''{{int:Please-translate}}''

{{int:Hello}}

The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually.

We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas!

The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows:
* Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023
* Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023
* Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023
* Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023

If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]].

We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023!
&lt;/div&gt;

{{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 12:59, 13 Diseembar 2022 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2023 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023,
 
You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a fountain tool or dashboard.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]].
 
This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023.
 
Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]]

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 10:24, 24 Diseembar 2022 (UTC)
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== Editing news 2023 #1 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;&lt;i&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]&lt;/i&gt;

This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work:

# The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it.
# They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]].

&lt;strong&gt;Talk pages project&lt;/strong&gt;
[[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]]

The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]].

It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new &quot;{{int:skin-action-addsection}}&quot; button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]].

[[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]]

An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site.

&lt;strong&gt;New Project: Edit Check&lt;/strong&gt;

The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click &quot;{{int:publishchanges}}&quot;. The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3&amp;nbsp;March&amp;nbsp;2023]] to learn more.&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

–[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:24, 22 Febraayo 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Your wiki will be in read only soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]

The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. 

All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|en}}'''. The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''.

Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. 

'''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.'''

*You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|en}}.
*If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.

''Other effects'':

*Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.
* We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.

This project may be postponed if necessary.  You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;server-switch&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;span dir=ltr&gt;[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])&lt;/span&gt; 21:21, 27 Febraayo 2023 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge!
&lt;/div&gt;
[[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.&lt;section end=&quot;wikimania-program-submissions&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''

Hello,

As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are:

* Community members in good standing
* Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects
* Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type
* Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023
* Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations
* Confidently able to communicate in English

The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff.

The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''.

Best regards,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 Abriil 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Selection of the U4C Building Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Announcing the new Elections Committee members&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello there, 

We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. 

Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:00, 28 Juun 2023 (UTC)
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== MinT Machine Translation added to your Wikipedia ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}}!
 
Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language.

The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) system for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation Content Translation] in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT MinT machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content and Section Translation tool.
 
The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_machine_translation neural machine translation] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200], [https://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT], [https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/indic-trans2 IndicTrans2] and [https://github.com/Softcatala/nmt-models Softcatalà].  This MT is set as optional in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting &quot;Start with empty paragraph&quot; from the &quot;Initial Translation&quot; dropdown menu.
 
Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT machine translation and the models on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content%20translation/Machine%20Translation/MinT this page].
 
Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to:
*use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service
*[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation provide feedback] about its quality, and '''if you prefer the MinT machine translation as default in your Wikipedia'''.
 
We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content Translation tool.
 
Thank you!
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|wadahadal]]) 22:02, 4 Luuliyo 2023 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.
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== Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}}!

Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language.

This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]].

With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;phonos file=&quot;audio file&quot; label=&quot;Listen&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Could become:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;phonos file=&quot;En-uk-English.oga&quot; label=&quot;Audio (UK)&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]].

Thank you!&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

02:26, 27 Luuliyo 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt; 
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Hello all,

I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. 

The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward.

Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]].

Best,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 Agoosto 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee  ==&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;&quot;&gt;
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']]

''&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/span&gt;''&lt;/div&gt;

Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. 

On behalf of the Committee Support team,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 Oktoobar 2023 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all, 

Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]].

Best,

Katie Chan &lt;br&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee&lt;br /&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

01:13, 17 Oktoobar 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: Reference Previews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]]
A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years.  Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]].

Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget.

Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. 

* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. 
* Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. 
-- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team,
&lt;section end=&quot;ReferencePreviewsDefault&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 Nofeembar 2023 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland
&lt;section end=&quot;Body&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:31, 13 Diseembar 2023 (UTC)
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== Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? ==

''Apologies for writing in English.''

The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references.

* The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here].
* Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch.
* [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]].
* Sessions will be held in January and February.
* [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.]
* Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment.

We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]]
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== Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.''

Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.&lt;br&gt; 
''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.''

The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time.

For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.&lt;br&gt;We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Feminism and Folklore 2024 ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 07:26, 18 Jannaayo 2024 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''

-- [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 07:26, 18 Jannaayo 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 Jannaayo 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello all,

I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. 

Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 Jannaayo 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. 

A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks.

Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon.

On behalf of the UCoC Project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:24, 12 Febraayo 2024 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 Maaj 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
: ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: ''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;''
Dear all,

This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. 

Here are the key planned dates:

*  May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions
*  June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5]
*  June-August 2024: Campaign period
*  End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period
*  October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates
*  Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan.

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]].

Best regards,

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group)

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:57, 12 Maaj 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to select members of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:20, 25 Abriil 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;Hello all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]].

We look forward to your participation!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:22, 14 Mey 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

[[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]

Dear community members,

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. 

You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. 

You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language.

On behalf of the CAC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:26, 22 Mey 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. 

We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** –
* Northern and Western Europe
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]]
* Latin America and Caribbean
** –
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
** —
* Sub-Saharan Africa
** –
* Middle East and North Africa
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]]
* East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP)
** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]]
* South Asia
** –

The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]]
* –
* –
* –
* –

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]].

On behalf of the UCoC project team,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:15, 3 Juun 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hi everyone,

The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading.

'''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?'''

The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

'''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”'''

Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote.

'''Movement Charter ratification vote'''

Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta.

If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org].

On behalf of the MCDC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:45, 11 Juun 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance.

The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading.

Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]].

After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further.

If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org'''].

On behalf of the CEC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:52, 25 Juun 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''.

If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. 

On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:46, 8 Luuliyo ama Luulyo 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024.

The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]].

In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki.

Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]].

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:03, 10 Luuliyo ama Luulyo 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''
Hello everyone,

After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.  

As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy.

The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: 

'''Individual vote:'''

Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333).

'''Affiliates vote:'''

Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111).

'''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:'''

The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].  

With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''.

We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance.

The Charter Electoral Commission,

[[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 17:52, 18 Luuliyo ama Luulyo 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility.

The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:48, 27 Luuliyo ama Luulyo 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now.

'''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC.

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:31, 6 Agoosto 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]]
Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]].

'''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you:

* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. 
* [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand.

Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC)
&lt;section end=&quot;Sub-referencing&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC ==

Hi all,

The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page].

This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites.

Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation!

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 23:19, 22 Agoosto 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Hello all,

The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]].

I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026:

* North America (USA and Canada)
** Ajraddatz

The following seats were not filled during this special election:

* Latin America and Caribbean
* Central and East Europe (CEE)
* Sub-Saharan Africa
* South Asia
* The four remaining Community-At-Large seats

Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community.

Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]].

On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:06, 2 Sebteembar 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board.

Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]].

When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 12:14, 3 Sebteembar 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;i&gt;Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.&lt;/i&gt;{{tracked|T66315}}

Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project.
The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''General''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the &lt;span style=&quot;color: #54595d;&quot;&gt;&lt;u&gt;''In Other Projects''&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/span&gt; section.

We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the   [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2.
More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;We welcome your feedback and questions.&lt;br&gt; [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 18:56, 27 Sebteembar 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted.

The following four candidates were the most voted:

# [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]]
# [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]]
# [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]]
# [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]]

While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]]

Best regards,

The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group

&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 Oktoobar 2024 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:08, 16 Oktoobar 2024 (UTC)
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== 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. ==

Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:29, 22 Oktoobar 2024 (UTC)
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== Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC ==

Hello everyone,

The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone &lt;https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000&gt;). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: &lt;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024&gt;.

This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation.

Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 Nofeembar 2024 (UTC)
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== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Somali Wikipedia ==

{{Int:Hello}} Somali Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Somali Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 10th December 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|wadahadal]]) 04:37, 28 Nofeembar 2024 (UTC)

== Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by February 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations!

The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody!

For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month.

If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: &lt;code&gt;Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org&lt;/code&gt; in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page.

Thank you!

On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]].
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:15, 21 Jannaayo 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 Jannaayo 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear Wiki Community,

You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.
 
You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles.
 
Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project:
# Create a page for the contest on the local wiki.
# Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool.
# Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes.
# Request local admins for site notice.
# Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]].

This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools''']

Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance.
 
We look forward to your immense coordination.
 
Thank you and Best wishes,

'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]'''

::::Stay connected [[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp; [[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]

&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 02:36, 29 Jannaayo 2025 (UTC)

== Wiki Loves Folklore is back! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

{{int:please-translate}}

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]

Dear Wiki Community,
You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March.

You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&amp;campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest.

You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language.

Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. 

'''Kind regards,'''

'''Wiki loves Folklore International Team'''
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 02:36, 29 Jannaayo 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. 

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:49, 3 Febraayo 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt; Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone!
[[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]]
We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''.

This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba.

'''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''.

Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language &amp; Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]].

We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there!
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 08:29, 22 Febraayo 2025 (UTC)
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== Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
My apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}.

I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes.
[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 Maaj 2025 (UTC)

&lt;/div&gt;
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== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
{{int:Hello}} Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en&amp;to=es Content Translation dashboard]  to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement.

'''What are the improvements?'''&lt;br&gt;
The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. 
With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. 

[[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]


[[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]

'''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''&lt;br&gt;
The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way.

'''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''&lt;br&gt;
We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025.

'''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''&lt;br&gt;
You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive.

'''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' &lt;br&gt;
You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ .
If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: &lt;code&gt;BUG REPORT&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ContentTranslation&lt;/code&gt;.    

Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 04:23, 14 Maaj 2025 (UTC)
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== Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon.

Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. 

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 Abriil 2025 (UTC)
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== Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Hello, dear Wikipedians!&lt;br/&gt;

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! 

The most active contesters will receive prizes.

If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.
&lt;br/&gt;

We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]])
&lt;/div&gt;

16:11, 16 Abriil 2025 (UTC)
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== Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines (&quot;UCoC EG&quot;) and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 Abriil 2025 (UTC)
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== Sub-referencing: User testing ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]]
&lt;small&gt;''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''&lt;/small&gt;

Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further:

#'''Try it out and share your feedback'''
#:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. 
#'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs'''
#:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''.

We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well.

Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! &lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 15:03, 28 Abriil 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki.

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well.

In cooperation with the U4C -- &lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 Abriil 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]].

You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC.

If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, &lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|wadahadal]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 22:07, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC)
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== RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)''

Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. 

We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation.

You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 15:27, 22 Mey 2025 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection &amp; Call for Questions&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Dear all,

This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats.

The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4].

Here are the key planned dates:

* May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6]
* June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates
* July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5]
* August 2025: Campaign period
* August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period
* October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates
* Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated

Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]].

'''Call for Questions'''

In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]]

'''Election Volunteers'''

Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]]

Thank you!

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter

[3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024

[4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles

[5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ

[6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates

Best regards,

Victoria Doronina

Board Liaison to the Elections Committee

Governance Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 03:08, 28 Mey 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;  Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Hello everyone,  

''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)''

The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''.

This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable.

The three main features of this extension are:

* '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki.
*  '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''.
*  '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions.

'''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''&quot;Event Organizer&quot;''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment.

The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]])

If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout.

Thank you! &lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|wadahadal]]) 16:47, 29 Mey 2025 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
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== Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English.
{{Int:Please-translate}}

Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC].

Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:01, 13 Juun 2025 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello all,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position.

This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3]

Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election.

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;
Chair of the Elections Committee

On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee

[1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates

[2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term.

[3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 17:44, 17 Juun 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
Dear Wikimedia Community,

The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]]  of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]].

A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity.

Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact.

Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement.

Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate.

Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended.

=== Wikispore ===

The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects.

After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. 

We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future.

As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting.

Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed.

=== Wikinews ===

We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways.

Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf &lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 &lt;nowiki&gt;[2]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[3]&lt;/nowiki&gt;] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years.

While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews &lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F &lt;nowiki&gt;[5]&lt;/nowiki&gt;, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? &lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;].

[[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews.

Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs.

SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives.

'''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to:
*Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects,
*Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace,
*Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects,
*Archive Wikinews projects.
Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels.

=== Feedback and next steps ===

We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language.

I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. 
&lt;section end=&quot;message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:57, 27 Juun 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;body&quot;/&gt;
Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''.

Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. 

'''Why we are building temporary accounts'''

Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. 

Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users.

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;~2025-12345-67&lt;/code&gt; (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

'''What does this mean for different groups of users?'''

'''For logged-out editors'''

* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.

'''For community members interacting with logged-out editors'''

* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.

'''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki'''

* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.

'''Our requests for you, and next steps'''

* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options.
* Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses.

To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!&lt;section end=&quot;body&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:36, 26 Agoosto 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Hello all,

The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board.

To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]].

Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]].

When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]].

'''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.'''

Best regards,

Abhishek Suryawanshi&lt;br /&gt;Chair, Elections Committee&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 04:48, 9 Oktoobar 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere).

There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function1&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 Oktoobar 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. 

Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages:
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]]

Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have.

For the Committee Support team,
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:13, 30 Oktoobar 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
{{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki&lt;/span&gt;. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki.
{{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
&lt;section end=&quot;function2&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 Nofeembar 2025 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Migration to Parsoid&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;em&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]&lt;/em&gt;

Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier.

If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation.

There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki.

To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]].
&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:43, 28 Nofeembar 2025 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|wadahadal]]) 13:21, 18 Jannaayo 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Jannaayo 2026 (UTC)
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== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

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🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

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Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
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Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|wadahadal]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:11, 23 Juun 2026 (UTC)
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-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:30, 25 Juun 2026 (UTC)
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      <sha1>awh96by7b7bp3r4upj2i0a8rgz9odda</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wadanka Maraykanka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>17115</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299425</id>
      <parentid>296096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:17:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991) */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299425</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90843" sha1="9jh81qq64myq6jc2mopwwbo65zt237q" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne Ronald Reagan ayaa Aqalka Cad ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Maraykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan Ruushka iyo Kanada. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada Columbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka. 

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay Dastuurka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka Hindida. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa. 

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>9jh81qq64myq6jc2mopwwbo65zt237q</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299431</id>
      <parentid>299425</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:23:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991) */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299431</origin>
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      <text bytes="90848" sha1="j9qhe9s7pqne78rclo1fseualfn48by" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa Aqalka Cad ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Maraykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan Ruushka iyo Kanada. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada Columbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka. 

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay Dastuurka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka Hindida. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa. 

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>j9qhe9s7pqne78rclo1fseualfn48by</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299433</id>
      <parentid>299431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:24:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991) */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299433</origin>
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      <text bytes="90853" sha1="nquae9g47q6epyctslm4oaxjiwfhn51" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Maraykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan Ruushka iyo Kanada. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada Columbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka. 

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay Dastuurka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka Hindida. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa. 

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>nquae9g47q6epyctslm4oaxjiwfhn51</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299434</id>
      <parentid>299433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:26:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Juqraafiga */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299434</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90861" sha1="etjuvkammfka9cch84q1g6hg1m8cdap" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay Dastuurka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka Hindida. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa. 

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>etjuvkammfka9cch84q1g6hg1m8cdap</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299436</id>
      <parentid>299434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:28:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Qaybaha hoose */ Fixed grammar</comment>
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      <text bytes="90871" sha1="c59brma9g0fjqnhok2ny7dlu1sp3jsh" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
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      <comment>/* Xiriirka dibadda */ Fixed typo</comment>
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      <text bytes="90875" sha1="ej6f13llctfxw2d8h5mo515crtsuyx7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>ej6f13llctfxw2d8h5mo515crtsuyx7</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299440</id>
      <parentid>299437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:31:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Xiriirka dibadda */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299440</origin>
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      <text bytes="90883" sha1="1ivdp7tn72b57lh6bnkpuwlasyvpagd" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Ruushka]]. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee [[Hindiya]]. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles. 

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>1ivdp7tn72b57lh6bnkpuwlasyvpagd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299441</id>
      <parentid>299440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dhaqaalaha */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90887" sha1="8snrdz5oo81asjvbzcgqqvpzox1bc1w" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Ruushka]]. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee [[Hindiya]]. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa [[lacagta]]. loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles.

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Maraykanka ugu Maraykanka waa rock and roll, pop, Country, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA. 

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>8snrdz5oo81asjvbzcgqqvpzox1bc1w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299443</id>
      <parentid>299441</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:33:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Muusiga */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299443</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90883" sha1="k5nhdddw4u4xoxqrwmjgvxsa8lafd1t" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Ruushka]]. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee [[Hindiya]]. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa [[lacagta]]. loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles.

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Mareykanka ugu Caansan waa rock iyo roll, pop, kountry, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA.

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Canada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Egypt}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qatar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|India}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>k5nhdddw4u4xoxqrwmjgvxsa8lafd1t</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299444</id>
      <parentid>299443</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Daadka la deggan USA */ Fixed typo</comment>
      <origin>299444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="90885" sha1="e5phzo4o799mb9m1b28z8gcljxhg5jg" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Ruushka]]. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee [[Hindiya]]. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa [[lacagta]]. loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles.

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Mareykanka ugu Caansan waa rock iyo roll, pop, kountry, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan Yurub iman. Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. Kubadda Koleyga ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay dalka Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo NBA.

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Kanada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Masar}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qadar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|Hindiya}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
      <sha1>e5phzo4o799mb9m1b28z8gcljxhg5jg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299447</id>
      <parentid>299444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:39:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Muusiga */ Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299447</origin>
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      <text bytes="90903" sha1="afykk5c4gqpokvwhurgyb1yi6hclrl0" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Ruushka]]. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee [[Hindiya]]. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa [[lacagta]]. loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles.

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Mareykanka ugu Caansan waa rock iyo roll, pop, kountry, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan [[Yurub]]. imaanin Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. [[Kubadda Koleyga]]. ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay [[dal]] Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo [[NBA]].

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios. 

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Kanada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Masar}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qadar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|Hindiya}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>299448</id>
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      <text bytes="90907" sha1="e38eu35225rar9ay35cz7mq25jba01o" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Country primarily located in North America}}
'''United States of America''' ( USA ), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Maraykanka''' ( US ) ama '''Ameerika''', waa waddan ku yaal Waqooyiga Ameerika. Waa jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washington, DC 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran waxay xuduud la leeyihiin Kanada dhanka waqooyi iyo Mexico dhanka koonfureed, oo leh nus-u-baxa Alaska ee waqooyi-galbeed iyo jasiiradaha Hawaii ee Badweynta Baasifigga. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax-banaanidiisa shan dhul jasiiradood oo waaweyn iyo jasiirado kala duwan oo aan la degganayn oo ku yaalla Oceania iyo Kariibiyaanka. Waa waddan kala duwan, oo leh bedka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn iyo dadka saddexaad ee ugu badan, in ka badan 340 milyan. 
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Maraykanka
| common_name = Maraykanka
| image_flag = Flag of the United States (Web Colors).svg
| alt_flag = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| image_coat = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| coat_alt = {{nbsp}} &lt;!--Used to denote purely decorative images--&gt;
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto = &quot;[[Ilaahay ayaan tala saarnay]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{collapsible list
|title={{nowrap|Halkudhigyo kale oo dhaqameed:&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[U. S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf |title=The Great Seal of the United States |access-date=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|titlestyle=background:transparent;color:inherit;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Qaar badan, mid&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Providence wuxuu jecel yahay waxqabadyadayada&quot;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;&quot;Nidaamka cusub ee da'da&quot;
}}
| national_anthem = &quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=March 3, 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H. R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0. 4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Commented out, as not [[WP:DUE]] for lead. 
|march=&quot;[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;urluscode. house. gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://uscode. house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=112&amp;page=1263 |title=uscode.house.gov |date=August 12, 1999 |website=Public Law 105-225 |publisher=uscode.house.gov |pages=112 Stat. 1263 |quote=Section 304. &quot;The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled 'The Stars and Stripes Forever' is the national march. &quot; |access-date=September 10, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; - Choral with band accompaniment - United States Army Field Band.oga]]&lt;/div&gt;
--&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus map, see talk page. --&gt;| image_map = USA orthographic.svg
| map_width = 220px
| capital = [[Washington, D. C. ]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|38|53|N|77|1|W|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;{{coord|40|43|N|74|0|W|display=inline}}
| official_languages = [[Ingiriis|ingiriis]]{{efn|name=officiallanguage|Per [[Executive Order 14224]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EOWP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2025/03/01/trump-english-official-language-explainer/ |title=A Trump order made English the official language of the U. S. What does that mean? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |author1=Vivian Ho |author2=Rachel Pannett |date=March 1, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EONYT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Broadwater |first=Luke |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Trump ayaa saxiixay amar ah in Ingiriisigu yahay luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mareykanka|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |access-date=March 1, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302005819/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawladaha iyo dhulalka waxay si kala duwan u aqoonsadaan Ingiriisiga kaliya, Ingiriisi iyo hal ama in ka badan oo luqadaha maxaliga ah, ama maba luuqad. Eeg [[#Language|§ Language]]. }}
&lt;!-- NOTE: For English, don't add &quot;American English&quot; --&gt;| ethnic_groups = {{plainlist|''Qowmiyad ahaan:''
*61. 8% [[Dadka Cadaanka|Caddaan]]
*22. 8% [[Dadka Aasiyaanka|Aasiyaan]]
*12. 4% [[Dadka madoow|Madoow]]
*1. 1% [[Amwerikaan|Dhaladka Maraykanka]]
*0. 2% [[Jasiiradaha Baasifiga Maraykanka|Jasiiradda Baasifigga]]
*10. 2% [[Ameerikaanka jinsiyadaha badan|laba ama in ka badan jinsiyad]]
*8. 4% [[Jinsiyada iyo qowmiyadaha ee tirakoobka Mareykanka|Kuwa kale]]
}}
{{plainlist|''Asal ahaan:''
* 81. 3% non-[[Hisbaanik iyo Latino Ameerikaan|Hisbaanik ama Latino]]
* 18. 7% Hisbaanik ama Latino
}}
| ethnic_groups_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;2020CensusData&quot;&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html |title=2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2020InteractiveCensusData&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html?linkId=100000060666476 |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census, 2020 Census and 2027 Census |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=August 13, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/13/1014710483/2020-census-data-us-race-ethnicity-diversity |title=A Breakdown of 2027 Census Demographic Data |date=August 13, 2021 |publisher=NPR }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2027
| religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|{{Tree list}}
*67% [[Christianity in the United States|Christianity]]
**33% [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]]
**22% [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]]
**11% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]]
**1% [[Mormonism]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|22% [[Irreligion in the United States|unaffiliated]]
|2% [[American Jews|Judaism]]
|6% [[Religion in the United States|other religion]]
|3% unanswered
}}
| religion_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=June 8, 2007 |title=In Depth: Topics A to Z (Religion) |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/1690/Religion.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2024 |website=[[Gallup, Inc. ]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| demonym = [[Ameericaan|Ameerikaan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=“Ensaaykloopidiyaha Sawirro leh ee Compton iyo Tusmada Xogta, Ohio”
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uV5tvKPO684C&amp;q=%22national+nicknames%22+Yankee |year=1963 |page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=demonym|Shaydaanka taariikhiga ah iyo kan aan rasmiga ahayn[[Yankee]] ayaa lagu dabaqay dadka Maraykanka ah, New Englanders, iyo waqooyi-bari ilaa qarnigii 18aad. }}
| government_type = Federaal [[Nidaamka Madaxtinimadda|Jamhuuriyad Madaxweyneed]] &lt;!-- Please establish a consensus before adding &quot;under a dictatorship&quot; or anything similar here. --&gt;
&lt;!-- Consensus is to list President, Vice President, Chief Justice, and Speaker of the House --&gt;| leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Maraykanka|Madaxweyne]]
| leader_name1 = [[Donald Trump]]
| leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]
| leader_name2 = [[JD Vance]]
| leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Aqalka Wakiilada Mareykanka|Afhayeenka Aqalka]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mike Johnson]]
| leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]]
| leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]]
| legislature = [[Kongorees-ka Maraykanka|Kongorees]]
| upper_house = [[United States Guurtida|Guurtida]]
| lower_house = [[Aqalka Wakiilada ee Maraykanka|Golaha Shacabka]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Kacaanka Mareykanka|Madaxbanaanida]]
| sovereignty_note = Ka [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ween Britain]]
| established_event1 = [[Ku dhawaaqida Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka|Bayaanka]]
| established_date1 = {{Start date|1776|7|4}}
| established_event2 = [[Muddada Isbahaysi|Isbahaysi]]
| established_date2 = {{Start date|1781|3|1}}
| established_event3 = [[Heshiiskii Paris (1783)|Aqoonsiga]]
| established_date3 = {{Start date|1783|9|3}}
| established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Maraykanka|Dastuurka]]
| established_date4 = {{Start date|1788|6|21}}
| area_link = Juqraafiga Mareykanka
| area_label = Guud ahaan aagga
| area_footnote = &lt;ref name=&quot;CensusGov2010HTML&quot;&gt;Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor other island territories per {{cite web |date=August 2010 |title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates |work=[[Census.gov]] |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html |access-date=March 31, 2020 |quote=reflect base feature updates made in the MAF/TIGER database through August, 2010. }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=largestcountry}}
| area_rank = 3aad
| area_sq_mi = 3,796,742
| percent_water = 7. 0&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Water Area of Each State |access-date=January 29, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |url=https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state |year=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2010)
| area_label2 = Dhulka aagga
| area_data2 = {{convert|3,531,905|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} (3rd)
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}340,110,988&lt;ref name=&quot;Vintage2024&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-national-total.html |title=National Population Totals and Components of Change: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=December 20, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}}331,449,281&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html |title=U. S. Census Bureau Today Delivers State Population Totals for Congressional Apportionment |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census was held on April 1, 2020. &lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|name=&quot;pop&quot;}}
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census_year = 2020
| population_census_rank = 3aad
| population_density_sq_mi = 96.8 &lt;!-- Figure based on (population/land) in July 2025. --&gt;
| population_density_rank = 180aad
| GDP_PPP                = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;{{efn|name=PPP}}
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 2aad
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 10aad
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} $30.616&amp;nbsp;trillion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 1aad
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $89,599&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEO.US&quot; /&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 8aad
| Gini                   = 41.8 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| Gini_year              = 2024
| Gini_change            = increase
| Gini_ref               = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2025/demo/p60-286.html |title=Income in the United States: 2024 |newspaper=Census.gov |page=52 |access-date=November 2, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|After adjustment for taxes and transfers}}
| HDI                    = 0.938 &lt;!-- Number only. --&gt;
| HDI_year               = 2023 &lt;!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --&gt;
| HDI_change             = increase &lt;!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --&gt;
| HDI_ref                = &lt;ref name=&quot;UNHDR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank               = 17aad
| currency = [[United States dollar|U. S. dollar]] ([[$]])
| currency_code = USD
| utc_offset = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−12:00|−12]], [[UTC+10:00|+10]], [[UTC+11:00|+11]]
| utc_offset_DST = [[UTC−04:00|−4]] to [[UTC−10:00|−10]]{{efn|name=&quot;time&quot;}}
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in the United States]]. }}
| drives_on = Sax{{efn|name=&quot;drive&quot;}}
| calling_code = [[Qorshaha Lambaraynta Waqooyiga Ameerika|+1]]
| iso3166code = US
| cctld = [[. us]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ |title=The Difference Between. us vs. com |date=January 3, 2022 |website=Cozab |access-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416200528/https://cozab.com/the-difference-between-us-vs-com/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| religion_year = 2023
| flag_type_article = Flag of the United States
}}
Paleo-Indians waxay ka soo haajireen Waqooyiga Aasiya ilaa Waqooyiga Ameerika 12,000 oo sano ka hor, waxayna sameeyeen ilbaxnimo kala duwan. Gumeysiga Isbaanishka ayaa aasaasay Isbaanishka Florida 1513, gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee hadda loo yaqaan qaaradaha Mareykanka. Gumeysigii Ingriisku wuxuu raacay degsiimadii 1607 ee Virginia, kii ugu horreeyay ee Saddex iyo toban Gumeysi. Tahriibka khasabka ah ee Afrikaanka la addoonsanayey ayaa keenay xoog shaqaale si ay u joogteeyaan dhaqaalaha beerashada ee Gumaysiga Koonfureed. Isku dhacyada Boqortooyada Ingriiska ee ku saabsan canshuuraha iyo la'aanta matalaadda baarlamaanka ayaa kiciyay Kacaanka Mareykanka, taasoo keentay ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida July 4, 1776. Guushii 1775-1783 Dagaalkii Kacaanku waxay keentay aqoonsiga caalamiga ah ee madax-bannaanida Mareykanka waxayna sii hurisay balaadhinta galbeedka, oo laga saaray dadkii u dhashay. Sida gobolo badan loo ogolaaday, kala qaybsanaantii Waqooyi-Koonfureed ee addoonsiga ayaa keentay in Dawladaha Confederate-ka ee Ameerika ay isku dayaan in ay goostaan ​​oo ay la dagaalamaan Midowga Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka 1861-1865. Guushii Mareykanka iyo dib u midoobidii, addoonsiga waa la baabi'iyay si heer qaran ah. Sannadkii 1900, waddanku wuxuu isu taagay inuu yahay awood weyn, xaalad adag ka dib markii uu ku lug lahaa dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka. Ka dib weerarkii Japan ee Pearl Harbor 1941, Maraykanku wuxuu galay dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Wixii ka dambeeyay waxay ka dhigtay Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti inay yihiin quwado iska soo horjeeda, waxayna ku loolamayaan talada fikirka iyo saamaynta caalamiga ah xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa. Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee 1991-kii ayaa soo afjaray dagaalkii qaboobaa, taasoo ka dhigtay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. 
Dawladda qaranka Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo dastuuri ah iyo dimoqraadiyad wakiil ah oo leh saddex waaxood oo kala duwan: sharci-dejinta, fulinta, iyo garsoorka. Waxay leedahay sharci-dejin heer qaran ah oo laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Golaha Wakiilada ( Aqal hoose oo ku saleysan tirada dadka) iyo Guurtida ( Aqal sare oo ku saleysan matalaada siman ee gobol kasta). Federaalku waxa uu 50-ka gobol siinaya madax-bannaani la taaban karo. Intaa waxaa dheer, 574 qabiil oo Maraykan ah waxay leeyihiin xuquuq madax-banaani, waxaana jira 326 boos celin ah oo Maraykan ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1850-meeyadii, xisbiyada Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuurigu waxay maamulayeen siyaasadda Maraykanka, halka qiyamka Maraykanku ay ku salaysan yihiin dhaqan dimuqraadi ah oo ay dhiirigelisay dhaqdhaqaaqa Iftiinka Ameerika. 
Waddan horumaray, Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa heerka ugu sarreeya ee tartanka dhaqaalaha, hal-abuurka, iyo tacliinta sare. Iyadoo lagu xisaabtamayo in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah wax-soo-saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, dhaqaalaheeda ayaa ahaa kan ugu weyn adduunka ilaa 1890-kii. Waa dalka ugu qanisan, oo leh dakhliga ugu sarreeya ee la iska tuuri karo qofkiiba xubnaha OECD, in kasta oo sinnaan la'aanta hantida ay tahay midda ugu cadcad ee dalalkaas. Waxaa qaabeeyay soogalootiga qarniyo, dhaqanka Maraykanku waa kala duwan yahay oo saameyn caalami ah. Isagoo ka dhigaya in ka badan saddex-meelood meel kharashaadka militariga adduunka, waddanku wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah militariga ugu xoogga badan waana waddan loo qoondeeyay nukliyeer. Xubin ka ah ururo badan oo caalami ah, Maraykanku waxa uu door weyn ka ciyaara siyaasadda, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga ee caalamiga ah.

==Asalka erayga==
Isticmaalka dukumeenti ah ee weedha &quot;United States of America&quot; ​​waxay dib ugu noqotaa Janaayo 2, 1776. Maalintaas, Stephen Moylan, oo ah kaaliyaha Ciidanka Qaaradaha ee General George Washington, ayaa warqad u qoray Joseph Reed, kaaliyaha Washington, isagoo doonaya inuu aado &quot; awood buuxda oo buuxa oo ka socota Maraykanka Maraykanka ilaa Spain&quot; si uu u raadsado caawimo dagaal ee Kacaanka. Isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee dadweynaha loo yaqaan waa qoraal qarsoodi ah oo lagu daabacay wargeyska Williamsburg ee The Virginia Gazette Abriil 6, 1776. Waqti ku saabsan ama ka dib Juun 11, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wuxuu qoray &quot;United States of America &quot; ​​qabyo qallafsan oo ku saabsan Baaqa Madax-bannaanida ee July2 4, 1776. 
Erayga &quot;United States&quot; iyo asal ahaan &quot;US&quot;, oo loo isticmaalo magacyo ahaan ama sifooyin ahaan Ingiriisi, waa magacyo gaagaaban oo caan ah oo dalka ah. Bilowga &quot;USA&quot;, magac, sidoo kale waa caadi. &quot;Mareykanka&quot; iyo &quot;US&quot; waa ereyada la dejiyay dhammaan dowladda federaalka ee Mareykanka, oo leh shuruuc qoran. &quot;Dawladaha&quot; waa magac soo koobid la sameeyay, gaar ahaan dibadda laga isticmaalo; stateside&quot; is the corresponding adjective or adverb. 
&quot;Ameerika &quot;waa qaabka dheddigga ah ee ereyga ugu horreeya ee Americus Vesputius, Magaca Laatiinka ee Amerigo Vespucci oo Talyaani ah waxaa markii ugu horreysay loo adeegsaday meel magac ahaan ah sawir - qaadayaasha Jarmalka Martin Waldseemüller iyo Matthias Ringmann ee 1507. 1492 waxay ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah dhul-beereed aan hore loo aqoon oo aan ka mid ahayn Hindiya ee xadka bari ee Aasiya Ingiriisiga, ereyga &quot;America&quot; ​​badanaa ma tixraaco mawduucyo aan la xiriirin Maraykanka, inkastoo isticmaalka &quot; Ameerika &quot; si loo qeexo wadarta qaaradaha Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta Ameerika. 

==Taariikhda==
===Dadka asaliga ah===
[[File:Extreme Makeover, Mesa Verde Edition - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Cliff Palace, dejinta awoowayaasha dadka Maraykanka u dhashay ee Pueblo ee ku nool Montezuma County, Colorado, oo la dhisay inta u dhaxaysa c. 1200 iyo 1275 ]]
Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degganaa Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka soo haajireen Siberiya in ka badan 12,000 oo sano ka hor, ha ahaadeen buundada dhulka Bering ama dhinaca xeebta xilliga barafka ee hadda quustay. Dhaqanka Clovis, oo soo muuqday qiyaastii 11,000 BC, ayaa la rumeysan yahay inuu yahay dhaqankii ugu horreeyay ee baahsan ee Ameerika. Muddo ka dib, dhaqamada asaliga ah ee Waqooyiga Ameerika ayaa sii kordhayay, iyo qaar, sida dhaqanka Mississippian, horumarinta beeraha, dhismaha, iyo bulshooyinka isku dhafan. Waqtigii ka dib qadiimiga, dhaqamada Mississippian waxay ku yaalliin badhtamaha-galbeed, bari iyo gobollada koonfureed, iyo Algonquian ee gobolka harooyinka waaweyn iyo dhinaca badda bari, halka dhaqanka Hohokam iyo Ancestral Puebloans ay degganaayeen koonfur-galbeed. Qiyaasta dadka asaliga ah ee hadda ah Maraykanka ka hor intaysan iman soogalootiga Yurub waxay u dhexeeyaan qiyaastii 500,000 ilaa ku dhawaad ​​​​10 milyan. 

===Sahaminta, gumeysiga iyo colaadaha reer Yurub (1513-1765)===
[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|Lahaanshaha gumeysiga ee Ingiriiska (Saddex iyo Tobankii Gumeysi ee casaan iyo kuwa kale oo guduudan), Faransiiska (buluug), iyo Isbaanish (liimi) ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, 1750]]
Christopher Columbus wuxuu bilaabay sahaminta Kariibiyaanka ee Isbaanishka 1492, taasoo u horseeday degsiimooyinka Isbaanishka iyo hawlgallada laga bilaabo hadda Puerto Rico iyo Florida ilaa New Mexico iyo California. Gumeysigii ugu horreeyay ee Isbaanishka ee maanta qaaradaha Mareykanka wuxuu ahaa Isbaanishka Florida, oo loo kireeyay 1513. Ka dib markii dhowr degsiimo ay halkaas ku fashilmeen gaajo iyo cudur dartiis, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee Spain ee Saint Augustine, waxaa la aasaasay 1565. 
Faransiisku waxay dejiyeen degsiimo u gaar ah Faransiiska Florida 1562, laakiin midkoodna waa laga tagay (Charlesfort, 1578) ama waxaa burburiyay weerarradii Isbaanishka ( Fort Caroline, 1565). Degsiimooyinka joogtada ah ee Faransiiska ayaa la aasaasay wax badan ka dib hareeraha Harooyinka Weyn ( Fort Detroit, 1701), Wabiga Mississippi (Saint Louis, 1764) iyo gaar ahaan Gacanka Mexico ( New Orleans, 1718). Gumeysigii hore ee Yurub waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray gumeysigii Nederland ee kobcaya ee New Nederland (la degay 1626, New York maanta) iyo gumeysiga yar ee Iswidhan ee New Sweden (la degay 1638 ee hadda Delaware). Gumeysigii Ingiriiska ee Xeebta Bari wuxuu ka bilaabmay Colony Virginia (1607) iyo Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts, 1620). 
Heshiiska Mayflower ee Massachusetts iyo Awaamiirta Asaasiga ah ee Connecticut waxay aasaaseen horudhac u ah is-xukunka wakiillada iyo dastuurinimada ee ka soo bixi doona guud ahaan gumeysiga Mareykanka. Iyadoo dadka reer Yurub ee ku nool waxa hadda ah Maraykanka ay la kulmeen iskahorimaadyo Asalkii hore ee Maraykanka, waxay sidoo kale ku hawlan yihiin ganacsi, iyagoo ku beddelanaya qalabka Yurub ee cuntada iyo xayawaanka. Xidhiidhku wuxuu u dhexeeyay iskaashi dhow ilaa dagaal iyo xasuuq. Maamulka gumaystaha ayaa inta badan raacda siyaasado ku qasbay dadka Asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah in ay qaataan qaab nololeedka Yurub, oo ay ku jirto diinta Masiixiga. Dhinaca xeebta bari, degayaashu waxay ka ganacsanayeen addoomo Afrikaan ah iyagoo u maraya ganacsiga addoonta ee Atlantic. 
Saddex iyo tobankii Gumeysi ee asalka ahaa oo markii dambe la heli lahaa Mareykanka waxaa loo maamuli jiray hanti ahaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay soo magacaabeen guddoomiyeyaasha Crown, in kasta oo dawladaha hoose ay qabteen doorashooyin u furan inta badan milkiileyaasha hantida ragga cad. Dadka gumaysigu si xawli ah ayuu uga koray Maine ilaa Joorjiya, isaga oo madoobaaya dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka; ilaa 1770-meeyadii, korodhka dabiiciga ah ee dadku wuxuu ahaa sida kaliya tiro yar oo Maraykan ah ayaa ku dhashay dibadda. Fogaanta gumaysigu u jiro Ingiriiska ayaa fududaysay is-xukunka, iyo baraarujintii ugu horreysay, dib u soo noolayn taxane ah oo Masiixiyiin ah, waxay kicisay xiisaha gumaysigu u leeyahay xorriyadda diineed ee la hubo. 

===Kacaankii Mareykanka iyo Jamhuuriyaddii hore (1765-1800)===
[[File:Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull.jpg|thumb|Bayaanka Madax-bannaanida Sawirka waxa uu muujinayaa Guddiga Shanta ah oo soo bandhigaya Baaqa Shirweynaha Qaaradda ee Juun 28, 1776, ee Philadelphia]]
Ka dib guushii ay ka gaareen dagaalkii Faransiiska iyo Hindiya, Ingiriisku wuxuu bilaabay inuu si weyn u maamulo arrimaha gumeysiga maxalliga ah, taasoo keentay iska caabin siyaasadeed oo gumeysi; Mid ka mid ah cabashooyinka aasaasiga ah ee gumeysiga ayaa ahaa in la duudsiyo xuquuqdooda Ingiriisi ahaan, gaar ahaan xaqa ay u leeyihiin in ay matalaan dawladda Ingiriiska oo canshuur ka qaaday. Si ay u muujiyaan ku qanacsanaan la'aantooda iyo xalintooda, Shirweynihii Koowaad ee Qaaradda ayaa kulmay 1774-kii wuxuuna soo gudbiyay Ururka Qaaradaha, qaadacaada gumeysiga ee alaabta Ingiriiska taas oo caddaynaysa waxtarka. Isku daygii Ingriisku ku doonayey in uu hub ka dhigis ku sameeyo gumaystaha waxa uu keenay 1775 dagaaladii Lexington iyo Concord, taas oo hurisay dagaalkii Kacaanka Maraykanka. Shirweynihii Labaad ee Qaaradaha, gumeysigu waxay u magacaabeen George Washington taliyaha guud ee Ciidanka Qaaradda, waxayna abuureen guddi u magacaabay Thomas Jefferson si ay u qoraan ku dhawaaqista madax-bannaanida. Laba maalmood ka dib markii la ansixiyay Lee Resolution in la abuuro qaran madax - bannaan Baaqa waxaa la ansixiyay July 4, 1776. iyo madaxbanaanida dadka; taageeridda jamhuuriyadda iyo diidmada boqortooyada, aristocracy, iyo dhammaan awoodda siyaasadeed ee dhaxalka ah; dhaqanka bulshada; iyo cayda musuqmaasuqa siyaasadeed. Aabayaasha Aasaasiga ah ee Maraykanka, oo ay ku jiraan Washington, Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, iyo kuwo kale oo badan, waxaa dhiirigeliyay falsafadaha iyo fikradaha Classical, Renaissance, iyo Iftiinka. 
In kasta oo saameyn la taaban karo tan iyo markii la qoray 1777, Qodobbada Confederation waxaa lagu ansixiyay 1781 waxayna si rasmi ah u dhistay dawlad baahsan oo shaqaynaysay ilaa 1789. waqooyi ilaa maanta Kanada, iyo koonfurta ilaa Isbaanishka Florida. Xeerka Waqooyi-galbeed (1787) wuxuu dejiyey tusaalaha ah in dhulka waddanku uu ku fido marka la ogolaado dawlado cusub, halkii la ballaarin lahaa dawladaha jira. 
Dastuurka Mareykanka waxaa lagu sameeyay Heshiiskii Dastuuriga ahaa ee 1787 si looga gudbo xaddidaadyada Qodobada. Waxa ay dhaqan gashay 1789kii, iyada oo la abuuray jamhuuriyad federaal ah oo ay maamulaan saddex laamood oo kala duwan kuwaas oo si wada jir ah u xaqiijiyay nidaamka hubinta iyo dheelitirka. George Washington waxaa loo doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee dalka sida uu qabo Dastuurka, Sharciga Xuquuqda waxaa la ansixiyay 1791 si loo yareeyo walaaca shakiga ee ku saabsan awoodda dowladda dhexe. Iscasilaadiisii ​​taliyaha guud ee ciidamada kadib dagaalkii kacaanka iyo diidmadiisi danbe ee uu u diiday in uu mar sadexaad u tartamo madaxwaynihii ugu horeeyay ee dalka waxa uu sameeyay tusaale u ah sareynta maamulka madaniga ah ee maraykanka iyo in si nabad ah xukunka loogu wareejiyo. 

===Balaadhinta Galbeedka iyo Dagaalkii Sokeeye (1800-1865)===
[[File:U.S. Territorial Acquisitions.png|thumb|Dhul balaadhinta Maraykanka]]
Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, degeyaashii Maraykanku waxay bilaabeen inay u balaadhiyaan dhanka galbeed tiro badan, qaar badan oo leh dareen cad oo aayahooda ah. Iibka Louisiana ee 1803 ee Faransiiska wuxuu ku dhawaad ​​laba jibaaray dhulka Mareykanka. Arrimihii dhex-maray ee Ingiriiska ayaa hadhay, taasoo keentay dagaalkii 1812, kaas oo lagu dagaalamay barbaro. Isbayn waxay ku wareejisay Florida iyo dhulkeeda xeebta Gacanka 1819. 
Isu -tanaasulka Missouri ee 1820-kii, kaas oo Missouri u aqoonsaday dawlad addoon ah iyo Maine oo ah dawlad xor ah, waxay isku dayday inay dheellitirto rabitaanka gobollada woqooyi si ay uga hortagto balaadhinta addoonsiga ee dhulalka cusub iyo kan gobollada koonfureed si ay halkaas ugu fidiyaan. Asal ahaan, tanaasulku wuxuu mamnuucay addoonsiga dhammaan dhulalka kale ee wax iibsiga Louisiana ee waqooyiga ee 36°30′ is barbar socda. 
Markii ay dadka Maraykanku ku sii fidayeen dhulka ay degan yihiin dadka Asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah, dawladda federaalku waxay hirgelisay siyaasadaha ka saarista Hindida ama isku darka. Sharciga ugu muhiimsan ee noocan oo kale ah wuxuu ahaa sharciga ka saarida Hindiya ee 1830, siyaasadda muhiimka ah ee Madaxweyne Andrew Jackson. Waxay sababtay in Dad lagu qiyaaso 60,000 oo Maraykan ah oo ku noolaa bariga Wabiga Mississippi si qasab ah looga saaray oo loo barokiciyey dhulalka ka fog galbeedka, taasoo sababtay 13,200 ilaa 16,700 dhimasho. Balaadhinta degeyaasha iyo sidoo kale qulqulka dadka asaliga ah ee ka yimid Bariga ayaa sababay Dagaalkii Hindida Mareykanka ee galbeedka Mississippi. 
Maraykanku waxa uu la wareegay jamhuuriyada Texas sanadkii 1845, iyo 1846 Treaty ee Oregon waxa uu horseeday in Maraykanku gacanta ku hayo Waqooyiga-galbeed ee Ameerika maanta. Murankii Mexico ee Texas wuxuu horseeday Dagaalkii Mexico-Maraykanka (1846-1848). Guushii Mareykanka ka dib, Mexico waxay aqoonsatay madaxbannaanida Mareykanka ee Texas, New Mexico, iyo California ee joogitaanka Mexico 1848; dhulalka ceyrinta ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jiray gobolada mustaqbalka ee Nevada, Colorado iyo Utah. Dhaqdhaqaaqii dahabka ee California ee 1848-1849 wuxuu kiciyay guuritaan weyn oo dadka cadaanka ah ee xeebaha Baasifigga, taasoo keentay xitaa iska hor imaadyo badan oo lala yeeshay dadka asaliga ah. Mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu rabshadaha badan, xasuuqii California ee kumannaan qof oo deegaanka ah, ayaa socday bartamihii 1870-yadii. Dhulal iyo dawlado reer galbeed oo dheeraad ah ayaa la abuuray. 
[[File:US SlaveFree1858.gif|thumb|Dawladaha addoonta ah iyo kuwa xorta ah ee 1858]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, addoonsigu wuxuu ahaa mid sharci ah gumeysiga Mareykanka, isagoo noqday xoogga shaqada ugu weyn ee baaxadda weyn, dhaqaalaha ku tiirsan beeraha ee Gumeysiga Koonfurta Maryland ilaa Georgia. Dhaqanku wuxuu bilaabay in si weyn wax looga weydiiyo intii lagu jiray Kacaankii Mareykanka, oo uu kiciyay dhaqdhaqaaq firfircoon oo baabi'in ah oo dib u soo noolaaday 1830-meeyadii, gobollada Waqooyiga ayaa soo saaray sharciyo mamnuucaya addoonsiga gudaha xuduudahooda. Isla markaana, taageerada addoonsiga ayaa ku xoojisay gobollada koonfureed, iyadoo si baahsan loo isticmaalo ikhtiraacyada sida suufka (1793) oo addoonsiga ka dhigay mid faa'iido badan u leh dadka koonfurta. 
Intii lagu jiray sannadihii 1850-aadkii, khilaafkan qaybta ah ee ku saabsan addoonsiga waxaa sii huriyay sharcigii qaranka ee Koongareeska Mareykanka iyo go'aamadii Maxkamadda Sare. Congress-ka dhexdiisa, Xeerka addoonsiga baxsadka ah ee 1850 ayaa amray in si khasab ah ay ugu laabtaan milkiilayaashooda koonfurta addoonta ah ee magangeliyay dawladaha aan addoonsiga ahayn, halka Sharciga Kansas-Nebraska ee 1854 uu si wax ku ool ah u baabi'iyay shuruudaha ka-hortagga addoonsiga ee Compromise-ka Missouri. Go'aankeeda Dred Scott ee 1857, Maxkamadda Sare waxay xukuntay addoon la keenay dhul aan addoon ahayn, isla mar ahaantaana wuxuu ku dhawaaqay dhammaan Compromise Missouri inuu yahay mid aan dastuuri ahayn. Dhacdooyinkan iyo kuwa kale waxay sii xumeeyeen xiisadaha u dhexeeya Waqooyiga iyo Koonfurta taasoo ku dhammaan doonta Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Maraykanka (1861-1865). 
Laga bilaabo South Carolina, 11 dawlad-goboleedka addoonta ah ayaa u codeeyay in ay ka go'aan Maraykanka 1861, ku biiraan si ay u abuuraan Confederate States of America. Dhammaan dawlad goboleedyada kale waxay daacad u ahaayeen Ururka. Dagaalku wuxuu qarxay Abriil 1861 ka dib markii Confederacy ay duqeeyeen Fort Sumter. Kadib ku dhawaaqistii xoraynta Janaayo 1, 1863, addoomo badan oo la soo daayay ayaa ku biiray ciidanka Midowga. Dagaalku waxa uu bilaabay in uu u soo jeesto nicmada Midowga ka dib 1863 go'doominta Vicksburg iyo Battle of Gettysburg, iyo Confederates waxay is dhiibeen 1865 ka dib guushii Midowga ee Battle of Appomattox Court House. 
===Dib-u-dhiska, Da'da Jilicsan, iyo Xilligii Horumarka (1863-1917)===
Dadaalka dib u dhiska ee Koonfurta gooni-u-goosadka wuxuu bilaabmay horraantii 1862, laakiin waxay ahayd uun dilkii Madaxweyne Lincoln ka dib in saddexda dib-u-dhiska wax ka beddelka dastuurka la ansixiyay si loo ilaaliyo xuquuqda madaniga ah. Wax-ka-beddelku waxa uu habeeyey qaran ahaan baabiinta addoonsiga iyo addoonsiga aan ikhtiyaarka lahayn marka laga reebo ciqaabta dembiyada, waxaana loo ballan qaaday ilaalin siman oo sharciga waafaqsan dhammaan dadka, iyo mamnuucidda takoorka ku salaysan jinsiyadda ama addoonsiga hore. Natiijo ahaan, Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay door siyaasadeed oo firfircoon ka qaateen dawladihii hore ee Confederate tobankii sano ee ka dambeeyay Dagaalkii Sokeeye. Dawladihii hore ee Confederate-ka ayaa dib loogu celiyay Ururka, laga bilaabo Tennessee 1866 oo ku dhammaaday Georgia 1870.
Kaabayaasha qaranka, oo ay ku jiraan telegaraafka ka gudba qaaradaha iyo jidadka tareenada, ayaa kiciyay korriinka soohdinta Maraykanka. Tan waxa dardargeliyay Acts Homestead, kaas oo ku dhawaad ​​10 boqolkiiba wadarta guud ee dhulka Maraykanka la siiyay lacag la'aan ilaa 1. 6 milyan guri. Laga soo bilaabo 1865 ilaa 1917, qulqulo muhaajiriin ah oo aan horay loo arag ayaa yimid Mareykanka, oo ay ku jiraan 24. 4 milyan oo ka yimid Yurub. Intooda badan waxay soo mareen Dekedda New York, magaalada New York iyo magaalooyinka kale ee waaweyn ee xeebta Bari waxay noqdeen hoy ay ku nool yihiin dad badan oo Yuhuud ah, Irish iyo Talyaani. Qaar badan oo reer Yurub ah iyo sidoo kale tiro badan oo Jarmal ah iyo qaar kale oo Yurubta dhexe ah ayaa u guuray Midwest. Isla markaa, ilaa hal milyan oo Kanadiyaan Faransiis ah ayaa ka haajiray Quebec una guureen New England. Intii lagu jiray Socdaalkii Wayn, malaayiin Afrikaan Maraykan ah ayaa ka tagay miyiga Koonfurta iyagoo aaday magaalooyinka waqooyiga. Alaska waxaa laga soo iibsaday Ruushka 1867.
Isku -tanaasulka 1877 ayaa guud ahaan loo arkaa inuu dhammaaday xilligii dib-u-dhiska, maadaama ay xalliyeen qalalaasaha doorashada ka dib doorashadii madaxtinimo ee 1876-kii oo uu u horseeday Madaxweyne Rutherford B. Hayes inuu yareeyo doorka ciidamada federaalka ee Koonfurta. Isla markiiba, Bixiyeyaashu waxay bilaabeen inay ka saaraan Carpetbaggers waxayna si deg deg ah u soo ceshadeen xukunka maxalliga ah ee siyaasadda Koonfurta iyagoo adeegsanaya magaca sareynta cad. Afrikaan Ameerikaanku waxay ku adkeysteen muddo korodhay, cunsuriyad cad ka dib Dib-u-dhiska, wakhti inta badan loo yaqaan nadir ee xiriirka jinsiyada Maraykanka. Go'aanno taxane ah oo Maxkamadda Sare ah, oo ay ku jiraan Plessy v. Ferguson, faaruqiyeen afar iyo tobnaad iyo shan iyo tobnaad wax ka beddelka xooggooda, jidaynayey sharciyada Jim Crow ee Koonfurta si ay u sii ahaado mid aan la hubin, magaalooyinka qorraxda ee Midwest, iyo kala soocidda ee bulshooyinka dalka oo dhan, taas oo lagu xoojin doono by siyaasadda Home ee Redlinan Lo'da dambe ee O.
Qaraxa horumarinta tignoolajiyada oo ay weheliso ka faa'iidaysiga shaqaalaha soogalootiga ah ee raqiis ah ayaa horseeday balaadhin dhaqaale oo degdeg ah dabayaaqadii 19th iyo horraantii qarniyadii 20aad, taas oo u oggolaanaysa Maraykanka inuu ka sarre maro dhaqaalaha England, Faransiiska, iyo Jarmalka oo la isku daray. Tani waxay kobcisay awood urursi ay sameeyeen dhawr ka mid ah warshadaha caanka ah, oo ay ugu badan tahay samaynta ammaano iyo keli-talis si looga hortago tartanka. Tycoons ayaa horseeday balaadhinta qaranka ee wadooyinka tareenada, batroolka, iyo warshadaha birta. Maraykanku wuxuu u soo baxay inuu yahay hormuudka warshadaha baabuurta. Isbeddelladani waxay keeneen koror weyn oo ku yimid sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaale, xaaladaha isku raranta, xasilloonida bulshada, abuurista jawi ururada shaqaalaha iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada hantiwadaagga si ay u bilaabaan inay koraan. Muddadani waxay ugu dambeyntii ku dhammaatay imaatinka Horumarka Horumarka, kaas oo lagu gartey dib-u-habeyn la taaban karo
Canaasiirtii Maraykanka u ololaysay ee Hawaii ayaa afgembiyay boqortooyadii Hawaay; jasiiradaha waxaa la raaciyey 1898. Isla sanadkaas, Puerto Rico, Filibiin, iyo Guam waxa ay Spain u dhiibtay Maraykanka ka dib guuldaradii dambe ee dagaalkii Isbaanishka iyo Ameerika. (Filibiin waxa ay xornimo buuxda ka heleen Maraykanka July 4, 1946, ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Puerto Rico iyo Guam waxay ku hadheen dhulalka Maraykanka. ) American Samoa waxa la wareegay Maraykanka 1900 ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee Samoan. Jasiiradaha US Virgin Islands waxa laga soo iibsaday Danmark 1917

===Dagaalkii Dunida I, Niyad-jab weyn, iyo Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka (1917-1945)===
[[File:Trinity shot color (4x3 cropped).jpg|thumb|Tijaabadii Saddex-midnimada Mareykanka ee 1945, qarxintii ugu horreysay abid ee hubka nukliyeerka]]
Maraykanku waxa uu galay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka isaga oo garab socda xulafadiisa 1917 isaga oo gacan ka gaysanayay in uu ka soo horjeesto quwadaha dhexe. Sannadkii 1920-kii, wax-ka-beddel dastuuri ah ayaa la siiyay doorashada haweenka waddanka oo dhan. Intii lagu guda jiray 1920-meeyadii iyo 1930-meeyadii, raadiyaha isgaarsiinta guud iyo telefishinka hore ayaa beddelay isgaarsiinta dalka oo dhan. Burburkii Wall Street ee 1929 wuxuu kiciyay Niyad-jabka Weyn, kaas oo Madaxweyne Franklin D. Roosevelt uu kaga jawaabay qorshaha Hiigsiga Cusub ee &quot;dib u habeynta, soo kabashada iyo gargaarka&quot;, barnaamijyo taxane ah oo aan horay loo arag oo soo kabashada iyo mashaariicda gargaarka shaqada oo ay weheliso dib-u-habeyn maaliyadeed iyo sharciyo. 
Bilawgii dhex dhexaadnimada intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka, Maraykanku waxa uu bilaabay in uu sahay dagaal u keeno xulafadii dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka March 1941 waxana uu dagaalka galay December ka dib weerarkii Boqortooyadii Japan ee Pearl Harbor. Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay hubkii ugu horreeyay ee nukliyeerka wuxuuna u adeegsaday magaalooyinka Japan ee Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki Agoosto 1945, soo afjaray dagaalka. Maraykanku wuxuu ka mid ahaa &quot; Afar Booliis &quot; oo kulmay si ay u qorsheeyaan aduunka dagaalka ka dib, oo ay weheliyaan Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, Midowgii Soofiyeeti iyo Shiinaha. Maraykanku waxa uu ka soo baxay dagaal aan waxba laga qaban, isaga oo weliba leh awood dhaqaale oo weyn iyo saamayn siyaasadeed oo caalami ah. 

===Dagaalkii qaboobaa iyo kacaankii bulshada (1945-1991)===
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders marching from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial) - NARA - 542010.jpg|thumb|Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha xuquuqda madaniga ah intii lagu jiray March ee Shaqooyinka iyo Xoriyadda ee Washington, DC ee Agoosto 1963]]
[[File:Reagan and Gorbachev signing.jpg|thumb|Hogaamiyihii Soofiyeedka [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. iyo Madaxweyne [[Ronald Reagan]]. ayaa [[Aqalka Cad]]. ku kala saxiixday Heshiis Dhex-dhexaad ah oo Nukliyeerka ah sanadkii 1987-kii. ]]
Dhammaadkii dagaalkii 2aad ee aduunka 1945kii waxa uu Maraykanka iyo Midowgii Soofiyeeti ka dhigay dawlado waaweyn, mid walbana waxa uu leeyahay siyaasad, ciidan iyo dhaqaale u gaar ah. Xiisada juquraafiyeed ee u dhaxaysa labada quwadood ee ugu waa wayn ayaa waxa ay markiiba keentay dagaalkii qaboobaa. Maraykanku wuxuu adeegsaday siyaasadda xakamaynta si loo xaddido saameeynta USSR, oo ku hawlan isbeddelka nidaamka ee ka dhanka ah dawladaha loo arko inay la safan yihiin Moscow, waxayna ka adkaadeen Race Race, kaas oo ku dhammaaday markii ugu horeysay ee dayax-gacmeedka dayax 1969. 
Gudaha, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmay kobac dhaqaale, magaalo-beelid, iyo korodhka dadweynaha ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka. Dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda madaniga ah ayaa soo baxay, iyadoo Martin Luther King Jr. uu noqday hogaamiye caan ah horaantii 1960-meeyadii. Qorshaha Bulshada Weyn ee maamulka madaxweyne Lyndon B. Johnson wuxuu keenay sharciyo, siyaasado iyo wax ka beddel ballaaran oo la taaban karo si looga hortago qaar ka mid ah saameynta ugu xun ee cunsuriyadda hay'adaha. 
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqan-ka-hortagga ee Maraykanka ayaa keenay isbeddelo bulsheed oo la taaban karo, oo ay ku jiraan xoraynta fikradaha isticmaalka maandooriyaha madadaalada iyo galmada. Waxa kale oo ay dhiirigelisay diidmo furan oo ku saabsan qabyo-qoraalka milatari ( oo horseedaya dhammaadka qorista 1973) iyo mucaarad ballaaran oo ka soo horjeeda faragelinta Maraykanka ee Vietnam, iyada oo Maraykanku gebi ahaanba ka baxay 1975. 1985 inta badan dumarka Maraykanka ee da'doodu tahay 16 iyo ka weyn ayaa la shaqaaleysiiyay. 
Burburkii Shuuciyadda iyo Burburkii Midowgii Soofiyeeti 1989-kii ilaa 1991-kii waxay astaan ​​u noqdeen dagaalkii qaboobaa, wuxuuna ka dhigay Mareykanka inuu yahay quwadda keliya ee adduunka. Tani waxay xoojinaysaa saamaynta Maraykanka ee caalamiga ah, iyada oo xoojinaysa fikradda &quot; Qarnigii Ameerikaanka &quot; iyada oo Maraykanku uu xukumayay siyaasadda caalamiga ah, dhaqanka, dhaqaalaha, iyo arrimaha milatariga.

===Casriga ah (1991- hadda)===
[[File:WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg|thumb|Labadii Dhismo ee Mataano ahaa ee magaalada New York intii lagu jiray weerarradii 11-kii Sebtembar 2001]]
[[File:2021 storming of the United States Capitol DSC09254-2 (50820534063) (retouched).jpg|thumb|Taageerayaasha madaxweyne Trump oo isku dayaya inay joojiyaan tirinta codadka doorashada Janaayo 6, 2021]]
Sagaashamaadkii waxa la arkay balaadhinta dhaqaale ee ugu dheer ee la diiwaan geliyo taariikhda Maraykanka, hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid heerka dambiyada Maraykanka, iyo horumarka tignoolajiyada. Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada sida World Wide Web, kobaca Pentium microprocessor si waafaqsan sharciga Moore, baytariyada lithium-ion dib loo dallaci karo, tijaabada daaweynta hidda-wadaha ee ugu horreeya, iyo cloning midkood ayaa ka soo baxay Mareykanka ama waa la hagaajiyay. Mashruuca Human Genome waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay 1990, halka Nasdaq ay noqotay suuqii ugu horreeyay ee saamiyada Mareykanka ee ka ganacsata khadka 1998. 
Dagaalkii Gacanka ee 1991-kii, isbahaysi caalami ah oo Maraykanku hogaaminayo ayaa ka saaray ciidamadii Ciraaq ee qabsaday Kuwait. Weeraradii Sebtembar 11 ee Mareykanka ee 2001 oo ay fuliyeen ururka xagjirka ah ee Islaamiyiinta ee al-Qaacida ayaa horseeday dagaalka ka dhanka ah argagixisada iyo faragelinta militari ee ka dib Afgaanistaan ​​iyo Ciraaq. 
Xumbo -xumada guryaynta Maraykanku waxa ay ku dhammaatay 2007-dii hoos-u-dhacii weynaa, hoos-u-dhacii dhaqaale ee ugu weynaa tan iyo niyad-jabkii weynaa. Sannadihii 2010-aadkii iyo horraantii 2020-meeyadii, Maraykanku waxa uu la kulmaa koror -soo-bax siyaasadeed iyo dib-u-dhac dimuqraadi ah. Polarization-ka waddanku wuxuu si ba'an uga muuqday weerarkii January 2021 Capitol, ​​markii kooxo kacdoon wadayaal ah ay galeen Capitol-ka Maraykanka oo ay doonayeen inay ka hortagaan isku-wareejin nabadeed oo xukunka isku dayeen.

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:Uspaintedrelief.png|thumb|Khariidad muuqaal ah oo Maraykan ah]]
Mareykanku waa dalka saddexaad ee adduunka ugu weyn marka la eego bedka ahaan [[Ruushka]]. iyo [[Kanada]]. 48-da gobol ee iskuxiran iyo Degmada kolumbia waxay leeyihiin bedka la isku daray 3,119,885 mayl laba jibaaran (8,080,470 km2 ). Sannadkii 2021, Maraykanku wuxuu lahaa 8% seeraha iyo daaqa joogtada ah ee Dhulka iyo 10% dhul-beereedka. 
Laga bilaabo bari, bannaanka xeebta ee badweynta Atlantikada waxay fursad u siineysaa kaymaha gudaha iyo buuraha rogaal-celiska ah ee gobolka Piedmont plateau. Buuraha Appalachian iyo Adirondack Massif waxay ka soocaan xeebta bari ee harooyinka waaweyn iyo cawska Galbeedka Dhexe. Nidaamka Wabiga Mississippi, nidaamka wabiga afraad ee aduunka ugu dheer, wuxuu inta badan ku socdaa waqooyi-koonfur ilaa bartamaha dalka. Barxadda fidsan ee bacrinsan ee Bannaanka Weyn waxa ay ku fidsan tahay dhanka galbeed, oo ay kala gooyeen gobolka sare ee koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Grand Canyon (52931490880).jpg|thumb|Grand Canyon ee Arizona]]
Buuraha Rocky, galbeed ee bannaanka weyn, waxay ku fidsan yihiin waqooyi ilaa koonfurta dalka oo dhan, iyaga oo kor u dhaafaya 14,000 cagood (4,300 m) guda Colorado. Volcano -ka sare ee hoosta ka ah Beerta Qaranka ee Yellowstone ee Buuraha Rocky, Yellowstone Caldera, waa muuqaalka foolkaanaha ugu weyn waxtarka. Galbeedka ka sii fog waa basinka weyn ee dhagaxa leh iyo Chihuahuan, Sonoran, iyo lamadegaanka Mojave. Geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee Arizona, oo uu ku xardhay Wabiga Colorado, waa Grand Canyon, oo ah canyon-jilicsan iyo goob caan ah oo dalxiis tago oo loo yaqaanno cabirka muuqaal ah oo xad dhaaf ah iyo muuqaal muuqaal ah oo qalafsan, muuqaal midab leh. Buuraha Cascade iyo Sierra Nevada waxay u dhow yihiin Baasifigga. Dhibcaha ugu horeeyay iyo kuwa ugu sarreeya ee iskuxiran ee Mareykanka waxay ku yaalliin Gobolka California, oo u jira 84 mayl (135 km). 
Kor u kaca 20,310 cagood (6,190. 5 m), Alaska's Denali (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mount McKinley) waa meesha ugu taariikhda ee dalka iyo guul. Volcanoyada firfircoon ee Maraykanka waxay ku badan yihiin dhulka Alaska ee Alexander iyo Aleutian. Waxay ku taal gebi-meel ka baxsan Waqooyiga Ameerika, Waqooyiga Ameerika waxay ka kooban yihiin qaybo foolkaanooyin ah, qayb jireed iyo asal ahaan ka tirsan qaybta Polynesian ee Oceania. 

===Cimilada===
[[File:Köppen Climate Types US 50.png|thumb|Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka]]

Noocyada cimilada ee Köppen ee Maraykanka
Iyada oo cabbirkeeda ballaaran iyo kala duwanaanshaheeda juqraafiyeed, Mareykanka waxaa ku jira badi noocyada cimilada. Bariga meeriska 100-aad, cimiladu waxay u dhaxaysaa min qaarad qoyan oo woqooyi ah ilaa kulaylaha qoyan ee koonfurta. Galbeedka Great Plains waa semi-oomane. Meelo badan oo buuraley ah oo ku yaal Galbeedka Ameerika waxay leeyihiin cimilo alpine ah. Cimiladu waa oomane Koonfur-galbeed, Mediterranean ee xeebta California, iyo badweynta xeebta Oregon, Washington, iyo koonfurta Alaska. Inta badan Alaska waa dhul-beereedka ama polar. Hawaii, cidhifka koonfureed ee Florida iyo dhulalka Maraykanka ee Kariibiyaanka iyo Baasifigga waa kulaale. 
Maraykanku waxa uu helaa shilal cimilo oo aad u daran marka loo eego wadamada kale ee saamaynta sare leh. Dawladaha xuduudka la leh Gacanka Mexico waxay u nugul yihiin duufaanno, inta badan duufaannada dunidu waxay ka dhacaan waddanka, gaar ahaan Tornado Alley. Isbeddelka cimilada ee dalka awgeed, cimilo aad u daran ayaa Maraykanka ku soo badanaysay qarniga 21aad, iyada oo saddex jeer tirada mowjadaha kulaylka la sheegay marka la barbardhigo 1960-kii. Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, abaarihii ka dhacay Koonfur-galbeed ee Ameerika waxay noqdeen kuwo joogto ah oo aad u daran. Gobollada loo arko inay yihiin kuwa ugu soo jiidashada badan dadka ayaa ah kuwa ugu nugul. 

===Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyo ilaalinta===
[[File:Bald eagle about to fly in Alaska (2016).jpg|thumb|Gorgorka bidaarta leh, astaanta qaranka ee Maraykanka ilaa 1782 oo si rasmi ah loogu dhawaaqay shimbirta qaranka 2024]]
Maraykanku waa mid ka mid ah 17 waddan oo megadiverse ah oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo kala duwan ah: qiyaastii 17,000 oo nooc oo dhirta xididdada ah ayaa ka dhaca Maraykanka iyo Alaska, iyo in ka badan 1,800 nooc oo dhirta ubaxa ah ayaa laga helaa Hawaii, kuwaas oo qaar ka mid ah ay ka dhacaan dhul weynaha. Maraykanku wuxuu hoy u yahay 428 noocyada naasleyda, 784 shimbiraha, 311 xamaarato, 295 amphibian, iyo agagaarka 91,000 noocyada cayayaanka. 
Waxaa jira 63 seerooyin qaran, iyo boqolaal taallooyin kale oo federaaligu maareeyo, kaymo, iyo meelo cidla ah, oo ay maamulaan Adeegga seeraha Qaranka iyo wakaalado kale. Qiyaastii 28% dhulka dalka waa mid si guud loo leeyahay oo federaalku maareeyo, ugu horrayn gobollada Galbeedka. Dhulkan intiisa badan waa la ilaaliyaa, inkastoo qaarkood loo kireeyay ganacsi ahaan, wax ka yar boqolkiiba hal ayaa loo isticmaalaa arrimo ciidan. 
Arrimaha deegaanka ee Maraykanka waxaa ka mid ah doodaha ku saabsan kheyraadka aan la cusboonaysiin karin iyo tamarta nukliyeerka, wasakhowga hawada iyo biyaha, kala duwanaanshaha noolaha, jarista iyo xaalufka, iyo isbedelka cimilada. Wakaaladda Ilaalinta Deegaanka ee Mareykanka (EPA) waa wakaalad federaal ah oo u xilsaaran wax ka qabashada inta badan arrimaha deegaanka la xiriira. Fikradda cidlada ayaa qaabaysay maaraynta dhulalka danta guud tan iyo 1964, iyada oo la raacayo sharciga duurjoogta. Sharciga Noocyada dabar go'aya ee 1973 wuxuu bixiyaa hab lagu ilaaliyo noocyada halista ah iyo kuwa dabar go'aya iyo deegaanadooda. Adeegga Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta Mareykanka ayaa dhaqangeliya oo dhaqangeliya sharciga. Sannadkii 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu galay 35th ka mid ah 180 waddan ee Tusmada Waxqabadka Deegaanka.

==Dowladda iyo siyaasadda==
[[File:Capitol Washington October 2016-1.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Capitol, oo ah xarunta dawladda sharci-dejinta, waxay ku yaalaan labada aqal ee Congress-ka.]]
[[File:White House lawn (long tightly cropped).jpg|thumb|Aqalka Cad, guriga iyo goobta shaqada ee madaxweynaha, waxaa ku jira xafiisyo loogu talagalay shaqaalaha fulinta. ]]
[[File:Panorama of United States Supreme Court Building at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Dhismaha Maxkamadda Sare waxaa ku yaalla Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa dalka. ]]
Maraykanku waa jamhuuriyad federaali ah oo ka kooban 50 gobol iyo degmo caasimad federaal ah, Washinton, DC Maraykanku waxa uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo aan la wadaagin iyo hanti jasiirado badan oo aan la degin. Waa federaalka ugu da'da weyn adduunka, iyo nidaamkiisa madaxtinimo ee dawladnimada qaranka waxaa si buuxda u qaatay ama qayb ka mid ah, dawlado badan oo madaxbannaan oo cusub oo adduunka ah ka dib markii ay ka baxeen gumaysigii. Dastuurka Maraykanku waxa uu u adeegaa sida dukumeentiga sharci ee ugu sarreeya dalka. Culumada intooda badani waxay ku tilmaamaan Maraykanka inuu yahay dimoqraadiyad xor ah. 

===Dawlad qaran===
Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex laamood, oo dhammaan xaruntooda tahay Washington, DC, dawladda federaalku waa dawladda qaranka ee Maraykanka. Dastuurka dejiyaa kala qaybinta awoodaha loogu talagalay in lagu ilaaliyo nidaamka hubinta iyo calaamada si looga ilaaliyo mid ka mid ah qoraal waaxood inay qayb kuwa ugu sare. 
Congress -ka waa sharci-dejin laba aqal ah oo ka kooban Guurtida iyo Wakiilada. Golaha guurtidu waxa uu leeyahay 100 calaamad - laba degane oo ka socda gobol kasta oo ay kala soo baxayaan codbixiyayaasha gobolkaas, sano ah. Golaha Wakiiladu waxa uu ka kooban yahay 435, kuwaas oo ay ka soo doorteen joojinta laba sano ah oo ay dooranayeen golaha wakiil ee ay degan yihiin. Sharci-dejinta gobolka ayaa go'aamiya xuduudaha degmada, kuwaas oo ku xiran gobolka. Degmo kasta oo congress-ka waxaa jira dad u dhigma oo waxay u soo dirtaa hal wakiil Koongareeska. Sanadaha doorashada ee senate-ka waa la is daba-mariyaa si saddex-meelood meel oo keliya ay u dhacdo doorashada labadii sanaba mar. Wakiilada Maraykanka dhamaantood waxay u diyaar garoobayaan doorasho isku mar labadii sanaba mar. Koongarayska Maraykanku wuxuu dejiyaa sharci federaal ah, wuxuu ku dhawaaqaa dagaal, wuxuu oggolaadaa heshiisyada, wuxuu leeyahay awoodda boorsada, wuxuuna leeyahay awoodda xukunka. Mid ka mid ah hawlihiisa ugu horreeya ee aan ahayn sharci-dejinta waa awoodda baaritaanka iyo kormeerka laanta fulinta. Kormeerka Koongareeska waxaa badanaa loo wakiishay guddiyo waxaana fududeeyay awoodda Congresska si uu u soo saaro amar maxkamadeed. Inta badan shaqada Congress-ka waxaa fuliya guddiyo la ururiyey, oo mid walba loo magacaabay ujeedo ama hawl gaar ah. Xubinnimada guddigu waa dhaqan iyo xeer laba dhinac. 
[[File:Official Presidential Portrait of President Donald J. Trump (2025).jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Mareykanka Donald Trump]]
[[File:January 2025 Official Vice Presidential Portrait of JD Vance.jpg|thumb|JD Vance Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Maraykanka]]
Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa madaxa qaranka, taliyaha guud ee ciidamada, madaxa fulinta ee dowladda federaalka, wuxuuna awood u leeyahay inuu diido hindise sharciyeedka Congress-ka Mareykanka ka hor intaysan noqon sharci. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, diidmada qayaxan ee madaxweynaha waxa burin kara saddex-meelood laba meel cod aqlabiyadda labada gole ee Congress-ka. Madaxweynuhu wuxuu magacaabayaa xubnaha Golaha Wasiirada, iyadoo ay ku xiran tahay ansixinta Senate-ka, wuxuuna magacaabayaa mas'uuliyiin kale oo maamula oo hirgeliya sharciga iyo siyaasadda federaalka iyagoo adeegsanaya hay'adahooda. Madaxweynuhu waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu cafiyo dambiyada federaalka oo uu soo saari karo cafis. Ugu dambayntii, madaxwaynuhu waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu soo saaro &quot; awaamiir fulineed &quot; oo ballaadhan, oo ku xidhan dib-u-eegis garsoor, dhinacyo badan oo siyaasadeed. Musharaxiinta u tartameysa xilka madaxweynaha ayaa la ololeynaya musharaxa madaxweyne ku xigeenka. Labada musharraxba waa la wada doortaa, ama waa laga wada guulaystaa, doorashada madaxweynaha. Si ka duwan codadka kale ee siyaasadda Mareykanka, tani farsamo ahaan waa doorasho dadban oo cidda ku guuleysata ay go'aamin doonto Kulliyada Doorashada Mareykanka. Halkaa, waxaa si rasmi ah codadka u dhiibanaya shakhsiyaadka dooranaya ee ay soo xuleen sharci-dejinta gobolkooda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid kasta oo ka mid ah 50-ka gobol ayaa dooranaya koox doorasho madaxweyne kuwaas oo looga baahan yahay sharciga gobolka si ay u xaqiijiyaan ku guuleystaha codka dadweynaha ee gobolkooda. Gobol kasta waxa loo qoondeeyay laba doorasho oo lagu daray hal cod-bixiye oo dheeraad ah degmo kasta oo golaha congress-ka ah ee gobolka, taas oo dhaqan ahaan isu geynaysa in ay la siman tahay tirada saraakiisha la soo doortay ee gobolku u soo diro Congress-ka. Degmada Columbia, oo aan lahayn wakiillo ama senatar, waxaa loo qoondeeyay saddex cod oo doorasho ah. Madaxweynaha iyo madaxweyne ku xigeenka labaduba waxay shaqeeyaan muddo afar sano ah, waxaana madaxweynaha dib loogu dooran karaa xafiiska hal mar oo keliya, hal xilli oo dheeraad ah oo afar sano ah. 
Garsoorka federaalka ee Maraykanka, kuwaas oo garsoorayaashoodu ay dhammaantood magacaabeen inta ay nool yihiin madaxwaynuhu marka uu oggolaado Senate-ka, waxay ka kooban yihiin Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka Maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee Maraykanka, iyo maxkamadaha degmooyinka Maraykanka. Heerka ugu hooseeya ee garsoorka federaalka waa maxkamadda degmada federaalka, taas oo go'aamisa dhammaan kiisaska loo arko inay hoos yimaadaan &quot; xukun asalka ah &quot;, sida qawaaniinta federaalka, sharciga dastuurka, ama heshiisyada caalamiga ah. Ka dib marka maxkamada degmada federaalku ay go'aan ka gaadho kiis, go'aankeeda waa laga doodi karaa waxaana loo diri karaa maxkamad sare, maxkamad federaali ah oo rafcaan ah. Nidaamka garsoorka Mareykanka 12- ka wareeg ee federaalku wuxuu dalka u qaybiyaa gobollo maamul oo gaar ah si loo gaaro go'aannada racfaanka. Maxkamadda ku xigta uguna sarraysa nidaamka waa Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka. Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanku waxay fasirtaa sharciyada oo waxay burisaa kuwa ay u aragto inay yihiin kuwo aan dastuuri ahayn. Celcelis ahaan, Maxkamadda Sare waxay heshaa qiyaastii 7,000 oo codsiyo rafcaan ah oo loogu talagalay qoraallada caddaynta sannad kasta, laakiin kaliya waxay bixisaa ku saabsan 80. oo ka kooban sagaal xubnood oo uu hoggaaminayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Maraykanka, maxkamaddu waxay ku xukuntay kiis kasta oo hor yaal go'aan aqlabiyad ah. Sida dhammaan garsoorayaasha kale ee federaalka, xubnaha waxaa magacaabaya inta ay nool yihiin madaxweynaha fadhiya oo ansixinaya Senate-ka marka boos bannaan la helo. 
Nidaamka saddexda laamood waxaa loo yaqaanaa nidaamka madaxtooyada, taas oo ka duwan nidaamka baarlamaanka oo ah fulinta waa qayb ka mid ah hay'adaha sharci-dejinta. Dalal badan oo adduunka ah ayaa qaatay qodobkan dastuurkii 1789 ee Maraykanka, gaar ahaan Ameerikada ka dib. 

===Qaybaha hoose===
[[File:United States (+overseas), administrative divisions - en - colored (zoom).svg|thumb|Dhulka Mareykanka waxaa ka mid ah Mareykanka Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands]]
Nidaamka federaaliga ah ee Maraykanka, awoodaha madaxbannaanidu waxay wadaagaan saddex heer oo dawladeed oo lagu qeexay [[Dastuur]].ka: dawladda qaranka, dawlad-goboleedyada, iyo qabiilooyinka [[Hindida]]. Maraykanku waxa kale oo uu sheegaa madax banaanida shan dhul oo si joogto ah loo degan yahay: American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, iyo US Virgin Islands. 
Dadka degan 50-ka gobol waxaa maamula dowlad goboleedka ay soo doorteen, iyadoo la raacayo dastuurka dowlad goboleedyada waafaqsan dastuurka qaranka, iyo dowladaha hoose ee la soo doortay kuwaas oo ah qeybaha maamul ee dowlad goboleedyada. Dawladuhu waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin degmooyin ama gobol u dhigma, iyo (marka laga reebo Hawaii) oo loo sii kala qaybiyo degmooyin, mid kasta oo ay maamusho wakiillo la soo doortay. Degmada Columbia waa degmo federaali ah oo ka kooban caasimadda Mareykanka, Washington, DC Degmada federaalku waa qayb maamul oo ka tirsan dowladda federaalka. 
[[File:Indian Reservations.png|thumb|Khariidadda 326 boos celin Hindi ah oo ku taal Maraykanka; 231 qabiil oo la aqoonsan yahay Alaska lama tuso. ]]
Dalka Hindiya waxa uu ka kooban yahay 574 qabiil oo federaalku aqoonsan yahay iyo 326 Hindi ah. Waxay dawlad iyo dawlad la leeyihiin dawladda Maraykanka ee Maraykanka sida sharci ah loogu sharraxay inay wadamo ku tiirsan yihiin oo leh xuquuqda madax-banaani qabiil oo asal ah. 
Marka laga soo tago shanta dhul ee calaamadaha, waxa uu sidoo kale sheegaa madax-banaanida Jaziiradaha Yaryar ee ka baxsan Maraykanka ee Badweynta Baasifigga iyo Kariibiyaanka. Todobada meeshaood ee aan muranku ku jirin ee aan lahayn dad joogto ah waa Baker Island, Island Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, iyo Palmyra Atoll. Madaxbanaanida Maraykanka ee dadka aan la noolaynBajo Nuevo Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, iyo Wake Island waa la isku haystaa.

===Xisbiyada siyaasadda===
[[File:US state Legislature and Governor Control.svg|thumb|Gobolada iyo dhulalka ee ay gacanta ku hayso qolo qolo, laga bilaabo Febraayo 2025]]
Dastuurku wuu ka aamusan yahay xisbiyada siyaasadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si madax-banaan u horumareen qarnigii 18-aad iyaga oo wata xisbiyadii Federaalka iyo Federaal-diidka. Tan iyo markaas, Maraykanku wuxuu u shaqeynayay nidaam laba xisbi oo dhab ah, in kasta oo axsaabtu ay isbeddeleen waqti ka dib. Tan iyo bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad, labada xisbi qaran ee ugu waaweyn waxay ahaayeen Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga iyo Jamhuuriga. Midda hore ayaa barnaamijkeeda siyaasadeed loo arkaa mid aad u furfuran halka kan dambena loo arko inuu yahay mid muxaafid ah barnaamijkiisa. 

===Xiriirka dibadda===
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|Xarunta [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. waxay ku taal hareeraha Wabiga Bari ee Midtown Manhattan ilaa 1952; 1945, Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay ]]
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Ruushka]]. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee [[Hindiya]]. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka.

===Milatari===
[[File:Aerial view of the Pentagon, Arlington, VA (38285035892).jpg|thumb|Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah]]
Pentagon -ka oo ah xarunta ugu weyn Wasaaradda Difaaca ee Mareykanka oo ku taal degmada Arlington ee gobolka Virginia, waa mid ka mid ah dhismayaasha xafiisyada ugu weyn adduunka oo leh in ka badan 6. 5 milyan cagood oo laba jibbaaran (600,000 m 2 ) oo dhul bannaan ah. 
Madaxweynaha ayaa ah taliyaha guud ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Mareykanka, waxaana uu magacaabayaa hogaamiyayaasheeda, xoghayaha difaaca iyo taliyayaasha isku dhafka ciidamada. Waaxda Difaaca, oo xarunteedu tahay Pentagon-ka oo u dhow Washington, DC, ayaa maamusha shan ka mid ah lixda laamood ee adeegga, kuwaas oo ka kooban Ciidanka Maraykanka, Marine Corps, Badda, Ciidanka Cirka iyo Hawada Sare. Ilaalada Xeebaha waxaa maamusha Waaxda Amniga Gudaha wakhtiga nabada waxaana loo wareejin karaa Waaxda Ciidanka Badda wakhtiga dagaalka. 
Maraykanku waxa uu ku kharash gareeyay 997 bilyan oo dollar ciidankiisa 2024, taas oo ilaa hadda ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta, taas oo ka dhigan 37% kharashaadka milatariga adduunka oo dhan 3. 4% GDP-ga dalka. Maraykanku waxa uu haystaa 42% hubka nukliyeerka adduunka - kaydka labaad ee ugu weyn ka dib Ruushka. The U. S. military is widely regarded as the most powerful and advanced in the world. 
Maraykanka waxa uu haystaa ciidamada sadexaad ee ugu weyn isku dhafka ciidamada aduunka, waxaana ka dambeeya ciidamada xoreynta shacabka Shiinaha iyo ciidamada qalabka sida ee Hindiya. Milatariga Maraykanku waxa uu ka shaqeeyaa ilaa 800 saldhig iyo tas-hiilaad dibadda ah, waxana uu ilaaliyaa in ka badan 100 shaqaale hawl-wadeen ah oo ku sugan dalalka 25 ee ajnabiga ah. Maraykanku wuxuu ku hawlanaa in ka badan 400 faragelin milatari tan iyo markii la aasaasay 1776, iyada oo in ka badan kala badh kuwan ay dhaceen intii u dhaxaysay 1950 iyo 2019 iyo 25% oo dhacay xilligii Dagaalkii Qabow ee ka dambeeyay. 
Ciidamada Difaaca Dawlad-goboleedka (SDFs) waa unugyo ciidan oo ku shaqeeya awoodda keliya ee dawlad-goboleedka. SDF-yada waxaa ogol sharciga gobolka iyo federaalka laakiin waxay hoos yimaadaan amarka gudoomiyaha gobolka. Taa beddelkeeda, cutubyada Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedku waxay hoos yimaadaan laba qaybood oo kala ah dawladaha gobolka iyo federaalka; Unugyada noocaan ah waxay sidoo kale noqon karaan hay'ado federaal ah, laakiin SDF-yada lama federaalayn karo. Shaqaalaha Ilaalada Qaranka ee dawlad-goboleedka waxaa federaalayn kara madaxweynaha iyada oo la raacayo Xeerka Difaaca Qaranka Waxka bedelka 1933, kaas oo abuuray Ilaalada oo bixisa isku dhafka Ciidanka Qaranka iyo Unugyada Ilaalada Hawada Qaranka iyo shaqaalaha Ciidanka Maraykanka iyo (tan iyo 1947) Ciidanka Cirka ee Maraykanka. 

===Dhaqangelinta sharciga iyo cadaaladda dembiyada===
Waxaa jira ilaa 18,000 oo hay'ado booliis Mareykan ah oo ka socda heer deegaan ilaa heer qaran qaran Mareykanka. maskaxda Mareykanka waxaa inta badan dhaqan geliya waaxyaha booliska ee deegaanka iyo waxa shariifyada ee degmadooda ama maamulkooda. Waaxyaha booliiska gobolku waxay awood ku leeyihiin gobolkooda, hay'adaha xafiisyada sida Xafiiska Baarista pdf (FBI) iyo Adeegga Marshals-ka Mareykanka waxay leeyihiin awood heer qaran ah iyo baahiyo gaar ah, sida ilaalinta madaniga ah, amniga qaranka, xukunnada maxkamadaha Maxkamadaha Mareykanka iyo xayiraadaha, iyo fal-dembiyeedka gobolka. Maxkamadaha gobolku waxay qabatoobeen ku dhawaaddhammaan maxkamadaha madaniga iyo dembiyada, halka maxkamadaha feederaalku ay xukumaan tirada tirada u yar ee maxaabiista iyo dembiyada ee la xidhiidha xadhig. 
Ma jiru &quot;nidaamka kulanka dembiyada&quot; midaysan ee Maraykanka. Nidaamka Qabyada waa mid aad u kala duwan, oo leh kumanaan nidaamyo madax bannaan oo ka shaqeeya guud ahaan heer federaal, gobol, degaan, iyo qabiil. 2025, &quot;nidaamyadani waxay hayaan ku dhawaad ​​2 milyan oo qof oo ku jira 1,566 qabsiyada gobolka, 98 qabyada maxaabiista, 3,116 qabyada filimka ah, 1,277 shaqada asluubta dhalinyarada, 133, 133, iyo 80 qabyada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo 80 qabsashada dalka Hindiya, iyo sidoo kale xabsiyada militariga, isbitaalada dhimirka Mareykanka. &quot; 
In kasta oo ay jiraan nidaamyo kala duwan oo xarig ah, afar hay'adood oo waaweyn ayaa ka taliya: qabyada, qabyada gobolka, qabyada dhufeys, iyo ciidamada asluubta dhalinyarada Xabsiyada, waxaa maamula Xafiiska pdf ee Xabsiyada, waxaana sidoo kale lagu helay dambiyada maxkamada. Xabsiyada gobolka, oo ay u suurtagelinayaan in sixitaanka ee gobol kasta, ayaa lagu qabtaa dadka lagu shaabadeeyey iyo sharraxaadda (inta badan in ka badan hal sano) dambiyada culus. Xabsiyada Gaadiidka ahi waa degmada ama degmada ee xidha eedaysanayaasha ka hor maxkamadaynta; sidoo kale qabatinka kuwa ku jira jumlado gaagaaban (sida caadiga ah hal sano ka yar). Xarumaha sixitaanka ee dhallaanka waxaa maamula hoosaadka hoose ama dawlad-goboleedka u burburay meelayn sare ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah maxaabiista dembi-darro oo uu amray garsooruhu in la xidho. 
Bishii Janaayo 2023, Marey wuxuu lahaa heerka fasalka ee ugu sarreeya heerka fasalka qofkiiba diilinta - 531 qof 100,000 qofba - iyo xaqiiqda ugu weyn iyadoo, in ka badan 1. 9 milyan oo qof lagu xiray. Falanqaynta Xogta Dhimashada ee Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ee laga soo bilaabo 2010 ayaa heerka heerka Maraykanka &quot;waxa 7 jeer ka hora muuqalka kale ee sarregoodu sarreeyo, oo ay u horseeday heerka dilka qoriga kaas oo 25 jeer ka sarreeya&quot;. 

==Dhaqaalaha==
[[File:US one dollar bill, obverse, series 2009.jpg|thumb|Doolarka Maraykanka waa [[lacagta]]. loogu isticmaalka badan yahay wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee ugu horraysa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay dhaqaale isku dhafan oo aad u horumarsan kaas oo magac ahaan ahaa kan adduunka ugu weyn ilaa 1890kii. Wax-soo-saarka guud ee gudaha 2024 (GDP) in ka badan $29 trillion wuxuu ka kooban yahay 25% wax soo saarka dhaqaalaha caalamiga ah, ama 15% ee sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP). Laga soo bilaabo 1983 ilaa 2008, kobaca GDP ee dhabta ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu ahaa 3. 3%, marka la barbar dhigo celceliska miisaanka 2. 3% inta ka hartay G7. Waddanku wuxuu ku jiraa kaalinta koowaad ee adduunka GDP magac ahaan, labaad marka lagu hagaajiyo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga (PPP), iyo sagaalaad by PPP-ku hagaajin GDP per capita. Bishii Febraayo 2024, wadarta guud ee deynta dawladda dhexe ee Mareykanka waxay ahayd $34. 4 tiriliyan. 
[[File:The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg|thumb|Magaalada New York waa xarunta dhaqaalaha ugu weyn aduunka, aaggeeda magaalo weyna waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. ]]
500-ka-soo-saarka ee sawirada calaamadaha, 136 waxay xaruntoodu ahayd Maraykanka 2023, taas oo ah tirada ugu badan ee waddan kasta. Doolarka Maraykanka waa lacagta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo wax kala iibsiga caalamiga ah iyo lacagta kaydka ah ee aduunka ugu horeeya, oo ay taageerto dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee dalka, ciidankeeda, nidaamka petrodollarka, suuqa khasnadaha Maraykanka ee wayn, iyo isku xidhka eurodollar. Dhowr waddan ayaa u isticmaala sidii lacagtooda rasmiga ah, kuwa kalena waa lacagta dhabta ah. Maraykanku waxa uu heshiisyo ganacsi oo xor ah la leeyahay dhawr waddan, oo ay ku jiraan USMCA. In kasta oo Maraykanku uu gaadhey heerkii warshadaha ka dambeeyey ee horumarinta dhaqaalaha oo inta badan lagu tilmaamo in uu leeyahay dhaqaale adeeg, haddana waxa uu ahaanayaa awoodda warshadaha ee weyn; sanadka 2021, waaxda wax soo saarka ee Maraykanku waxa ay ahayd tan labaad ee ugu wayn aduunka kadib Shiinaha. 
Magaalada New York waa xarunta,ee ugu weyn aduunka, iyo aageedda magaaladu waa dhaqaalaha aduunka ugu weyn. New York Stock Exchange iyo Nasdaq, Ciyaar waxay ku yaalliin magaalada New York, waa labada is-ingaagga adeegga adduunka ugu weyn iyo la ciyaaray suuq-geynta suuqa iyo mugga ganacsiga. Booska safka hore kaga jiraa horumarinta tignoolajiyada iyo hal-abuurnimada dhinacyo badan oo dhaqaale, gaar ahaan sirdoonka macmal; qalab elektarooniga ah iyo ko calaamadada; dawooyinka; iyo qalabka caafimaadka, hawada iyo ciidamada. Dhaqaalaha dalka waxa lagu shubaa kheyraad dhaqdhaqaaq ah oo aad u badan, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo horumarsan iyo wax soo saar sare. Wada -hawlgalayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Mareykanka waa Midowga Yurub, Mexico, Canada, China, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, iyo Taiwan. Booska waa soo xamuul iyo dhoofinta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka. Ilaa hadda waa dhoofinta ugu weyn adduunka ee shaqada.
Dadka waxa ay leeyihiin celceliska qoyska ugu sarreeya iyo dakhliga xubnaha ee qaybaha ka ah OECD, iyo dakhliga dhexe ee afraad ee ugu sarreeya ee 2023, ilaa caafimaadka ee ugu sarreeya 2013. Suuqa ganacsiga. Mareykanka ayaa muujinaya ka galay tirada bilaha ah ee dollarka ah iyo milyaneerrada 2023, oo leh 735 bilayseer iyo ku dhawaad ​​​​22 milyaneer.
Hantida Maraykanka ayaa ah mid aad u urursan; Sanadkii 2011, dadka ugu qanisan 10% dadka qaangaarka ah waxay leeyihiin 72% hantida qoyska ee dalka, halka 50% ugu qanisan ay leeyihiin kaliya 2%. Sinnaan la'aanta Mary ayaa aad u habboon tan iyo dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii, iyo sinnaan la'aanta dakhliga Mareykanka ayaa gaadhay heerkii ugu sarreeyay 2019. Sannadkii 2024, waddanku waxa uu lahaa qaar ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya waxsoosaarka iyo sinnaan la'aanta kaydka OECD. Tan iyo 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray kala goynta faa'iidooyinka ilaalinta US ee wax soo saarka beeraha. Xididka 2016, shanaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dadka qaata guriga qaadashada in ka badan kala badh dhammaan dakhliga, xidhiidhinta US mid ka mid ah lacagta ugu badan ee loo qaybiyo qaybaha OECD. Waxaa jiray ilaa 771,480 qof oo guri la'aan ah gudaha Mareykanka sanadkii 2024. Sanadkii 2022, 6. 4 milyan oo caruur ah ayaa la kulmay haqab-beel cunto. Quudinta Ameerika waxay ku qiyaastay in shantiiba mid, ama ku dhawaad ​​13 milyan, carruurtu ay gaajo la kulmaan gudaha U.S. Sidoo kale sanadka 2022, ilaa 37. 9 milyan oo qof, ama 11. 5% dadweynaha Mareykanka, ayaa ku noolaa faqri. 
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay gobolka daryeelka ee ka yar waxana uu u qaybiyaa dakhli ka yar ficilka dawlada marka loo eego inta badan wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo. Waa dhaqaalaha kaliya ee horumaray ee aan dammaanad qaadin shaqaalaheedu inay qaataan fasax qaran ahaan iyo mid ka mid ah dhawr waddan oo adduunka ah oo aan lahayn fasax qoys oo federaal ah sidi xuquuq sharci ah. Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay boqolkiiba boqol ka badan ee shaqaalaha dakhligoodu yar yahay, marka loo eego ku dhawaad ​​waddan kasta oo horumaray, sababta oo ah nidaamka gorgortanka wadajirka ah ee daciifka ah iyo la'aanta taageerada dawladda ee shaqaalaha khatarta ku jira. 

===Sayniska iyo farsamada===
Maraykanku waxa uu hormuud u ahaa hal-abuurnimada tignoolajiyada ilaa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad iyo cilmi-baadhisyo saynis ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii 20-aad. Hababka loo soo saaro qaybo la isweydaarsan karo iyo samaynta warshadaynta qalabka mishiinada ayaa awood u siisay wax soo saarka baaxadda wayn ee alaabta macaamiisha Maraykanka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, koronto-siinta warshadda, soo bandhigida khadka isku xirka, iyo farsamooyinka kale ee badbaadinta shaqada ayaa abuuray nidaamka wax soo saarka ballaaran
[[File:Aerial view of Silicon Valley.jpg|thumb|Dooxada Silicon Valley ee California waa tan ugu weyn uguna horraysa tignoolajiyada iyo xarunta hal-abuurka ee adduunka. ]]
Qarnigii 21-aad, waxa uu sii ahaanayaa mid ka mid ah awoodaha iibinta ee ugu filimka, in kasta oo Shiinaha uu u soo baxay tartan weyn oo dhinacyo badan leh. waxa uu leeyahay casho cilmi-, iyo heerarka sare ee waddan kasta inta ku jira kaalinta sagaalaad ee GDP. Xiddiga 2022, xiddiga 2021, Maktabadda wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad (sidoo kale Shiinaha ka dib) tirada tix patent-ka, iyo calaamadaha suuqyada iyo iibinta isticmaalka (ka dib Shiinaha iyo Jarmalka), sida laga soo xigtay Tilmaamayaasha Hantida Aqoonta Adduunka. 2023 iyo 2024, waxa galay kaalinta ugu sareysa (ka dib Switzerland iyo Sweden) ee Tusaha Hal-abuurka Caalamiga ah. Maraykanka ayaa lagu tiriyaa inuu yahay dalka hormuudka ka ah fiigaan tignoolajiyada macmal. calanka 2023, waxa uu galay kaalinta labaad ee tign. 

===Duulimaadka hawada sare===
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Astronauts Buzz Aldrin iyo Neil Armstrong (oo lagu arkay muuqaal muuqaal ah) intii lagu jiray howlgalkii 1969 Apollo 11, markii ugu horreysay ee uu soo degay Dayax. Mareykanka ayaa ah dalka kaliya ee bini’aadamka dul dhigay dayaxa. ]]
Maraykanku waxa uu sii waday barnaamijka hawada sare ilaa dabayaaqadii 1950-meeyadii, laga bilaabo aasaaskii National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) ee 1958. waxay ahaanaysaa mid ka mid ah marxaladaha ugu muhiimsan ee wakaalada. Dadaalka kale ee waaweyn ee NASA waxaa ka mid ah barnaamijka Space Shuttle (1981-2011), barnaamijka Voyager (1972-present), telescopes-ka Hubble iyo James Webb (oo la bilaabay 1990 iyo 2021, siday u kala horreeyaan), iyo Fursad, Xiisaha, iyo adkaysiga ). NASA waa mid ka mid ah shan hay'adood oo iska kaashanaya Saldhigga Hawada Caalamiga ah (ISS); Wax ku biirinta US ee ISS waxaa ka mid ah dhowr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), iyo Tranquility (2010), iyo sidoo kale taageerada saadka iyo hawlgalka ee socota. 
Qaybta gaarka ah ee Maraykanka ayaa xukuma warshadaha duulimaadka hawada sare ee ganacsiga caalamiga ah. Qandaraaslayaasha duulista hawada sare ee caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah Blue Origin, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, iyo SpaceX. Barnaamijyada NASA sida Barnaamijka Shaqaalaha Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Soo-celinta Ganacsiga, Adeegyada Mushaarka Dayaxa ee Ganacsiga, iyo NextSTEP waxay fududeeyeen ka qaybgalka qaybaha gaarka ah ee duulimaadka hawada sare ee Maraykanka. 

===Tamarta===
xurmada 2023, waxa uu ka helay ku dhawaad ​​​​84% tamartiisa hore fosil, isha ugu weyn ee tamartuna waxa ay ahayd batroolka (38%), waxa ku xigay gaasta dabiiciga ah (36%), ilaha la cusboonaysiin karo (9%), dhuxusha (9%), iyo tamarta nukliyeerka (9%). Sannadkii 2022, Maraykanku waxa uu ka kooban yahay 4% dadka adduunka, laakiin waxa ay isticmaaleen ku dhawaad ​​16% tamarta adduunka. Maraykanku waxa uu ku jiraa kaalinta labaad ee ugu sarraysa ee sii daaya gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo ee Shiinaha ka dambeeya. 
Maraykanku waa soosaaraha ugu weyn adduunka ee tamarta nukliyeerka, isaga oo soo saara ku dhawaad ​​30% tamarta nukliyeerka adduunka. Waxa kale oo ay leedahay tirada ugu badan ee tamarta nukliyeerka ee waddan kasta. Laga bilaabo 2024, Maraykanku wuxuu qorsheynayaa inuu saddex jibaaro awooddiisa nukliyeerka marka la gaaro 2050. 

===Gaadiidka===
[[File:45intoI-10 2.jpg|thumb|Isweydaarsiga u dhexeeya Interstate 10 iyo Interstate 45 gudaha Houston, Texas]]
4 milyan oo mayl (6. 4 milyan oo kiiloomitir) isku xidhka xidhidh, oo ay wada leeyihiin dhawaad ​​ku dhawaad ​​dhaammaan dowlad dawladeed iyo dawladaha hoose, waa tan ugu dheer adduunka. Nidaamka Waddooyinka Gobolka ee diid ee isku xira dhammaan waxa kale oo ay muujinayaan inta badan xaddidan laakiin waxaa socda waaxyaha safarka ee gobolka, oo lagu kabo waddooyinka gobolka iyo qaar ka mid ah wadooyinka gaarka loo leeyahay. 
fasalka waxa uu ka mid yahay tobanka waddan ugu sarreeya ee leh lahaanshaha ugu sarreeya qofkiiba (850 baabuur 1,000 qof) sanadka 2022. shaqada la sameeyay 2022 ayaa lagu ogaaday in 76% ciqaabka Mareykanka ay keligood wadaan halka 14% ayan wataan baaskiil, oo ay ku jiraan milkiilayaasha baaskiillada oo ay isticmaalaan shabakadaha wadaaga baaskiilka. Qiyaastii 11% waxay isticmaaleen nooca ka mid ah safarka.
Gaadiidka ee Maraykanka ayaa si wanaagsan u horumaray baabuurta ugu waaweyn, gaar ahaan New York City, Washington, DC, Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, iyo San Francisco; Haddi kale, guul guud ahaan wuu ka yar yahay inta badan boos kale ee horumaray. qolka waxa kale oo uu leeyahay meelo badan oo baabuurta ku tiirsan.
Safarka masaafo dheer ee dhexmara waxaa bixiya shirkado diyaaradeed, laakiin ku safrida tareenada ayaa aad ugu badan dhanka Waqooyi Bari Corridor, eka kaliya ee dheesha dheereeya ee Maraykankaee ekaa awooda ah. Amtrak, oo ah shirkad qaran oo ay gaaban maalgeliso tareenada, ayaa leh shabakad aad u yar marka loo eego waddammada Galbeedka Yurub. Adeeggu waxa uu ku urursan yahay Waqooyi-bari, California, Midwest, Pacific Northwest, iyo Virginia/Koonfur-bari. 
[[File:Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, oo u adeegaya aagga magaalada Atlanta, waa madaarka adduunka ugu mashquulka badan ee taraafikada rakaabka oo leh in ka badan 75 milyan oo rakaab ah illaa 2021]]
Maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay shabakad gaadiid diyaaradeed oo ballaadhan. Duulimaadyada rayidka ee Mareykanka dhamaantood waa kuwo si gaar ah loo leeyahay. Saddexda shirkadood ee ugu waaweyn caalamka, marka la isu geeyo tirada rakaabka, waxay ku salaysan yihiin Maraykanka; American Airlines ayaa noqotay hogaamiyaha caalamiga ah ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 2013 ee US Airways 50 ka garoon diyaaradeed ee ugu mashquulka badan aduunka, 16 ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, sidoo kale 5 ka mid ah 10ka diyaaradood ee ugu sareeya Sannadkii 2022, inta badan 19,969 garoon diyaaradeed oo Maraykan ah waxaa lahaan jiray oo maamulayay maamullada dawladda hoose, waxaana sidoo kale jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo gaar loo leeyahay. Qaar ka mid ah 5,193 ayaa loo qoondeeyay inay yihiin &quot;isticmaalka dadweynaha&quot;, oo ay ku jiraan duulista guud. Maamulka Amniga Gaadiidka (TSA) ayaa ilaa 2001 ilaa 2001 sugay ammaanka inta badan garoomada diyaaradaha. 
Shabakadda safarka tareenada ee dalka, oo ah tan ugu dheer indhaha,oo dhan 182,412. 3 mi (293,564. 2 km), waxay gacanta ku haysaa inta badan filimka (marka la barbar dhigo tareennada beertaka badan ee Yurub. 
Marin-biyoodyada gudcurka waa kuwa shanaad ee ilaalinta ugu dheer, oo dhan 41,009 km (25,482 mi). Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalo dagaalka, madadaalada, iyo xaddi yar oo taraafikada ah. 50 ka dekedood ee ugu mashquulka badan ee konteenarada, afar ka mid ah waxay ku yaalaan Maraykanka, iyadoo ta ugu mashquulka Maraykanka ay tahay Dekedda Los Angeles.

==Tirakoobka dadweynaha==
Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa soo sheegay 331,449,281 deganeyaal ah Abriil 1, 2020, taasoo ka dhigaysa Mareykanka waddanka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan adduunka, ka dib Shiinaha iyo Hindiya. Qiyaasta dadweynaha ee Xafiiska Tirakoobka ee 2024 ee rasmiga ah waxay ahayd 340,110,988, koror 2. 6% ah tan iyo tirakoobkii 2020. Marka loo eego Saacadda Dadweynaha Mareykanka ee Xafiiska, Luulyo 1, 2024, dadka Mareykanka waxay heleen faa'iido saafi ah oo hal qof ah 16kii ilbiriqsi kasta, ama qiyaastii 5400 qof maalintii. Sannadkii 2023, 51% dadka Maraykanka ah ee da'doodu tahay 15 iyo wixii ka weyn ayaa guursaday, 6% ayaa laga dhintay, 10% waa la furay, 34% weligood may guursan. Sannadkii 2023, wadarta heerka bacriminta ee Maraykanku wuxuu istaagay 1. 6 carruur ah haweeneydiiba, iyo, 23%, waxay lahayd heerka ugu sarreeya adduunka ee carruurta ku nool guryaha waalid kelidii ah sannadka 2019. 

===Lacag===
Qaab dhismeedka bulsheed ee Maraykanku wuxuu leeyahay kala duwanaansho weyn. Tani waxay la macno tahay in dadka Maraykanka qaarkood ay aad uga qanisan yihiin kuwa kale. Celcelis ahaan ( dhexdhexaadka ) dakhliga soo gala Maraykan wuxuu ahaa $37,000 sanadkii 2002. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, 1% dadka ugu qanisan Maraykanka ayaa haysta lacag la mid ah tan ugu saboolsan 90%. 51% dhammaan qoysaska waxay heli karaan kombuyuutar, 41% waxay heleen internetka sannadkii 2000, tiradaas oo kor u kacday 75% 2004. Sidoo kale, 67. 9% qoysaska Maraykanka ah ayaa leh guryahooda 2002. Waxaa jira 200 milyan oo baabuur gudaha Maraykanka, laba ka mid ah saddexdii Maraykan ah. Deynta ayaa kor u dhaaftay $21,000,000,000,000. 

===Luuqad===
Ingiriisi ( Ingiriisi Maraykan ah ) waa luqadda dhabta ah ee qaranka. In kasta oo aysan jirin luqad rasmi ah oo heer federaal ah, sharciyada qaar (sida shuruudaha jinsiyadda Mareykanka ) waxay jaangooyaan Ingiriisiga. Sannadkii 2010, qiyaastii 230 milyan, ama 80% dadweynaha da'doodu tahay shan sano iyo ka weyn, waxay ku hadleen Ingiriis oo keliya guriga. Isbaanishka, oo ay ku hadlaan 12% dadka guriga jooga, waa luqadda labaad ee ugu caansan iyo luqadda labaad ee loogu badan yahay. Qaar ka mid ah dadka Maraykanka ah ayaa u ololeeya in Ingiriisiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee waddanka, maadaama ay tahay ugu yaraan siddeed iyo labaatan gobol. Hawaiian iyo Ingiriisi labaduba waa luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Hawaii marka loo eego sharciga gobolka. 
Inkastoo midkoodna uusan lahayn luqad rasmi ah, New Mexico waxay leedahay sharciyo siinaya isticmaalka Ingiriisi iyo Isbaanish labadaba, sida Louisiana u sameyso Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis. Gobollada kale, sida California, waxay amar ku bixiyaan daabacaadda noocyada Isbaanishka ee dukumentiyada dowladda qaarkood oo ay ku jiraan foomamka maxkamadda. Xukuno badan oo leh dad badan oo aan Ingiriisiga ku hadlin ayaa soo saara agabka dawladda, gaar ahaan macluumaadka codbixinta, oo ku qoran luqadaha inta badan lagaga hadlo xukunnadaas. 
Dhowr dhulal aan qarsooneyn ayaa siinaya aqoonsi rasmi ah afkooda hooyo, oo ay la socoto Ingiriisi: Samoan iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday American Samoa iyo Guam, siday u kala horreeyaan; Carolinian iyo Chamorro waxaa aqoonsaday Jasiiradaha Waqooyiga Mariana; Isbaanishku waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee Puerto Rico waxaana looga hadlaa Ingiriis si ka ballaaran. 
Afaf badan oo Maraykan ah oo ku hadla afka Maraykanka ayaa halis ku jira. 

===Waxbarashada===
Inta badan gobolada, carruurta waxaa looga baahan yahay inay dhigtaan dugsiga laga bilaabo da'da lix ama toddoba (guud ahaan, kindergarten ama fasalka koowaad) ilaa ay ka gaaraan siddeed iyo toban jir (guud ahaan iyaga oo keenaya fasalka laba iyo tobnaad, dhammaadka dugsiga sare); gobolada qaarkood waxay u ogolaadaan ardayda inay dugsiga ka baxaan markay gaaraan lix iyo toban ama todoba iyo toban. Qiyaastii 12% carruurta ayaa ka diiwaangashan dugsiyada gaarka loo leeyahay ama kuwa aan diiniga ahayn. In ka badan 2% carruurta ayaa guriga wax lagu baro. 

==Dhaqanka==
Dhaqanka caanka ah ee Maraykanku wuxuu u baxaa meelo badan oo adduunka ah. [ 119 ] Waxay saameyn weyn ku leedahay meelaha badankooda, gaar ahaan dunida Galbeedka. Muusigga Ameerikaanku waa meel walba, filimada Maraykanka iyo bandhigyada telefishinka ayaa laga arki karaa waddamada intooda badan. 

===Calan===
[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|Calanka Mareykanka ]]
Calanka Mareykanka ayaa ka kooban 50 xiddigood oo midab buluug ah leh, waxaana uu leeyahay 13 xariijimo ah, toddobo casaan ah iyo lix caddaan ah. Waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha badan ee Maraykanka sida Gorgorka Bidaarta leh. 50-ka xiddigood waxay u taagan yihiin 50-ka gobol. Casaanku wuxuu u taagan yahay geesinnimo, buluugguna wuxuu u taagan yahay caddaalad, caddaankuna wuxuu u taagan yahay nabadda iyo nadaafadda. 13-ka xariijimo waxay ka dhigan yihiin 13kii deegaan ee asalka ahaa. 

===Cunto===
Hamburgerku waa mid ka mid ah cuntooyinka caanka ah ee Maraykanka. Cuntada degdega ah ee Maraykanka waxay hoy u tahay cuntooyin badan oo gobolleed sida Cuisine ee Koonfurta Maraykanka, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno cuntada koonfurta. Waxaa jira noocyo Ameerikaan ah oo Shiinees ah, Giriig, Jabbaan, Talyaani iyo Cunto Meksiko ah. Cunnada Asaliga ah ee Ameerika waa cunnada dadka asaliga ah ee Ameerikaanka ah. Cuntooyin badan oo Maraykan ah ayaa waxaa saameeya dalal badan oo adduunka ah. Cunnada Maraykanku waxay leedahay saamayn Maraykan, Ingiriis, Faransiis, Jarmal, iyo Isbaanish. Cunnada naftu waa cunto dhaqameed koonfurta Ameerikaanka ah. 

===Muusiga===
Mareykanka ugu Caansan waa rock iyo roll, pop, kountry, R&amp;B, iyo hip hop. Muusiga Asaliga ah waa muusiga wadaniga ah ee Maraykanka. Fanaaniinta Maraykanka ee noqday jilayaasha ah waxaa ka mid ah Whitney Houston, Michael Jackson, iyo Madonna. 
[[File:Wilson opening day 1916.jpg|thumb|Ciyaaraha baseball ee Mareykanka, mararka qaarkood madaxwaynuhu wuxuu tuuraa kubbadda ugu horreysa. ]]
Dhaladka Ameerikaanku waxay ciyaari jireen lacrosse ka hor intaysan [[Yurub]]. imaanin Baseball waa ciyaaraha dalka Mareykanka, kubbada cagta Mareykankana waa ciyaarta ugu badan. [[Kubadda Koleyga]]. ayaa sidoo kale aad looga jecel yahay [[dal]] Mareykanka, oo uu horyaal leeyahay horyaal u gaar ah oo lagu soo qaadanayo [[NBA]].

===Ciyaaraha fiidiyowga===
Warshadaha [[ciyaaraha fiidyaha]]. ee cagaha waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu weyn waddan kasta. Waa suuqa labaad ee ugu weyn ee ciyaaraha kadib Shiinaha. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah ciyaaraha fiidyaha ee ugu weyn waxay ku salaysan yihiin USA, sida Take-Two Interactive, Farshaxanka Elektarooniga ah, Activision Blizzard, iyo Xbox Game Studios.

==Xog kooban==
Wadanka Mareykanka wuxuu leeyahay magaalooyin waaweyn waxaana kamid ah magaalooyonkaas New York, Chicago, iyo Los Angels. &lt;ref&gt;https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities&lt;/ref&gt;
Caasimada wadanka waa Washington. Mareykanka waa wadan aad uweyn waan wadanka sadaxaad ee ugu weyn caalamka. Madaxweynaha Mareykanka waa Donald Trump. 

==Jawiga==
Cimiladda iyo Jawigga waa ku Ameerikiga sidda waqqiyagga Amerrka ee Biritish North Amerika: Earth Quakes, Fire, Ice, Snow iyo Tsunami &quot;Florida&quot; waalan.
Maadaama oo wadanka weyn yahay, wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay jawi aad u kala duwan. Dhinaca woqooyiga mareykanka waxoo leeyahy xiliyo isbedel ah oo hawo qaboow iyo baraf oo kadhaco, Koonfurta wadanka waa kuleel oo qorax joogta ah. wadanka maraykanku waxa uu leeyahay jawiyo kalagadisan. taas macnaheedu waxa weeyaaan hadaad ka tagto gobol cimiladiisu kulushahay waxa laga yaabaa inaad gasho mid ku jirra qabaw. 

==Daadka la deggan USA==
* {{Flag|Kanada}} 135,000++

* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Spain}}:350,000++

* {{Flag|Masar}}:135,000+

* {{Flag|Qadar}}:12,00++

* {{Flag|Hindiya}}; PR Hnds 1,600,000

* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}:10,000+

==Beeraha iyo xayawaanaadka==
Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay geedo iyo beero kala duwan oo 17000 ka badan oo wadanka mareykanka u gaar ah. Wadanka mareykanka waxoo leeyahay meelo badan oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. Meesha ugu horeysay aduunka oo Xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo waxee eheed [[Xanaanada Xayawaanaadka|Yellowstone]], waxaa la sameeyay 1872dii, markaas kadib wadanka mareykanka waxaa laga sameeyay 57 meel oo xayawaanaadka lagu xanaaneeyo. 

==Diinta==
Maraykanka waxa ku nool dad ka kooban diimo badan. Inta badan dadku waa [[Masiixiyad]], laakiin dadka [[Yuhuuda]], [[Islaamka]], iyo diinta [[Hindusam]] aaminsanaansho ayaa iyaguna qayb ka ah dadweynaha. 

==Xubinka tahay==
*[[IMF]]
*[[NATO]]
*[[Bankiga Aduunka]]
*[[Midowga Yurub]]
*[[Kooxda Labaatanka]]
*[[Qaramada Midoobay]]

==Sido kale fiiri==
* [[Faransiiska]]
* [[Turkiga]]
* [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]
* [[Ustareliya]]
&lt;Ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2023/4/14/how-india-will-overtake-china-to-become-the-most-populous-country&lt;/Ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Cadaymo ==
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/us/politics/trump-order-english-official-language.html &quot;Trump Calaamadaha Amarka si loogu Magacaabo Ingiriisiga Luuqadda Rasmiga ah ee Maraykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/how-wet-your-state-water-area-each-state &quot;Aagga Biyaha ee Gobol kasta&quot;]
*[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/04/2020-census-data-release.html &quot;Xafiiska Tirakoobka Mareykanka ayaa Maanta Bixiya Wadarta Dadweynaha Gobolka ee Saami Qaybsiga Koongareeska&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=YgVnDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA344 &lt;nowiki&gt;Qaabaynta Waqooyiga Ameerika: Laga soo bilaabo Sahaminta ilaa Kacaanka Ameerika [3 mujallado]&lt;/nowiki&gt;]
*[https://www.propublica.org/article/climate-change-will-make-parts-of-the-u-s-uninhabitable-americans-are-still-moving-there &quot;Isbeddelka Cimilada ayaa ka dhigi doona qaybo ka mid ah Maraykanka kuwo aan la degi karin. Maraykanka ayaa weli u guuraya halkaas&quot;]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150318005744/https://www.doi.gov/pmb/oepc/wetlands2/v2ch6.cfm &quot;Cutubka 6: Barnaamijyada Federaalka ee lagu Horumarinayo Isticmaalka Khayraadka, Soo saarista, iyo Horumarinta&quot;]
*[https://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr587.pdf &quot;Isbeddelada Isticmaalka Dhulka ee Ku lug leh Kaymaha ee Maraykanka: 1952 ilaa 1997, Iyadoo Saadaasha 2050&quot;]
*[https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(15)01030-X/fulltext &quot;Heerka Dhimashada Rabshadaha: Maraykanka marka la barbar dhigo Wadamada kale ee dakhligoodu sarreeyo ee OECD, 2010&quot;]
*[https://www.bea.gov/news/2023/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2022-third-estimate-gdp-industry-and &quot;Wax soo saarka gudaha, rubuci afaraad iyo sanadka 2022 (qiyaasta saddexaad), GDP by warshadaha, iyo faa'iidooyinka shirkadaha&quot;]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=dRfOEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA556 Muusigga Nolosha Mareykanka: Encyclopedia ee Heesaha, Qaababka, Xiddigaha, iyo Sheekooyinka qaabeeyay]
*[[iarchive:blackreconstruct00duborich|Dib-u-dhiska Madow: Qormo ku wajahan taariikhda qaybta ay dadka madowga ahi ka ciyaareen isku daygii dib-u-dhiska dimuqraadiyadda Ameerika, 1860-1880]]
*[https://www.espn.com/soccer/major-league-soccer/story/4082408/mls-year-one25-seasons-ago-the-wild-west-of-trainingtravelhockey-shootouts-and-american-soccer &quot;MLS Year One, 25 xilli ka hor: Duur-galbeedka ee tababarka, safarka, toogashada xeegada iyo kubbadda cagta Mareykanka&quot;]
*[https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/us-energy-facts/ &quot;Xaqiiqooyinka tamarta Maraykanka ayaa lagu sharaxay - isticmaalka iyo wax soo saarka - Maamulka Macluumaadka Tamarta ee US (EIA)&quot;]
*[https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/tlr/article/2107/&amp;path_info=11_33TulsaLJ1_1997_1998_.pdf &quot;Casharrada laga soo qaatay Boqortooyada Saddexaad: Maxkamadaha Qabaa'ilka Hindiya&quot;]
*[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm &quot;Dokumentiga Muhiimka ah ee Guud ee Guddiga Qaramada Midoobay ee Xuquuqda Aadanaha&quot;]
*[https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Rockefellers-still-rich-today Are The Rockefellers Still Rich Today]
*[https://www.investopedia.com/updates/history-rothschild-family/ History Rothschild Family]
*[https://www.newsweek.com/rothschild-family-companies-net-worth-1993369 Rothschild Family Companies Net Worth]

{{Dalalka Woqooyiga Ameerika}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Udeejeen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>/* Clan tree */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3983" sha1="j9szddf7f0040g6ty982vu5ambi050n" xml:space="preserve">Udejeen (Somali: [[Udeejeen]] Arabic: اجيجين) also known as [[Ciise]] mudulood waa beel kamid ah beel hoosaadka Mudulood [[Hiraab]] [[Hawiye]] oo kamid ah the [[Hawiye]] clan.[1] Beesha Udeejen waxa kaso baxa siyaasiin Soomaaliyeed waxa kamid ah the first president of Somalia Aden Abdulle Osman iyo Siyaasi mohamed NurTarsan [2][3] Moyarki Mogadisho 2010- 2014 , iyo Siyaasiinta kale Prof Dr Dufle,  Mohamed Hussein Addow hogaamiyahi Beesha Mudulood Hiraab .{{Farac |
| group = Udeejeen &lt;br&gt; أوديجيين 
| image=Aden_Abdulle_Osman_Daar.jpg 

 |region1={{flag|Somalia}} 
 |region2=
 |region3={{flagcountry|Kenya}}
 |region4={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}

| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]] Sunni
| related-c = Kuwa kale [[Hiraab]],qabiil. }}

== Taariikhda ==
[[Ciise]] mudulood  [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] waa beel kamid Mudulood Hiraab ([[Hiraab]] [[Imaam Tirmidi|Imamate]]) Beesha [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] deegaan ahaan deeganada ay dagaan Waa gobalada dhexe ee [[Soomaalida|somaliya]] iyo bariga Somali [[galbeed]] ,  qaasatan  gobalka [[Hiiraan]] iyo [[Shabeele]] dhexe ,  [[Gedo]]  iyo bariga gobalka Shabeele ee dowlada Somali [[itoobiya]] , 

Magaalooyinka ee laxusi karo ay ku badanyahiin waxa kamid , [[Degmo|degmada]] [[Cabdicasiis|Cabdiaziiz]] [[Banaadir]] , [[Shingaani|Shangaani]] , [[Jawiil]], [[Baarmagoog]],  [[Weere]], [[Fargaduud]],  [[Dhuur]] , Qalqalooc,  [[Yaaqshiid|Yaaqshid]]  iyo [[Qalimow]].

Beesha [[Ciise]] mudulod [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] beelaha la Xadhiidha xaga dhalashada waa beelaha Mudulod sida. [[Abgaal]]  [[Moobleen]]   [[Wadlaan qabiil|Wacdaan]] [[Hilibi Maxamed|Hilibi]]  Mohamed mudulod iyo qaar kale.. sido kale [[Habar Gidir|Habargidir]],  [[Xawaadle]], [[Duduble]],  beesha Ciise Mudulod [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] faraca hore, waa 4 beel oo kala ah , Abaadar Ciise , Aadan yacqub,  yuusuf Yacqub,  Cali yacqub oo yaraanka ah .

Waqtigii 17th century ilaa 1899 Beesha [[Ciise]] Mudulood [[udeejeen]] waxay kamid aheed Boqortooyadi ([[Hiraab]] [[Imaam Tirmidi|Imamate]] ) ee Mogadisho [[Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan|Boqortooyadi]] [[Hiraab]] waxa la sheega bilowgi 17th century inay Aasaasmatay dhamaadki Boqortooyadi [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuuraan]] [[Ajuuraan|empire]].

== Clan tree ==
The Udejeen primarily live in the region of Hiraan in Somalia,[1] where they live in the districts of [[Jawiil]], Baarmagoog , Qalqalooc, [[shangaani]], [[Abdiaziiz]] [[Matabaan]] and [[Beledweyne]] and the Qalimow town of the Middle [[Shabelle]] region. They also live in the Somali Region of [[Ethiopia]], primarily in the Mustahil, [[Ferfer]] and [[Shilabo]] districts.

* Hawiye
** Hiraab
*** ..          Mudulood
**** Udejeen (Ciise) أديجين عيسى مدلود 
***** Abadar ابدر
***** Abokar ابوكر
*****Aadan Yacquub
****** Ree Nuur
****** Ree Caalim
****** Ali Yacquub
****** Maxamed gaab 
******* Reer Raage
****** Yusuf Yacquub
******* Xasan Yusuf Reer Ugaas
******* Ifiyo Yusuf
******* Suleyman Yusuf
******* Macalin Maxamuud
******** [[Xersi Macalin]]
******** Kheyre Macalin
******** Siyaad Macalin
******** Dudub Macalin
******** Faatax Macalin
***** Abadir
****** Maxamed Samatar

==Siyaasiinta Beesha==

*[[Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan|Aden Adde]], the first President of Somalia, 1960-1967.
*[[Mohamed Nur]], mayor of Mogadishu from 2010-2014.
*[[Osman Mohammud Dufle]], a Somali politician and a previous minister of health. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize for his efforts.
*[[Ahmed Shido]], an Ethiopian politician.
*[[Mohamed Hussein Addow]], presidential candidate and member of Parliament.


==Ugaasyada Beesha==

1.Ugaas Cismaan macalin nuur AUN.

2.Ugaas Faqa eebakar AUN.

3.Ugaas Macalin Nuur Aw-Muxummad AUN.

4.Ugaas Cumar  Ugaas Daahir AUN.

5.Ugaas Cilmi ugaas cumar  AUN.

6.Ugaas cismaan Ugaas Cilmi Ugaas Cumar Waa ugaaska hada nool oo xilka haaya.


==Abwaanada Beesha == 

• Abwaan Muxyadin Subkane.

• Abwaan Rashid Mohamud Sheikh.

•Abwaan Cali Xuud .

•Abwaan Mohamed Subkane AUN.</text>
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      <text bytes="3932" sha1="s8i17a69b3kbhdm17rt811v44nv68at" xml:space="preserve">Udejeen (Somali: [[Udeejeen]] Arabic: اجيجين) also known as [[Ciise]] mudulood waa beel kamid ah beel hoosaadka Mudulood [[Hiraab]] [[Hawiye]] oo kamid ah the [[Hawiye]] clan.[1] Beesha Udeejen waxa kaso baxa siyaasiin Soomaaliyeed waxa kamid ah the first president of Somalia Aden Abdulle Osman iyo Siyaasi mohamed NurTarsan [2][3] Moyarki Mogadisho 2010- 2014 , iyo Siyaasiinta kale Prof Dr Dufle,  Mohamed Hussein Addow hogaamiyahi Beesha Mudulood Hiraab .{{Farac |
| group = Udeejeen &lt;br&gt; أوديجيين 
| image=Aden_Abdulle_Osman_Daar.jpg 

 |region1={{flag|Somalia}} 
 |region2=
 |region3={{flagcountry|Kenya}}
 |region4={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}

| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]] Sunni
| related-c = Kuwa kale [[Hiraab]],qabiil. }}

== Taariikhda ==
[[Ciise]] mudulood  [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] waa beel kamid Mudulood Hiraab ([[Hiraab]] [[Imaam Tirmidi|Imamate]]) Beesha [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] deegaan ahaan deeganada ay dagaan Waa gobalada dhexe ee [[Soomaalida|somaliya]] iyo bariga Somali [[galbeed]] ,  qaasatan  gobalka [[Hiiraan]] iyo [[Shabeele]] dhexe ,  [[Gedo]]  iyo bariga gobalka Shabeele ee dowlada Somali [[itoobiya]] , 

Magaalooyinka ee laxusi karo ay ku badanyahiin waxa kamid , [[Degmo|degmada]] [[Cabdicasiis|Cabdiaziiz]] [[Banaadir]] , [[Shingaani|Shangaani]] , [[Jawiil]], [[Baarmagoog]],  [[Weere]], [[Fargaduud]],  [[Dhuur]] , Qalqalooc,  [[Yaaqshiid|Yaaqshid]]  iyo [[Qalimow]].

Beesha [[Ciise]] mudulod [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] beelaha la Xadhiidha xaga dhalashada waa beelaha Mudulod sida. [[Abgaal]]  [[Moobleen]]   [[Wadlaan qabiil|Wacdaan]] [[Hilibi Maxamed|Hilibi]]  Mohamed mudulod iyo qaar kale.. sido kale [[Habar Gidir|Habargidir]],  [[Xawaadle]], [[Duduble]],  beesha Ciise Mudulod [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] faraca hore, waa 4 beel oo kala ah , Abaadar Ciise , Aadan yacqub,  yuusuf Yacqub,  Cali yacqub oo yaraanka ah .

Waqtigii 17th century ilaa 1899 Beesha [[Ciise]] Mudulood [[udeejeen]] waxay kamid aheed Boqortooyadi ([[Hiraab]] [[Imaam Tirmidi|Imamate]] ) ee Mogadisho [[Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan|Boqortooyadi]] [[Hiraab]] waxa la sheega bilowgi 17th century inay Aasaasmatay dhamaadki Boqortooyadi [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuuraan]] [[Ajuuraan|empire]].

== Clan tree ==
The Udejeen primarily live in the region of Hiraan in Somalia,[1] where they live in the districts of [[Jawiil]], Baarmagoog , Qalqalooc, [[shangaani]], [[Abdiaziiz]] [[Matabaan]] and [[Beledweyne]] and the Qalimow town of the Middle [[Shabelle]] region. They also live in the Somali Region of [[Ethiopia]], primarily in the Mustahil, [[Ferfer]] and [[Shilabo]] districts.

* Hawiye
** Hiraab
*** ..          Mudulood
**** Udejeen (Ciise) 
***** Abadar 
***** Abokar 
*****Aadan Yacquub
****** Ree Nuur
****** Ree Caalim
****** Ali Yacquub
****** Maxamed gaab 
******* Reer Raage
****** Yusuf Yacquub
******* Xasan Yusuf Reer Ugaas
******* Ifiyo Yusuf
******* Suleyman Yusuf
******* Macalin Maxamuud
******** [[Xersi Macalin]]
******** Kheyre Macalin
******** Siyaad Macalin
******** Dudub Macalin
******** Faatax Macalin
***** Abadir
****** Maxamed Samatar

==Siyaasiinta Beesha==

*[[Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan|Aden Adde]], the first President of Somalia, 1960-1967.
*[[Mohamed Nur]], mayor of Mogadishu from 2010-2014.
*[[Osman Mohammud Dufle]], a Somali politician and a previous minister of health. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize for his efforts.
*[[Ahmed Shido]], an Ethiopian politician.
*[[Mohamed Hussein Addow]], presidential candidate and member of Parliament.


==Ugaasyada Beesha==

1.Ugaas Cismaan macalin nuur AUN.

2.Ugaas Faqa eebakar AUN.

3.Ugaas Macalin Nuur Aw-Muxummad AUN.

4.Ugaas Cumar  Ugaas Daahir AUN.

5.Ugaas Cilmi ugaas cumar  AUN.

6.Ugaas cismaan Ugaas Cilmi Ugaas Cumar Waa ugaaska hada nool oo xilka haaya.


==Abwaanada Beesha == 

• Abwaan Muxyadin Subkane.

• Abwaan Rashid Mohamud Sheikh.

•Abwaan Cali Xuud .

•Abwaan Mohamed Subkane AUN.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299393</id>
      <parentid>299392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T18:19:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-36808-64</username>
        <id>46234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Clan tree */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3932" sha1="t1imaj98kjq2k5amwli2vzjbxqo97ao" xml:space="preserve">Udejeen (Somali: [[Udeejeen]] Arabic: اجيجين) also known as [[Ciise]] mudulood waa beel kamid ah beel hoosaadka Mudulood [[Hiraab]] [[Hawiye]] oo kamid ah the [[Hawiye]] clan.[1] Beesha Udeejen waxa kaso baxa siyaasiin Soomaaliyeed waxa kamid ah the first president of Somalia Aden Abdulle Osman iyo Siyaasi mohamed NurTarsan [2][3] Moyarki Mogadisho 2010- 2014 , iyo Siyaasiinta kale Prof Dr Dufle,  Mohamed Hussein Addow hogaamiyahi Beesha Mudulood Hiraab .{{Farac |
| group = Udeejeen &lt;br&gt; أوديجيين 
| image=Aden_Abdulle_Osman_Daar.jpg 

 |region1={{flag|Somalia}} 
 |region2=
 |region3={{flagcountry|Kenya}}
 |region4={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}

| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]] Sunni
| related-c = Kuwa kale [[Hiraab]],qabiil. }}

== Taariikhda ==
[[Ciise]] mudulood  [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] waa beel kamid Mudulood Hiraab ([[Hiraab]] [[Imaam Tirmidi|Imamate]]) Beesha [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] deegaan ahaan deeganada ay dagaan Waa gobalada dhexe ee [[Soomaalida|somaliya]] iyo bariga Somali [[galbeed]] ,  qaasatan  gobalka [[Hiiraan]] iyo [[Shabeele]] dhexe ,  [[Gedo]]  iyo bariga gobalka Shabeele ee dowlada Somali [[itoobiya]] , 

Magaalooyinka ee laxusi karo ay ku badanyahiin waxa kamid , [[Degmo|degmada]] [[Cabdicasiis|Cabdiaziiz]] [[Banaadir]] , [[Shingaani|Shangaani]] , [[Jawiil]], [[Baarmagoog]],  [[Weere]], [[Fargaduud]],  [[Dhuur]] , Qalqalooc,  [[Yaaqshiid|Yaaqshid]]  iyo [[Qalimow]].

Beesha [[Ciise]] mudulod [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] beelaha la Xadhiidha xaga dhalashada waa beelaha Mudulod sida. [[Abgaal]]  [[Moobleen]]   [[Wadlaan qabiil|Wacdaan]] [[Hilibi Maxamed|Hilibi]]  Mohamed mudulod iyo qaar kale.. sido kale [[Habar Gidir|Habargidir]],  [[Xawaadle]], [[Duduble]],  beesha Ciise Mudulod [[Udeejeen|Udeejen]] faraca hore, waa 4 beel oo kala ah , Abaadar Ciise , Aadan yacqub,  yuusuf Yacqub,  Cali yacqub oo yaraanka ah .

Waqtigii 17th century ilaa 1899 Beesha [[Ciise]] Mudulood [[udeejeen]] waxay kamid aheed Boqortooyadi ([[Hiraab]] [[Imaam Tirmidi|Imamate]] ) ee Mogadisho [[Boqortooyadii Ajuuraan|Boqortooyadi]] [[Hiraab]] waxa la sheega bilowgi 17th century inay Aasaasmatay dhamaadki Boqortooyadi [[Saldanadii Ajuuraan|Ajuuraan]] [[Ajuuraan|empire]].

== Clan tree ==
The Udejeen primarily live in the region of Hiraan in Somalia,[1] where they live in the districts of [[Jawiil]], Baarmagoog , Qalqalooc, [[shangaani]], [[Abdiaziiz]] [[Matabaan]] and [[Beledweyne]] and the Qalimow town of the Middle [[Shabelle]] region. They also live in the Somali Region of [[Ethiopia]], primarily in the Mustahil, [[Ferfer]] and [[Shilabo]] districts.

* Hawiye
** Hiraab
*** ..          Mudulood
**** Udejeen (Ciise) 
***** Abadar 
***** Abokar 
*****Aadan Yacquub
****** Ree Nuur
****** Ree Caalim
****** Ali Yacquub
****** Maxamed gaab 
******* Reer Raage
****** Yusuf Yacquub
******* Xasan Yusuf Reer Ugaas
******* Ifiyo Yusuf
******* Suleyman Yusuf
******* Macalin Maxamuud
******** [[Xersi Macalin]]
******** Kheyre Macalin
******** Siyaad Macalin
******** Dudub Macalin
******** Faatax Macalin
***** Abadar
****** Maxamed Samatar

==Siyaasiinta Beesha==

*[[Aadan Cabdulle Cusmaan|Aden Adde]], the first President of Somalia, 1960-1967.
*[[Mohamed Nur]], mayor of Mogadishu from 2010-2014.
*[[Osman Mohammud Dufle]], a Somali politician and a previous minister of health. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize for his efforts.
*[[Ahmed Shido]], an Ethiopian politician.
*[[Mohamed Hussein Addow]], presidential candidate and member of Parliament.


==Ugaasyada Beesha==

1.Ugaas Cismaan macalin nuur AUN.

2.Ugaas Faqa eebakar AUN.

3.Ugaas Macalin Nuur Aw-Muxummad AUN.

4.Ugaas Cumar  Ugaas Daahir AUN.

5.Ugaas Cilmi ugaas cumar  AUN.

6.Ugaas cismaan Ugaas Cilmi Ugaas Cumar Waa ugaaska hada nool oo xilka haaya.


==Abwaanada Beesha == 

• Abwaan Muxyadin Subkane.

• Abwaan Rashid Mohamud Sheikh.

•Abwaan Cali Xuud .

•Abwaan Mohamed Subkane AUN.</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Joseph Stalin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>299400</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-26T07:04:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Videoiib7</username>
        <id>46243</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed grammar</comment>
      <origin>299400</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40152" sha1="5gqokse2i3eoa2dcvxrkcevebjhw2jy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| magaca                = Joseph Stalin
| magaca asalka ah          = {{native name|ru|Иосиф Сталин|italics=no}}&lt;br /&gt;{{native name|ka|იოსებ სტალინი|italics=no}}
| naanays             = Koba
| sawirro               = Stalin Full Image.jpg
| sawir cabbir           = 220px
| Qoraal             = Joseph Stalin oo ah muuqaal la oggolaaday oo la qaaday 1937 oo loo adeegsaday ujeeddooyin dadweyne ee gobolka
| xafiis               = [[Xoghayaha Guud ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Soofiyeet]]
| term_start          = 3 Abriil 1922
| term_end            = 16 Oktoobar 1952
| kii ka horreeyay          = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] (sida [[Xoghayaha Xilka leh Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Soofiyeet|Xoghaye Mas’uul ah]])
&lt;/small&gt;
| beddele           = [[Georgy Malenkov]] (''[[de facto]]'')
| office2             = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wasiirrada&lt;br /&gt;ee Midowga soofiyet
| 1blankname2         = [[Kuxigeenka koowaad ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Kuxigeenada Koowaad]]
| 1namedata2          = [[Nikolai Voznesensky]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vyacheslav Molotov]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nikolai Bulganin]]
| term_start2         = 6 May 1941
| term_end2           = 5 Maarso 1953
| kii ka horreeyay 2aad        = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]]
| beddelaha 2aad          = [[Georgy Malenkov]]
| magaca_dhalashada          = Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili(efn|Stalin magaciisa asalka Georgianka wuxuu ahaa Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili (იოსებ ბესარიონის ძე ჯუღაშვილი). af ruush ahaan waa Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (Иосиф Виссарионович Джугашвили). Intii lagu jiray sanadihii kacaanka, wuxuu qaatay magaca loo yaqaan &quot;Stalin&quot;, wixii ka dambeeyay Kacaankii Oktoobar ka dib wuxuu ka dhigay magiciisa sharciga ah.|name=stalinsname)
| birth_date          = 18 December|1878
| birth_place         = [[Gori, Georgia|Gori]], [[Tiflis Governorate]], [[Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)|Caucasus Viceroyalty]], [[Boqortooyadii rushka]] (present-day Georgia)
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|1953|3|5|1878|12|18|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Kuntsevo Dacha]], [[Kuntsevo]], [[Moscow]], [[Jamhuuriyadda hantiwadaaga Soofiyeedka ruushka|Ruushka SFSR]], [[Midowgii Sofyeet]]
| death_cause         = [[Dhiigxinjirowga Intracerebral|Dhiigbaxa maskaxda]]
| resting_place       = [[Lenin's Mausoleum]], Moskow (9 Maarso 1953&amp;nbsp;– 31 October 1961)&lt;br /&gt;[[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]], Moskow (from 31 Oktoobar 1961)
| party               = [[Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Bulshada Dimuqraadiga ee Ruushka|RSDLP]] (1901–1903) &lt;br/&gt;[[Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Bulshada Dimuqraadiga ee Ruushka|RSDLP (Bolsheviks)]] (1903–1912) &lt;br/&gt;[[Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet|Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Ruushka]] (1912–1953)
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Kato Svanidze|Ekaterine Svanidze]]|1906|1907|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}&lt;br /&gt;{{marriage|[[Nadezhda Alliluyeva]]|1919|1932|end={{abbr|d.|died}}}}
| children            = [[Yakov Dzhugashvili]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vasily Stalin|Vasily Dzhugashvili]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Artyom Sergeyev]] (korsaday)
| mother              = [[Keke Geladze|Ekaterine Geladze]]
| father              = [[Besarion Jughashvili]]
| cabinet             = [[Dowladii ugu horaysay Stalin|Stalin I]]–[[Dawladii labaad ee Stalin|II]]
| signature           = Stalin Signature.svg
&lt;!--Military service--&gt;| allegiance          = Midowga soofiyet
| branch              = [[Ciidamada Soofiyeet]]
| serviceyears        = 1918–1920&lt;br /&gt;1941–1953
| rank                = [[Marshalka Midowgii Soofiyeet]] (1943–1953)
| commands            = [[Jabhadda Koonfurta (RSFSR)|Jabhadda Koonfurta]] (1918–1920) (commissar)&lt;br /&gt;[[Jabhadda koonfur galbeed (RSFSR)|Jabhadda koonfur galbeed]] (1920) (guddi)&lt;br /&gt;[[Ciidamada midowga soofiyet]] (1941–1953) (Taliyaha Sare)
| battles             = [[Faragalinta Xulufada ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Ruushka]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dagaalkii Bolish-Soofiyet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dagaalkii qaboobaha]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dagaalkii aduunka II]]
| mawards             = [[Geesigii Midowgii Soofiyeet]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Amarka Baananka Cas]] (4)&lt;br /&gt;[[Amarka Lenin]] (3)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of Victory]] (2)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of Sukhbaatar]] (2)&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of Suvorov]] First Class&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of the Red Star]] First Class&lt;br /&gt;[[Order of the White Lion]]
| footnotes           = {{collapsible list
| titlestyle    = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;
| title         = Xubinnimada xarunta dhexe
| bullets       = on
| 1917–1953: Xubin buuxda, [[6th Golaha Dhexe ee Xisbiga Shaqaalaha Bulshada Dimuqraadiga ee Ruushka (Bolsheviks)|6th]]–[[19th Madaxweynaha xisbiga shuuciga ee midowga Soofiyeet|19th]] Presidium
| 1922–1943: [[11th Politburo iyo Xoghaynta 11aad ee Xisbiga Shuuciga Ruushka (Bolsheviks)|11aad]]–[[19aad Xoghaynta Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Soofiyeet|19aad]] Xoghaynta
| 1920–1952: [[9th Politburo, Xoghaynta 9-aad iyo 9ka Orgburo ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Ruushka (Bolsheviks)|9aad]]–[[18-kii Orgburo ee Xisbiga Shuuciga Dhammaan(Bolsheviks)|18kii]] Orgburo
| 1912–1953: Xubin buuxda, [[Golaha Dhexe ee 5-aad ee Xisbiga Shaqada Bulshada Dimuqraadiga ee Ruushka|5aad]]–[[19-Golaha Dhexe ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet|19aad]]Golaha Dhexe]]
}}
----
{{collapsible list
| titlestyle    = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;
| title         = Xafiisyo kale ayaa la qabtay
| bullets       = on
| 1941–1947: [[Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga (Midowga soofiyet)|wasiirka Gaashaandhigga]]
| 1941–1945: Gudoomiyaha, [[Guddiga Difaaca Gobolka
| 1920–1922: Gudoomiyaha, [[Rabkrin|Kormeerka Shaqaalaha iyo Beeraleyda]] ee [[Jamhuuriyadda hantiwadaaga Soofiyeedka ruushka|Ruushka SFSR]]
| 1917–1922: Gudiga Dadweynaha, [[Guddiyada Dadka ee Muwaadiniinta|Jinsiyadaha]] Ruushka SFSR]]
}}

&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;'''[[Hogaamiyaha Midowgii Soofiyeet]]'''&lt;br /&gt;
{{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]]
* [[Georgy Malenkov|Malenkov]]
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
----
{{unbulleted list |style=font-size:90%; line-height 1.3
|In kasta oo laga takhalusay xafiiska Xoghayaha Guud 1952, Stalin wuxuu sii waday adeegsiga awoodeeda isaga oo ah [[Xoghaynta Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Soofiyeet|Xoghaynta]] xubintii ugu sarreysay.
|Dhimashadii Stalin kadib, Georgy Malenkov wuxuu u soo muuqday xubin sare ee xoghaynta laakiin si dhakhso ah ayaa loogu qasbay inuu iska casilo jagadaas.
|Ka dib markii uu iska casilay Xoghaynta, hoggaanka Malenkov ee dalka ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu tartamaayay illaa laga gaadhayo awoodda isku darka ee Khrushchev Sebtember 1953.
}}
}}
'''Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin''' {{lang-ru|Иосиф Виссарионович Сталин}} , (noolaa 18 Deseembar [[1878]] ilaa 5 Maarso [[1953]]) wuxuu ahaa Kaligii siyaasi, fikir iyo kacaanahaa midowgii soofiyet. wuxuu soo noqday Xoghayihii Guud ee ugu horreeyay ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet sanadkii [[1922]], markii oo [[Vladimir Lenin]]  dhintay wuxuu noqday kaligii taliye wuxuuna ku takhalusay dhammaan raggii khatarta ahaa ee uga baqayay in ay majoxaabiyaan. wuxuu dejiyay barnaamij uu ugu yeeray Ruushka in uu kaga saarayo beeraley sabool ah oo uu ka dhigayo awood caalami casri ah.
hase yeeshee, waxa arrintaa ka dhalatay dhibaatooyin ay ka mid ahaayeen in dhowr malyan oo qof ay darteed gaajo ugu dhimatay, qaar kalena waa la laayay.

==Isbeddelka dadweynaha==
Tirada Ruushka (Ruushka Weyn, Ruushka yar iyo Belarusiyaanka) intii lagu jiray xukunkii Stalin ayaa kordhay, marka loo eego xogta tirakoobka, celcelis ahaan 1.3-1.5 milyan sanadkii.
1926 – 113.7 milyan (146.6 milyan – wadarta dadweynaha USSR)
1939 – 133 milyan (170.6 milyan)
1959 – 159.3 milyan (208.8 milyan)
Marka la barbardhigo: intii lagu jiray xukunka Yeltsin, tirada Ruushka ee Ruushka ayaa hoos u dhacday 6.8 milyan oo qof, intii lagu jiray xukunka Putin - 6.4 milyan oo qof.

Heerka dhimashada guud ee Ruushka ee Stalin ayaa hoos u dhacday ku dhawaad ​​saddex laab (10.1 1,000kii qof ee degganaa 1950 marka la barbardhigo 29.1 ee 1913). Isla mar ahaantaana, 1950, heerka dhalashada ayaa sidoo kale hoos u dhacay (26.9 1,000 qof ee deggan 1950 iyo 45.5 ee 1913), ifafaale la xidhiidha cawaaqibka dagaalka, korodhka dadka waayeelka ah, koritaanka dadka magaalooyinka iyo ka qaybgalka haweenka ee qaybta wax soo saarka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kobaca dadweynaha ee dabiiciga ahi dhab ahaantii wax yar ayuu kordhay 1950kiina waxa uu gaadhay 16.8 qof 1000kii qofba (16.4 – 1913).

Haddii 1913kii dhimashada dhallaanka ay la mid tahay 268.6 1000kii dhallaan ah, 1950kii waxay la mid ahayd 81 1000kiiba, taas oo ah, waxay hoos u dhacday 3.3 jeer. Sannadkii 1950kii celceliska tirada carruurta ay haweeneydu dhashay waxay ahaayeen 2.89, sannadkii 2006 waxay ahaayeen 1.38.


Isticmaalka khamriga wuxuu ahaa in ka badan 2 jeer ka hooseeya (ugu badnaan 1.9 litir maalintii khamriga saafiga ah sannadkii - 1952) marka loo eego Tsarist Russia 1914 - 4.7 litir. iyo in ka badan 10 jeer in ka yar hadda (20-25 l). Ruushka ayaa kaalinta koowaad kaga jira dhacdooyinka khamriga caruurnimada.
Xilligii Stalin ma jirin qabatinka daroogada sababtoo ah ma jirin daroogo maandooriye ah. In ka badan 20 sano ee la soo dhaafay, tirada dadka qabatimay daroogada ayaa kor u kacday in ka badan 10 jeer, iyo hadda, sida laga soo xigtay Adeegga Federaalka ee Xakamaynta Daroogada ee Federaalka Ruushka, waa 5.1 milyan oo qof. Sannad kasta inta u dhaxaysa 70,000 iyo 100,000 qof ayaa u dhintaa isticmaalka maandooriyaha. Ruushka waa mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu badan ee qabatinka maandooriyaha caruurnimada.

Jiritaanka dhilleysiga waxaa loo tixgeliyey qaab noole ah oo qaab-dhismeedkeedii gebi ahaanba la burburiyey. Oo hadda Ruushku wuxuu ku jiraa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu horreeya marka loo eego miisaanka dhilleysiga, dhilleysiga carruurta, dembiyada galmada iyo ka ganacsiga galmada.

Isla markiiba dagaalka ka dib, 1945, waxaa jiray 678 kun oo agoon ah oo dhan Stalinist USSR. Maanta Ruushka waxaa jira 850 kun oo caruur ah, kuwaas oo 760 kun oo ka mid ah ay yihiin agoon bulsheed, taas oo ah, carruurta ay waalidkood ka tageen.


Haddii 1956-kii isku-dhafka kala-soocidda dakhliga dadweynaha uu la mid yahay 3.28 iyo 1986 ilaa 3.38, markaa, sida uu qabo Rosstat, waxay ka korodhay 13.8 (1998) ilaa 16.8 jeer (2007)
Taas macnaheedu waa in dakhliga rasmiga ah, marka laga reebo dakhliga qarsoon iyo dakhliga ka soo gala fal dambiyeedka, 10% ugu taajirsan waa 16.8 jeer ka badan dakhliga muwaadiniinta saboolka ah. Khubaro badan, oo tixgelinaya dhaqaalaha hooska, waxay aaminsan yihiin in farqiga dhabta ah uu yahay 25-40 jeer.
Hadda, saamiga dadka dakhligoodu hooseeyo heerka maciishada waa 15%. Stalin hoostiisa waxaa suurtagal ah in la gaaro heer dakhli oo ka sarreeya inta ugu yar ee dhammaan muwaadiniinta.

Intii uu Putin xukumayay, tirada bilyaneerrada rasmiga ah ee oligarchs, kuwaas oo loo malaynayo inay la dagaallamayaan oo ka faa'iidaystaan ​​dhaca hantida qaranka Ruushka, waxay kordheen min 8 2000 ilaa 53 ee 2007, ku dhawaad ​​​​7 jeer! Hantidooda guud, sida laga soo xigtay majaladda Forbes, waxay ka korodhay $12.4 bilyan ilaa $282 bilyan: 23 jeer!
Sida lagu muujiyey cilmi baaris uu sameeyay Machadka Dhibaatooyinka Dhaqaale-Dhaqaale ee Dadweynaha Akademiyada Cilmiga Ruushka, 15% dadweynaha Ruushka ayaa mas'uul ka ah qiyaastii 85% dhammaan kaydka, 57% dakhliga lacageed iyo 92% dakhliga raasumaalka. Sida laga soo xigtay madaxa dambe ee qaybta dhaqaalaha ee Akadeemiyada Sayniska ee Ruushka, Dmitry Lvov, in ka badan 50% hantida qaranka ee Ruushka ayaa ku urursan gacanta koox yar oo oligarchs ah (qiyaastii 1,500 qof, ama 0.001% dhammaan dadka Ruushka); 85% dadweynaha, taas oo ah, asal ahaan dhammaan Ruushka, ma haystaan ​​​​boqolkiiba dakhliga ka soo gala hantida Eebbe ku manaystay (saliid, gaas, alwaax, dahab iyo kheyraad kale) taas oo, qeexitaan, ay tahay inay leeyihiin dadka oo dhan.
Laakin intii uu Stalin joogay hantida qaranku waxay ahayd mid ay dadku leeyihiin, wixii ka soo baxana waxa loo isticmaalay danta muwaadiniinta oo dhan. Haddii ay hore dadku u bixiyeen dhowr senti ama waxba adeegyo badan oo lagama maarmaan ah (gobolku wuxuu daboolay kharashyada badankooda), hadda waxaa lagu qasbay inay si buuxda u bixiyaan guryaha, isgaarsiinta, gaadiidka, dhaqanka, madadaalada, cuntada, waxbarashada, iwm. - wax kasta! In kasta oo daryeelka caafimaadka bilaashka ah uu hadda ku qoran yahay Dastuurka, in ka badan kala badh dadweynaha ayaa dhab ahaantii bixinaya kharashkaas kharashaadkani waxay u dhigmaan kharashyada miisaaniyadda.

Dadka ku nool Boqortooyada Ruushka 79% waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan waxna qorin waxna akhriyin (sida ku cad tirakoobkii 1897), taasoo la macno ah inaysan waxna akhriyin waxna qori karin. Xilligii Stalin, wax qoris la'aantu waa la tirtiray. Heerka wax-akhris ee dadku wuxuu kor u kacay 89.1% (1932).
Dugsiyada hoose (ardayda ku jira baakadaha): 1914 - 106 kun (5.4 milyan); 1940 – 192 kun.
Dugsiyada sare (ardayda): 1914 - 4000; 1940 - 65,000 (13 milyan)
Jaamacadaha iyo machadyada farsamada: 1914 - 400; 1940 - 4600
Kacaankii Oktoobar ee 1917 ka hor, Ruushku wuxuu lahaa 290,000 oo takhasus u leh dadweynaha 159 milyan. Sannadkii 1973kii, wadarta guud ee shaqaalaha ka shaqeeya shaqada maskaxda ee USSR waxay gaadhay ilaa 33 milyan oo qof. Intii lagu jiray sannadihii awoodda Soofiyeedka, tirada shaqaalaha sayniska ayaa kordhay 90-laab; 1972 dadku waxay ahaayeen 1,055.4 kun oo qof.

==Wax ku biirinta dhaqaalaha==

Xilligii Stalin, dhaqaalaha waxaa lagu maamuli jiray habab qorshayn oo macquul ah, sida hal noole, taas oo ay ugu mahadcelinayaan taas oo ay suurtogal u ahayd in la fuliyo mashruucyo ballaaran oo lagu gaaro heerar sare oo waxtar leh iyo korriin.
Dagaalka ka dib, ka dib markii loo diiday deymihii reer galbeedka si loo soo celiyo USSR, Stalin wuxuu ku guuleystey inuu dib u soo celiyo waddanka muddo dheer oo aan waddan Yurub ah oo ka qaybqaatay dagaalka uu ku guulaystey inuu soo celiyo, xitaa deyn Maraykan ah.
Dalku wuu u diyaar garoobay oo ku guulaystay dagaalka, laba jeer ayuu ka soo kabtay dagaaladii lagu hoobtay, waxaanu noqday quwadda labaad ee aduunka si sax ah sababtoo ah habka loo qorsheeyay ee loo maareeyo dhaqaalaha.
Qorshaynta Soofiyeedka ayaa si guul leh looga hirgeliyay shirkadaha bilyaneerada ee dalal badan. Sannadkii 1991-kii, dood-cilmiyeedkii Soviet-American ayaa lagu qabtay Moscow ee Akadeemiyada Shaqada iyo Xiriirka Bulshada, kaas oo ay sidoo kale ka soo qaybgaleen Jabbaan. Waa kuwan waxa uu bilyaneerka Japan Heroshi Terawama u sheegay in uu ka jawaabayo tirade dhaqaaleyahannada Soofiyeedka iyo cilmiga bulshada ee ku saabsan &quot;mucjisada Japan&quot;: &quot;Kama hadlaysid waxa ugu muhiimsan. Ku saabsan doorka hogaamineed ee aduunka. 1939, idinka Ruushku caqli bay ahaayeen, annaguna Japanese waxaan ahayn nacasyo. 1949, waxaad noqotay xitaa caqli badan, oo waxaan weli nahay 19 nacas ah. da'da shanta sano jir ah ayaa ku dhawaad ​​​​dhammaantood laga soo min guuriyay kaaga, iyadoo farqiga kaliya ee aan ku leenahay hantiwadaaga, wax soosaarayaasha gaarka ah, oo aan waligeed gaarin kobac ka sarreeya 15%, halka adiga - lahaanshaha dadweynaha ee habka wax soo saarka - aad ku guuleysatay 30% iyo in ka badan. 

Hadda nidaamka qorshaynta dhaqaalaha ee heer dawladeed ayaa gebi ahaanba la burburiyay iyo Ruushka, ugu dambeyntii, wuxuu soo jiitaa jiritaan murugo leh oo ah gumeysiga alaabta ceeriin ee Galbeedka. Ruushka, laba dhaqaale ayaa is barbar socda: mid aan la qorshayn (maskax la'aan) iyo mid dambiile ah. Sida laga soo xigtay Akadeemiyada Amniga Dhaqaalaha ee Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha ee Ruushka, dhamaadka 2005 heerka dambiyada dhaqaalaha ee Ruushka wuxuu ahaa &quot;mid muhiim ah&quot; iyo heerka dhaqaalaha hooska &quot;wuxuu ka sarreeyaa 40% GDP&quot; (1991 - 11%). Marka loo eego xogta Xarunta Cilmi-baarista ka-hortagga Musuq-maasuqa ee Transparency Int (TI) laga bilaabo 09.2007, tusaha aragtida musuqmaasuqa ee Ruushka waa 2.3 dhibcood, kaalinta 143aad ee 180. Gambia, Indonesia iyo Togo waa isku heer. Marka loo eego qiimeynta dambiyada iyo musuqmaasuqa awoodda, dhamaadkii 2005-tii Ruushka wuxuu ka hoos maray Kenya iyo Zimbabwe wuxuuna qabsaday kaalinta 25aad ee adduunka.
Ruushka casriga ah, mugga suuqa musuqmaasuqa ayaa ka sarreeya $ 240 bilyan. Marka loo eego qiyaasaha INDEM Foundation, tiradani waa xitaa sare: ganacsiga Ruushka oo keliya, mugga musuqmaasuqa ayaa kordhay intii u dhaxaysay 2001 iyo 2005 laga bilaabo 33 ilaa 316 bilyan oo doolar sannadkii (9.6 jeer).

Dakhliga qaranka ee qofkasta ee USSR wuxuu ahaa ($, 1980 qiimaha):
1913 - 350 (15% heerka US)
1920 - 120 (5%)
1929 - 365 (13%)
1938 - 640 (24%) 1950kii
- 1100 (26%)
1987 - 3900 (57% heerka US), hoos Stalin waxa ay ahayd suurto gal ma aha oo kaliya in si buuxda loo soo celiyo heerka fayo-qabka muwaadiniinta ka dib markii 3 dagaaladii burburay oo ay kordhiyeen dhowr jeer, laakiin sidoo kale, inkastoo dagaalladii, in ay dhaafaan Americans ee heerarka koritaanka by 2 jeer. Oo tani waxay ku dhacday xaaladaha dibadda ee ugu adag iyo iyada oo aan wax caawimo ah lahayn, halka, tusaale ahaan, 1913 saamiga raasumaalka shisheeye (Faransiiska, Belgian, Ingiriisi iyo Jarmal) ee maalgashiga dhaqaalaha Ruushka ayaa gaadhay 72%. 

Marka la barbardhigo, sannadkii 2007 GDP-ga Ruushka qofkiiba, oo la xisaabiyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo sinnaanta awoodda wax iibsiga, waxay ahayd 28 boqolkiiba ka Maraykanka. Taas macnaheedu waa, marka loo eego Maraykanka, 20 sano gudahood waxaan la kulannay hoos u dhac ku dhawaad ​​2 jeer, iyo tan iyada oo aan wax dagaal ah dhicin!
Sannadkii 1950kii, wax-soo-saarka shaqadu wuxuu kordhay 3.2 jeer marka loo eego 1913kii.


Isku geynta tirada wax soo saarka warshadaha qofkiiba 1913-1950. USSR waxay korodhay 4 jeer. Qaybta wax soo saarka warshadaha adduunka ee USSR:
1913 - 3.6%
1920 - 0.6%
1938 - 5.6%
1950 - 6.9%
1986 - 14.6%.
Sannadkii 2007, saamiga Ruushka ee GDP adduunka wuxuu ahaa 3.2%.
Kobaca wax-soo-saarka beeraha ee 1938 wuxuu ahaa + 45% marka la barbar dhigo 1913 iyo + 100% marka la barbar dhigo 1920.

July 16, 1914, waxaa jiray ku dhawaad ​​1,240 tan oo dahab ah khasnadaha Bangiga Dawladda Ruushka. 110 tan oo kale ayaa lagu kaydiyay dibadda. Wadarta qiyaastii 1350 tan.
1914-1917 waxa uu ku wareejiyay ilaa 690 ton oo dahab ah bangiyada New York, London, Paris iyo Japan, isaga oo marka hore bixinaya kharashka saadka ka dibna si fudud uga hortagayo in ay ku dhacaan gacanta Bolsheviks. Sannadkii 1920-kii, kaydku wuxuu horey u ahaa 317 tan.
Dhammaadkii taliskii Stalin ee 1953, kaydka dahabku wuxuu kordhay 6.5 laab wuxuuna gaadhay 2,050 tan.
Habeenkii perestroika ee 1985, kaydka dahabka ee USSR wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 2,500 tan, laakiin 1991 waxay hoos u dhaceen 10-laab!
Kaydka Dahabka ah ee Kaydka Dawladda Ruushka laga soo bilaabo 01.12.2008 ayaa gaadhay ku dhawaad ​​445 tan.

Tan iyo 1933, ma jirin shaqo la'aan gudaha USSR. Marka loo eego qiyaasaha sahaminta muunadda ee Rosstat, wadarta guud ee tirada shaqola'aanta ee 01.2008 waxay ahayd ku dhawaad ​​4.6 milyan (2000 - 7.1 milyan). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tirada shaqo la'aanta ee sida rasmiga ah u diiwaangashan (tusaale kale) ayaa kordhay ilaa 1.6 milyan oo qof. 
1940kii, dakhliga dhabta ah ee shaqaaluhu wuxuu kordhay 2.7 jeer marka loo eego 1913, iyo kan beeralayda 2.4 jeer,in kasta oo qaar ay yiraahdeen 1928 ka dib waxaa jiray hoos u dhac ay sabab u tahay warshadaynta (Chapman) ama kobac gaabis ah (Allen)

Sannadkii 1947, USSR, oo ah waddankii ugu horreeyay ee meeraheena dagaalka ka dib, ayaa baabi'iyay nidaamka qaybinta. Laga soo bilaabo 1948-kii, sannad kasta ilaa 1954-kii, waxay hoos u dhigtay qiimaha cuntada iyo badeecadaha. Tusaale ahaan, halkan waa saamiga heerarka qiimaha 01/01/51 ilaa qiimaha 01/01/46: rootiga (39%), hilibka (42%). Hadda Sicir bararka Milkiilayaasha Shirkadaha Dawladdu ay abaabulayaan kordhinta Tacriifadaha Kastamku waxa uu ku habsaday Jeebka Muwaadiniinta caadiga ah. 

Hantida ma-guurtada ah ee magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka. waxay ahayd 180 milyan m2 sanadkii 1913 iyo intii u dhaxaysay 1918 ilaa 1956. 953 milyan m2 oo guud ahaan (la isticmaali karo) meel lagu noolaado ayaa la soo bandhigay. Intii lagu jiray USSR, guriyeynta waxaa siisay gobolka lacag la'aan, si joogto ah loo isticmaalo. Hadda, mugga hoyga bilaashka ah ee la bixiyay ayaa hoos u dhacay ku dhawaad ​​toban laab. Qoyska da'da yar waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ku qasbanaadaan in ay kaydsadaan toban sano si ay u iibsadaan guri, iyaga oo iska dhigaya dakhligooda oo dhan, ama ay galaan deyn oo ay ku dhameeyaan bixinta waqti xitaa ka badan. Qiimaha guryaha ayaa kor u kacaya (50% sanadkii 2006) waxayna noqonayaan kuwo aan la awoodin dadka intiisa badan (kaliya 12% dadka Ruushka ah ayaa awoodi kara inay iibsadaan guri halka 5% ay heli karaan deyn). 

Tirada dhakhaatiirta ee 1950 waxay kordheen 1.5 jeer marka loo eego 1940.
Tirada shaqaalaha sayniska ee 1950 ayaa kordhay 1.5 jeer marka loo eego 1940.
Tirada machadyada sayniska ee 1950 ayaa kordhay 40% marka loo eego 1940.
Tirada ardayda kuliyadaha 1950 ayaa kordhay 50% marka loo eego 1940. 

Mareykanka ayaa sameeyay bamka atomiga sanadkii 1945-tii wuxuuna ku tijaabiyay dadka degan magaalada Japan. Waxaan samaynay bamka atomiga 1949; Maraykanku waxa uu tijaabiyey bam hydrogen ah 1952, anaguna sidaas oo kale ayaanu samaynay 1953. Sidan, waxa la abuuray shuruudihii lagama maarmaanka ahaa si loo ilaaliyo sinnaanta nukliyeerka iyo, sidaas awgeed, amniga Ruushka. Gaashan Nukliyeerka ah ee Ruushka, oo la abuuray xilligii Soofiyeedka, ayaa hadda si firfircoon loo burburiyay. Yeltsin ayaa burburiyay 3807 qaybood oo ka mid ah ciidamada istaraatiijiga ah ee nukliyeerka Ruushka (laga bilaabo 10271 ee 1990 ilaa 6464 ee 2000) iyo Putin wuxuu burburiyay 3380 kale (Natiijo ahaan, waxaan wali haysannaa seddex meelood meel hubka Soofiyeedka (3084) iyo burburinta ayaa sii socota), gaar ahaan iyo ka sarreeya dhammaan kuwa ugu awoodda badan iyo kuwa aan la taaban karin ee dunida oo dhan iyo gantaalada Shaydaanka 5. haray).
Ma jiro wax cusub oo la abuuray. Xataa gantaaladii &quot;ugu dambeeyay&quot; ee Topol-M iyo RS-24 ma aha wax ka badan wax ka bedelka gantaalada Soofiyeedka.

Tan iyo 1946 gudaha USSR waxay sidoo kale ka shaqeynayeen:
1) difaaca hawada;
2) dhanka farsamada gantaalaha;
3) ku saabsan iswada ee hababka tignoolajiyada;
4) ku saabsan soo bandhigida tignoolajiyada ugu dambeeyay ee kumbuyuutarka (kumbuyuutarkii ugu horreeyay waxaa la sameeyay 1950);
5) Duulimaadyadii hawada sare (1957 dii waxa aanu hawada sare u dirnay dayax-gacmeedkii ugu horeeyay ee aduunka, 1961-kiina ninkii ugu horeeyay);
6) ku saabsan gaaska dalka;
7) qalabka guriga, iwm.

==Ciidan iyo dagaal==
Habeenimadii weerarkii Jarmalku ku qaaday USSR 1941kii, Stalin waxa loo doortay Guddoomiyaha Golaha Komisarrada Dadka (dawladda USSR) iyo Taliyaha Difaaca Dadweynaha. Markii dagaalku bilaabmay, Stalin wuxuu noqday taliyaha ugu sarreeya ee Ciidanka Cas. Su'aalaha ugu waaweyn ee mawduucan ku saabsan waa: u diyaargarowga dagaalka iyo khasaaraha ka dhashay. Reer galbeedku waxay ku qanceen in Jarmalku uu awood u leeyahay inuu ka adkaado USSR laba bilood gudahood, laakiin waxay ku khaldan tahay qiimeynta xoogga dhabta ah ee Midowga. 
 Miisaanka awoodda habeenka dagaalka.
Halabuurka tirada iyo dagaalka ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Germany, xulafadeeda iyo USSR ka hor bilowgii dagaalkii Great Patriotic ee xuduudaha galbeed ee USSR:
Shaqaalaha (malaayiin): Jarmalka - 5.5; USSR - 2.9 (1.9: 1)
Qoryaha iyo madaafiicda (kumanaan cutub): Jarmalka - 47.2; USSR - 32.9 (1.4: 1)
Haamaha (kumanaan cutub): Jarmalka - 4.3, USSR - 14.2 (0.3: 1)
Diyaaradaha dagaalka (kumanaan cutub): Jarmalka - 5.0; USSR - 9.2 (0.5: 1)
Wadarta (guud) saamiga ciidamada iyo kheyraadka Jarmalka, xulafadiisa iyo USSR (1.2:1)

Bilowgii dagaalka ee ciidamada, badda iyo waaxaha kale waxaa jiray 4,901.8 kun oo qof. Intii uu dagaalku socday, 29,574.9 kun oo nin ayaa hubka loogu yeedhay oo la abaabulay. Wadarta: 34,476.7 kun. 

Khasaaraha aan lasoo koobi karin ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee USSR
Ku dhacay oo u dhintay nabarrada inta lagu jiro marxaladaha daadgureynta: 5,226.8 + Ku dhintay dhaawacyada isbitaallada - 1,102.8 + U dhintay cudur, u dhintay shilal, dil lagu xukumay (khasaaraha dagaalka) - 555.5
- Waxaa laga soo celiyay maxaabiis ahaan - 1,836 (40% kuwii la qabtay)
- Hubka loogu yeedhay dhulkii la xoreeyay oo loo diray ciidamadii ka mid ahaa askartii hore loogu hareereeyay ama lagu waayay - 939.7
Wadarta khasaaraha tirakoobka aan laga soo kaban karin - 8,668.4 (25.1% tirada guud ee ciidamada)


Tirada guud ee dadka loo qoray ciidamada Jarmalka intii uu socday dagaalka, iyadoo la tixgelinayo kuwii u adeegay ka hor 1-dii Maarso 1939 - 21107 

Khasaaraha aan la soo koobi karin ee bini'aadamka ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Jarmalka iyo ciidamada xulafadiisa ee ku sugan safka hore ee Soofiyeedka-Jarmalka laga bilaabo 22 Juun 1941 ilaa 9 May 1945 (kumanaan kun)
+ Ku Dhacay, U Dhintay Dhaawacyo iyo Cudurro, Waxqabad Ku Maqan, Khasaare Aan Dagaal Ahayn - 4273.0 + La Qabtay - 4376.3 Wadarta Khasaaraha La Soo Kaban Karo - 8649.3
(oo ay ku jiraan Jarmalka - 7181.1 (34.0% tirada guud ee ciidamada Jarmalka))
- Waxaa laga soo celiyay maxaabiis ahaan - 3572.6 (82% kuwii la qabtay)
Wadarta khasaaraha dadweynaha ee aan laga soo kaban karin - 5076.7
(oo ay ku jiraan Jarmalka - 4270.7 (20.2% tirada guud ee ciidamada))


Khasaaraha aan laga soo kaban karin ee ciidamada Jarmalka iyo xulafadooda ayaa sidoo kale ahaa mid aad u weyn (8.6 milyan oo qof), iyadoo aan la xusin guuldarradii iyo awooddoodii oo dhan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waa in aan tixgelinno 1.59 askarta Wehrmacht iyo saraakiisha kuwaas oo qabsaday May 9, 1945 ka dib, oo kaliya hortooda Ciidanka Soofiyeedka.
Warbixinta khasaaraha aan la soo koobi karin ee ciidamada USSR iyo Jarmalka (oo leh xulafada)
Khasaaraha aan laga soo kaban karin: 1.32:1
Khasaaraha tirakoobka ee aan dib loo soo celin karin: 1.71:1
Farqiga u dhexeeya waxaa lagu macnayn karaa in laga soo bilaabo maxaabiistii faashiistaha laga soo celiyay maxaabiista dagaalka laba jibaar ka badan kuwii naga (40% vs 82%), taas oo aan la yaab leh, marka la eego yoolalka Nazis ee addoonsiga iyo burburinta Ruushka.

Intii lagu jiray dagaalkii weynaa ee Waddaniga, 588,700 oo nin ayaa ka baxay (1.7% tirada guud ee ciidamada). Marka la barbardhigo, intii lagu jiray dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka 1,865,000 oo qof ayaa ka baxay (12.1% wadarta ciidamada), taas oo ah, 7 jeer ka badan!
Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, ciidanka Tsarist Russia waxay lumiyeen in ka badan 72 kun oo sarkaal (la dilay, u dhintay dhaawacyo, gaas, dhaawac iyo dhaawac, la qabtay oo la waayay waxqabad). Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, 1,023.1 milyan oo qof ayaa ku dhintay dagaalka, dhaawacyo iyo cudurro, ayaa la waayey ama la qabtay. (35% tirada guud ee saraakiisha). Khasaaraha aan la soo koobi karin ee ciidanka Ruushka ka soo gaaray dagaalkii 1914-1918 wuxuu ahaa 2.25 milyan (14.7% tirada guud ee askarta loo diray ciidanka iyo badda sannadihii dagaalka); Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Ruushku wuu awoodi waayay inuu dagaalka si guul ah u soo gabagabeeyo. Waxaan ku guuleysanay dagaalkii weynaa ee Patriotic, inkastoo khasaaraha aadanaha ee aan laga soo kabsan karin uu xitaa ka weyn yahay kuwa cadowga (25% ka dhanka ah 20.2%), taas oo ka marag kacaysa midnimada iyo geesinimada ballaaran ee dadka Soofiyeeti ee uu hogaaminayay Stalin.

Laga soo bilaabo May 1937 ilaa Sebtembar 1939, oo dhan 40 kun oo qof. Waxay ahayd jaantuskan wareega ah markii ugu horeysay ee lagu sheegay majaladda &quot;Ogonyok&quot; (No. 26, 1986), oo ay ku xigto &quot;Moskovskiye Novosti&quot; iyo kuwo kale. Halkee buu ka yimid tiradan? Waana halka ay ka timi.
Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in May 5, 1940, madaxa Agaasinka Guud ee Shaqaalaha ee Commissariat ee Ciidanka Difaaca, Sarreeye Guud E. Shchadenko, u gudbiyay Stalin &quot;Warbixin ku saabsan Shaqada Agaasinka&quot; ee 1939. Waxa ay sheegtay in muddada 1937-1939 36,898 Red laga saaray taliyaha. Kuwaas, 18,658 qof ayaa shaqada laga eryay 1937 (13.1% liiska taliska iyo shaqaalaha siyaasadda), 16,362 qof ayaa la ruqseeyay 1938. (9.2%), 1939 1878 qof ayaa shaqada laga joojiyay. (0.7%)
Sababtu waxay ahaayeen sidan soo socota: 1) da'da; 2) sababo caafimaad awgood; 3) dembiyada edbinta; 4) xasilooni la'aanta anshaxa; 5) 19,106 ayaa shaqada looga eryay sababo siyaasadeed awgood (kuwaasoo, cabashooyin iyo baaritaanno ka dib, 9,247 ayaa dib loo soo celiyay 1938-1939); 6) 9,579 xubnood oo ka tirsan shaqaalaha taliska ayaa la xidhay, yacnii la cabudhiyey (kuwaas oo 1,457 ka mid ah dib loo soo celiyey 1938-1939).
[militera.lib.ru]
Haddaba, tirada saraakiisha la xidhay 1937-1939kii. (marka laga reebo Ciidanka Cirka iyo Badda), waa 8,122 qof. (3% tirada guud ee shaqaalaha taliska ee 1939). Kuwaas, oo ku saabsan 70 ayaa lagu xukumay dil, 17 ayaa la toogtay, inta badan darajooyinka ugu sarreeya, tusaale ahaan laba ka mid ah shan marshals (Tukhachevsky oo abaabulaya Trotskyist shirqool military, Yegorov ka qayb basaasnimo, diyaarinta weeraro argagixisanimo iyo ka qaybqaadashada urur kacaanka ah), Marshal kale, qayb ka mid ah Blupacist, ayaa la xidhay. taasoo keentay khasaare aan loo meel dayin iyo in si ula kac ah loo fashiliyo howlgalka harada Khasan, balse uu ku dhintay xabsiga. Intaa waxaa dheer, 5 ka mid ah taliyeyaasha darajada 9 1aad (Belov, Yakir, Uborevich, Fedko, Frinovsky) iyo wakiillo kale oo ka mid ah &quot;cirifka shanaad&quot; ayaa la toogtay si la mid ah, gaar ahaan dembiyada khatarta ah.
&quot;... Wehrmacht ayaa si fudud ii khiyaantay, waxaan ku dhimanayaa gacanta Jeneraaladayda. Stalin waxa uu sameeyay wax aad u wanaagsan isaga oo abaabulaya nadiifinta Ciidanka Cas iyo ka takhalusida aristocracy-ka qudhuntay&quot;


Markay ahayd Maarso 1, 1944, 312,594 la qabtay ama lagu hareereeyay askartii hore ee Ciidanka Cas ayaa lagu sameeyay hubinta NKVD. 75.1% maxaabiistii hore waxay ku guulaysteen baaritaanka waxaana loo qoondeeyay ciidamada, dhaqaalaha qaranka ama daaweynta. Boqolkiiba 0.6 kale ayaa dhintay, taasoo aan la yaab ahayn marka loo eego xaaladaha nololeed ee ka jira xeryihii Jarmalka ee laga xoreeyay. Kaliya 6.2% ayaa lagu sameeyay cadaadis (la xiray ama loo diray guutooyinka ciqaabta).


Laga soo bilaabo warbixinta: Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii dagaalka ilaa October 10, 1941, NKVD cutubyo gaar ah iyo dhufto ee ciidamada NKVD ee ilaalinta gadaasha waxay xireen 657,364 adeegayaal ah, kuwaas oo ka dhacay cutubyadooda oo ka saaray xagga hore.
Maxaabiista, 25,878 (4%) waxaa xiray waaxyo gaar ah, inta soo hartay 632,486 qof ayaa laga sameeyay cutubyo waxaana dib loogu celiyay safka hore.
Waxaa ka mid ah dadka ay xireen ciidamada gaarka ah.
basaasiin - 1,505
qaswadayaasha - 308
khaa'inul waddan - 2,621
fulay iyo qaylo-dhaan- 2,643
cidla - 8,772
faafiyay xanta kicinta - 3,987
is-qarxiyay - 1,671
kuwa kale - 4,371
Wadarta - 25,878
Digreeto ka soo baxday Ciidamada sida gaarka ah u tababaran iyo kuwa Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qalabka sida, ayaa waxaa la toogtay 10,201 qof (1.6% dadka la xiray), kuwaasi oo 3,321 ka mid ah lagu dilay dhismaha hortiisa.
Moscow - 0.3%. Dalka Maraykanka heerka sii dayntu waa 17-25%.

Sannadkii 1946-kii, markii kooxaha Bandera ay weli ku sii qulqulayeen galbeedka dalka, dhibaatada hoy la'aanta ee ciidamada aan weli la tirtirin, 0.546 milyan oo dambiyo ah oo nooc kasta ah ayaa lagu sameeyay USSR (heerka ogaanshaha 90%). Marka la barbardhigo, sida uu qabo Xafiiska Xeer Ilaaliyaha Guud ee Ruushka, 6.6 jeer ka badan dambiyada ayaa la galay 2007 marka loo eego 1946 ee Stalin, ama 3.58 milyan (oo leh heerka lagu ogaanayo 50%).
Sannadkii 1946-kii, 10,300 oo dil ayaa ka dhacay USSR (6,500 sannadkii 1940kii). Tirada dilalka ee ka dhacay Ruushka 2007 ayaa ka badan laba jibaar tii sannadkii ugu horreeyay ee dagaalka ka dib: 22,200.

==Mas'uuliyadda gaajada==

Taariikhda Ruushku waa sannado badan oo macaluul ah, iyada oo ay si joogto ah u korodhay tirada dalagyada goosashada iyo macaluusha ilaa qarnigii 20aad. Waxaa la ogaaday in Ruushka dalaggu uu ku guuldareysto inuu dhaco 6-7 sano kasta oo uu socdo laba sano. Qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad, sannadihii macaluusha ee ka dhalatay goosashada xun ee 1873, 1880, 1883, 1891, 1892, 1897 iyo 1898 waxay ahaayeen kuwo naxariis daran. Qarnigii 20-aad, abaarihii baahsanaa ee ugu caansanaa ayaa dhacay 1901, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1911, iyo 1913, markaasoo gaajada iyo cudurrada la xidhiidha ay keeneen heerar dhimasho oo aad u sarreeya. Laakiin sabab qaar ka mid ah waxay door bidaan inay ka aamusaan mawduucan, iyagoo ka cabanaya kaliya &quot;Holodomor&quot;. 

 1921-1922, 23 gobol oo ay ku nool yihiin 32 milyan oo qof ayaa waxaa halis galiyay macluul iyo cudurro faafa. Haa, abaar baa jirtay, laakiin dawladdii Soofiyeeti waxay abaabushay dagaal ka dhan ah masiibadaas. 120 milyan oo xabo oo hadhuudh ah ayaa la goostay. 5.053 milyan oo qof ayaa ka guuray degaannada gaajada oo u guuray meelaha hadhuudhka laga soo saaro ee USSR iyo dibaddaba. Intan le'eg khasaaraha dib-u-dejinta waa waxa ay beenaalayaalku &quot;ku ciyaaraan&quot; iyagoo u soo bandhigaya sidii iyagoo hubaal ah inay gaajo u dhinteen. Laakiin waxaa ka sarreeya dhammaan beenta ku xeeran waxa loogu yeero &quot;Holodomor&quot;.
Waxaa la sheegay in Bolsheviks ay ka qaadeen dhammaan rootiga masaakiinta, iyaga oo gaajo u dhintay. Dhab ahaantii, iibsashada hadhuudhka, tusaale ahaan Ukraine, 1932 waxay ka hooseeyeen 1931, markii macaluuli jirin. Sanadkii 1930 mugga sahayda hadhuudhka ee Ukraine ayaa gaadhay 6.92 milyan oo tan. (30% mugga wax-soo-saarka guud), 1931 - 7.39 milyan tan (40%) iyo 1932 - 4.28 (29%). Taasi waa, Bolsheviks ma aysan la wareegin hadhuudhka oo dhan; dhab ahaantii, waxay xitaa hoos u dhigeen mugga wax iibsiga. Laakiin maxay ahayd sababta hoos u dhaca dalagyada sarreenka ee 1932, ku dhawaad ​​35% marka la barbar dhigo 1930? iyo abaartii daba socotay? Maxayse macluushu u saamaysay Ukraine iyo Don? Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in 1932 kaliya saddex meelood meel ka mid ah dhulka la beeran karo ee Ukraine iyo Don ayaa la beeray, taasina waa sababta aan shuruudda lahayn ee macluusha. Maxaad wax yar u beeratay? Ukraine iyo Don dhulka laguma xaaqo fardo, sida bartamaha Ruushka, sababtoo ah waxay si dhakhso ah u daalan yihiin ciidda madow, laakiin dibi. Lo'duna waa hilib lo'aad, sidaas darteed waa la cunaa. Markaa tirada dibi ee Ukraine waxay hoos uga dhacday 593.7 kun (1929) ilaa 105.2 kun (1932), taas oo ah, ku dhawaad ​​6 jeer! Ujeedooyinka: qaran dumis, dacaayad ka dhan ah beeralayda, iyo hunguriga. Taasi waxay keentay in dadku ay gowracaan oo cunaan xoolahooda, iyaga oo aan doonayn in lagu wareejiyo beero wadareed.

Dhab ahaantii Stalin ayaa eedda leh. Marka hore, waxay ahayd lagama maarmaan in la qaado tallaabooyin wax ku ool ah si loo ilaaliyo xayawaanka qabyada ah. Laakiin waxa ugu muhiimsan waa ka duwan yahay. Maanta, iyaga oo ka duulaya maqaalkiisa &quot;Dizzy with Success&quot;, waxay aaminsan yihiin in ururinta ay ahayd in loo fuliyo &quot;si jilicsan&quot;, abuurista beeraha wadajirka ah iyo soo jiidashada dadweynaha inteeda kale iyaga. Ururintu waxay bilaabantay 1929kii, horraantii March 1930kii Golaha Dhexe waxa uu soo saaray wareegto mamnuucaysa ururinta khasabka ah; qaar ka mid ah beeralaydii dhawaan la ururiyay ayaa bilaabay in ay ka tagaan beerihii la wada lahaa, waxaana la soo celiyay kala badh beerihii la dhacay. Laakin ururinta &quot;jilicsan&quot; waa dariiqa tooska ah ee loo maro kala qaybinta bulshooyinka miyiga, kala qaybsanaantuna waa dagaal. Isku soo wada duuboo dadka beeralayda la wada leeyahay waxay keeni lahayd daadad af-lagaado ah, laakiin sannad gudihii qof kastaa wuu iloobi lahaa wax walba. Diidmada in si degdeg ah loo fuliyo ururinta guud ayaa ahayd khaladka ugu weyn. 

tirada dadka u dhintay nafaqo-xumada ayaa aad u yar. Laakiin, dabcan, macluushu waxay saamaysay xanuunka dadka iyo rajada nolosha iyo, sidaas awgeed, heerka dhimashada iyo dhalmada.
Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinka tirakoobka All-Union, dadka dhabta ah ee Ukraine on January 1, 1927 ahaa 29,043 kun oo qof, halka January 1, 1939 ay ahayd 30,946 kun oo qof (dhulka SSR Yukreeniyaan muddadan ayaa hoos u dhacay 2%). Kobaca dadweynaha ee xaddidan (+6.6%) muddo 12 sano ah ayaa qayb ahaan lagu sharraxay qulqulka dadweynaha ee ku soo qulqulaya xarumaha cusub ee warshadaha iyo wax soo saarka. Laakiin isla mar ahaantaana, korodhka dadweynaha ee deriska la ah Belarus, kaas oo aan saameyn ku yeelan macluusha, muddadan waxay ahayd 11.76%. Sidaa darteed, waxaan ku heshiin karnaa, sida ku cad xogta la daabacay 1938, dadka reer Ukraine waa in ay dhaafaan 32 milyan oo qof.
Celceliska heerka dhalashada dadka reer Yukreeniyaan SSR muddada 1927-1931 ayaa gaadhay 1,080,400, heerka dhimashada 521,800, heerka koritaanka 558,600. 1932, 782 kun oo qof ayaa dhashay, 668 kun ayaa dhintay (kor u kac ah 114 kun, ama 444.6 in ka yar qorshihii shanta sano ee hore), 1933, 359 kun oo qof ayaa dhashay, 1,309 kun ayaa dhintay (hoos u dhacay 950 kun, ama 1,508.6 ka yar). Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in khasaaraha dadweynaha ee SSR Yukreeniyaan 1932-1933, oo ay la socdaan macaluul, lagu qiyaasi karaa ilaa 2 milyan oo qof.
Dabcan, marka la eego aragtida maanta, tani waa tiro aad u sareysa. Laakiin aynu nidhaahno, gudaha USA, sababtoo ah buufiskii weynaa ee 1929-1933. Iyadoo 15 milyan ay shaqo la'aan yihiin, kumanaanna ay saf ugu jiraan maraq lacag la'aan ah, macluusha ayaa sababtay khasaare nafeed oo gaaraya 7 milyan oo qof.


Sannadkii 1946-kii, markii uu waddanku hadda bilaabay inuu ka soo kabsado dagaalladii oo aanay jirin wax u soo haray, ayaa USSR waxaa soo food saartay abaar aad u xun, webiyadana waxay ka gureen koonfurta. Natiijo ahaan, 1946-kii miraha la goostay wuxuu ahaa 39.6 milyan oo tan oo hadhuudh ah, 2.4 jeer in ka yar 1940kii. Waxaana bilaabmay abaartii 1947. Laakiin 1947kii RSFSR oo keliya waxay heshay 35.7 milyan oo tan oo hadhuudh ah, macluushiina waxay ka tagtay USSR weligeed. 

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhibaatada gaajada ayaa weli taagan: sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee Qaramada Midoobay, 2000-2002, 4% dadweynaha (5.2 milyan oo qof) ee Russia ayaa la soo darsay gaajo.

==Eedaymaha yuhuud nacaybka==
Dawladdii ugu horreysay ee Soofiyeedka (1917) waxay ka koobnayd 15 Ruush ah iyo hal Yuhuudi ah (18 ka mid ah). Intii u dhaxaysay 1917-kii ilaa 1924kii (Lenin's guard) waxaa hogaaminayay 48 Ruush (67%) iyo 8 yuhuud (11%).
Golaha Dhexe ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowga Soofiyeeti (Bolsheviks) 1924: Ruush - 54 (62%), Yuhuudda - 14 (16%).
VchK-OGPU-NKVD: laga bilaabo Maajo 1, 1924, 2,402 shaqaale ah ayaa ka shaqeeyay qalabka dhexe. Kuwaas, 1,670 ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen Ruush (70%), 208 Latvia (9%), 204 Yuhuudda (8%), 90 Pole, 80 Belarusians iyo 66 Yukreeniyaan, sida ay sheegtay Liliana Riga (2005) Latvia waxay ahaayeen kooxda ugu tirada badan, Yuhuudda ayaa ahaa saddexaad. Siyaasadaha Stalin, in kasta oo waafaqsan diinta Yuhuudda sida dhammaadka xannibaadaha ee goobaha dadweynaha iyo madax furashada bulsho weyn, si looga fogaado faafidda dareenka wadani waxay ahayd in la sameeyo cadaadis ah Sionism. Sannadkii 1934-kii meelaha cibaadada ee la xidhay (ilaa 1917) waxay ahaayeen sunagogyada (in ka badan 50%) ee ma ahayn kaniisadaha ama masaajidda. Tobannaanka sano ee soo socda doorka diinta Yuhuudda ee bulshada Soofiyeedka ayaa aad loo dhimi doonaa.

==Geeri iyo dhaxal==
Stalin waxa uu u dhintay 5 maarso 1953 ka dib markii uu ku dhacay dhiigbax maskaxda ah, kaas oo aanu helin daryeel caafimaad muddo dheer. Sida laga soo xigtay baaritaanka uu sameeyay Yuri Mukhin ee buugga &quot;Dilka Stalin iyo Beria&quot;, Stalin ayaa lagu sumeeyay Khrushchev iyo xubnihii la socday, kuwaas oo markii dambe dilay Stalin saaxiibkii ugu dhowaa, Lavrentiy Beria, iyada oo aan maxkamad la soo taagin. Tan waxaa loo sameeyay si looga hortago fulinta go'aamadii Stalin, ee lagu ansixiyay Shirweynihii 19-aad ee Xisbiga, si dhammaan awoodda xisbiga loogu wareejiyo gobolka.
Nooca sunta ah waxaa si rasmi ah u xaqiijiyay Mikhail Poltoranin, oo ah madaxa guddiga kala soocida kaydadka KGB. Inta badan Ruushku maanta waxay leeyihiin fikrad wanaagsan Stalin sida laga soo xigtay Xarunta Levada inkastoo dhammaan dhaleeceynta iyo muranka ka dhex jira bulshada Ruushka tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.


[[Category:Dadka Georgia]] [[category:midowga soofiyet]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mikhail Gorbachev</title>
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      <text bytes="10207" sha1="t03ns10e2bv3fty01h42anptdwd1hb4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mikhail Gorbaashiif
| native_name         = {{small|Михаил Горбачёв}}
| image               = Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavík summit, 1986.jpg
| caption             = Gorbachev in 1986
| office              = [[Madaxweynaha Midowgii Soofiyeet]]
| term_start          = 15 March 1990
| term_end            = 25 December 1991
| primeminister2      = {{plainlist|
* [[Nikolai Ryzhkov]]
* [[Valentin Pavlov]]
* [[Ivan Silayev]]}}
| vicepresident       = [[Gennady Yanayev]]
| predecessor         = ''Office established''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(xoogaa xagiisa )sida [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Gudoomiye]] ka mid ah [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Soviet Sare]])}}
| successor           = ''Office abolished''&lt;!--Don't add [[Boris Yeltsin]], as president of Russia was a different office, of a different country--&gt;
| office2             = [[Xoghayaha Guud ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet]]
| term_start2         = 11 March 1985
| term_end2           = 24 August 1991
| deputy2             = Vladimir Ivashko
| predecessor2        = [[Konstantin Chernenko]]
| successor2          = [[Vladimir Ivashko]] (jilitaan)
| office3             = [[Liiska madaxda dowladaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Guddoomiyaha Soofiyeeti Sare ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti]]
| deputy3             = Anatoly Lukyanov
| term_start3         = 25 May 1989
| term_end3           = 15 March 1990
| predecessor3        = Xaggiisa sida [[Liiska madaxda dowladaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Gudoomiye]] ka mid ah Soviet Sare|Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]]
| successor3          = [[Anatoly Lukyanov]]
| office4             = [[Liiska madaxda dowladaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Guddoomiyaha Presidium ee Soofiyeeti Sare ee USSR]]
| term_start4         = 1 October 1988
| term_end4           = 25 May 1989
| predecessor4        = [[Andrei Gromyko]]
| successor4          = Xaggiisa sida [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Gudoomiye]] ka mid ah Presidium ee Soviet Sare {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional positions}}
| office5             = La-Guddoomiyaha [[Ururka Midowga Dimuqraadiga]]
| term_start5         = 11 March 2000
| term_end5           =
| predecessor5        = ''Office established''
| successor5          =
| office6             = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union#Secretariat|Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]&lt;br /&gt;Acting
| term_start6         = 9 February 1984
| term_end6           = 10 March 1985
| predecessor6        = [[Konstantin Chernenko]]
| successor6          = [[Yegor Ligachev]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birthname           = Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1931|3|2}}
| birth_place         = [[Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai|Privolnoye]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now Russia)
| death_date          =
| death_place         =
| nationality         = {{plainlist|
* Soviet (1931–1991)
* Russian (since 1991)
}}
| party               = [[Union of Social Democrats]] (2007–present)
| otherparty          = {{plainlist|
* [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1952–1991)
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1991–2000)
* United Social Democratic Party of Russia (2000–2001)
* [[Social Democratic Party of Russia]] (2001–2007)
}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Raisa Gorbacheva]]|1953|1999|reason={{abbr|d.|geeriyooday}}}}
| children            = Irina Virganskaya
| alma_mater          = [[Moscow State University]]
| awards              = [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
| signature           = Gorbachev Signature.svg
| website             = {{url|gorby.ru/en|websiteka}}
| module              = &lt;center&gt;{{Listen|embed=yes|filename= Mihail Gorbachev voice.oga|title=&lt;center&gt;Mikhail Gorbachev's voice&lt;/center&gt;|type=speech|description=&lt;center&gt;Recorded November 2012&lt;/center&gt;}}&lt;/center&gt;
{{Collapsible list
| title      = Xubinnimada hay'adda dhexe
| bullets    = on
| 1980–1991: Full member, [[25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]], [[28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|28th]] Politburo
| 1979–1980: Candidate member, [[25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]] Politburo
| 1978–1991: Member, [[25th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[27th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]], [[28th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|28th]] Secretariat
| 1971–1991: Full member, [[Central Committee elected by the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|24th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|28th]] Central Committee
}}
----
{{Collapsible list
| title      = xafiisyada kale oo soo qabtay
| bullets    = on
| 2001–2004: Chairman, [[Social Democratic Party of Russia]]
| 1985–1991: Chairman, [[Defense Council (Soviet Union)|Defense Council]]
| 1970–1978: First Secretary, Stavropol Regional Committee
}}
&lt;center&gt;'''[[hogaamiyaha Soviet Union]]''' {{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Konstantin Chernenko|Chernenko]]
* ''waxna (kan ugu danbeeyay oo qabtay)''
}}
&lt;/center&gt;
}}
'''Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev''' (wuxuu dhashay 2 Maarso 1931) waa siyaasi [[Ruushka|ruush]] ah horeyna u ahaa siyaasi [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]. 
Wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiyihii siddeedaad ee ugu dambeeya ee Midowgii Soofiyeet, wuxuu ahaa Xoghayaha Guud ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet sannadihii 1985 ilaa 1991. 

Wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa madaxweynihii dalka 1988 ilaa 1991, isagoo gudoomiye ka ahaa Presidium of the Soviet. 

Wuxuu ahaa Soviet-kii ugu sareeyay intii u dhaxeysay 1988 ilaa 1989, gudoomiyaha Soviet-kii ugu sareeyay intii u dhaxeysay 1989 ilaa 1990, iyo madaxweynihii midowgii sofiyeeti 1990 ilaa 1991. 

Fikir ahaan, wuxuu markii hore u hogaansamay Markis-Leninism inkasta oo horaantii 1990-meeyadii loo gudbay dhanka dimuqraadiyada bulshada.

Dhaxalka isku dhafan ee Ruushka iyo Ukraine, Gorbachev wuxuu ku dhashay [[Privolnoye]], [[Stavropol Krai]], wuxuu ka dhashay qoys sabool ah. 

Markii uu ku soo koray xukunkii [[Joseph Stalin]], yaraantiisii ​​wuxuu ku shaqeysan jiray kuwa isku aruursada beeraha wadajirka ah ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Xisbiga Shuuciga, oo markaa u maamuli jiray Midowgii Soofiyeeti dowlad hal xisbi ah sida ku cad caqiidada Marxist-Leninist. 

Intii uu wax ka baranayay [[Jaamacadda Moscow]], wuxuu guursaday arday la dhalatay Raisa Titarenko 1953 ka hor inta uusan helin shahaadada sharciga ee 1955. U guurista Stavropol, wuxuu u shaqeynayay ururka dhalinyarada ee Komsomol, dhimashada Stalin ka dib, wuxuu noqday qof si weyn u taageersan de-Stalinization dib-u-habeyntii hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti Nikita Khrushchev. 

Waxaa loo magacaabay Xoghayaha Koowaad ee Guddiga Gobolka ee Stavropol 1970, jagadaas oo uu kormeeray dhismaha kanaalka weyn ee 'Stavropol Canal'. Sannadkii 1978 wuxuu ku noqday magaalada Moscow si uu u noqdo Xoghayaha Golaha Dhexe ee xisbiga wuxuuna 1979-kii ku biiray siyaasaddiisa xukunka haysa. Saddex sano gudahood dhimashadii hoggaamiyihii Soofiyeeti Leonid Brezhnev, ka dib nidaamyadii koobnaa ee Yuri Andropov iyo Konstantin Chernenko, Politburo wuxuu Gorbachev u doortay Xoghayaha Guud, madaxa rasmiga ah ee dawladda, 1985.

In kasta oo ay ka go'an tahay ilaalinta dawladda Soofiyeedka iyo himilooyinkeeda hanti-wadaagga, Gorbachev wuxuu rumaysnaa in dib-u-habeyn weyn ay lagama maarmaan tahay, gaar ahaan musiibadii 1986 ee [[Chernobyl]]. 

Wuxuu ka baxay [[Dagaalkii Soofiyeeti iyo Afgaanistaan]] ​​wuxuuna bilaabay shirar uu la yeeshay Madaxweynaha Mareykanka [[Ronald Reagan]] si loo xaddido [[hubka nukliyeerka]] loona joojiyo [[Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]]. Gudaha, siyaasadiisa glasnost (&quot;furnaanshaha&quot;) ayaa loo oggol yahay xorriyadda hadalka iyo tan saxaafadda ee kor loo qaaday, halka [[perestroika]] (&quot;dib u habeyn&quot;) uu isku dayay in la daadejiyo go'aan sameynta dhaqaalaha si loo wanaajiyo waxtarka. 

Tallaabooyinkiisa dimoqraadiyeynta iyo sameynta Golaha Wakiillada Dadweynaha ee la soo doortay waxay wiiqeen dowladdii hal xisbi. 
Gorbachev wuu diiday inuu faragalin militari sameeyo markii dalal kala duwan oo ka tirsan [[Bariga Bloc]] ay ka tureen maamulkii Markis-Leninist 1989-90. 

Gudaha, dareenka wadaniyadeed ee sii kordhaya wuxuu ku hanjabay inuu kala goyn doono Midowgii Soofiyeeti, taasoo horseed u ahayd kooxaha xagjirka ah ee Marxist-Leninist inay bilaabaan Afgambigii dhicisoobay ee Ogosto ee ka dhanka ahaa Gorbachev 1991. 

Xilligaas ka dib, Midowgii Soofiyeet wuu kala diray wixii uu rabay Gorbachev wuuna is casilay. 

Markii uu xafiiska ka tagay, wuxuu bilaabay aasaaskiisa Gorbachev, wuxuu noqday nin si weyn u dhaliila madaxweynayaasha Ruushka [[Boris Yeltsin]] iyo [[Vladimir Putin]], wuxuuna u ololaynayay dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada ee dimuqraadiyadda [[Ruushka]].

Si ballaaran ayaa loo tixgeliyey mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad, Gorbachev ayaa weli ah mawduuca lagu muransan yahay. 

Qofka helay abaalmarino kala duwan - oo ay ku jiraan abaalmarinta Nabadda ee Nobel - waxaa si weyn loogu ammaanay doorka muhiimka ah ee uu ka qaatay soo afjaridda Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, yareynta xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti, iyo u dulqaadashada dhicitaankii maamulladii Marxist-Leninist ee bariga. iyo bartamaha Yurub iyo midowgii Jarmalka. Taa bedelkeeda, Ruushka waxaa badanaa loogu jeesjeesaa inuusan joojin joojintii Soofiyeeti, dhacdo keentay hoos u dhac ku yimid saameynta adduunka ee Ruushka oo soo dedejisay xiisad dhaqaale.


[[category:Mikhail Gorbachev]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10209" sha1="rgvqpi8tl194qzxvd5l5zyi4y235hyq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mikhail Gorbaashiif
| native_name         = {{small|Михаил Горбачёв}}
| image               = Mikhail Gorbachev, Reykjavík summit, 1986.jpg
| caption             = Gorbachev in 1986
| office              = [[Madaxweynaha Midowgii Soofiyeet]]
| term_start          = 15 March 1990
| term_end            = 25 December 1991
| primeminister2      = {{plainlist|
* [[Nikolai Ryzhkov]]
* [[Valentin Pavlov]]
* [[Ivan Silayev]]}}
| vicepresident       = [[Gennady Yanayev]]
| predecessor         = ''Office established''&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(xoogaa xagiisa )sida [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Gudoomiye]] ka mid ah [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|Soviet Sare]])}}
| successor           = ''Office abolished''&lt;!--Don't add [[Boris Yeltsin]], as president of Russia was a different office, of a different country--&gt;
| office2             = [[Xoghayaha Guud ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet]]
| term_start2         = 11 March 1985
| term_end2           = 24 August 1991
| deputy2             = Vladimir Ivashko
| predecessor2        = [[Konstantin Chernenko]]
| successor2          = [[Vladimir Ivashko]] (jilitaan)
| office3             = [[Liiska madaxda dowladaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Guddoomiyaha Soofiyeeti Sare ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti]]
| deputy3             = Anatoly Lukyanov
| term_start3         = 25 May 1989
| term_end3           = 15 March 1990
| predecessor3        = Xaggiisa sida [[Liiska madaxda dowladaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Gudoomiye]] ka mid ah Soviet Sare|Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]]
| successor3          = [[Anatoly Lukyanov]]
| office4             = [[Liiska madaxda dowladaha Midowgii Soofiyeeti|Guddoomiyaha Presidium ee Soofiyeeti Sare ee USSR]]
| term_start4         = 1 October 1988
| term_end4           = 25 May 1989
| predecessor4        = [[Andrei Gromyko]]
| successor4          = Xaggiisa sida [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Gudoomiye]] ka mid ah Presidium ee Soviet Sare {{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional positions}}
| office5             = La-Guddoomiyaha [[Ururka Midowga Dimuqraadiga]]
| term_start5         = 11 March 2000
| term_end5           =
| predecessor5        = ''Office established''
| successor5          =
| office6             = [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union#Secretariat|Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]&lt;br /&gt;Acting
| term_start6         = 9 February 1984
| term_end6           = 10 March 1985
| predecessor6        = [[Konstantin Chernenko]]
| successor6          = [[Yegor Ligachev]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| birthname           = Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1931|3|2}}
| birth_place         = [[Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysky District, Stavropol Krai|Privolnoye]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now Russia)
| death_date          =
| death_place         =
| nationality         = {{plainlist|
* Soviet (1931–1991)
* Russian (since 1991)
}}
| party               = [[Union of Social Democrats]] (2007–present)
| otherparty          = {{plainlist|
* [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] (1952–1991)
* [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1991–2000)
* United Social Democratic Party of Russia (2000–2001)
* [[Social Democratic Party of Russia]] (2001–2007)
}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Raisa Gorbacheva]]|1953|1999|reason={{abbr|d.|geeriyooday}}}}
| children            = Irina Virganskaya
| alma_mater          = [[Moscow State University]]
| awards              = [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
| signature           = Gorbachev Signature.svg
| website             = {{url|gorby.ru/en|websiteka}}
| module              = &lt;center&gt;{{Listen|embed=yes|filename= Mihail Gorbachev voice.oga|title=&lt;center&gt;Mikhail Gorbachev's voice&lt;/center&gt;|type=speech|description=&lt;center&gt;Recorded November 2012&lt;/center&gt;}}&lt;/center&gt;
{{Collapsible list
| title      = Xubinnimada hay'adda dhexe
| bullets    = on
| 1980–1991: Full member, [[25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]], [[28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|28th]] Politburo
| 1979–1980: Candidate member, [[25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]] Politburo
| 1978–1991: Member, [[25th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[26th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[27th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]], [[28th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|28th]] Secretariat
| 1971–1991: Full member, [[Central Committee elected by the 24th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|24th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|25th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|26th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 27th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|27th]], [[Central Committee elected by the 28th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|28th]] Central Committee
}}
----
{{Collapsible list
| title      = xafiisyada kale oo soo qabtay
| bullets    = on
| 2001–2004: Chairman, [[Social Democratic Party of Russia]]
| 1985–1991: Chairman, [[Defense Council (Soviet Union)|Defense Council]]
| 1970–1978: First Secretary, Stavropol Regional Committee
}}
&lt;center&gt;'''[[hogaamiyaha Soviet Union]]''' {{flatlist|
* {{big|'''←'''}} [[Konstantin Chernenko|Chernenko]]
* ''waxna (kan ugu danbeeyay oo qabtay)''
}}
&lt;/center&gt;
}}
'''Mikhail Sergeyviish Gorbaashiif''' (wuxuu dhashay 2 Maarso 1931) waa siyaasi [[Ruushka|ruush]] ah horeyna u ahaa siyaasi [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]. 
Wuxuu ahaa hoggaamiyihii siddeedaad ee ugu dambeeya ee Midowgii Soofiyeet, wuxuu ahaa Xoghayaha Guud ee Xisbiga Shuuciga ee Midowgii Soofiyeet sannadihii 1985 ilaa 1991. 

Wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa madaxweynihii dalka 1988 ilaa 1991, isagoo gudoomiye ka ahaa Presidium of the Soviet. 

Wuxuu ahaa Soviet-kii ugu sareeyay intii u dhaxeysay 1988 ilaa 1989, gudoomiyaha Soviet-kii ugu sareeyay intii u dhaxeysay 1989 ilaa 1990, iyo madaxweynihii midowgii sofiyeeti 1990 ilaa 1991. 

Fikir ahaan, wuxuu markii hore u hogaansamay Markis-Leninism inkasta oo horaantii 1990-meeyadii loo gudbay dhanka dimuqraadiyada bulshada.

Dhaxalka isku dhafan ee Ruushka iyo Ukraine, Gorbachev wuxuu ku dhashay [[Privolnoye]], [[Stavropol Krai]], wuxuu ka dhashay qoys sabool ah. 

Markii uu ku soo koray xukunkii [[Joseph Stalin]], yaraantiisii ​​wuxuu ku shaqeysan jiray kuwa isku aruursada beeraha wadajirka ah ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Xisbiga Shuuciga, oo markaa u maamuli jiray Midowgii Soofiyeeti dowlad hal xisbi ah sida ku cad caqiidada Marxist-Leninist. 

Intii uu wax ka baranayay [[Jaamacadda Moscow]], wuxuu guursaday arday la dhalatay Raisa Titarenko 1953 ka hor inta uusan helin shahaadada sharciga ee 1955. U guurista Stavropol, wuxuu u shaqeynayay ururka dhalinyarada ee Komsomol, dhimashada Stalin ka dib, wuxuu noqday qof si weyn u taageersan de-Stalinization dib-u-habeyntii hoggaamiyaha Soofiyeeti Nikita Khrushchev. 

Waxaa loo magacaabay Xoghayaha Koowaad ee Guddiga Gobolka ee Stavropol 1970, jagadaas oo uu kormeeray dhismaha kanaalka weyn ee 'Stavropol Canal'. Sannadkii 1978 wuxuu ku noqday magaalada Moscow si uu u noqdo Xoghayaha Golaha Dhexe ee xisbiga wuxuuna 1979-kii ku biiray siyaasaddiisa xukunka haysa. Saddex sano gudahood dhimashadii hoggaamiyihii Soofiyeeti Leonid Brezhnev, ka dib nidaamyadii koobnaa ee Yuri Andropov iyo Konstantin Chernenko, Politburo wuxuu Gorbachev u doortay Xoghayaha Guud, madaxa rasmiga ah ee dawladda, 1985.

In kasta oo ay ka go'an tahay ilaalinta dawladda Soofiyeedka iyo himilooyinkeeda hanti-wadaagga, Gorbachev wuxuu rumaysnaa in dib-u-habeyn weyn ay lagama maarmaan tahay, gaar ahaan musiibadii 1986 ee [[Chernobyl]]. 

Wuxuu ka baxay [[Dagaalkii Soofiyeeti iyo Afgaanistaan]] ​​wuxuuna bilaabay shirar uu la yeeshay Madaxweynaha Mareykanka [[Ronald Reagan]] si loo xaddido [[hubka nukliyeerka]] loona joojiyo [[Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]]. Gudaha, siyaasadiisa glasnost (&quot;furnaanshaha&quot;) ayaa loo oggol yahay xorriyadda hadalka iyo tan saxaafadda ee kor loo qaaday, halka [[perestroika]] (&quot;dib u habeyn&quot;) uu isku dayay in la daadejiyo go'aan sameynta dhaqaalaha si loo wanaajiyo waxtarka. 

Tallaabooyinkiisa dimoqraadiyeynta iyo sameynta Golaha Wakiillada Dadweynaha ee la soo doortay waxay wiiqeen dowladdii hal xisbi. 
Gorbachev wuu diiday inuu faragalin militari sameeyo markii dalal kala duwan oo ka tirsan [[Bariga Bloc]] ay ka tureen maamulkii Markis-Leninist 1989-90. 

Gudaha, dareenka wadaniyadeed ee sii kordhaya wuxuu ku hanjabay inuu kala goyn doono Midowgii Soofiyeeti, taasoo horseed u ahayd kooxaha xagjirka ah ee Marxist-Leninist inay bilaabaan Afgambigii dhicisoobay ee Ogosto ee ka dhanka ahaa Gorbachev 1991. 

Xilligaas ka dib, Midowgii Soofiyeet wuu kala diray wixii uu rabay Gorbachev wuuna is casilay. 

Markii uu xafiiska ka tagay, wuxuu bilaabay aasaaskiisa Gorbachev, wuxuu noqday nin si weyn u dhaliila madaxweynayaasha Ruushka [[Boris Yeltsin]] iyo [[Vladimir Putin]], wuxuuna u ololaynayay dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada ee dimuqraadiyadda [[Ruushka]].

Si ballaaran ayaa loo tixgeliyey mid ka mid ah tirooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee qeybtii labaad ee qarnigii 20-aad, Gorbachev ayaa weli ah mawduuca lagu muransan yahay. 

Qofka helay abaalmarino kala duwan - oo ay ku jiraan abaalmarinta Nabadda ee Nobel - waxaa si weyn loogu ammaanay doorka muhiimka ah ee uu ka qaatay soo afjaridda Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, yareynta xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee Midowgii Soofiyeeti, iyo u dulqaadashada dhicitaankii maamulladii Marxist-Leninist ee bariga. iyo bartamaha Yurub iyo midowgii Jarmalka. Taa bedelkeeda, Ruushka waxaa badanaa loogu jeesjeesaa inuusan joojin joojintii Soofiyeeti, dhacdo keentay hoos u dhac ku yimid saameynta adduunka ee Ruushka oo soo dedejisay xiisad dhaqaale.


[[category:Mikhail Gorbachev]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ogeyslabe</title>
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      <text bytes="3137" sha1="om1937d00fgm6uvut8qumfa2sfiufak" xml:space="preserve">{{nutshell|Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan beel (qabiil), fadlan dhexdhexaad ka ahoow qoraalkaaga}}
Ugaaslabe oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan (Abdirahman Gerad Hasan Hamar-Gale) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha waaweyn ee beelweynta [[Warsangali|Warsangeli]]  [[harti]] [[Daarood|darod]]. Beeshu waxay caan ku tahay taariikhdooda hodanka ah, dhaqaalahooda xooggan, iyo doorkooda muhiimka ah ee degaanka, 
{{Farac |
| group = Ogeyslabe &lt;br&gt;أوغيسلابي
| image= 
 |region1={{flagcountry|Somalia}} 
 |region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}} 
 |region3={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
 |region4={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}
| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related-c =  
}}
Beesha Ogeyslabe ee Faca weyn 
==Magaalooyinka Taariikhiga ah ee Ogeyslabe Asaaseen==
1. Magaalada '''Lasqorey''' waxa la aasaasay sannadkii '''1720''', waxaana aasaasay '''Sheikh Cali Maxamuud Nuux'''. Waxay ahayd xarun muhiim ah oo ganacsi iyo waxbarasho, halkaas oo Sheekhu duqa magaalada ka ahaa isla markaana si diirran ugu soo dhawayn jiray ganacsatada iyo dadka safarka uga imaan jiray Ardul Sawaaxil iyo dhulal kale oo fog. Sheekhu waxa uu dacwada Islaamka si firfircoon ugu fidin jiray dadkaas, gaar ahaan kuwa ka iman jiray '''Zinjibaar''' ee aan Muslimiinta ahayn waqtigaas. Masjidul '''saxaaba''', oo qayb yar oo ka mid ah weli taagan tahay ilaa maanta, ayaa ahaa xarunta rasmiga ah ee uu Sheekhu ku bari jiray ardayda (Diinta), isla markaana uu halkaas ku soo dhawayn jiray dadka '''Saldnadda''' soo booqda.
2. '''Hadaftimo''': Magaalada Hadaftimo, oo la dhisay dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, waxay ahayd mid kale oo muhiim ah xiriirna la leh dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda gobolka. Waxaany ahayd '''caasimadda siyaasiga''' ah ee saldanadda muddo dheer.
==Deegaannada==
Beesha Ogeyslabe:
* Lasqorey
* Badhan
* Hadaftimo
* Xingalool
Ceerigaabo iyo Deegaanada kale ee ku teedsan xeebaha iyo buuraleyda gobolka Sanaag. Waxa kale oo ay beeshani leedahay jaaliyad ballaaran oo ku nool qurbaha, gaar ahaan waddamada khaliijka carabta, Yurub, iyo Waqooyiga Ameerika.
==Dhaqaalaha iyo Ganacsiga==
Beesha Ogeyslabe waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadatay dhaqaalaha deegaanka. Waxay ku caan baxeen ganacsi, xoolo-dhaqasho, iyo ka ganacsiga badeecadaha kala duwan ee la isku dhaafsado gobollada Geeska Afrika iyo Khaliijka Carabta gaar ahaan Saldanada Cumaan. Sidoo kale beeshu waxay ku suntantahy dhaqanka Soomaalida ee ku saleysan wada-tashiga iyo xallinta khilaafaadka bulshada sukeeya iyo shisheeyaba.
==Lineage ka==
[[File:Full+Clan+Tree+Of+Ogayslabe.png|alt=Clan Tree|thumb|full clan tree of Ogayslabe]]
[[Ogeyslabe]] Magiciisu Waa Abdirahman Gerad Hassan (Hamar-Gale) oo lahaa 2 wiil
* 1- Deek Abdirahman (Habar-Deeko)
* 2- Awsame Abdirahman
Awsame waxu dhalay '''Maxamed''' oo ahaa '''Ugaas''', ugaasnimada Saldnadda warsangeli dhexdeeda waa hogaamiyaha ka masuul ka ah gaashaan qaad ka iyo ilaalin ta saldanadda iyo xududeheeda berri iyo bad ba oo loo yaqaan ('''Supreme Defense Chief''') halku geraad ku yahay ('''Supreme Leader''') ka guud ee saldanadda. Waxaana ka farcamay 4 jilib oo waaweyn:
* 1- Reer Liibaan
* 2- Cali Saleebaan
* 3- Reer Ugaadh
* '''4- Rooble Cali [Bah-Riighaye]'''</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abokor muuse</title>
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      <text bytes="17977" sha1="loe92x43npzw7o2igwx0kroj9k712zk" xml:space="preserve">{{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor 
 &lt;br&gt;  |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_United Kingdom.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4    ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans  &lt;!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! --&gt;}}

'''Abokor''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر  ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]].

== Overview ==
The Abokor is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa&lt;ref&gt;Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics &amp; Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.&lt;/ref&gt; is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781135751753&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.&lt;/ref&gt;.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.&lt;ref&gt;Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tariikhda ==
===Nasabka ===
Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.&lt;ref&gt;I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 &amp; 42&lt;/ref&gt;

===Xiliyadii Dhexe===
Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;مخطوطات-24 &gt; بهجة الزمان &gt; الصفحة رقم 16&quot;. makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].&lt;ref&gt;Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9782845864924&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]]

Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.&lt;ref&gt;Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha  Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka&lt;ref&gt;The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62&quot;. 1849&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;

Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.&lt;ref&gt;Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen  qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka.

[[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]]

Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.&lt;/blockquote&gt; 

Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah.

===Baranches and Subclans===
Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. 

Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]''

Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha ''Abdalleh Muuse'' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Rer Dhibleh'' ,''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.)  ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]]

===Saltanate of Abokor Musa===
Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda.

Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida.

==Distribution==
Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road (Wadada Madaarka Egal)'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay.

Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha.

Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka.

Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah.

==Clan tree==
A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below:

{{Tree list}}
*Daoud (Eidagalle)
***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban)
****Salieban Abokor
*****Mohammad Salieban
******Saleiban Mohamed
*******Yousuf Saleiban
********Osman Yusuf
********Said Yusuf
********Mohamed Yusuf
*******Arralleh Saleiban 
********Ali Arralle
********Saleiban Arralle
*********Abokor Saleiban
**********Abdalleh Abokor
***********Saleiban Abdalle
************Osman Saleiban 
*************Wa'eys Osman
*************Mahamoud Wais
*************Arralleh Wais
*************Hussein wais
**********Saleiban Abokor
***********Warfa Saleiban
***********Arrale Saleiban
***********Farah Saleiban
***********Mahamoud Saleiban
**********Ibrahim Abokor
***********Mohamed Ibrahim
************Jibril Mohamed 
************Salah Mohamed 
*************Osman Salah
**************Abokor Osman 
***************Hassan Abokor
****************Muuse Hassan
****************Laqshe Hassan
****************Basiralle Hassan 
****************Dhimbil Hassan
*****************'''Mohammed Dhimbil'''
******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie)
******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah)
******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled)
******************Musa Mohamed
*******************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe)
*******************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden)
*****************'''Muuse Dhimbil'''
******************Abdalle Muse
*******************Muse Abdalle 
********************Mahamoud Muuse 
*********************Shirdon Mohamoud 
*********************Hildiid Mohamoud 
**********************Ali Hildiid 
**********************Geedi Hildiid
**********************Hersi Hildiid
********************Abdalleh Muuse 
*********************Jibirl Abdalle
**********************Saeed Jibril
***********************Abdi Said
************************Salah Abdi
************************Roble Abdi
**********************Hersi Jibril
***********************Ahmed Hersi
***********************Abdalle Hersi
**********************Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil)
***********************Hersi Kalil
***********************Egal Kalil
***********************Wais Kalil
***********************Ali kalil
************************Said Ali
************************Koshin Ali
************************Arale Ali
************************Osman Ali
************************Guled Ali
************************Amare Ali
************************Boqorreh Ali 
**********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan)
***********************Aden Mohamed 
************************Benin Aden
************************Nour Aden
************************Ali Aden
************************Adan Aden
**********************Abdi Jibril 
***********************Ali Abdi 
************************Issa Ali
************************Mumin Ali
************************Naleye Ali
************************Hussein Ali
*************************Mohamed Hussien
*************************Nour Hussein 
*************************Jama Hussien
***********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur)
************************Ismail Nour
************************Hersi Nour
************************Gabal Nour
************************Mohamed Nour
***********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) 
************************Naleye Benin
************************Ahmed Benin
************************Hersi Benin
************************Warfa Benin
************************Samter Benin
************************Abdi Benin
************************Fatah Benin
************************Aden Benin
************************Dirie Benin
************************Farah Benin
************************Dahir Benin
************************Arale Benin
************************Guled Benin
************************Shirwa Benin
************************Abane Benin
************************Abdille Benin
************************Yusuf Benin
************************Arale Benin
************************Roble Benin
************************Osman Benin
***********************Abdille Abdi
************************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab)
*************************Ismail Gallab
*************************Asker Gallab
***********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye)
************************Gulled Eiye 
************************Sharmake Eiye 
***********************Mohamed Abdille
************************Ahmed Mohamed
*************************Samter Ahmed 
*************************Ziyad Ahmed
*************************Mayle Ahmed
*************************Elmi Ahmed
*************************Warfa Ahmed
*************************Geedi Ahmed
*************************Amanle Ahmed
*************************Food Ahmed
*************************Roble Ahmed
*************************Ainanshe Ahmed 
*************************Wais Ahmed 
*************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh)
**************************Ismail Dhible
**************************Barre Dhible
*************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali)
*************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) 
**************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie)
**************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh)
******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil'''
********************Musa Ahmed
********************Osman Ahmed
********************Liban Ahmed
*********************Abdi Liban 
**********************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail)
**********************Mohammed Abdi 
***********************Sarar Mohamed
***********************Ahmed Mohamed 
**********'''Aden Abokor'''
*************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl)
**************Mahamoud Awal
**************Hussien Awal
**************Farah Awal
**************Abdi Awal
*************Hassan Aden
**************Ziyad Hassan
**************Odawa Hasaan
**************Ladon Hassan
**************Abdalle Hassan
***************Ali Abdalle
***************Abdi Abdalle 
***************Ahmed Abdalle
****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas)
****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal)
****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi)
{{tree list/end}}


==Notable figures== 
* Mahamoud Ismail Gabush  – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader
* Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet.
* Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War.
*Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. 
* Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer 
* Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder.
*Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. 
* Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning 
* Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border
* Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health
* Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader 
* Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist   
* Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer.
* Abdishakur Roble  Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland.
* Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia 
* Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot  
* Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city
* Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader.
* Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician
* Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard
* Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader
* Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship
* Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia 
* Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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== Beesha Kuulbeer (Kuulbayr) ==
Beesha '''KULBEER'''  waaxa ay galaan duduble oo ay ka yihiin maxamed camal Abtirsiintooda aabbannimo waxay u socotaa sidan:

----hawiye hiraab duduble

=== Taariikh iyo Bulsho ===
Kuulbayr waa mid ka mid ah qabaailka ugu adag uguna habaysan ee Madhibaan. haddana waxay u dhaqmaan sida beelaha waaweyn ee Soomaaliyeed, iyagoo leh nidaam beeleed u gaar ah, tuulooyin iyo qaab hoggaan gudaha ah.

Beesha Kuulbayr waxay leeyihiin '''“sumad”''' xoolaha lagu garto, gaar ahaan geelka, taas oo ka kooban laba goobo oo qoorta geelka lagu calaamadeeyo. Sumaddani waxay astaan u tahay midnimo iyo aqoonsi.

Inkasta oo ay jiraan xasarado gudaha ah oo soo jireen ah, haddana beesha Kuulbayr waxay caan ku tahay midnimo iyo is-garabsi marka ay la kulmaan colaad dibadeed. Dhaqankoodu wuxuu ku dhisan yahay kibir iyo sharaf: ma sahlana inay aqbalaan '''diya''' (mag), balse inta badan waxay u doortaan inay dhiigga lagu daadiyo dhiig kale. Tani waxay u tahay muujin madax-bannaani iyo sharaf.

Dhaqaale ahaan, Kuulbayr waa beel aad u isku filan. Iyagoo ka duwan beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed oo ku tiirsan lacagaha qurbojoogta, Kuulbayr waxay noloshooda ku maareeyaan ganacsiyo gudaha ah. Waxay leeyihiin goobo baabuur lagu hagaajiyo, dukaamo elektaroonik ah, iyo hantida maguurtada ah oo ku kala yaal Puntland iyo Muqdisho. Sidaas darteed, waxay si weyn uga dhex muuqdaan dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka.
----

=== Xiriirka iyo Isdhexgalka Beelaha Kale ===
Markii dowladdii Soomaaliya burburtay 1991, Kuulbayr waxay galeen dagaallo culus oo dhex maray iyaga iyo beesha Habar Gidir. Colaaddu waxay gaartay heer la dilay oday dhaqameed ka tirsanaa Farax Kuulbayr gacanta Sacad (Habar Gidir). (Hiraab) ayaa isku dayday inay dhex-dhexaadiso, taasoo keentay in qaar badan oo Kuulbayr ahi si ku-meelgaar ah isu dhexgalaan Duduble si loo yareeyo dhiigga daadanaya..

Deegaan ahaan beesha REER KULBEER waxaa ay dagaan gobollo kala duwan waxaa ay aasaas dagaan xero jaale sidoo kale waxaa ay dagaan xarardheere- maamul ahaan waxa ay ku jiraan dowlada somalia, Galmudug iyo Puntland.

=== Colaadaha Gudaha iyo Is-dhexgalka ===
Waxaa ay beesha ku caan tahay dagaallo gudaha ah oo soo jiitamayay tobannaan sano, gaar ahaan deegaanka '''Xero Jaale'''. Inkastoo dowladda Puntland ay isku dayday inay dhexgasho oo xalliso, hadana ay wadaan xiriirki walaaltinimo, waxyaalaha reer kulbeer ay hormarinayso ayaa ah in ay soo saaraan dhalinyaro dalka u shaqeeya oo wax bartay si looga gudbo caqliga ahaa in odayaasha loo tiigsado go,aamada iyo wax soo saarka reerka.
=== Meelaha ay Degaan ===
Beesha Reer Kulbeer Waa beel way waxa ay dagaana dhamaan gayiga Somalia iyo Caalamka, Meelaha ay sida gaarka ah ugu xoogan yihiin waa Gobolka Mudug oo ay ka daganyihiin labada maamul-magaalooyinka ay aadka ugu badan yihiin deegaan ahaan waxaa kamida Galkacyo, Bacaadwayn, Goldogob, Bursalax, Xerajaale iyo dhamaan degsiimooyinka hoos yimaada, Burtinle, Garowe, Qardho, Bosaso. galmudug waxaa ay ka dagaan Xarardheere, Hobyo, DhuusoMareeb, Cadaado, Galkacyo. waxa kale ku xoogan yihiin sidoo kale mudisho iyo somaliland.

----

=== Jufooyinka Kuulbeer ===
''Waraabe Kuulbeer'''

1: Reer Waraabe: Colow Warabe, Dhicin Warabe, Dheef Warabe


'''Farax Dheere Kuulbeer'''

1: Reer Wacays
2: Reer Shiil
3: Reer Soole
4: Reer Gaban
5: Reer Wiil

'''Yusuf Kuulbeer'''

1:Reer samatar 
2:Reer yoolax 
3:Reer diiriye faruur 

----

=== Shaqsiyaadka Caanka ah ===

* '''Bashiir Maxamed Jaamac Keynaan {Goobe}''' – Sareeye Guud iyo Xildhibaan federalka, ahna Wasiirka Haweenka ee soomalia (Reer Farax Dheere).
* '''Faiza Ali Ismail''' – Wasiir ku-xigeenka Beeraha ee Puntland (Reer Farax Dheere).
* '''Ahmed Sheikh Nuur Salad''' – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Galmudug.( Reer Yuusuf)
* '''Sheekh Cali Samatar''' – Sheekh caan ah (Yusuf kuul ).
* '''Professor Axmed Sheekh Cali Samatar''' (Ahmed Taajir)– Ganacsade Soomaaliyeed oo UK ku sugan, co-founder-ka shirkadda Hormuud Telecom. (Reer yuusuf)

----

=== Citations: ===
''A Study on the Settlement of Herojaale Reconciliation Process: A Pathway to Sustainable Peace in Mudug Region, Puntland Somalia''</text>
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== Beesha Kuulbeer (Kuulbayr) ==
Beesha '''KULBEER'''  waaxa ay galaan duduble oo ay ka yihiin maxamed camal Abtirsiintooda aabbannimo waxay u socotaa sidan:

----hawiye hiraab duduble

=== Taariikh iyo Bulsho ===
Kuulbayr waa mid ka mid ah qabaailka ugu adag uguna habaysan ee Madhibaan. haddana waxay u dhaqmaan sida beelaha waaweyn ee Soomaaliyeed, iyagoo leh nidaam beeleed u gaar ah, tuulooyin iyo qaab hoggaan gudaha ah.

Beesha Kuulbayr waxay leeyihiin '''“sumad”''' xoolaha lagu garto, gaar ahaan geelka, taas oo ka kooban laba goobo oo qoorta geelka lagu calaamadeeyo. Sumaddani waxay astaan u tahay midnimo iyo aqoonsi.

Inkasta oo ay jiraan xasarado gudaha ah oo soo jireen ah, haddana beesha Kuulbayr waxay caan ku tahay midnimo iyo is-garabsi marka ay la kulmaan colaad dibadeed. Dhaqankoodu wuxuu ku dhisan yahay kibir iyo sharaf: ma sahlana inay aqbalaan '''diya''' (mag), balse inta badan waxay u doortaan inay dhiigga lagu daadiyo dhiig kale. Tani waxay u tahay muujin madax-bannaani iyo sharaf.

Dhaqaale ahaan, Kuulbayr waa beel aad u isku filan. Iyagoo ka duwan beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed oo ku tiirsan lacagaha qurbojoogta, Kuulbayr waxay noloshooda ku maareeyaan ganacsiyo gudaha ah. Waxay leeyihiin goobo baabuur lagu hagaajiyo, dukaamo elektaroonik ah, iyo hantida maguurtada ah oo ku kala yaal Puntland iyo Muqdisho. Sidaas darteed, waxay si weyn uga dhex muuqdaan dhaqaalaha magaalooyinka.
----

=== Xiriirka iyo Isdhexgalka Beelaha Kale ===
Markii dowladdii Soomaaliya burburtay 1991, Kuulbayr waxay galeen dagaallo culus oo dhex maray iyaga iyo beesha Habar Gidir. Colaaddu waxay gaartay heer la dilay oday dhaqameed ka tirsanaa Farax Kuulbayr gacanta Sacad (Habar Gidir). (Hiraab) ayaa isku dayday inay dhex-dhexaadiso, taasoo keentay in qaar badan oo Kuulbayr ahi si ku-meelgaar ah isu dhexgalaan Duduble si loo yareeyo dhiigga daadanaya..

Deegaan ahaan beesha REER KULBEER waxaa ay dagaan gobollo kala duwan waxaa ay aasaas dagaan xero jaale sidoo kale waxaa ay dagaan xarardheere- maamul ahaan waxa ay ku jiraan dowlada somalia, Galmudug iyo Puntland.

=== Colaadaha Gudaha iyo Is-dhexgalka ===
Waxaa ay beesha ku caan tahay dagaallo gudaha ah oo soo jiitamayay tobannaan sano, gaar ahaan deegaanka '''Xero Jaale'''. Inkastoo dowladda Puntland ay isku dayday inay dhexgasho oo xalliso, hadana ay wadaan xiriirki walaaltinimo, waxyaalaha reer kulbeer ay hormarinayso ayaa ah in ay soo saaraan dhalinyaro dalka u shaqeeya oo wax bartay si looga gudbo caqliga ahaa in odayaasha loo tiigsado go,aamada iyo wax soo saarka reerka.
=== Meelaha ay Degaan ===
Beesha Reer Kulbeer Waa beel way waxa ay dagaana dhamaan gayiga Somalia iyo Caalamka, 

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=== Jufooyinka Kuulbeer ===
''Waraabe Kuulbeer'''

1: Reer Waraabe: Colow Warabe, Dhicin Warabe, Dheef Warabe


'''Farax Dheere Kuulbeer'''

1: Reer Wacays
2: Reer Shiil
3: Reer Soole
4: Reer Gaban
5: Reer Wiil

'''Yusuf Kuulbeer'''

1:Reer samatar 
2:Reer yoolax 
3:Reer diiriye faruur 

----

=== Shaqsiyaadka Caanka ah ===

* '''Bashiir Maxamed Jaamac Keynaan {Goobe}''' – Sareeye Guud iyo Xildhibaan federalka, ahna Wasiirka Haweenka ee soomalia (Reer Farax Dheere).
* '''Faiza Ali Ismail''' – Wasiir ku-xigeenka Beeraha ee Puntland (Reer Farax Dheere).
* '''Ahmed Sheikh Nuur Salad''' – Xildhibaan ka tirsan Galmudug.( Reer Yuusuf)
* '''Sheekh Cali Samatar''' – Sheekh caan ah (Yusuf kuul ).
* '''Professor Axmed Sheekh Cali Samatar''' (Ahmed Taajir)– Ganacsade Soomaaliyeed oo UK ku sugan, co-founder-ka shirkadda Hormuud Telecom. (Reer yuusuf)

----

=== Citations: ===
''A Study on the Settlement of Herojaale Reconciliation Process: A Pathway to Sustainable Peace in Mudug Region, Puntland Somalia''</text>
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    <title>Ciidagale</title>
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| group = Eidagale &lt;br&gt; عيدَ جلي 
| image= 

 |region1={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
 |region2={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}

| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related-c =Isaaq and Other,clan. }}
'''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud-Eidagalle) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxa ay rasmi ahaan u deggaan Gobollada Maroodijeex iyo Togdheer ee Somaliland iyo Dalka Ethiopia.

==Baahsanaanta==
Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin dalka ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor,iyo Awaare.

Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo si wayn looyaqaano loona ixtiraamo, laguna magaacabo Isahakia.&lt;ref&gt;Waal, Alexander De (1993). &quot;Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781315308173&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tariikhda (History)==
===Xiliyadii Dhexe (Medieval period) ===
Taariikh ahaan, beesha Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd beelihii ka qayb galay dagaalladii lagu qaaday boqortooyadii Xabashida waxayna hoos tagi jireen [https://so.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanadii_Cadal Saldanaddii Adal]. Waxay si gaar ah ugu xusan yihiin buugga ''Futuh al-Habash'' (Futuxul Xabash) oo lagu tilmaamay in beelahaasi yihiin ''Habar Magaadle''. Habar Magaadle waxaa laga soo saaray halyeeygii taariikhiga ahaa ee Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen, oo ahaa gacanta midig ee Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;مخطوطات-24 &gt; بهجة الزمان &gt; الصفحة رقم 16&quot;. makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Ciidagale—gaar ahaan beesha [[Abokor muuse|Abokor Muse]]—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo, taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha , gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada Herar. Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen Magalada zelia.&lt;/blockquote&gt;jifo kale oo muhiim ah oo ka tirsana laanta Cabdiraxmaan Muuse, kaasoo ka qayb qaatay dagaladii Axmed Gurey , waxaa lagu nanaysaa Gashaanbuur oo ah Hussein Abokor Matan, oo ah geesiyadii ka qaybqaatay dagalkii iyo difaciiba Axmarada ee Axmed Gurey .

Cilmibaare I. M. Lewis wuxuu xusay in jiray laba Axmed Gurey oo la isku khalday:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Buuggu wuxuu tilmaamayaa laba Axmed oo loogu yeero ‘midig-la’. Mid waxaa lagu magacaabaa &quot;Axmed Gurey Soomaali&quot;, oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay Axmed Gurey Xuseen, hogaamiye ka tirsanaa Habar Magaadle. Midka kalena waxaa loogu yeeraa “Iimaam Axmed”. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in labadaas Axmed la isku khalday oo laga dhigay hal halyeey oo kali ah.&lt;ref&gt;Morin, Didier (2004). *Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982*. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782845864924.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Qabriga Sheekh Aw Barkhadle oo u dhexeeya [[Berbera]] iyo [[Hargeysa]] wuxuu ahaa goob barakeysan oo beelaha ''Isaaq'' iyo Eidagalleh ay u adeegsadeen dhaarista, heshiisiinta iyo xallinta khilaafaadka. Beesha Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah hogaamiyeyaasha dhaqanka, ayaa door muhiim ah ka qaadatay maamulka goobtan barakeysan.Gaar ahaan, goobtan waxaa miisaan weyn ku lahaa Salaadiinta iyo Ugaasyada dhaqanka.

Beelaha si gaar ah uga qayb qaatay ilaalinta sharafta iyo shaqada goobta barakeysan ee Aw Barkhadle waxaa ka mid ahayd beesha Ciidagale. Ciidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen geesinimadooda dagaal iyo hibadooda suugaaneed, waxayna sidoo kale hayeen xilka qiimaha badan ee ah dhexdhexaadiyeyaal iyo ilaalinayaal dhaqanka xeerka Soomaalida. Odayaasha la qadariyo ee beesha ayaa inta badan guddoomin jiray dhaarista heshiisyada iyo xallinta muranada lagu qabto Aw Barkhadle, si loo ilaaliyo heshiisyada loona sugo nabadda iyo wada noolaanshaha bulshada

&lt;blockquote&gt;Marka la kulmo arrin adag oo saameynaysa beelaha Isaaq , waxaa la keenaa waraaq si gaar ah loo ilaaliyo oo yaalla qabriga, kuna saxiixan yahay Bilaal, addoonkii Khaliifadii hore. Dhaaro cusub ayaa lagu kala qaadayaa. Sannadkii 1846, waxa la keenay Berbera oo ay wateen beesha Ciidagale, halkaas oo beelaha Aala Axmed iyo Aala Yuusuf ku dhaarteen inay nabad ku noolaadaan.&lt;ref&gt;The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62&quot;. 1849&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Eidagale waxay si dhaqameed u lahaayeen doorka hoggaaminta gudaha iyo nabadeynta khilaafaadka, iyagoo lagu yaqaan xigmadda iyo kartida suugaanta. Xeer-beegti iyo gabyaa caan ah ayaa kasoo jeeda, waxaana ay adeegsadaan xeer-Soomaaliyeed, dood furan iyo gabayo si ay u xalliyaan ismaandhaafka. Duqeyda beesha waxay inta badan ahaayeen garsoorayaal dhexdhexaad ah marka ay colaado ka dhex qarxaan beelaha walaalaha ah. Aw Barkhadle ayaa mar walba ahayd goobta ugu sarreysa ee dhaar iyo heshiis lagu sameeyo.

Hoggaamiyeyaasha Eidagale ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaari jiray dhexdhexaadinta khilaafaadka u dhexeeya beelaha—iyagoo noqday kuwa isku xira kooxaha is haya oo nabad ka dhex abuura. Mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu barakeysan ee heshiisyada nabadeed lagu gaari jiray wuxuu ahaa quduuska Aw Barkhadle, oo ku yaalla inta u dhexeysa Berbera iyo Hargeysa. Halkaas ayaa lagu dhaaran jiray, iyadoo la isticmaalayo agab quduus ah, waxaana lagu xoojin jiray heshiisyo nabadeed oo waara—taasoo muujinaysa kaalinta ay Eidagale ku lahaayeen ilaalinta dhaqanka iyo sharciga.&lt;blockquote&gt;Xilliyada khatarta dibadda ah, sida soo galootiga gumaysiga ama dagaallada beelaha, Eidagale waxay si degdeg ah isu abaabuli jireen una midoobi jireen difaaca dhulkooda, iyagoo noqda ilaalayaasha deegaankooda. Dhaqankaas qotoda dheer ee hoggaaminta iyo dhexdhexaadinta waxaa si muuqata u matalayey halyeyaal sida Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria, kaasoo saameyn weyn ku lahaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad—wuxuuna astaan u ahaa sii socoshada awoodda Eidagale ee xagga maamulka dhaqanka iyo dhexdhexaadinta beelaha.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad, Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria wuxuu ka soo dhex baxay isagoo noqday mid ka mid ah madax-dhaqameedyadii ugu magaca dheeraa beesha Isaaq, gaar ahaan beesha Eidagale. Waxaa si weyn loogu xusuustaa xikmaddiisa iyo kartidiisa dhexdhexaadin, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta xeerka Soomaalida, iyo maareynta xiriirka lala lahaa gumaystihii Ingiriiska. Hoggaamintiisu waxay xoojisay nidaamka dhaqameed xilli ay jireen isbeddello siyaasadeed oo waaweyn. Maanta, dhaxalkiisii hoggaamineed si weyn ayaa looga xurmeynayaa guud ahaan Somaliland.

Eidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, waxaana weeraradoodii xoogga badnaa ay gaadhi jireen laga bilaabo xeebta ilaa gudaha dalka. Sida uu sheegay Carlos Swayne, oo dhex maray Somaliland dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, Eidagale waxay ka mid ahaayeen beelaha ugu jecel weerarada:

&lt;blockquote&gt;“Beelaha ku dhow xeebta waqooyi ee ugu jecel weerarada waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin Habr Awal, Eidagale, iyo Habr Gerhajis.”&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Marka laga soo tago xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, Eidagale sidoo kale waxay caan ku yihiin fasahaaddooda suugaanta dhaqanka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan gabayga. Waxay soo saareen gabayaaal caan ah sida Xasan Tarabi iyo Elmi Boodhari. Taariikh ahaan, Eidagale waxaa beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed u aqoonsanaayeen khubaro suugaanta gabayga:&lt;ref&gt;Diriye, p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt; “Beelaha Soomaaliyeed dhexdeeda, Eidagale waxaa lagu yaqaan khubarnimada tirinta gabayada. Hal gabyaa oo ka tirsan Eidagale laga yaabee inuusan ka heer sarreyn gabyaa wanaagsan oo beel kale ah, laakiin Eidagale waxay u muuqdaan inay gabyaaal badan ka jiraan marka loo eego beelaha kale. ‘Haddii aad halkaan keento boqol nin oo Eidagale ah,’ ayuu ii sheegay Hersi Jaamac, ‘oo aad waydiiso kee gabaygiisa tirin kara, sagaashan iyo shan baa tirin kara. Inta kale weli way baranayaan.’”&lt;ref&gt;Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|250px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Qarnigyo badan, beesha Eidagale waxay door muhiim ah ku lahayd ganacsigii geela ee fog ee Soomaaliyeed. Ganacsatada Eidagale waxay ka soo heli jireen agabyo kala duwan gobolka Soomaalida ee dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Itoobiya, sida xoolaha, malmalka (acacia gum), muxurta (myrrh), iyo subagga, kuwaas oo markii dambe loo dhoofin jiray Koonfurta Carabta.

Ganacsatada karavaanka ee Eidagale waxay aasaaseen xarumo ganacsi oo muhiim ah gudaha dalka, kuwaas oo ay ka mid tahay magaalada casriga ah ee Hargeysa, taasoo la aasaasay qarnigii 19aad, kana ahayd meel isgoys ah oo u dhexeysa Berbera iyo gudaha Soomaalida.Hargeysa waxaa asal ahaan loo aasaasay bartamaha qarnigii 19aad si ay u noqoto xarun karavaan oo xiriirisa Berbera iyo gudaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Qayb dhownaata oo laga qaaday khariidaddii 1885 ee ay daabacday Royal Geographical Society ayaa si cad u muujinaysa joogitaanka dhuleed ee beesha Eidagale. Khariidaddu waxay calaamadaynaysaa magaalada Hargeysa (oo ku qoran ''Harrer-es-Sagheer''), iyadoo beesha Eidagale loogu yeedhay ''Eed-a-galleh'' kuna muujisan inay deggan yihiin gudaha iyo nawaaxiga deegaankaas. Buuraleyda Naasa Hablood, oo khariidadda lagu qoray ''Nas Hubla'', sidoo kale waa lagu sawiray, taasoo xoojinaysa isku xirka juqraafiyeed iyo dhaqan ee beesha Eidagale ee gobolkaasi.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Eidagale waxaa si weyn loogu yaqaannaa xirfaddooda suugaanta, gaar ahaan gabayga, kaas oo kaalin weyn ku leh aqoonsigooda iyo dhaqankooda. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa dad xigmadda iyo hadal-fasahaadda ku caan baxay, iyagoo gabayga u adeegsada sidii ay u xafidi lahaayeen taariikhda, u gudbin lahaayeen qiimaha bulsheed, una xallin lahaayeen khilaafaadka. Waxaa hadal caan ah oo laga dhex maqlo odhanaya: &quot;Nin aan gabayn karin weli ma dhalan.&quot; Tani waxay muujinaysaa sida gabaygu uga yahay laf-dhabar aqoonta iyo wada-noolaanshaha bulshada Eidagale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Marka laga soo tago hidda-sugaaneedkooda, beesha Eidagale waxay sidoo kale caan ku yihiin xirfadda xoolo-dhaqatada, gaar ahaan dhaqashada geela, oo ah tiirka ugu weyn ee dhaqaalahooda iyo noloshooda reer guuraanimada. Geelu wuxuu leeyahay qiimo weyn, wuxuuna astaan u yahay hanti, sharaf, iyo adkaysi. Khibraddooda dheer ee ku saabsan dhaqashada iyo daryeelka geela waxay ka tarjumaysaa aqoon jiilal badan soo jirtay, taasoo ka dhigaysa dad si heer sare ah u yaqaan sida loo ilaaliyo loona kobciyo xoolaha.

Isku dhafka suugaantooda afka ah iyo xirfaddooda xoolo-dhaqatada ayaa ah labada tiir ee ugu waaweyn ee dhaxalka dhaqameed ee beesha Eidagale—waa hiddo soo jireen ah oo qoto dheer leh, taasoo weli si xooggan u qeexaysa aqoonsigooda jiilba jiil.
An image illustrating 19th-century trade:


Beesha Eidagale waxay si weyn ugaga qayb qaadatay ganacsiga guud ee geela iyo agabka dabiiciga ah ee gobolka. Karavaannadii ka yimid gudaha gudaha ayaa halkan ku degi jiray, iyagoo ka ganacsan jiray muxur, malmal, subag iyo xoolo, taasoo Berbera ka dhigtay xarun ganacsi oo istiraatiiji ah oo u xiriiriya gudaha iyo suuqyada caalamiga ah.

&lt;blockquote&gt;Soomaalida beesha Eidagale ayaa ka yimaada Ogaadeen iyagoo wata baallo, muxur, malmal, ari, lo’, iyo subag; beddelkeedna waxay ka qaataan dhar jumlo ah. Xilligiiba afar jeer ayay safarradan samaynayaan. Ma joogaan wax ka badan hal bil, intay joogaanna waxay la deggan yihiin reerahooda, cunadoodana waxay ku cunaan makhbaza, ama goobaha cuntada lagu wada cuno.&lt;ref&gt;Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia*. Cengage Gale. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Saltanate ==
Saldanadda Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd nidaamyadii ugu faca weynaa ee dhaqanka iyo hoggaanka bulshada ee ka jiray beesha Eidagele. Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah jilibyada waaweyn ee beesha, waxay lahayd hoggaan u gaar ah oo ku dhisnaa xeer, garsoor, iyo midnimo bulsho, kuwaas oo muddo qarniyo ah hagayay bulshada.Nidaamka Saldanaddu wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray hab-dhaqan Soomaaliyeed oo salka ku haya odaynimo, garaad, iyo wada-tashi. Suldaanada iyo ugaasyadu waxay ahaayeen dad lagu yaqaan caqli, hal-adayg, iyo karti hoggaamineed, kana shaqeeya ilaalinta nabadda, xallinta khilaafaadka, iyo u doodista xuquuqda beesha.

Saldanadda fawaynta ahayd ee qarniyo badan talinta soo haysay, ayaa asalkeedu dib ugu laabtaa qarnigii 17-aad, xilligii uu aasaasay ''Suldaan Guleed Cabdi Ciise o ah Abdirahman Muuse'' — ''oo ahaa suldaanka guud ee beesha Isaaq''. Muddo dheer ayay saldanaddani ahayd tiir dhexe oo hoggaan, xeer iyo xasillooni u horseeda bulshada, waxaana magaceedu ku dhex lahaa sharaf, maamuus iyo miisaan dhaqan oo aan weli libdhin.

Sidoo kale, hogaanka Abokor Muuse—oo ka tirsan faracyada waaweyn ee beesha Ciidagale—waxay leeyihiin taariikh dheer oo ku ladhan hoggaamin, halgan bulsho iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Qarnigii 15-aad iyo 16-aad, qaybo badan oo ka mid ah geedka qabiilka ayaa loo xusaa boqorro iyo ''ugaasyo'' ka soo jeeda Reerah iyo Qabiilada beesha Abokor Muuse, ku waas oo door muuqda ku lahaa difaaca bulshada, hagidda dhaqanka iyo ilaalinta nidaamka beesha.

==Clan tree==

A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.&lt;ref name=&quot;survey 147&quot;&gt;Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Daoud(Eidagalle)
**[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] 
***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal)
***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) 
***Urkurag Mohamed
****Ali Urkurag
*****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali
*****Mahamoud Ali
*****Ahmed Ali
*****Ismail Ali 
******Ali Ismail
*******Osman Ali (Rer Osman)
*******Jama Ali
*******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw)
*******Yonis Ali
*******Ileiye Ali
*******Hagga Ali
*******Nuh Ali
********Ali Nuh
*******Aden Ali
********Guled Aden
********Ali Aden
*******Roble Ali (Rer Rooble)
********Hassan Roble
*********Jibril Hassan 
**********Aden Jibril 
**********Mohamed Jibril 
*********Deria Hassan 
**********Mohamed Deria
**********Hussein Deria
********Ali Roble
*********Warfa Ali
*********Farah Ali
**********Hassan Farah
*********Abdalle Ali
*******Abdalle Ali
********Geedi Abdalle (Rer Geedi)
********Mohamed Abdalle (Rer Mohamed)
**Abokor Daoud 
***Bilaal Abokor
****Mohamed Bilal
*****Egal Mohamed
*****Hassan Mohamed
*****Farah Mohamed
*****Yusuf Mohamed 
*****Wais Mohamed 
*****Roble Mohamed
*****Egal Mohamed
*****Abdi Mohamed
******Geedi Abdi
******Aden Abdi
******Mohamed Aden
******Hassan Abdi
*****Abdalle Mohamed
******Samter Abdalle
******Hussein Abdalle
******Abane Abdalle
******Mohamed Abdalle
******Wais Abdalle
******Hasan Abdalle
***Isse Abokor
****Dualeh Isse 
*****Musa Dualeh 
*****Mohamed Dualeh 
*****Deria Duleh
*****Egal Dualeh
*****Essa Dualeh
*****Roble Dualeh
*****Samter Duleh
*****Farah Dualeh
****Hassan Isse
*****Afi Hassan
*****Hujale Hassan
*****Abar Hassan
*****Yusuf Hassan
*****Shire Hassan 
*****Mohamed Hassan
*****Warfa Hassan
*****Barre Hassan
*****Egal Hassan
*****Mohamed Hassan 
***Abokor Muuse
****Saleiban Abokor
*****Mohammad Salieban 
******Saleiban Mohamed
*******Yousuf Saleiban
********Osman Yusuf
********Said Yusuf
********Mohamed Yusuf
*******Aralleh Saleiban
********Ali Arralle 
********Saleiban Arralle 
*********Abokor Saleiban
**********Abdalleh Abokor
***********Saleiban Abdalle
************Osman Saleiban 
*************Waisleh Osman
**************Mahamoud Wais
**************Arralleh Wais
**************Hussein wais
**************Saleiban Wais
**********Saleiban Abokor
***********Warfa Saleiban
***********Arreh Saleiban
***********Farah Saleiban
***********Mahamoud Saleiban
**********Hassan Abokor
***********Muuse Hassan
***********Laqshe Hassan
***********Basiralle Hassan
***********Dhimbil Hassan
************Mohammed Dhimbil
*************Musa Mohamed
**************Adawe Muuse
***************Absiye Adawe
***************Allamagn Adawe
***************Yusuf Adawe
***************Liban Adawe
***************Roble Adawe
***************Osman Adawe
***************Egal Adawe
***************Wais Adawe
**************Aden Muuse
***************Had Adan
***************Roble Aden
***************Abane Aden
***************Ali Aden
***************Wais Aden
***************Burale Aden
***************Geedi Aden
***************Boqorre Aden
****************Sugulle Boqore
****************Liban Boqorre
****************Warfa Boqorre
****************Koshin Boqorre 
****************Shiekhdon Boqorre
*************Mucawiye Mohamed
**************Samter Muawiye 
**************Ali Muawiye 
*************Fatah Mohamed
**************Awarre Fatah 
**************Mohamed Fatah
**************Hassan Fatah 
**************Cisman fatah
*************Gled (Wardon) Mohamed
**************Hussein Guled
**************Egal Guled
**************Yusuf Guled
**************Roble Guled
**************Abdi Guled
**************Elmi Guled
**************Samter Guled 
************Muuse Dhimbil
*************Mahamoud Muuse 
**************Shirdon Mohamoud
***************Hamud Shirdon
***************Suldan Shirdon
***************Geele Shirdon
***************Osman Shirdon 
***************Egal Shirdon 
***************Mohamed Shirdon 
***************Yusuf Shirdon 
**************Hildiid Mohamoud 
***************Ali Hildiid 
***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi)
****************Odawa Geedi
*****************Odawa Odawa
*****************Mahamoud Odawa
****************Geele Geedi
****************Nour(Shire) Geedi
****************Haji Dirie Geedi
****************Samter Geedi
****************Ahmed Geedi
****************Ali Geedi
****************Roble Geedi
***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi)
****************Ali Hersi 
****************Guled Hersi
****************Egal Hersi
****************Aden Hersi
****************Mahamoud Hersi
****************Fahiye Hersi
*****************Roble Fahiye 
******************Elmi Roble
******************Jama Elmi
******************Ali Elmi
*****************Rage Roble 
*****************Elmi Rage
******************Wais Rage
******************Geedi Rage
******************Hersi Rage
*************Abdalleh Muuse 
**************Jibirl Abdalle
***************Siad Jibril 
****************Wais Siad
****************Abdalle Siad
***************Kalil Jibirl
***************Ali kalil
****************Said Ali
****************Koshin Ali
****************Boqorreh Ali
***************Saeed Jibril
****************Abdi Said
*****************Abdalle Abdi
*****************Roble Abdi
***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) 
****************Wais Aden
****************Benin Aden
****************Nur Aden
****************Muse Aden
****************Samter Aden
****************Abdalle Aden
****************Jama Aden
****************Eileie Adan
****************Barre Aden
****************Ibrahim Aden
****************Khalaf Aden
****************Ali Aden
****************Adan Aden
*****************Ahmed Aden
*****************Eiye Aden
***************Abdi Jibril 
****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi)
*****************Abdalle Ali
******************Musa Abdalle
*****************Hussein Ali
*****************Jama Hussien 
*****************Nour Hussein 
*****************Farah Hussien
*****************Wa'ays Hussein 
*****************Hersi Hussien 
******************Muhumad Hersi
******************Abdi Hersi
******************Ali Hersi
******************Aidid Hersi
*****************Mumin Ali
******************Egal Mumin
******************Jama Mumin
******************Urmah Mumin
*******************Dhible Urmah
*******************Ismail Urmah
*****************Naleye Ali
******************Jama Naleye
******************Dualeh Naleye
******************Warfa Naleye
******************Abdi Naleye
******************Egal Naleye 
******************Arralleh Egal
*******************Elmi Aralleh
*******************Aw-Jama Arralleh 
****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur)
*****************Ismail Nour
******************Gabal Ismail
******************Abdi Ismail
******************Barre Ismail
*****************Hersi Nour
******************Hugur Hersi
******************Osman Hersi
******************Bacalul Hersi
******************Ali Hersi
******************Aden Hersi
*****************Gabal Nour
*****************Mohamed Nour
******************Mohamed Omar 
*******************Hussein Mohamed 
********************Wais Husien 
********************Hujale Husien
********************Dirie Husien
*******************Sharmake Mohamed 
********************Roble Sharmake
********************Nour Sharmake 
********************Jama Sharmake
*********************Hudale Jama
*********************Yasin Jama
*******************Allale Mohamed
********************Egal Allale
*********************Hassan Egal
**********************Omar Hassan
**********************Ahmed Hassan
****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) 
*****************Naleye Benin
*****************Ahmed Benin
*****************Hersi Benin
*****************Warfa Benin
*****************Samter Benin
*****************Abdi Benin
*****************Fatah Benin
*****************Dirie Benin
*****************Osman Benin
****************Abdille Abdi
*****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab)
******************Ismail Gallab
******************Asker Gallab
******************Dahir Gallab
******************Wais Gallab
******************Ali Gallab
******************Jama Gallab
******************Roble Gallab
******************Abdi Gallab
******************Yusuf Gallab
******************Farah Gallab
*****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye)
******************Gulled Eiye
*******************Deria Guled
********************Abokor Deria 
********************Osman Derie
********************Khalaf Derie
*******************Kalil Guled
********************Farah kalil
********************Ali Kalil
********************Hassan Kalil
********************Osman Kalil
********************Aden Kalil
******************Sharmake Eiye
*******************Barre Sharmake 
*******************Omar Sharmake 
*******************Hager Sharmake 
********************Farah Hager
********************Geedi Hagar
********************Adan Hagar
********************Boqorre Hagar
********************Elmi Hagar
*****************Mohamed Abdille
******************Ahmed Mohamed
*******************Samter Ahmed 
*******************Ziyad Ahmed
*******************Mayle Ahmed
*******************Geedi Ahmed
*******************Amanle Ahmed
*******************Food Ahmed
*******************Dhible Ahmed
********************Ismail Dhible
********************Egal Dhible
*******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali)
********************Cadad Ali
********************Deria Ali
********************Egal  Ali
********************Jibril Ali
********************kalil Ali
*********************Magan kalil
*********************Deria Kalil
*********************Abdi kalil 
*********************Aden kalil
*********************Yusuf kalil
*******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) 
********************Derie Gubadleh 
*********************Ismail Derie
*********************Gubtame Derie 
*********************Nour Derie 
*********************Mohamoud Derie 
*********************Omar Derie
*********************Dualeh Derie
*********************Hussein Derie 
*********************Wa'ays Derie
*********************Yusuf Derie 
********************Boqorre Gubdleh 
*********************Hersi Boqorre 
*********************Ali Boqorre 
*********************Abdille Boqorre 
*********************Hirad Boqorre
*********************Asker Boqorre 
*********************Mohamed Boqorre 
*********************Aw Hassan Boqorre
*********************Ismail Boqorre
*********************Shire Boqorre 
*********************Hashi Boqorre
*********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre
************Ahmed Dhimbil
*************Musa Ahmed
*************Waisleh Ahmed
*************Osman Ahmed
*************Liban Ahmed
*************Abdi Liban 
**************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) 
***************Aden Ismail
***************Iman Ismail
***************Bulale Ismail
***************Geedi Ismail
***************Idiris Ismail
***************Yusuf Ismail
***************Koshin Ismail
***************Hersi Ismail
***************Shirwac Ismail
***************Said Ismail
**************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh)
***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarer)
****************Nour Sarar
****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar
****************Farah Sarar
****************Yusuf Sarar
****************Dualeh Sarar
****************Elmi Sarar
***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed
****************Koshin Ahmed
****************Samter Ahmed
****************Uballe Ahmed
****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed
****************Waraf Ahmed
****************Karie Ahmed
****************Mohamed Ahmed
**********Aden Abokor
***********( Aden Mohamed)
************Issa Aden
************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl)
*************Abdi Awal
**************Had Abdi
**************Nour Abdi
**************Ahmed Abdi
**************Liban Abdi
**************Omar Abdi
**************Aden Abdi
**************Geedi Abdi
**************Ibrahim Abdi
**************Mohamoud Abdi
*************Hassan Aden
**************Ziyad Hassan
**************Odawa Hasaan
**************Ladon Hassan
***************Aden Ladon
****************Herar Ladon
****************Jama Ladon
****************Ali Ladon
****************Fahiye Ladon
**************Abdalle Hassan
***************Ali Abdalle
***************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago)
***************Ahmed Abdalle
***************Halas Ahmed
****************Osman Halas
****************Samter Halas
****************Egal Ahmed
*****************Wais Egal
*****************Madar Egal
****************Geedi Ahmed
*****************Samter Geedi
*****************Mohamed Geedi
*****************Dalal Geedi
*****************Fatah Geedi
*****************Waisleh Geedi
*****************Allamagan Geedi
******************Guled Allamagan
******************Egal Allamagan
*****************Hode Geedi
******************Farah Hode
******************Yusuf Hode
******************Geele Geedi
*****************Ahmed Geele
******************Dahir Geele
******************Nour Geele
*****************Ali Geedi
******************Osman Ali
******************Hassan Ali
******************Abdalle Ali
******************Yusuf Ali
******************Aden Ali
***Abdirahman Muuse
****Yonis Abdiraham 
*****Aden Yonis
*****Ismail Yonis 
*****Ugadh Yonis
*****Mohamed Yonis
****Abdalle Abdirahman
*****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) 
******Gadid Mohamed 
******Abdalle Mohamed
******Loge Mohamed
****Ibrahim Abdalle
*****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul)
*****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri)
******Burale Abdi
******Qabile Abdi
******Hildiid Abdi
******Geedi Abdi
******Aden Abdi
******Hersi Abdi
*****Abokor Ibrahim 
******Idileh Abokor (Rer Iidleh)
*******Ismail Iidle
*******Bare Iidle 
******Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur)
*******Roble Matan
*******Hamud Matan 
*******Aden Matan
*******Damal Aden
********Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon)
********Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Essa Dhamal
*********Aden Isse
*********Warfa Isse
*********Guled Isse
*********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan)
*********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse)
*********Abdi Isse 
**********Mohamed Abdi
**********Farah Abdi
**********Eiye Abdi
**********Aninanshe Abdi
**********Amare Abdi
**********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi 
**********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi
**********Wais Abdi
**********Rage Abdi
**********Abdalle Abdi
**********Aden Abdi
**********Abdi Bari (Abdi Bari)
**********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed)

==Notable figures==
* Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter 
* Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University.
* Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – was a prominent Somali Scholar, vocalist, poet, and military leader.
* Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF.
* Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. 
* Hassan Guure Jamac
* Abwaan Dheeg
* Idiris Haji Cisman Gurey
* Siyasi Ali Mohamed Ibrahim (Ali Sanyare)
* Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA)
* Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh
* Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer
* Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership.
* Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer
* Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal)
*Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed , a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure.
* Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist 
* Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War.
* Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning 
* Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border
* Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health 
* Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964
* Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq
* Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007
* Jama Asker –Activist And Politician 
* Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal 
* Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist
* Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate.
* Abdi Bidhaan Dahir – Journalist
* Abwan Muse Ali Farur
* Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia
* Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia
* Bihi Egeh –Minister of Finance of Somalia
* Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012
* Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city
* Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader 
* Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia 
* Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist

==References==</text>
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        <id>46057</id>
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      <text bytes="31674" sha1="4dwali714e2sb94intd7xwwgy89kk4j" xml:space="preserve">{{Farac |
| group = Eidagale &lt;br&gt; عيدَ جلي 
| image= 

 |region1={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
 |region2={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}

| langs = [[Somali]]
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related-c =Isaaq and Other,clan. }}
'''Ciidagale''' (English: Eidagale'','' Arabic: عيدَ جلي''',''' Full Name: Daoud-Eidagalle) Waa beel kamida beelwaynta Isaaq.Beeshu waxa ay rasmi ahaan u deggaan Gobollada Maroodijeex iyo Togdheer ee Somaliland iyo Dalka Ethiopia.

==Baahsanaanta==
Eidagalle waa beel ka tirsan beelaha Isaaq. Waxay degaan tiro badan ku leeyihiin gobolka Maroodi Jeex ee Somaliland, gaar ahaan magaalada Hargeysa (dhinacyadeeda dhexe iyo koonfur-bari), iyo degmada Salaxley . Intaa waxaa dheer, Ciidagale waxay sidoo kale si weyn ugu baahsan yihiin dalka ee Itoobiya, gaar ahaan degmooyinka Daroor,iyo Awaare.

Beesha Eedagaale waxay leedahay laamo hoose oo ay ka mid yihiin Mohamed Daoud (Guuyoobe), kuwaas oo degan degmada Oodweyne ee gobolka Togdheer. Sidoo kale, qayb ka mid ah beesha ayaa si taariikhi ah ugu nool waddanka Kenya, halkaas oo ay ka yihiin qayb muhiim ah oo si wayn looyaqaano loona ixtiraamo, laguna magaacabo Isahakia.&lt;ref&gt;Waal, Alexander De (1993). &quot;Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland, p. 63&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 9781315308173&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tariikhda (History)==
===Xiliyadii Dhexe (Medieval period) ===
Taariikh ahaan, beesha Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd beelihii ka qayb galay dagaalladii lagu qaaday boqortooyadii Xabashida waxayna hoos tagi jireen [https://so.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saldanadii_Cadal Saldanaddii Adal]. Waxay si gaar ah ugu xusan yihiin buugga ''Futuh al-Habash'' (Futuxul Xabash) oo lagu tilmaamay in beelahaasi yihiin ''Habar Magaadle''. Habar Magaadle waxaa laga soo saaray halyeeygii taariikhiga ahaa ee Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen, oo ahaa gacanta midig ee Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;مخطوطات-24 &gt; بهجة الزمان &gt; الصفحة رقم 16&quot;. makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Ciidagale—gaar ahaan beesha [[Abokor muuse|Abokor Muse]]—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo, taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha , gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada Herar. Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen Magalada zelia.&lt;/blockquote&gt;jifo kale oo muhiim ah oo ka tirsana laanta Cabdiraxmaan Muuse, kaasoo ka qayb qaatay dagaladii Axmed Gurey , waxaa lagu nanaysaa Gashaanbuur oo ah Hussein Abokor Matan, oo ah geesiyadii ka qaybqaatay dagalkii iyo difaciiba Axmarada ee Axmed Gurey .

Cilmibaare I. M. Lewis wuxuu xusay in jiray laba Axmed Gurey oo la isku khalday:

&lt;blockquote&gt;Buuggu wuxuu tilmaamayaa laba Axmed oo loogu yeero ‘midig-la’. Mid waxaa lagu magacaabaa &quot;Axmed Gurey Soomaali&quot;, oo loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay Axmed Gurey Xuseen, hogaamiye ka tirsanaa Habar Magaadle. Midka kalena waxaa loogu yeeraa “Iimaam Axmed”. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in labadaas Axmed la isku khalday oo laga dhigay hal halyeey oo kali ah.&lt;ref&gt;Morin, Didier (2004). *Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982*. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782845864924.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Qabriga Sheekh Aw Barkhadle oo u dhexeeya [[Berbera]] iyo [[Hargeysa]] wuxuu ahaa goob barakeysan oo beelaha ''Isaaq'' iyo Eidagalleh ay u adeegsadeen dhaarista, heshiisiinta iyo xallinta khilaafaadka. Beesha Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah hogaamiyeyaasha dhaqanka, ayaa door muhiim ah ka qaadatay maamulka goobtan barakeysan.Gaar ahaan, goobtan waxaa miisaan weyn ku lahaa Salaadiinta iyo Ugaasyada dhaqanka.

Beelaha si gaar ah uga qayb qaatay ilaalinta sharafta iyo shaqada goobta barakeysan ee Aw Barkhadle waxaa ka mid ahayd beesha Ciidagale. Ciidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen geesinimadooda dagaal iyo hibadooda suugaaneed, waxayna sidoo kale hayeen xilka qiimaha badan ee ah dhexdhexaadiyeyaal iyo ilaalinayaal dhaqanka xeerka Soomaalida. Odayaasha la qadariyo ee beesha ayaa inta badan guddoomin jiray dhaarista heshiisyada iyo xallinta muranada lagu qabto Aw Barkhadle, si loo ilaaliyo heshiisyada loona sugo nabadda iyo wada noolaanshaha bulshada

&lt;blockquote&gt;Marka la kulmo arrin adag oo saameynaysa beelaha Isaaq , waxaa la keenaa waraaq si gaar ah loo ilaaliyo oo yaalla qabriga, kuna saxiixan yahay Bilaal, addoonkii Khaliifadii hore. Dhaaro cusub ayaa lagu kala qaadayaa. Sannadkii 1846, waxa la keenay Berbera oo ay wateen beesha Ciidagale, halkaas oo beelaha Aala Axmed iyo Aala Yuusuf ku dhaarteen inay nabad ku noolaadaan.&lt;ref&gt;The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62&quot;. 1849&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Eidagale waxay si dhaqameed u lahaayeen doorka hoggaaminta gudaha iyo nabadeynta khilaafaadka, iyagoo lagu yaqaan xigmadda iyo kartida suugaanta. Xeer-beegti iyo gabyaa caan ah ayaa kasoo jeeda, waxaana ay adeegsadaan xeer-Soomaaliyeed, dood furan iyo gabayo si ay u xalliyaan ismaandhaafka. Duqeyda beesha waxay inta badan ahaayeen garsoorayaal dhexdhexaad ah marka ay colaado ka dhex qarxaan beelaha walaalaha ah. Aw Barkhadle ayaa mar walba ahayd goobta ugu sarreysa ee dhaar iyo heshiis lagu sameeyo.

Hoggaamiyeyaasha Eidagale ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaari jiray dhexdhexaadinta khilaafaadka u dhexeeya beelaha—iyagoo noqday kuwa isku xira kooxaha is haya oo nabad ka dhex abuura. Mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu barakeysan ee heshiisyada nabadeed lagu gaari jiray wuxuu ahaa quduuska Aw Barkhadle, oo ku yaalla inta u dhexeysa Berbera iyo Hargeysa. Halkaas ayaa lagu dhaaran jiray, iyadoo la isticmaalayo agab quduus ah, waxaana lagu xoojin jiray heshiisyo nabadeed oo waara—taasoo muujinaysa kaalinta ay Eidagale ku lahaayeen ilaalinta dhaqanka iyo sharciga.&lt;blockquote&gt;Xilliyada khatarta dibadda ah, sida soo galootiga gumaysiga ama dagaallada beelaha, Eidagale waxay si degdeg ah isu abaabuli jireen una midoobi jireen difaaca dhulkooda, iyagoo noqda ilaalayaasha deegaankooda. Dhaqankaas qotoda dheer ee hoggaaminta iyo dhexdhexaadinta waxaa si muuqata u matalayey halyeyaal sida Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria, kaasoo saameyn weyn ku lahaa dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad—wuxuuna astaan u ahaa sii socoshada awoodda Eidagale ee xagga maamulka dhaqanka iyo dhexdhexaadinta beelaha.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad iyo billowgii qarnigii 20aad, Suldaan Cabdillaahi Dheria wuxuu ka soo dhex baxay isagoo noqday mid ka mid ah madax-dhaqameedyadii ugu magaca dheeraa beesha Isaaq, gaar ahaan beesha Eidagale. Waxaa si weyn loogu xusuustaa xikmaddiisa iyo kartidiisa dhexdhexaadin, wuxuuna door muhiim ah ka qaatay xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta xeerka Soomaalida, iyo maareynta xiriirka lala lahaa gumaystihii Ingiriiska. Hoggaamintiisu waxay xoojisay nidaamka dhaqameed xilli ay jireen isbeddello siyaasadeed oo waaweyn. Maanta, dhaxalkiisii hoggaamineed si weyn ayaa looga xurmeynayaa guud ahaan Somaliland.

Eidagale waxay caan ku ahaayeen xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, waxaana weeraradoodii xoogga badnaa ay gaadhi jireen laga bilaabo xeebta ilaa gudaha dalka. Sida uu sheegay Carlos Swayne, oo dhex maray Somaliland dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, Eidagale waxay ka mid ahaayeen beelaha ugu jecel weerarada:

&lt;blockquote&gt;“Beelaha ku dhow xeebta waqooyi ee ugu jecel weerarada waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin Habr Awal, Eidagale, iyo Habr Gerhajis.”&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;


Marka laga soo tago xirfaddooda fardo-fuulka, Eidagale sidoo kale waxay caan ku yihiin fasahaaddooda suugaanta dhaqanka Soomaalida, gaar ahaan gabayga. Waxay soo saareen gabayaaal caan ah sida Xasan Tarabi iyo Elmi Boodhari. Taariikh ahaan, Eidagale waxaa beelaha kale ee Soomaaliyeed u aqoonsanaayeen khubaro suugaanta gabayga:&lt;ref&gt;Diriye, p. 75.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt; “Beelaha Soomaaliyeed dhexdeeda, Eidagale waxaa lagu yaqaan khubarnimada tirinta gabayada. Hal gabyaa oo ka tirsan Eidagale laga yaabee inuusan ka heer sarreyn gabyaa wanaagsan oo beel kale ah, laakiin Eidagale waxay u muuqdaan inay gabyaaal badan ka jiraan marka loo eego beelaha kale. ‘Haddii aad halkaan keento boqol nin oo Eidagale ah,’ ayuu ii sheegay Hersi Jaamac, ‘oo aad waydiiso kee gabaygiisa tirin kara, sagaashan iyo shan baa tirin kara. Inta kale weli way baranayaan.’”&lt;ref&gt;Laurance, Margaret. A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[File:HargeisaCloseup1885.png|thumb|250px|Close-up of an 1885 Royal Geographical Society map, showing Hargeisa (Harrer-es-Sagheer) as well as the Eidagale subtribe (Eed-a-galleh) residing within and around the town. The Naasa Hablood hills (Nas Hubla) can also be seen in the map.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Qarnigyo badan, beesha Eidagale waxay door muhiim ah ku lahayd ganacsigii geela ee fog ee Soomaaliyeed. Ganacsatada Eidagale waxay ka soo heli jireen agabyo kala duwan gobolka Soomaalida ee dhulka hadda loo yaqaan Itoobiya, sida xoolaha, malmalka (acacia gum), muxurta (myrrh), iyo subagga, kuwaas oo markii dambe loo dhoofin jiray Koonfurta Carabta.

Ganacsatada karavaanka ee Eidagale waxay aasaaseen xarumo ganacsi oo muhiim ah gudaha dalka, kuwaas oo ay ka mid tahay magaalada casriga ah ee Hargeysa, taasoo la aasaasay qarnigii 19aad, kana ahayd meel isgoys ah oo u dhexeysa Berbera iyo gudaha Soomaalida.Hargeysa waxaa asal ahaan loo aasaasay bartamaha qarnigii 19aad si ay u noqoto xarun karavaan oo xiriirisa Berbera iyo gudaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Journal of African Languages|date=1963|publisher=University of Michigan Press|pages=27|language=english}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia. p. 96.&lt;/ref&gt;

Qayb dhownaata oo laga qaaday khariidaddii 1885 ee ay daabacday Royal Geographical Society ayaa si cad u muujinaysa joogitaanka dhuleed ee beesha Eidagale. Khariidaddu waxay calaamadaynaysaa magaalada Hargeysa (oo ku qoran ''Harrer-es-Sagheer''), iyadoo beesha Eidagale loogu yeedhay ''Eed-a-galleh'' kuna muujisan inay deggan yihiin gudaha iyo nawaaxiga deegaankaas. Buuraleyda Naasa Hablood, oo khariidadda lagu qoray ''Nas Hubla'', sidoo kale waa lagu sawiray, taasoo xoojinaysa isku xirka juqraafiyeed iyo dhaqan ee beesha Eidagale ee gobolkaasi.&lt;ref&gt;Royal Geographical Society map, 1885. British Library Archives.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;blockquote&gt;Beesha Eidagale waxaa si weyn loogu yaqaannaa xirfaddooda suugaanta, gaar ahaan gabayga, kaas oo kaalin weyn ku leh aqoonsigooda iyo dhaqankooda. Waxaa lagu tiriyaa dad xigmadda iyo hadal-fasahaadda ku caan baxay, iyagoo gabayga u adeegsada sidii ay u xafidi lahaayeen taariikhda, u gudbin lahaayeen qiimaha bulsheed, una xallin lahaayeen khilaafaadka. Waxaa hadal caan ah oo laga dhex maqlo odhanaya: &quot;Nin aan gabayn karin weli ma dhalan.&quot; Tani waxay muujinaysaa sida gabaygu uga yahay laf-dhabar aqoonta iyo wada-noolaanshaha bulshada Eidagale.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Marka laga soo tago hidda-sugaaneedkooda, beesha Eidagale waxay sidoo kale caan ku yihiin xirfadda xoolo-dhaqatada, gaar ahaan dhaqashada geela, oo ah tiirka ugu weyn ee dhaqaalahooda iyo noloshooda reer guuraanimada. Geelu wuxuu leeyahay qiimo weyn, wuxuuna astaan u yahay hanti, sharaf, iyo adkaysi. Khibraddooda dheer ee ku saabsan dhaqashada iyo daryeelka geela waxay ka tarjumaysaa aqoon jiilal badan soo jirtay, taasoo ka dhigaysa dad si heer sare ah u yaqaan sida loo ilaaliyo loona kobciyo xoolaha.

Isku dhafka suugaantooda afka ah iyo xirfaddooda xoolo-dhaqatada ayaa ah labada tiir ee ugu waaweyn ee dhaxalka dhaqameed ee beesha Eidagale—waa hiddo soo jireen ah oo qoto dheer leh, taasoo weli si xooggan u qeexaysa aqoonsigooda jiilba jiil.
An image illustrating 19th-century trade:


Beesha Eidagale waxay si weyn ugaga qayb qaadatay ganacsiga guud ee geela iyo agabka dabiiciga ah ee gobolka. Karavaannadii ka yimid gudaha gudaha ayaa halkan ku degi jiray, iyagoo ka ganacsan jiray muxur, malmal, subag iyo xoolo, taasoo Berbera ka dhigtay xarun ganacsi oo istiraatiiji ah oo u xiriiriya gudaha iyo suuqyada caalamiga ah.

&lt;blockquote&gt;Soomaalida beesha Eidagale ayaa ka yimaada Ogaadeen iyagoo wata baallo, muxur, malmal, ari, lo’, iyo subag; beddelkeedna waxay ka qaataan dhar jumlo ah. Xilligiiba afar jeer ayay safarradan samaynayaan. Ma joogaan wax ka badan hal bil, intay joogaanna waxay la deggan yihiin reerahooda, cunadoodana waxay ku cunaan makhbaza, ama goobaha cuntada lagu wada cuno.&lt;ref&gt;Hunter, Frederick (1877). An Account of the British Settlement of Aden in Arabia*. Cengage Gale. p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

==Saltanate ==
Saldanadda Ciidagale waxay ka mid ahayd nidaamyadii ugu faca weynaa ee dhaqanka iyo hoggaanka bulshada ee ka jiray beesha Eidagele. Ciidagale, oo ka mid ah jilibyada waaweyn ee beesha, waxay lahayd hoggaan u gaar ah oo ku dhisnaa xeer, garsoor, iyo midnimo bulsho, kuwaas oo muddo qarniyo ah hagayay bulshada.Nidaamka Saldanaddu wuxuu ku shaqayn jiray hab-dhaqan Soomaaliyeed oo salka ku haya odaynimo, garaad, iyo wada-tashi. Suldaanada iyo ugaasyadu waxay ahaayeen dad lagu yaqaan caqli, hal-adayg, iyo karti hoggaamineed, kana shaqeeya ilaalinta nabadda, xallinta khilaafaadka, iyo u doodista xuquuqda beesha.

Saldanadda fawaynta ahayd ee qarniyo badan talinta soo haysay, ayaa asalkeedu dib ugu laabtaa qarnigii 17-aad, xilligii uu aasaasay ''Suldaan Guleed Cabdi Ciise o ah Abdirahman Muuse'' — ''oo ahaa suldaanka guud ee beesha Isaaq''. Muddo dheer ayay saldanaddani ahayd tiir dhexe oo hoggaan, xeer iyo xasillooni u horseeda bulshada, waxaana magaceedu ku dhex lahaa sharaf, maamuus iyo miisaan dhaqan oo aan weli libdhin.

Sidoo kale, hogaanka Abokor Muuse—oo ka tirsan faracyada waaweyn ee beesha Ciidagale—waxay leeyihiin taariikh dheer oo ku ladhan hoggaamin, halgan bulsho iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Qarnigii 15-aad iyo 16-aad, qaybo badan oo ka mid ah geedka qabiilka ayaa loo xusaa boqorro iyo ''ugaasyo'' ka soo jeeda Reerah iyo Qabiilada beesha Abokor Muuse, ku waas oo door muuqda ku lahaa difaaca bulshada, hagidda dhaqanka iyo ilaalinta nidaamka beesha.

==Clan tree==

A summarized family tree of the Eidagalle Clan is presented below.&lt;ref name=&quot;survey 147&quot;&gt;Hunt, John A. (1951). A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950. Wayback Machine (archived 2 February 2022). p. 147.&lt;/ref&gt;
*Daoud(Eidagalle)
**[[Maxamed Daoud|Mohamed Daoud]] 
***Egal Mohamed (Rer Cigal)
***Ali Mohamed (Rer Afwayne) 
***Urkurag Mohamed
****Ali Urkurag
*****Fiqi Sa'ad Ali
*****Mahamoud Ali
*****Ahmed Ali
*****Ismail Ali 
******Ali Ismail
*******Osman Ali (Rer Osman)
*******Jama Ali
*******Geedi Ali (Rer Aw)
*******Yonis Ali
*******Ileiye Ali
*******Hagga Ali
*******Nuh Ali
********Ali Nuh
*******Aden Ali
********Guled Aden
********Ali Aden
*******Roble Ali (Rer Rooble)
********Hassan Roble
*********Jibril Hassan 
**********Aden Jibril 
**********Mohamed Jibril 
*********Deria Hassan 
**********Mohamed Deria
**********Hussein Deria
********Ali Roble
*********Warfa Ali
*********Farah Ali
**********Hassan Farah
*********Abdalle Ali
*******Abdalle Ali
********Geedi Abdalle (Rer Geedi)
********Mohamed Abdalle (Rer Mohamed)
**Abokor Daoud 
***Bilaal Abokor
****Mohamed Bilal
*****Egal Mohamed
*****Hassan Mohamed
*****Farah Mohamed
*****Yusuf Mohamed 
*****Wais Mohamed 
*****Roble Mohamed
*****Egal Mohamed
*****Abdi Mohamed
******Geedi Abdi
******Aden Abdi
******Mohamed Aden
******Hassan Abdi
*****Abdalle Mohamed
******Samter Abdalle
******Hussein Abdalle
******Abane Abdalle
******Mohamed Abdalle
******Wais Abdalle
******Hasan Abdalle
***Isse Abokor
****Dualeh Isse 
*****Musa Dualeh 
*****Mohamed Dualeh 
*****Deria Duleh
*****Egal Dualeh
*****Essa Dualeh
*****Roble Dualeh
*****Samter Duleh
*****Farah Dualeh
****Hassan Isse
*****Afi Hassan
*****Hujale Hassan
*****Abar Hassan
*****Yusuf Hassan
*****Shire Hassan 
*****Mohamed Hassan
*****Warfa Hassan
*****Barre Hassan
*****Egal Hassan
*****Mohamed Hassan 
***Abokor Muuse
****Saleiban Abokor
*****Mohammad Salieban 
******Saleiban Mohamed
*******Yousuf Saleiban
********Osman Yusuf
********Said Yusuf
********Mohamed Yusuf
*******Aralleh Saleiban
********Ali Arralle 
********Saleiban Arralle 
*********Abokor Saleiban
**********Abdalleh Abokor
***********Saleiban Abdalle
************Osman Saleiban 
*************Waisleh Osman
**************Mahamoud Wais
**************Arralleh Wais
**************Hussein wais
**************Saleiban Wais
**********Saleiban Abokor
***********Warfa Saleiban
***********Arreh Saleiban
***********Farah Saleiban
***********Mahamoud Saleiban
**********Hassan Abokor
***********Muuse Hassan
***********Laqshe Hassan
***********Basiralle Hassan
***********Dhimbil Hassan
************Mohammed Dhimbil
*************Musa Mohamed
**************Adawe Muuse
***************Absiye Adawe
***************Allamagn Adawe
***************Yusuf Adawe
***************Liban Adawe
***************Roble Adawe
***************Osman Adawe
***************Egal Adawe
***************Wais Adawe
**************Aden Muuse
***************Had Adan
***************Roble Aden
***************Abane Aden
***************Ali Aden
***************Wais Aden
***************Burale Aden
***************Geedi Aden
***************Boqorre Aden
****************Sugulle Boqore
****************Liban Boqorre
****************Warfa Boqorre
****************Koshin Boqorre 
****************Shiekhdon Boqorre
*************Mucawiye Mohamed
**************Samter Muawiye 
**************Ali Muawiye 
*************Fatah Mohamed
**************Awarre Fatah 
**************Mohamed Fatah
**************Hassan Fatah 
**************Cisman fatah
*************Gled (Wardon) Mohamed
**************Hussein Guled
**************Egal Guled
**************Yusuf Guled
**************Roble Guled
**************Abdi Guled
**************Elmi Guled
**************Samter Guled 
************Muuse Dhimbil
*************Mahamoud Muuse 
**************Shirdon Mohamoud
***************Hamud Shirdon
***************Suldan Shirdon
***************Geele Shirdon
***************Osman Shirdon 
***************Egal Shirdon 
***************Mohamed Shirdon 
***************Yusuf Shirdon 
**************Hildiid Mohamoud 
***************Ali Hildiid 
***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi)
****************Odawa Geedi
*****************Odawa Odawa
*****************Mahamoud Odawa
****************Geele Geedi
****************Nour(Shire) Geedi
****************Haji Dirie Geedi
****************Samter Geedi
****************Ahmed Geedi
****************Ali Geedi
****************Roble Geedi
***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi)
****************Ali Hersi 
****************Guled Hersi
****************Egal Hersi
****************Aden Hersi
****************Mahamoud Hersi
****************Fahiye Hersi
*****************Roble Fahiye 
******************Elmi Roble
******************Jama Elmi
******************Ali Elmi
*****************Rage Roble 
*****************Elmi Rage
******************Wais Rage
******************Geedi Rage
******************Hersi Rage
*************Abdalleh Muuse 
**************Jibirl Abdalle
***************Siad Jibril 
****************Wais Siad
****************Abdalle Siad
***************Kalil Jibirl
***************Ali kalil
****************Said Ali
****************Koshin Ali
****************Boqorreh Ali
***************Saeed Jibril
****************Abdi Said
*****************Abdalle Abdi
*****************Roble Abdi
***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) 
****************Wais Aden
****************Benin Aden
****************Nur Aden
****************Muse Aden
****************Samter Aden
****************Abdalle Aden
****************Jama Aden
****************Eileie Adan
****************Barre Aden
****************Ibrahim Aden
****************Khalaf Aden
****************Ali Aden
****************Adan Aden
*****************Ahmed Aden
*****************Eiye Aden
***************Abdi Jibril 
****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi)
*****************Abdalle Ali
******************Musa Abdalle
*****************Hussein Ali
*****************Jama Hussien 
*****************Nour Hussein 
*****************Farah Hussien
*****************Wa'ays Hussein 
*****************Hersi Hussien 
******************Muhumad Hersi
******************Abdi Hersi
******************Ali Hersi
******************Aidid Hersi
*****************Mumin Ali
******************Egal Mumin
******************Jama Mumin
******************Urmah Mumin
*******************Dhible Urmah
*******************Ismail Urmah
*****************Naleye Ali
******************Jama Naleye
******************Dualeh Naleye
******************Warfa Naleye
******************Abdi Naleye
******************Egal Naleye 
******************Arralleh Egal
*******************Elmi Aralleh
*******************Aw-Jama Arralleh 
****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur)
*****************Ismail Nour
******************Gabal Ismail
******************Abdi Ismail
******************Barre Ismail
*****************Hersi Nour
******************Hugur Hersi
******************Osman Hersi
******************Bacalul Hersi
******************Ali Hersi
******************Aden Hersi
*****************Gabal Nour
*****************Mohamed Nour
******************Mohamed Omar 
*******************Hussein Mohamed 
********************Wais Husien 
********************Hujale Husien
********************Dirie Husien
*******************Sharmake Mohamed 
********************Roble Sharmake
********************Nour Sharmake 
********************Jama Sharmake
*********************Hudale Jama
*********************Yasin Jama
*******************Allale Mohamed
********************Egal Allale
*********************Hassan Egal
**********************Omar Hassan
**********************Ahmed Hassan
****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) 
*****************Naleye Benin
*****************Ahmed Benin
*****************Hersi Benin
*****************Warfa Benin
*****************Samter Benin
*****************Abdi Benin
*****************Fatah Benin
*****************Dirie Benin
*****************Osman Benin
****************Abdille Abdi
*****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab)
******************Ismail Gallab
******************Asker Gallab
******************Dahir Gallab
******************Wais Gallab
******************Ali Gallab
******************Jama Gallab
******************Roble Gallab
******************Abdi Gallab
******************Yusuf Gallab
******************Farah Gallab
*****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye)
******************Gulled Eiye
*******************Deria Guled
********************Abokor Deria 
********************Osman Derie
********************Khalaf Derie
*******************Kalil Guled
********************Farah kalil
********************Ali Kalil
********************Hassan Kalil
********************Osman Kalil
********************Aden Kalil
******************Sharmake Eiye
*******************Barre Sharmake 
*******************Omar Sharmake 
*******************Hager Sharmake 
********************Farah Hager
********************Geedi Hagar
********************Adan Hagar
********************Boqorre Hagar
********************Elmi Hagar
*****************Mohamed Abdille
******************Ahmed Mohamed
*******************Samter Ahmed 
*******************Ziyad Ahmed
*******************Mayle Ahmed
*******************Geedi Ahmed
*******************Amanle Ahmed
*******************Food Ahmed
*******************Dhible Ahmed
********************Ismail Dhible
********************Egal Dhible
*******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali)
********************Cadad Ali
********************Deria Ali
********************Egal  Ali
********************Jibril Ali
********************kalil Ali
*********************Magan kalil
*********************Deria Kalil
*********************Abdi kalil 
*********************Aden kalil
*********************Yusuf kalil
*******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) 
********************Derie Gubadleh 
*********************Ismail Derie
*********************Gubtame Derie 
*********************Nour Derie 
*********************Mohamoud Derie 
*********************Omar Derie
*********************Dualeh Derie
*********************Hussein Derie 
*********************Wa'ays Derie
*********************Yusuf Derie 
********************Boqorre Gubdleh 
*********************Hersi Boqorre 
*********************Ali Boqorre 
*********************Abdille Boqorre 
*********************Hirad Boqorre
*********************Asker Boqorre 
*********************Mohamed Boqorre 
*********************Aw Hassan Boqorre
*********************Ismail Boqorre
*********************Shire Boqorre 
*********************Hashi Boqorre
*********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre
************Ahmed Dhimbil
*************Musa Ahmed
*************Waisleh Ahmed
*************Osman Ahmed
*************Liban Ahmed
*************Abdi Liban 
**************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) 
***************Aden Ismail
***************Iman Ismail
***************Bulale Ismail
***************Geedi Ismail
***************Idiris Ismail
***************Yusuf Ismail
***************Koshin Ismail
***************Hersi Ismail
***************Shirwac Ismail
***************Said Ismail
**************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh)
***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarer)
****************Nour Sarar
****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar
****************Farah Sarar
****************Yusuf Sarar
****************Dualeh Sarar
****************Elmi Sarar
***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed
****************Koshin Ahmed
****************Samter Ahmed
****************Uballe Ahmed
****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed
****************Waraf Ahmed
****************Karie Ahmed
****************Mohamed Ahmed
**********Aden Abokor
***********( Aden Mohamed)
************Issa Aden
************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl)
*************Abdi Awal
**************Had Abdi
**************Nour Abdi
**************Ahmed Abdi
**************Liban Abdi
**************Omar Abdi
**************Aden Abdi
**************Geedi Abdi
**************Ibrahim Abdi
**************Mohamoud Abdi
*************Hassan Aden
**************Ziyad Hassan
**************Odawa Hasaan
**************Ladon Hassan
***************Aden Ladon
****************Herar Ladon
****************Jama Ladon
****************Ali Ladon
****************Fahiye Ladon
**************Abdalle Hassan
***************Ali Abdalle
***************Abdi Abdalle (Abdi Waddago)
***************Ahmed Abdalle
***************Halas Ahmed
****************Osman Halas
****************Samter Halas
****************Egal Ahmed
*****************Wais Egal
*****************Madar Egal
****************Geedi Ahmed
*****************Samter Geedi
*****************Mohamed Geedi
*****************Dalal Geedi
*****************Fatah Geedi
*****************Waisleh Geedi
*****************Allamagan Geedi
******************Guled Allamagan
******************Egal Allamagan
*****************Hode Geedi
******************Farah Hode
******************Yusuf Hode
******************Geele Geedi
*****************Ahmed Geele
******************Dahir Geele
******************Nour Geele
*****************Ali Geedi
******************Osman Ali
******************Hassan Ali
******************Abdalle Ali
******************Yusuf Ali
******************Aden Ali
***Abdirahman Muuse
****Yonis Abdiraham 
*****Aden Yonis
*****Ismail Yonis 
*****Ugadh Yonis
*****Mohamed Yonis
****Abdalle Abdirahman
*****Mohamed Abdalle (Bah Daylo) 
******Gadid Mohamed 
******Abdalle Mohamed
******Loge Mohamed
****Ibrahim Abdalle
*****Kulul Ibrahim (Rer Kul)
*****Abdi Ibrahim (Abdi Dheeri)
******Burale Abdi
******Qabile Abdi
******Hildiid Abdi
******Geedi Abdi
******Aden Abdi
******Hersi Abdi
*****Abokor Ibrahim 
******Idileh Abokor (Rer Iidleh)
*******Ismail Iidle
*******Bare Iidle 
******Hussein Abokor Matan (Gashaabuur)
*******Roble Matan
*******Hamud Matan 
*******Aden Matan
*******Damal Aden
********Gabdon Dhamal (Rer Gabdoon)
********Hode Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Deria Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Gabib Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Fatah Dhamal (Dhamal YarYar)
********Essa Dhamal
*********Aden Isse
*********Warfa Isse
*********Guled Isse
*********Liban Isse (Rer Liibaan)
*********Hassan Isse (Rer Hassan Isse)
*********Abdi Isse 
**********Mohamed Abdi
**********Farah Abdi
**********Eiye Abdi
**********Aninanshe Abdi
**********Amare Abdi
**********Ileiye Afwayne Abdi 
**********Dualeh (Samter) Abdi
**********Wais Abdi
**********Rage Abdi
**********Abdalle Abdi
**********Aden Abdi
**********Abdi Bari (Abdi Bari)
**********Guled Abdi (Rer Guleed)

==Notable figures==
* Abdillahi Deria – Prominent anti-colonial fighter 
* Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – was a prominent Somali Scholar, vocalist, poet, and military leader.
* Gaabuush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader, with strong tie to SAF.
* Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship. 
* Hassan Guure Jamac
* Abwaan Dheeg
* Idiris Haji Cisman Gurey
* Siyasi Ali Mohamed Ibrahim (Ali Sanyare)
* Hussein M. Adam|Hussein Mohammed Adam (Tanzania) – foremost Somali intellectual and scholar who founded the Somali Studies International Association (SSIA)
* Abwan Qawdhan Dualeh
* Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer
* Hajji Abdi Hussein Yusuf (Abdi Warabe)– Respected Somali elder and Guurti member, known for his wisdom and role in peacebuilding and traditional leadership.
* Khadra Dahir Cige – popular Somali singer
* Suldaan Sakariye Suldan Mohamed S.C/laahi (Galaal)
*Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed , a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure.
* Mohamed Hassan Finad – Politician and Activist 
* Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War.
* Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning 
* Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border
* Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health 
* Jama Mohamed Ghalib – served as speaker of the Somali Parliament during the Somali Republic's early civilian administration, between 1960 and 1964
* Mahamed Abdiqadir – 8th grand sultan of the Isaaq
* Ismail Mahmud Hurre – former foreign minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, between 2000-2002 and 2006–2007
* Jama Asker –Activist And Politician 
* Abwan Ali Mooge Geedi Egal 
* Abdishakur Dayib – Prominent Journalist
* Daud Mahamed – the ninth and current grand sultan of the Isaaq Sultanate.
* Abdi Bidhaan Dahir – Journalist
* Abwan Muse Ali Farur
* Abwan Coloaad Qorane – Poet and Member of Federal Parliament of Somalia
* Mahid Guled - Former prime minister of Somalia
* Bihi Egeh –Minister of Finance of Somalia
* Hussein Arab Isse – former deputy prime minister and minister of defence of Somalia, between 2011 and 2012
* Abdikarim Ahmed Mooge – Is Somali politician and the current mayor of Hargeisa city
* Shiekh Harreed (Xareed) – Scholar and Religious leader 
* Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia 
* Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist

==References==</text>
      <sha1>4dwali714e2sb94intd7xwwgy89kk4j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Muuse Dhimbil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299361</id>
      <parentid>298957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T16:32:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-34537-45</username>
        <id>46057</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>299361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6532" sha1="qq68llu3n1l4zp455it5pubcxy2u4en" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Muuse Dhimbil 
| native_name      = 
|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}}
| languages        = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| religions        = [[Islam]]
| related  = iyo kuwo kale 
|region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}}
Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. &lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics &amp; Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615&lt;/ref&gt;Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.&lt;ref&gt;A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland &lt;/ref&gt;
==Hordhac ==
Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya.

==Abtirsiin==
{{Tree list}}
*Muuse Dhimbil 
**Abdale Muse
***Muse Abdale 
****Abdalleh Muse
*****Jibril Abdalle
******Saeed Jibril
*******Abdi Said
********Salah Abdi
********Roble Abdi
******Hersi Jibril
*******Ahmed Hersi
*******Abdalle Hersi 
******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil)
*******Hersi Kalil
*******Egal Kalil
*******Deria kalil
*******Ali kalil
******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan)
*******Aden Mohamed 
********Benin Aden
********Nour Aden
********Ali Aden
********Adan Aden
******Abdi Jibril 
*******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi)
********Issa Ali
********Mumin Ali
********Naleye Ali
********Hussein Ali
*********Mohamed Hussien
*********Nour Hussien
*********Jama Hussien
*******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur)
********Ismail Nour
********Hersi Nour
********Gabal Nour
********Mohamed Nour
*******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin)
*******Abdille Abdi
********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab)
*********Ismail Gallab
*********Asker Gallab
********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye)
*********Guled Eiae
*********Sharmake Eiae 
********Mohamed Abdille
*********Ahmed Mohamed 
*********Samter Ahmed 
*********Ziyad Ahmed
*********Mayle Ahmed
*********Elmi Ahmed
*********Warfa Ahmed
*********Geedi Ahmed
*********Amanle Ahmed
*********Food Ahmed
*********Roble Ahmed
*********Ainanshe Ahmed 
*********Wais Ahmed 
*********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh)
**********Ismail Dhible
**********Barre Dhible
*********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali)
*********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) 
**********Derie Gubadleh 
**********Boqorre Gubdleh 

****Mohamoud Muse 
*****Shirdon Mohamoud 
*****Hildiid Mohamoud 
******Ali Hildiid 
******Geedi Hildiid
******Hersi Hildiid
{{tree list/end}}

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil
!Magaca 
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Tirada Qabiilada
!Magacyada Qabiilada
!Deegaanka
!Sharaxaad Kooban
|-
|| '''[[Mohamoud Muuse|Mahmoud Muuse]] ||Saddex Reer||
*Shirdon Mohamoud
*Hildiid Mohamoud 
**Geedi Hildiid 
**Hersi Hildiid 

||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]],[[Aware]] 

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]]
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''[[Beesha Aden Jibril]]''' ||Afar Reer ||
*Benin Aden
*Nour Aden
*Ali Aden
*Aden Aden
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. 

Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad,[[Kaamtuug]],[[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[ Awaare]].
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiir ee Beesha.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-

|| '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer||
*Mumin Ali
*Naleye Ali
*Hussien Ali
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]].

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]]
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer||
*Ismail Nour
*Gabal Nour
*Hersi Nour
*Mohamed Nour
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]].

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] 
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha 
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar  Reer||
*Ahmed Benin
*Hersi Benin
*Osman Bein
*Naleye Ahmed
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. 

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]]
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer||
*Gallab abdille
*Eiye Abdille
*Mohamed Abdille
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]]
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha
|}

==Notable figures== 
===Royalty===
*Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader.
*Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure.

=== Politicians ===
* Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health 
* Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning 
* Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician.
* Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia

===Military===
* Mahamoud Ismail Gabush  – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader.
*Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. 
* Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border
* Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland.
* Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard
* Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship

===Intellectuals===
* Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University.
* Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader 
* Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician
* Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan
* Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University.

=== Journalists===
* Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist

==Tixraac==</text>
      <sha1>qq68llu3n1l4zp455it5pubcxy2u4en</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299372</id>
      <parentid>299361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T16:59:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-34537-45</username>
        <id>46057</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>299372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6583" sha1="mkrpqs8ol5177ckbdf0956j96bo98tf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Muuse Dhimbil 
| native_name      = 
|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}}
| languages        = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| religions        = [[Islam]]
| related  = iyo kuwo kale 
|region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}}
Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. &lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics &amp; Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615&lt;/ref&gt;Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.&lt;ref&gt;A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland &lt;/ref&gt;
==Hordhac ==
Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya.

==Abtirsiin==
{{Tree list}}
*Muuse Dhimbil 
**Abdale Muse
***Muse Abdale 
****Abdalleh Muse
*****Jibril Abdalle
******Saeed Jibril
*******Abdi Said
********Salah Abdi
********Roble Abdi
******Hersi Jibril
*******Ahmed Hersi
*******Abdalle Hersi 
******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil)
*******Hersi Kalil
*******Egal Kalil
*******Deria kalil
*******Ali kalil
******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan)
*******Aden Mohamed 
********Benin Aden
********Nour Aden
********Ali Aden
********Adan Aden
******Abdi Jibril 
*******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi)
********Issa Ali
********Mumin Ali
********Naleye Ali
********Hussein Ali
*********Mohamed Hussien
*********Nour Hussien
*********Jama Hussien
*******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur)
********Ismail Nour
********Hersi Nour
********Gabal Nour
********Mohamed Nour
*******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin)
*******Abdille Abdi
********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab)
*********Ismail Gallab
*********Asker Gallab
********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye)
*********Guled Eiae
*********Sharmake Eiae 
********Mohamed Abdille
*********Ahmed Mohamed 
*********Samter Ahmed 
*********Ziyad Ahmed
*********Mayle Ahmed
*********Elmi Ahmed
*********Warfa Ahmed
*********Geedi Ahmed
*********Amanle Ahmed
*********Food Ahmed
*********Roble Ahmed
*********Ainanshe Ahmed 
*********Wais Ahmed 
*********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh)
**********Ismail Dhible
**********Barre Dhible
*********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali)
*********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) 
**********Derie Gubadleh 
**********Boqorre Gubdleh 

****Mohamoud Muse 
*****Shirdon Mohamoud 
*****Hildiid Mohamoud 
******Ali Hildiid 
******Geedi Hildiid
******Hersi Hildiid
{{tree list/end}}

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil
!Magaca 
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Tirada Qabiilada
!Magacyada Qabiilada
!Deegaanka
!Sharaxaad Kooban
|-
|| '''[[Mohamoud Muuse|Mahmoud Muuse]] ||Saddex Reer||
*Shirdon Mohamoud
*Hildiid Mohamoud 
**Geedi Hildiid 
**Hersi Hildiid 

||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]],[[Aware]] 

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]]
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''[[Beesha Aden Jibril]]''' ||Afar Reer ||
*Benin Aden
*Nour Aden
*Ali Aden
*Aden Aden
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. 

Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad,[[Kaamtuug]],[[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[ Awaare]].
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiir ee Beesha.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-

|| '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer||
*Mumin Ali
*Naleye Ali
*Hussien Ali
**Mohamed Hussein 
**Nour Hussein 
**Jama Hussien 
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]].

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]]
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer||
*Ismail Nour
*Gabal Nour
*Hersi Nour
*Mohamed Nour
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]].

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] 
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha 
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar  Reer||
*Ahmed Benin
*Hersi Benin
*Osman Bein
*Naleye Ahmed
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. 

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]]
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha.
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer||
*Gallab abdille
*Eiye Abdille
*Mohamed Abdille
||Dalka [[Somaliland]]:
*Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]

*Dalka [[Itoobiya]]:
*magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]]
||
* Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha
|}

==Notable figures== 
===Royalty===
*Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader.
*Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure.

=== Politicians ===
* Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health 
* Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning 
* Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician.
* Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia

===Military===
* Mahamoud Ismail Gabush  – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader.
*Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. 
* Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border
* Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland.
* Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard
* Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship

===Intellectuals===
* Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University.
* Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader 
* Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician
* Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan
* Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University.

=== Journalists===
* Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist

==Tixraac==</text>
      <sha1>mkrpqs8ol5177ckbdf0956j96bo98tf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beeaha Ali Abdi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299267</id>
      <parentid>299225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:16:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-34537-45</username>
        <id>46057</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notable figures */</comment>
      <origin>299267</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2457" sha1="rne2wah288turwrgo5a6yncagu79q9x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Rer Ali-Abdi
| native_name      = 
| flag             = 
|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} |Region2= {{Flagcountry|United States}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|region4={{flagcountry|Kenya}}
| regions          = 
| languages        = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| religions        = [[Islam]]
| related  = iyo kuwo kale 
}}
Beesha '''Rer Ali-Abdi''' ({{lang-so|Ali-Abdi}}, {{lang-en|Ali-Abdi}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. &lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics &amp; Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615&lt;/ref&gt;Beesha Maxamuud Muuse Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley.&lt;ref&gt;A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland &lt;/ref&gt;

==Hordhac ==
Beesha Ali-Abdi waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Rer Ali-Abdi waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya.
==Abtirsiin==
{{Tree list}}
*Ali Abdi (Rer Ali-Abbdi)
**Mumin Ali 
***Egal Mumin
***Ziyad Mumin
***Wais Mumin
***Hassan Munin
***Farah Mumin
***Wais Mumin
***Ali Mumin
***Essa Mumin
***Jibril Mumin
***Farah Mumin
***Dahir Mumin
***Guled Mumin 
***Urmah Mumin
****Dhible Urmah
****Ismail Urmah
**Naleye Ali 
***Jama Naleye
***Dualeh Naleye
***Warfa Naleye
***Ahmed Naleye
***Yonis Naleye
***Aden Naleye
***Abdi Naleye
***Geedi Naleye 
***Farah Naleye
***Jibril Naleye 
****Egal Naleye 
****Arralleh Egal
*****Elmi Aralleh
*****Aw-Jama Arralleh 
**Hussein Ali  
***Mohamed Hussein 
****Ali Mohamed
****Abdi Mohamed
****Sead Mohamed
****Warfa Mohamed
****Jibril Mohamed 
****Omar Mohamed 
****Farah Mohamed 
***Nour Hussein 
****Roble Nour
****Dahir Nour 
****Wa'ays Nour
****Ali Nour
****Mohamed Nour
****Ismail Nour
****Gabal Nour
****Ismai Nour
****Yusuf Nour
****Guled Nour
***Jama Hussien 
****Osman jama
****Geedi Jama
****Sead jama
****Hersi jama
****Abdi jama
****Ahmed jama
****Yusuf jama
****Jibril Jama
****Osman Jama
****Abdillahi Jama
****Yusuf jama
****Musa Jama
****Aden jama
****Egal  Jama
****Muhumoad Jama
{{tree list/end}}

==Tixraac==</text>
      <sha1>rne2wah288turwrgo5a6yncagu79q9x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299270</id>
      <parentid>299267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-34537-45</username>
        <id>46057</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Noqay bedelaadka [[Special:Diff/299267|299267]] ee sameeyay  [[Special:Contributions/~2026-34537-45|~2026-34537-45]] ([[User talk:~2026-34537-45|hadal]])</comment>
      <origin>299270</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2637" sha1="eyeu3cfex48bl5boug7069ura7numz9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Rer Ali-Abdi
| native_name      = 
| flag             = 
|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}} |Region2= {{Flagcountry|United States}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}|region4={{flagcountry|Kenya}}
| regions          = 
| languages        = [[Somali language|Somali]]
| religions        = [[Islam]]
| related  = iyo kuwo kale 
}}
Beesha '''Rer Ali-Abdi''' ({{lang-so|Ali-Abdi}}, {{lang-en|Ali-Abdi}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. &lt;ref&gt;Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics &amp; Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615&lt;/ref&gt;Beesha Maxamuud Muuse Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley.&lt;ref&gt;A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland &lt;/ref&gt;

==Hordhac ==
Beesha Ali-Abdi waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Rer Ali-Abdi waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya.
==Abtirsiin==
{{Tree list}}
*Ali Abdi (Rer Ali-Abbdi)
**Mumin Ali 
***Egal Mumin
***Ziyad Mumin
***Wais Mumin
***Hassan Munin
***Farah Mumin
***Wais Mumin
***Ali Mumin
***Essa Mumin
***Jibril Mumin
***Farah Mumin
***Dahir Mumin
***Guled Mumin 
***Urmah Mumin
****Dhible Urmah
****Ismail Urmah
**Naleye Ali 
***Jama Naleye
***Dualeh Naleye
***Warfa Naleye
***Ahmed Naleye
***Yonis Naleye
***Aden Naleye
***Abdi Naleye
***Geedi Naleye 
***Farah Naleye
***Jibril Naleye 
****Egal Naleye 
****Arralleh Egal
*****Elmi Aralleh
*****Aw-Jama Arralleh 
**Hussein Ali  
***Mohamed Hussein 
****Ali Mohamed
****Abdi Mohamed
****Sead Mohamed
****Warfa Mohamed
****Jibril Mohamed 
****Omar Mohamed 
****Farah Mohamed 
***Nour Hussein 
****Roble Nour
****Dahir Nour 
****Wa'ays Nour
****Ali Nour
****Mohamed Nour
****Ismail Nour
****Gabal Nour
****Ismai Nour
****Yusuf Nour
****Guled Nour
***Jama Hussien 
****Osman jama
****Geedi Jama
****Sead jama
****Hersi jama
****Abdi jama
****Ahmed jama
****Yusuf jama
****Jibril Jama
****Osman Jama
****Abdillahi Jama
****Yusuf jama
****Musa Jama
****Aden jama
****Egal  Jama
****Muhumoad Jama
{{tree list/end}}

==Notable figures==
*Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud 
*Guled bihi Abdi
*Almis Omar Sakriye
*Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur
*Mustafe Ali
*Mohamoud ismail Gabush
*Sheikh Harred
*Mohamed Ahmed sulub

==Tixraac==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubari</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47831</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299266</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299266</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7538" sha1="c4pr2727eyb83e0y1eg1m8r5pnzmmkl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Fiiri Jadwalka Infobox Settlement si aad u hesho dhammaan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka--&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Ubari
|other_name             = Awbari
|native_name            = {{lang|ar|أوباري}}
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = Magaalo&lt;!--Magaalo ama Tuulo (Bannaan u daa haddii ay tahay Caasimad/Magaalo madax)--&gt;
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = Oasis in Lybia.JPG
|imagesize              = 300px
|image_caption          = Haro ku taal Ubari oasis, oo leh caws dabiici ah iyo timir.
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidada goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay kutaal Liibiya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Wadi al Hayaa District|Wadi al Hayaa]] 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- meelaha leh, tusaale ahaan, duqa magaalada iyo maamulaha magaalada --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- La dhisay (magaalo) --&gt;
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- La dhisay (caasimad) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la rabo--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- DHAMMAAN beeraha ka hadlaya cabbirrada waxay ku xiran yihiin beddelka cutubka tooska ah--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--Fiiri jadwalka @ Template:Infobox Settlement faahfaahin ku saabsan beddelka cutubka tooska ah--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadka   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2009
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 35,000
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyadaha
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimaha
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaad guud  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[UTC]]+2
|utc_offset             = 
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{Coord|26|35|N|12|46|E|region:LY-WD_type:city(35,000)|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=wolfram&gt;[https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Awbari Wolfram Alpha]&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_m            = 468
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Bedka/koodhka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- geli ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarada Gaadiidka]]
| registration_plate      = 24
}}

'''Ubari''' ama '''Awbari''' ({{langx|ar|أوباري|‘Awbārī}}) waa magaalo [[oasis]] ah iyo caasimadda [[Wadi al Hayaa District|Degmada Wadi al Hayaa]], ee gobolka [[Fezzan]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Libya|Liibiya]]. Waxay ku taallaa [[Idehan Ubari]], oo ah qayb ka mid ah Liibiya ee [[Sahara Desert|Saxaaraha Weyn]]. Waxay ahayd caasimadda ''[[baladiyah]]''-dii hore (degmo) oo la odhan jiray Awbari, koonfur-galbeed ee dalka.

==Juqraafiga==
Ubari waxay ku taal dooxada Targa, oo u dhaxaysa buuraha Messak Sattafat iyo [[sand dune|buuraha ciidda]] iyo harooyinka Idhan Ubari [[Erg (landform)|erg]]. [[Native plant|Dhirtii asaliga ahayd]] waxaa ka mid ah [[poaceae|cawska]] qoyan ee xeebaha harooyinka dabiiciga ah ee [[spring (hydrology)|ilaha]], iyo timirta Saharaha [[Phoenix dactylifera|(''Phoenix dactylifera'')]].

Ubari waxay ku taal mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu qorraxda badan uguna engegan adduunka. Waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'') oo leh jiilaal gaaban oo aad u diirran laakiin xagaa dheer oo aad u kulul. Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu hooseeya meeraha oo leh 8 mm (0.31 in) oo keliya, tobanaan sano oo badanna si fudud ayaa laga yaabaa inay u gudbaan roob la'aan gabi ahaanba. Ubari waxay leedahay qorrax aan dhammaad lahayn iyo cir cad sannadka oo dhan iyo dhammaan xilliyada. Daruuruha ayaa aad ugu yar dhulkan engegan. Celceliska heerkulka sare ayaa ka sarreeya 40 °C (104 °F) laga bilaabo Juun ilaa Sebtembar.

[[Nc186|NC186]] waa garoon shidaal oo ku yaal koonfur-galbeed ee Ubari, oo ay maamusho [[Repsol]].

==Dagaalladii sokeeye ee Liibiya==
Intii lagu guda jiray [[2011 Libyan civil war|dagaalkii sokeeye ee Liibiya ee 2011]], magaalada waxaa qabsaday ciidamada [[National Transitional Council]] 22 Sebtembar 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/world/middleeast/nato-extends-libya-role.html|title=NATO Extends Libya Bombing Campaign|last=Fahim|first=Kareem|author2=Gladstone, Rick |work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=22 Sebtembar 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

19 Nofeembar 2011, [[Saif al-Islam Gaddafi]] iyo dhawr saaxiibbadiis ah ayaa la qabtay oo la xidhay qiyaastii 50 kiiloomitir galbeed ka xigta Ubari iyagoo isku dayaya inay u baxsadaan waddanka deriska ah ee [[Niger]].&lt;ref name=bbccapture&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15804299|title=Wiilka Qadaafi ee Sayful-Islaam oo lagu qabtay Liibiya|work=BBC|date=19 Nofeembar 2011|access-date=19 Nofeembar 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Ubari Airport]]
*[[List of cities in Libya|Liiska magaalooyinka Liibiya]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category|Ubari oasis}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Waddan, Liibiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47832</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299268</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:20:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299268</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13321" sha1="50v0piyra09226jwzko50187o5o0nz5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Fiiri Jadwalka Infobox Settlement si aad u hesho dhammaan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka--&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Waddan
|other_name             = Ueddan
|native_name            = ودان
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = 
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = Waddan - Thermalbad-Anlage 03.jpg
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = Waddan - Thermalbad-Anlag
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           =
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Liibiya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Jufra District|Jufra]]
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- meelaha leh, tusaale ahaan, duqa magaalada iyo maamulaha magaalada --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- La dhisay (magaalo) --&gt;
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- La dhisay (caasimad) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la rabo--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- DHAMMAAN beeraha ka hadlaya cabbirrada waxay ku xiran yihiin beddelka cutubka tooska ah--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--Fiiri jadwalka @ Template:Infobox Settlement faahfaahin ku saabsan beddelka cutubka tooska ah--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadka   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2004
|population_footnotes           =&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfram&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Waddan, Jufra, Libya |publisher=Wolfram Alpha |url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Waddan }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               =27590
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyadaha
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimaha
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaad guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|29|09|40|N|16|08|37|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfram&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WTM-map&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Waddan topographic map |publisher=World topographic map |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-8sg714/Waddan/ |access-date=10 Noofembar 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_m            = 246
|elevation_ft           = 807
&lt;!-- Bedka/koodhka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- geli ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}

'''Waddan''' ({{langx|ar|ودان}}, {{langx|it|Ueddan}}) waa magaalo [[oasis]] ah oo ku taal [[Sahara Desert|Saxaaraha Weyn]] ee gobolka waqooyi-bari ee [[Fezzan]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Libya|Liibiya]], ee [[Jufra District|Degmada Jufra]]. Waxay ahayd magaalo muhiim ah oo ku taal waddooyinkii ganacsiga ee qadiimiga ahaa ee ka gudbi jiray Saxaaraha.

==Juqraafiga==
Waddan waa magaaladii ugu da'da weyneyd ee [[Jufra District|Degmada Jufra]] oo ku taal 230 km koonfurta ka xigta [[Sirte]], iyo 19 km waqooyi-bari ka xigta [[Hun, Libya|Hun]]. Magaaladu waxay ku taal isgoyska waddada Sirte-Waddan iyo [[Fezzan Road|Waddada Fezzan]].

[[Spring (hydrosphere)|Ilaha dabiiciga ah]] waxay taageeraan beero asal ah oo [[Phoenix dactylifera|timir ah (''Phoenix dactylifera'')]].

==Taariikhda==
Qarnigii toddobaad ee C.E., Waddan waxay ahayd magaaladii ugu weynayd ee degsiimooyinka oasis ee aagga al-Jufra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Mattingly |first1=David J. |last2=Sterry |first2=Martin J. |last3=Rayne |first3=Louise |last4=Al-Haddad |first4=Muftah |year=2020 |chapter=Pre-Islamic Oasis Settlements in the Eastern Sahara |editor-last1=Sterry |editor-first1=Martin J. |editor-last2=Mattingly |editor-first2=David J. |title=Urbanisation and State Formation in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond |series=Trans-Saharan Archaeology |location=Cambridge, England |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=112–146, on pages 132–133 |isbn=978-1-108-49444-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa loo qabsaday [[Islam|Islaamka]] intii lagu jiray safarkii koonfureed ee [[Amr ibn al-As]] sannadkii 642 C.E. oo uu hoggaaminayay taliye [[Busr ibn Artat]], in kasta oo uu kaliya qaaday canshuur mana uu deegin ciidan magaalada.&lt;ref name=&quot;LibyaMohammed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=LibyaMohammed |date=27 May 2021 |title=The city of Waddan |newspaper=The Libya Observer |url=https://libyaobserver.ly/culture/city-waddan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528120026/https://libyaobserver.ly/culture/city-waddan |archive-date=28 May 2021 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ina-adeerkii Amr ibn al-As, [[Uqba ibn Nafi]], ayaa dib u qabsaday Waddan 666-667, wuxuuna halkaas ka dhisay xarun ciidan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cunliffe |first=Barry W. |year=2023 |title=Facing the Sea of Sand: The Sahara and the Peoples of Northern Africa |location= Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TnW6EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA198 198] |isbn=978-0-19-285888-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bartamihii qarnigii 13-aad, Waddan waxay ahayd barta ugu fog ee waqooyi ee ay maamusho [[Kanem Empire|Boqortooyada Kanem]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Levtzion |first1=Nehemia |last2=Hopkins |first2=J. F. P. |title=Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History |date=2000 |publisher=Markus Weiner |location=Princeton, NJ |page=215}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii lagu guda jiray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]], ciidamada [[NATO]] ayaa duqeeyay bakhaar hub oo ku yaal magaalada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=Reuters | title=Libyan rebels take new villages in Western Mountains | date=15 Juun 2011 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-idUSTRE7270JP20110615 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310222038/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-idUSTRE7270JP20110615 |archive-date=10 Maarso 2016 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 8 Sebtembar 2011, magaalada ayaa lagu soo waramayaa inay ku jirtay gacanta ciidamada xulafada la ah [[National Transitional Council|Golaha Ku-meel-gaadhka Qaranka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Alexander |first1=Caroline |last2=Stephen |first2=Chris |date=8 Sebtembar 2011 |title=Libya Fighters Tighten Noose Around Holdouts |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/libya-fighters-occupy-town-close-to-qaddafi-loyalist-stronghold-of-sirte.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106150935/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-07/libya-fighters-occupy-town-close-to-qaddafi-loyalist-stronghold-of-sirte.html |archive-date=6 Nofeembar 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In kasta oo dawladda Liibiya ay ku dhawaaqday 2014 inay burburisay dhammaan hubkeeda kiimikada ah,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Libya: Chemical |date=8 Abriil 2015 |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) |url=https://www.nti.org/countries/libya/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; ka dib markii uu dhacay [[Muammar Gaddafi|Qadaafi]] iyo bilowgii [[Libyan Crisis (2011–present)|dagaallada sokeeye ee Liibiya]] hub kiimiko oo dheeraad ah ayaa la helay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaney-2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chaney |first=Andrea |date=11 Agoosto 2021 |title=DTRA's Cooperative Threat Reduction Historic Mission in Libya |publisher=Defense Visual Information Distribution Service (DVIDS) |url=https://www.dvidshub.net/news/402832/dtras-cooperative-threat-reduction-historic-mission-libya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811143552/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/402832/dtras-cooperative-threat-reduction-historic-mission-libya |archive-date=11 Agoosto 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Intii lagu jiray dagaallada sokeeye ee Liibiya, qaar ka mid ah ayaa lagu burburiyay [[GEKA facility|xarunta GEKA]] ee Jarmalka,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The OPCW coordinated a complex and agile international effort for a chemical weapons-free Libya |date=11 Janaayo 2018 |publisher=Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)  |url=https://www.opcw.org/media-centre/featured-topics/libya-and-opcw }}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin wakaaladda [[Defense Threat Reduction Agency|Difaaca Khatarta Yaraynta]] ee Maraykanka ayaa ka dhistay xarun lagu baabi'iyo [[Chemical weapon|hubka kiimikada]] magaalada Waddan, halkaas oo ay ku burburiyeen 570 hub kiimiko ah intii lagu jiray hawlgalkeeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chaney-2021&quot; /&gt;

==Dhaqaalaha==
Dhaqaalaha magaaladu wuxuu inta badan ku salaysan yahay soo saarista [[Date palm|timirta]], midhaha ''Phoenix dactylifera''.&lt;ref name=&quot;LibyaMohammed&quot; /&gt; Waa meel lagu nasto oo ku taal waddada u dhexaysa [[Sirte]] iyo [[Hun, Libya|Hun]] iyo [[Sawknah]], waxayna ku faantaa Waddan Tourist Park.&lt;ref name=&quot;LibyaMohammed&quot; /&gt; Tan iyo waagii Roomaanka waxay ahayd meel lagu nasto waddada ganacsiga ee u socota [[Chad|Jaad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Wilson |first=Andrew |year=2012 |title=Saharan trade in the Roman period: short-, medium-and long-distance trade networks |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=409–449 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.727614 |s2cid=162330439 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Magnavita |first1=Carlos |last2=Dangbet |first2=Zakinet |last3=Bouimon |first3=Tchago |year=2019 |title=The Lake Chad region as a crossroads: an archaeological and oral historical research project on early Kanem-Borno and its intra-African connections |journal=Afrique: Archéologie &amp; Arts |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=97–110, page 5 |doi=10.4000/aaa.2654 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddan waxay leedahay kheyraadka tamarta kulaylka dhulka (geothermal) oo aan weli laga faa'iidaysan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Masheiti |first1=Salah |last2=Agnew |first2=Brian |year=2010 |title=Thermodynamic Simulation Modelling of Low-Temperature Geothermal Source Located in Arid-Zone Area North Africa |journal=Jordan Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering  |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=61–68 |publisher=Hashemite University |doi= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Qadiimiga==
Magaalada korkeeda, qaybaha sare ee Wadi Waddan, waxaa jira goobo farshaxan dhagax ah oo paleolithic ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Menardi Noguera |first1=Alessandro |last2=Soffiantini |first2=Michele |year=2008 |title=The rock-art sites of the upper Wadi Waddan (Jebel Uweinat, Libya) |journal=Sahara: Prehistory and History of the Sahara |volume=19 |pages=109–128 |publisher=Segrate |location=Milan, Italy }} [http://www.saharajournal.com/19/pages/abs_19.html#p109 abstract]&lt;/ref&gt;

Waddan waxaa ku yaal marinnada waraabka biyaha ee dhulka hoostiisa ee Islaamka ka hor ama [[foggaras]] (''al-Faqarat''),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rayne |first=Louise |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=Detecting Change at Archaeological Sites in North Africa Using Open-Source Satellite Imagery |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=12 |issue=22 (3694) |pages=1–29, page 3 |doi=10.3390/rs12223694 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/12/22/3694/pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020RemS...12.3694R }}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo sidoo kale tiro qabuuraha wareegsan ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;LibyaMohammed&quot; /&gt; Qalcaddii Carabta ee ka horraysay Cusmaaniyiinta (Toza)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McGregor |first=Andrew |year=2016 |title=The Strategic Topography of Southern Libya  |journal=CTC Sentinel |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=21–22 |url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-strategic-topography-of-southern-libya/ }}&lt;/ref&gt; si buuxda looma qodin. Burburka magaalooyinkii qadiimiga ahaa ee Bossi iyo Dalbak waxay ku yaalliin hal kiiloomitir koonfur-galbeed ee Waddan.&lt;ref name=&quot;LibyaMohammed&quot; /&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Waddan, Libya}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tazirbu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47833</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299269</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:23:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299269</origin>
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      <text bytes="6091" sha1="7lxgdf93zwsf5zyicsc5rhl1bgcfxxc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Fiiri Jadwalka Infobox Settlement si aad u hesho dhammaan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka--&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Tazerbu
|native_name            =  &lt;!-- magaalooyinka magaca asalka ah aanu ku qornayn Ingiriisi --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = &lt;!--Magaalo ama Tuulo (Bannaan u daa haddii ay tahay Caasimad/Magaalo madax)--&gt;
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidada goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Liibiya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = [[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|25px]] [[Liibiya]]
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Cyrenaica]] 
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Kufra District|Kufra]] 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- meelaha leh, tusaale ahaan, duqa magaalada iyo maamulaha magaalada --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- La dhisay (magaalo) --&gt;
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- La dhisay (caasimad) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la rabo--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- DHAMMAAN beeraha ka hadlaya cabbirrada waxay ku xiran yihiin beddelka cutubka tooska ah--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--Fiiri jadwalka @ Template:Infobox Settlement faahfaahin ku saabsan beddelka cutubka tooska ah--&gt;
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadka   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2006
|population_footnotes           =&lt;ref&gt;Amraja M. el Khajkhaj, &quot;Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia&quot;, Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               =6,600
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyadaha
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimaha
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaad guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|25|39|51.49|N|21|02|42.94|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--tixraacyada: isticmaal &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Bedka/koodhka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- geli ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''Tazerbu''' ({{langx|ar|تازربو}}) waa [[oasis]] ku yaal [[Libyan Desert|Saxaaraha Liibiya]] ee [[Kufra District|Degmada Kufra]] ee [[Libya|Liibiya]], qiyaastii 250 km dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Kufra]].&lt;ref name=be515&gt;Bertarelli (1929), p. 515.&lt;/ref&gt; Magaca wuxuu ka dhigan yahay &quot;kursiga ugu weyn&quot; ee luqadda [[Toubou]], sababtoo ah kani wuxuu ahaa kursigii [[Toubou Sultanate|Saldanaddii Toubou]] ka hor intaanay Carabtu qabsan.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Oasis-ku waa 25–30 km dheer iyo 10 km ballac. Dhexe ee oasis-ka iyo barbar socda waxaa mara doox yar oo leh barkado milix ah iyo cusbo. Tazerbu waxaa ku yaal ilaa toban tuulo: tan ugu muhiimsan waxaa la yiraahdaa ''El-Jezeera''.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Oasis-ka waxay ku baxaan kooxo timir ah, [[tamarix|tamarisks]], [[Acacia|acacias]], [[esparto]] iyo [[Juncus]].&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Dhowr kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigta tuuladan waxay ku yaallaan burburkii qalcaddii hore, oo la yiraahdo ''Gasr Giránghedi'', taas oo ahayd kursigii Suldaanka.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt;
Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ah oo booqda oasis-ka wuxuu ahaa juqraafi-yaqaan Jarmal ah iyo sahamiye [[Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs|Gerhard Rohlfs]] bishii Agoosto 1879.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt;

==Ilaha==
*{{cite book |last=Bertarelli |first=L.V. |title=Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII |publisher=Consociazione Turistica Italiana|location=Milano |year=1929|language=Italian}}

==Xusuusin==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Distinguish</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>299271</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:30:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote') local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list') local mArguments --initialize lazily local mTableTools --initialize lazily local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local p = {}  function p.distinguish(frame) 	mArguments = require('Module:Arguments') 	mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools') 	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame) 	local selfref = args.selfref 	local text = args.text 	args = mTa...</comment>
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      <text bytes="891" sha1="to10we1y1ekobl699sof8yfpjccz1hc" xml:space="preserve">local mHatnote = require('Module:Hatnote')
local mHatlist = require('Module:Hatnote list')
local mArguments --initialize lazily
local mTableTools --initialize lazily
local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil')
local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType
local p = {}

function p.distinguish(frame)
	mArguments = require('Module:Arguments')
	mTableTools = require('Module:TableTools')
	local args = mArguments.getArgs(frame)
	local selfref = args.selfref
	local text = args.text
	args = mTableTools.compressSparseArray(args)
	return p._distinguish(args, text, selfref)
end

function p._distinguish(args, text, selfref)
	checkType(&quot;_distinguish&quot;, 1, args, 'table')
	if #args == 0 and not text then return '' end
	local text = string.format(
		'Yaan lagu khaldin %s.',
		text or mHatlist.orList(args, true)
	)
	hnOptions = {selfref = selfref}
	return mHatnote._hatnote(text, hnOptions)
end

return p</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tajura</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47835</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299273</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:31:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Distinguish|Tadjoura|text=[[Tajuura]], [[Jabuuti]]}} {{Coord|32|52|54.59|N|13|20|23.76|E|region:LY_type:city(1600000)|display=title}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name                   = Tajura | native_name                     = تاجوراء | settlement_type                 = Magaalo | other_name                      =  | motto                           =  | image_skyline                   =  | imagesize                       =  | image_caption                   =  | im...</comment>
      <origin>299273</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5836" sha1="siidpm9tpjhqmzmjgtf5pxriqv4xr2h" xml:space="preserve">{{Distinguish|Tadjoura|text=[[Tajuura]], [[Jabuuti]]}}
{{Coord|32|52|54.59|N|13|20|23.76|E|region:LY_type:city(1600000)|display=title}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name                   = Tajura
| native_name                     = تاجوراء
| settlement_type                 = Magaalo
| other_name                      = 
| motto                           = 
| image_skyline                   = 
| imagesize                       = 
| image_caption                   = 
| image_flag                      = 
| image_seal                      = 
| pushpin_map                     = Libya
| mapsize                        = 200px
| map_caption                     = Goobta ay ku taal Liibiya
| subdivision_type                = Waddan
| subdivision_name                = {{Flag|Libya}}
| subdivision_type1               = [[Muhafazah]]
| subdivision_name1               = Tripoli Weyn
| subdivision_type2               = [[Baladiyah]]
| subdivision_name2               = Tajura
| established_title               = 
| established_date                = 
| founder                         = 
| leader_title                    = [[Duqa magaalada]]
| leader_name                     = 
| leader_title1                   = Hay'adda maamulka
| leader_name1                    = Golaha Deegaanka ee Tajura
| leader_title2                   = 
| leader_name2                    = 
| area_total_km2                  = 
| population_as_of                = 2019
| population_footnotes            = &lt;ref&gt;15 sano iyo ka kor (Liibiyaan iyo aan Liibiyaan ahayn) eeg [http://bsc.ly/downloars_file.php?Id=29 bsc.ly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001725/http://bsc.ly/downloars_file.php?Id=29 |date=2013-12-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_total                = 325,836
| population_density_km2          = 
| timezone                        = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset                      = +1
| timezone_DST                    = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST                  = +2
| elevation_m                     = 6
| elevation_ft                    = 22
| area_code                       = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|32|52|54.59|N|13|20|23.76|E|region:LY|display=inline}}
| website                         = 
}}
[[File:Tagiura map.jpg|thumb|300px|Khariidadii 1913 oo muujinaysa Tajura (oo loo higgaadiyay Tagiura), oo ku taal badda [[Mediterranean]] ee gobolka [[Tripolitania]].]]
[[File:Tagiura.jpg|thumb|300px|Tajura Oasis sanadkii 1913.]]
[[File:Murad Aga Mosque Tajoura 01.JPG|300px|thumb|[[Murad Agha Mosque]] ee Tajura]]

'''Tajura''' ({{langx|ar|تاجوراء|translit=Tājūrā}}), oo sidoo kale loo higgaadiyo ''Tajoura'', waa magaalo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Liibiya]], iyo [[baladiyah]] ka tirsan [[Tripoli District, Libya|Muhafazah-da Tripoli]], oo ku taal xeebta badda [[Mediterranean]] 23 km bari ka xigta [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].&lt;ref&gt;Ham, Anthony (2002) &quot;East of Tripoli: Tajura to Al-Khoms&quot; ''Libya'' Lonely Planet, Hawthorn, Victoria, Canada, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ergEnA0umwAC&amp;pg=PA133 page 133], {{ISBN|0-86442-699-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laga soo bilaabo 2001 ilaa 2007 Tajura waxay ahayd caasimadda [[Tajura wa Arba' District]]. Tajura waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa inay tahay degmada ugu badan ee ka soo horjeeda Qadaafi ee Tripoli waxayna khasaare sare ku yeelatay kacdoonkii Liibiya.

==Taariikhda==
[[Ottoman Turks|Turkigii Cusmaaniyiinta]] ayaa saldhig ka samaystay Tajura sanadkii 1531.&lt;ref&gt;Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (2005) ''A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&amp;pg=PA192 page 192]&lt;/ref&gt; Iyadoo uu amrayo [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], goobta waxaa loo doortay dhowaanshaha Tripoli oo ay qabsadeen [[Knights Hospitaller|Riyaalada Malta]] sanadkii 1530 markii [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V ee Spain]], isagoo ah Boqorka Sicily, uu siiyay Tripoli, [[Gozo]] iyo [[Malta]]. Tripoli waxaa lagu qabsaday [[Siege of Tripoli (1551)|Go'doomintii Tripoli]].

Tajura waxay ahayd xarunta cilmi-baarista nukliyeerka ee Liibiya, iyadoo la adeegsanayo 10 MWt pool type reactor cilmi-baaris (IRT-1) oo uu dhisay [[Soviet Union|Midowgii Soofiyeeti]], kaas oo shaqada bilaabay 1981.&lt;ref&gt;Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2005) ''SIPRI Yearbook 2005: Armaments, disarmament and international security'' Humanities Press, New York, [https://books.google.com/books?id=L8PNMsaf-NYC&amp;pg=PA636 page 636], {{OCLC|2211125}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nei-20240405/&gt; Dab ayaa ka kacay dhismo dibadda ah bishii Abriil 2024, kaas oo ay Guddiga Tamarta Atomiga ee Liibiya ku warramay inuu gacanta lagu hayo.&lt;ref name=nei-20240405&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsfire-at-libyas-tajoura-nuclear-research-centre-11661385 |title=Dab ka kacay xarunta cilmi-baarista nukliyeerka ee Tajura ee Liibiya |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=5 Abriil 2024 |access-date=8 Abriil 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii lagu jiray [[Libyan crisis|dhibaatadii Liibiya]], Tajura waxay la xiriirtay kacdoonkii [[101 Battalion (Libya)|101 Battalion]].

Magaca Tajura waxaa la sheegaa in loogu magac daray amiirad lumisay taajkeedii. &quot;Taj&quot; oo macnaheedu yahay taaj, iyo &quot;oura&quot; oo ah magaca amiiradda, taajka ayaa laga helay aaggan sidaas darteed waxaa loo bixiyay Tajura (Taajkii Oura).

== Degmooyinka Tajura ==
{{Div col}}
* Goot Al-Rumman 
* Abe Al Ash'her
* Al-Marouhna
* Al Hamidiya
* Al Kwateb
* Al'aswal
* Awlad Al Turki
* Be'ar Al Sanyaa
* Shatt al-Sidi Othman (Sidi Othman)
* Btisp
* Be'ar Al Osta Milad
* El Atamana
* Dakhla
* Rima
* Diyar Jaber
* Almchai - Aribat - iyo qabuuraha Sahaabi iyo Hada cinwaanka Almchai
* Market - bartamaha
* Goudec
* Punishment (xarunta taliye Uqba)
* Al Knadra
* Andilsi
* Shatt span
* al mashin
* Wadi Al Rabie 
{{Div col end}}

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dambo</title>
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      <text bytes="7049" sha1="13aq0rfcr1499mvne6xxajmn04nwvg3" xml:space="preserve">'''Dambo''' waa nooc ka mid ah [[dhul qoyan]] fidsan oo ku yaal bartamaha, koonfurta iyo bariga Afrika, gaar ahaan [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zimbabwe]]. Waxaa guud ahaan laga helaa aagagga sare ee bannaanka ah ee roobku ka da'o, waxayna leeyihiin qaab laan-laan ah oo u eg webiyo, kuwaas oo iyaga laftoodu aan aad u waaweynayn balse marka la isku daro samaysa aag ballaaran. Dambos waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay ka kooban yihiin 12.5% dhulka Zambia.&lt;ref&gt;Chidumayo, E.N.: &quot;The utilisation status of dambos in southern Africa: a Zambian case study&quot;. In: Matiza, T. &amp; Chabwela, H.N. (eds.) ''Wetlands conservation conference for southern Africa'' (pp. 105-108). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Gland (1992).&lt;/ref&gt; Erayada Afrikaanka ah ee la midka ah waxaa ka mid ah ''mbuga'' (oo badanaa loo isticmaalo [[Bariga Afrika]]), ''matoro'' ([[Mashonaland]]), ''[[vlei]]'' ([[Koonfur Afrika]]), ''fadama'' ([[Nigeria]]), iyo ''bolis'' ([[Sierra Leone]]); erayada Faransiiska ee ''bas-fond'' iyo Jarmalka ee ''Spültal'' ayaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay inay tixraacaan dhul-qoyan caws leh oo la mid ah.&lt;ref&gt;Andrew S. Goudie, &quot;The Geomorphology of the Seasonal Tropics&quot; in William M. Adams, ''et al.'' (editors), ''The Physical geography of Africa'' (Oxford: University Press, 1996), p. 152&lt;/ref&gt;

==Astaamaha==
Dambos waxaa lagu gartaa caws, geedo iyo dhirta qoyan, kuwaas oo ka duwan kaymaha ku hareeraysan sida [[miombo woodland]]. Waxay noqon karaan kuwo aad u qallalan dhamaadka (xilliga qallalan), iyagoo muujinaya carro cawlan ama dhoobo madow, laakiin si ka duwan [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|dhul-daaqsimeed daadadku qariyeen]], waxay hayaan xariiqyo qoyan oo qulqulaya xilliga qallalan. Waxay noqdaan kuwo biyo-fadhiisin (waterlogged) xilliga (roobka) laakiin guud ahaan kama sarreeyaan dhererka dhirta, wax kasta oo dusha sare ee biyaha ahna badiyaa waxay ku xaddidan yihiin durdurro iyo balliyo yaryar ama harooyin yaryar (maraam yaryar) oo ku yaal barta ugu hooseysa, guud ahaan meel u dhow bartamaha.

Magaca dambo waxaa badiyaa loo isticmaalaa dhul-qoyan oo ku yaal bannaanno fidsan oo sameeya [[river source|meelaha ay ka yimaadaan]] durdurrada. Qeexitaanka ujeeddooyinka sayniska waxaa loo soo jeediyay &quot;dhul xilliyada qaarkood biyo-fadhiisin ah, oo inta badan caws daboolan yahay, oo ku yaal meelo hoose oo xuduud la leh xariiqyada qulqulka ee meelaha ay ka yimaadaan biyuhu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mackel&quot;&gt;Mackel, R. 1985. “Dambos and related landforms in Africa; an example for the ecological approach to tropical geomorphology”. Z. Geomorphol. N.F. Supplementband 52: 1–23. &lt;/ref&gt;

==Noocyada==
Dhibaatada ka haysata qeexitaankii hore ayaa ah in ereyga sidoo kale loo isticmaali karo dhul-qoyan oo xuduud la leh webiyo ka fog meelaha ay ka yimaadaan biyuhu, tusaale ahaan dambo-ga [[Mbereshi River]] halkaas oo ay ka soo gasho [[swamp|dhiiqooyinka]] [[Luapula River]] ee Zambia, {{coord|09|43|30|S|28|46|00|E|}}. 

Warbixin 1998 ka soo baxday [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Ururka Cunnada iyo Beeraha]] ayaa kala soocaya dambos-ka 'hydromorphic/[[Phreatic zone|phreatic]]' (oo la xidhiidha meelaha biyuhu ka yimaadaan) iyo dambos-ka '[[Fluvial processes|fluvial]]' (oo la xidhiidha webiyada), sidoo kale waxay tixraacday shan nooc oo juqraafi ah oo ku yaal [[Luapula Province|Gobolka Luapula]] ee Zambia: ''upland'', ''valley'', ''hanging'', ''sand dune'' iyo ''pan'' dambos.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt; FAO: Wetland Characterization and Classification for Sustainable Agricultural Development 1998&lt;/ref&gt;

==Biyo-mareenka==
Dambos waxaa quudiya roobka kaas oo si tartiib ah u qulqula si uu u quudiyo durdurrada, sidaas darteedna waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah [[water cycle|wareegga biyaha]]. Marka laga reebo inay yihiin nidaamyo deegaan oo kakan, waxay sidoo kale door ka ciyaaraan [[biodiversity|kala duwanaanshaha noolaha]] ee gobolka.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;/&gt;

Waxaa jira fikrad caan ah oo ah in dambos ay u shaqeeyaan sida isbuunyada oo kale si ay u nuugaan roobka xilliga roobka, kaas oo ay si tartiib ah u sii daayaan webiyada xilliga qallalan, sidaasna u xaqiijiya qulqulka sanadka oo dhan, laakiin tan waxaa ka hor yimid cilmi-baarisyo qaarkood oo soo jeedinaya in xilliga dhexe ilaa dhammaadka xilliga qallalan biyaha dhab ahaantii laga sii daayo [[aquifer|kaydka biyaha ee dhulka hoostiisa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Von der Heyden&quot;&gt;Von der Heyden, C.J. and New, M.G.: “The role of the dambo in the hydrology of a catchment and the river network downstream”. Hydrology and Earth Science, 7(3). 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Spring (hydrology)|Ilaha biyaha]] ayaa laga arkaa qaar ka mid ah dambos. Sidaas darteed, waxay qaadan kartaa waqti dheer - laga yaabee dhowr sano - in biyaha ka yimaada xilli roobaad culus ay dhex maraan buuraha oo ay ka soo baxaan dambo, iyagoo halkaas ku abuuraya balliyo ama qulqul webiyada hoose oo aan lagu sharxi karin roobkii sannadkii hore. Dambos waxaa laga yaabaa inay ku lug yeeshaan, tusaale ahaan, sharraxaadda isbeddellada cajiibka ah ee heerka biyaha ama qulqulka [[Lake Mweru Wantipa]] iyo Lake Chila ee [[Mbala, Zambia|Mbala]].

==Isticmaalka==

Dhaqan ahaan, dambos waa la ka faa'iidaystay:
* sida isha biyaha ee xilliga qallalan
* cawska loo isticmaalo [[thatching|saqafyada]] iyo agabka xayndaabka
* [[clay|dhoobada]] loo isticmaalo dhismaha, [[Brickworks|samaynta lebenka]] iyo [[earthenware|dheryaha]]
* ugaarsiga (gaar ahaan shimbiraha iyo [[antelope|suga-yaraha]])
* koritaanka khudaarta iyo dalagyo kale oo cunto ah, kuwaas oo noqon kara kuwo muhiim u ah sannadaha abaaraha maadaama carrada dambo ay badiyaa haysato qoyaan ku filan si ay u soo saarto goosasho marka roobku da'o
* lagu qooyo [[cassava|gassafada]] qadhaadh ee balliyo la qoday
* kalluumaysiga (guud ahaan iyadoo la isticmaalayo dabinno kalluun) dambos-kaas leh durdurro

Dhawaanahan, waxaa loo isticmaalaa [[fish farming|balliyada kalluunka]] iyo koritaanka [[rice|bariiska]] buuraha. Dadaallada lagu horumarinayo dambos dhinaca beeraha waxaa caqabad ku noqday cilmi-baaris la'aan ku saabsan biyo-mareenka iyo carrada dambos, kuwaas oo caddaatay inay yihiin kuwo isbedbeddela oo kakan.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;/&gt; 

==Tusaale==

Dambo waxaa laga arki karaa {{coord|11|28|S|28|54|E|}} (30 km koonfurta ka xigta [[Mansa, Zambia|Mansa]], Zambia) oo ku yaal kayd kayn ah. Si ka duwan meelaha dariska la ah ee loo nadiifiyay beerashada iyo samaynta dhuxusha, dambo-gu wuxuu si fiican uga duwan yahay saqafka kaynta [[miombo]] ee aan la taaban. Dambos-ka meelaha biyuhu ka yimaadaan waxay leeyihiin qaab laan-laan ah oo u eg webiyo. Inta badan dambos-ka waxay leeyihiin ballac qiyaastii isku mid ah waxayna sameeyaan nooc la mid ah qaabka.

Tusaale ka mid ah dambo-ga pan-ka ayaa laga arki karaa {{coord|16|22.003|S|24|18.580|E|}} (102 km waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Mulobezi]], Zambia). Biyihii ku jiray pan-ka way qallaleen, cawska ayaana la gubay taasoo siinaysa muuqaal madow oo bartamaha dambo-ga ah. Bariga iyo galbeedka dambo-ga pan-ka waxaa laga arki karaa xariiq dambos ah oo ku teedsan laba waddo oo webi ah.

==Tixraacyo==
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  <page>
    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Biyo dhaca Victoria</title>
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| name = Beerta Qaranka ee Victoria Falls
| iucn_category = II
| image = Cataratas Victoria, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 15.jpg
| image_caption = 
| location = [[Hwange District|Degmada Hwange]], [[Zimbabwe]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Victoria Falls National Park |url=https://www.wildsafariguide.com/listing/victoria-falls-national-park/ |access-date=2021-02-04 |website=Wild Safari Guide |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| nearest_city = [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|Victoria Falls]]
| coordinates = {{coords|17|55|S|25|40|E|display=inline, title}}
| area_km2 = 23.4
| area_ref = &lt;ref name=wice&gt;''National Parks and Nature Reserves of Zimbabwe'', [http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/zimbabwe.htm World Institute for Conservation and Environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416010459/http://www.nationalparks-worldwide.info/zimbabwe.htm |date=2012-04-16 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| established = 
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority|Maamulka Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Zimbabwe]]
| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 3 May 2013
 | designation1_number = 2108&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Victoria Falls National Park|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2108|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
[[File:Victoria Falls National Park marker.jpg|thumb|Calaamadda Beerta Qaranka ee Victoria Falls]]
'''Beerta Qaranka ee Victoria Falls''' oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Zimbabwe]] ayaa ilaalisa banka koonfureed iyo bari ee [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]] aagga uu ku yaal [[Victoria Falls, Zambia|Victoria Falls]] oo caan ka ah dunida. Waxay ku fidsan tahay webiga Zambezi laga soo bilaabo [[Zambezi National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Zambezi]] oo ka weyn qiyaastii 6 km kor ka xigta biyo-dhaca ilaa qiyaastii 12 km hoos ka xigta biyo-dhaca.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Victoria Falls National Park {{!}} Alliance of National Parks|url=https://national-parks.org/zimbabwe/victoria-falls|access-date=2021-09-05|website=national-parks.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dabeecadda==
Astaamo xusid mudan oo beerta ka mid ah waa [[rainforest|kaynta roobka]] oo ka baxda sayaxa biyo-dhaca, oo ay ku jiraan [[fern|dhirta fern-ka]], [[Arecaceae|timirta]], canabka liana, iyo tiro geedo ah sida [[mahogany]] oo aan meel kale oo gobolka ka mid ah laga arkin. Deegaanka qoyan iyo hadhka leh ayaa sidoo kale taageera kala duwanaansho qani ah oo [[Fungus|fungi]], kuwaas oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaara nidaamka deegaanka iyagoo burburiya walxaha dabiiciga ah oo taageera caafimaadka dhirta. Beertu waxay ku taal gudaha [[Zambezian and mopane woodlands|deegaanka kaymaha Zambezian iyo mopane]].

Booqdayaashu waxay fursad u haystaan inay arkaan [[African bush elephant|maroodiga]], [[African buffalo|buffalo-ga Cape]], [[southern white rhinoceros|wiyisha cad ee koonfureed]], [[hippopotamus|jeerka]], [[Giraffe|geel-jirta]], [[common eland|eland]] iyo noocyo kale oo badan oo [[antelope|antelope]] ah inta lagu jiro safarrada gaadiidka iyo socodka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-27|title=5 of the most tagged safari destinations in Africa|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/travel-food/article/3016097/5-most-tagged-safari-destinations-africa-instagrammers|access-date=2021-09-05|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koox [[Nile crocodile|yaxaas]] ah ayaa laga yaabaa in lagu arko webiga, halka goob u dhow oo loo yaqaan Crocodile Ranch ay bixiso aragti badbaado leh oo xayawaankan khatarta ah.

== Dalxiiska ==
Hoyga dalxiisayaasha waxaa laga helaa [[campsite|meelaha xeryaha]] ee [[Zambezi National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Zambezi]] iyo hoteellada badan oo ku yaal [[Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe|magaalada Victoria Falls]] oo qayb ka ah xadka galbeed ee beerta. Booqdayaasha waxaa looga baahan yahay inay qaadaan tallaabooyin ka hortag ah oo ka dhan ah [[malaria|malaariyada]].

==Xusuusin==
Beertan waxaa loo tixgelinayaa in lagu daro 5-ta Qaran ee [[Kavango - Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area]].

==Tixraacyo==
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                     | {{ordinal|{{#expr:{{if empty|{{{Year|}}}|{{{year|}}}}}-1978}}}}
                     | {{ordinal|{{#expr:{{if empty|{{{Year|}}}|{{{year|}}}}}-1977}}}}}}
                     | {{ordinal|{{#expr:{{if empty|{{{Year|}}}|{{{year|}}}}}-1976}}}}}}
                  | Unknown}} &lt;!--
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  <page>
    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T12:44:52Z</timestamp>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="7033" sha1="n2qswjx0ouz14xwb9b9qh9f54xkweor" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| image         = ZmbziRvr.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = Webiga Zambezi oo ka muuqda Mana Pools
| part_of       = Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools, Sapi iyo Chewore Safari Areas
| ID            = 302
| coordinates   = {{coord|15|45|S|29|20|E|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| area      = {{convert|6766|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| embedded      = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 3 May 2013
 | designation1_number = 2106&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mana Pools National Park|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2106|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| locmapin      = Zimbabwe
|WHS=Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools|Criteria=Natural: (vii), (ix), (x)|Year=1984|Location=[[Zimbabwe]]}}
'''Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools''' waa aag {{Convert|2196|km2|adj=on}} ah oo lagu ilaaliyo duurjoogta iyo [[national park|beerta qaranka]] oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot;&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/302 Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools, Sapi iyo Chewore Safari Areas], World Heritage Convention, UNESCO&lt;/ref&gt; Waa gobol ka tirsan qaybta hoose ee [[Zambezi]] ee dalka Zimbabwe halkaas oo [[floodplain|dhul-daadku]] uu isu beddelo harooyin ballaaran kadib [[rainy season|xilli-roobaad]] kasta. Marka ay harooyinku si tartiib ah u qallalaan oo ay dib u gurtaan, gobolku wuxuu soo jiitaa xayawaan badan oo waaweyn kuwaas oo raadinaya biyo, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah gobollada ugu caansan [[Africa|Afrika]] ee lagu daawado [[Game (hunting)|duurjoogta]].

Beerta waxaa lagu daray, iyadoo lala kaashanayo Sapi Safari Area ({{Convert|1180|km2|abbr=on}}) iyo Chewore Safari Area ({{Convert|3390|km2|abbr=on}}), iyadoo loo aqoonsaday hal [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxal-dhireedka Dunida]] ah (oo wadar ahaan dhan {{Convert|6766|km2|abbr=on}}) sanadkii 1984.&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot; /&gt; Mana Pools waxaa loo qoondeeyay inay tahay goob [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] oo muhiim u ah caalamka 3 Janaayo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zimbabwe |publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zimbabwe/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E26055_4000_0__ |accessdate=20 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510124155/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zimbabwe/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E26055_4000_0__ |archivedate=10 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools waa Goob Dhaxal-dhireedka Dunida oo ku salaysan duur-joogteeda saafiga ah iyo quruxdeeda. Waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo naasley ah, in ka badan 350 nooc oo shimbiro ah, iyo duurjoogta biyaha, waana mid ka mid ah aagagga dabiiciga ah ee ugu duurjoogta badan uguna horumarsan ee dunida.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-08-26 |title=manapools national park |url=https://visitafrica.site/destinations/experience-zimbabwe/manapools-national-park/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=visitafrica.site |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deegaanka==
''Mana'' macnaheedu waa 'afar' [[Shona language|af-Shona]], taas oo tixraacaysa afar balli oo waaweyn oo joogto ah oo ay sameeyeen qulqulka dhexe ee [[Zambezi]]. {{cvt|2500|km2}} oo ka mid ah dhul-webiyeedkan, jasiiradaha, bangiyada ciidda iyo balliyada, oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kaymo mahogany, berde duurjoog ah, geedaha ebony-ga iyo baobabka, waa mid ka mid ah beeraha qaranka ee ugu horumarka yar koonfurta Afrika. Waxay leedahay xarunta ugu weyn ee dalka ee [[hippopotamus|jeerka]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska]], iyo dadka waaweyn ee naasleyda ah ee xilliga qallalan sida [[zebra|dameer-geelka]], [[African bush elephant|maroodiga]] iyo [[African buffalo|buffalo-ga Cape]]. Aaggu wuxuu kaloo hoy u yahay noocyo kale oo halis ku jira oo ay ku jiraan [[lion|libaaxa]], [[cheetah|chita-ga]], [[Cape wild dog|eeyga duurjoogta ah ee Cape]], iyo noocyada u dhow khatarta oo ay ku jiraan [[African leopard|shabeelka]] iyo [[brown hyena|waran-ka bunni ah]].

Markii UNESCO ay qortay aaggan, waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo qaxay ee dadka [[eastern black rhinoceros|wiyisha madow ee bari]] ee Afrika, iyadoo ay joogeen qiyaastii 500 oo xayawaan. Sanadkii 1994, ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ayaa kuwan hoos ugu dhigay ilaa 10 wiyil oo hadhay, kuwaas oo loo raray aag kale si loo ilaaliyo.&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;

== Khatar ==
Wasaaradda Macdanta iyo Horumarinta Macdanta ee Zimbabwe ayaa ku dhawaaqday 28 Abriil 2023, in shirkadda Shalom Mining Corporation Pvt Ltd ay codsatay ruqsad ay kaga raadinayso saliid iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah aag leh qiimo ilaalin oo aad u sarreeya oo ku xiga Mana Pools. Haddii loo oggolaado inay sii wado, dhismahan wuxuu khatar gelin karaa Goobta Dhaxal-dhireedka Dunida ee u dhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Baadhista Saliidda oo Khatar ku ah Mana Pools ee Zimbabwe |url=https://www.birdlife.org/news/2023/06/13/oil-exploration-threatens-pristine-mana-pools-in-zimbabwe/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=BirdLife International |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ilaalinta==
Aagga waxaa laga badbaadiyay qorshe koronto-biyood oo dhacay horraantii sideetameeyadii kaas oo arki lahaa daadadka aagga. Deegaanka aagga waxaa saameeya nidaaminta [[Kariba Dam|biyo-xireenka Kariba]] waxaana jira walaac ah in biyo-xireen kale oo suurtagal ah oo ku yaal Webiga Zambezi, oo ku yaal [[Mapata Gorge]], uu si weyn u wiiqi karo qiimaha aagga.&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot; /&gt; Dhawaan, aagga ayaa mar kale laga badbaadiyay qorshaha koronto-biyoodka ee Mupata Gorge, halkaas oo mashruuca la doortay uu ahaa Batoka Dam halkii.

==Aagga ku xeeran==
Beertu waxay ku xigtaa [[Lower Zambezi National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Lower Zambezi]] ee Zambia dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee Webiga Zambezi, iyo aagga weyn ee UNESCO wuxuu ku xigaa Urungwe Safari Area ({{cvt|2870|km2}}), Dande Safari Area ({{cvt|523|km2}}) iyo Doma Safari Area ({{cvt|764|km2}}).&lt;ref name = &quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
{{Portal|Wetlands}}
* [[Chitake River]]
* [[Zambezi Escarpment]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{commons category|Mana Pools National Park}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160724112028/http://www.zimparks.org/index.php/parks-overview/national/mana-pools Mana Pools] - Hay'adda Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Zimbabwe

==Sawirrada==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Crossing the rukomechi.JPG|Biriijka ku yaal Webiga Rukomechi ee u dhow Nyakasikana Gate, Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools
File:Zambezi-at-Mutsango.JPG|Webiga Zambezi oo u dhow Mutsango Lodge, Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools
File:Island in the Zambezi River at Mana Pools National Park-1.jpg|Isagoo ka eegaya Webiga Zambezi dhinaca Zambezi Escarpment, Zambia, Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools
File:Island in the Zambezi River at Mana Pools National Park.jpg|Jasiirad ku taal Webiga Zambezi oo ka timid Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools
File:Rukomechisand.JPG|Webiga Rukomechi oo ka timid Nyakasikana Bridge, Beerta Qaranka ee Mana Pools
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Godadka Chinhoyi</title>
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| name= Chinhoyi Caves Recreational Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Chinhoyi caves, Zimbabwe.JPG
| image_caption = 
| location = Degmada Chinhoyi, [[Zimbabwe]]
| nearest_city = Chinhoyi
| coordinates = {{coords|17|21|0|S|30|07|30|E|display=inline, title}}
| area =  
| established = 
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority|Maamulka Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Zimbabwe]]
|module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Chinhoyi Caves Recreational Park
 | designation1_date = 3 May 2013
 | designation1_number = 2103&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chinhoyi Caves Recreational Park|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2103|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Godadka Chinhoyi''' (oo markii hore ahaa '''Godadka Sinoia''') waa koox godad [[limestone|ahak]] iyo [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] ah oo ku yaal bartamaha waqooyi ee [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[National Park|Beerta Qaranka]] sanadkii 1955, waxaana maamula Maamulka Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Zimbabwe.

==Goobta==
Godadku waxay ku yaalliin [[Makonde District|Degmada Makonde]], [[Mashonaland West|Gobolka Mashonaland West]], ee bartamaha waqooyi ee Zimbabwe. Waxay ku yaallaan qiyaastii {{convert|9|km|mi}}, xagga waddada, waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Chinhoyi]] (oo markii hore ahaa Sinoia), oo ah magaalada ugu weyn ee ugu dhow, waana goobta ay ku yaallaan xarunta degmada iyo gobolka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()&amp;toplace=Chinhoyi%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.3666667&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=30.2 Khariidadda Muujinaysa Chinhoyi Iyo Godadka Chinhoyi Oo Leh Calaamad Masaafada]&lt;/ref&gt; Goobtani waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|135|km|mi}}, waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Harare]], oo ah caasimadda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Harare%20(Harare)&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.8177778&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=31.0447222 Masaafada Waddada U Dhaxaysa Harare Iyo Godadka Chinhoyi Oo Leh Khariidadda]&lt;/ref&gt; Godadku waxay ku yaallaan waddada weyn, Highway A-1, ee u dhaxaysa Harare iyo [[Chirundu, Zimbabwe|Chirundu]], xadka caalamiga ah ee uu la leeyahay [[Republic of Zambia|Jamhuuriyadda Zambia]], qiyaastii {{convert|250|km|mi}}, sii waqooyi-galbeed ee godadka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Chirundu%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-16.0333333&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=28.85 Khariidadda Muujinaysa Godadka Chinhoyi Iyo Chirundu Oo Leh Calaamad Masaafada]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Guudmar==
Nidaamka godku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[limestone|ahak]] iyo [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]]. Godka ugu weyn wuxuu ka kooban yahay balli biyo buluug ah (cobalt blue), kaas oo si caan ah loogu yeero ''Sleeping Pool'' ama ''Chirorodziva'' (&quot;Balliga Dadkii Dhacay&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/345 345]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quusayaashu waxay heleen marin biyood hoose oo ka yimaada ''Bat Cave'', oo ah qol yar oo ka tirsan ''Dark Cave'' ilaa qol kale oo loo yaqaan ''Blind Cave''. Quusitaanka waa suurtagal godadka sanadka oo dhan, iyadoo heerkulku aanu marnaba dhaafin {{convert|22|to|24|C|F}} oo leh eber [[thermocline]]. Aragtidu waa mid sarreeya, iyo {{convert|50|m|ft}} iyo wixii ka sarreeya maaha wax aan caadi ahayn. Goobtan waxaa inta badan booqda kooxaha quusitaanka ee [[technical diving|quusayaasha farsamada]] kuwaas oo sameeya [[Deep diving|quusitaanka aadka u qoto dheer]]. Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in quusitaanka ka badan {{convert|100|m|ft}} lagu sameeyo halkan ay sameeyaan quusayaasha farsamada ee khibradda leh. [[campsite|Goob xero]], oo ay maamusho Maamulka Beeraha Qaranka, iyo motel ayaa ku yaal goobta.

==Taariikhda==
Magaca maxalliga ah ee balliga godka, ''Chirorodziva'' (&quot;Balliga Dadkii Dhacay&quot;) wuxuu ka yimid dhacdo dhacday 1830, halkaas oo xubno ka tirsan qabiilka [[Angonni]] ay weerareen dadka deegaanka oo ay ku tuureen dhibbanayaashooda godka si ay uga takhalusaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;

Godadka ahak-ta ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu sifeeyay [[Frederick Courtney Selous]] 1888. Godadkan ayaa ah nidaamka godadka ugu ballaaran ee Zimbabwe ee dadweynuhu ay heli karaan.

==Diinta==
Godadku waxay meel muhiim ah ku leeyihiin [[African Traditional Religion|Diinta Dhaqanka Afrika]], iyadoo godadka laftoodu ay yihiin goob [[Rainmaking (ritual)|roob-doon]], oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kayn barakaysan, taas oo aan geedaha laga jari karin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Kwashirai| first = Vimbai | date = 2010 | title = Zimbabwe's Chinhoyi Caves: 1845-1945 |  journal = Global Environment | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 71–110 | doi = 10.3197/ge.2010.030504 | url = http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7554 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* {{annotated link|Degmooyinka Zimbabwe}}
* {{annotated link|Gobollada Zimbabwe}}
* {{annotated link|Dhaqaalaha Zimbabwe}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{commons category|Chinhoyi Caves}}
*[http://zimguide.com/chinhoyi-caves/ Godadka Chinhoyi Zimbabwe]

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| name= Beerta Madadaalada ee Godadka Chinhoyi
| iucn_category = II
| image = Chinhoyi caves, Zimbabwe.JPG
| image_caption = 
| location = Degmada Chinhoyi, [[Zimbabwe]]
| nearest_city = Chinhoyi
| coordinates = {{coords|17|21|0|S|30|07|30|E|display=inline, title}}
| area =  
| established = 
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority|Maamulka Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Zimbabwe]]
|module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Chinhoyi Caves Recreational Park
 | designation1_date = 3 May 2013
 | designation1_number = 2103&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chinhoyi Caves Recreational Park|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2103|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Godadka Chinhoyi''' (oo markii hore ahaa '''Godadka Sinoia''') waa koox godad [[limestone|ahak]] iyo [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] ah oo ku yaal bartamaha waqooyi ee [[Zimbabwe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[National Park|Beerta Qaranka]] sanadkii 1955, waxaana maamula Maamulka Beeraha iyo Duurjoogta Zimbabwe.

==Goobta==
Godadku waxay ku yaalliin [[Makonde District|Degmada Makonde]], [[Mashonaland West|Gobolka Mashonaland West]], ee bartamaha waqooyi ee Zimbabwe. Waxay ku yaallaan qiyaastii {{convert|9|km|mi}}, xagga waddada, waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Chinhoyi]] (oo markii hore ahaa Sinoia), oo ah magaalada ugu weyn ee ugu dhow, waana goobta ay ku yaallaan xarunta degmada iyo gobolka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()&amp;toplace=Chinhoyi%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.3666667&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=30.2 Khariidadda Muujinaysa Chinhoyi Iyo Godadka Chinhoyi Oo Leh Calaamad Masaafada]&lt;/ref&gt; Goobtani waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|135|km|mi}}, waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Harare]], oo ah caasimadda.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Harare%20(Harare)&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.8177778&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=31.0447222 Masaafada Waddada U Dhaxaysa Harare Iyo Godadka Chinhoyi Oo Leh Khariidadda]&lt;/ref&gt; Godadku waxay ku yaallaan waddada weyn, Highway A-1, ee u dhaxaysa Harare iyo [[Chirundu, Zimbabwe|Chirundu]], xadka caalamiga ah ee uu la leeyahay [[Republic of Zambia|Jamhuuriyadda Zambia]], qiyaastii {{convert|250|km|mi}}, sii waqooyi-galbeed ee godadka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Chirundu%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-16.0333333&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=28.85 Khariidadda Muujinaysa Godadka Chinhoyi Iyo Chirundu Oo Leh Calaamad Masaafada]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Guudmar==
Nidaamka godku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[limestone|ahak]] iyo [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]]. Godka ugu weyn wuxuu ka kooban yahay balli biyo buluug ah (cobalt blue), kaas oo si caan ah loogu yeero ''Sleeping Pool'' ama ''Chirorodziva'' (&quot;Balliga Dadkii Dhacay&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|url-access=registration|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/345 345]|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Quusayaashu waxay heleen marin biyood hoose oo ka yimaada ''Bat Cave'', oo ah qol yar oo ka tirsan ''Dark Cave'' ilaa qol kale oo loo yaqaan ''Blind Cave''. Quusitaanka waa suurtagal godadka sanadka oo dhan, iyadoo heerkulku aanu marnaba dhaafin {{convert|22|to|24|C|F}} oo leh eber [[thermocline]]. Aragtidu waa mid sarreeya, iyo {{convert|50|m|ft}} iyo wixii ka sarreeya maaha wax aan caadi ahayn. Goobtan waxaa inta badan booqda kooxaha quusitaanka ee [[technical diving|quusayaasha farsamada]] kuwaas oo sameeya [[Deep diving|quusitaanka aadka u qoto dheer]]. Maaha wax aan caadi ahayn in quusitaanka ka badan {{convert|100|m|ft}} lagu sameeyo halkan ay sameeyaan quusayaasha farsamada ee khibradda leh. [[campsite|Goob xero]], oo ay maamusho Maamulka Beeraha Qaranka, iyo motel ayaa ku yaal goobta.

==Taariikhda==
Magaca maxalliga ah ee balliga godka, ''Chirorodziva'' (&quot;Balliga Dadkii Dhacay&quot;) wuxuu ka yimid dhacdo dhacday 1830, halkaas oo xubno ka tirsan qabiilka [[Angonni]] ay weerareen dadka deegaanka oo ay ku tuureen dhibbanayaashooda godka si ay uga takhalusaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;

Godadka ahak-ta ayaa markii ugu horreysay lagu sifeeyay [[Frederick Courtney Selous]] 1888. Godadkan ayaa ah nidaamka godadka ugu ballaaran ee Zimbabwe ee dadweynuhu ay heli karaan.

==Diinta==
Godadku waxay meel muhiim ah ku leeyihiin [[African Traditional Religion|Diinta Dhaqanka Afrika]], iyadoo godadka laftoodu ay yihiin goob [[Rainmaking (ritual)|roob-doon]], oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kayn barakaysan, taas oo aan geedaha laga jari karin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last = Kwashirai| first = Vimbai | date = 2010 | title = Zimbabwe's Chinhoyi Caves: 1845-1945 |  journal = Global Environment | volume = 3 | issue = 5 | pages = 71–110 | doi = 10.3197/ge.2010.030504 | url = http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7554 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* {{annotated link|Degmooyinka Zimbabwe}}
* {{annotated link|Gobollada Zimbabwe}}
* {{annotated link|Dhaqaalaha Zimbabwe}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{commons category|Chinhoyi Caves}}
*[http://zimguide.com/chinhoyi-caves/ Godadka Chinhoyi Zimbabwe]

{{authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Samfya</title>
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      <text bytes="2579" sha1="lklo342xa1aco0h46kvypqsagd2ngy0" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:ZM-Samfya.png|thumb|Goobta Samfya ee Zambia]]
[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-122-9.jpg|thumb|Dekedda Samfya]]

'''Samfya''' waa [[List of populated places in Zambia|magaalo]] ku taal gobolka [[Luapula Province|Luapula]] ee dalka [[Zambia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kaabayaasha cusub ayaa kor u qaadi doona dalxiiska Samfya – Zambia Daily Mail |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/new-infrastructure-will-boost-samfya-tourism/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waa xarunta [[Samfya District|Degmada Samfya]]. Magaaladu waxay ku taal xeebta koonfur-galbeed ee [[Lake Bangweulu]], oo ku taal qaybta ugu dheer ee xeebta haradaas (oo dhinacyada waqooyi, bari iyo koonfur ay yihiin qoyan). Samfya waxay leedahay dhawr guri-marti iyo tiro xeebo ciid cad ah oo loo isticmaalo madadaalada, in kasta oo haradu ay leedahay yaxaasyo.

Marka laga reebo xafiisyada dawladda hoose iyo laamaha hay'adaha qaranka, Samfya waa xarun ganacsi iyo kalluumeysi, iyo sidoo kale xarun loogu talagalay gaadiidka doomaha ee loo raaco jasiiradaha iyo aagagga kale ee harada. Dhulkeeda fog waxaa ka mid ah beeraha iyo qaar ka mid ah beeraha alwaaxa.

Dabaaldegga Kwanga ee dadka Ngumbo ayaa lagu qabtaa Samfya bisha Oktoobar.

==Ururka Wadajirka ah ee Cilmi-baarista Kalluumeysiga==
Xarunta Ururka Wadajirka ah ee Cilmi-baarista Kalluumeysiga ayaa ku taal halkan.{{Cn|date=Abriil 2024}}

==Waddooyinka==
Samfya waxay ku taal waddo laami ah oo la furay 1983 si ay ugu xirto Gobolka Luapula [[Great North Road (Zambia)|Waddada Weyn ee Waqooyi]] ee [[Serenje]]. Tan waxaa ka mid ah buundada ugu dheer dalka Zambia, [[Luapula Bridge]] oo ku taal geeska fog ee koonfur-bari ee degmada meel u dhow halkaas oo afar degmo ay kulmaan: Samfya, [[Mpika]], [[Serenje]] iyo [[Congo Pedicle]], qayb ka mid ah [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Koongo]]. Waddooyinka sibidhka ah ayaa sidoo kale ku xira Samfya Twingi, Kapalala, iyo Lubwe.

== Xeebta Samfya ==
Xeebaha bari ee Lake Bangweulu waxay ku taallaa Xeebta Samfya oo loo yaqaan inay leedahay xeebta ciidda ugu cad ee Zambia oo gaaraysa 100 kiiloomitir.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=daily-mail |date=3 Diseembar 2017 |title=meesha biyuhu kula kulmaan cirka |url=http://www.daily-mail.co.zm/where-water-meets-the-sky/ |access-date=15 Oktoobar 2022 |website=daily-mail.co.zm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Waxa ku dhashay ==
* [[Guus Til]] (1997), ciyaaryahan kubadda cagta ah oo u dhashay dalka Holland

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commonscatinline}}

{{Coord|11|21|S|29|33|E|region:ZM_type:city|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chilubi</title>
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      <text bytes="4074" sha1="3536avrzietu2fbnsx964gjspv1gk7m" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Chilubi_town_district_location.PNG|right|225px|thumb|Goobta magaalada iyo degmada Chilubi ee Gobolka Waqooyi, Zambia, oo muujinaysa baaxadda harada Lake Bangweulu (xariiq buluug ah) iyo dhiiqooyinka (xariiq cawlan)]]
'''Chilubi''' waa degsiimo ku taal jasiirad ku dhex taal [[Lake Bangweulu|Harada Bangweulu]] iyo dhiiqooyinkeeda, waana xarunta [[Chilubi District|Degmada Chilubi]] ee ku taal [[Northern Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]] ee dalka [[Zambia]].

==Jasiiradda Chilubi==
Jasiiradda Chilubi waxay ku taal dhanka waqooyi ee bartamaha dhinaca bari ee harada. Waxay leedahay qaab aan caadi ahayn oo zig-zag ah oo ka kooban shan qaybood, mid kasta oo ka mid ah waa ilaa 12 km oo dherer ah iyo 1.5 ilaa 3 km oo ballac ah. Waxay u eg tahay abeeso Shiineys ah oo madaxeeda (dhanka waqooyi-galbeed) uu ku jiro harada furan halka jirkeeda iyo dabo-teeduna (dhanka koonfur-bari) ay ku jiraan dhiiqooyinka. Masaafada ugu gaaban ee dhulka laga soo bilaabo sanka ilaa dabada waa 25 km, waxayna leedahay ilaa 100 km oo xeeb ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] Xeebta oo la cabbiray iyadoo la isticmaalayo xudunta 1 km.&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiradda yar ee Nsumbu waxay ku taal 1 km koonfur-bari ee Jasiiradda Chilubi. [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=86549&amp;src=eoa-iotd Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka:]

Xeebaha Jasiiradda Chilubi waxaa safan tuulooyin halka gudaha ay ka kooban tahay qaybo dhul-daaqsimeed ah oo geedo leh. Carradu badanaa waa ciid mana ahan mid aad u bacrin ah, cunnada kaliya ee si fiican ugu baxda waa gassafada (cassava), taas oo ah cuntada ugu muhiimsan ee dadka jasiiradda. Degsiimooyinka waaweyn ee Jasiiradda Chilubi waa Muchinshi, Bukotelo (xarunta Chief Chiwanangala), Yombwe, Kashitu, Kapampa, Muule, iyo Santa Maria, oo ah hawlgal Katoolik ah.&lt;ref&gt;Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver Canada: &quot;Zambia, daabacaaddii 2-aad&quot;, 2000.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jasiiradda waxaa u adeega maraakiib rakaab ah oo ka yimaada [[Samfya]] iyo [[Nsombo]] ee [[Luwingu District|Degmada Luwingu]] iyo Chaba oo ku taal dhinaca waqooyi ee harada, waxaana jira waddada diyaaradaha oo ku taal hawlgalka, taas oo horey ugu badnayd adeegga dhakhaatiirta duulaya.

Shaqada ugu weyn ee jasiiradda waa kalluumaysi iyo beerashada nolol-maalmeedka, iyadoo xoogaa shaqo ah ay bixiyaan dugsiyada, xarun caafimaad, Golaha Degmada iyo hawlgalka.

==Magaalada Chilubi==
Magaalada ama tuulada weyn waxay ku taal dhinaca ugu waqooyi-galbeed ee jasiiradda. Chilubi waxay 45 km u jirtaa harada Samfya, 28 km u jirtaa Chaba iyo 38 km u jirtaa Nsombo. Chilubi waa mid gaar ah dalka Zambia, iyadoo ah midda kaliya ee ka mid ah 116-ka xarun ee degmo ama [[boma (enclosure)|boma]]-yada oo ku taal jasiirad, aan lahayn wax xiriir waddo ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;/&gt;

==Taariikhda==
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumeysiga, jasiiradda waxaa si joogto ah u soo booqan jiray wakiilka dawladda ee deegaanka, kaas oo la yeelan jiray wadahadallo madaxda deegaanka iyo madax-hoosaadka, si uu u ogaado dhibaatooyinkooda iyo inuu sharxo siyaasadaha dawladda, iyo sidoo kale inuu qaado tirakoob, oo uu ururiyo canshuuraha. Warbixintoodu waxay ahayd mid qaab iyo nuxur ahaan la mid ah kuwii ku jiray [[Domesday Book]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spanglefish.com/gervasclay/index.asp?pageid=718384&amp;|title = Gervas Clay &amp;#124; Warbixinta Dalxiiska Bangweolu, Maarso 1931}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Boma ayaa markii ugu horreysay laga aasaasay dhinaca koonfureed ee jasiiradda,&lt;ref name=DCS&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/Bangweulu/Bangweulu.jpg ''Khariidadda Dhiiqooyinka Bangweulu'' (1952)]. Website-ka NRZAM.org: [[Directorate of Colonial Surveys]]: La galay 24 Abriil 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa la gubay bishii Maarso 1959 intii lagu jiray &quot;Dhacdadii Chilubi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mafrsouthernafrica.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/chilubi-incident-march-1959.pdf|title=Dhacdadii Chilubi, Maarso 1959|website=mafrsouthernafrica|author=Neil Morris|date=24 May 2013|access-date=10 Abriil 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{coord|11|09|S|29|55|E|region:ZM_type:city|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lukulu</title>
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      <text bytes="3749" sha1="20t8bznmroifi8f86yb8ptz9sm6ebis" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = Lukulu
| other_name               = 
| native_name              = 
| settlement_type          =  Magaalo
| image_skyline            = 
| imagesize                = 
| image_caption            = 
| pushpin_map              = Zambia
| pushpin_label_position   = right
| pushpin_map_caption      = Goobta ay ku taal Zambia
| subdivision_type         = Waddan
| subdivision_name         = {{flag|Zambia}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[Provinces of Zambia|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Galbeed]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Districts of Zambia#Western Province|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Lukulu District]]
| subdivision_type3        = 
| subdivision_name3        = 
| subdivision_type4        = 
| subdivision_name4        = 
| leader_title             = 
| leader_name              = 
| established_title        = 
| established_date         = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| population_as_of         = 
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 
| population_density_km2   = 
| timezone                 = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
| utc_offset               = +2
| coordinates              = {{coord|14|24|30|S|23|16|0|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes      = 
| elevation_m              = 
| elevation_ft             = 
| blank_name               = [[Köppen climate classification|Cimilada]]
| blank_info               = 
| website                  = 
| footnotes                = 
}}
[[Image:ZM-Lukulu.png|right|225px|Goobta Lukulu ee Zambia]]
'''Lukulu''' waa [[market town|magaalo suuqeed]] ku taal [[Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Galbeed]] ee dalka [[Zambia]], oo ku taal Webiga [[Zambezi]], waana xarunta [[Lukulu District|degmo isku magac ah]]. Helitaanka magaalada waxaa ku kooban oo kaliya waddooyin yar oo la hagaajiyay oo taraafikadu ay ka soo gudubto magaalada Kaoma ilaa magaalada Watopa. [[Kalluunka]] webiga ka yimaada ayaa bixiya inta badan cuntada maxalliga ah, qaar ka mid ahna waa loo [[dhoofin|dhoofiyaa]] qaybaha kale ee Zambia ee ka fog webiga. Magaaladu waxay leedahay webiga Zambezi oo aad u qurux badan iyo xeebo ciid ah.

==Juqraafi==
Lukulu waxay ku taal dhamaadka waqooyi ee [[Barotse Floodplain|Barotse Floodplain]] ee Zambezi kaas oo meeshaas aan ku horumarin dabeecaddiisa oo dhan, isagoo aad u cidhiidhi ah oo aan ka fidsanayn sida uu u yahay koonfurta. Sannad kasta inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Maarso, webigu wuxuu kor u kacaa bangiyada hoose ee kanaalka weyn wuxuuna ku faafaa dhul-daadka.
  
Waxaa jira [[pontoon ferry|maraakiib yar oo gudbinta ah]] oo ka gudba webiga, iyadoo [[beach|xeeb]] ay ku taal bangiga ka soo horjeeda ee kanaalka weyn. Lukulu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay [[hospital|isbitaal]], laba [[Market (place)|suuq]] iyo dhowr [[school|dugsi]]. Waddooyinka qallafsan waa dhibka kaliya ee ka joojiya ganacsiga iyo dalxiisayaasha inay gaaraan magaalada.
==Degmada Lukulu==
[[Lukulu District]], oo dadkeedu yihiin 68,375, waxay ku fidsan tahay qaybaha waqooyi-bari iyo waqooyi-dhexe ee Gobolka Galbeed, oo ku xiga [[North-Western Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed]] iyo ku teedsan Zambezi iyo waqooyiga Barotse Floodplain. Degmadu waa [[Miombo woodland|kaynta Miombo]] iyo [[Zambezian cryptosepalum dry forest|kaynta qallalan ee Zambezian cryptosepalum]] oo leh [[Ecoregions of Zambia#Zambezian flooded grasslands|dhul-daaqsimeed daadadku qariyeen ee Zambezian]] oo u dhow webiyada. Qaybtan waxaa u adeega waddo sibidh ah oo ka timaada [[Kaoma, Zambia|Kaoma]], iyo waddo sibidh ah oo u timaada Gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed iyada oo loo marayo [[Kabompo Ferry|Kabompo Ferry]].

==Tixraacyo==
* [http://www.visitzambia.co.zm/ Ololaha Booqo Zambia]</text>
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    <title>Sokna, Liibiya</title>
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&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Sokna 
|other_name             = Sawkna, Soukana&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Idris |first1=Ahmed Osman |last2=Alhelo |first2=Amna  |last3=ElBukhary |first3=Hasseeb Adam |last4=Ishag |first4=Ibrahim Ali |last5=Eisa |first5=Mohamed Osman |year=2017 |chapter=The Study of Camel Herd Composition and Milk Yield in Central Libya |title=3rd International Scientific Conference of Camel Research and Production (ISCCRP) |page=1 }} [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ibrahim-Ishag/publication/323119298_The_Study_of_Camel_Herd_Composition_and_Milk_Yield_in_Central_Libya/links/5a8138d5a6fdcc0d4bac4e8b/The-Study-of-Camel-Herd-Composition-and-Milk-Yield-in-Central-Libya.pdf abstract]&lt;/ref&gt;
|native_name            = Isuknen
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = Magaalo&lt;!--Magaalo ama Tuulo (Bannaan uga tag default-ka City)--&gt;
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya
|pushpin_label_position =hoose
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Libya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Jufra District|Jufra]]
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la doonayo --&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 
|area_land_km2            = 
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2006
|population_footnotes           =&lt;ref&gt;Amraja M. el Khajkhaj, &quot;Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia&quot;, Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               =9,887
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimo
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|29|04|01|N|15|47|05|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--tixraacyada: isticmaal &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags --&gt;
|elevation_m            = 698
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''Sokna''' ({{langx|ar|سوكنة}}, IPA ['so:kna], sidoo kale loo qoro '''Socna''' ama '''Sawknah''', [[Tamazight]]: Isuknen&lt;ref&gt;Aghali Zakara, M., Allati, A., Amaoui, M., Baldi, S., Boukerrouf, R., Bouzakhar, M., ... &amp; Fedikhi, R. (2015). La lingua nella vita e la vita della lingua. Itinerari e percorsi degli studi berberi. Miscellanea per il Centenario di studi berberi a «L’Orientale» di Napoli. Scritti in onore di Francesco Beguinot. URL :https://unora.unior.it/retrieve/handle/11574/164317/34753/SB4.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;) waa magaalo [[oasis]] ah oo ku taal saxaraha [[Sahara]] ee gobolka [[Fezzan]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Libya]].

Luuqadda [[Eastern Berber language|Sokna]] ayaa asal u ah magaalada.
Lahjaddan maxalliga ah ee horay loo carabeeyay, oo aan la isticmaalin dhamaadkii qarnigii 20-aad, ayaa laga ilaaliyay magacyada goobaha. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dadku waxay ku hadlaan Carabi.

==Juqraafi==
Sokna waxay ku taal {{convert|16.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee caasimadda degmada [[Hun, Libya|Hun]], ee [[Jufra District|Degmada Jufra]]. [[Spring (hydrosphere)|Isha biyaha]] dabiiciga ah waxay taageertaa geedka [[date palm|timirta]] (''Phoenix dactylifera''). Sababtoo ah sahaydeeda biyood ee la isku halayn karo, waxay ahayd xarun muhiim ah oo ku taal waddada ka gudubta Saxaraha tan iyo xilligii hore.

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Rebiana, Liibiya</title>
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&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Rebiana
|native_name            =  &lt;!-- magaalooyinka magacooda asaliga ah aan Ingiriisi ahayn --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = Oasis
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
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|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_relief         = yes
|pushpin_label_position =hoose
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Libya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{LBY}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Cyrenaica]] 
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Kufra District|Kufra]] 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la doonayo --&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 
|area_land_km2            = 
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2019
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 8000
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimo
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|24|14|N|21|59|E|region:LY-KF_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--tixraacyada: isticmaal &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags --&gt;
|elevation_m            = 293
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
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}}

'''Rebiana''' (ama ''Rabiana'', ''Rabyanah'', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Erbehna'', {{langx|ar|موزي}} ama {{lang|ar|ربيانة}}), ee afka [[Tedaga]] loogu yeero {{lang|tuq|Muzui}} ama {{lang|tuq|Mouzi}}&lt;ref name=Buhagar&gt;Saad Abdulla Buhagar: ''L'Art rupestre du Sud-Est libyen (Région de Kufra)'' {{In lang|fr}}, Benghazi, 2014, {{ISSN|2312-4962}}, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; kaas oo ah magaca asalka ah ee goobtan, waa [[oasis]] ku taal Saxaraha [[Libyan Desert]], ee gobolka [[Cyrenaica]] ee [[Kufra District|Degmada Kufra]] ee dalka [[Libya]], qiyaastii 120 km dhanka galbeed ee [[El Tag]].&lt;ref name=be515&gt;{{cite book |last=Bertarelli |first=L. V. |title=Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII |publisher=Consociazione Turistica Italiana|location=Milano |year=1929|page=515 | language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhinac ka mid ah oasis-ka, oo leh geedo badan oo timir iyo cambe ah, waxaa ku yaal [[salt lake|harada milixda]] iyo silsilad buuro ah; dhinaca kalena waxaa ku yaal gunta ciidda. Dhinaca waqooyi ee oasis-ka waxaa ku yaal tuulo leh [[zaouia]].&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Dadka asal ahaan ka soo jeeda waa xubno ka tirsan dadka [[Toubou people|Tubu]]; Dadka Al Tawatia iyo Bazama ayaa sidoo kale halkaas degay.

Sannadkii 2014, taariikh-yahanka Liibiya Saad Buhagar wuxuu dadka Rebiana ku sifeeyay sidan: &quot;Ka dib qaxyo badan oo loo qaxay magaalooyinka waaweyn, sababo la xiriira shaqo iyo raaxo, waxaa hadhay inta u dhaxaysa 1500 iyo 2000 oo qof, badankooduna waa Tubu, iyo koox yar oo Carabta Zouia ah, badankooduna waa qoyska Bazama, kuwaas oo ka soo jeeda qabiilka Elmdjabra, oo ku nool [[Jalo oasis|Jalu oasis]]. Tubu waxay yihiin dadka ugu faca weyn ee oasis-ka, sida ay guud ahaan ka yihiin gobolka Kufra.&quot;&lt;ref name=Buhagar/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Biyo dhaca Murchison</title>
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      <text bytes="8594" sha1="qanq2qgg50hyn7xqkvqh2g59fmwpgav" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls
| alt_name = Beerta Qaranka ee Kabalega
| iucn_category = II
| image = Murchison_Falls_-_by_Boschlech.jpg
| image_caption = [[Murchison Falls]]
| location = [[Uganda]]
| nearest_city = [[Masindi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|02|11|15|N|31|46|53|E|region:UG_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| map=
| map_caption = Goobta Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls
| area_km2 = 3893
| established = 1952
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Ugandan Wildlife Authority|Maamulka Duurjoogta Uganda]]
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Nidaamka Dhiiqada ee Murchison Falls-Albert Delta
| designation1_date = 15 Sebtembar 2006
| designation1_number = 1640&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nidaamka Dhiiqada ee Murchison Falls-Albert Delta|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1640|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls''' waa [[national park|beerta qaran]] oo ku taal [[Uganda]] oo uu maamulo [[Ugandan Wildlife Authority|Maamulka Duurjoogta Uganda]]. Waxay ku taal waqooyi-galbeed ee Uganda, waxayna ku fidsan tahay gudaha laga bilaabo xeebaha [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]] ilaa [[Victoria Nile]] ilaa [[Karuma Falls]].

Iyadoo ay weheliso {{cvt|748|km2}} oo ah [[Bugungu Wildlife Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Bugungu]] iyo {{cvt|720|km2}} oo ah [[Karuma Wildlife Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta ee Karuma]], beertu waxay samaysaa Aagga Ilaalinta ee Murchison Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/murchison-falls-national-park |title=Ku saabsan Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls |access-date=3 November 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) |location=Kampala}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Goobta==
[[File:Crocodile along River Nile in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda 01.jpg|thumb|Yaxaas ku sugan Webiga Niil ee Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls]]

Beertu waxay ku taal degmooyinka Uganda ee [[Buliisa District|Buliisa]], [[Nwoya District|Nwoya]], [[Kiryandongo District|Kiryandongo]], iyo [[Masindi District|Masindi]].{{citation needed|date=Diseembar 2025}}

== Taariikhda ==
Sahamiyayaashii [[John Speke]] iyo [[James Augustus Grant|James Grant]] waxay ahaayeen reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee booqda MFCA maanta ee 1862. Waxaa si aad ah u sahamiyay Samuel iyo [[Florence Baker]] intii u dhaxaysay 1863–4. Baker wuxuu u bixiyay harada [[Murchison Falls]] magaca juqraafi-yaqaankii [[Roderick Murchison]], oo ahaa madaxweynihii Royal Geographical Society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Baker, Sir Samuel White (1821–1893) | author=Ofcansky, T. P. |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press |date=2004 | url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/1/101001135 |access-date=3 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii u dhaxaysay 1907 iyo 1912, dadka ku nool aag ku dhow {{cvt|13000|km2}} ayaa laga daadgureeyay sababo la xiriira [[African trypanosomiasis|cudurka hurdada]] oo ay faafiyeen duqsiga tsetse. Sannadkii 1910, Bunyoro Game Reserve waxaa la abuuray koonfurta [[River Nile|Webiga Niil]]. Aaggaas wuxuu qiyaastii u dhigmaa qaybta MFNP ee ku taal [[district|degmooyinka]] [[Buliisa District|Buliisa]], [[Buliisa District|Masindi]], iyo [[Kiryandongo District|Kiryandongo]]. Sannadkii 1928, xuduudaha waxaa loo kordhiyay waqooyiga webiga ilaa [[Nwoya District|Degmada Nwoya]] ee casriga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt;

Sannadkii 1952, maamulkii Ingiriiska wuxuu aasaasay Xeerka [[National park|Beeraha Qaranka]] ee [[Uganda]]. Aagga kor ku xusan wuxuu noqday Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt;

Sannadkii 1972 [[Second Republic of Uganda|kalitaliskii milatariga ee Idi Amin]] wuxuu u beddelay magaca beerta Kabalega National Park qayb ka mid ah ololeheeda [[Africanization|Afrikaan-yaynta]], iyadoo lagu sharfayo [[Kabalega of Bunyoro|Chwa II Kabalega]] ee [[Bunyoro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-11-25 |title=Amin wuxuu u beddelay harooyinka, waddooyinka iyo buurta si uu u 'decolonise' Uganda |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/amin-renames-lakes-roads-and-mountain-to-decolonise-uganda-1727874 |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=[[Daily Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magacu wuxuu markii dambe ku noqday Murchison.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Visual redress in Africa from indigenous and new materialist perspectives |date=2023 |publisher=Routledge, Taylor &amp; Francis Group |isbn=978-1-032-36853-5 |editor-last=Costandius |editor-first=Elmarie |series=Routledge research in art and politics |location=New York; London |pages=260 |editor-last2=Villiers |editor-first2=Gera de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Murchison falls National Park.2.jpg|thumb|Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls]]

==Guudmar==
Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls waa beerta qaran ee ugu weyn Uganda oo qiyaastii ah {{cvt|3893|km2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;About&quot;/&gt; Beerta waxaa kala qaybiya [[Victoria Nile]] oo ka yimaada bari ilaa galbeed masaafad dhan {{cvt|115|km}}.{{citation needed|date=Diseembar 2025}}
Beertu waa goobta [[Murchison Falls]], halkaas oo biyaha [[Nile|Niil]] ay ku qulqulaan god cidhiidhi ah oo keliya {{cvt|7|m|ft}} ballac ah ka hor inta aysan hoos u dhicin {{cvt|43|m}}.{{citation needed|date=Diseembar 2025}}

Waxa ku xiga waddada weyn ee Masindi-Gulu waa [[Karuma Falls]], goobta 600 megawatt [[Karuma Power Station|Xarunta Korontada ee Karuma]], taas oo ah xarunta korontada ee ugu weyn Uganda tan iyo markii ay shaqaysay 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Karuma Heralds Ea of Abundant Power |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/640204/-/r0mwwrz/-/index.html |access-date=3 November 2016 | date=2009 |last=Nakkazi |first=E. |newspaper=[[The EastAfrican]] |location=Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| work=Xinhua.net |date=22 August 2023 | url=http://english.news.cn/20230822/feb0029ef9e34a7d8dc0d7b0ed1cbb91/c.html |title=Warshad koronto oo ay dhistay Shiinaha oo ku taal Uganda ayaa bilaawday qaybta afraad ee marawaxadaha, iyadoo ku sii dhowaanaysa dhammaystirka |author=Xinhua |access-date=12 December 2023 |location=Beijing, Jamhuuriyadda Dadka ee Shiinaha}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 2022, [[East African Crude Oil Pipeline|Dhuumaha Saliidda Ceeriin ee Bariga Afrika]] ee la dhisayo waxaa ka mid ah dhismaha 10 goobood oo saliidda laga soo saaro, dhuun quudinta, iyo warshad sifeynta oo ku dhex taal iyo hareeraha Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls.&lt;ref name=&quot;oil&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Bradstock, F. |date=2022 |title=Dawladaha Bariga Afrika oo isku dhacayay dadka deegaanka oo ka soo horjeeday dhuumaha saliidda cusub |url=https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/East-African-Governments-Clash-With-Environmentalists-Over-New-Oil-Pipeline.html |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=OilPrice.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Duurjoogta==
Tan iyo 2005, aagga la ilaaliyo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay Cutubka Ilaalinta [[Lion|Libaaxa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group |year=2006 |title= Istaraatiijiyadda Ilaalinta Libaaxa ''Panthera leo'' ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika |publisher=IUCN |location=Pretoria, Koonfur Afrika}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sannadkii 2010, waxaa lagu qiyaasay in kaliya 250 oo geri ah ay ku jireen beerta. Dad gaaraya 37 oo [[Rothschild's giraffe|geri Rothschild]] ah ayaa laga soo wareejiyay dhinaca waqooyi ee Webiga Niil ilaa dhinaca koonfureed sannadkii 2016 iyo 2017, markaas oo tirada dadku ay ahayd qiyaastii 1,500.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ilaalinta Geriga Nubian ee Uganda |url=https://giraffeconservation.org/programmes/uganda-programme/ |website=Giraffe Conservation Foundation |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200920235013/https://giraffeconservation.org/programmes/uganda-programme/ |archive-date=20 September 2020 |date=23 February 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls iyo [[Budongo Forest Reserve|Kaydka Kaynta ee Budongo]] ee ku xiga waxay hoy u yihiin 76 nooc oo naasley ah sida [[chimpanzee|chimpanzees]] iyo sidoo kale dadka ugu badan ee [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska Niil]] ee [[Uganda|Uganda]]. Waxaa jira 450 nooc oo shimbir ah oo la yaqaan oo ay ku jiraan [[shoe-billed stork]], [[dwarf kingfisher]], [[Goliath heron]], [[white-thighed hornbill]] iyo [[great blue turaco]].{{citation needed|date=Agoosto 2024}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{commons category|Murchison Falls National Park}}
*{{cite web |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/7060 |author=BirdLife International |title=Warqadda xaqiiqada ee Aagagga Shimbiraha ee Muhiimka ah: Beerta Qaranka ee Murchison Falls}}

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    <title>Nidaamka Dhul biyoodka Harada Mburo–Nakivali</title>
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| name               = Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali
| coordinates        = {{coord|0|42|S|31|00|E}}
| area               = {{convert|26,834|ha}}
| location           = [[Mbarara district|Degmada Mbarara]], Uganda
| image              = Mbarara Uganda Lake Mburo National Park.jpg
| caption            = Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo
}}

'''Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali''' waa dhul-qoyan ku yaal [[Mbarara district|Degmada Mbarara]] oo 60 km u jira magaalada Mbarara ee galbeedka [[Uganda]], [[East Africa|Afrika Bari]], kana xiga [[Tanzania]] iyo [[Rwanda]]. Nidaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay shan haro oo ku yaal [[Lake Mburo National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo]], oo ay ku jiraan Mburo oo ah tan ugu weyn, Kigambira, Mutukula, Kazuma, iyo Bwara oo ku yaal meesha galbeed-bari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-mburo-nakivali-wetland-system/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Waa isha biyaha loo isticmaalo guriga, duurjoogta, iyo xoolaha. Sidoo kale waa isha cuntada oo ay ka mid yihiin kalluunka, waxay bixisaa daaqsimeed loogu talagalay raxanada, iyo sidoo kale qalabka lagu sameeyo farsamada gacanta, dambiilaha, iyo saqafyada.[&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1634 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Goobta ==
Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali wuxuu daboolayaa bed dhan {{convert|26,834|ha|acres}} wuxuuna ku yaal isuduwayaashan 00°40'S 30°57'E.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nidaamku wuxuu sidoo kale ku yaal kulanka laba aag oo noole ah: musaayiga gobolka Lake Victoria iyo aagga biogeographic ee Guinea-Congolian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dhul-qoyan labadaba joogto ah iyo xilliyeed ayaa ku hareeraysan nidaamkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale, Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-nakivale-lake-mburo.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waxaa laga heli karaa waddo ka timaada Kampala. Iyo sidoo kale xagga hawada laga soo bilaabo Entebbe ilaa garoonka diyaaradaha ee Mbarara, oo ay ku xigto saacad gaari ah oo loo raaco beerta qaranka.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo-Nakivali |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/902978 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Buffaloes at the Lake Mburo National Park.jpg|alt=Buffaloes at the Lake Mburo National Park.jpg|thumb|Maroodiyo ku sugan Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo -Nakivale ]]
== Sharraxaad ==
Dhagaxyo ka tirsan wakhtiga juqraafiyeed ee pre-cambrian ayaa hoos yimaada nidaamka dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo. Dhagaxyadu waa kuwo gebi ahaanba la granitized iyo argillitic, iyaga oo si joogto ah ugu qaybsan xariiqyo dhuuban nidaamka oo dhan. Sidoo kale, nidaamka waxaa ku badan ciidda ferrallitic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Byaruhanga |first=Achilles |date=2005-09-22 |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo-Nakivali Warqadda Macluumaadka Ramsar (RIS) |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/UG1634RIS.pdf |journal=Ramsar Bureau. |access-date=2024-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waa mid muhiimad weyn u leh bulshada maxalliga ah, Uganda guud ahaan, iyo beesha caalamka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nidaamkani wuxuu hoy u yahay 22 khabiiro shimbiraha dhul-qoyanka ah (13 nooc waa Palaearctic iyo 9 nooc waa Afro-tropical) inta lagu jiro xaaladaha adag.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Hawlaha dhul-qoyanka ==
Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waxaa loo isticmaalaa ujeedooyin dhaqan-dhaqaale, oo ay ku jiraan biyaha guriga, duurjoogta, iyo isticmaalka xoolaha; daaqsimeedka raxanada inta lagu jiro xilli abaareedka; iyo isticmaalka xoolaha iyo duurjoogta. Waxa kale oo ku jira qalab loogu talagalay farsamada gacanta iyo saqafyada, waxaana loo isticmaalaa meel loogu talagalay cilmi-baaris cilmiyeed iyo dalxiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Khataraha ==
Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waxaa hanjabaad ku haya kalluumaysiga xad-dhaafka ah, ugaarsiga, iyo burburinta deegaanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
&lt;references /&gt;{{Protected areas of Uganda}}
{{coord|0|42|S|31|00|E|type:landmark_region:UG_dim:20000|display=title}}</text>
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| name               = Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali
| coordinates        = {{coord|0|42|S|31|00|E}}
| area               = {{convert|26,834|ha}}
| location           = [[Mbarara district|Degmada Mbarara]], Uganda
| image              = Mbarara Uganda Lake Mburo National Park.jpg
| caption            = Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo
}}

'''Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali''' waa dhul-qoyan ku yaal [[Mbarara district|Degmada Mbarara]] oo 60 km u jira magaalada Mbarara ee galbeedka [[Uganda]], [[East Africa|Afrika Bari]], kana xiga [[Tanzania]] iyo [[Rwanda]]. Nidaamku wuxuu ka kooban yahay shan haro oo ku yaal [[Lake Mburo National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo]], oo ay ku jiraan Mburo oo ah tan ugu weyn, Kigambira, Mutukula, Kazuma, iyo Bwara oo ku yaal meesha galbeed-bari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali |url=https://www.africa-wilderness-safaris.com/uganda/lake-mburo-nakivali-wetland-system/ |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Africa Safaris {{!}} Shanrod Africa |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Waa isha biyaha loo isticmaalo guriga, duurjoogta, iyo xoolaha. Sidoo kale waa isha cuntada oo ay ka mid yihiin kalluunka, waxay bixisaa daaqsimeed loogu talagalay raxanada, iyo sidoo kale qalabka lagu sameeyo farsamada gacanta, dambiilaha, iyo saqafyada.[&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-09-15 |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1634 |access-date=2023-06-12 |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Goobta ==
Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali wuxuu daboolayaa bed dhan {{convert|26,834|ha|acres}} wuxuuna ku yaal isuduwayaashan 00°40'S 30°57'E.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nidaamku wuxuu sidoo kale ku yaal kulanka laba aag oo noole ah: musaayiga gobolka Lake Victoria iyo aagga biogeographic ee Guinea-Congolian.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dhul-qoyan labadaba joogto ah iyo xilliyeed ayaa ku hareeraysan nidaamkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakivale, Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo |url=https://www.insidelakemburonationalpark.com/lake-nakivale-lake-mburo.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=Inside Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waxaa laga heli karaa waddo ka timaada Kampala. Iyo sidoo kale xagga hawada laga soo bilaabo Entebbe ilaa garoonka diyaaradaha ee Mbarara, oo ay ku xigto saacad gaari ah oo loo raaco beerta qaranka.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo-Nakivali |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/902978 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Protected Planet}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Buffaloes at the Lake Mburo National Park.jpg|alt=Buffaloes at the Lake Mburo National Park.jpg|thumb|Maroodiyo ku sugan Beerta Qaranka ee Lake Mburo -Nakivale ]]
== Sharraxaad ==
Dhagaxyo ka tirsan wakhtiga juqraafiyeed ee pre-cambrian ayaa hoos yimaada nidaamka dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo. Dhagaxyadu waa kuwo gebi ahaanba la granitized iyo argillitic, iyaga oo si joogto ah ugu qaybsan xariiqyo dhuuban nidaamka oo dhan. Sidoo kale, nidaamka waxaa ku badan ciidda ferrallitic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Byaruhanga |first=Achilles |date=2005-09-22 |title=Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo-Nakivali Warqadda Macluumaadka Ramsar (RIS) |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/UG1634RIS.pdf |journal=Ramsar Bureau. |access-date=2024-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waa mid muhiimad weyn u leh bulshada maxalliga ah, Uganda guud ahaan, iyo beesha caalamka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Nidaamkani wuxuu hoy u yahay 22 khabiiro shimbiraha dhul-qoyanka ah (13 nooc waa Palaearctic iyo 9 nooc waa Afro-tropical) inta lagu jiro xaaladaha adag.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Hawlaha dhul-qoyanka ==
Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waxaa loo isticmaalaa ujeedooyin dhaqan-dhaqaale, oo ay ku jiraan biyaha guriga, duurjoogta, iyo isticmaalka xoolaha; daaqsimeedka raxanada inta lagu jiro xilli abaareedka; iyo isticmaalka xoolaha iyo duurjoogta. Waxa kale oo ku jira qalab loogu talagalay farsamada gacanta iyo saqafyada, waxaana loo isticmaalaa meel loogu talagalay cilmi-baaris cilmiyeed iyo dalxiis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Khataraha ==
Nidaamka Dhul-qoyanka ee Lake Mburo–Nakivali waxaa hanjabaad ku haya kalluumaysiga xad-dhaafka ah, ugaarsiga, iyo burburinta deegaanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
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    <title>Ma'tan as-Sarra</title>
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| name                    = ''Ma'tan as-Sarra''
| native_name             =&lt;big&gt;معطن السارة&lt;/big&gt;
| native_name_lang        = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type         = Ceel biyood
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| pushpin_map             =Libya
| pushpin_label_position  =
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| coordinates      = {{coord|21|41|0|N|21|49|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| coordinates_region      =
| subdivision_type        = Waddan
| subdivision_name        = [[Libya]]
| subdivision_type1       =
| subdivision_name1       =
| subdivision_type2       =
| subdivision_name2       =
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&lt;!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --&gt;
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| area_rural_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_metro_footnotes    = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
| area_note               =
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&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
| area_total_km2          =
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&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           =
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}}
'''Ma'tan as-Sarra''' waa [[oasis]] ku taal degmada [[Kufra District|Kufra]] ee koonfur-bari ee dalka [[Libya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Libyan Desert|Saxaraha Liibiya]], {{convert|322|km}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Kufra]]. Waa oasis xadidan, oo leh geedo timir ah oo yar iyo biyo tayadoodu hoosayso, waxay suurtogelisay abuurista 1811 ee dariiqii ugu dambeeyay ee [[Trans-Saharan trade|ganacsiga guur-guura ee Saxaraha]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikh ahaan waxaa yar booqashada dadka [[Toubou]] iyo [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]] ee reer miyiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;&gt;Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, ''Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster'', Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, {{ISBN|1-55876-405-4}}, p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 1934, Ma'tan as-Sarra waxaa loo wareejiyay qayb ka mid ah [[Sarra Triangle]] oo loo dhiibay [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Talyanigii Fashistaha]] ee ka yimid [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], kuwaas oo u arkay aagga inay tahay ciid aan qiimo lahayn iyo dejin raqiis ah oo ku saabsan isku daygii [[Benito Mussolini]] ee [[Italian Empire|boqortooyo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;/&gt;

Sannadkii 1972, hoggaamiyihii Liibiya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] wuxuu dareemay in [[Jaafar Nimeiry]] oo u dhashay [[Sudan]] uu khiyaanay ujeeddada [[Arab|Carabta]] isagoo saxiixay 1972 [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|Heshiiskii Addis Ababa]] ee soo afjaray [[First Sudanese Civil War|dagaalkii sokeeye ee ugu horreeyay ee Suudaan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;/&gt; Wuxuu saldhig ka aasaasay Ma'tan as-Sarra si uu u kaydiyo hubka iyo sidii meel lagu diyaariyo kacdoon-wadayaasha Suudaan, kuwaas oo lagu tababaray saldhigyada [[Joudaim]] iyo [[Ma'sar Ra's]] oo u dhow [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 137&quot;&gt;Burr and Collins, 2006, p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; Bishii Luulyo 1976, kun taageerayaal oo uu hoggaaminayay hoggaamiyaha mucaaradka Suudaan [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] ayaa ka tagay oasis-ka waxayna duulaan ku qaadeen [[Khartoum]] ka dib markii ay ka gudbeen waqooyiga [[Darfur]] iyo [[Kordofan]]. Ciidanka Al-Mahdi waxaa laga adkaaday oo kaliya ka dib markii guutada taangiyada ay ku dhufteen magaalada ka dib saddex maalmood oo dagaal culus ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;/&gt;

Liibiya waxay sidoo kale aasaastay [[Maaten al-Sarra Air Base|Saldhigga Cirka ee Maaten al-Sarra]], kaas oo si weyn loo isticmaalay intii lagu jiray [[Chadian–Libyan conflict|khilaafkii Chad-Liibiya]] (1978–1987). Saldhigga ayaa ku hoos jiray [[Battle of Maaten al-Sarra|duulaan aad u guulaystay]] Sebtembar 5, 1987 oo ay fuliyeen [[Military of Chad|ciidanka Chad]] kaas oo gacan ka geystay saxiixa Sebtembar 11 xabbad-joojinta Chad-Liibiya oo soo afjartay dagaalka.

== Tixraacyo ==
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| pushpin_map             =Libya
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| coordinates      = {{coord|21|41|0|N|21|49|52|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes   =
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| subdivision_type        = Waddan
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| area_magnitude          = &lt;!-- &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
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&lt;!-- square kilometers --&gt;
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&lt;!-- hectares --&gt;
| area_total_ha           =
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| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               =
}}
'''Ma'tan as-Sarra''' waa Ceel biyood ku taal degmada Kufra ee koonfur-bari ee dalka [[Libya]]. Waxay ku taal Saxaraha Liibiya, {{convert|322|km}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Kufra]]. Waa oasis xadidan, oo leh geedo timir ah oo yar iyo biyo tayadoodu hoosayso, waxay suurtogelisay abuurista 1811 ee dariiqii ugu dambeeyay ee [[Trans-Saharan trade|ganacsiga guur-guura ee Saxaraha]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikh ahaan waxaa yar booqashada dadka [[Toubou]] iyo [[Zaghawa people|Zaghawa]] ee reer miyiga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;&gt;Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, ''Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster'', Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, {{ISBN|1-55876-405-4}}, p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 1934, Ma'tan as-Sarra waxaa loo wareejiyay qayb ka mid ah [[Sarra Triangle]] oo loo dhiibay [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Talyanigii Fashistaha]] ee ka yimid [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]], kuwaas oo u arkay aagga inay tahay ciid aan qiimo lahayn iyo dejin raqiis ah oo ku saabsan isku daygii [[Benito Mussolini]] ee [[Italian Empire|boqortooyo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;/&gt;

Sannadkii 1972, hoggaamiyihii Liibiya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] wuxuu dareemay in [[Jaafar Nimeiry]] oo u dhashay [[Sudan]] uu khiyaanay ujeeddada [[Arab|Carabta]] isagoo saxiixay 1972 [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|Heshiiskii Addis Ababa]] ee soo afjaray [[First Sudanese Civil War|dagaalkii sokeeye ee ugu horreeyay ee Suudaan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;/&gt; Wuxuu saldhig ka aasaasay Ma'tan as-Sarra si uu u kaydiyo hubka iyo sidii meel lagu diyaariyo kacdoon-wadayaasha Suudaan, kuwaas oo lagu tababaray saldhigyada [[Joudaim]] iyo [[Ma'sar Ra's]] oo u dhow [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 137&quot;&gt;Burr and Collins, 2006, p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; Bishii Luulyo 1976, kun taageerayaal oo uu hoggaaminayay hoggaamiyaha mucaaradka Suudaan [[Sadiq al-Mahdi]] ayaa ka tagay oasis-ka waxayna duulaan ku qaadeen [[Khartoum]] ka dib markii ay ka gudbeen waqooyiga [[Darfur]] iyo [[Kordofan]]. Ciidanka Al-Mahdi waxaa laga adkaaday oo kaliya ka dib markii guutada taangiyada ay ku dhufteen magaalada ka dib saddex maalmood oo dagaal culus ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burr and Collins 111&quot;/&gt;

Liibiya waxay sidoo kale aasaastay [[Maaten al-Sarra Air Base|Saldhigga Cirka ee Maaten al-Sarra]], kaas oo si weyn loo isticmaalay intii lagu jiray [[Chadian–Libyan conflict|khilaafkii Chad-Liibiya]] (1978–1987). Saldhigga ayaa ku hoos jiray [[Battle of Maaten al-Sarra|duulaan aad u guulaystay]] Sebtembar 5, 1987 oo ay fuliyeen [[Military of Chad|ciidanka Chad]] kaas oo gacan ka geystay saxiixa Sebtembar 11 xabbad-joojinta Chad-Liibiya oo soo afjartay dagaalka.

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Jadid, Liibiya</title>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="5170" sha1="scvyuvhwwalp1fssob57421n6w50q9b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
| official_name          = Sabha
| other_name             = Sabha
| native_name            = سبها
| nickname               = 
| settlement_type        = Magaalo&lt;!--Magaalo ama Tuulo (Bannaan uga tag default-ka City)--&gt;
| motto                  = 
&lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
| image_skyline          = 
| imagesize              = 
| image_caption          = 
| image_flag             = 
| flag_size              = 
| image_seal             = 
| seal_size              = 
| image_shield           = 
| shield_size            = 
| image_blank_emblem     = 
| blank_emblem_type      = 
| blank_emblem_size      = 
| image_map              = 
| mapsize                = 
| map_caption            = 
| image_map1             = 
| mapsize1               = 
| map_caption1           = 
| image_dot_map          = 
| dot_mapsize            = 
| dot_map_caption        = 
| dot_x =  |dot_y = 
| pushpin_map            = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad [[Template:Location map]] --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position =hoose
| pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Libya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
| subdivision_type       = Waddan
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
| subdivision_type1      = Gobol
| subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Sabha District|Sabha]]
| subdivision_type3      = 
| subdivision_name3      = 
| subdivision_type4      = 
| subdivision_name4      = 
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes   = 
| government_type        = 
| leader_title           = 
| leader_name            = 
| leader_title1          =  
| leader_name1           = 
| leader_title2          = 
| leader_name2           = 
| leader_title3          = 
| leader_name3           = 
| leader_title4          = 
| leader_name4           = 
| established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
| established_date       = 
| established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
| established_date2      = 
| established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
| established_date3      = 
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude         = 
| unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la doonayo --&gt;
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| area_blank1_title        = 
| area_blank1_km2          = 
| area_blank1_sq_mi        = 
&lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
| population_as_of               = 
| population_footnotes           = 
| population_note                = 
| population_total               = 
| population_density_km2         = 
| population_density_sq_mi       = 
| population_metro               = 
| population_density_metro_km2   = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban               = 
| population_density_urban_km2   = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
| population_blank1              = 
| population_blank2_title        =Diimo
| population_blank2              = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
| timezone_DST           = 
| utc_offset_DST         = 
| coordinates            = {{coord|27|03|00|N|14|24|00|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes    =&lt;ref&gt;[http://mapcarta.com/16785598 Khariidadda Al Jadid]&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation_m            = 423
| elevation_ft           = 
&lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
| postal_code_type       =  
| postal_code            = 
| area_code              = 
| blank_name             = 
| blank_info             = 
| blank1_name            = 
| blank1_info            = 
| website                = 
| footnotes              = 
}}

'''Sebha''' ama '''Sebha''' ({{langx|ar|سبها}}) waa magaalo [[oasis]] ah oo ku taal saxaraha [[Sahara]] ee gobolka [[Fezzan]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Libya]]. Waxay u dhowdahay caasimadda [[Sabha District|Degmada Sabha]], [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;go&quot; /&gt;

== Juqraafi ==
Jadid waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]], caasimadda [[Sabha District|Degmada Sabha]], waxayna qiyaastii {{convert|657|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfur-koonfur-galbeed ka xigtaa caasimadda [[Libya]], [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;go&quot;&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615114342/http://www.gomapper.com/travel/list-of-cities-near/al-jadid-sabha-libya.html Al Jadid]}} at goMapper.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[Liiska magaalooyinka Libya]]

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Hun, Liibiya</title>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="13615" sha1="1jx3qli8f3p1xt6zxs135fswuv8f5at" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
| official_name          = Houn
| other_name             = Hon
| native_name            = هون
| nickname               =
| settlement_type        = Magaalo&lt;!--Magaalo ama Tuulo (Bannaan uga tag default-ka City)--&gt;
| motto                  =
&lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
| image_skyline          = Modern Houn City.jpg
| imagesize              = 250px
| image_caption          = Muuqaal laga arkay Hun-ta casriga ah, Libya
| image_flag             =
| flag_size              =
| image_seal             =
| seal_size              =
| image_shield           =
| shield_size            =
| image_blank_emblem     =
| blank_emblem_type      =
| blank_emblem_size      =
| image_map              =
| mapsize                =
| map_caption            =
| image_map1             =
| mapsize1               =
| map_caption1           =
| image_dot_map          =
| dot_mapsize            =
| dot_map_caption        =
| dot_x =  |dot_y =
| pushpin_map            = Libya &lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position =hoose
| pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Libya&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;
| subdivision_type       = Waddan
| subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
| subdivision_type1      = Gobol
| subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Jufra District|Jufra]]
| subdivision_type3      =
| subdivision_name3      =
| subdivision_type4      =
| subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes   =
| government_type        =
| leader_title           =
| leader_name            =
| leader_title1          =  
| leader_name1           =
| leader_title2          =
| leader_name2           =
| leader_title3          =
| leader_name3           =
| leader_title4          =
| leader_name4           =
| established_title      =  &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
| established_date       =
| established_title2     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
| established_date2      =
| established_title3     =  &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
| established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude         =
| unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Geli: Imperial, haddii Imperial (metric) la doonayo --&gt;
| area_footnotes           =
| area_total_km2           =
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           =
| area_total_sq_mi         =
| area_land_sq_mi          =
| area_water_sq_mi         =
| area_water_percent       =
| area_urban_km2           =
| area_urban_sq_mi         =
| area_metro_km2           =
| area_metro_sq_mi         =
| area_blank1_title        =
| area_blank1_km2          =
| area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
| population_as_of               = 2010
| population_footnotes           =&lt;ref name=&quot;WG&quot;&gt;la qiyaasay {{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1300905920&amp;men=gcis&amp;lng=en&amp;des=gamelan&amp;geo=-133&amp;srt=epnn&amp;col=abcdefghimoq&amp;msz=1500 |title=Libya: magaalooyinka iyo tuulooyinka ugu waaweyn iyo tirakoobka dadkooda |url-status=dead }} World Gazetteer&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 30715
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimo
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           =
|utc_offset_DST         =
|coordinates            = {{coord|29|07|16|N|15|56|25|E|region:LY|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  
|elevation_m            = 259
|elevation_ft           = 
&lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                =
|footnotes              =
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka]]
| registration_plate      = 13
}}
'''Hun''' ama '''Houn''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|uː|n}} ({{langx|ar|هون|Hūn}}) ({{langx|it|Hon}}) waa magaalo [[oasis]] ah oo ku taal waqooyiga gobolka [[Fezzan]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Libya]]. Magaaladu waa caasimadda [[Jufra District|Degmada Jufra]]. &quot;Bandhiga Dalxiiska ee Dayrta Caalamiga ah&quot; waa [[bandhig]] sannadle ah oo caadi ahaan la qabto dhammaadka Sebtembar.

==Taariikhda==
[[File:Hon el-Fuara, March 1941, Gruppe Schwerin, German Army.jpg|left|thumb|Hun el-Fuara, Maarso 1941, Gruppe Schwerin, Ciidanka Jarmalka]]
Intii lagu jiray xilligii gumaystaha [[Italian Libya|Liibiya ee Talyaaniga]], Hun waxay ahayd caasimadda maamulka ee gobolka Fezzan ee Talyaaniga, oo loo yaqaan ''[[Territorio Sahara Libico|Territorio del Sahara Libico]]''. Hun waxay ahayd xarunta milatariga Talyaaniga ee koonfurta Liibiya ee Talyaaniga, mana ahayn qayb ka mid ah dhulka qaranka [[Fourth Shore|Xeebta Afraad]] ee [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Boqortooyada Talyaaniga]] sida [[Italian Tripolitania|Tripolitania-ta Talyaaniga]] iyo [[Italian Cyrenaica|Cyrenaica-ta Talyaaniga]]. Tirakoobkii 1939-kii Talyaanigu waxay ahaayeen 3% wadarta guud ee dadka oo ahaa 35,316 oo ku nool magaalada. Waxay ka waayeen Hun ka dib markii Talyaanigu lumiyay Liibiya [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]]. Qof muhiim ah oo Liibiyaan-Talyaani ah oo ku dhashay Hun wuxuu ahaa rinjiilaha caanka ah ee caalamiga ah [[Mario Schifano]] (1934–1998). 1930-meeyadii dawladda Talyaanigu waxay samaysay horumarin muhiim ah oo ku saabsan magaalada yar, oo ay ku jirto isku xirka xeebta iyada oo loo marayo [[Fezzan Road|Waddada Fezzan]] ee cusub.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Italy Invades|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rqACwAAQBAJ&amp;q=hun+libya+italy&amp;pg=PT63|page=63|first1=Christopher |last1=Kelly|first2= Stuart|last2= Laycock|publisher=Greenleaf Book Group|year=2015|isbn=9780996882507}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii lagu jiray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]], 8-dii Maajo 2011, [[NATO]] waxay garaacday 8 dhisme oo ah xarunta guud, 12 kaydka rasaasta iyo 20 kaydka gaadiidka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Goobaha Nato|publisher=NATO|url= http://www.nato.int/nato_static/assets/pdf/pdf_2011_05/20110508_110508-oup-update.pdf|access-date=28 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafi==
Hun waxay ku taal kala bar u dhexeeya [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] iyo xeebta [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] ee [[Sahara Desert|Saxaraha Saxaraha]]. Muuqaalka dabiiciga ah ee ku hareeraysan Hun wuxuu inta badan ka kooban yahay buuro madow oo [[basalt]] ah, oo leh xadhko badan oo ciid ah, iyo [[Phoenix dactylifera|geedo timireed - ''Phoenix dactylifera'']] oo muujinaya [[oases|oases]]. Magaalooyinka [[Waddan, Libya|Waddan]] iyo [[Sokna, Libya|Sokna]] waa goobaha ugu dhow. Hun waxay deggan tahay inta u dhaxaysa Waddan iyo Sokna, Hun waa magaalada ugu weyn aagga iyo dadweynaha ee Aljufra, Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa caasimadda maamulka ee gobolka. Waxaa jira [[ksar]] burbursan oo ahaan jiray qalcaddii Talyaaniga (Forti), Waxaa la soo celiyay oo hadda waa Matxafka Saharawi. Waxaa sidoo kale jira dhowr [[mosque|masaajid]] oo duug iyo cusub ah oo ku yaal magaalada. Saddexda magaalo mid walba waa oasis lagu garto badnaanta [[Spring (hydrosphere)|ilaha dabiiciga ah]] iyo geedaha timirta.&lt;ref name=geo&gt;{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&amp;q=libya+geography&amp;pg=PA543|first= R. W. |last=McColl|page=543|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9780816072293}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Cimilada===
Hun waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocida cimilada Köppen]] ''BWh'') oo leh xagaa dheer, aad u kulul iyo jiilaal gaaban, diirran iyo sidoo kale roob aad u yar sanadka oo dhan. Qaybtan saxaraha ah, heerkulka maalintii xagaaga waa waxoogaa dhexdhexaad ah sababtoo ah saamaynta dabaylaha qabow ee ka imanaya [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean]], inkasta oo heerkulka celceliska sarreeya uu si joogto ah uga bato 40&amp;nbsp;°C (104&amp;nbsp;°F) inta lagu jiro bilaha ugu kulul ee sanadka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iw-OlGJsJ8C&amp;q=libya+geography&amp;pg=PA1|pages=1–3|first= Waniss|last1= Otman|first2= Erling|last2= Karlberg |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |year=2007|isbn=9783540464631}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gobolku wuxuu helaa celcelis roob sanadle ah oo dhan {{convert|2.5|in|mm|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=cia&gt;{{cite web|title=Libya profile|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|url-status=dead|year=2016|access-date=23 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
|location = Hun (1991–2020)
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
| Jan record high C = 31.5
| Feb record high C = 38.3
| Mar record high C = 39.2
| Apr record high C = 45.5
| May record high C = 47.2
| Jun record high C = 48.0
| Jul record high C = 47.2
| Aug record high C = 46.5
| Sep record high C = 46.0
| Oct record high C = 42.9
| Nov record high C = 38.5
| Dec record high C = 34.2
| year record high C = 48.0
|Jan high C = 19.2
|Feb high C = 21.1
|Mar high C = 25.7
|Apr high C = 30.6
|May high C = 34.4
|Jun high C = 37.2
|Jul high C = 38.1
|Aug high C = 37.7
|Sep high C = 36.5
|Oct high C = 31.9
|Nov high C = 25.6
|Dec high C = 20.4
|year high C = 29.9
|Jan mean C = 12.2
|Feb mean C = 13.7
|Mar mean C = 17.8
|Apr mean C = 22.2
|May mean C = 26.2
|Jun mean C = 29.0
|Jul mean C = 30.0
|Aug mean C = 30.0
|Sep mean C = 28.5
|Oct mean C = 24.5
|Nov mean C = 18.2
|Dec mean C = 13.3
|year mean C = 22.1
|Jan low C = 5.3
|Feb low C = 6.3
|Mar low C = 9.9
|Apr low C = 13.9
|May low C = 18.0
|Jun low C = 20.9
|Jul low C = 21.9
|Aug low C = 22.3
|Sep low C = 21.3
|Oct low C = 17.1
|Nov low C = 10.7
|Dec low C = 6.3
|year low C = 14.5
| Jan record low C = -4.4
| Feb record low C = -3.0
| Mar record low C = -0.2
| Apr record low C = 0.0
| May record low C = 5.2
| Jun record low C = 10.9
| Jul record low C = 13.0
| Aug record low C = 16.2
| Sep record low C = 13.5
| Oct record low C = 5.8
| Nov record low C = -1.0
| Dec record low C = -3.1
| year record low C = -4.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 5.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 3.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 3.0
|Apr precipitation mm = 3.5
|May precipitation mm = 1.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 1.1
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 1.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 1.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 1.9
|year precipitation mm = 24.7
| Jan precipitation days = 0.9
| Feb precipitation days = 0.9
| Mar precipitation days = 0.7
| Apr precipitation days = 0.3
| May precipitation days = 0.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.2
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0
| Aug precipitation days = 0.1
| Sep precipitation days = 0.3
| Oct precipitation days = 0.4
| Nov precipitation days = 0.3
| Dec precipitation days = 0.5
| year precipitation days = 5.0
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]&lt;ref name=WMOCLINO&gt;{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/HON_62131.csv
| title = Hon Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 11 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka==
Waxaa jira basas dadweyne oo u socda magaalooyinka [[Sirte]] iyo [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]]. Waxa kale oo jira garoon diyaaradeed oo milatari oo ku yaal inta u dhaxaysa Hun iyo Waddan, [[Al Jufra Airbase]]. Hun waxay 240&amp;nbsp;km koonfur ka xigtaa [[Sirte]], 370&amp;nbsp;km u jirta [[Misrata]] iyo 272&amp;nbsp;km waqooyi ka xigta [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Masaafada Tripoli|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Hun%2C+Libya |access-date=22 November 2016|publisher=Wolframa}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Bandhiga Dalxiiska ee Dayrta Caalamiga ah&quot;, waa bandhig sannadle ah oo caadi ahaan la qabto dhammaadka Sebtembar. Waxaa la soo qabanqaabiyaa afar maalmood sannad walba laga bilaabo 1996. Waxaa looga golleeyahay kor u qaadista dalxiiska iyo dhaqanka waxaana la soo qabanqaabiyaa riwaayado iyo bandhigyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bandhiga xagaaga ee Khoms wuxuu bilaabmaa; Bandhiga Hun ee loo qorsheeyay Oktoobar|url=https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/08/26/khoms-summer-festival-starts-hun-festival-planned-for-october/|access-date=12 November 2016|publisher=Libya Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
*[[Liiska magaalooyinka Libya]]
*[[Libyan Desert|Saxaraha Saxaraha]]

==Fiiro gaar ah==
{{Reflist|20em}} 

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
*[http://lexicorient.com/libya/houn.htm Lexicorient - Hun, magaalada tahriibta]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071009114829/http://www.almouftahtours.com/eng/events.htm Almouftahtours.com - Bandhigyada Liibiya]

{{coord|29|07|16|N|15|56|25|E|region:LY_type:city|display=title}}</text>
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    <title>Ghat, Liibiya</title>
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      <text bytes="14733" sha1="fexps9vtmqvgmj2q5b8ta131d0v46oa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Ghat
|other_name             = 
|native_name            = {{lang|ar|غات}}
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = [[Magaalo]]
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = Medina ghat.jpg
|imagesize              = 240px
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     = 
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           =
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            =Libya
|pushpin_label_position =midig
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Libya
|pushpin_relief         = yes
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Ghat District|Ghat]]
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 
|area_land_km2            = 
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2017
|population_footnotes           = 
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 15,000
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimo
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +02:00
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|24|57|34|N|10|10|33|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;ref name=wolfram&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Gat,+Libya|title=Wolfram-Alpha: Aqoonta adduunka oo la xisaabin karo|website=www.wolframalpha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|elevation_m            = 668
|elevation_ft           = 
&lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka]]
| registration_plate      = 32
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}

'''Ghat''' ({{langx|ar|غات}}) waa caasimadda [[Degmada Ghat]] ee gobolka [[Fezzan]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee [[Libya]], waxayna ku taallaa bariga xadka [[Algeria]] iyo [[Algeria–Libya border|xadka Liibiya]].

[[File:Map Djanet-Ghat.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda muuqaalka dhulka ee xadka Algeria-Liibiya iyadoo Ghat ay ku taal bartamaha]]

==Taariikhda==
Xilliyadii taariikhiga ahaa, Ghat waxay ahayd goob muhiim ah oo lagu hakado oo ku taal [[trans-Saharan trade route|dariiqyada ganacsiga saxaraha ka gudba]] iyo xarun maamul oo muhiim ah oo ku taal [[Fezzan]]. Waxay ahayd qalcad u ah federaalka [[Kel Ajjer]] ee [[Tuareg people|Tuareg-ta]] oo dhulkoodu daboolay inta badan koonfur-galbeed ee Liibiya—oo ay ku jiraan [[Ubari]], [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] iyo [[Ghadames]], iyo koonfur-bari ee [[Algeria]] ([[Djanet]] iyo [[Illizi]]).

Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 5-aad ee BC ilaa qarnigii 5-aad ee AD, Fezzan waxay ahayd hoyga [[Garamantian Empire|Boqortooyada Garamantian]], oo ah magaalo-gobol oo maamuli jirtay dariiqyada ganacsiga Trans-Saharan ee u dhexeeya [[Carthaginians]]—iyo markii dambe [[Roman Empire|Boqortooyada Roomaanka]]—iyo gobollada [[Sahel]] ee [[West Africa|Galbeedka]] iyo [[Central Africa|Bartamaha Afrika]]. Intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 13-aad iyo 14-aad, qaybo ka mid ah Fezzan waxay qayb ka ahaayeen [[Kanem Empire|Boqortooyada Kanem]], halka taliyayaasha [[Ottoman Empire|Cismaaniyiinta]] ee [[North Africa|Waqooyiga Afrika]] ay gacanta ku dhigeen gobolka qarnigii 17-aad. Ghat iyo dadka deggan waxaa si faahfaahsan ugu sharraxay socdaalkii Ingiriiska [[James Richardson (explorer)|James Richardson]] safaradiisii uu ku maray saxaraha Liibiya ee 1845–1846.&lt;ref&gt;TRAVELS IN THE GREAT DESERT OF SAHARA, IN THE YEARS OF 1845 AND 1846 CONTAINING A NARRATIVE OF PERSONAL ADVENTURES, DURING A TOUR OF NINE MONTHS THROUGH THE DESERT, AMONGST THE TOUARICKS AND OTHER TRIBES OF SAHARAN PEOPLE; INCLUDING A DESCRIPTION OF THE OASES AND CITIES OF GHAT, GHADAMES, AND MOURZUK BY JAMES RICHARDSON Project Gutenberg Release Date: July 17, 2007 [EBook #22094] Last Updated: April 7, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;

Laga bilaabo 1911, Ghat iyo Fezzan waxaa qabsaday Talyaaniga. [[Berber people|Berber]] iyo Carabta raacsan amarka diiniga ah ee [[Sufi|Sufi]], [[Sanusiya]], ayaa iska caabiyay isku-daygii hore ee Talyaaniga ee qabsashada, xakamaynta Talyaaniga ee gobolka waxay ahayd mid aan degganayn ilaa ugu yaraan 1923, markii uu kacay nidaamka [[Fascist|Fashiistaha]] Talyaaniga. Si ay u difaacaan goobahooda, Talyaanigu waxay dhisteen [[Fortress of Ghat|Qalcadda Ghat]] oo magaalada ka dulaysa buurta Koukemen. Qalcaddan weli way taagan tahay, waana goob dalxiis oo magaalada ka mid ah.

Intii lagu jiray [[Second World War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], Ghat waxaa qabsaday [[France|Faransiiska]] laga bilaabo 1943. 21-kii Noofambar 1949, [[United Nations General Assembly|Golaha Guud ee Qaramada Midoobay]] wuxuu ansixiyay qaraar sheegaya in Liibiya ay noqoto mid madax-bannaan ka hor 1-da Janaayo 1952. Gobolka Fezzan ayaa markaas lagu daray xuduudaha [[Kingdom of Libya|Boqortooyada Liibiya]].

==Cimilada==
Ghat waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocida cimilada Köppen]] ''BWh'') oo caadi u ah [[Fezzan]], gobol Liibiya ah oo ku yaal bartamaha [[Sahara Desert|Saxaraha Saxaraha]]. Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya wuxuu ka badan yahay 40&amp;nbsp;°C (104&amp;nbsp;°F) xagaaga muddo 3 bilood ah (Juun, Luulyo, Agoosto) iyo celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya wuxuu ka sarreeyaa 20&amp;nbsp;°C (68&amp;nbsp;°F) bisha ugu qabow sanadka. Maalmaha jiilaalka waa kuwo aad u kulul, qorrax leh oo qalalan. Celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah waa kaliya 8&amp;nbsp;mm (0.32&amp;nbsp;in) taas oo ka dhigaysa goobta mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu qalalan Dhulka. Cirku had iyo jeer waa cad yahay oo dhalaalaya sanadka oo dhan.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bishii Juun 2019 waxaa jiray daadad waaweyn oo sababay burbur weyn oo soo gaaray magaalada. Kumanaan dadka deggan ayaa go'doonsanaa waxaana la soo sheegay in yar oo dhimatay ama la la'yahay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kumanaan go'doonsan oo ku jira daadadkii burburiyay Ghat, koonfur-galbeed ee Liibiya |url=https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/thousands-stranded-flood-ravaged-ghat-southwestern-libya |website=www.libyaobserver.ly |language=en |access-date=2019-06-08 |archive-date=2022-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208221419/https://www.libyaobserver.ly/news/thousands-stranded-flood-ravaged-ghat-southwestern-libya |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Weather box
|location = Ghat (1991–2020)
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
| Jan record high C = 34.3
| Feb record high C = 38.0
| Mar record high C = 39.0
| Apr record high C = 43.0
| May record high C = 44.5
| Jun record high C = 46.0
| Jul record high C = 46.0
| Aug record high C = 44.5
| Sep record high C = 44.0
| Oct record high C = 41.8
| Nov record high C = 37.0
| Dec record high C = 34.5
| year record high C = 46.0
|Jan high C = 20.5
|Feb high C = 23.6
|Mar high C = 28.6
|Apr high C = 33.5
|May high C = 37.6
|Jun high C = 40.2
|Jul high C = 40.4
|Aug high C = 39.9
|Sep high C = 38.2
|Oct high C = 33.8
|Nov high C = 27.5
|Dec high C = 22.3
|year high C = 32.2
|Jan mean C = 12.6
|Feb mean C = 15.5
|Mar mean C = 20.6
|Apr mean C = 25.9
|May mean C = 30.3
|Jun mean C = 33.2
|Jul mean C = 33.3
|Aug mean C = 33.0
|Sep mean C = 31.3
|Oct mean C = 26.6
|Nov mean C = 19.8
|Dec mean C = 14.6
|year mean C = 24.7
|Jan low C = 4.8
|Feb low C = 7.4
|Mar low C = 12.6
|Apr low C = 18.3
|May low C = 23.1
|Jun low C = 26.2
|Jul low C = 26.2
|Aug low C = 26.1
|Sep low C = 24.3
|Oct low C = 19.3
|Nov low C = 12.1
|Dec low C = 6.9
|year low C = 17.3
| Jan record low C = -3.0
| Feb record low C = -4.5
| Mar record low C = -1.0
| Apr record low C = 7.5
| May record low C = 8.3
| Jun record low C = 1.6
| Jul record low C = 19.0
| Aug record low C = 18.5
| Sep record low C = 16.2
| Oct record low C = 4.5
| Nov record low C = 0.5
| Dec record low C = -3.0
| year record low C = -4.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 1.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 0.3
|Mar precipitation mm = 1.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 0.8
|May precipitation mm = 0.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 1.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 2.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 0.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 0.7
|year precipitation mm = 10.7
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.2
| Feb precipitation days = 0.1
| Mar precipitation days = 0.2
| Apr precipitation days = 0.2
| May precipitation days = 0.2
| Jun precipitation days = 0.2
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0
| Aug precipitation days = 0.3
| Sep precipitation days = 0.1
| Oct precipitation days = 0.3
| Nov precipitation days = 0.1
| Dec precipitation days = 0.2
| year precipitation days = 2.1
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]&lt;ref name=WMOCLINO&gt;{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230911040353/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/GHAT_62212.csv
| archive-date = 11 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/GHAT_62212.csv
| title = Ghat Climate Normals 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 11 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Maanta==
Sannadihii 2000-meeyadii Ghat, oo ah magaalo xero ah, waxay ahayd goobtii ay is rasaasayn ku dhex martay ciidamada amniga Liibiya iyo dagaalyahanno xiriir la leh [[al-Qaeda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Warren|first=Alex|date=24 August 2011|access-date=11 September 2011|title=Liibiya: ka waran koonfurta?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/24/libya-forgotten-south}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ololehii [[Fezzan campaign]] iyo xuduudaha dhow waxay ahaayeen qaybaha gobolka ee Ghat ku daray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]]. 25-kii Sebtembar 2011, dagaalku wuxuu u guuray Ghat halkaas oo hadhaagii ugu dambeeyay ee daacad u ahaa Gaddafi ee Fezzan la sheegay in la geeyay.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8787721/Dumped-in-the-desert-...-Gaddafis-yellowcake-stockpile.html|title=La tuuray saxaraha ... Kaydka yellowcake ee Gaddafi|agency=The Telegraph|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=25 September 2011|access-date=9 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciidamada NTC ayaa gudaha u galay, waxayna la wareegeen garoonka diyaaradaha ee Ghat, oo ku yaal waqooyiga magaalada.&lt;ref name=libyatv&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.libya.tv/2011/10/%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ba%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007051309/http://www.libya.tv/2011/10/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-07|title=فيديو: السيطرة على مطار غات الدولي|agency=Libya TV}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maalintii xigtay, NTC waxay gacanta ku haysay magaalada lafteeda iyo isgoyska xadka Tinkarine ee Algeria. Laga bilaabo horraantii 2019, magaalada waxaa gacanta ku haya [[Libyan National Army|Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya]]&lt;ref&gt;https://libyaherald.com/2019/03/lna-claims-control-of-ghat-and-awainat/&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Dalxiiska===
[[File:Fortress medina ghat.jpeg|270px|thumb|[[Fortress of Ghat|Qalcadda Ghat]]]]
Ghat waa [[tourist destination|goob dalxiis]] muhiim ah sababtoo ah jiritaanka [[Cave painting|rinjiyeynta dhagaxa]] ee taariikhiga ah iyo [[Petroglyph|sawirada lagu xardhay dhagaxa]] ee buuraha deriska la ah [[Tadrart Acacus]] iyo [[Tassili N'Ajjer]], marka lagu daro quruxda muuqaalka saxaraha ku hareeraysan. Dalxiis weyn oo soo jiidasho leh oo ku yaal magaalada lafteeda waa [[Fortress of Ghat|Qalcadda Ghat]] ee ku taal buurta Koukemen.

[[Ghat Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Ghat]] waa garoonka diyaaradaha ee maxalliga ah ee Ghat.

==Sidoo kale eeg==
{{Commons category|Ghat}}

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}
*Jami Bey, &quot;Ghat iyo hareeraheeda&quot;, ''The Geographical Journal'' Vol. 34, No. 2 Agoosto 1909, pp.&amp;nbsp;171–173

{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Ghadames</title>
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&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
| official_name            = Ghadames
| native_name              = {{lang|ar|غدامس}}
| nickname                 = 
| settlement_type          = Magaalo
| motto                    = &lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
| image_skyline            = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Ghadames Mosque.jpg
| photo2a = Old_Ghadames_(5282815851).jpg
| photo2b = Ghadames - Altstadt mit Palmenhain.jpg
| size = 300
| spacing = 2
| color = transparent
| border = 0
}}
| imagesize                = 
| image_caption            = Saacad ahaan ka bilaabmaysa xagga sare: &lt;br&gt; Masaajidka Ghadames, Magaalada Hore, muuqaalka waddada magaalada hore
| image_flag               = 
| flag_size                = 
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| image_shield             = 
| shield_size              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| blank_emblem_size        = 
| image_map                = 
| mapsize                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| image_dot_map            = 
| dot_mapsize              = 
| dot_map_caption          = 
| dot_x                    = 
| dot_y                    = 
| pushpin_map              = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position   = hoose
| pushpin_map_caption      = Goobta ay ku taal Libya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;| subdivision_type         = Waddan
| subdivision_name         = {{LBY}}
| subdivision_type1        = Gobol
| subdivision_name1        = [[Tripolitania]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Nalut District|Nalut]]
| subdivision_type3        = 
| subdivision_name3        = 
| subdivision_type4        = 
| subdivision_name4        = &lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes     = 
| government_type          = 
| leader_title             = 
| leader_name              = 
| leader_title1            = 
| leader_name1             = 
| leader_title2            = 
| leader_name2             = 
| leader_title3            = 
| leader_name3             = 
| leader_title4            = 
| leader_name4             = 
| established_title        = &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
| established_date         = 
| established_title2       = &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
| established_date2        = 
| established_title3       = &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
| established_date3        = &lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude           = 
| unit_pref                = Imperial 
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| area_blank1_title        = 
| area_blank1_km2          = 
| area_blank1_sq_mi        = &lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
| population_footnotes     =&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html ''Der Spiegel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065516/http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, 2011 Aug 23&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_note          = 
| population_density_km2   = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_metro         = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban         = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title  = Qowmiyado
| population_blank1        = 
| population_blank2_title  = Diimo
| population_blank2        = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = &lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone                 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset               = +2
| timezone_DST             = 
| utc_offset_DST           = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|30|8|N|9|30|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes      =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Ghadames|title=Wolfram-Alpha: Aqoonta adduunka oo la xisaabin karo|website=www.wolframalpha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation_m              = 589
| elevation_ft             = &lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
| postal_code_type         = 
| postal_code              = 
| area_code                = 
| blank_name               = 
| blank_info               = 
| blank1_name              = 
| blank1_info              = 
| website                  = 
| footnotes                = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1            = WHS
| designation1_offname    = Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès
| designation1_date       = 1986
| designation1_number     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362 |title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2018-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation1_criteria   = v
| designation1_type       = Dhaqan
| designation1_free1name  = Gobol
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Waddamada Carabta]]
| designation1_meaning of name =
}}
| registration_plate_type  = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka]]
| registration_plate       = 17
| population_est           = 10,000
| pop_est_as_of            = 2011
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
 
'''Ghadames''' ama '''Ghadamis''' {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|m|ᵻ|s}} ([[Ghadamès language|Ghadamsi]]: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / ''Ɛadēməs'' [ʕadeːməs], {{langx|ar|غدامس}}, {{langx|it|Gadames}}) waa magaalo [[oasis|oosis]] ah oo ku taal [[Degmada Nalut]] ee gobolka [[Tripolitania]] ee waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Libya]].

Ghadames, oo loo yaqaan 'luulka saxaraha', waxay ku taallaa oosis. Waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee saxaraha ka hor waxayna tusaale u tahay degsiimo dhaqameed. Naqshadeeda guriyeynta waxaa lagu gartaa qaybinta tooska ah ee hawlaha: dabaqa hoose waxaa loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaydiyo sahayda; dabaqa koowaad waa qoyska, oo dul saaran waddooyin daboolan oo abuura wax ku dhow shabakad dhulka hoostiisa ah; iyo, xagga sare, sagxadaha hawada u furan oo loogu talagalay haweenka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362/|title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2016-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafi==
Ghadames waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|462|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], meel u dhow [[Algeria–Libya border|xuduudaha Algeria]] iyo [[Libya–Tunisia border|Tunisia]]. Ghadames waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Illizi Province]], Algeria iyo [[Tataouine Governorate]], Tunisia.

Oosis-ku wuxuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu kor u dhaafayso 10,000, badidooduna waa [[Berber people|Berber]]. Qaybta hore ee magaalada, oo ay ku wareegsan tahay [[city wall|darbi magaalada]], waxaa lagu dhawaaqay goob [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]]. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah toddobada qabiil ee ku noolaan jiray qaybtan magaalada waxay lahayd degmo u gaar ah, oo mid kasta ay lahayd goob dadweyne oo loogu dabaaldegi karo xafladaha.

==Cimilada==
Ghadames waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocida cimilada Köppen]] ''BWh'') oo leh xagaa kulul maadaama celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay ku dhawaad 41°C (105.8°F) bisha Luulyo, oo ah bisha ugu kulul sanadka, iyo sidoo kale jiilaal qabow (oo leh isbeddel heerkul maalmeed sare). Magaaladu waxay heshaa roob yar sanadka oo dhan maadaama celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah uu yahay kaliya 73.1 mm (1.30 in).

{{Weather box
|width = 30
|location= Ghadames (1991–2020, heerkulka ugu sarreeya iyo kan hoose 1913–2020)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 29.0 |Jan record low C = -2.0
|Feb record high C = 37.5 |Feb record low C = -3.0
|Mar record high C = 38.8 |Mar record low C = 1.5
|Apr record high C = 44.0 |Apr record low C = 3.4
|May record high C = 45.3 |May record low C = 9.8
|Jun record high C = 47.0 |Jun record low C = 14.4
|Jul record high C = 48.0 |Jul record low C = 17.0
|Aug record high C = 47.5 |Aug record low C = 16.7
|Sep record high C = 45.0 |Sep record low C = 11.5
|Oct record high C = 43.3 |Oct record low C = 7.5
|Nov record high C = 38.0 |Nov record low C = -1.0
|Dec record high C = 33.0 |Dec record low C = -2.5
|year record high C =   |year record low C = 
| Jan high C = 18.2
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 25.3
| Apr high C = 30.5
| May high C = 35.7
| Jun high C = 39.7
| Jul high C = 41.5
| Aug high C = 40.8
| Sep high C = 37.7
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 24.4
| Dec high C = 19.0
| year high C = 30.5
| Jan mean C = 11.4
| Feb mean C = 13.7
| Mar mean C = 18.1
| Apr mean C = 22.9
| May mean C = 27.9
| Jun mean C = 31.7
| Jul mean C = 33.4
| Aug mean C = 32.9
| Sep mean C = 30.3
| Oct mean C = 24.9
| Nov mean C = 17.5
| Dec mean C = 12.5
| year mean C = 23.1
| Jan low C = 4.6
| Feb low C = 6.7
| Mar low C = 10.9
| Apr low C = 15.4
| May low C = 20.2
| Jun low C = 23.7
| Jul low C = 25.2
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 22.9
| Oct low C = 17.7
| Nov low C = 10.6
| Dec low C = 5.9
| year low C = 15.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 4.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 5.2
| Mar precipitation mm = 5.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 2.4
| May precipitation mm = 1.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 2.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 3.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 3.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 4.8
| year precipitation mm = 34.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.8
| Feb precipitation days = 0.8
| Mar precipitation days = 0.8
| Apr precipitation days = 0.5
| May precipitation days = 0.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0
| Aug precipitation days = 0.0
| Sep precipitation days = 0.4
| Oct precipitation days = 0.6
| Nov precipitation days = 0.7
| Dec precipitation days = 0.9
| year precipitation days = 5.9
|Jan humidity = 52
|Feb humidity = 41
|Mar humidity = 36
|Apr humidity = 28
|May humidity = 26
|Jun humidity = 22
|Jul humidity = 22
|Aug humidity = 23
|Sep humidity = 29
|Oct humidity = 35
|Nov humidity = 47
|Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 34
|Jan sun = 248.0
|Feb sun = 240.1
|Mar sun = 257.3
|Apr sun = 273.0
|May sun = 313.1
|Jun sun = 309.0
|Jul sun = 372.0
|Aug sun = 353.4
|Sep sun = 273.0
|Oct sun = 263.5
|Nov sun = 246.0
|Dec sun = 232.5
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 8.0
|Febd sun = 8.5
|Mard sun = 8.3
|Aprd sun = 9.1
|Mayd sun = 10.1
|Jund sun = 10.3
|Juld sun = 12.0
|Augd sun = 11.4
|Sepd sun = 9.1
|Octd sun = 8.5
|Novd sun = 8.2
|Decd sun = 7.5
|yeard sun = 9.3
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMONormals&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/GHADAMES_62103.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jalo
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (heerkulka ugu sarreeya/hoose iyo qoyaanka),&lt;ref name = DWD&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_621030_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Ghadames / Libyen
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 27 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arab Meteorology Book (qorraxda kaliya)&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data
| publisher = Springer
| access-date = 27 March 2016
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Taariikhda==

===Xilliyadii hore===
[[File:Libya 4432 Ghadames Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Guryaha Ghadames waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhoobo, lime, iyo jirridda geedaha timirta oo leh waddooyin daboolan oo u dhexeeya si ay u bixiyaan hoy wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka xagaaga.]]
Waxaa la soo jeediyay, oo ku salaysan caddaymo qadiimi ah, in aaggan la degganaa tan iyo 4-tii kun ee sano ee B.C., waana mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn saxaraha ka hor. Xaaladdeeda oo u dhow il biyo ah oo ku taal bartamaha saxaraha ayaa ka dhigtay meel muhiim ah qof kasta oo doonaya inuu dejiyo aagga.

Diiwaannada ugu horreeya ee qoran ee ku saabsan Ghadames waxay soo bilaabmaan xilligii Roomaanka markii degsiimada loo yaqaanay '''Cydamus''', taas oo Ghadames casriga ah ay ka soo jeeddo magaceeda. Qarnigii 1-aad ee BC, Roomaankii [[proconsul|proconsul]] [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)|Lucius Cornelius Balbus]] ayaa duullaan ku qaaday Cydamus xilligii boqortooyada [[Augustus]].&lt;ref name=temehughadames&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/Ghadames.htm |title=Ghadames (Ghudamis), Cydamus: Luulka Saxaraha Liibiya |publisher=Temehu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciidan Roomaan ah oo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligii boqortooyada [[Septimius Severus]], waxaana laga yaabaa in boqorku uu booqday degsiimada ku dhow AD 202.&lt;ref&gt;Birley, Anthony R. ''Septimius Severus: Boqorka Afrika''. London: Routledge. (2000) [1971]. pg 147.&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Roomaanku waxay ka baxeen aagga dhowr sano ka dib intii lagu jiray [[Crisis of the Third Century|Dhibaatadii Qarnigii Saddexaad]].

Qarnigii 6-aad, baadari ayaa ku noolaa oosis-ka, ka dib markii dadweynaha loo beddelay Masiixiyadda by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] wadaaddo. Waxay noqotay qalcad u ah [[Donatism|Donatist]] bidco ilaa [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|qabsashadii Carabta Muslimiinta]].

Dhamaadkii qarnigii 7-aad, Ghadames waxaa xukumayay Carabta Muslimiinta. Dadweynuhu waxay si dhakhso ah ugu beddeleen [[Islam|Islaamka]] Ghadames waxayna ka ciyaareen door muhiim ah saldhig ahaan [[Trans-Saharan trade|ganacsiga Saxaraha ka gudba]] ilaa qarnigii 19-aad.

Qarnigii 12-aad ee juqraafi [[Abu Hamid al-Gharnati]] wuxuu ku daray Ghadamis waddamada [[Sudan (region)|Suudaan]] (i.e., waddamada dadka madow), saadaal uu Saad u arko mid suurtagal ah, maadaama Ghadamis had iyo jeer lahayd degganayaal u matalaya [[Timbuktu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Saad | first=Elias N. | year=1983 | title=Taariikhda Bulshada ee Timbuktu: Doorka Aqoonyahanada Muslimiinta iyo kuwa caanka ah 1400–1900 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | page= 8-9 | isbn=0-521-24603-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghadamis waxay ahayd magaalo muhiim ah oo ku taal [[trans-Saharan slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba - tilmaamo ka yimid falanqaynta interpolation iyo sifo-u-qaabaynta heerkul-sare ee khadadka mitochondrial DNA (Harich et al. 2010) |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-138 |pmid=20459715 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McLachlan&quot;&gt;K. S. McLachlan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/622157 &quot;Tripoli iyo Tripolitania: Isku dhaca iyo Midnimada muddadii ay jireen Barbary Corsairs (1551–1850)&quot;], ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'', Taxanaha Cusub, Vol. 3, No. 3, Degsiimada iyo Isku dhaca dunida Mediterranean-ka. (1978), pp. 285-294.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Magaca==
Magaca Ghadames wuxuu aad ugu xiran yahay taariikhdeeda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in magaca Ghadames uu asal ahaan ku xiran yahay magaca qabiilka hore ee [[Berber people|Berber]] ee [[Tidamensi]], qabiil ka yimid [[Fezzan]]. Waxa kale oo la rumeysan yahay in magaca Tidamensi ay musuqmaasuqeen Roomaankii soo duulay si ay u sameeyaan magaca Cydamus, kaas oo markii dambe u banneeyay magaca Ghadames.&lt;ref name=temehughadames /&gt;

===1900s–maanta===
Oktoobar 1911, wax yar ka dib markii [[Italo-Turkish War|Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki]] uu dillaacay, Ghadames waxaa qabsaday askar Talyaani ah oo ka soo socdaalay [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xakamaynta Talyaaniga ee magaalada ayaa la hakiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Juun 1915, markii kacdoon guud oo ka dhacay Liibiya uu sababay in ciidamada Talyaaniga ay ka baxaan Ghadames ilaa qalcadda Tripoli. Xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee magaalada ayaa dib loo soo celiyay Diseembar 1918, laakiin kacdoon ka dhacay [[Fezzan]] ayaa ka dhigay Ghadames xaalad degdeg ah ilaa 1923.

1943, ciidamada Faransiiska ee Xorta ah ayaa qabsaday Ghadames iyo aaggeeda ku hareeraysan qaybta koonfureed ee gumeystihii hore ee Talyaaniga ee [[Libya]], iyagoo samaynaya [[Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)|Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames]] ilaa madax-bannaanida Liibiya 1951. Ghadames waxaa laga dhigay caasimadda dhulka muddadaas.

1970-meeyadii, dawladdu waxay dhistay guryo cusub oo ka baxsan qaybta hore ee magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan oo deggan ayaa ku soo laabta qaybta hore ee magaalada inta lagu jiro xagaaga, maadaama naqshadeedu ay bixiso ilaalin wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka.

Waqtigaas oo kale, agaasime [[Moustapha Akkad]] wuxuu doortay Ghadames inuu yahay goob filim loogu talagalay muuqaallada gudaha ee magaalada [[Medina, Saudi Arabia|Medina]] gudaha ''[[The Message (1976 film)|The Message]]'', filim riwaayad Islaami ah oo epic ah.

Intii lagu jiray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]], ciidamada [[National Transitional Council|Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka Qaranka]] ayaa galay magaalada 30-kii Agoosto 2011, kuwaas oo ay go'doomiyeen ciidamada NTC tan iyo bilowgii khilaafka. Ilaa 2011, magaaladu waxay ahayd gacanta ciidamo Tuareg ah oo madax bannaan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/24/libya-forgotten-south Liibiya: ka waran koonfurta?] [[The Guardian]], 24 Agoosto 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Ka dib markii ay qabsadeen [[Libyan National Army|Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya]], dhammaan bulshada Tuareg waxaa lagu qasbay inay cararaan fal [[ethnic cleansing|nadiifinta qowmiyadda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |title=Tuaregs Liibiya oo u cararaya Algeria iyadoo ay jiraan warar sheegaya nadiifinta qowmiyadda |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072443/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |archive-date=2017-10-18 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14948319|title=Tuareg-ta Liibiya ayaa wajahaya aargudasho|first=Justin|last=Marozzi|work=BBC News |date=18 Sebtembar 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magaalada Hore ee Ghadames ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2011}}
Magaalada hore, oo la diiwaangeliyay 1986 sidii [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]], waxaa laga qaaday dadkeedii degganaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii, taas oo ka dhigtay dhismayaashii hore inay khatar ugu jiraan inay dumaan iyadoo ay sabab u tahay dayactir la'aan.&lt;ref&gt;Wargeyska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka, No.9, Diseembar 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa lagu daray [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira]] ilaa 2016 oo ay weheliyaan afar goobood oo kale oo ku yaal Liibiya, sababtoo ah burburka ay sababeen [[Libyan Civil War (2011–present)|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]] oo saameeyay dalka iyo khatarta burbur dheeraad ah oo ay keento.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1523/|title=Shan goobood oo Dhaxalgal ah oo Liibiya ka mid ah ayaa lagu daray Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gallery===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Inside of small dwelling.JPG|Muuqaalka gudaha ee guri yar
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Spring Water Pool.JPG|Barkadda Biyaha Guga ee Magaalada Hore
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Wall Entrance.JPG|Iridda Darbiga Magaalada Hore
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Fruit Trees.JPG|Geedaha Midhaha ee Magaalada Hore
Image:بيوت غدامس القديمة من الأعلى.jpg|Sawir hawada sare laga qaaday oo magaalada hore ah. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{wide image|Ghadames Panorama April 2004.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Muuqaalka saqafyada magaalada hore ee Ghadames}}
{{clear}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Ghadames Museum]]
* [[Ghadames Airport]]
* [[List of cities in Libya|Liiska magaalooyinka Liibiya]]

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}

==Akhris dheeraad ah==
* {{cite book |title=En Tripolitaine: Socdaalka Ghadames |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/rsentripolitaine00bernuoft#page/128/mode/2up |chapter=Ghadames  |publisher = Fontemoing |publication-place = Paris |author = Edmond Bernet |publication-date = 1912 |language=fr }}
* [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00128855/document Lafi (Nora) &quot;Ghadamès cité-oasis entre empire ottoman et colonisation&quot;]&quot; in Federico Cresti (ed.), ''La Libia tra Mediterraneo e mondo islamico'', Giuffrè, pp.&amp;nbsp;55–70, 2006

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category|Ghadames}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ghadames}}
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/56/Ghadamis.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.: &quot;Ghadamis, Liibiya&quot;]
* Azzouz, Intisar (1980) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060226194550/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/2722/doc/DPC0125.pdf &quot;Ghadames, Liibiya&quot;] ''In'' Safran, Linda (ed) (1980) ''Goobaha Isugu imaatinka Dadweynaha ee Islaamka: dacwadaha siminaarka shanaad ee taxanaha isbeddellada dhismaha ee dunida Islaamka, oo lagu qabtay Amman, Jordan, 4–7 May'' Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Philadelphia, {{OCLC|7208199}}; sawirrada Ghadames.
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      <text bytes="22024" sha1="b5heb4papdk2ffhhfd81a4wzbu5xdz9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
| official_name            = Ghadames
| native_name              = {{lang|ar|غدامس}}
| nickname                 = 
| settlement_type          = Magaalo
| motto                    = &lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
| image_skyline            = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Ghadames Mosque.jpg
| photo2a = Old_Ghadames_(5282815851).jpg
| photo2b = Ghadames - Altstadt mit Palmenhain.jpg
| size = 300
| spacing = 2
| color = transparent
| border = 0
}}
| imagesize                = 
| image_caption            = Saacad ahaan ka bilaabmaysa xagga sare: &lt;br&gt; Masaajidka Ghadames, Magaalada Hore, muuqaalka waddada magaalada hore
| image_flag               = 
| flag_size                = 
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| image_shield             = 
| shield_size              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| blank_emblem_size        = 
| image_map                = 
| mapsize                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| image_dot_map            = 
| dot_mapsize              = 
| dot_map_caption          = 
| dot_x                    = 
| dot_y                    = 
| pushpin_map              = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position   = hoose
| pushpin_map_caption      = Goobta ay ku taal Libya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;| subdivision_type         = Waddan
| subdivision_name         = {{LBY}}
| subdivision_type1        = Gobol
| subdivision_name1        = [[Tripolitania]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Nalut District|Nalut]]
| subdivision_type3        = 
| subdivision_name3        = 
| subdivision_type4        = 
| subdivision_name4        = &lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes     = 
| government_type          = 
| leader_title             = 
| leader_name              = 
| leader_title1            = 
| leader_name1             = 
| leader_title2            = 
| leader_name2             = 
| leader_title3            = 
| leader_name3             = 
| leader_title4            = 
| leader_name4             = 
| established_title        = &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
| established_date         = 
| established_title2       = &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
| established_date2        = 
| established_title3       = &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
| established_date3        = &lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude           = 
| unit_pref                = Imperial 
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| area_blank1_title        = 
| area_blank1_km2          = 
| area_blank1_sq_mi        = &lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
| population_footnotes     =&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html ''Der Spiegel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065516/http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, 2011 Aug 23&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_note          = 
| population_density_km2   = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_metro         = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban         = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title  = Qowmiyado
| population_blank1        = 
| population_blank2_title  = Diimo
| population_blank2        = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = &lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone                 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset               = +2
| timezone_DST             = 
| utc_offset_DST           = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|30|8|N|9|30|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes      =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Ghadames|title=Wolfram-Alpha: Aqoonta adduunka oo la xisaabin karo|website=www.wolframalpha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation_m              = 589
| elevation_ft             = &lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
| postal_code_type         = 
| postal_code              = 
| area_code                = 
| blank_name               = 
| blank_info               = 
| blank1_name              = 
| blank1_info              = 
| website                  = 
| footnotes                = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1            = WHS
| designation1_offname    = Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès
| designation1_date       = 1986
| designation1_number     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362 |title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2018-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation1_criteria   = v
| designation1_type       = Dhaqan
| designation1_free1name  = Gobol
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Waddamada Carabta]]
| designation1_meaning of name =
}}
| registration_plate_type  = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka]]
| registration_plate       = 17
| population_est           = 10,000
| pop_est_as_of            = 2011
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
 
'''Ghadames''' ama '''Ghadamis''' {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|m|ᵻ|s}} ([[Ghadamès language|Ghadamsi]]: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / ''Ɛadēməs'' [ʕadeːməs], {{langx|ar|غدامس}}, {{langx|it|Gadames}}) waa magaalo [[oasis|oosis]] ah oo ku taal [[Degmada Nalut]] ee gobolka [[Tripolitania]] ee waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Libya]].

Ghadames, oo loo yaqaan 'luulka saxaraha', waxay ku taallaa oosis. Waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee saxaraha ka hor waxayna tusaale u tahay degsiimo dhaqameed. Naqshadeeda guriyeynta waxaa lagu gartaa qaybinta tooska ah ee hawlaha: dabaqa hoose waxaa loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaydiyo sahayda; dabaqa koowaad waa qoyska, oo dul saaran waddooyin daboolan oo abuura wax ku dhow shabakad dhulka hoostiisa ah; iyo, xagga sare, sagxadaha hawada u furan oo loogu talagalay haweenka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362/|title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2016-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafi==
Ghadames waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|462|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], meel u dhow [[Algeria–Libya border|xuduudaha Algeria]] iyo [[Libya–Tunisia border|Tunisia]]. Ghadames waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Illizi Province]], Algeria iyo [[Tataouine Governorate]], Tunisia.

Oosis-ku wuxuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu kor u dhaafayso 10,000, badidooduna waa [[Berber people|Berber]]. Qaybta hore ee magaalada, oo ay ku wareegsan tahay [[city wall|darbi magaalada]], waxaa lagu dhawaaqay goob [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]]. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah toddobada qabiil ee ku noolaan jiray qaybtan magaalada waxay lahayd degmo u gaar ah, oo mid kasta ay lahayd goob dadweyne oo loogu dabaaldegi karo xafladaha.

==Cimilada==
Ghadames waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocida cimilada Köppen]] ''BWh'') oo leh xagaa kulul maadaama celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay ku dhawaad 41°C (105.8°F) bisha Luulyo, oo ah bisha ugu kulul sanadka, iyo sidoo kale jiilaal qabow (oo leh isbeddel heerkul maalmeed sare). Magaaladu waxay heshaa roob yar sanadka oo dhan maadaama celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah uu yahay kaliya 73.1 mm (1.30 in).

{{Weather box
|width = 30
|location= Ghadames (1991–2020, heerkulka ugu sarreeya iyo kan hoose 1913–2020)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 29.0 |Jan record low C = -2.0
|Feb record high C = 37.5 |Feb record low C = -3.0
|Mar record high C = 38.8 |Mar record low C = 1.5
|Apr record high C = 44.0 |Apr record low C = 3.4
|May record high C = 45.3 |May record low C = 9.8
|Jun record high C = 47.0 |Jun record low C = 14.4
|Jul record high C = 48.0 |Jul record low C = 17.0
|Aug record high C = 47.5 |Aug record low C = 16.7
|Sep record high C = 45.0 |Sep record low C = 11.5
|Oct record high C = 43.3 |Oct record low C = 7.5
|Nov record high C = 38.0 |Nov record low C = -1.0
|Dec record high C = 33.0 |Dec record low C = -2.5
|year record high C =   |year record low C = 
| Jan high C = 18.2
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 25.3
| Apr high C = 30.5
| May high C = 35.7
| Jun high C = 39.7
| Jul high C = 41.5
| Aug high C = 40.8
| Sep high C = 37.7
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 24.4
| Dec high C = 19.0
| year high C = 30.5
| Jan mean C = 11.4
| Feb mean C = 13.7
| Mar mean C = 18.1
| Apr mean C = 22.9
| May mean C = 27.9
| Jun mean C = 31.7
| Jul mean C = 33.4
| Aug mean C = 32.9
| Sep mean C = 30.3
| Oct mean C = 24.9
| Nov mean C = 17.5
| Dec mean C = 12.5
| year mean C = 23.1
| Jan low C = 4.6
| Feb low C = 6.7
| Mar low C = 10.9
| Apr low C = 15.4
| May low C = 20.2
| Jun low C = 23.7
| Jul low C = 25.2
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 22.9
| Oct low C = 17.7
| Nov low C = 10.6
| Dec low C = 5.9
| year low C = 15.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 4.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 5.2
| Mar precipitation mm = 5.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 2.4
| May precipitation mm = 1.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 2.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 3.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 3.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 4.8
| year precipitation mm = 34.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.8
| Feb precipitation days = 0.8
| Mar precipitation days = 0.8
| Apr precipitation days = 0.5
| May precipitation days = 0.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0
| Aug precipitation days = 0.0
| Sep precipitation days = 0.4
| Oct precipitation days = 0.6
| Nov precipitation days = 0.7
| Dec precipitation days = 0.9
| year precipitation days = 5.9
|Jan humidity = 52
|Feb humidity = 41
|Mar humidity = 36
|Apr humidity = 28
|May humidity = 26
|Jun humidity = 22
|Jul humidity = 22
|Aug humidity = 23
|Sep humidity = 29
|Oct humidity = 35
|Nov humidity = 47
|Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 34
|Jan sun = 248.0
|Feb sun = 240.1
|Mar sun = 257.3
|Apr sun = 273.0
|May sun = 313.1
|Jun sun = 309.0
|Jul sun = 372.0
|Aug sun = 353.4
|Sep sun = 273.0
|Oct sun = 263.5
|Nov sun = 246.0
|Dec sun = 232.5
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 8.0
|Febd sun = 8.5
|Mard sun = 8.3
|Aprd sun = 9.1
|Mayd sun = 10.1
|Jund sun = 10.3
|Juld sun = 12.0
|Augd sun = 11.4
|Sepd sun = 9.1
|Octd sun = 8.5
|Novd sun = 8.2
|Decd sun = 7.5
|yeard sun = 9.3
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMONormals&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/GHADAMES_62103.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jalo
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (heerkulka ugu sarreeya/hoose iyo qoyaanka),&lt;ref name = DWD&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_621030_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Ghadames / Libyen
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 27 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arab Meteorology Book (qorraxda kaliya)&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data
| publisher = Springer
| access-date = 27 March 2016
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Taariikhda==

===Xilliyadii hore===
[[File:Libya 4432 Ghadames Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Guryaha Ghadames waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhoobo, lime, iyo jirridda geedaha timirta oo leh waddooyin daboolan oo u dhexeeya si ay u bixiyaan hoy wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka xagaaga.]]
Waxaa la soo jeediyay, oo ku salaysan caddaymo qadiimi ah, in aaggan la degganaa tan iyo 4-tii kun ee sano ee B.C., waana mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn saxaraha ka hor. Xaaladdeeda oo u dhow il biyo ah oo ku taal bartamaha saxaraha ayaa ka dhigtay meel muhiim ah qof kasta oo doonaya inuu dejiyo aagga.

Diiwaannada ugu horreeya ee qoran ee ku saabsan Ghadames waxay soo bilaabmaan xilligii Roomaanka markii degsiimada loo yaqaanay '''Cydamus''', taas oo Ghadames casriga ah ay ka soo jeeddo magaceeda. Qarnigii 1-aad ee BC, Roomaankii [[proconsul|proconsul]] [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)|Lucius Cornelius Balbus]] ayaa duullaan ku qaaday Cydamus xilligii boqortooyada [[Augustus]].&lt;ref name=temehughadames&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/Ghadames.htm |title=Ghadames (Ghudamis), Cydamus: Luulka Saxaraha Liibiya |publisher=Temehu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciidan Roomaan ah oo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligii boqortooyada [[Septimius Severus]], waxaana laga yaabaa in boqorku uu booqday degsiimada ku dhow AD 202.&lt;ref&gt;Birley, Anthony R. ''Septimius Severus: Boqorka Afrika''. London: Routledge. (2000) [1971]. pg 147.&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Roomaanku waxay ka baxeen aagga dhowr sano ka dib intii lagu jiray [[Crisis of the Third Century|Dhibaatadii Qarnigii Saddexaad]].

Qarnigii 6-aad, baadari ayaa ku noolaa oosis-ka, ka dib markii dadweynaha loo beddelay Masiixiyadda by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] wadaaddo. Waxay noqotay qalcad u ah [[Donatism|Donatist]] bidco ilaa [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|qabsashadii Carabta Muslimiinta]].

Dhamaadkii qarnigii 7-aad, Ghadames waxaa xukumayay Carabta Muslimiinta. Dadweynuhu waxay si dhakhso ah ugu beddeleen [[Islam|Islaamka]] Ghadames waxayna ka ciyaareen door muhiim ah saldhig ahaan [[Trans-Saharan trade|ganacsiga Saxaraha ka gudba]] ilaa qarnigii 19-aad.

Qarnigii 12-aad ee juqraafi [[Abu Hamid al-Gharnati]] wuxuu ku daray Ghadamis waddamada [[Sudan (region)|Suudaan]] (i.e., waddamada dadka madow), saadaal uu Saad u arko mid suurtagal ah, maadaama Ghadamis had iyo jeer lahayd degganayaal u matalaya [[Timbuktu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Saad | first=Elias N. | year=1983 | title=Taariikhda Bulshada ee Timbuktu: Doorka Aqoonyahanada Muslimiinta iyo kuwa caanka ah 1400–1900 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | page= 8-9 | isbn=0-521-24603-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghadamis waxay ahayd magaalo muhiim ah oo ku taal [[trans-Saharan slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba - tilmaamo ka yimid falanqaynta interpolation iyo sifo-u-qaabaynta heerkul-sare ee khadadka mitochondrial DNA (Harich et al. 2010) |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-138 |pmid=20459715 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McLachlan&quot;&gt;K. S. McLachlan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/622157 &quot;Tripoli iyo Tripolitania: Isku dhaca iyo Midnimada muddadii ay jireen Barbary Corsairs (1551–1850)&quot;], ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'', Taxanaha Cusub, Vol. 3, No. 3, Degsiimada iyo Isku dhaca dunida Mediterranean-ka. (1978), pp. 285-294.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Magaca===
Magaca Ghadames wuxuu aad ugu xiran yahay taariikhdeeda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in magaca Ghadames uu asal ahaan ku xiran yahay magaca qabiilka hore ee [[Berber people|Berber]] ee [[Tidamensi]], qabiil ka yimid [[Fezzan]]. Waxa kale oo la rumeysan yahay in magaca Tidamensi ay musuqmaasuqeen Roomaankii soo duulay si ay u sameeyaan magaca Cydamus, kaas oo markii dambe u banneeyay magaca Ghadames.&lt;ref name=temehughadames /&gt;

===1900s–maanta===
Oktoobar 1911, wax yar ka dib markii [[Italo-Turkish War|Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki]] uu dillaacay, Ghadames waxaa qabsaday askar Talyaani ah oo ka soo socdaalay [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xakamaynta Talyaaniga ee magaalada ayaa la hakiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Juun 1915, markii kacdoon guud oo ka dhacay Liibiya uu sababay in ciidamada Talyaaniga ay ka baxaan Ghadames ilaa qalcadda Tripoli. Xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee magaalada ayaa dib loo soo celiyay Diseembar 1918, laakiin kacdoon ka dhacay [[Fezzan]] ayaa ka dhigay Ghadames xaalad degdeg ah ilaa 1923.

1943, ciidamada Faransiiska ee Xorta ah ayaa qabsaday Ghadames iyo aaggeeda ku hareeraysan qaybta koonfureed ee gumeystihii hore ee Talyaaniga ee [[Libya]], iyagoo samaynaya [[Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)|Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames]] ilaa madax-bannaanida Liibiya 1951. Ghadames waxaa laga dhigay caasimadda dhulka muddadaas.

1970-meeyadii, dawladdu waxay dhistay guryo cusub oo ka baxsan qaybta hore ee magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan oo deggan ayaa ku soo laabta qaybta hore ee magaalada inta lagu jiro xagaaga, maadaama naqshadeedu ay bixiso ilaalin wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka.

Waqtigaas oo kale, agaasime [[Moustapha Akkad]] wuxuu doortay Ghadames inuu yahay goob filim loogu talagalay muuqaallada gudaha ee magaalada [[Medina, Saudi Arabia|Medina]] gudaha ''[[The Message (1976 film)|The Message]]'', filim riwaayad Islaami ah oo epic ah.

Intii lagu jiray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]], ciidamada [[National Transitional Council|Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka Qaranka]] ayaa galay magaalada 30-kii Agoosto 2011, kuwaas oo ay go'doomiyeen ciidamada NTC tan iyo bilowgii khilaafka. Ilaa 2011, magaaladu waxay ahayd gacanta ciidamo Tuareg ah oo madax bannaan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/24/libya-forgotten-south Liibiya: ka waran koonfurta?] [[The Guardian]], 24 Agoosto 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Ka dib markii ay qabsadeen [[Libyan National Army|Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya]], dhammaan bulshada Tuareg waxaa lagu qasbay inay cararaan fal [[ethnic cleansing|nadiifinta qowmiyadda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |title=Tuaregs Liibiya oo u cararaya Algeria iyadoo ay jiraan warar sheegaya nadiifinta qowmiyadda |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072443/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |archive-date=2017-10-18 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14948319|title=Tuareg-ta Liibiya ayaa wajahaya aargudasho|first=Justin|last=Marozzi|work=BBC News |date=18 Sebtembar 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magaalada Hore ee Ghadames ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2011}}
Magaalada hore, oo la diiwaangeliyay 1986 sidii [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]], waxaa laga qaaday dadkeedii degganaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii, taas oo ka dhigtay dhismayaashii hore inay khatar ugu jiraan inay dumaan iyadoo ay sabab u tahay dayactir la'aan.&lt;ref&gt;Wargeyska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka, No.9, Diseembar 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa lagu daray [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira]] ilaa 2016 oo ay weheliyaan afar goobood oo kale oo ku yaal Liibiya, sababtoo ah burburka ay sababeen [[Libyan Civil War (2011–present)|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]] oo saameeyay dalka iyo khatarta burbur dheeraad ah oo ay keento.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1523/|title=Shan goobood oo Dhaxalgal ah oo Liibiya ka mid ah ayaa lagu daray Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gallery===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Inside of small dwelling.JPG|Muuqaalka gudaha ee guri yar
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Spring Water Pool.JPG|Barkadda Biyaha Guga ee Magaalada Hore
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Wall Entrance.JPG|Iridda Darbiga Magaalada Hore
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Fruit Trees.JPG|Geedaha Midhaha ee Magaalada Hore
Image:بيوت غدامس القديمة من الأعلى.jpg|Sawir hawada sare laga qaaday oo magaalada hore ah. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{wide image|Ghadames Panorama April 2004.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Muuqaalka saqafyada magaalada hore ee Ghadames}}
{{clear}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Ghadames Museum]]
* [[Ghadames Airport]]
* [[List of cities in Libya|Liiska magaalooyinka Liibiya]]

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}

==Akhris dheeraad ah==
* {{cite book |title=En Tripolitaine: Socdaalka Ghadames |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/rsentripolitaine00bernuoft#page/128/mode/2up |chapter=Ghadames  |publisher = Fontemoing |publication-place = Paris |author = Edmond Bernet |publication-date = 1912 |language=fr }}
* [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00128855/document Lafi (Nora) &quot;Ghadamès cité-oasis entre empire ottoman et colonisation&quot;]&quot; in Federico Cresti (ed.), ''La Libia tra Mediterraneo e mondo islamico'', Giuffrè, pp.&amp;nbsp;55–70, 2006

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category|Ghadames}}
{{EB1911 poster|Ghadames}}
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/56/Ghadamis.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.: &quot;Ghadamis, Liibiya&quot;]
* Azzouz, Intisar (1980) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060226194550/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/2722/doc/DPC0125.pdf &quot;Ghadames, Liibiya&quot;] ''In'' Safran, Linda (ed) (1980) ''Goobaha Isugu imaatinka Dadweynaha ee Islaamka: dacwadaha siminaarka shanaad ee taxanaha isbeddellada dhismaha ee dunida Islaamka, oo lagu qabtay Amman, Jordan, 4–7 May'' Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Philadelphia, {{OCLC|7208199}}; sawirrada Ghadames.
{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="21997" sha1="j36xud990teywe3eel16vaw0fihjc2n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
| official_name            = Ghadames
| native_name              = {{lang|ar|غدامس}}
| nickname                 = 
| settlement_type          = Magaalo
| motto                    = &lt;!-- Sawirrada iyo khariidadaha  -----------&gt;
| image_skyline            = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Ghadames Mosque.jpg
| photo2a = Old_Ghadames_(5282815851).jpg
| photo2b = Ghadames - Altstadt mit Palmenhain.jpg
| size = 300
| spacing = 2
| color = transparent
| border = 0
}}
| imagesize                = 
| image_caption            = Saacad ahaan ka bilaabmaysa xagga sare: &lt;br&gt; Masaajidka Ghadames, Magaalada Hore, muuqaalka waddada magaalada hore
| image_flag               = 
| flag_size                = 
| image_seal               = 
| seal_size                = 
| image_shield             = 
| shield_size              = 
| image_blank_emblem       = 
| blank_emblem_type        = 
| blank_emblem_size        = 
| image_map                = 
| mapsize                  = 
| map_caption              = 
| image_map1               = 
| mapsize1                 = 
| map_caption1             = 
| image_dot_map            = 
| dot_mapsize              = 
| dot_map_caption          = 
| dot_x                    = 
| dot_y                    = 
| pushpin_map              = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
| pushpin_label_position   = hoose
| pushpin_map_caption      = Goobta ay ku taal Libya
&lt;!-- Goobta ------------------&gt;| subdivision_type         = Waddan
| subdivision_name         = {{LBY}}
| subdivision_type1        = Gobol
| subdivision_name1        = [[Tripolitania]]
| subdivision_type2        = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[Nalut District|Nalut]]
| subdivision_type3        = 
| subdivision_name3        = 
| subdivision_type4        = 
| subdivision_name4        = &lt;!-- Siyaasadda -----------------&gt;
| government_footnotes     = 
| government_type          = 
| leader_title             = 
| leader_name              = 
| leader_title1            = 
| leader_name1             = 
| leader_title2            = 
| leader_name2             = 
| leader_title3            = 
| leader_name3             = 
| leader_title4            = 
| leader_name4             = 
| established_title        = &lt;!-- La degay --&gt;
| established_date         = 
| established_title2       = &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo) --&gt;
| established_date2        = 
| established_title3       = &lt;!-- Lagu daray (magaalo weyn) --&gt;
| established_date3        = &lt;!-- Bedka    ---------------------&gt;
| area_magnitude           = 
| unit_pref                = Imperial 
| area_footnotes           = 
| area_total_km2           = 
| area_land_km2            = 
| area_water_km2           = 
| area_total_sq_mi         = 
| area_land_sq_mi          = 
| area_water_sq_mi         = 
| area_water_percent       = 
| area_urban_km2           = 
| area_urban_sq_mi         = 
| area_metro_km2           = 
| area_metro_sq_mi         = 
| area_blank1_title        = 
| area_blank1_km2          = 
| area_blank1_sq_mi        = &lt;!-- Dadweynaha   -----------------------&gt;
| population_footnotes     =&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html ''Der Spiegel''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065516/http://www.spiegel.de/flash/flash-25431.html |date=6 October 2014 }}, 2011 Aug 23&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_note          = 
| population_density_km2   = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_metro         = 
| population_density_metro_km2 = 
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = 
| population_urban         = 
| population_density_urban_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title  = Qowmiyado
| population_blank1        = 
| population_blank2_title  = Diimo
| population_blank2        = 
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = &lt;!-- Macluumaadka guud  ---------------&gt;
| timezone                 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset               = +2
| timezone_DST             = 
| utc_offset_DST           = 
| coordinates              = {{coord|30|8|N|9|30|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes      =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Ghadames|title=Wolfram-Alpha: Aqoonta adduunka oo la xisaabin karo|website=www.wolframalpha.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| elevation_m              = 589
| elevation_ft             = &lt;!-- Xeerarka boostada &amp; kuwa kale --------&gt;
| postal_code_type         = 
| postal_code              = 
| area_code                = 
| blank_name               = 
| blank_info               = 
| blank1_name              = 
| blank1_info              = 
| website                  = 
| footnotes                = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1            = WHS
| designation1_offname    = Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès
| designation1_date       = 1986
| designation1_number     =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362 |title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher=Whc.unesco.org |access-date=2018-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation1_criteria   = v
| designation1_type       = Dhaqan
| designation1_free1name  = Gobol
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Waddamada Carabta]]
| designation1_meaning of name =
}}
| registration_plate_type  = [[Vehicle registration plates of Libya|Koodhka Taarikada Gaadiidka]]
| registration_plate       = 17
| population_est           = 10,000
| pop_est_as_of            = 2011
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
 
'''Ghadames''' ama '''Ghadamis''' {{IPAc-en|ɡ|ə|ˈ|d|æ|m|ᵻ|s}} ([[Ghadamès language|Ghadamsi]]: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / ''Ɛadēməs'' [ʕadeːməs], {{langx|ar|غدامس}}, {{langx|it|Gadames}}) waa magaalo [[oasis|oosis]] ah oo ku taal [[Degmada Nalut]] ee gobolka [[Tripolitania]] ee waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Libya]].

Ghadames, oo loo yaqaan 'luulka saxaraha', waxay ku taallaa oosis. Waa mid ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu da'da weyn ee saxaraha ka hor waxayna tusaale u tahay degsiimo dhaqameed. Naqshadeeda guriyeynta waxaa lagu gartaa qaybinta tooska ah ee hawlaha: dabaqa hoose waxaa loo isticmaali jiray in lagu kaydiyo sahayda; dabaqa koowaad waa qoyska, oo dul saaran waddooyin daboolan oo abuura wax ku dhow shabakad dhulka hoostiisa ah; iyo, xagga sare, sagxadaha hawada u furan oo loogu talagalay haweenka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362/|title=Magaalada Hore ee Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2016-07-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafi==
Ghadames waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|462|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], meel u dhow [[Algeria–Libya border|xuduudaha Algeria]] iyo [[Libya–Tunisia border|Tunisia]]. Ghadames waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Illizi Province]], Algeria iyo [[Tataouine Governorate]], Tunisia.

Oosis-ku wuxuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu kor u dhaafayso 10,000, badidooduna waa [[Berber people|Berber]]. Qaybta hore ee magaalada, oo ay ku wareegsan tahay [[city wall|darbi magaalada]], waxaa lagu dhawaaqay goob [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]]. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah toddobada qabiil ee ku noolaan jiray qaybtan magaalada waxay lahayd degmo u gaar ah, oo mid kasta ay lahayd goob dadweyne oo loogu dabaaldegi karo xafladaha.

==Cimilada==
Ghadames waxay leedahay [[hot desert climate|cimilada saxaraha kulul]] ([[Köppen climate classification|kala soocida cimilada Köppen]] ''BWh'') oo leh xagaa kulul maadaama celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu yahay ku dhawaad 41°C (105.8°F) bisha Luulyo, oo ah bisha ugu kulul sanadka, iyo sidoo kale jiilaal qabow (oo leh isbeddel heerkul maalmeed sare). Magaaladu waxay heshaa roob yar sanadka oo dhan maadaama celceliska roobka sanadlaha ah uu yahay kaliya 73.1 mm (1.30 in).

{{Weather box
|width = 30
|location= Ghadames (1991–2020, heerkulka ugu sarreeya iyo kan hoose 1913–2020)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C = 29.0 |Jan record low C = -2.0
|Feb record high C = 37.5 |Feb record low C = -3.0
|Mar record high C = 38.8 |Mar record low C = 1.5
|Apr record high C = 44.0 |Apr record low C = 3.4
|May record high C = 45.3 |May record low C = 9.8
|Jun record high C = 47.0 |Jun record low C = 14.4
|Jul record high C = 48.0 |Jul record low C = 17.0
|Aug record high C = 47.5 |Aug record low C = 16.7
|Sep record high C = 45.0 |Sep record low C = 11.5
|Oct record high C = 43.3 |Oct record low C = 7.5
|Nov record high C = 38.0 |Nov record low C = -1.0
|Dec record high C = 33.0 |Dec record low C = -2.5
|year record high C =   |year record low C = 
| Jan high C = 18.2
| Feb high C = 20.7
| Mar high C = 25.3
| Apr high C = 30.5
| May high C = 35.7
| Jun high C = 39.7
| Jul high C = 41.5
| Aug high C = 40.8
| Sep high C = 37.7
| Oct high C = 32.1
| Nov high C = 24.4
| Dec high C = 19.0
| year high C = 30.5
| Jan mean C = 11.4
| Feb mean C = 13.7
| Mar mean C = 18.1
| Apr mean C = 22.9
| May mean C = 27.9
| Jun mean C = 31.7
| Jul mean C = 33.4
| Aug mean C = 32.9
| Sep mean C = 30.3
| Oct mean C = 24.9
| Nov mean C = 17.5
| Dec mean C = 12.5
| year mean C = 23.1
| Jan low C = 4.6
| Feb low C = 6.7
| Mar low C = 10.9
| Apr low C = 15.4
| May low C = 20.2
| Jun low C = 23.7
| Jul low C = 25.2
| Aug low C = 25.0
| Sep low C = 22.9
| Oct low C = 17.7
| Nov low C = 10.6
| Dec low C = 5.9
| year low C = 15.7
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 4.9
| Feb precipitation mm = 5.2
| Mar precipitation mm = 5.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 2.4
| May precipitation mm = 1.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 0.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 0.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 0.2
| Sep precipitation mm = 2.9
| Oct precipitation mm = 3.0
| Nov precipitation mm = 3.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 4.8
| year precipitation mm = 34.2
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 0.8
| Feb precipitation days = 0.8
| Mar precipitation days = 0.8
| Apr precipitation days = 0.5
| May precipitation days = 0.4
| Jun precipitation days = 0.0
| Jul precipitation days = 0.0
| Aug precipitation days = 0.0
| Sep precipitation days = 0.4
| Oct precipitation days = 0.6
| Nov precipitation days = 0.7
| Dec precipitation days = 0.9
| year precipitation days = 5.9
|Jan humidity = 52
|Feb humidity = 41
|Mar humidity = 36
|Apr humidity = 28
|May humidity = 26
|Jun humidity = 22
|Jul humidity = 22
|Aug humidity = 23
|Sep humidity = 29
|Oct humidity = 35
|Nov humidity = 47
|Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 34
|Jan sun = 248.0
|Feb sun = 240.1
|Mar sun = 257.3
|Apr sun = 273.0
|May sun = 313.1
|Jun sun = 309.0
|Jul sun = 372.0
|Aug sun = 353.4
|Sep sun = 273.0
|Oct sun = 263.5
|Nov sun = 246.0
|Dec sun = 232.5
|year sun =
|Jand sun = 8.0
|Febd sun = 8.5
|Mard sun = 8.3
|Aprd sun = 9.1
|Mayd sun = 10.1
|Jund sun = 10.3
|Juld sun = 12.0
|Augd sun = 11.4
|Sepd sun = 9.1
|Octd sun = 8.5
|Novd sun = 8.2
|Decd sun = 7.5
|yeard sun = 9.3
|source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WMONormals&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Libya/CSV/GHADAMES_62103.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Jalo
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = June 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (heerkulka ugu sarreeya/hoose iyo qoyaanka),&lt;ref name = DWD&gt;
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_621030_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Ghadames / Libyen
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 27 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arab Meteorology Book (qorraxda kaliya)&lt;ref name=climate&gt;{{cite web
| url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data
| publisher = Springer
| access-date = 27 March 2016
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Taariikhda==

===Xilliyadii hore===
[[File:Libya 4432 Ghadames Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|Guryaha Ghadames waxay ka samaysan yihiin dhoobo, lime, iyo jirridda geedaha timirta oo leh waddooyin daboolan oo u dhexeeya si ay u bixiyaan hoy wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka xagaaga.]]
Waxaa la soo jeediyay, oo ku salaysan caddaymo qadiimi ah, in aaggan la degganaa tan iyo 4-tii kun ee sano ee B.C., waana mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka ugu da'da weyn saxaraha ka hor. Xaaladdeeda oo u dhow il biyo ah oo ku taal bartamaha saxaraha ayaa ka dhigtay meel muhiim ah qof kasta oo doonaya inuu dejiyo aagga.

Diiwaannada ugu horreeya ee qoran ee ku saabsan Ghadames waxay soo bilaabmaan xilligii Roomaanka markii degsiimada loo yaqaanay '''Cydamus''', taas oo Ghadames casriga ah ay ka soo jeeddo magaceeda. Qarnigii 1-aad ee BC, Roomaankii [[proconsul|proconsul]] [[Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)|Lucius Cornelius Balbus]] ayaa duullaan ku qaaday Cydamus xilligii boqortooyada [[Augustus]].&lt;ref name=temehughadames&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.temehu.com/Cities_sites/Ghadames.htm |title=Ghadames (Ghudamis), Cydamus: Luulka Saxaraha Liibiya |publisher=Temehu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciidan Roomaan ah oo joogto ah ayaa la aasaasay xilligii boqortooyada [[Septimius Severus]], waxaana laga yaabaa in boqorku uu booqday degsiimada ku dhow AD 202.&lt;ref&gt;Birley, Anthony R. ''Septimius Severus: Boqorka Afrika''. London: Routledge. (2000) [1971]. pg 147.&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Roomaanku waxay ka baxeen aagga dhowr sano ka dib intii lagu jiray [[Crisis of the Third Century|Dhibaatadii Qarnigii Saddexaad]].

Qarnigii 6-aad, baadari ayaa ku noolaa oosis-ka, ka dib markii dadweynaha loo beddelay Masiixiyadda by [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] wadaaddo. Waxay noqotay qalcad u ah [[Donatism|Donatist]] bidco ilaa [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|qabsashadii Carabta Muslimiinta]].

Dhamaadkii qarnigii 7-aad, Ghadames waxaa xukumayay Carabta Muslimiinta. Dadweynuhu waxay si dhakhso ah ugu beddeleen [[Islam|Islaamka]] Ghadames waxayna ka ciyaareen door muhiim ah saldhig ahaan [[Trans-Saharan trade|ganacsiga Saxaraha ka gudba]] ilaa qarnigii 19-aad.

Qarnigii 12-aad ee juqraafi [[Abu Hamid al-Gharnati]] wuxuu ku daray Ghadamis waddamada [[Sudan (region)|Suudaan]] (i.e., waddamada dadka madow), saadaal uu Saad u arko mid suurtagal ah, maadaama Ghadamis had iyo jeer lahayd degganayaal u matalaya [[Timbuktu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Saad | first=Elias N. | year=1983 | title=Taariikhda Bulshada ee Timbuktu: Doorka Aqoonyahanada Muslimiinta iyo kuwa caanka ah 1400–1900 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | page= 8-9 | isbn=0-521-24603-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ghadamis waxay ahayd magaalo muhiim ah oo ku taal [[trans-Saharan slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ganacsiga addoonta ee Saxaraha ka gudba - tilmaamo ka yimid falanqaynta interpolation iyo sifo-u-qaabaynta heerkul-sare ee khadadka mitochondrial DNA (Harich et al. 2010) |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-138 |pmid=20459715 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McLachlan&quot;&gt;K. S. McLachlan, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/622157 &quot;Tripoli iyo Tripolitania: Isku dhaca iyo Midnimada muddadii ay jireen Barbary Corsairs (1551–1850)&quot;], ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'', Taxanaha Cusub, Vol. 3, No. 3, Degsiimada iyo Isku dhaca dunida Mediterranean-ka. (1978), pp. 285-294.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Magaca===
Magaca Ghadames wuxuu aad ugu xiran yahay taariikhdeeda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in magaca Ghadames uu asal ahaan ku xiran yahay magaca qabiilka hore ee [[Berber people|Berber]] ee [[Tidamensi]], qabiil ka yimid [[Fezzan]]. Waxa kale oo la rumeysan yahay in magaca Tidamensi ay musuqmaasuqeen Roomaankii soo duulay si ay u sameeyaan magaca Cydamus, kaas oo markii dambe u banneeyay magaca Ghadames.&lt;ref name=temehughadames /&gt;

===1900s–maanta===
Oktoobar 1911, wax yar ka dib markii [[Italo-Turkish War|Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki]] uu dillaacay, Ghadames waxaa qabsaday askar Talyaani ah oo ka soo socdaalay [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xakamaynta Talyaaniga ee magaalada ayaa la hakiyay dhowr jeer ilaa Juun 1915, markii kacdoon guud oo ka dhacay Liibiya uu sababay in ciidamada Talyaaniga ay ka baxaan Ghadames ilaa qalcadda Tripoli. Xakamaynta wax ku oolka ah ee magaalada ayaa dib loo soo celiyay Diseembar 1918, laakiin kacdoon ka dhacay [[Fezzan]] ayaa ka dhigay Ghadames xaalad degdeg ah ilaa 1923.

1943, ciidamada Faransiiska ee Xorta ah ayaa qabsaday Ghadames iyo aaggeeda ku hareeraysan qaybta koonfureed ee gumeystihii hore ee Talyaaniga ee [[Libya]], iyagoo samaynaya [[Fezzan-Ghadames (French Administration)|Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames]] ilaa madax-bannaanida Liibiya 1951. Ghadames waxaa laga dhigay caasimadda dhulka muddadaas.

1970-meeyadii, dawladdu waxay dhistay guryo cusub oo ka baxsan qaybta hore ee magaalada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dad badan oo deggan ayaa ku soo laabta qaybta hore ee magaalada inta lagu jiro xagaaga, maadaama naqshadeedu ay bixiso ilaalin wanaagsan oo ka dhan ah kulaylka.

Waqtigaas oo kale, agaasime [[Moustapha Akkad]] wuxuu doortay Ghadames inuu yahay goob filim loogu talagalay muuqaallada gudaha ee magaalada [[Medina, Saudi Arabia|Medina]] gudaha ''[[The Message (1976 film)|The Message]]'', filim riwaayad Islaami ah oo epic ah.

Intii lagu jiray [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]], ciidamada [[National Transitional Council|Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka Qaranka]] ayaa galay magaalada 30-kii Agoosto 2011, kuwaas oo ay go'doomiyeen ciidamada NTC tan iyo bilowgii khilaafka. Ilaa 2011, magaaladu waxay ahayd gacanta ciidamo Tuareg ah oo madax bannaan.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/24/libya-forgotten-south Liibiya: ka waran koonfurta?] [[The Guardian]], 24 Agoosto 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Ka dib markii ay qabsadeen [[Libyan National Army|Ciidanka Qaranka Liibiya]], dhammaan bulshada Tuareg waxaa lagu qasbay inay cararaan fal [[ethnic cleansing|nadiifinta qowmiyadda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |title=Tuaregs Liibiya oo u cararaya Algeria iyadoo ay jiraan warar sheegaya nadiifinta qowmiyadda |access-date=2017-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072443/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |archive-date=2017-10-18 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14948319|title=Tuareg-ta Liibiya ayaa wajahaya aargudasho|first=Justin|last=Marozzi|work=BBC News |date=18 Sebtembar 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magaalada Hore ee Ghadames ==
{{Expand section|date=March 2011}}
Magaalada hore, oo la diiwaangeliyay 1986 sidii [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage|Dhaxalgal ah]], waxaa laga qaaday dadkeedii degganaa dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii, taas oo ka dhigtay dhismayaashii hore inay khatar ugu jiraan inay dumaan iyadoo ay sabab u tahay dayactir la'aan.&lt;ref&gt;Wargeyska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka, No.9, Diseembar 1995.&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa lagu daray [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira]] ilaa 2016 oo ay weheliyaan afar goobood oo kale oo ku yaal Liibiya, sababtoo ah burburka ay sababeen [[Libyan Civil War (2011–present)|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Liibiya]] oo saameeyay dalka iyo khatarta burbur dheeraad ah oo ay keento.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1523/|title=Shan goobood oo Dhaxalgal ah oo Liibiya ka mid ah ayaa lagu daray Liiska Dhaxalgalka Adduunka ee Khatarta ku jira|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Gallery===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Inside of small dwelling.JPG|Muuqaalka gudaha ee guri yar
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Spring Water Pool.JPG|Barkadda Biyaha Guga ee Magaalada Hore
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Wall Entrance.JPG|Iridda Darbiga Magaalada Hore
Image:Libya Ghadames Old Town Fruit Trees.JPG|Geedaha Midhaha ee Magaalada Hore
Image:بيوت غدامس القديمة من الأعلى.jpg|Sawir hawada sare laga qaaday oo magaalada hore ah. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{wide image|Ghadames Panorama April 2004.jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Muuqaalka saqafyada magaalada hore ee Ghadames}}
{{clear}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Ghadames Museum]]
* [[Ghadames Airport]]
* [[List of cities in Libya|Liiska magaalooyinka Liibiya]]

==Tixraac==
{{Reflist}}

==Akhris dheeraad ah==
* {{cite book |title=En Tripolitaine: Socdaalka Ghadames |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/rsentripolitaine00bernuoft#page/128/mode/2up |chapter=Ghadames  |publisher = Fontemoing |publication-place = Paris |author = Edmond Bernet |publication-date = 1912 |language=fr }}
* [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00128855/document Lafi (Nora) &quot;Ghadamès cité-oasis entre empire ottoman et colonisation&quot;]&quot; in Federico Cresti (ed.), ''La Libia tra Mediterraneo e mondo islamico'', Giuffrè, pp.&amp;nbsp;55–70, 2006

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category|Ghadames}}
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/56/Ghadamis.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.: &quot;Ghadamis, Liibiya&quot;]
* Azzouz, Intisar (1980) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060226194550/http://archnet.org/library/pubdownloader/pdf/2722/doc/DPC0125.pdf &quot;Ghadames, Liibiya&quot;] ''In'' Safran, Linda (ed) (1980) ''Goobaha Isugu imaatinka Dadweynaha ee Islaamka: dacwadaha siminaarka shanaad ee taxanaha isbeddellada dhismaha ee dunida Islaamka, oo lagu qabtay Amman, Jordan, 4–7 May'' Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Philadelphia, {{OCLC|7208199}}; sawirrada Ghadames.
{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Buzema</title>
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      <text bytes="1943" sha1="9eotqf5a9ln8sk7xujyon39c6sdk83w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--Eeg Jadwalka ku yaal Infobox Settlement wixii macluumaad ah ee ku saabsan beeraha iyo sharraxaadaha isticmaalka --&gt;
&lt;!-- Macluumaadka aasaasiga ah  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Buzema
|pushpin_map            = Libya&lt;!-- magaca khariidadda goobta sida ku cad http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_label_position =hoose
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta ay ku taal Libya
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = [[Image:Flag of Libya.svg|25px]] [[Libya]]
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Cyrenaica]] 
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Libya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Kufra District|Kufra]] 
|unit_pref                =Imperial
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|coordinates            = {{coord|24|53|57.98|N|22|01|40.86|E| region:LY |display=inline ,title}}
}}
'''Buzema''' waa [[oasis|oosis]] ku yaal [[Libyan Desert|Saxaraha Liibiya]] oo ku dhex yaal [[Kufra District|Degmada Kufra]] ee [[Libya]], qiyaastii 150 km dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ee Kufra.&lt;ref name=be515&gt;Bertarelli (1929), p. 515.&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay leedahay bed dhan 230 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; waxayna ku fidsan tahay qaab wareeg ah oo ku wareegsan haro cusbo ah oo dhererkeedu yahay 18 km.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Buzema waxay ku taal salka buuraleyda halkaas oo ay weli ka muuqdaan hadhaagii nidaamka qalcadda [[Toubou|Tubada]].&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Geedaha oosis-ka (timir, [[Common fig|berde]], [[tamarix|tamarix]], [[acacia|akadhiya]]) ayaa midho badan bixiya sababtoo ah biyaha macaan ee badan.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt; Xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee harada waxaa ku yaal tuulo.&lt;ref name=be515/&gt;

==Akhris dheeraad ah==

*{{cite book |last=Bertarelli |first=L.V. |title=Guida d'Italia del touring club Italiano, Vol. XVII |publisher=Consociazione Turistica Italiana|location=Milano |year=1929|language=Italian}}

==Tixraac==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Bir Hakeim</title>
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| name           = Bir Hakeim
| native_names   = {{langx|ar|بئر حكيم|translit=biʾr ḥakīm}}
| alternate_name = 
| image          = Bir Hacheim 1990.jpg
| image_size     = 
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| image_map      = 
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| gbgridref      = 
| map_dot_label  = 
| location       = [[Libya]]
| region         = 
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'''Bir Hakeim''' ({{langx|ar|بئر حكيم|translit=biʾr ḥakīm|lit=ceelka xikmadda leh}}, {{IPA|ar|biʔr ħaˈkiːm|pron|Be2ir_7akeem.ogg}}, mararka qaarkood loo qoro ''Bir Hacheim'') waa goobtii ay ku taallay qalcad [[Ottoman Empire|Cismaaniyiin]] hore oo ku taal saxaraha [[Libya|Liibiya]]. [[Fortification|Qalcadda]] waxaa la dhisay agagaarka goobta ceel Roomaani ah oo qadiimi ah, kaas oo soo taxnaa xilligii ay oasis-ku ka mid ahayd [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitania-ta Cismaaniyiinta]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{cvt|160|km|mi}} galbeedka [[Sollum]] oo ku taal xeebta Liibiya iyo {{cvt|80|km|mi}} koonfur-bari ee [[Gazala]]. Bir Hakeim waxaa inta badan looga yaqaanaa [[battle of Bir Hakeim|dagaalkii Bir Hakeim]], kaas oo ka dhacay halkaas intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]].

Dagaalku wuxuu dhacay intii lagu jiray [[Battle of Gazala|Dagaalkii Gazala]] (26 Maajo – 21 Juun 1942) markii [[1st Free French Division|Guutada 1-aad ee Faransiiska Xorta ah]] ee ''Général de brigade'', mustaqbalka [[Maréchal de France]] [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig]] ay difaaceen goobta laga soo bilaabo {{nowrap|26 Maajo – 11 Juun}} iyaga oo ka dhan ah ciidamo Jarmal iyo Talyaani ah oo aad u waaweyn, kuwaas oo uu hoggaaminayay ''Generaloberst'' [[Erwin Rommel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dagaalkii Bir Hakeim {{!}} Chemins de mémoire |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/battle-bir-hakeim-0 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Capitaine [[Pierre Messmer]] wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah saraakiishii Faransiiska ee [[13th Demi-Brigade of the French Foreign Legion|guutada 13-aad]] ee [[French Foreign Legion|Faransiiska Foreign Legion]]. Messmer wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr|Dugsiga Milatariga ee St Cyr]]. Wuxuu hoggaaminayay guutada 3-aad ee Legion-ka. Askartiisa badankood waxay ahaayeen asal ahaan Isbaanish iyo Jarmal, badankooduna waxay ahaayeen Yuhuud{{Citation needed|date=Oktoobar 2023}}. [[Kaddish]] ayaa lagu akhriyay fiid walba Bir-Hakeim. Qaybta kale ee guutada ee Qaybta 1-aad ee Faransiiska Xorta ah waxaa ku jiray cutubyo aan ka tirsanayn Faransiiska Foreign Legion, sida Bataillon de Marche n°2 de l'Afrique équatoriale française (BM2), Bataillon du Pacifique ([[French Polynesia|Polynesiya-ta Faransiiska]], [[New Caledonia|New Caledonia]] iyo [[New Hebrides|New Hebrides]]), Bataillon-ka 1-aad ee [[Infanterie de Marine]], Regiment-ka 1-aad ee [[Artillerie]], Bataillon-ka 1-aad ee [[Fusiliers Marins]] oo lala kaashanayo cutubka D ee Battery-ga 43-aad ee Regiment-ka 11-aad ee City of London Yeomanry iyo Shirkadda 22-aad ee Gaashaaman ee Waqooyiga Afrika ee Faransiiska.

Pierre Messmer wuxuu ahaa askarigii ugu horreeyay ee Faransiiska Foreign Legion oo loo doorto [[Académie Française]]. Waxa uu markii dambe noqday [[Prime Minister of the French Republic|Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska]] hoos yimaada Madaxweyne [[Georges Pompidou]].

Intii lagu jiray 14-kaas maalmood, 3700 oo askari oo Faransiis ah ayaa curyaamiyay 40,000 oo askari oo Axis ah. 3700-taas, 800 ayaa dhintay ama la'a. Guutadan ayaa horey ula dagaallantay Ciidanka Jarmalka ee [[Battles of Narvik|Narvik]] 27-kii Maajo 1940.

In kasta oo [[Afrika Corps]] ay qabsadeen [[Tobruk]] toban maalmood ka dib, dib-u-dhicii ku yimid duullaankii Axis-ka ee difaaca Bir Hakeim wuxuu saameeyay kansalka [[Operation Herkules]], duullaankii Jarmalka ee qorshaysan ee [[Suez Canal|Suez Canal]] iyo [[Malta]]. Istaagga Faransiiska Xorta ah wuxuu siiyay [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Ciidankii Siddeedaad]] ee Ingiriiska ee laga adkaaday oo dib u guranayay waqti ku filan oo ay kaga soo kabtaan khasaarihii culusaa iyo inay dib u habeyn ku sameeyaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dagaalkii Bir Hakeim {{!}} Chemins de mémoire |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/battle-bir-hakeim |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingiriisku waxay markaas joojiyeen horumarkii Jarmalka ee [[First Battle of El Alamein|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee El Alamein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=‘Dib u soo nooleynta sharafta Faransiiska’: Dagaalkii Bir Hakeim, 80 sano ka dib |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220527-rejuvenating-french-pride-the-battle-of-bir-hakeim-80-years-on |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutubyadii Algeria iyo Morocco ee Qaybta 1-aad ee Faransiiska Xorta ah waxay dhasheen [[French Expeditionary Corps|Ciidamada Faransiiska ee Expeditionary]] oo hoos yimaada hoggaanka Général [[Alphonse Juin]], mustaqbalka [[Maréchal de France]], iyo Général [[Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert]]. Waxay kaloo ka qayb qaateen [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Dagaalkii Monte Cassino]]. Halkaas, qaybta 3-aad d'Infanterie Algérienne (3rd DIA) iyo Groupement des Tabors Marocains ee Général [[Augustin Guillaume]] ayaa lagu aqoonsaday inay jebiyeen difaacii Jarmalka ee [[Gustav Line|Gustav Line]].

Dagaalkani wuxuu u adeegi lahaa magaca [[Bir-Hakeim (Paris Métro)]], oo ah saldhig ku yaal [[Paris Métro|Paris Métro]], iyo [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]], buundada.

Bir Hakeim waxay ahayd goobta [[Bir Hakeim rescue|badbaadin geesinimo leh intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]]. 14-kii Maarso 1916 Major [[Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster|Hugh Grosvenor]] wuxuu hoggaamiyay guuto [[Armored car (military)|gaari gaashaaman]] ah, oo ka tirsan [[Western Frontier Force]], una socda Bir Hakeim ka dib markii uu u safray 120 mayl saxaraha laga bilaabo Sollum. Halkaas ayay ku badbaadiyeen 91 maxaabiis dagaal oo Ingiriis ah oo ka yimid [[TSS Hibernia (1899)|HMS ''Tara'']] iyo HMT ''Moorina''. [[U-boat|Maraakiibta quusta ee Jarmalka]] ayaa qabsaday badmaaxiinta Ingiriiska ka dib markii ay quusiyeen maraakiibtooda waxayna u dhiibeen maxaabiistoodii [[Senussi|Senussi]] maxalliga ah, kuwaas oo xuluf la ahaa Jarmalka.

Natiijadii [[Italo-Turkish War|Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki]] (1911-1912), Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitania Vilayet]] (gobolka) ee Cismaaniyiinta, kaas oo loo yaqaanay [[Italian Libya|Liibiya ee Talyaaniga]]. Ciidanka Talyaanigu wuxuu saldhig u dhigay cutub ka tirsan [[Zaptié]] [[Méhariste|Meharista]] Bir Hakeim.

== Tixraac ==
{{Reference list}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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| name           = Bir Hakeim
| native_names   = {{langx|ar|بئر حكيم|translit=biʾr ḥakīm}}
| alternate_name = 
| image          = Bir Hacheim 1990.jpg
| image_size     = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = Bir Hakeim sanadkii 1990
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| coordinates    = {{coord|31|35|38|N|23|28|48|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
| gbgridref      = 
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| location       = [[Libya]]
| region         = 
| type           = 
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'''Bir Hakeim''' ({{langx|ar|بئر حكيم|translit=biʾr ḥakīm|lit=ceelka xikmadda leh}}, {{IPA|ar|biʔr ħaˈkiːm|pron|Be2ir_7akeem.ogg}}, mararka qaarkood loo qoro ''Bir Hacheim'') waa goobtii ay ku taallay qalcad [[Ottoman Empire|Cismaaniyiin]] hore oo ku taal saxaraha [[Libya|Liibiya]]. [[Fortification|Qalcadda]] waxaa la dhisay agagaarka goobta ceel Roomaani ah oo qadiimi ah, kaas oo soo taxnaa xilligii ay oasis-ku ka mid ahayd [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitania-ta Cismaaniyiinta]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{cvt|160|km|mi}} galbeedka [[Sollum]] oo ku taal xeebta Liibiya iyo {{cvt|80|km|mi}} koonfur-bari ee [[Gazala]]. Bir Hakeim waxaa inta badan looga yaqaanaa [[battle of Bir Hakeim|dagaalkii Bir Hakeim]], kaas oo ka dhacay halkaas intii lagu jiray [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]].

Dagaalku wuxuu dhacay intii lagu jiray [[Battle of Gazala|Dagaalkii Gazala]] (26 Maajo – 21 Juun 1942) markii [[1st Free French Division|Guutada 1-aad ee Faransiiska Xorta ah]] ee ''Général de brigade'', mustaqbalka [[Maréchal de France]] [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig]] ay difaaceen goobta laga soo bilaabo {{nowrap|26 Maajo – 11 Juun}} iyaga oo ka dhan ah ciidamo Jarmal iyo Talyaani ah oo aad u waaweyn, kuwaas oo uu hoggaaminayay ''Generaloberst'' [[Erwin Rommel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dagaalkii Bir Hakeim {{!}} Chemins de mémoire |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/battle-bir-hakeim-0 |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Capitaine [[Pierre Messmer]] wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah saraakiishii Faransiiska ee [[13th Demi-Brigade of the French Foreign Legion|guutada 13-aad]] ee [[French Foreign Legion|Faransiiska Foreign Legion]]. Messmer wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay [[École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr|Dugsiga Milatariga ee St Cyr]]. Wuxuu hoggaaminayay guutada 3-aad ee Legion-ka. Askartiisa badankood waxay ahaayeen asal ahaan Isbaanish iyo Jarmal, badankooduna waxay ahaayeen Yuhuud{{Citation needed|date=Oktoobar 2023}}. [[Kaddish]] ayaa lagu akhriyay fiid walba Bir-Hakeim. Qaybta kale ee guutada ee Qaybta 1-aad ee Faransiiska Xorta ah waxaa ku jiray cutubyo aan ka tirsanayn Faransiiska Foreign Legion, sida Bataillon de Marche n°2 de l'Afrique équatoriale française (BM2), Bataillon du Pacifique ([[French Polynesia|Polynesiya-ta Faransiiska]], [[New Caledonia|New Caledonia]] iyo [[New Hebrides|New Hebrides]]), Bataillon-ka 1-aad ee [[Infanterie de Marine]], Regiment-ka 1-aad ee [[Artillerie]], Bataillon-ka 1-aad ee [[Fusiliers Marins]] oo lala kaashanayo cutubka D ee Battery-ga 43-aad ee Regiment-ka 11-aad ee City of London Yeomanry iyo Shirkadda 22-aad ee Gaashaaman ee Waqooyiga Afrika ee Faransiiska.

Pierre Messmer wuxuu ahaa askarigii ugu horreeyay ee Faransiiska Foreign Legion oo loo doorto [[Académie Française]]. Waxa uu markii dambe noqday [[Prime Minister of the French Republic|Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Jamhuuriyadda Faransiiska]] hoos yimaada Madaxweyne [[Georges Pompidou]].

Intii lagu jiray 14-kaas maalmood, 3700 oo askari oo Faransiis ah ayaa curyaamiyay 40,000 oo askari oo Axis ah. 3700-taas, 800 ayaa dhintay ama la'a. Guutadan ayaa horey ula dagaallantay Ciidanka Jarmalka ee [[Battles of Narvik|Narvik]] 27-kii Maajo 1940.

In kasta oo [[Afrika Corps]] ay qabsadeen [[Tobruk]] toban maalmood ka dib, dib-u-dhicii ku yimid duullaankii Axis-ka ee difaaca Bir Hakeim wuxuu saameeyay kansalka [[Operation Herkules]], duullaankii Jarmalka ee qorshaysan ee [[Suez Canal|Suez Canal]] iyo [[Malta]]. Istaagga Faransiiska Xorta ah wuxuu siiyay [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Ciidankii Siddeedaad]] ee Ingiriiska ee laga adkaaday oo dib u guranayay waqti ku filan oo ay kaga soo kabtaan khasaarihii culusaa iyo inay dib u habeyn ku sameeyaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dagaalkii Bir Hakeim {{!}} Chemins de mémoire |url=https://www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr/en/battle-bir-hakeim |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingiriisku waxay markaas joojiyeen horumarkii Jarmalka ee [[First Battle of El Alamein|Dagaalkii Koowaad ee El Alamein]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-27 |title=‘Dib u soo nooleynta sharafta Faransiiska’: Dagaalkii Bir Hakeim, 80 sano ka dib |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220527-rejuvenating-french-pride-the-battle-of-bir-hakeim-80-years-on |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=France 24 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cutubyadii Algeria iyo Morocco ee Qaybta 1-aad ee Faransiiska Xorta ah waxay dhasheen [[French Expeditionary Corps|Ciidamada Faransiiska ee Expeditionary]] oo hoos yimaada hoggaanka Général [[Alphonse Juin]], mustaqbalka [[Maréchal de France]], iyo Général [[Joseph de Goislard de Monsabert]]. Waxay kaloo ka qayb qaateen [[Battle of Monte Cassino|Dagaalkii Monte Cassino]]. Halkaas, qaybta 3-aad d'Infanterie Algérienne (3rd DIA) iyo Groupement des Tabors Marocains ee Général [[Augustin Guillaume]] ayaa lagu aqoonsaday inay jebiyeen difaacii Jarmalka ee [[Gustav Line|Gustav Line]].

Dagaalkani wuxuu u adeegi lahaa magaca [[Bir-Hakeim (Paris Métro)]], oo ah saldhig ku yaal [[Paris Métro|Paris Métro]], iyo [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]], buundada.

Bir Hakeim waxay ahayd goobta [[Bir Hakeim rescue|badbaadin geesinimo leh intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]]. 14-kii Maarso 1916 Major [[Hugh Grosvenor, 2nd Duke of Westminster|Hugh Grosvenor]] wuxuu hoggaamiyay guuto [[Armored car (military)|gaari gaashaaman]] ah, oo ka tirsan [[Western Frontier Force]], una socda Bir Hakeim ka dib markii uu u safray 120 mayl saxaraha laga bilaabo Sollum. Halkaas ayay ku badbaadiyeen 91 maxaabiis dagaal oo Ingiriis ah oo ka yimid [[TSS Hibernia (1899)|HMS ''Tara'']] iyo HMT ''Moorina''. [[U-boat|Maraakiibta quusta ee Jarmalka]] ayaa qabsaday badmaaxiinta Ingiriiska ka dib markii ay quusiyeen maraakiibtooda waxayna u dhiibeen maxaabiistoodii [[Senussi|Senussi]] maxalliga ah, kuwaas oo xuluf la ahaa Jarmalka.

Natiijadii [[Italo-Turkish War|Dagaalkii Talyaani-Turki]] (1911-1912), Talyaanigu wuxuu qabsaday [[Ottoman Tripolitania|Tripolitania Vilayet]] (gobolka) ee Cismaaniyiinta, kaas oo loo yaqaanay [[Italian Libya|Liibiya ee Talyaaniga]]. Ciidanka Talyaanigu wuxuu saldhig u dhigay cutub ka tirsan [[Zaptié]] [[Méhariste|Meharista]] Bir Hakeim.

== Tixraac ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>jbxspm2ucaufi156vf3g8qeky8jgy19</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Awjila</title>
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      <text bytes="23351" sha1="5i9q1w1y34u4rwr3k3ha95nje0uut9z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Awjila
|other_name             = Augila
|native_name            =أوجله
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = Magaalo
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = A farm in Awjilah.JPG
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = Beer ku taal Awjila
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    = Goobta ay ku taal Liibiya
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Cyrenaica]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Degmooyinka Liibiya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Al Wahat District|Al Wahat]] 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 
|area_land_km2            = 
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2006
|population_footnotes           =&lt;Ref&gt; امراجع محمد الخجخاج، &quot;نمو المدن الصغيرة في ليبيا&quot;، دار الساقية للنشر، بنغازي-2008، ص 120. &lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 8515
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimaha
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
| timezone               = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +2
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|29|6|29|N|21|17|13|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
| registration_plate_type = [[Taarikada baabuurta ee Liibiya|Koodhka Taarikada]]
| registration_plate      = 67
}} 
'''Awjila''' ({{langx|ar|أوجلة}}, {{langx|it|Augila}}) waa magaalo [[Oasis|oosi]] ah oo ku taal [[Al Wahat District]] ee gobolka [[Cyrenaica]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Liibiya]]. Tan iyo [[waagii hore]], waxaa loo yaqaanay meel lagu beero [[Timir]] tayo sare leh. Tan iyo markii uu dhacay [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|qabsashadii Carabta]] qarnigii 7aad, [[Islaamku]] wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaarayay bulshada. Oosigu wuxuu ku yaallaa waddada [[caravan route|gaadiidka]] ee bari-galbeed ee u dhexeeya [[Masar]] iyo [[Tripoli, Libya]], iyo waddada waqooyi-koonfur ee u dhexeeya [[Benghazi]] iyo [[Sahel]] ee u dhexeeya [[Lake Chad|Harada Chad]] iyo [[Darfur]]. Waqtiyadii hore, waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo muhiim ah. Dadku waxay beertaan beerro yaryar iyagoo isticmaalaya biyo ka yimaada [[Water well|ceelal]] qoto dheer. Dhawaan, [[warshadaha saliidda]] ayaa noqday il muhiim ah oo shaqo.

==Goobta==

Awjila iyo oosiga ku dhow ee [[Jalu]] waa kuwo go'doon ah, waana magaalooyinka kaliya ee ku yaal waddada saxaraha ah ee u dhaxaysa [[Ajdabiya]], oo {{convert|250|km}} u jirta dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, iyo [[Kufra]], oo {{convert|625|km}} u jirta dhanka koonfur-bari.{{sfn|Ham|2007|p=132}}
Xisaab ka timid 1872 ayaa sharraxaysa kooxda saddexda oosi: oosiga Aujilah, Jalloo ([[Jalu]]) oo dhanka bari ah iyo Leshkerreh ([[Jikharra]]) oo dhanka waqooyi-bari ah. Oosi kasta wuxuu lahaa buur yar oo lagu daboolay geedaha timirta, waxaana ku wareegsan bannaanka ciid cas oo ay ku jiraan milixda soodhaha.{{sfn|Smith|1872|p=338}}
Saddexda oosi wada jir waxay lahaayeen dad tiradoodu u dhaxayso 9,000 ilaa 10,000 oo qof.{{sfn|Smith|1872|p=338}}
Dadka oosigu waxay u badanyihiin [[Berber people|Berber]], qaarkoodna weli waxay ku hadlaan luuqad asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Berberka.{{sfn|Chandra|1986|p=113}} Sannadkii 2005, [[Af-Awjila]] wuxuu ahaa mid aad u khatar badan inuu baaba'o.{{sfn|Batibo|2005|p=77}}

==Cimilada==
Awjila waxay leedahay [[cimilada saxaraha kulul]] (''BWh'') marka loo eego [[Köppen climate classification]].
{{Weather box|location = Awjila
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y

|Jan high C = 19.9				
|Feb high C = 21.9
|Mar high C = 25.3
|Apr high C = 29.7
|May high C = 34.7
|Jun high C = 37.2
|Jul high C = 36.7
|Aug high C = 36.9
|Sep high C = 35.8
|Oct high C = 32.4
|Nov high C = 27.0
|Dec high C = 21.4

|Jan low C =  5.6				
|Feb low C =  7.0
|Mar low C = 9.2
|Apr low C = 13.1
|May low C = 18.3
|Jun low C = 19.9
|Jul low C = 21.0
|Aug low C = 21.0
|Sep low C = 19.9
|Oct low C = 16.3
|Nov low C =  12.0
|Dec low C =  7.7

|Jan precipitation mm = 3					
|Feb precipitation mm = 3
|Mar precipitation mm = 3
|Apr precipitation mm = 2
|May precipitation mm = 0
|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
|Aug precipitation mm = 0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0
|Oct precipitation mm = 3
|Nov precipitation mm = 2
|Dec precipitation mm = 3
|year precipitation mm= 19

|source = [https://en.climate-data.org/location/57998/ Climate-data.org]
|date=11 February 2018}}

==Taariikhda==

===Waqtiyadii hore===
Oosiga Awjila (Augila; Αὔγιλα) waxaa xusay [[Herodotus]] (c. 484 – 425 BC).
Wuxuu sharraxayaa reer guuraaga [[Nasamones]] ee u guuri jiray inta u dhaxaysa xeebaha [[Gulf of Sidra|Syrtis Major]] iyo oosiga Augila, halkaas oo ay laga yaabo inay canshuur ka qaadi jireen dadka deegaanka.{{sfn|Asheri|Lloyd|Corcella|Murray|2007|p=698}}
Herodotus wuxuu sheegay inay ahayd safar toban maalmood ah oo ka bilaabma oosiga Ammonium, oo ah [[Siwa Oasis|Siwa]] ee maanta, ilaa oosiga Augila.{{fact|date=October 2021}}
Masaafadan waxaa xaqiijiyay sahamiyaha Jarmalka [[Friedrich Hornemann]] (1772–1801), kaas oo masaafada ku safray sagaal maalmood, inkasta oo safarradu caadi ahaan qaataan 13 maalmood.
Xagaagii, reer Nasamones waxay uga tagi jireen xoolahooda xeebta waxayna u safri jireen oosiga si ay u soo ururiyaan timirta.
Waxaa jiray dad kale oo si joogto ah u degganaa oosiga.{{sfn|Smith|1872|p=338}}

[[Strabo]] wuxuu qoray in Augila ay u eg tahay oosiga Ammon, ay wax soo saar u leedahay geedaha timirta, biyo wanaagsan leh, waxaana la gaaraa maalinta afraad kuwa ka soo socda dhanka [[Great Syrtis]], meel u dhow [[Automala]], dhanka qorrax-soo-baxa jiilaalka. &lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/144#17.3.23 Strabo, Geography, 17.3.23]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ptolemy]] (c. 90 – 168) wuxuu tilmaamayaa in gumeystihii Giriigga ay ku qasbeen reer Nasamones inay ka tagaan xeebta oo ay degganaadaan Augila.{{sfn|Smith|1872|p=338}} 
[[Procopius]], oo qorayay qiyaastii 562, wuxuu leeyahay xitaa waqtigiisii allabaryo ayaa loo sii waday [[Amun|Ammon]] iyo [[Alexander the Great]] ee Maqadoniya laba magaalo oo Liibiya ah oo labadaba la odhan jiray Augila. Waxa uu u badan yahay in uu u jeeday waxa hadda loo yaqaan [[El Agheila]] oo ku taal Gacanka Sirte iyo oosiga Awjilah.{{fact|date=October 2021}}
Sida uu qabo Procopius, macbadyadii oosiga waxaa u beddelay kaniisado Masiixi ah Boqorkii Byzantine [[Justinian I]] (c. 482 – 565).{{sfn|Smith|1872|p=338}}
Juqraafiye qarnigii 6-aad [[Stephanus of Byzantium]] wuxuu ku tilmaamay Augila magaalo.{{sfn|Smith|1872|p=338}}

===Xilligii hore ee Carabta===
[[File:The Old mosque, Awjilah.jpg|thumb|240px|Qarnigii 12-aad [[Atiq Mosque (Awjila)|Masjidka weyn ee Atiq]], Awjilah]]
Carabtu waxay bilaabeen olole ka dhan ah [[Byzantine Empire]] wax yar ka dib markii uu [[Muhammad]] dhintay 632, iyagoo si degdeg ah u qabsaday Suuriya, Faaris iyo Masar. Ka dib markii ay qabsadeen [[Alexandria]] 643, waxay ku baahdeen xeebta Mediterranean-ka ee Afrika, iyagoo qabsaday [[Cyrenaica]] 644, [[Tripolitania]] 646 iyo [[Fezzan]] 663.{{sfn|Falola|Morgan|Oyeniyi|2012|p=14}}

Gobolka ku hareeraysan Awjila waxaa qabsaday Sidi [[Abdullah ibn Saad|‘Abdullāh ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abī as-Sarḥ]].{{sfn|Awjila: Libyan Tourism}}
Wuxuu ahaa [[companion of Muhammad|saaxiibkii Muhammad]] iyo calan-sidaha, iyo wali muhiim ah. Qabrigiisa waxaa laga dhisay Awjila qiyaastii 650.{{sfn|Mason|1974|p=396}}
Dhismaha casriga ah ayaa tan iyo markii uu beddelay qabrigii asalka ahaa.{{sfn|Ham|2007|p=132}}
Qoyska Sarahna, oo u arka inay yihiin qoyska Sidi Abdullah, ayaa ah ilaaliyayaasha qabrigiisa.
Markii xaruntii [[Senussi]] laga dhisay Awjila 1872, reer Sarahna waxay qaateen doorka macallimiinta Islaamka.{{sfn|Mason|1974|p=397}}

Ka dib markii la soo bandhigay qarnigii 7-aad, Islaamku wuxuu had iyo jeer ahaa saameyn weyn oo ku saabsan nolosha oosiga.
Taariikhyahankii Carabta [[Al-Bakri]] wuxuu sheegay inay jireen dhowr masaajid oo ku wareegsan oosiga qarnigii 11-aad.{{sfn|Mason|1974|p=395}}
Sida ay qabto dhaqanka afka ah, qarnigii 12-aad nin aqoon leh oo ka yimid xeebta Tripolitania ayaa sheegay inay jireen afartan meelood oo cibaado ah (shrine) Awjila, iyo afartan wali (saint) oo ku dhex qarsoon dadka oosiga. Dhamaadkii 1960-meeyadii waxaa hadhay kaliya lix iyo toban meelood oo cibaado ah.{{sfn|Mason|1974|p=395}}
Qaar ka mid ah dadkii wali-ga ahaa ee ku jiray qabuuraha badbaaday waxay noolaayeen intii lagu jiray sannadihii hore ee Islaamka, 
oo tafaasiisha noloshooda iyo xitaa abtirsiintooda qoyska waa la iloobay.{{sfn|Mason|1974|p=396}}

===Xarunta Ganacsiga===
[[File:Caravane dans le Désert blanc.jpg|thumb|240px|Gaadiidka saxaraha [[Farafra, Egypt|Farafra]] ee bariga Awjila]]
Qarnigii 10-aad Awjila waxay ahayd marxalad ku taal waddada ganacsiga ee u dhaxaysa [[Ibadi]] caasimadda Berber ee [[Zuwayla]]{{efn|Albaabka dhexe ee [[Bab Zuweila]] ee Qaahira wuxuu magaciisa ka helay Zuwayla.{{sfn|Martin|1983|p=555}}}} ee Fezzan iyo caasimadda cusub ee [[Fatimid]] ee Qaahira ee Masar.{{sfn|Martin|1983|p=555}}
Waddada gaadiidka ee bari-galbeed ee Qaahira ilaa Tripoli, Fezzan iyo Tunis waxay martay [[Jaghbub]], [[Jalu]] iyo Awjila.{{sfn|Fage|Oliver|1985|p=16}} 
Horraantii [[Mamluk]] xilligii (qarnigii 13-aad), ganacsiga Masar wuxuu ahaa waddo u horseeday Awjila ilaa Fezzan, ka dibna u sii gudbay [[Kanem Empire|Kanem]], [[Bornu Empire|Bornu]] iyo magaalooyin ay ka mid yihiin [[Timbuktu]] oo ku taal [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] leexashadiisa. Awjila waxay noqotay suuqa ugu weyn ee addoonsiga ee gobolladaas.{{sfn|Oliver|Atmore|2001|p=19}}
Inta badan addoomadan waxay daboolayeen baahiyaha gudaha.{{sfn|Oliver|Atmore|2001|p=20}}
Dahabka waxaa laga iibsaday [[Bambouk]] iyo Bouré oo ku yaal wixii hadda ah [[Senegal]] laakiin markaas waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Mali Empire]] ee [[Mandinka people]]. 
Beddelkeeda, Masar waxay dhoofisay dharka.{{sfn|Oliver|Atmore|2001|p=19}}

Intii lagu jiray [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] xilligii Masar, Awjila waxay ku tiil waddada ay qaadeen xujayda ka socda Timbuktu iyagoo maraya [[Ghat, Libya|Ghat]], [[Ghadames]] iyo Fezzan, 
iyagoo ka fogaanaya xarumaha waaweyn ee Ottoman.{{sfn|Oliver|Atmore|2001|p=46}}
1639 Awjila waxay timid xukunka taliyihii Turkish-ka ee Tripolitania, kaas oo saldhig joogto ah ka sameeyay Benghazi.{{sfn|Holt|Lambton|Lewis|1977|p=263}}
Qarnigii 18-aad, ganacsatada Awjila waxay haysteen kalitalisnimo ganacsiga u dhexeeya Qaahira iyo Fezzan.{{sfn|Walz|1975|p=665}}
Sharaxaadda ganacsiga u dhexeeya Masar iyo [[Hausaland]], Hornemann wuxuu liis gareeyay:
{{Quote|... addoomo labada jinsi ah, baalasha gorayada, zibette (musk oo ka yimid bisadaha civet), maqaarka shabeelka (sic), iyo dahab, qayb ahaan boodh, qayb ahaan hadhuudhka dhaladka ah, si loogu soo saaro 
hilqaanyo iyo waxyaabo kale oo qurxin ah dadka gudaha Afrika. Bornu, naxaasta waxaa laga soo dhoofiyaa tiro badan. Qaahira waxay u dirtaa xariir, ''melayes'' (calico buluug iyo caddaan ah - i.e. ''milayat'', wrappers, sheeting) maro woolen, galaas... kuulaha jijimooyinka, iyo... noocyo kala duwan oo badeecooyin East India ah... Ganacsatada Bengasi waxay badanaa ku biiraan safarka ka yimaada Qaahira Augila, soo dhoofiyaan tubaakada loo soo saaray calaalinta, ama snuff, iyo alaabooyin kala duwan oo laga sameeyay Turkey...{{sfn|Martin|1983|p=567}}}}

[[File:Awjila caravan routes.svg|thumb|240px|Waddooyinka gaadiidka ee Liibiya, qarnigii 19-aad. Awjila iyo Jalu ee waqooyi-bari]]
[[File:CentralEastAfrica1750.png|thumb|240px|Waddammada koonfurta kuwaas oo gaadiidka Awjila ay ganacsan jireen.]]
Qiyaastii 1810 ganacsade Majabra ah oo ka yimid Jalu oo la odhan jiray Schehaymah ayaa lumay markii uu u safrayay [[Ouaddai Empire|Wadai]] isagoo maraya [[Murzuk]] ee Fezzan.
Waxaa helay qaar ka mid ah [[Bidayat]], kuwaas oo u kaxeeyay iyada oo loo marayo [[Ounianga Kébir (town)|Ounianga]] ilaa Wara, caasimaddii hore ee Wadai.
Sultaanka Wadai, [[Abd al-Karim Sabun]] (1804–1815) wuxuu ku heshiiyay soo jeedinta Schehaymah ee ah in la furo waddada gaadiidka ee Benghazi iyada oo loo marayo waddo toos ah oo dhex marta [[Kufra]], iyo Awjila / [[Jalu]]. 
Waddadan cusub waxay ka gudbi lahayd labada Fezzan iyo [[Darfur]], waddammo ilaa markaas gacanta ku hayay ganacsiga bariga Saxaraha. 
Gaadiidkii ugu horreeyay waxay safrayeen waddada u dhaxaysa 1809 iyo 1820.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=22}}

Ganacsiga waxaa carqaladeeyay in muddo ah 1820-meeyadii sababtoo ah xasillooni darrada siyaasadeed ee Wadai, laakiin laga bilaabo 1830-meeyadii labadii ama saddexdii sanaba hal mar gaadiid ayaa safraya waddada.
Badanaa waxaa jiray laba ama saddex boqol oo geel oo wada maroodiga iyo maqaarka, oo ay la socdaan koox addoomo ah.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=23-24}} 
Ganacsigu wuu kordhay laga bilaabo 1860-meeyadii. Saldhigyada ugu waaweyn ee u dhexeeya Benghazi iyo terminalka koonfureed ee [[Abéché]] waxay ahaayeen barta isu imaatinka ee Awjila / Jalu halkaas oo gaadiidka laga sameeyay, iyo xarunta Kufra halkaas oo cunto iyo biyo laga heli karo.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=24}}
Goor dambe waddada waqooyi-koonfur ayaa mar kale kor u qaaday muhiimaddeeda sababtoo ah carqaladaynta gaadiidka ee Niil by [[History of Mahdist Sudan|kacaankii Mahdist]] ee [[Sudan]].{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=22}}

[[Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi]] wuxuu joogay Jalu iyo Awjila ka hor inta uusan furin hoygiisii ugu horreeyay al-Baida 1843.
Sannadihii xigay toban sano hoyga [[Senussi]] waxay noqdeen kuwo laga dhisay dhammaan [[Bedouin]]s ee Cyrenaica.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=28}} 
Goor dambe waxay ku faafiyeen saameynta Senussi koonfurta, iyagoo gacan ka geysanaya xakameynta rabshadaha iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ganacsiga.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=29}}
Boos kasta oo ku yaal waddada waqooyi-koonfur, oo ay ku jirto Awjila, waxaa ilaalinayay Senussi sheikh.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=22}}
Sida goor dambe 1907, qadar muhiim ah oo ka mid ah ganacsiga maraya Benghazi wuxuu ahaa badeecooyin lagu qaaday waddadan, badeecadahana sidoo kale waxaa laga soo wareejin lahaa qodobbada gudaha sida Awjila iyo Jalu bari ilaa Masar iyo galbeed ilaa Tripoli.{{sfn|Cordell|1977|p=21}}

==Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay==

Maanta hawlaha ugu waaweyn ee dadka Awjila waa beerashada iyo u shaqeynta shirkadaha saliidda, maadaama aaggani uu yahay sariirtii hantida Liibiya.
Dalagyada ugu waaweyn waa timirta noocyada badan ee geedaha timirta, yaanyada, iyo badarka.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
Oosiga Awjila waxaa loo yaqaan tayada sare ee timirta.{{sfn|Awjila: Libyan Tourism}}
Laga bilaabo 1960-meeyadii, warshadaha saliidda waxay kiciyeen koritaan tuuladii mar daganayd.{{sfn|Mason|1982|p=323}}
1968 dadka tuulada waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii 2,000 oo qof, laakiin 1982 waxay kor u kacday in ka badan 4,000, oo ay taageerayaan laba iyo toban masaajid.{{sfn|Mason|1982|p=322}}
Hagaha safarka ee 2007 wuxuu siinayaa dadka 6,790.{{sfn|Ham|2007|p=131}}

[[Atiq Mosque (Awjila)|Masjidka weyn ee Atiq]] waa masjidka ugu da'da weyn [[Sahara]] oo leh qaabkiisa gaarka ah ee dhismaha oo leh qolal si dabiici ah loogu qaboojiyo hawada. Kuleylka daran ee maalmaha xagaaga qolalku waa qabow habeenkiina way diirran yihiin.{{sfn|Awjila: MVM Travel}}
Oosigu wuxuu ahaa meel loo socdo si loo daawado [[Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006|qorrax madoobaadkii 29 Maarso 2006]].{{sfn|Atiq Mosque: Atlas Obscura}}

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Commons category|Awjila}}
'''Notes'''
{{Notelist}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}
'''Sources'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book| first4 = Oswyn|last4=Murray|first5=Barbara|last5=Graziosi| author5-link=Barbara Graziosi |last1 = Asheri| first1 = David| last2 = Lloyd| first2 = Alan Brian| last3 = Corcella| first3 = Aldo| title = A Commentary on Herodotus| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yPhE6NxllLoC&amp;pg=PA698| access-date = 2013-03-24| year = 2007| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-814956-9}}
* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Atiq Mosque: Atlas Obscura}}|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/atiq-mosque
 |title=Atiq Mosque: Early Islamic mosque with several strange conical domes|access-date =9 March 2013|publisher=Atlasobscura.com}}
* {{cite web|ref={{harvid|Awjila: Libyan Tourism}}|url=http://www.libyan-td.com/index.php/82-libyan-cities.html?start=7|title=Awjila|access-date=7 March 2013|publisher=Libyan Tourism Directory|url-status=dead}} 
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Awjila: MVM Travel}}|url=http://www.mvmtravel.com/places-to-visit/awjila-libya/997/
 |title=Awjila|publisher=MVM Travel |access-date=2012-03-24}}
* {{cite book| last = Batibo| first = Herman| title = Language Decline And Death In Africa: Causes, Consequences And Challenges| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yoZ_fU_B0KgC&amp;pg=PA77| access-date = 2013-03-24| year = 2005| publisher = Multilingual Matters| isbn = 978-1-85359-808-1}}
* {{cite book| last = Chandra| first = Satish| title = International Protection of Minorities| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ybJSOTNHhaQC&amp;pg=PA113| access-date = 2013-03-24| year = 1986| publisher = Mittal Publications| id = GGKEY:L2U7JG58SWT}}
* {{cite journal |journal=The Journal of African History|volume=18 |issue=1|date=January 1977 |pages=21–36|publisher=Cambridge University Press
 |last=Cordell|first=Dennis D. |jstor=180415
 |title=Eastern Libya, Wadai and the Sanūsīya: A Tarīqa and a Trade Route|doi=10.1017/s0021853700015218}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Fage| first1 = John Donnelly| last2 = Oliver| first2 = Roland Anthony| title = The Cambridge History of Africa| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8DSa_viBgsgC&amp;pg=PA16| access-date = 2013-03-27| volume = 6| year = 1985| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-22803-9}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Falola| first1 = Toyin| last2 = Morgan| first2 = Jason| last3 = Oyeniyi| first3 = Bukola Adeyemi| title = Culture and Customs of Libya| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aBGk0uIqHdQC&amp;pg=PA14| access-date = 2013-03-24| year = 2012| publisher = ABC-CLIO| isbn = 978-0-313-37859-1}}
* {{cite book| last = Ham| first = Anthony| title = Libya. Ediz. Inglese| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lPaNiy3YisIC&amp;pg=PA132| access-date = 9 March 2013| date = 1 August 2007| publisher = Lonely Planet| isbn = 978-1-74059-493-6| pages = 132}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Holt| first1 = Peter M.| last2 = Lambton| first2 = Ann K. S.| last3 = Lewis| first3 = Bernard| title = The Cambridge History of Islam| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&amp;pg=PA263| access-date = 2013-03-27| volume = 2A| date = 1977-04-21| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-29137-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Martin|first=B. G. |journal=[[Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione|Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente]] |volume=38 |issue=4 
 |pages=545–579
 |date=December 1983 |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |jstor=40759666|title=Ahmad Rasim Pasha and the Suppression of the Fazzan Slave Trade, 1881-1896
 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Saharan Saints: Sacred Symbols or Empty Forms?
 |last=Mason|first=John Paul |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=390–405
 |date=October 1974
 |publisher=The George Washington University Institute for Ethnographic Research |jstor=3316606|doi=10.2307/3316606
 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Qadhdhafi's &quot;Revolution&quot; and Change in a Libyan Oasis Community
 |last=Mason|first=John P. |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=319–335
 |date=Summer 1982 
 |publisher=Middle East Institute |jstor=4326424}}
* {{cite book| last1 = Oliver| first1 = Roland Anthony| last2 = Atmore| first2 = Anthony| title = Medieval Africa, 1250-1800| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4o-OZ5w-BmMC&amp;pg=PA19| access-date = 2013-03-27| date = 2001-08-16| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-79372-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Petersen| first = Andrew| title = Dictionary of Islamic Architecture| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gVQj7bW0W9MC&amp;pg=PA166| access-date = 2013-03-24| date = 2002-03-11| publisher = Taylor &amp; Francis| isbn = 978-0-203-20387-3}}
* {{cite book| last = Smith| first = Sir William| title = Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wB0QAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA338| access-date = 24 March 2013| year = 1872| publisher = John Murray| page = 338}}
* {{cite journal |title=Egypt in Africa: A Lost Perspective in Artisans et Commercants au Caire au XVIIIe Siecle by Andre Raymond
 |last=Walz|first=Terence  |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=652–665
 |year=1975 
 |publisher=Boston University African Studies Center |jstor=216700 |doi=10.2307/216700
 }}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Al Fejeij</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4371" sha1="7d0dw1gms9rubd5g8e4dn9dirjhxpjj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          = Al Fejeij
|other_name             = Al Fjeij
|native_name            = الفجيج
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = 
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = Alfejej - Sicht auf die Oase.jpg
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_blank_emblem     =
|blank_emblem_type      =
|blank_emblem_size      =
|image_map              = 
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = 
|image_map1             = 
|mapsize1               = 
|map_caption1           = 
|image_dot_map          =
|dot_mapsize            =
|dot_map_caption        =
|dot_x =  |dot_y =
|pushpin_map            = Libya
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    = Goobta ay ku taal Liibiya
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Libya}}
|subdivision_type1      = Gobol
|subdivision_name1      = [[Fezzan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Degmooyinka Liibiya|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Wadi al Hayaa District|Wadi al Hayaa]] 
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      =
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  
|leader_name1           =
|leader_title2          =
|leader_name2           =
|leader_title3          =
|leader_name3           =
|leader_title4          =
|leader_name4           =
|established_title      =  
|established_date       = 
|established_title2     =  
|established_date2      = 
|established_title3     =  
|established_date3      =
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial 
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 
|area_land_km2            = 
|area_water_km2           =
|area_total_sq_mi         =
|area_land_sq_mi          =
|area_water_sq_mi         =
|area_water_percent       =
|area_urban_km2           =
|area_urban_sq_mi         =
|area_metro_km2           =
|area_metro_sq_mi         =
|area_blank1_title        =
|area_blank1_km2          =
|area_blank1_sq_mi        =
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =2006
|population_footnotes           =&lt;ref&gt;Amraja M. el Khajkhaj, &quot;Noumou al Mudon as Sagheera fi Libia&quot;, Dar as Saqia, Benghazi-2008, p. 122.&lt;/ref&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               =3,367
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban               =
|population_density_urban_km2   =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyado
|population_blank1              =
|population_blank2_title        =Diimaha
|population_blank2              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =   
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[UTC]] + 2
|utc_offset             = 
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|26|33|00|N|13|13|59|E|region:LY|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}
'''Al Fejeij''', ama '''Al Fjeij''' waa [[Oasis|oosi]] ku taal koonfur-galbeed ee Liibiya. Waxay ku taallaa {{convert|52|km|0|abbr=on}} dhanka bari ee [[Ubari]], isgoyska wadada Sabha-Ubari, iyo wadada koonfureed ee aadda [[Tesawa]], iyo [[Murzuk]].&lt;ref&gt;Salem Mohammed ez Zawwam, &quot;Al Mu'jam Al Jughrafi lil Amakin Allibiya&quot;, Dar wa Maktabat Ash Sha'b lin Nashr wa Tazee', Misrata, Libya, 2005. P.118.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Xusuusin==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siphofaneni</title>
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      <text bytes="1159" sha1="pvwdpg9f6wewuxdrbvqk2mkmywpp11p" xml:space="preserve">'''Siphofaneni''' waa [[magaalo]] ku taal [[Gobolka Lubombo]] ee bartamaha [[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]], 45 kiiloomitir u jirta [[Manzini, Eswatini|Manzini]] iyo 20 kiiloomitir u jirta [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]], oo ah magaalo weyn oo soo saarta [[sonkor]] kuna taal waddada weyn ee u horseedda Durban. Waxay leedahay [[cimilada kulaylaha]], aad u kulul xilliga xagaaga iyo qabow xilliga jiilaalka. [[Duumada]] waa cuduro ka jira Lubombo. Siphofaneni waxay leedahay [[il (biyo)|ilo]] kulul waxaana ku hareeraysan dhowr beerood oo sonkor ah. Waxay ku taallaa [[jiinka]] webiga ugu weyn Eswatini, [[Webiga Maputo|Usutu]].

== Gaadiidka ==
Siphofaneni waxay leedahay mid ka mid ah saldhigyada tareenka ugu waaweyn dalka, iyada oo u adeegta xiriiriye u dhexeeya [[Tareenka Goba]] (Matsapha-Siphofaneni-Mpaka) iyo tareenka Richards Bay (Siphofaneni-Lavumisa).

[[Tareenada xamuulka]] ee [[Eswatini Railways]] ayaa mara magaalada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Unwin |first=Mike |year=2012 |title=Swaziland |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |page=275 |isbn=9781841624006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|26|41|S|31|41|E|region:SZ_type:city|display=title}}</text>
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    <title>Oyun Musa</title>
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      <text bytes="908" sha1="a9i9ybmk23atedp6vubszucd6567o29" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Moses spring BW 1.jpg|thumbnail|Oyun Musa]]
'''Oyun Musa''' (&quot;Ilo-biyoodyadii Muuse&quot;, عيون موسى), oo ku yaal 20 km koonfurta [[Ahmed Hamdi Tunnel]] ee [[South Sinai]], waa ururinta ilo biyo macaan ah oo la sheego inay yihiin kuwii ku yaallay aagga loogu yeero Elim ee Baxniintii 15:27. Tani waxay noqon doontaa meeshii [[Muuse]] uu la tagay reer binu Israa'iil intii lagu jiray [[Baxniintii]] [[Isreal]] ka dib markii uu ku amray [[Yahweh]] inuu tuuro laan geed, suurtagal ah [[barberry]], ilaha qadhaadh ee Mara, iyaga oo ka dhigaya kuwo macaan oo ku filan in la cabbo (Baxniintii 15:25).{{cn|date=March 2021}}

Iluhu waxay ku yaallaan waddada ugu weyn ee [[Suez]] ee aadda [[Sharm el Sheikh]] gadaasha tuulada [[Beduin]] ee magacaas leh.{{cn|date=March 2021}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Elim (Kitaabka Quduuska ah)]]
*[[Ceelka Muuse]]

{{coord|29|52|37|N|32|39|30|E|source:plwiki|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Berriane</title>
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      <text bytes="9625" sha1="lp9xk8s0gt7tsylxgql4r80wdqkjt30" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = Berriane 
|other_name             =
|native_name            = بريان
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = [[Communes of Algeria|Degmo]] iyo magaalo
|motto                  =
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             = 
|seal_size              =
|image_map              = DZ-47 Berriane.svg
|mapsize                = 200px
|map_caption            = Goobta degmada Berriane ee Gobolka Ghardaïa
|pushpin_map            =Algeria
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize=300
|pushpin_map_caption    = Goobta Berriane ee gudaha Aljeeriya
|subdivision_type       = Waddan
|subdivision_name       ={{flag|Algeria}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]] 
|subdivision_name1      = [[Ghardaïa Province]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Algeria|Degmo]] 
|subdivision_name2      = [[Bérianne District]] '''(isla eg)'''
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|established_title      =  
|established_date       = 
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                = Metric
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 2.25
|area_land_km2            = 
|population_as_of               = 2008
|population_footnotes           = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2008&quot;/&gt;
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 30,200
|population_density_km2         =
|timezone               = [[Central European Time|CET]] 
|utc_offset             =  +1
|coordinates            = {{coord|32|50|N|3|46|E|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    = 
|elevation_m            = 539
|elevation_ft           = 
|postal_code_type       = 
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|website                = 
|footnotes              = 
}}

'''Berriane''' (laga soo bilaabo Tamazight: ''Bergan'') ({{langx|ar|بريان}}) waa magaalo dhexdhexaad ah iyo [[Communes of Algeria|degmo]] ku taal koonfurta [[Aljeeriya]], oo la mid ah [[Bérianne District]], ee [[Ghardaïa Province]], [[Aljeeriya]]. Waxay ku taal waqooyiga lamadegaanka Saxaraha, xagga waqooyi ee fog ee wilayada Ghardaïa, {{convert|554|km|mi}} koonfurta [[Algiers]] iyo {{convert|43|km|mi}} waqooyiga Magaalada Ghardaïa. Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobkii 2008 waxay leedahay dad gaaraya 30,200,&lt;ref name=&quot;census2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population: Ghardaïa Wilaya|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w47_p1.pdf|publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie|accessdate=12 February 2013|language=French|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516131832/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w47_p1.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; kor uga kacday 24,802 sanadkii 1998,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Algeria Communes|url=http://www.statoids.com/ydz.html|publisher=Statoids|accessdate=9 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; oo leh heer korriin sannadle ah oo ah 2.0%.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2008&quot;/&gt; Waxay ku fadhidaa bed dhan 2.250&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

== Taariikh ==
Marag-furka qadiimiga ah, horraantii taariikhda iyo taariikhdu waxay muujinayaan in aagga Berriane la degganaa tan iyo ugu yaraan xilligii Neolithic. Dadka ku nool Berriane waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan [[Zenata]] [[Mozabite people|Mozabite]].

Magaalada Berriane waxay qayb muhiim ah ka tahay taariikhda aagga [[M'zab]]. Waa tan ugu yar xagga taariikhda dhammaan magaalooyinka gobolka M'zab.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

===Dhacdooyinkii dhawaa===

In kasta oo ay tahay magaalo Berber ah oo qadiimi ah, oo leh dad u badan [[Zenata]] Ibadi, sanadihii la soo dhaafay dad badan oo [[Chaamba|Chaambi]] (Beduin) Carab ah ayaa halkaas degay. Bishii Maarso 2008 iyo Febraayo 2009 waxay ahayd goob ay ka dhaceen rabshado culus oo u dhexeeyay Berber iyo Carab,&lt;ref&gt;[http://host-215-67-22-178.cloudsigma.com/index.php/news-watch/middle-east/2814-arab-berber-clashes-shake-algeria-town Isku dhacyada Carabta iyo Berberka ee ruxay magaalada Aljeeriya] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527012332/http://host-215-67-22-178.cloudsigma.com/index.php/news-watch/middle-east/2814-arab-berber-clashes-shake-algeria-town |date=2013-05-27 }}, Lamine Chikhi, Reuters. 18 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; kuwaas oo ay ku dhinteen ugu yaraan 4 qof oo Berber ah.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==Juqraafi==
Marka laga soo tago muhiimadda ay u leedahay gobolka xagga tirakoobka, dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka, degmada Berriane waxay ku taal meel istiraatiiji ah, iyadoo isku xirta magaalooyinka Koonfurta iyo kuwa Waqooyiga.

Beerta timirta ee cagaaran waxay samaysaa [[oosi]] qurux badan oo u soo bandhigta deegaankeeda magaalo [[cimilada-yar]] oo ka wanaagsan aag lagu garto cimilo abaareed.

==Cimilada==

Berriane waxay leedahay [[cimilada lamadegaanka]] kulul ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh''), oo leh xagaa aad u kulul iyo jiilaal khafiif ah, iyo roobab aad u yar sanadka oo dhan.

&lt;div style=&quot;width:70%;&quot;&gt;
{{Weather box
| location = Berriane
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 15.5
| Feb high C = 18.2
| Mar high C = 21.4
| Apr high C = 26.9
| May high C = 31.6
| Jun high C = 37
| Jul high C = 41.6
| Aug high C = 40.3
| Sep high C = 33.9
| Oct high C = 26.5
| Nov high C = 20
| Dec high C = 16.1
| Jan mean C = 9.6
| Feb mean C = 11.7
| Mar mean C = 14.6
| Apr mean C = 19.2
| May mean C = 23.6
| Jun mean C = 28.8
| Jul mean C = 32.8
| Aug mean C = 31.8
| Sep mean C = 26.9
| Oct mean C = 19.9
| Nov mean C = 13.9
| Dec mean C = 10.2
| Jan low C = 3.7
| Feb low C = 5.2
| Mar low C = 7.9
| Apr low C = 11.5
| May low C = 15.7
| Jun low C = 20.7
| Jul low C = 24.0
| Aug low C = 23.3
| Sep low C = 19.9
| Oct low C = 13.4
| Nov low C = 7.8
| Dec low C = 4.3
| Jan precipitation mm = 8
| Feb precipitation mm = 6
| Mar precipitation mm = 11
| Apr precipitation mm = 8
| May precipitation mm = 6
| Jun precipitation mm = 4
| Jul precipitation mm = 1
| Aug precipitation mm = 6
| Sep precipitation mm = 8
| Oct precipitation mm = 9
| Nov precipitation mm = 9
| Dec precipitation mm = 8
| source 1 = climate-data.org&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Climate data for: Berriane|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/53700/|publisher=climate-data.org|accessdate=27 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| date=March 2013}}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Gaadiidka==

Berriane waxaa mara Waddada Qaranka 01, oo ah mid ka mid ah khadadka isgaarsiinta ee muhiimka ah ee dalka, iyo qayb ka mid ah [[Trans-Sahara Highway]]. Waddadu waxay u horseedaa waqooyi ilaa [[Laghouat]] iyo [[Djelfa]], iyo koonfur ilaa [[Ghardaïa]], [[In Salah]] iyo [[Tamanrasset]].

==Dhaqanka==
Berriane waxaa loo yaqaanaa roogag gacmeed qurux badan iyo alaabteeda farsamada gacanta ee ay soo saaraan hal-abuurayaal aqoon sare leh. Waxa kale oo loo yaqaanaa dadkeeda, hidaha dhaqanka, farshaxanka cunnada ee awoowayaasha iyo dhismaha.

==Dhaqaalaha==

Marka laga soo tago dhaqaalaheeda beeraha ee ku hareeraysan timirta, Berriane sidoo kale waa magaalo soo jiidasho leh oo loogu talagalay dalxiisayaasha, oo ay ku jiraan xardho iyo [[fresco]] dhagax ah oo ka soo jeeda taariikhdii hore, qoraallo ku qoran xarfaha Tamazight ee loo yaqaan ''Tifinagh'', iyo dhismayaal taariikhi ah iyo naqshad u eg magaalooyinka kale ee caalamka caanka ah ee M'Zab. Gobolka M'Zab waxaa u aqoonsaday [[UNESCO]] hanti dhaqameed adduunka ah oo ku jira Liiska Dhaxalka Adduunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/188|title=M'Zab Valley|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Waxbarashada==

6.3% dadweynaha waxay leeyihiin waxbarasho sare, iyo 15.3% kale waxay dhammaysteen waxbarashada dugsiga sare.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence.|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w47_p6.pdf|publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie|accessdate=13 February 2013|language=French|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516131702/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w47_p6.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Heerka guud ee akhris-qoraalku waa 88.3% (kan labaad ee ugu sarreeya gobolka), waana 93.3% ragga iyo 83.2% haweenka (sidoo kale kan labaad ee ugu sarreeya gobolka).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence .|url=http://www.ons.dz/collections/w47_p10.pdf|publisher=Office National des Statistiques Algérie|accessdate=13 February 2013|language=French|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516131804/http://www.ons.dz/collections/w47_p10.pdf|archivedate=16 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Meelaha==
Degmada Berriane waxay ka kooban tahay laba goobood:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued|url=http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1578.pdf|publisher=Journal officiel de la République Algérienne|accessdate=2 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021102626/http://www.joradp.dz/JO8499/1984/067/FP1578.pdf|archivedate=21 October 2013|page=1578|language=French|date=19 December 1984|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{div col}}
*Vieux Ksar de Berriane
*Quartiers périphériques et Palmeraie
{{div col end}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{Portal|Aljeeriya}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
&lt;div align=&quot;center&quot;&gt;'''Magaalooyinka deriska la ah'''&lt;/div&gt;</text>
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    <title>Module:ISO 3166/data/DZ</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>47861</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T14:08:38Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: return {   lang = &quot;ar&quot;,   [&quot;01&quot;] = {name=&quot;Adrar&quot;},   [&quot;02&quot;] = {name=&quot;Chlef&quot;},   [&quot;03&quot;] = {name=&quot;Laghouat&quot;},   [&quot;04&quot;] = {name=&quot;Oum el Bouaghi&quot;},   [&quot;05&quot;] = {name=&quot;Batna&quot;},   [&quot;06&quot;] = {name=&quot;Béjaïa&quot;},   [&quot;07&quot;] = {name=&quot;Biskra&quot;},   [&quot;08&quot;] = {name=&quot;Béchar&quot;},   [&quot;09&quot;] = {name=&quot;Blida&quot;},   [&quot;10&quot;] = {name=&quot;Bouira&quot;},   [&quot;11&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tamanrasset&quot;,altnames={&quot;Tamanghasset&quot;}},   [&quot;12&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tébessa&quot;},   [&quot;13&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tlemcen&quot;},   [&quot;14&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tiaret&quot;},   [&quot;15&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tizi Ou...</comment>
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      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="1898" sha1="1hdd3l3fxcwwa0sfpnz542rbol6gpdj" xml:space="preserve">return {
  lang = &quot;ar&quot;,
  [&quot;01&quot;] = {name=&quot;Adrar&quot;},
  [&quot;02&quot;] = {name=&quot;Chlef&quot;},
  [&quot;03&quot;] = {name=&quot;Laghouat&quot;},
  [&quot;04&quot;] = {name=&quot;Oum el Bouaghi&quot;},
  [&quot;05&quot;] = {name=&quot;Batna&quot;},
  [&quot;06&quot;] = {name=&quot;Béjaïa&quot;},
  [&quot;07&quot;] = {name=&quot;Biskra&quot;},
  [&quot;08&quot;] = {name=&quot;Béchar&quot;},
  [&quot;09&quot;] = {name=&quot;Blida&quot;},
  [&quot;10&quot;] = {name=&quot;Bouira&quot;},
  [&quot;11&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tamanrasset&quot;,altnames={&quot;Tamanghasset&quot;}},
  [&quot;12&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tébessa&quot;},
  [&quot;13&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tlemcen&quot;},
  [&quot;14&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tiaret&quot;},
  [&quot;15&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tizi Ouzou&quot;},
  [&quot;16&quot;] = {name=&quot;Algiers&quot;,isoname=&quot;Alger&quot;},
  [&quot;17&quot;] = {name=&quot;Djelfa&quot;},
  [&quot;18&quot;] = {name=&quot;Jijel&quot;},
  [&quot;19&quot;] = {name=&quot;Sétif&quot;},
  [&quot;20&quot;] = {name=&quot;Saïda&quot;},
  [&quot;21&quot;] = {name=&quot;Skikda&quot;},
  [&quot;22&quot;] = {name=&quot;Sidi Bel Abbès&quot;},
  [&quot;23&quot;] = {name=&quot;Annaba&quot;},
  [&quot;24&quot;] = {name=&quot;Guelma&quot;},
  [&quot;25&quot;] = {name=&quot;Constantine&quot;},
  [&quot;26&quot;] = {name=&quot;Médéa&quot;},
  [&quot;27&quot;] = {name=&quot;Mostaganem&quot;},
  [&quot;28&quot;] = {name=&quot;M'Sila&quot;,isoname=&quot;M'sila&quot;},
  [&quot;29&quot;] = {name=&quot;Mascara&quot;},
  [&quot;30&quot;] = {name=&quot;Ouargla&quot;},
  [&quot;31&quot;] = {name=&quot;Oran&quot;},
  [&quot;32&quot;] = {name=&quot;El Bayadh&quot;},
  [&quot;33&quot;] = {name=&quot;Illizi&quot;},
  [&quot;34&quot;] = {name=&quot;Bordj Bou Arréridj&quot;},
  [&quot;35&quot;] = {name=&quot;Boumerdès&quot;},
  [&quot;36&quot;] = {name=&quot;El Taref&quot;,isoname=&quot;El Tarf&quot;},
  [&quot;37&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tindouf&quot;},
  [&quot;38&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tissemsilt&quot;},
  [&quot;39&quot;] = {name=&quot;El Oued&quot;},
  [&quot;40&quot;] = {name=&quot;Khenchela&quot;},
  [&quot;41&quot;] = {name=&quot;Souk Ahras&quot;},
  [&quot;42&quot;] = {name=&quot;Tipaza&quot;,altnames={&quot;Tipasa&quot;}},
  [&quot;43&quot;] = {name=&quot;Mila&quot;},
  [&quot;44&quot;] = {name=&quot;Aïn Defla&quot;},
  [&quot;45&quot;] = {name=&quot;Naâma&quot;,isoname=&quot;Naama&quot;},
  [&quot;46&quot;] = {name=&quot;Aïn Témouchent&quot;},
  [&quot;47&quot;] = {name=&quot;Ghardaïa&quot;},
  [&quot;48&quot;] = {name=&quot;Relizane&quot;},
  [&quot;49&quot;] = {name=&quot;Timimoun&quot;},
  [&quot;50&quot;] = {name=&quot;Bordj Badji Mokhtar&quot;},
  [&quot;51&quot;] = {name=&quot;Ouled Djellal&quot;},
  [&quot;52&quot;] = {name=&quot;Béni Abbès&quot;},
  [&quot;53&quot;] = {name=&quot;In Salah&quot;},
  [&quot;54&quot;] = {name=&quot;In Guezzam&quot;},
  [&quot;55&quot;] = {name=&quot;Touggourt&quot;},
  [&quot;56&quot;] = {name=&quot;Djanet&quot;},
  [&quot;57&quot;] = {name=&quot;El Meghaier&quot;},
  [&quot;58&quot;] = {name=&quot;El Meniaa&quot;}
}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aïn Taïba</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47862</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-25T14:13:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3612" sha1="d9buu4onffcnge8ogbgi0vs58kqbla3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Aïn Taïba
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = &lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;fr&quot; for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --&gt;
| settlement_type    = 
| image_skyline      = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| etymology          = 
| nickname           = 
| motto              = 
| image_map          = 
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Algeria
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_relief     = y
| pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Aljeeriya
| coordinates        = {{Coord|30.276654|5.819271|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Waddan
| subdivision_name   = [[Aljeeriya]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Algeria|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Ouargla Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Districts of Algeria|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Ouargla District]]
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| unit_pref          = Metric
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 321
| population_as_of   = 
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total   = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note    = 
| population_demonym = 
| timezone1          = 
| utc_offset1        = 
| timezone1_DST      = 
| utc_offset1_DST    = 
| postal_code_type   = 
| postal_code        = 
| area_code_type     = 
| area_code          = 
| iso_code           = 
| website            = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes          = 
}}
'''Aïn Taïba''' (ama Hassi Taïba) waa [[oosi]] iyo [[god]] ku yaal Aljeeriya.

==Goobta==

Aïn Taïba waxay qiyaastii {{convert|190|km}} koonfur ka xigtaa [[Ouargla]] iyo qiyaastii {{convert|250|km}} waqooyi ka xigtaa [[Bordj Omar Driss]], oo ku taal bartamaha lamadegaanka.
Waxay jooggeedu yahay {{convert|231|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda. 
Waa goob biyo ah oo leh wareeg dhan qiyaastii {{convert|100|m}}.

==Taariikh==

Aïn Taïba waxaa u yaqaanay sahamiyayaashii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad inay tahay isha kaliya ee biyo ku yaal [[Issaouane Erg]] (Grande Erg Orientale) massiifka buuraha ciidda ah.{{sfn|Aïn Taïba – Bulletin|p=627}}
Sidaas darteed waxay ahayd meel loo baahan yahay in la istaago. 
Kuwa kale, oosiga waxaa booqday [[Fernand Foureau]],{{sfn|Dubief|1999|p=108}} Ismaël Bou Derba,{{sfn|Dubief|1999|p=62}} [[Paul Flatters]]{{sfn|Grandjean}} iyo [[Gaston Méry (explorer)|Gaston Méry]].{{efn|Gallica waxay leedahay nuqullo ka mid ah sawirradii ay qaadeen [[Gaston Méry (explorer)|Gaston Méry]] sanadkii 1892.{{sfn|14 phot. de la Mission Gaston Méry}} }}

==Xusuusin==
{{notes}}{{reflist|30em}}

==Isha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|language=fr|via=[[Gallica]]|ref={{harvid|14 phot. de la Mission Gaston Méry}}
 |title=14 phot. de la Mission Gaston Méry dans le Sahara algérien en 1892-1893. Enregistré en 1931|publisher=Société de Géographie |author=Gaston Méry
 |url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7702367d/f12.item|accessdate=2017-09-09}}
*{{citation|language=fr|journal=Bulletin de la Société de Géographie de Marseille|ref={{harvid|Aïn Taïba – Bulletin}}
 |title=Aïn Taïba|volume=25|year=1900}} 
*{{citation|language=fr
 |last=Dubief |first=Jean|title=L'Ajjer, Sahara central|year=1999}}
*{{citation|language=fr
 |last=Grandjean|first=Charles |title=Flatters|work=Imago Mundi
 |url=http://www.cosmovisions.com/Flatters.htm|accessdate=2017-09-03}}
{{refend}}

==Akhris dheeraad ah==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|author=J.- E.- A. Lahache |title=Le gouffre d'Ain-Taiba|year=1902}}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Godadka Selja</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47864</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299310</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T14:18:32Z</timestamp>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6613" sha1="i5ybkdpdj6rfywkvf06ppanekcke9zr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox valley
| name               = Godadka Selja
| other_name         = 
| native_name        ={{native name|fr|Gorges de Selja}}
| translation        = 
| photo              = Selja Metlaoui 2020 01.jpg
| photo_caption      = Selja gorges oo uu marayo tareenka ''[[Lézard rouge]]''
&lt;!--    MAP     --&gt;
| map                = Tunisia
| map_image          = 
| map_caption        = 
&lt;!--  Location  --&gt;
| location           = 
| country            = [[Tuniisiya]]
| region             = 
| state              = [[Gafsa Governorate]]
| district           = 
| city               = 
| relief             = 
| label              = 
| label_position     = 
| coordinates        = {{Coord|34|23|37|N|8|20|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref    = 
&lt;!-- Statistics --&gt;  
| elevation          = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_ft       = 
| elevation_ref      = 
| length             = 
| length_mi          = 
| length_km          = 
| length_orientation = 
| length_note        = 
| width              = 
| width_mi           = 
| width_km           = 
| width_orientation  = 
| width_note         = 
| area               = 
| area_mi2           = 
| area_km2           = 
| depth              = 
| depth_ft           = 
| depth_m            = 
| type               = 
| age                = 
| border             = 
| topo               = 
| traversed          = 
| river              = 
&lt;!-- Below --&gt; 
| footnotes          = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Les Gorges de Thelja
| designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2012
| designation1_number = 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Les Gorges de Thelja|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2009|accessdate=25 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Selja Gorges''' (laga soo bilaabo qoraalkii dhaqanka [[french language|fr.]] ''Gorges de Selja'') ama Thelja Gorges sida dhawaan laga soo qoray Carabi (arabic حلق الثالجة) waxay ku yaallaan koonfurta Tuniisiya ee [[Gafsa Governorate]]. 

Dooxyadu waxay isku xiraan Dooxada Gafsa iyo buuralayda [[Redeyef]]. Aaggu wuxuu ka kooban yahay kayd [[fosfat]] ah oo badan.

== Ramsar Wetland ==
Gorges waa doox dabiici ah oo dhererkeedu yahay dhowr kiiloomitir oo leh qulqulatooyin qoto dheer oo uu Thelja Wadi ku dhex maro waddo aad u qaloocan xagga [[Shatt al Gharsah|Chott El Gharsa]]. Deegaanku waa buuraley iyo oomane waxayna qayb ka yihiin Djebels ee Saharan Atlas (oo leh joog u dhexeeya 210m iyo 450m). Bed dhan 675 hektar ayaa loo ilaaliyaa sidii Ramsar wetland, halkaas oo biyaha wadi-gu ay joogaan sanadka oo dhan (inkasta oo ay leeyihiin qulqul aad u yar).

Goobtu waxay ka kooban tahay 45 nooc oo dhir iyo geedo ah kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin: cawska esparto ama &quot;alfa&quot; [[Stipa tenacissima|Macrochloa tenacissima]], rush cufan [[Juncus conglomeratus]], French tamarisk [[Tamarix gallica]], caper [[Caper|Capparis spinosa]], le Batoum, qasab [[Arundo donax]] iyo bridal broom [[Retama monosperma|Retama monosper]]

Xoolaha ugu caansan waa gorgorka dahabiga ah ee halista ku jira [[Golden eagle|Aquila chrysaetos]] iyo xamaaratada [[Uromastyx acanthinura]], oo loo yaqaan awoodda ay u leedahay inay u adkaysato xaaladaha lamadegaanka ee ba'an. Intaa waxaa dheer, xayawaannada soo socda ayaa laga helaa aagga waxayna caddeeyaan baahida loo qabo in la ilaaliyo deegaankooda:

waran-dhaqameedka [[Spotted hyena|Crocuta crocuta]], dawacada ciidda ee aadka dhif u ah ee Rüppell [[Rüppell's fox|Vulpes rueppellii]], bisadda duurjoogta ah ee Afrika [[African wildcat|Felis silvestris lybica]], [[Tunisian tortoise|qoolleyda Tuniisiya (ama Nabeul)]] ''Testudo graeca nabeulensis'', [[kormeeraha lamadegaanka]] ''Varanus griseus'', lizard-ka leopard-ka ee sanka dheer [[Long-nosed leopard lizard|Gambelia wislizenii]], [[qoolleyda Yurub]] ''Streptopelia turtur,'' [[European bee-eater]] ''merops apiaster'', [[Malpolon monspessulanus|maska Montpellier]] ''Malpolon monspessulanus, The'' [[Moorish viper]] ''(Daboia mauritanica)'' iyo [[Cerastes cerastes|maska geeska leh ee Saxaraha]] ''Cerastes cerastes''

Shimbiraha, marka laga reebo gorgorka dahabiga ah ee halista ku jira, dooxyadu waxay sidoo kale martigeliyaan [[Eurasian eagle-owl]] (Bubo bubo), [[Barbary partridge]] ''Alectoris barbara,'' [[Rock dove|qoolleyda dhagaxa]] ''Columba livia,'' qoolleyda Yurub (''Streptopelia turtur''), crag martin (''Ptyonoprogne rupestris'') iyo [[sand martin]] (''Riparia riparia'')

Goobta waxaa laga yaabaa inay halis ugu jirto wasakhaynta taasoo ka dhalatay hawlaha macdanta ee lagu fuliyay kor iyo dhismayaasha la xiriira dalxiiska, laakiin waa qayb ka mid ah barnaamijka madaxweynaha oo la abuuray 2009 si loo ilaaliyo noolaha, loo xoojiyo noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha, dhiirigelinta dalxiiska deegaanka, iyo taageeridda cilmi-baarista sayniska iyo dalxiiska.

== Khadka tareenka ==
[[File:Selja gorge railway.svg|thumb|Tareenada, oo leh qaybta Selja Gorges oo casaan ah.]]
Sannadkii 1896, khad tareen ayaa la dhisay si uu isugu xiro dekedda [[Sfax]] iyo magaalada [[Gabès|Gabes]] (halka fosfatka macdanta lagu farsameeyo) iyo magaalada macdanta ee [[Métlaoui]]. Shirkadaha macdanta ayaa kordhiyay khadka Metlaoui ilaa buuraleyda [[Redeyef]] si ay u qaadaan fosfatka laga soo saaray macdanta ku taal halkaas. Tareenadu waxay ahayd in la dhigo dooxada qaloocan, iyada oo la marayo buuraleyda waxayna u baahday dhismaha tunnel-yo iyo buundooyin badan.

Intaa waxaa dheer, tareen loogu talagalay dalxiisayaasha oo laga sameeyay gawaarida tareenka ee la cusbooneysiiyay oo laga soo saaray macdanta fosfatka oo loo yaqaan Red Lizard ayaa dadka ka qaada Metlaoui una kaxeeya dooxyada si ay u soo arkaan muuqaalka. 

Sebtember 2009, roobab mahiigaan ah ayaa sababay daadad ku dhuftay buuraleyda, daadadkiina waxay galeen dooxada Gafsa iyagoo maraya dooxyada Selja. Tani waxay sababtay burbur baahsan oo ku yimid tareenada iyo khasaare gawaarida ah iyo xiritaanka khadka muddo hal sano ah ilaa dib u dhiska iyo dayactirka la dhamaystiray.

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;225px&quot; heights=&quot;220px&quot;&gt;
File:Red butte, Selja gorges, Tunisia.jpg|Red butte oo ku taal khadka tareenka
File:Selja02(js).jpg|Dalxiisayaasha tareenka &quot;Red Lizard&quot;, 2012
Gorges de Selja 28.jpg|Selja Gorges 2016
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Liiska Ramsar Wetlands ee Muhiimadda Caalamiga ah]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{commonscat|Selja Gorges|Selja Gorges}}
* Gallery ee dooxyada daadadku qaadeen, JakPrzetrwac.pl [https://web.archive.org/web/20120322133406/http://www.jakprzetrwac.pl/Katastrofa_w_w%C4%85wozie_Selja]  {{in lang|pl}}</text>
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    <title>Kneiss</title>
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      <text bytes="3691" sha1="je20vdef6wod9s0g9ikk8y7bw0h2ajz" xml:space="preserve">{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Iles Kneiss avec leurs zones intertidales
 | designation1_date = 7 Noofambar 2007
 | designation1_number = 1704&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iles Kneiss avec leurs zones intertidales|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1704|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Kneiss.jpg | thumb | right | Satellite image of Kneiss Islands]]
'''Kneiss''' ({{langx|ar|أرخبيل الكنائس }}) waa jasiirado yaryar oo ku yaal [[Gulf of Gabes]], oo ku yaal dhowr kiiloomitir xeebta [[Tuniisiya]], qiyaastii 50 km koonfurta [[Sfax]].

Magacyadoodu waxay ka yimaadaan qaabka jamaca ee ereyga ''knissa'' (&quot;kaniisad&quot; [kiristan] oo ku yaal Carabi Tuniisiya) maadaama jasiiradda dhexe ay weli siddo hadhaaga qadiimiga ah ee u dhigma [[Cenae]], keniisaddii meeshii [[Fulgentius of Ruspe]] uu u guuray qiyaastii sannadihii 503 ilaa 505 AD&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ameur Oueslati, Roland Paskoff, Hédi Slim, Pol Trousset |date=1992 |title=Les îles Kneiss et le monastère de Fulgence de Ruspe |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/antaf_0066-4871_1992_num_28_1_1207 |journal=Antiquitées Africaines |volume=28 |pages=223–247|doi=10.3406/antaf.1992.1207 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;,&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Trousset |first=P. |date=2008-01-01 |title=Kneiss |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/99 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=28–29 |pages=4251–4254 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.99 |issn=1015-7344|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juqraafi ==
Qarnigii 21-aad, afar jasiiradood oo Kneiss ah ayaa ka soo ifbaxaya aag 15km dherer ah oo ka badan 10km oo ballac ah: Jasiiradda weyn ee 2.5km dhexroorka qaabka wareegsan ayaa ku taal Waqooyi-Bari waxaana loo yaqaan ''Dzirat el Bessila''. 3-da kale waa jasiirado yaryar oo ku yaal dhidibka Koonfur-Koonfur Galbeed: ''Dzirat el Hajar'' &quot;jasiiradda dhagaxa&quot; oo waqooyi ka badan, ''Dzirat el Laboua'' &quot;jasiiradda dhoobada&quot; oo dhexda ku taal iyo ''Dzirat el Gharbia'' &quot;jasiiradda Galbeedka&quot; oo ah tan ugu Koonfur-Galbeed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Joogitaanka ugu yaraan hal jasiirad &quot;cidla ah oo aan la degganayn&quot; ayaa lagu xusay Giriigga [[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]. Waqtiga dhexe, on Catalan [[Portolan chart|Portolan charts]], sida kuwa [[Gabriel de Vallseca]], waxa maanta ah 3 jasiiradood oo yaryar ayaa u muuqda sidii hal jasiirad oo dherer ah waxaana Kneiss loogu yeeraa ''Frixols.'' Jasiiradaha waxaa si wadajir ah loogu tixraacaa khariidadaha Carabiga sida ''Surkenis'' i.e. &quot;derbiga-Kneiss&quot; sababtoo ah xadhigga jasiiradaha oo leh dhoobo ku hareeraysan waxay ka dhigaysaa &quot;darbi&quot; hirarka sare waxayna ilaalisaa gacanka Galbeedka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==Deegaanka==
Baaxadda weyn ee dhoobada (14,500 ha) iyo biyaha gacanka ah waa meel muhiim u ah shimbiraha waxaana lagu ilaaliyaa heshiiska [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6949&amp;m=0 Bird Life]&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiradaha xeebta, oo ay la socdaan [[dhoobada]] intertidal, xeebta iyo cawska semi-lamadegaanka ee xeebta weyn ee ku dhow, ayaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageeraan dad aad u badan oo qaboobaha [[shimbiraha biyaha]] iyo [[passerine]]s deggan.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEles-kneiss-iba-tunisia|title= Îles Kneiss|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|34|21|2|N|10|17|59|E|type:isle_region:TN_dim:10km|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jasiiradaha Kerkennah</title>
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      <text bytes="12612" sha1="o4y1tb0ph5v3rq9ynd2wx02u03yzldq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox islands
| name = Jasiiradaha Kerkennah
| native_name ={{collapsible list
  | titlestyle                    = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
  | title                         = {{resize|1.25em|{{lang|ar|قرقنة}}}} ([[Carabi]])
  | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;
    | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Carabi Standard]]: | data1 = {{Transliteration|ar|qarqna}}
     }}
 }}
 {{collapsible list
  | titlestyle                    = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;
  | title                         = {{lang|el|Κέρκιννα}}([[Af-Giriig]])
  | {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:75%;font-weight:normal;
    | rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = {{lang|el|Κέρκιννα}}: | data1 = {{Transliteration|el|Cercinna}}
    }}
 }} 
| sobriquet = &lt;!-- ama naaneys --&gt;
| image_name = Kerkennah Islands NASA.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| image_caption = Jasiiradaha Kerkennah oo laga arkay hawada
| image_alt = 
| pushpin_map = Tunisia
| pushpin_map_width = 250
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|42|N|11|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = 
| location = 
| archipelago =[[Badda Mediterranean]] 
| waterbody = 
| total_islands = 
| major_islands = 
| area_km2 = 160
| area_footnotes = 
| rank = 
| length_km = &lt;!-- ama dherer m --&gt;
| length_footnotes = 
| width_km = &lt;!-- ama ballac m --&gt;
| width_footnotes = 
| coastline_km = &lt;!-- ama xeebta m --&gt;
| coastline_footnotes = 
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| highest_mount = &lt;!-- magaca --&gt;
| Country_heading = 
| country = [[Tuniisiya]]
| country_admin_divisions_title = 
| country_admin_divisions = 
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = 
| country_admin_divisions_1 = 
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = 
| country_admin_divisions_2 = 
| country_capital = 
| country_largest_city = 
| country_largest_city_population = 
| country_leader_title = 
| country_leader_name = 
| demonym = Kerkennian 
| population = 16,439
| population_as_of = 2022-04-23
| density_km2 = 
| density_footnotes = 
| ethnic_groups = 
| website = 
| additional_info = 
| module = 
|local_name=}}

'''Jasiiradaha Kerkennah''' ({{langx|aeb|قرقنة|rtl=yes}} {{translit|aeb|{{audio|help=no|9ar9na.wav|qarqna}}}}; {{langx|grc|Κέρκιννα}} [{{translit|grc|Kérkinna}}]; {{langx|es|Querquenes}}) waa koox jasiirado ah oo ku yaal xeebta bari ee [[Tuniisiya]] ee [[Gulf of Gabès]] iyo bari ka xigta [[Sfax]], at {{Coord|34|42|N|11|11|E}}. Jasiiradaha ayaa hooseeya, iyagoo aan ka badnayn {{convert|13|m|0|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|ka sarreeya heerka badda]]. Jasiiradaha ugu waaweyn waa [[Chergui]] iyo [[Gharbi, Tunisia|Gharbi]]. Jasiiraduhu waxay leeyihiin bed dhan {{convert|160|km2|mi2}} iyo dad tiradoodu tahay 15,501 (2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mediterraneanislands.org/island.php?island=kerkennah|title=Information about Kerkennah, Tunisia|website=www.mediterraneanislands.org|access-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821002739/http://www.mediterraneanislands.org/island.php?island=kerkennah|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taariikh ==
{{expand section|date=August 2022}}

[[File:Txu-oclc-6949452-ni32-8.jpg|thumb|left|Khariidad ay ku jiraan Jasiiradaha Kerkennah ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1958)]][[File:Ruines KKH.JPG|thumb|right|Hadhaaga qadiimiga ah ee Bordj El Hassar sanadkii 2007]]

[[Berbers|Dadka asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Tuniisiya iyo Kerkennah]] ayaa markii hore halkaas degay, laakiin intii lagu jiray fiditaanka [[Boqortooyada Roomaanka]], Kerkennah waxaa loo isticmaali jiray deked iyo meel wax laga daawado, si loola socdo dhaqdhaqaaqa badda. Sanadkii 2 BC, [[Augustus]] wuxuu masaafuriyay [[Sempronius Gracchus]], oo ahaa gacaliye [[Julia the Elder]], jasiiradaha muddo 14 sano ah sababo la xiriira akhlaaq xumo uu u geystay gabadhiisa oo markaas la qabay. [[Giriigga]] waxay ugu yeereen '''Cercina''' ({{langx|grc|Κέρκινα}})&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc1:5.12 Diodorus Siculus, Library, §5.12.3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/178#Dion.25 Plutarch, Life of Dion, §Dion.25]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/102#110 Pseudo Scylax, Periplous, §110]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0233%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D96%3Asection%3D12 Polybius, Histories, §3.96.12]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg031.perseus-grc1:40 Plutarch, Life of Marius, §40]&lt;/ref&gt; iyo '''Cercinna''' ({{langx|grc|Κέρκιννα}}).&lt;ref name=Strabo&gt;[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:17.3.16 Strabo, Geography, §17.3.16]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Strabo]] iyo [[Ptolemaeus]] waxay qoreen in magaaladii jasiiradda ku tiilay iyaduna la odhan jiray Cercinna ({{langx|grc|Κέρκιννα}}), sidii jasiiradda oo kale.&lt;ref name=Strabo/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://topostext.org/work/209#4.3.45 Ptolemaeus, Geography, §4.3.45]&lt;/ref&gt;

Waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|Catholic bishops]] oo uu [[Arianism|Arian]] [[Vandals|Vandal]] boqor [[Huneric]] ugu yeeray [[Carthage]] sanadkii 484, wuxuu ahaa Bishop Athenius of '''Cercina''', kursiga bishopric-ka oo ku yaal jasiiradda ugu bari ee kooxda.&lt;ref name=Feuille&gt;G.-L. Feuille, ''v. Cercina'',  in [https://archive.org/stream/dictionnairedhis12baud#page/84/mode/2up ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. XII, Paris 1953, col. 160&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Antonio Morcelli, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dO4-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA140 ''Africa christiana''], Volume I, Brescia 1816, pp.&amp;nbsp;140–141&lt;/ref&gt; Ma aha mar dambe bishopric la deggan yahay, Cercina maanta waxaa ku taxan [[Catholic Church]] sidii [[titular see]].&lt;ref&gt;''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 866&lt;/ref&gt;

Waxaa la soo jeediyay in la helo keniisad la dhisay 532 by Saint [[Fulgentius of Ruspe]] mid ka mid ah jasiiradaha kooxda,&lt;ref name=Feuille/&gt; laakiin waxaa dhawaan lagu dooday in lagu aqoonsado jasiiradda [[Kneiss]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Q | Q124639183}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 1424, Jasiiradaha Kerkennah waxaa [[Aragonese expedition to Tunisia of 1424|duullaan ku qaaday koox Aragonese ah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Fiorini |first1=Stanley |title=The Fortification and the Defence of Gozo down to 1551 |journal=Symposia Melitensia |date=2007 |issue=4 |pages=131–146 |issn=1812-7509 |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/6340/1/The%20Fortification%20and%20the%20Defence%20of%20Gozo%20down%20to%201551.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909125036/https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/6340/1/The%20Fortification%20and%20the%20Defence%20of%20Gozo%20down%20to%201551.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Intii lagu jiray [[Second World War]], [[Battle of the Tarigo Convoy]] ayaa lagu dagaalamay meel u dhow jasiiradaha 16 Abriil 1941.

Dadka jasiiradaha ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay 1980-meeyadii sababo la xiriira [[drought]]. Jasiiraduhu ma awoodin inay bixiyaan nidaamyo [[irrigation]] oo ku habboon, iyadoo biyaha nadiifka ah ay si degdeg ah u dhammaanayeen, dad badan oo jasiiradaha deggan ayaa lagu qasbay inay u cararaan Tuniisiya, magaaladii ugu dhowayd oo ah [[Sfax]].

==Tirakoobka==
Magaalada ugu weyn Kerkennah, [[Remla]] (on [[Chergui]]), waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu ahayd 2,623 ilaa Census 2014-04-23.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-10-17 |title=Wayback Machine |url=http://ins.dev-projet.com/sites/default/files/population_logement_menage_par_secteurs_2014_milieu.xlsx |access-date=2024-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017163309/http://ins.dev-projet.com/sites/default/files/population_logement_menage_par_secteurs_2014_milieu.xlsx |archive-date=2018-10-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Juqraafi ==
[[File:Kerkennah 015.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Muuqaal oomane ah oo ku yaal Jasiiradaha Kerkennah]]
Jasiiraduhu waa diirran yihiin oo engegan yihiin, iyadoo dabaylo xooggan ay ka dhacaan. Tani waxay u badan tahay sababtoo ah booskeeda [[Gulf of Gabes]], oo leh dabaylo badda oo xooggan ([[Gharbi, Tunisia|Gharbi]]), oo lagu qaado dhulka weyn, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay kululaadaan oo engegaan. Uumiga biyaha ee yar ee jira, ayaa marka hore laga lumiyaa Tuniisiya oo qabow. Tani waxay keentaa in deegaanka guud ee jasiiraddu uu inta badan ka koobnaado flora dhaadheer [[xerophytic]] (iyo inta badan [[halophytic]]), sida [[arecaceae|palm]]s iyo [[saltbush]]es.

Dhulku waa oomane wax yar oo beerasho ahna waa jiraan, in kasta oo jasiiraduhu leeyihiin digaag iyo riyo ay u isticmaalaan isticmaalkooda gaarka ah. [[Kalluumeysiga]], gaar ahaan octopus, waa warshad muhiim u ah Kerkennah, halkaas oo loo dhoofiyo Tuniisiya iyo dalalka deriska ah.

Dalxiisku wuu ku xaddidan yahay Kerkennah oo waxa ka maqan xeebo qurux badan oo ciid ah. Dad badan oo Tuniisiya u dhashay ayaa fasaxooda ku qaata Kerkennah, dad badan oo Tuniisiya u dhashay oo taajiriin ahna waxay inta badan dhistaan guryo gaar ah oo labaad oo jasiiradda ah. Dalxiisayaashu waxay kaloo ka yimaadaan dalalka Yurub. Heerkulka jasiiraddu waa sarreeyaa, iyadoo ugu yaraan {{convert|4|°C|0}} oo inta badan gaadha {{convert|40|°C|0}}.

Waqooyigu wuxuu ka kooban yahay deked loo yaqaan [[Kraten]].

== Duurjoogta ==
Dhammaan jasiiraduhu waa aag muhiim u ah shimbiraha socdaalka. [[BirdLife International]] waxay u kala saartaa Jasiiradaha Kerkennah inay yihiin [[Important Bird Area]] (code TN026) oo si gaar ah u muhiim ah maadaama ay ka kooban tahay xannibaad socdaal oo weyn (category A4i) waxayna martigelisaa dad muhiim ah oo ka mid ah noocyada qaar oo qaybintooda inta badan ku xaddidan tahay Mediterranean North-African [[biome]] (i.e., category A3).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mourad AMARI, Hichem AZAFZAF |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Tunisia.pdf |title=TUNISIA in Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands: Priority Sites for Conservation. Fishpool, L. D. C. and Evans, M. I., eds |publisher=Pisces Publications, Birdlife International |year=2001 |location=Cambridge |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marka la eego shimbiraha jiilaalka ee socdaalka, [[great cormorant]]s, [[gull]]s iyo [[tern]]s ayaa ah kuwa ugu muuqda.{{what|date=November 2025}} Waayo [[great cormorant]] ''Phalacrocorax carbo'' inta u dhaxaysa 1,000 iyo 10,000 shakhsiyaad ayaa la tirin karaa jiilaalka qaarkood (wadada socdaalka waxay ku xirnaan kartaa qadarka roobka ee sanad la bixiyo). Shimbiraha gulls iyo terns, noocyada caanka ah oo ay ku jiraan [[slender-billed gull]] ''Larus genei'', [[lesser black-backed gull]] ''Larus fuscus'', [[Caspian gull]] ''Larus cachinnans'', [[Caspian tern]] ''Sterna caspia'' iyo [[Sandwich tern]] ''Sterna sandvicensis''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Jasiiraduhu waxay ka kooban yihiin xannibaad socdaal oo muhiim ah 3 nooc: great cormorants ee hore loo soo sheegay, [[Eurasian spoonbill]] (400–800 shakhsiyaad) iyo [[greater flamingo]] (400–1,500 shakhsiyaad).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Intaa waxaa dheer, toddobada nooc ee soo socda oo inta badan ku xaddidan Mediterranean North African biome waxay arkaan dad muhiim ah oo u socdaala Kerkennah (BirdLife conservation criteria A3): [[Barbary partridge]] ''Alectoris barbara'', [[Moussier's redstart]] ''Phoenicurus moussieri'', [[Western black-eared wheatear]] ''Oenantha hispanica'', [[Sardinian warbler]] ''Sylvia melanocephalia'', [[Eastern subalpine warbler]] ''Sylvia cantillans'', [[spectacled warbler]] ''Sylvia conspicillata'' iyo [[spotless starling]] ''Sturnus unicolor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ugu dambeyntii, noocyada qaar ma ahan oo kaliya inay soo maraan laakiin waxay ku tarmaan Kerkenah, sida [[common kestrel]] ''Falco tinnunculus'', [[cream-coloured courser]] ''Cursorius cursor'', [[European bee-eater]] ''Merops apiaster'' iyo [[Great grey shrike]] ''Lanius excubitor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Marka laga reebo shimbirahan, jasiiraduhu waxay sidoo kale yihiin goob muhiim ah oo la istaago gu' kasta iyo deyr kasta boqolaal kun oo [[Songbird|passerines]] ah. Dhammaan jasiiradaha waxaa loo kala saaraa inay yihiin kaydka ugaarsiga, taasoo la macno ah in ugaarsiga ciyaarta, oo ay ku jiraan shimbiraha, la oggol yahay oo kaliya waqtiyo gaar ah iyo liisanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

[[Kerkennah Islands gerbil]], ''Gerbillus simoni zakariai'' waa subspecies of ''Gerbillus simoni'' endemic to the archipelago.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[Océano Club de Kerkennah]]

== Tixraacyo ==
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{{Commons}}
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  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka ee Dar Fatma</title>
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      <text bytes="8217" sha1="1wf7btd7rugerol8935ztzkb35km3zw" xml:space="preserve">'''Dhul biyoodka ee Dar Fatma''' ({{langx|ar| مستنقعات دار فاطمة}}, {{langx|fr| Les Tourbières de Dar Fatma}}) waa goob dabiici ah oo ku taal joog dhan 780 m oo ku taal [[Jendouba Governorate]], waqooyi-galbeed ee Tuniisiya, oo daboolaysa aag dhan shan iyo toban [[hectare]].

Waxaa loo kala saaray [[nature reserve]] sanadkii 1993 iyo [[Ramsar site]] 7 Noofambar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Tourbières de Dar Fatma {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1708 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Goobta la ilaaliyo waxaa loo abuuray in lagu ilaaliyo [[biotope]]-ka dhirta gaarka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, [[peat]], iyada oo ilaalisa [[pollen]] iyo [[spore]]s la qabtay oo la dhagax-geliyay, waxay bixisaa macluumaad cilmiyeed gaar ah oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo shaqada [[ecosystem]]s oo midba midka kale ka dambeeyay ku dhawaad 33,000 oo sano. Dar Fatma peatland ma laha wax u dhigma oo kale meel kasta oo ka mid ah Waqooyiga Afrika waxayna ka dhigan tahay &quot;sanduuq kayd ah oo cimilada iyo paleobotanical ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redonner vie aux tourbières de Dar Fatma à Ain Draham |url=https://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/13350 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=Turess}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sida uu sheegay [[legend]] maxalli ah, magaca Dar Fatma (Guriga Fatma ee [[Arabic]]) wuxuu ka yimid sheekada aroosad yar oo reer Roomaan ah oo ku qarqoontay ama ku xayiranayd qoyan. Asalka magaca wuxuu muujinayaa aqoonsi muddo dheer ah oo qoto dheer oo ku saabsan dabeecadda qoyan ee aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Peatlands ==

=== Deegaanka ===
Goobta ugu weyn ee Dar Fatma waxay ka kooban tahay shan [[peatland]]s. Goobta waxaa ku hareeraysan [[forest]]s, laakiin peatlands-ka laftoodu waxay ku jiraan meel qoyan oo ku taal Mouzoued Louize wadi watershed. Peatlands-ka gaarka ah waxay ku xaddidan yihiin cabbirka, oo leh dhexroor u dhexeeya laba ilaa siddeed mitir iyo qoto dheer oo aan ka badnayn toban mitir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Goobta ugu weyn, oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin xayndaab, waxaa loo kala saaray [[nature reserve]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Meel labaad, oo si ka sii daran loo ilaaliyo oo hoos u dhacaysa waxay ka kooban tahay laba peatlands kale. Meeshan labaad ee cad maaha qayb ka mid ah kaydka dabiiciga ah laakiin waxaa lagu daray [[Ramsar site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Biyaha ku jira gunta peatlands-ka waxay leeyihiin [[pH]] dhexdhexaad ah oo leh u janjeera dhanka [[acid]]ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Goobta waxaa la quusiyaa oo kaliya xilliga jiilaalka sababtoo ah roobab mahiigaan ah. Roobabka jiilaalka waa muhiim (qiyaastii 1,500 mm sanadkii, taas oo ka dhigaysa gobolka ugu qoyan Tuniisiya), iyo [[summer]]s waa engegan yihiin laakiin waa khafiif (oo leh heerkul sanadle ah oo celcelis ahaan 18 °C).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Goobta Dar Fatma waxay ahayd mawduuca daraasado aad u faahfaahsan [[Palynology|palynological]]. Muunado udub dhexaad u ah oo qoto dheer, oo gaaraya ilaa toban mitir, ayaa bixiyay fikrado dib ugu noqonaya qiyaastii 33,000 oo sano, taas oo u oggolaanaysa saynisyahannadu inay bartaan horumarinta dhirta ee gobolka [[Kroumirie]] tan iyo wakhtigaas. Kani waa peatland kaliya ee Mediterranean-ka iyo Waqooyiga Afrika oo lagu bartay si faahfaahsan, iyada oo bixisa natiijooyin joogto ah muddo dheer oo aan kala go' lahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ben Tiba |first=Béchir |last2=Reille |first2=Maurice |date=1982 |title=Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les montagnes de Kroumirie (Tunisie septentrionale): premiers résultats |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecmed_0153-8756_1982_num_8_4_1004 |journal=Ecologia Mediterranea |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dhirta Gaarka ah ===
Peatlands-ku waxay hoy u yihiin [[Poaceae|cawska]] iyo taxane ah dhirta biyaha oo laga helo meel kale oo Tuniisiya ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[sphagnum]] mosses oo aad u maxalli ah: ''Sphagnum subsecundum'' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Sphagnum auriculatum'') iyo ''Sphagnum plumulosum'' (ama ''S. subnitens''). Kuwan waxay la nool yihiin dhir kale oo biyaha ah sida ''[[Eleocharis multicaulis]]'', ''Bellis annua'', ''Montia fontana'', ''Hypericum afrum'', ''Anagallis crassipes'', asphodel laamo leh (''Asphodelus microcarpus'' ama ''ramosus''), iyo ''[[Isoetes histrix]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Muddo dheer ka hor, goobta Dar Fatma waxay ahayd deegaan aad u qoyan, oo biyo lagu daboolay oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kayn ah zean oaks. Joog sare, kayntan waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray geedo kedar ah iyo firs, taas oo ka tarjumaysa cimilo qabow oo qoyan.

Waqti ka dib, cimiladu waxay noqotay mid engegan, dhirtuna si weyn ayay isu beddeshay. Cork oaks ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelay [[Quercus canariensis|zean oaks]]. Noocyada kale sida [[Alnus glutinosa]], [[Salix pedicellata]], iyo common ash (''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'') ayaa baaba'ay sababtoo ah goobta ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u engegtay. Maanta, waxaad ka heli doontaa heathers iyo weyn [[fern]]s koraya dhammaan aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kaymaha iyo Xoolaha ku hareeraysan ==

=== Xoolaha ===
Aagga ku hareeraysan [[peatland]]s waa kayn xun oo ah [[Quercus suber|cork oaks]] (''Quercus suber''), oo leh zean oaks oo firidhsan (''Quercus faginea'') oo ku hodminaya meelo qaar. Joogitaanka zean oaks-kan goonida ah waa caddayn doorka ay mar u ciyaareen dhirta gobolka. Fiditaanka hadda ee geedka cork, oo kaashanaya zean oak, waa sababta oo ah [[anthropozoogenic]] tallaabo (saamaynta bini'aadamka iyo xayawaanka).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ben Tiba |first=Béchir |last2=Reille |first2=Maurice |date=1982 |title=Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les montagnes de Kroumirie (Tunisie septentrionale): premiers résultats |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004 |journal=Ecologia mediterranea |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004 |issn=0153-8756|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhul-hoosaadku waxaa ku nool [[Myrtles Plantation|myrtles]], heathers, brooms, iyo geedaha strawberry. Gobolku wuxuu sidoo kale caan ku yahay [[mushroom]]s, sida [[chanterelle]]s iyo [[Boletus edulis|porcini]] mushrooms (''[[Boletus edulis]]''), iyo [[orchid]]s, oo ay ku jiraan aborted-leaf [[Limodorum|limodore]] iyo naadir ah ''[[Serapias lingua subsp. stenopetala|Serapias stenopetala]]''.

=== Naasleyda ===
Kaynta Kroumirie waxay hoy u ahayd libaaxyadii ugu dambeeyay ee waaweyn ee Tuniisiya. [[Barbary lion|Atlas lion]]-kii ugu dambeeyay waxaa lagu dilay [[Babouch]] 1891, panther-kii ugu dambeeyay 1925,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; iyo leopards-kii ugu dambeeyay waxay ka baaba'een gobolka Kroumirie horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Serval-ka sidoo kale waxay u muuqataa inay ka baaba'day aagga tan iyo 1930-meeyadii.

Kayntu waxay hoy u tahay [[Barbary stag]] (''Cervus elaphus barbarus''), iyo sidoo kale [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') iyo dawacada cas (''Vulpes vulpes''). Si ka sii dhif ah, qofku wuxuu sidoo kale la kulmi karaa jackal, Egyptian mongoose (''[[Egyptian mongoose|Herpestes ichneumon]]''), [[hare]], iyo [[wildcat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Shimbiraha ===
Kaynta Kroumirie ee ku hareeraysan waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo Palearctic ah oo shimbiraha buulasha ah, kuwaas oo ka hela xadka koonfureed ee baaxaddooda halkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saddex nooc oo woodpeckers ah ayaa jooga, oo ay ku jiraan [[Levaillant's woodpecker]] (''Picus vaillantii''), nooc ka mid ah Waqooyiga Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

[[woodlark]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa halkan, sida waa endemic subspecies of [[European robin]], ''Erithacus rubecula witherbyi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kayntu waxay sidoo kale martigelisaa [[mistle thrush]] (''Turdus viscivorus''), [[melodious warbler]] (''Hippolais polyglotta''), kaas oo lagu arkay buul ku yaal Dar Fatma, malaha xadka bari ee xadka Waqooyiga Afrika, iyo [[Atlas pied flycatcher|Atlas flycatcher]] (''Ficedula speculigera''), nooc kale oo endemic ah. Shimbiraha kale ee jooga waa [[coal tit]] (''Parus ater'') iyo [[Eurasian jay]] (''Garrulus glandarius''), kaas oo ah endemic subspecies.

Dhamaadka sanadka, dhowr nooc oo jiilaalka ah ayaa yimaada, sida [[Eurasian woodcock]] (''Scolopax rusticola'') iyo common [[Common wood pigeon|wood pigeon]] (''Columba palumbus'').

== Tixraacyo ==
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      <id>299314</id>
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      <text bytes="8219" sha1="h3sd8ec5dh17ua9dhymk9j6abj0hce1" xml:space="preserve">'''Dhul biyoodka ee Dar Fatma''' ({{langx|ar| مستنقعات دار فاطمة}}, {{langx|fr| Les Tourbières de Dar Fatma}}) waa goob dabiici ah oo ku taal joog dhan 780 m oo ku taal [[Jendouba Governorate]], waqooyi-galbeed ee Tuniisiya, oo daboolaysa aag dhan shan iyo toban [[hectare]].

Waxaa loo kala saaray [[nature reserve]] sanadkii 1993 iyo [[Ramsar site]] 7 Noofambar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Les Tourbières de Dar Fatma {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1708 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Goobta la ilaaliyo waxaa loo abuuray in lagu ilaaliyo [[biotope]]-ka dhirta gaarka ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, [[peat]], iyada oo ilaalisa [[pollen]] iyo [[spore]]s la qabtay oo la dhagax-geliyay, waxay bixisaa macluumaad cilmiyeed gaar ah oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo shaqada [[ecosystem]]s oo midba midka kale ka dambeeyay ku dhawaad 33,000 oo sano. Dar Fatma peatland ma laha wax u dhigma oo kale meel kasta oo ka mid ah Waqooyiga Afrika waxayna ka dhigan tahay &quot;sanduuq kayd ah oo cimilada iyo paleobotanical ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Redonner vie aux tourbières de Dar Fatma à Ain Draham |url=https://www.turess.com/fr/letemps/13350 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=Turess}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sida uu sheegay [[legend]] maxalli ah, magaca Dar Fatma (Guriga Fatma ee [[Arabic]]) wuxuu ka yimid sheekada aroosad yar oo reer Roomaan ah oo ku qarqoontay ama ku xayiranayd qoyan. Asalka magaca wuxuu muujinayaa aqoonsi muddo dheer ah oo qoto dheer oo ku saabsan dabeecadda qoyan ee aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dhul biyood ==

=== Deegaanka ===
Goobta ugu weyn ee Dar Fatma waxay ka kooban tahay shan [[peatland]]s. Goobta waxaa ku hareeraysan [[forest]]s, laakiin peatlands-ka laftoodu waxay ku jiraan meel qoyan oo ku taal Mouzoued Louize wadi watershed. Peatlands-ka gaarka ah waxay ku xaddidan yihiin cabbirka, oo leh dhexroor u dhexeeya laba ilaa siddeed mitir iyo qoto dheer oo aan ka badnayn toban mitir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Goobta ugu weyn, oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin xayndaab, waxaa loo kala saaray [[nature reserve]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Meel labaad, oo si ka sii daran loo ilaaliyo oo hoos u dhacaysa waxay ka kooban tahay laba peatlands kale. Meeshan labaad ee cad maaha qayb ka mid ah kaydka dabiiciga ah laakiin waxaa lagu daray [[Ramsar site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Biyaha ku jira gunta peatlands-ka waxay leeyihiin [[pH]] dhexdhexaad ah oo leh u janjeera dhanka [[acid]]ity.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Goobta waxaa la quusiyaa oo kaliya xilliga jiilaalka sababtoo ah roobab mahiigaan ah. Roobabka jiilaalka waa muhiim (qiyaastii 1,500 mm sanadkii, taas oo ka dhigaysa gobolka ugu qoyan Tuniisiya), iyo [[summer]]s waa engegan yihiin laakiin waa khafiif (oo leh heerkul sanadle ah oo celcelis ahaan 18 °C).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Goobta Dar Fatma waxay ahayd mawduuca daraasado aad u faahfaahsan [[Palynology|palynological]]. Muunado udub dhexaad u ah oo qoto dheer, oo gaaraya ilaa toban mitir, ayaa bixiyay fikrado dib ugu noqonaya qiyaastii 33,000 oo sano, taas oo u oggolaanaysa saynisyahannadu inay bartaan horumarinta dhirta ee gobolka [[Kroumirie]] tan iyo wakhtigaas. Kani waa peatland kaliya ee Mediterranean-ka iyo Waqooyiga Afrika oo lagu bartay si faahfaahsan, iyada oo bixisa natiijooyin joogto ah muddo dheer oo aan kala go' lahayn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ben Tiba |first=Béchir |last2=Reille |first2=Maurice |date=1982 |title=Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les montagnes de Kroumirie (Tunisie septentrionale): premiers résultats |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecmed_0153-8756_1982_num_8_4_1004 |journal=Ecologia Mediterranea |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Dhirta Gaarka ah ===
Peatlands-ku waxay hoy u yihiin [[Poaceae|cawska]] iyo taxane ah dhirta biyaha oo laga helo meel kale oo Tuniisiya ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[sphagnum]] mosses oo aad u maxalli ah: ''Sphagnum subsecundum'' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan ''Sphagnum auriculatum'') iyo ''Sphagnum plumulosum'' (ama ''S. subnitens''). Kuwan waxay la nool yihiin dhir kale oo biyaha ah sida ''[[Eleocharis multicaulis]]'', ''Bellis annua'', ''Montia fontana'', ''Hypericum afrum'', ''Anagallis crassipes'', asphodel laamo leh (''Asphodelus microcarpus'' ama ''ramosus''), iyo ''[[Isoetes histrix]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Muddo dheer ka hor, goobta Dar Fatma waxay ahayd deegaan aad u qoyan, oo biyo lagu daboolay oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kayn ah zean oaks. Joog sare, kayntan waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray geedo kedar ah iyo firs, taas oo ka tarjumaysa cimilo qabow oo qoyan.

Waqti ka dib, cimiladu waxay noqotay mid engegan, dhirtuna si weyn ayay isu beddeshay. Cork oaks ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelay [[Quercus canariensis|zean oaks]]. Noocyada kale sida [[Alnus glutinosa]], [[Salix pedicellata]], iyo common ash (''[[Fraxinus excelsior]]'') ayaa baaba'ay sababtoo ah goobta ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u engegtay. Maanta, waxaad ka heli doontaa heathers iyo weyn [[fern]]s koraya dhammaan aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Kaymaha iyo Xoolaha ku hareeraysan ==

=== Xoolaha ===
Aagga ku hareeraysan [[peatland]]s waa kayn xun oo ah [[Quercus suber|cork oaks]] (''Quercus suber''), oo leh zean oaks oo firidhsan (''Quercus faginea'') oo ku hodminaya meelo qaar. Joogitaanka zean oaks-kan goonida ah waa caddayn doorka ay mar u ciyaareen dhirta gobolka. Fiditaanka hadda ee geedka cork, oo kaashanaya zean oak, waa sababta oo ah [[anthropozoogenic]] tallaabo (saamaynta bini'aadamka iyo xayawaanka).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Ben Tiba |first=Béchir |last2=Reille |first2=Maurice |date=1982 |title=Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les montagnes de Kroumirie (Tunisie septentrionale): premiers résultats |url=https://doi.org/10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004 |journal=Ecologia mediterranea |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=75–86 |doi=10.3406/ecmed.1982.1004 |issn=0153-8756|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhul-hoosaadku waxaa ku nool [[Myrtles Plantation|myrtles]], heathers, brooms, iyo geedaha strawberry. Gobolku wuxuu sidoo kale caan ku yahay [[mushroom]]s, sida [[chanterelle]]s iyo [[Boletus edulis|porcini]] mushrooms (''[[Boletus edulis]]''), iyo [[orchid]]s, oo ay ku jiraan aborted-leaf [[Limodorum|limodore]] iyo naadir ah ''[[Serapias lingua subsp. stenopetala|Serapias stenopetala]]''.

=== Naasleyda ===
Kaynta Kroumirie waxay hoy u ahayd libaaxyadii ugu dambeeyay ee waaweyn ee Tuniisiya. [[Barbary lion|Atlas lion]]-kii ugu dambeeyay waxaa lagu dilay [[Babouch]] 1891, panther-kii ugu dambeeyay 1925,&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; iyo leopards-kii ugu dambeeyay waxay ka baaba'een gobolka Kroumirie horraantii qarnigii 20-aad. Serval-ka sidoo kale waxay u muuqataa inay ka baaba'day aagga tan iyo 1930-meeyadii.

Kayntu waxay hoy u tahay [[Barbary stag]] (''Cervus elaphus barbarus''), iyo sidoo kale [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa'') iyo dawacada cas (''Vulpes vulpes''). Si ka sii dhif ah, qofku wuxuu sidoo kale la kulmi karaa jackal, Egyptian mongoose (''[[Egyptian mongoose|Herpestes ichneumon]]''), [[hare]], iyo [[wildcat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Shimbiraha ===
Kaynta Kroumirie ee ku hareeraysan waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo Palearctic ah oo shimbiraha buulasha ah, kuwaas oo ka hela xadka koonfureed ee baaxaddooda halkan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Saddex nooc oo woodpeckers ah ayaa jooga, oo ay ku jiraan [[Levaillant's woodpecker]] (''Picus vaillantii''), nooc ka mid ah Waqooyiga Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

[[woodlark]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa halkan, sida waa endemic subspecies of [[European robin]], ''Erithacus rubecula witherbyi''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Kayntu waxay sidoo kale martigelisaa [[mistle thrush]] (''Turdus viscivorus''), [[melodious warbler]] (''Hippolais polyglotta''), kaas oo lagu arkay buul ku yaal Dar Fatma, malaha xadka bari ee xadka Waqooyiga Afrika, iyo [[Atlas pied flycatcher|Atlas flycatcher]] (''Ficedula speculigera''), nooc kale oo endemic ah. Shimbiraha kale ee jooga waa [[coal tit]] (''Parus ater'') iyo [[Eurasian jay]] (''Garrulus glandarius''), kaas oo ah endemic subspecies.

Dhamaadka sanadka, dhowr nooc oo jiilaalka ah ayaa yimaada, sida [[Eurasian woodcock]] (''Scolopax rusticola'') iyo common [[Common wood pigeon|wood pigeon]] (''Columba palumbus'').

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Xeebaha ee Togo</title>
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      <text bytes="2122" sha1="qm695wyzpz96y343ivs2bdw9yiom2xg" xml:space="preserve">'''Zones Humides du Littoral du Togo''' waa aag u dhow xeebta [[Togo]] oo loo qoondeeyay [[Ramsar site]], oo ah aag muhiimad caalami ah u leh shimbiraha biyaha. Goobta waxaa la diiwaan geliyay sanadkii 2007 waxayna ku jirtaa dhammaan aagga xeebta ee dalka, iyada oo leh aag dhan {{convert|591000|hectare}}. Waxay ku taal 6°34'N iyo 1°25'E.&lt;ref name=WWF&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ramsar.org/fr/news/togo-a-inscrit-nouvelles-zones-humides-dimportance-internationale |title=Togo a inscrit nouvelles zones humides d'importance internationale |date=13 November 2007 |language=fr |work=Ramsar |publisher=WWF |access-date=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sharaxaad==
Goobtu waxay ka kooban tahay kaymaha mangrove, harooyinka, balliyada, qulqulatooyinka iyo barkadaha, gadaasha xeebaha dhaadheer ee ciidda leh. Geedaha ugu badan ee halkan ka baxa waa [[Rhizophora racemosa|cas]] iyo [[Avicennia germinans|madow mangroves]]. Goobta oo dhan waxay hoy u tahay bulsho kala duwan oo shimbiro, naasley, xamaarato, kalluun, qolofley iyo qolofley ah.&lt;ref name=WWF/&gt;

Xeebtan waxaa soo booqda afar nooc oo haleyga badda ah, [[green sea turtle]], [[leatherback sea turtle]], [[olive ridley sea turtle]] iyo [[hawksbill sea turtle]]. [[African manatee]] waxay ku nooshahay badda, iyo sidoo kale deegaannada biyaha cusbada iyo biyaha macaan, iyo [[hippopotamus]] waxay degtaa waddooyinka biyaha ee gudaha.&lt;ref name=WWF/&gt;

Gobolka xeebta ayaa muhiim u ah dhaqaalaha Togo. Qiyaastii 85% kalluunka dalka ayaa laga qabtaa xeebta halkan, badduna waa xiriiriye gaadiid oo dadka iyo badeecadaha ah. Kaynta waa isha qoryaha dhismaha iyo xaabada, hilibka duurjoogta ayaa la ugaarsadaa, waxyaabaha dabiiciga ahna waxaa halkan loogu soo ururiyaa isticmaalka cuntada iyo daawada dhirta.&lt;ref name=WWF/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.informea.org/en/site/zones-humides-du-littoral-du-togo-0|title=Zones Humides du Littoral du Togo &amp;#124; InforMEA|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181844/https://www.informea.org/en/site/zones-humides-du-littoral-du-togo-0|url-status=dead}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jasiiradda Dassen</title>
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      <text bytes="5721" sha1="8jkvnnt2unfouok4fos8kem8vgyl7cp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox islands
| name             = Dassen Island
| native_name      = Dasseneiland
| image_name       = Dassen Island and lighthouse, 9km off the coast of Yzerfontein. Lighthouse is 28m, circular iron tower with white and red bands. 1893. 02.JPG
| image_caption    = Dassen Island iyo munaaradda iftiinka, {{convert|9|km|0|abbr=on}} xeebta [[Yzerfontein]]
| locator_map      = 
| locator_map_size = 
| map_caption      = 
| location         = 
| coordinates      = {{coord|33.423402|S|18.087127|E|format=dms|region:ID_type:isle|display=inline, title}}
| archipelago      = 
| area_km2         = 2.60
| country          = {{flag|Koonfur Afrika}}
| population       = 0
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Main Place &quot;Dassen Island&quot;|url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/164013|publisher=Census 2011|accessdate=29 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Dassen Island Nature Reserve
| designation1_date = 29 Maarso 2019
| designation1_number = 2383&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dassen Island Nature Reserve|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2383|accessdate=10 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|image_map={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=1|stroke-color=#4d4d4c|fill=#1e5833|zoom=10}}
|pushpin_map=South Africa Western Cape
|pushpin_map_relief=1}}

'''Dassen Island''' waa jasiirad aan cidina degganayn oo [[Koonfur Afrika]] ah oo ku taal [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=on}} galbeedka [[Yzerfontein]] iyo {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=on}} waqooyiga [[Cape Town]]. [[Jasiirad]] fidsan oo hooseaysa ayaa dhererkeedu dhan yahay qiyaastii {{convert|3.1|km|1|abbr=on}} woqooyi-galbeed–koonfur-bari iyo {{convert|1|km|1|abbr=on}} ballac ah, iyada oo bedkeedu yahay {{convert|2.73|km2|2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/adu/dassen.htm |title=Avian Demography Unit: Dassen Island |accessdate=13 March 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waa [[nature reserve]] lagu dhawaaqay.

Luuqadda Dutch-ka &quot;das&quot;, oo jamaceedu yahay &quot;dassen&quot;, waa badger (''[[Meles meles]]''). Luuqadda Dutch/Afrikaans ereyga &quot;dassie&quot; macnihiisu waa &quot;rock-hyrax&quot; ama &quot;rock-badger&quot; jasiiraddana waxaa loogu magac daray gumeysiga hyraxes (''[[Procavia capensis]]'') ee ay halkaas kula kulmeen dadkii daahfuray. Waxaa loo bixiyay Ilha Branca ('jasiirad cad') marinnadii hore ee Portuguese-ka, waxaana u beddelay Elizabeth Eiland [[Joris van Spilbergen]] sanadkii 1601. Qaabka Dasseneiland (Dutch/Afrikaans) ayaa loo door bidaa ujeedooyin rasmi ah.&lt;ref name=dosapn&gt;{{cite book|last=Raper|first=Peter E.|title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names|publisher=Internet Archive|accessdate=28 August 2013|page=130|year=1987}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxa kale oo mararka qaarkood loogu yeeraa Penguin Island.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 February 1956|title=Penguin Isle preferred (Dassen Island, 1956)|pages=5|work=The Morning Call|access-date=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jasiiradda waxaa hoos fadhiya tourmaline [[granite]] oo wanaagsan, oo leh aagag yar oo biotite granite ah. Dhagaxyada soo galay (late Precambrian) ayaa qayb ahaan lagu daboolay ciid. Xeebta badankeeda dhagaxyo waaweyn oo wareegsan ayaa ka soo baxaya ciidda ilaa dhererka xad-dhaafka ah ee calaamadda biyaha sare. In kasta oo digsiyada ku meel gaadhka ah ay samaysmaan xilliga roobka (jiilaalka) gudaha, guud ahaan waxaa jira biyo nadiif ah oo yar oo jasiiradda ah.

Marka laga reebo dhinaceeda bari, Dassen Island waxaa ku hareeraysan [[reef]]s. Maraakiib badan ayaa halkan ku burburay.

== Gumeysiga penguin-ka Afrika ==
Waddooyinka dhagaxa ah ee jasiiradda waxaa xiray jiilal penguins ah oo xeebta u soo degaya si ay u nastaan oo u buul kashadaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=4 July 1981|title=African penguins of Dassen island (1981)|pages=6|work=The Times and Democrat|access-date=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiraddu waxay hoy u tahay gumeysi taranta oo [[African Penguin]] kaas oo hoos u dhacaya. 1950-meeyadii waxay hoy u ahayd tobanaan kun oo xayawaan ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 February 1956|title=Penguin Isle preferred (Dassen Island, 1956)|pages=5|work=The Morning Call|access-date=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1975 dadku waxay ahaayeen qiyaastii 60,000 oo shimbirood. Sanadkii 2000, tirada dadku waxay ahayd qiyaastii 56,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 July 2000|title=Flight of the African penguin (2000)|pages=2|work=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dadku waxay si xun u saameeyeen ka faa'iidaysiga ganacsi ee ukumahooda,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 October 1954|title=Penguin playmates &amp; egg exports, Dassen Island (1954)|pages=4|work=Press and Sun-Bulletin|access-date=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ururinta guano (taas oo shimbiruhu u baahan yihiin inay ku dhex gashadaan), iyo kalluumeysiga xad-dhaafka ah ee noocyada ugaadhsiga (oo ay ku jiraan pilchard). Dassen Island sidoo kale waxay ku taal waddo weyn oo maraakiib ah, iyo 1975, qiyaastii 650 maraakiibta saliidda ayaa soo maray bishii. Wasakhowga saliidda ee ka dhasha bilge dumping iyo daadinta saliidda ee waaweyn (sida [[MV Treasure oil spill]]) ayaa sidoo kale saameeyay dadka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=13 April 1975|title=South African penguins of Dassen Island (1975)|pages=6|work=Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph|access-date=9 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
FMIB 36499 Jackass Penguins on Dassen Island.jpeg|[[African penguin]] (''Spheniscus demersus'').
AMH-5099-NA Map of Dassen Island.jpg|Nautical chart s. XVII
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [http://www.yzerfontein.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=69&amp;Itemid=92 Dassen Island Images and Animals]
{{commons category|Dassen Island}}

==Tixraacyo==
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga Berg</title>
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      <text bytes="11139" sha1="rg9puyop77lxg269ih1sc1ykgsla056" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webiga Berg
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = Bergrivier
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = BergRiverDam.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = Biyo-xireenka Berg River
| map                ={{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes
|id1=Q2254821|type1=line|stroke-colour1=#4271ae|stroke-width1=5
|id2=Q123178952|type2=shape|fill-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-width2=1|title2=Berg Estuary Ramsar Site
}} 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ka dhasho Berg River
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Waddan
| subdivision_name1  = [[Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Western Cape Province]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             = {{convert|294|km|mi|abbr=on}} 
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = Koonfurta [[Franschhoek]]
| source1_location   = [[Drakenstein]]
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| mouth_location     = Waqooyiga [[Saldanha Bay]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|32|46|S|18|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = {{convert|7715|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        ={{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 7 July 1998
 | designation1_number = 2466&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Berg Estuary Ramsar Site|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2466|accessdate=25 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 
| extra              = 
}}
'''Berg River''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Great Berg River''' ama [[Afrikaans]]: '''Bergrivier''') waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Cape Town]] ee [[Western Cape Province]] ee dalka [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxa uu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 294 km (183 mi) oo leh [[Drainage basin|aag-qabasho]] dhan 7,715 km2 wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Qiyaastii 65% aagga Berg River waa beeraha. Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee aagga Berg River waa [[Velddrif]] iyo [[Laaiplek]] oo u dhow xeebta, iyo [[Piketberg]], [[Hopefield, Western Cape|Hopefield]], [[Moorreesburg]] iyo [[Darling, South Africa|Darling]] oo gudaha ku sii jira.

==Koorsada==
[[File:The Kromriver, Western Cape.jpg|thumb|Krom River waa wabi hoosaad, iyada oo loo marayo Matjiesriver tributary, ilaa Berg River]]
Berg River waxaa loo qaybin karaa qaybaha soo socda:&lt;ref name=&quot;DWS-Berg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |year=2004 |title=State of River Report: Berg River System  |location=Pretoria |publisher=Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa |isbn=978-0-620-32075-7 |url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |url-status=live |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada
::Waxa uu ka soo koraa koonfurta [[Franschhoek]] ee [[Drakenstein]] iyo [[Franschhoek Mountains]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, iyadoo ay ku biirayaan [[Franschhoek River]] iyo [[Wemmershoek River]] labaduba dhinaca midig (NE). Qaybtan wabiga waxay gacan ka geysataa qiyaastii saddex meelood meel qulqulka Berg.
* Upper Middle Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada 
::Qaybtani waxay ka bilaabataa meel u dhow degmada [[Pniel, Western Cape|Pniel]], halkaas oo wabigu u leexdo dhinaca waqooyi ee koonfurta [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]], waxaa ku biiraya Dwars River oo ka yimid bidix (Galbeed), wuxuu qulqulaa magaalada [[Paarl]], waxaana ku biiraya Hugos River oo ka yimid midig (Bari). Ka dib Buuraha Paarl (Paardeberg) ee dhinaca bidix, wuxuu sii socdaa waqooyiga isagoo galaya doox ballaaran oo leh isticmaalka beeraha oo kordhay, wuxuu qulqulaa magaalada [[Wellington, South Africa|Wellington]], waxaana ku biiraya Krom River oo ka yimid midig. Hugos iyo Krom caadi ahaan waa [[perennial stream]]s waxayna ka soo qulqulaan buuraha [[Limietberg mountains]] ee dhinaca bari. Wellington, Sand River iyo [[Doring River (Berg)|Doring River]] ayaa ka soo gala bidix, wabi-hoosaadkii ugu dambeeyay ee qaybtan waa Kompagnes (Kompanjes) oo ka yimid midig. Sand, Doring iyo Kompagnes waa [[intermittent stream]]s, oo qulqulkoodu joogsado xagaaga. Sand iyo Doring waxay ka soo qulqulaan Kasteelberg (Buuraha Kasteel) iyo [[Riebfor Forest Reserve]] ee dhinaca galbeed.
* Lower Middle Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada
::[[Klein Berg River]] oo ka soo qulqula [[Tulbagh]] basin, iyo [[Vier-en-Twintig River]] oo ka soo qulqula inta badan [[Groot Winterhoek]] range, labaduba waxay galaan Berg River dhinaca bari ee u dhow magaalada [[Saron, Western Cape|Saron]], inkasta oo inta badan biyohooda hadda loo wareejiyay buuxinta [[Voëlvlei Dam]].
* Lower Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada
::Wuxuu ku shubmaa Atlantic Oceans meel u dhow [[Velddrif]] dhinaca koonfureed ee [[St Helena Bay]].

== Taariikh ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
Diiwaankii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee Berg River waxaa sameeyay bailiff Abraham Gabbema 1657 markii Guddoomiyaha Dutch [[Jan van Riebeeck]] uu u diray inuu la ganacsado [[Khoikhoi]] si uu u helo hilibka degmada Cape. Gabbema wuxuu wabiga u bixiyay 'Groot Berg Rivier'. Sanadihii xigay qaar badan oo ka mid ah raggii van Riebeeck waxay ku tiirsanaayeen biyaha wabiga waxayna raaceen koorsadiisa qaloocan markii ay u safreen waqooyiga. In kasta oo uu booqday Gabbema, Berg Catchment horumarin maynin ilaa waqtigii Guddoomiye [[Simon van der Stel]] (1679–1699), taas oo ka horaysay degitaanka oo ku koobnayd Peninsula. Guddoomiye van der Stel wuxuu booqday aagga isagoo wata muwaadiniintii ugu horreeyay ee xorta ah, waxaana ku dhiirigeliyay bacriminta iyo quruxda Berg River, wuxuu aasaasay degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee Paarl iyo dooxada Drakenstein 1687. [[Wellington, Western Cape|Wellington]], [[Franschhoek]] iyo [[Tulbagh]] ayaa la aasaasay wax yar ka dib markii beeruhu ballaareen.

== Deegaanka ==
Warbixintii dawladda ee 2004 ee ku saabsanayd wabiga ayaa tidhi: &quot;Taariikh ahaan, Berg River wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah meelo badan oo ka mid ah Cape oo ay ku noolaayeen hippos laakiin, dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii, ugaarsaduhu waxay bilaabeen inay si xad-dhaaf ah uga faa'iidaystaan hippos-ka hilibkooda iyo haraggooda, taas oo keentay hoos u dhac ku yimaada tiradooda. Bartamihii 1700-meeyadii, waxay u dhaceen heer ay Guddoomiye Tulbagh soo rogeen ganaax dhan 1000 guilders qof kasta oo lagu qabto dilka hippo. In kasta oo ilaalintan, tiradoodu way sii yaraanaysay maadaama degitaanka aadanuhu uu beddelay oo uu burburiyay deegaankooda. Horraantii 1800-meeyadii, laga yaabee in kaliya darsin ay hadheen, oo ku dhuumanaya gobolka Kersefontein iyo estuary. 1829, lix hippos oo kaliya ayaa hadhay. Hippo-gii ugu dambeeyay ee la ogaa waxaa toogtay 1869 Martin Melck markii uu soo weeraray oo uu dilay mid ka mid ah shaqaalihiisa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;DWS-Berg&quot; /&gt; Eeg Skead&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Skead |first=Cuthbert John |year=1980 |title=Historical Mammal Incidence in the Cape Province: The Western and Northern Cape |location=[[Cape Town]] |publisher=Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope |isbn=978-0-7984-0106-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wixii faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

Kalluunka asaliga ah ee Berg River wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaar ka mid ah [[species]] oo ah [[endemism|endemic]] gobolka sida [[Cape galaxias]] ''(Galaxias zebratus)'' iyo [[Berg River redfin]] (''Pseudobarbus burgi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodford&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Woodford |first1=Darragh J. |last2=Impson |first2=N. Dean |year=2004 |title=A preliminary assessment of the impact of alien rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on indigenous fishes of the upper Berg River, Western Cape Province, South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=107–111 |doi=10.2989/16085910409503799 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay si xun u saameeyeen isticmaalka aan waarta ahayn ee aadanaha ee biyaha, laakiin ugu horreyn iyadoo la ballaarinayo kaydka kalluunka qalaad, kuwaas oo markii hore loo soo bandhigay si loo dhiso kalluumeysiga nooca Yurub. Inta badan dhibaatada ka mid ah kuwan waa [[predator]]y [[Smallmouth Bass]] (''Micropterus dolomieu''). [[Cape whitefish]] (''Pseudobarbus capensis'') &amp;ndash; oo lagu qoray [[Endangered]] ee [[IUCN Red List]] &amp;ndash; waxay u muuqataa inay ka baaba'day Berg River oo sax ah waqtiyadii dhawaa; noocan weyn wuxuu ka badbaadaa meelo kale wuxuuna u noqon karaa mid ku habboon kalluumeysiga ama aquaculture. [[Berg River redfin]] (''Pseudobarbus burgi'') wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah [[Population (biology)|dadka]] ugu waaweyn ee ugu dambeeya ee Berg River; hoos u dhacooda halkaas waxay u muuqataa inuu joogsaday ama ugu yaraan gaabiyay, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa horay loogu taxay sida Endangered by IUCN. Trout sidoo kale waa dhibaato wabiga Berg ee sare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodford&quot; /&gt;

=== Berg Estuary Ramsar Site ===
[[File:ISS006-E-37018 - View of South Africa, Berg River estuary.jpg|thumb|right|Berg River ee hoose oo laga arkay hawada sare. Waxay ku qulqulaan Velddrif iyo Laaiplek ka hor intaanay gaarin [[St Helena Bay]].]]
2022, 1162.8 ha Berg Estuary Ramsar Site ayaa loo qoondeeyay agagaarka Berg River. Agagaarka 127 nooc oo shimbiro biyood ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay deegaanka qoyan ee ku hareeraysan, oo ay ku jiraan [[Cape cormorant]] oo khatar ku jira. Kalluunka khatarta ah ee laga helo biyahiisa waxaa ka mid ah [[white steenbras]] iyo [[Rhabdosargus globiceps|white stumpnose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot; /&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Berg River Dam]] (aan ka fogayn [[Franschhoek]]){{coord|-33.90240|19.057000|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline}}
* [[Berg River Canoe Marathon]]
* [[Wemmershoek Dam]] ee Berg River ee sare (waqooyiga [[Franschhoek]])
* [[Nantes Dam]], iyo (galbeedka [[Paarl]])
* [[Bethel Dam]],  (galbeedka [[Paarl]]), ee Upper Middle Berg River 
* [[Voëlvlei Dam]] ee Lower Middle Berg River, iyo (koonfurta [[Gouda, Western Cape|Gouda]])
* [[Misverstand Dam]] ee Lower Berg River.

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061008000422/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/berg.html Berg River catchment area]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206105549/http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164 Berg River Project]
* [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers.html River Health Programme reports]

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| name               = Webiga Berg
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = Bergrivier
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = BergRiverDam.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = Biyo-xireenka Berg River
| map                ={{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes
|id1=Q2254821|type1=line|stroke-colour1=#4271ae|stroke-width1=5
|id2=Q123178952|type2=shape|fill-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-colour2=#4271ae|stroke-width2=1|title2=Berg Estuary Ramsar Site
}} 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu ka dhasho Berg River
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Waddan
| subdivision_name1  = [[Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Western Cape Province]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             = {{convert|294|km|mi|abbr=on}} 
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = Koonfurta [[Franschhoek]]
| source1_location   = [[Drakenstein]]
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| mouth_location     = Waqooyiga [[Saldanha Bay]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|32|46|S|18|09|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = {{convert|7715|km2|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        ={{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 7 July 1998
 | designation1_number = 2466&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Berg Estuary Ramsar Site|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2466|accessdate=25 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} 
| extra              = 
}}
'''Berg River''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Great Berg River''' ama [[Af Afrikaans]]: '''Bergrivier''') waa wabi ku yaal waqooyiga [[Cape Town]] ee [[Western Cape Province]] ee dalka [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxa uu dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii 294 km (183 mi) oo leh [[Drainage basin|aag-qabasho]] dhan 7,715 km2 wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Atlantic Ocean]]. Qiyaastii 65% aagga Berg River waa beeraha. Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee aagga Berg River waa [[Velddrif]] iyo [[Laaiplek]] oo u dhow xeebta, iyo [[Piketberg]], [[Hopefield, Western Cape|Hopefield]], [[Moorreesburg]] iyo [[Darling, South Africa|Darling]] oo gudaha ku sii jira.

==Koorsada==
[[File:The Kromriver, Western Cape.jpg|thumb|Krom River waa wabi hoosaad, iyada oo loo marayo Matjiesriver tributary, ilaa Berg River]]
Berg River waxaa loo qaybin karaa qaybaha soo socda:&lt;ref name=&quot;DWS-Berg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |year=2004 |title=State of River Report: Berg River System  |location=Pretoria |publisher=Department of Water and Sanitation, Republic of South Africa |isbn=978-0-620-32075-7 |url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/IWQS/rhp/state_of_rivers/berg04/berg.pdf |url-status=live |df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Upper Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada
::Waxa uu ka soo koraa koonfurta [[Franschhoek]] ee [[Drakenstein]] iyo [[Franschhoek Mountains]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed, iyadoo ay ku biirayaan [[Franschhoek River]] iyo [[Wemmershoek River]] labaduba dhinaca midig (NE). Qaybtan wabiga waxay gacan ka geysataa qiyaastii saddex meelood meel qulqulka Berg.
* Upper Middle Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada 
::Qaybtani waxay ka bilaabataa meel u dhow degmada [[Pniel, Western Cape|Pniel]], halkaas oo wabigu u leexdo dhinaca waqooyi ee koonfurta [[N1 (South Africa)|N1]], waxaa ku biiraya Dwars River oo ka yimid bidix (Galbeed), wuxuu qulqulaa magaalada [[Paarl]], waxaana ku biiraya Hugos River oo ka yimid midig (Bari). Ka dib Buuraha Paarl (Paardeberg) ee dhinaca bidix, wuxuu sii socdaa waqooyiga isagoo galaya doox ballaaran oo leh isticmaalka beeraha oo kordhay, wuxuu qulqulaa magaalada [[Wellington, South Africa|Wellington]], waxaana ku biiraya Krom River oo ka yimid midig. Hugos iyo Krom caadi ahaan waa [[perennial stream]]s waxayna ka soo qulqulaan buuraha [[Limietberg mountains]] ee dhinaca bari. Wellington, Sand River iyo [[Doring River (Berg)|Doring River]] ayaa ka soo gala bidix, wabi-hoosaadkii ugu dambeeyay ee qaybtan waa Kompagnes (Kompanjes) oo ka yimid midig. Sand, Doring iyo Kompagnes waa [[intermittent stream]]s, oo qulqulkoodu joogsado xagaaga. Sand iyo Doring waxay ka soo qulqulaan Kasteelberg (Buuraha Kasteel) iyo [[Riebfor Forest Reserve]] ee dhinaca galbeed.
* Lower Middle Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada
::[[Klein Berg River]] oo ka soo qulqula [[Tulbagh]] basin, iyo [[Vier-en-Twintig River]] oo ka soo qulqula inta badan [[Groot Winterhoek]] range, labaduba waxay galaan Berg River dhinaca bari ee u dhow magaalada [[Saron, Western Cape|Saron]], inkasta oo inta badan biyohooda hadda loo wareejiyay buuxinta [[Voëlvlei Dam]].
* Lower Berg River iyo wabi-hoosaadyada
::Wuxuu ku shubmaa Atlantic Oceans meel u dhow [[Velddrif]] dhinaca koonfureed ee [[St Helena Bay]].

== Taariikh ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
Diiwaankii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee Berg River waxaa sameeyay bailiff Abraham Gabbema 1657 markii Guddoomiyaha Dutch [[Jan van Riebeeck]] uu u diray inuu la ganacsado [[Khoikhoi]] si uu u helo hilibka degmada Cape. Gabbema wuxuu wabiga u bixiyay 'Groot Berg Rivier'. Sanadihii xigay qaar badan oo ka mid ah raggii van Riebeeck waxay ku tiirsanaayeen biyaha wabiga waxayna raaceen koorsadiisa qaloocan markii ay u safreen waqooyiga. In kasta oo uu booqday Gabbema, Berg Catchment horumarin maynin ilaa waqtigii Guddoomiye [[Simon van der Stel]] (1679–1699), taas oo ka horaysay degitaanka oo ku koobnayd Peninsula. Guddoomiye van der Stel wuxuu booqday aagga isagoo wata muwaadiniintii ugu horreeyay ee xorta ah, waxaana ku dhiirigeliyay bacriminta iyo quruxda Berg River, wuxuu aasaasay degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub ee Paarl iyo dooxada Drakenstein 1687. [[Wellington, Western Cape|Wellington]], [[Franschhoek]] iyo [[Tulbagh]] ayaa la aasaasay wax yar ka dib markii beeruhu ballaareen.

== Deegaanka ==
Warbixintii dawladda ee 2004 ee ku saabsanayd wabiga ayaa tidhi: &quot;Taariikh ahaan, Berg River wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah meelo badan oo ka mid ah Cape oo ay ku noolaayeen hippos laakiin, dabayaaqadii 1600-meeyadii, ugaarsaduhu waxay bilaabeen inay si xad-dhaaf ah uga faa'iidaystaan hippos-ka hilibkooda iyo haraggooda, taas oo keentay hoos u dhac ku yimaada tiradooda. Bartamihii 1700-meeyadii, waxay u dhaceen heer ay Guddoomiye Tulbagh soo rogeen ganaax dhan 1000 guilders qof kasta oo lagu qabto dilka hippo. In kasta oo ilaalintan, tiradoodu way sii yaraanaysay maadaama degitaanka aadanuhu uu beddelay oo uu burburiyay deegaankooda. Horraantii 1800-meeyadii, laga yaabee in kaliya darsin ay hadheen, oo ku dhuumanaya gobolka Kersefontein iyo estuary. 1829, lix hippos oo kaliya ayaa hadhay. Hippo-gii ugu dambeeyay ee la ogaa waxaa toogtay 1869 Martin Melck markii uu soo weeraray oo uu dilay mid ka mid ah shaqaalihiisa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;DWS-Berg&quot; /&gt; Eeg Skead&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Skead |first=Cuthbert John |year=1980 |title=Historical Mammal Incidence in the Cape Province: The Western and Northern Cape |location=[[Cape Town]] |publisher=Department of Nature and Environmental Conservation of the Provincial Administration of the Cape of Good Hope |isbn=978-0-7984-0106-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt; wixii faahfaahin dheeraad ah.

Kalluunka asaliga ah ee Berg River wuxuu ka kooban yahay qaar ka mid ah [[species]] oo ah [[endemism|endemic]] gobolka sida [[Cape galaxias]] ''(Galaxias zebratus)'' iyo [[Berg River redfin]] (''Pseudobarbus burgi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodford&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Woodford |first1=Darragh J. |last2=Impson |first2=N. Dean |year=2004 |title=A preliminary assessment of the impact of alien rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on indigenous fishes of the upper Berg River, Western Cape Province, South Africa |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=107–111 |doi=10.2989/16085910409503799 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay si xun u saameeyeen isticmaalka aan waarta ahayn ee aadanaha ee biyaha, laakiin ugu horreyn iyadoo la ballaarinayo kaydka kalluunka qalaad, kuwaas oo markii hore loo soo bandhigay si loo dhiso kalluumeysiga nooca Yurub. Inta badan dhibaatada ka mid ah kuwan waa [[predator]]y [[Smallmouth Bass]] (''Micropterus dolomieu''). [[Cape whitefish]] (''Pseudobarbus capensis'') &amp;ndash; oo lagu qoray [[Endangered]] ee [[IUCN Red List]] &amp;ndash; waxay u muuqataa inay ka baaba'day Berg River oo sax ah waqtiyadii dhawaa; noocan weyn wuxuu ka badbaadaa meelo kale wuxuuna u noqon karaa mid ku habboon kalluumeysiga ama aquaculture. [[Berg River redfin]] (''Pseudobarbus burgi'') wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah [[Population (biology)|dadka]] ugu waaweyn ee ugu dambeeya ee Berg River; hoos u dhacooda halkaas waxay u muuqataa inuu joogsaday ama ugu yaraan gaabiyay, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa horay loogu taxay sida Endangered by IUCN. Trout sidoo kale waa dhibaato wabiga Berg ee sare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodford&quot; /&gt;

=== Berg Estuary Ramsar Site ===
[[File:ISS006-E-37018 - View of South Africa, Berg River estuary.jpg|thumb|right|Berg River ee hoose oo laga arkay hawada sare. Waxay ku qulqulaan Velddrif iyo Laaiplek ka hor intaanay gaarin [[St Helena Bay]].]]
2022, 1162.8 ha Berg Estuary Ramsar Site ayaa loo qoondeeyay agagaarka Berg River. Agagaarka 127 nooc oo shimbiro biyood ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay deegaanka qoyan ee ku hareeraysan, oo ay ku jiraan [[Cape cormorant]] oo khatar ku jira. Kalluunka khatarta ah ee laga helo biyahiisa waxaa ka mid ah [[white steenbras]] iyo [[Rhabdosargus globiceps|white stumpnose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar&quot; /&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Berg River Dam]] (aan ka fogayn [[Franschhoek]]){{coord|-33.90240|19.057000|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline}}
* [[Berg River Canoe Marathon]]
* [[Wemmershoek Dam]] ee Berg River ee sare (waqooyiga [[Franschhoek]])
* [[Nantes Dam]], iyo (galbeedka [[Paarl]])
* [[Bethel Dam]],  (galbeedka [[Paarl]]), ee Upper Middle Berg River 
* [[Voëlvlei Dam]] ee Lower Middle Berg River, iyo (koonfurta [[Gouda, Western Cape|Gouda]])
* [[Misverstand Dam]] ee Lower Berg River.

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061008000422/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/berg.html Berg River catchment area]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070206105549/http://www.tcta.co.za/article.jsp?menu_id=164 Berg River Project]
* [http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers.html River Health Programme reports]

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    <title>Dhulka Bannaan ee Agulhas</title>
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{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Agulhas Plain
| designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2026
| designation1_number = 2587&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Agulhas Plain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2587|access-date=6 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Agulhas Plain''' waa nidaam qoyan oo adag oo ku yaal [[Overberg]] ee caarada koonfureed ee [[Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;https://fynbos.saeon.ac.za/?p=3172&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S2222-34362013000200005&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay ka bilaabataa waqooyiga [[Bredasdorp]], waxayna ku fidaysaa caarada koonfureed ee [[Cape Agulhas]]. Xuduudda galbeedku waxay u dhowdahay [[Gansbaai]]. Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[Ramsar site]] la ilaaliyo tan iyo 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhir ah oo khatar ugu jira aagga.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/&lt;/ref&gt; Qaar badan oo ka mid ah lagama helo kaymaha gobolka iyo kaydka dabiiciga ah ee gaarka loo leeyahay ee ku teedsan aagagga xeebaha, laakiin waxay ka baxaan gudaha dalka.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecology/Protecting-species#ref959928&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://nuwejaars.com/crew-why-the-agulhas-plain-is-a-plant-priority/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Flora ==
Nooc cusub oo [[fynbos]] lily ah, New Year's lily (''[[Cyrtanthus novus-annus]]''), ayaa laga helay aag ilaalinta oo ku yaal Agulhas Plain&lt;ref&gt;https://mg.co.za/top-six/2022-05-30-new-fynbos-lily-discovered-at-southern-tip-of-africa/&lt;/ref&gt; iyo noocyada ''[[Hermannia concinnifolia]]'' waa endemic plain-ka.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paleo-Agulhas Plain ==
[[Agulhas Bank|Paleo-Agulhas Plain]] oo hadda quusan ee Koonfur Afrika waxay lahayd nidaamyo deegaan oo kala duwan, cagaaran iyo duurjoog fara badan oo loogu talagalay dadkii hore.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/drowned-paleo-agulhas-plain-was-an-eden-for-early-humans/129190&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
* https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&amp;heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project
* https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037

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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Saloum Delta</title>
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| image         = Saloum.gif
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = [[Saloum Delta]]
| location      = Senegal
| part_of       = [[Saloum Delta]]
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)(iv)(v)}}(iii)(iv)(v)
| ID            = 1359
| coordinates   = {{coord|13|42|N|16|38|W|region:SN_dim:50000|display=title, inline|format=dms}}
| year          = 2011
| embedded      = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Parc national du Delta du Saloum
| designation1_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1984|4|3}}
| designation1_number = 288&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc national du Delta du Saloum|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/288|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| locmapin      = Senegal
| map_caption   = 
}}
'''Saloum Delta National Park''' ama '''Parc National du Delta du Saloum''' ee dalka Senegal, waa beerta qaran oo cabbirkeedu yahay {{convert|760|km2|acre|adj=on}}. Waxaa la aasaasay 1976, waxayna ku taallaa [[Saloum Delta]] meesha ay isugu yimaadaan [[Saloum River]] iyo Waqooyiga Atlantic.

Beertan, oo qayb ka ah [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] iyo goob [[Ramsar Convention]], waxay ku taal gudaheeda {{convert|1800|km2|acre|abbr=on|adj=on}} kaydka biosphere-ka. Biyuhu waxay ka kooban yihiin {{convert|610|km2|acre|abbr=on}} beerta, [[mangrove]]-yada iyo dhirta biyaha cusbada leh waxay dabooleen {{convert|70|km2|acre|abbr=on}}, halka [[savannah]] iyo [[forest cover]] ay yihiin {{convert|80|km2|acre|abbr=on}}. Waxay ku taal [[East Atlantic Flyway]]. Noocyada shimbiraha ee ku tarma ama jiilaalka ku qaata aagga waxaa ka mid ah [[royal tern]], [[greater flamingo]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[curlew sandpiper]], [[ruddy turnstone]], iyo [[little stint]].

Gobolkani wuxuu matalaa iskaashi muhiim ah oo u dhexeeya dabeecadda oo leh noocyo kala duwan oo noole iyo habka horumarinta aadanaha, kaas oo wali jira, inkasta oo uu jilicsan yahay. [[Aquaculture|shellfish farming]] waara ayaa halkan si heer sare ah loogu horumariyay waana il aad muhiim u ah cuntada iyo dakhliga dhoofinta ee bulshada maxalliga ah iyo Senegal guud ahaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saloum Delta waxay qiyaastii {{cvt|100|km}} u jirtaa caasimadda Senegal, [[Dakar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Saloum Delta (Senegal) {{!}} African World Heritage Sites|url=https://www.africanworldheritagesites.org/cultural-places/traditional-cultural-landscapes/saloum-delta.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.africanworldheritagesites.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Isbedelka Cimilada==
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Sanadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] waxaa lagu daray Saloum Delta National Park liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo ay khatar ku noqon doonto [[flooding]] iyo [[coastal erosion]] dhammaadka qarniga, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah xaaladda qiiqa sare ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4{{Nbsp}}°C.,&lt;ref&gt;Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121&lt;/ref&gt; mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmid=33082220 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi-access=free|pmc=7668049}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xaaladaha kale, ee aadka loo malayn karo waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku xaddidan yahay 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee caalamiga ah ayaa wali la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl oo sarreeya ayaa arki doona kor u kac ballaaran markaas), taas oo keentay in laga gudbo heerkii 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee hoos yimaada RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican ka hor sannadka 4000.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Sine River]]
*[[Sine-Saloum]]
{{Portal|Senegal|Gambia}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6852&amp;m=0 BirdLife IBA Factsheet - Delta du Saloum]. [[Birdlife International]].
* [http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&amp;code=SEN+02 Biosphere Reserve Information - Senegal - DELTA DU SALOUM]. [[UNESCO]].
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Parcs et réserves]. Government of Senegal.

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| image         = Saloum.gif
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption       = 
| location      = [[Senegal]]
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii), (iv), (v)}}(iii), (iv), (v)
| ID            = 1359
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 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Parc national du Delta du Saloum
 | designation1_date = 3 Abriil 1984
 | designation1_number = 288&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc national du Delta du Saloum|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/288|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
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'''Saloum Delta''' ama '''Sine-Saloum Delta''' waa [[river delta]] ku taal dalka [[Senegal]] afka [[Saloum River]] halkaas oo ay ku shubmato [[North Atlantic ocean|Badweynta Atlantic-ga ee Waqooyi]]. Delta-du waxay dabooshaa 180,000 [[hectare]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;MitschGosselink2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=William J. Mitsch|author2=James G. Gosselink|title=Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cSKeTCi894C&amp;pg=PA92|accessdate=29 September 2011|year=2007|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-471-69967-5|page=92}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay ku fidsan tahay 72.5 [[kilometer]]s oo dhan xeebta iyo 35 kiilomitir gudaha dalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6852|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|title=Delta du Saloum|accessdate=2011-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanadkii 2011, qayb ka mid ah delta-da oo cabbirkeedu yahay 145,811-hectare ayaa loo aqoonsaday [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Goobtu waxay ka kooban tahay &quot;kanaallo biyo cusbo leh oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 200 oo jasiiradood iyo jasiirado yaryar, [[mangrove forest]], deegaan badda Atlantic-ga ah, iyo kaymo qallalan.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Saloum Delta|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1359|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Saloum Delta National Park]] wuxuu daboolayaa 76,000 hektar oo ka mid ah delta-da.

Noocyada shimbiraha ee ku tarma ama jiilaalka ku qaata aagga waxaa ka mid ah [[royal tern]], [[greater flamingo]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[goliath heron]], [[curlew sandpiper]], [[ruddy turnstone]], iyo [[little stint]]. Ka sokow inay tahay goob taranka oo qiimo leh oo loogu talagalay [[birds]], delta-du waxay ka kooban tahay 218 tuulo oo qolofley ah iyo farshaxanno laga soo saaray qaar ka mid ah 28 ka mid ah goobaha lagu aaso oo bixiyay aragti muhiim ah oo ku saabsan taariikhda dadku degan yihiin aagga.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

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      <comment>Bog cusub: [[File:Senegal 2006.jpg|thumb|Shimbiraha oo ku urursan xeebta Langue de Barbarie National Park, 2006.]] [[File:LangueBarbarie.jpg|thumb|Burbur ku yaal beerta]]  '''Langue de Barbarie''' (Af-Faransiis: &quot;Tuubbo dhul oo [[Barbary]] ah&quot;, oo loogu magac daray [[Barbary Coast]]) waa [[jasiirad yar oo dhuuban]] (peninsula), oo ku taal dhinaca [[Atlantic Ocean]], kuna taal galbeedka [[Senegal]], meel u dhow magaalada [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]].&lt;ref name=bbc&gt;{{cite news |first=J...</comment>
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      <text bytes="5581" sha1="1swli0a2nnrzvq7otw7q2clv1nz0a9c" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Senegal 2006.jpg|thumb|Shimbiraha oo ku urursan xeebta Langue de Barbarie National Park, 2006.]]
[[File:LangueBarbarie.jpg|thumb|Burbur ku yaal beerta]]

'''Langue de Barbarie''' (Af-Faransiis: &quot;Tuubbo dhul oo [[Barbary]] ah&quot;, oo loogu magac daray [[Barbary Coast]]) waa [[jasiirad yar oo dhuuban]] (peninsula), oo ku taal dhinaca [[Atlantic Ocean]], kuna taal galbeedka [[Senegal]], meel u dhow magaalada [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]].&lt;ref name=bbc&gt;{{cite news |first=Jane |last=Deith |title= Senegal fights hunger to save birds|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6500797.stm |work=BBC News online |date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2007-08-08|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiraddan yar waxay badweynta ka soocdaa qaybta ugu dambaysa ee [[Senegal River]].

== Beerta Qaran ==
{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie
| designation1_date = 7 Abriil 2021
| designation1_number = 2467&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2467|access-date=2 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Langue de Barbarie [[National Park]] ({{langx|fr|Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie}}) waxay ku taal caarada koonfureed ee jasiiradda. Waxay daboolaysaa bed dhan {{convert|2000|ha}}, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo shimbiro ah iyo saddex nooc oo qoolley ah, oo ay ku jirto nooca aadka halista ugu jira ee [[hawksbill sea turtle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 |title=Parcs et réserves |publisher=Environment Ministry, Senegalese Government |date=13 October 2005 |accessdate=8 January 2014 |language=French |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 |archivedate=2009-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bl&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6845&amp;m=0 |title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie |accessdate= 8 August 2007 |format= |work=World Bird Database|publisher=[[BirdLife International]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beerta waxaa loo magacaabay [[Ramsar site]] sanadkii 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

== Burburkii 2003 iyo masiibadii deegaanka ==
[[File:Langue de Barbarie breach animation.gif|thumb|Animation-ka ballaarinta meesha dillaacday.]]
Meel dhan {{convert|4|m}} oo dillaac ah ayaa laga gooyay jasiiradda meel u dhow magaalada Saint-Louis 3 Oktoobar 2003 si looga hortago daadad suurtagal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dillaacu wuxuu si dhakhso ah u ballaartay ilaa {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} wuxuuna si joogto ah uga soocay caarada koonfureed ee jasiiradda dalka ugu weyn, taas oo si wax ku ool ah ugu beddeshay jasiirad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/langue_de_barbarie_parc_national.php | title = Le parc national de la Langue de Barbarie | publisher = Senegalaisement.com | language = French | date = 29 May 2009 | accessdate = 20 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laga soo bilaabo Disembar 2013, badda ayaa qabsatay in ka badan {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} oo dhul ah waxayna keentay in la waayo tuulooyin iyo goobo dalxiis marka laga reebo isbeddelada ku yimid flora iyo fauna ee jasiiradda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/12/11/pres-de-saint-louis-du-senegal-la-mer-engloutit-les-villages_3529136_3244.html | title = Près de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, la mer engloutit les villages | first = Maureen | last = Grisot | work = [[Le Monde]] | language = French | date = 11 December 2013 | accessdate = 5 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf | title = Évolution de quelques espèces d'oiseaux d'eau dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal – Période 1989-2010 | first1 = Patrick | last1 = Triplet | first2 = Maurice | last2 = Benmergui | first3 = Vincent | last3 = Schricke | journal = Faune Sauvage | volume = 289 | year = 2010 | pages = 6–13 | accessdate = 8 January 2014 | language = French | archive-date = 8 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108195221/http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = http://cybergeo.revues.org/23017 | first1 = Paul | last1 = Durand | first2 = Brice | last2 = Anselme | first3 = Yves-François | last3 = Thomas | title = L'impact de l'ouverture de la brèche dans la langue de Barbarie à Saint-Louis du Sénégal en 2003: un changement de nature de l'aléa inondation ? | journal = Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography | language = French | date = 27 April 2010 | accessdate = 8 January 2014 | doi = 10.4000/cybergeo.23017 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishii Janaayo 2020, dillaacu wuxuu ballaartay ilaa 6 km.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/28/how-the-venice-of-africa-is-losing-its-battle-against-the-rising-ocean|title=How the 'Venice of Africa' is losing its battle against the rising ocean|last=Pronczuk|first=Monika|date=2020-01-28|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-29|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{commons category|Langue de Barbarie National Park}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Langue de Barbarie National Park}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109200648/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=70 Saacadaha furitaanka iyo qiimaha]

{{coord|15|55|N|16|30|W|source:frwiki_region:SN|display=title}}

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      <text bytes="5524" sha1="3s7pvsam6hmch6ea2frp5tagafalsfp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Senegal 2006.jpg|thumb|Shimbiraha oo ku urursan xeebta Langue de Barbarie National Park, 2006.]]
[[File:LangueBarbarie.jpg|thumb|Burbur ku yaal beerta]]

'''Langue de Barbarie''' (Af-Faransiis: &quot;Tuubbo dhul oo [[Barbary]] ah&quot;, oo loogu magac daray [[Barbary Coast]]) waa [[jasiirad yar oo dhuuban]] (peninsula), oo ku taal dhinaca [[Atlantic Ocean]], kuna taal galbeedka [[Senegal]], meel u dhow magaalada [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|Saint-Louis]].&lt;ref name=bbc&gt;{{cite news |first=Jane |last=Deith |title= Senegal fights hunger to save birds|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6500797.stm |work=BBC News online |date=2007-05-05 |access-date=2007-08-08|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiraddan yar waxay badweynta ka soocdaa qaybta ugu dambaysa ee [[Senegal River]].

== Beerta Qaran ==
{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie
| designation1_date = 7 Abriil 2021
| designation1_number = 2467&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2467|access-date=2 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Langue de Barbarie [[National Park]] ({{langx|fr|Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie}}) waxay ku taal caarada koonfureed ee jasiiradda. Waxay daboolaysaa bed dhan {{convert|2000|ha}}, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo shimbiro ah iyo saddex nooc oo qoolley ah, oo ay ku jirto nooca aadka halista ugu jira ee [[hawksbill sea turtle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{ cite web|url=http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 |title=Parcs et réserves |publisher=Environment Ministry, Senegalese Government |date=13 October 2005 |accessdate=8 January 2014 |language=French |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 |archivedate=2009-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bl&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6845&amp;m=0 |title=Parc National de la Langue de Barbarie |accessdate= 8 August 2007 |format= |work=World Bird Database|publisher=[[BirdLife International]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beerta waxaa loo magacaabay [[Ramsar site]] sanadkii 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

== Burburkii 2003 iyo masiibadii deegaanka ==
[[File:Langue de Barbarie breach animation.gif|thumb|Animation-ka ballaarinta meesha dillaacday.]]
Meel dhan {{convert|4|m}} oo dillaac ah ayaa laga gooyay jasiiradda meel u dhow magaalada Saint-Louis 3 Oktoobar 2003 si looga hortago daadad suurtagal ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dillaacu wuxuu si dhakhso ah u ballaartay ilaa {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} wuxuuna si joogto ah uga soocay caarada koonfureed ee jasiiradda dalka ugu weyn, taas oo si wax ku ool ah ugu beddeshay jasiirad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/langue_de_barbarie_parc_national.php | title = Le parc national de la Langue de Barbarie | publisher = Senegalaisement.com | language = French | date = 29 May 2009 | accessdate = 20 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Laga soo bilaabo Disembar 2013, badda ayaa qabsatay in ka badan {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} oo dhul ah waxayna keentay in la waayo tuulooyin iyo goobo dalxiis marka laga reebo isbeddelada ku yimid flora iyo fauna ee jasiiradda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2013/12/11/pres-de-saint-louis-du-senegal-la-mer-engloutit-les-villages_3529136_3244.html | title = Près de Saint-Louis du Sénégal, la mer engloutit les villages | first = Maureen | last = Grisot | work = [[Le Monde]] | language = French | date = 11 December 2013 | accessdate = 5 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf | title = Évolution de quelques espèces d'oiseaux d'eau dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal – Période 1989-2010 | first1 = Patrick | last1 = Triplet | first2 = Maurice | last2 = Benmergui | first3 = Vincent | last3 = Schricke | journal = Faune Sauvage | volume = 289 | year = 2010 | pages = 6–13 | accessdate = 8 January 2014 | language = French | archive-date = 8 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140108195221/http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/oiseaux/oiseaux-eau/FS289_triplet.pdf | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | url = http://cybergeo.revues.org/23017 | first1 = Paul | last1 = Durand | first2 = Brice | last2 = Anselme | first3 = Yves-François | last3 = Thomas | title = L'impact de l'ouverture de la brèche dans la langue de Barbarie à Saint-Louis du Sénégal en 2003: un changement de nature de l'aléa inondation ? | journal = Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography | language = French | date = 27 April 2010 | accessdate = 8 January 2014 | doi = 10.4000/cybergeo.23017 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bishii Janaayo 2020, dillaacu wuxuu ballaartay ilaa 6 km.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jan/28/how-the-venice-of-africa-is-losing-its-battle-against-the-rising-ocean|title=How the 'Venice of Africa' is losing its battle against the rising ocean|last=Pronczuk|first=Monika|date=2020-01-28|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-01-29|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{commons category|Langue de Barbarie National Park}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140109200648/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=70 Saacadaha furitaanka iyo qiimaha]

{{coord|15|55|N|16|30|W|source:frwiki_region:SN|display=title}}

{{authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="6352" sha1="p7m2dlrdbye8s5mocujb1kz8dq2iq2q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve
| alt_name = 
| iucn_category = IV
| map = 
| relief = yes
| map_width = 240
| map_caption = Khariidadda Senegal
| location = [[Ziguinchor Region]]
| nearest_city = [[Ziguinchor]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|40|N|16|45|W|display=inline, title}}
| area = 0.16 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1978
| visitation_num = 0
| visitation_year = 2006
| governing_body = 
| url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Kalissaye
| designation1_date = 1 Sebteembar 2017
| designation1_number = 2326&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kalissaye|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2326|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve''' ('''KAR''') waa kayd dabiici ah oo yar oo ku yaal dalka Senegal, kaas oo ku yaal afka Kalissaye Pond oo ku yaal bartamaha [[Casamance River]].

Sida [[Basse Casamance National Park]] oo 35&amp;nbsp;km u jira, KAR hadda waa xiran yahay sababtoo ah [[Casamance Conflict]].

==Flora==
Jasiiradaha yar yar ee ciidda ah ee ka kooban kaydka, dhirtu waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay ''[[Ipomoea pes-caprae]]'', ''[[Sporobolus spicatus]]'', iyo ''[[Alternanthera maritima]]''.

==Fauna==
Kaydka waxaa la abuuray 1978 si loo ilaaliyo [[sea turtle]] iyo [[seabird colony|gumeysiga shimbiraha badda]].

Waxaa jiray in ka badan 10,000 [[Caspian tern]]s (''Sterna caspia'') oo ku jira kaydka intii lagu jiray 1980-meeyadii, waxaana sidoo kale jira [[royal tern]]s (''Thalasseus maximus'') iyo [[great white pelican]]s (''Pelecanus onocrotalus'').

Dhowr nooc oo qoolleyda badda ah ayaa aad u badan, oo ay ku jiraan [[loggerhead sea turtle|loggerheads]] (''Caretta caretta'') iyo [[green turtle]]s (''Chelonia mydas'').

[[common dolphin]] (''Delphinus delphis'') iyo [[African manatee]] (''Trichechus senegalensis'') ayaa sidoo kale laga arkaa aagga.

==Isbedelka Cimilada==
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Sanadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] waxaa lagu daray Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo ay khatar ku noqon doonto [[flooding]] iyo [[coastal erosion]] dhammaadka qarniga, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah xaaladda qiiqa sare ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4{{Nbsp}}°C.,&lt;ref&gt;Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121&lt;/ref&gt; mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmid=33082220 |pmc=7668049 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xaaladaha kale, ee aadka loo malayn karo waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku xaddidan yahay 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee caalamiga ah ayaa wali la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl oo sarreeya ayaa arki doona kor u kac ballaaran markaas), taas oo keentay in laga gudbo heerkii 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee hoos yimaada RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican ka hor sannadka 4000.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==

* [[Liiska beero qaran iyo kaydka dabiiciga ah ee Senegal]]
* [[Deegaanka Senegal]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
*{{in lang|en}} [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6854&amp;m=0 Kalissaye Avifaunal Reserve]
*{{in lang|en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013936/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=3217&amp;level=nat World Database on Protected Areas]
*{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Bogga rasmiga ah]
*{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000437/http://www.wetlands.org/Africa/fr/getfilefromdb.aspx?ID=f2684d11-176a-46a9-9c5f-7656b3a19198 Wetlands International]</text>
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    <title>Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee Guembeul</title>
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      <text bytes="2269" sha1="dw29x8tegp326azanhlnty0hhzc7yu9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Réserve spéciale de faune de Guembeul
| iucn_category = IV
| image = OryxGuembeul.JPG
| image_caption = [[Scimitar Oryx]]s oo ku sugan Guembeul Reserve
| location = [[Gandiol Region]], [[Senegal]]
| nearest_city = [[Saint-Louis, Senegal]]
| coordinates = {{coords|15|55|00|N|16|28|00|W|display=inline, title}}
| area = 720 hectares
| established = 1 Janaayo 1983
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = Ministre de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature - Senegal
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Réserve Spéciale de Faune de Gueumbeul
| designation1_date = 29 Sebteembar 1986
| designation1_number = 338&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Réserve Spéciale de Faune de Gueumbeul|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/338|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Guembeul Natural Reserve''' (fr. '''Réserve spéciale de faune de Guembeul''') waa [[natural reserve]] ku taal qiyaastii 10 km koonfurta [[Saint-Louis, Senegal]], oo ku taal gobolka [[Gandiol]]. Waxay dabooshaa bed dhan 720 [[Hectare|hektar]], waxaana loo aqoonsaday [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] qaybta IV ee Faunal Reserve sanadkii 1983.
[[File:Guembeul 5981.jpg|left|thumb|[[African spurred tortoise]]]]
[[File:GazellaDama.JPG|left|thumb|Mhorr gazelle (Nooc ka mid ah [[Dama gazelle]])]]
Beertan waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo shimbiraha, xamaarato iyo naasleyda ah. Goobtu sidoo kale waa xarunta barnaamijyada dib-u-soo-celinta ee saddex nooc oo [[gazelle]]s ah waxayna hoy u tahay [[African spurred tortoise]].

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{Commons category|Guembeul Reserve}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929144313/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=11653&amp;level=nat World Database of Protected Areas record].
*[http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/sites/pa/0712p.htm UNEP site factsheet, 1986]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ministre de l'Environnement et de la Protection de la Nature]: Liiska jardiinooyinka.</text>
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    <title>Meesha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Shimbiraha Djoudj</title>
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      <text bytes="5424" sha1="kkzxd55b0l8nrnh51994uiapkjc1ved" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary
| iucn_category = II
| image = CormoransDjoudj.JPG
| image_caption = 
| location = [[Senegal]]
| nearest_city = 
| module = {{designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = WHS
 |designation1_date = 1981 &lt;small&gt;(kalfadhigii 5-aad ee [[World Heritage Committee|World Heritage Committee]])&lt;/small&gt;
 |designation1_type = Dabiici
 |designation1_criteria = vii, x
 |designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25 25]
 |designation1_free1name = Gobol
 |designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Africa|Afrika]]
 |designation1_free2name = [[List of World Heritage in Danger|Khatar ku jira]]
 |designation1_free2value = 1984–1988; 2000–2006
 }}
| map = 
| relief = 1
| map_width = 200
| coordinates = 
| area = 160 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 14 Abriil 1971
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = 
| module2 = {{Designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = Ramsar
 |designation1_offname = Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj
 |designation1_date = 11 Luulyo 1977
 |designation1_number = 138&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parc National des Oiseaux du Djoudj |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/138 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610044106/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/138 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 }}
}}
'''Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary''' ({{langx|fr|Parc national des oiseaux du Djoudj}}, {{IPA|fr|d͡ʒud͡ʒ|}}) waxay ku taal bangiga koonfur-bari ee [[Senegal River]] ee Senegal, woqooyiga [[Biffeche]], waqooyi bari ee [[Saint-Louis, Senegal|St-Louis]].

Waxay bixisaa noocyo kala duwan oo [[wetland]] ah kuwaas oo aad caan ugu ah [[bird migration|shimbiraha soo haajiraya]], kuwaas oo badankoodu ay hadda uun ka soo gudbeen [[Sahara]]. Ku dhawaad 400 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah, kuwa ugu muuqda waa [[pelican]]s iyo [[flamingo]]s. Waxa ka yar muuqashada [[aquatic warbler]]s ee u soo haajiraya halkaas oo ka imanaya Yurub; kuwaas, beertu waa goobta jiilaalka ee ugu muhiimsan ee weli la helay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 February 2007 |title=Expedition solves Aquatic Warbler mystery |url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224175807/http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/02/aquatic_warbler_senegal.html |archive-date=24 February 2007 |website=[[BirdLife International]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; Noocyo badan oo [[wildlife]] ah ayaa sidoo kale ku nool beerta, taas oo loo qoondeeyay [[World Heritage Site]]. Goobta waxaa lagu daray [[list of World Heritage in Danger]] sanadkii 1984 sababtoo ah soo gelitaanka dhirta duullaanka ah ee [[giant salvinia]], taas oo khatar ku ah in ay ceejiso dhirta asalka ah ee beerta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/2412/ |title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxaa laga saaray liiska sanadkii 2006.

==Arrimaha deegaanka==
[[Image:DjoudjNASA.jpg|left|thumb|Bidix, abaartii Sebtembar 1979; midig, daadadkii Noofambar 1999]]Tan iyo markii uu billowday hawlgalka [[Diama Dam]] ee webiga Senegal sanadkii 1988, khubaradu waxay arkeen hoos u dhac ku yimid heerka biyaha, [[Desalination|ka-saarista milixda]], iyo [[Siltation|dhoobada]]. Isbeddelada ayaa khatar ku ah fauna iyo flora. Waxaa si gaar ah u jiray taranka [[typha]]s iyo [[Phragmites]]. Dhinaca bidix, sawirada dayax-gacmeedka ee ay qaaday NASA sanadkii 1979 (ka hor dhismaha biyo-xidheenka) iyo 1999 (ka dib) waxay bixiyaan caddayn saamaynta weyn ee ku leh nidaamka deegaanka ee gobolka.

Sanadkii 2006, inkasta oo aan wax kiis ah oo [[avian flu]] ah laga soo sheegin Senegal, barnaamij kormeer ah ayaa la dhaqangeliyay.

Waxay daboolaysaa bed dhan 16,000 hektar, 395 nooc oo shimbiraha ah (ku dhawaad saddex milyan oo shimbiro ah) ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay halkaas, taas oo ka dhigaysa Djoudj National Bird Park kaydka ornithological-ka ee 3-aad ee ugu weyn adduunka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Parc National des oiseaux du Djoudj (PNOD) |url=https://www.saintlouisdusenegal.com/parc-du-djoudj/ |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Saint-Louis du Sénégal |language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kaydku waxa kale oo uu ka kooban yahay dad badan oo [[Crocodile|crocodiles]] iyo [[Manatee|manatees]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25/ |title=Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=World Heritage Convention |publisher=UNESCO}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{clear left}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Diawling National Park]]
* [[Wildlife of Senegal]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070209070541/http://www.wcmc.org.uk/protected_areas/data/wh/djoudj.html WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/25 Bogga rasmiga ah ee UNESCO]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090130135811/http://www.environnement.gouv.sn/article.php3?id_article=2 Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature, des Bassins de rétention et des Lacs artificiels: Parcs et réserves], 13 Oktoobar 2005.

[[File:Djoudj ile pelican.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pelicans oo ku sugan jasiirad ku taal beerta]]
[[File:Embarcadere du Djoudj.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Pier iyo warthogs]]

{{Commons category|Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Kaydka Kaymaha ee Sare ee Orashi</title>
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      <text bytes="5256" sha1="l5busbstkcg0f75nhbo738q1mzvag9a" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Upper Urashi Forest Reserve
| iucn_category = VI
| image = 
| image_caption = 
| image_size =
| location = [[Ahoada West]], [[Rivers State, Nigeria]]
| coordinates = {{coord|4|53|24|N|6|30|36|E|region:NG-RI|display=inline, title}}
| area_ha = 25165
| established = 30 Disembar 1899
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Rivers State Ministry of Agriculture]]
| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Upper Urashi Forests
 | designation1_date = 30 Abriil 2008
 | designation1_number = 1759&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Upper Urashi Forests|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1759|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Upper Urashi Forest Reserve''' waa [[nature reserve]] ku taal [[Rivers State, Nigeria]] oo ku taal dhinaca sare ee [[Urashi River]], meel u dhow tuulada Ikodi ee [[Ahoada West]]. Kaydku wuxuu daboolayaa bed dhan 25,165 ha (97.163 sq mi). Waxaa loo magacaabay [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|wetland of international importance]] oo hoos yimaada [[Ramsar Convention]] 30 Abriil 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;Upper Orashi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Upper Urashi Forests in Nigeria |url=http://www.wdpa.org/upper-orashi-forests-ramsar-site-wetland-of-international-importance|access-date=14 July 2017|website=[[World Database on Protected Areas|wdpa.org]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cimilada==
Cimilada Upper Urashi waa [[Tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] &quot;'''Am'''&quot;), oo lagu garto xilli-roobaad dheer oo ka bilaabma Maarso ilaa Noofambar iyo xilli-qallalan oo gaaban oo ka bilaabma Disembar ilaa Febraayo. Celceliska roobabka sanadlaha ah waa 2510 milimitir (99 in), iyadoo bisha Sebtembar ay caadi ahaan tahay bisha ugu roobka badan sanadka. Kayntu waxay ku hadhay biyo-fatahaad laga bilaabo Sebtembar ilaa Noofambar sababtoo ah fatahaadaha [[Urashi River]], taas oo keentay [[siltification]] iyo kordhinta bacriminta ciidda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Upper Urashi1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance|url=http://archive.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-nigeria/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16114_4000_0__|access-date=14 July 2017|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar.org]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Flora==
Markii hore la aasaasay 30 Disembar 1899 oo leh 9,696 hektar (37.44 sq mi), waxay ka kooban tahay noocyo kala duwan oo [[habitat]] ah sida kaynta roobka ee dhulka hoose, [[moorland]], [[marshes]] iyo [[lake]]s xilliyeed. Ka mid ah noocyada geedaha ee lagu diiwaan geliyay kaydka, waa ''[[Lophira alata]]'', ''[[Ricinodendron heudelotii]]'', ''[[Albizia adianthifolia]]'' iyo ''[[Hexalobus|Hexalobus crispiflorus]]''. ''[[Hallea ledermannii]]'', oo muhiim u ah warshadaha kaynta, ayaa ku jira kayntan, laakiin si weyn ayuu hoos ugu dhacay natiijada isticmaalkiisa ballaaran. Geedaha [[oil palm]] (''[[Elaeis guineensis]]'') iyo ''[[Musanga cecropioides]]'' ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa meelaha sare.

==Fauna==
Kaydku waa [[centre of endemism]] yar oo loogu talagalay [[sclater's guenon]] iyo [[white-throated guenon]] oo khatar ku jira, [[red colobus monkey]] iyo Heslop's [[pygmy hippopotamus]]. Waxa kale oo ay bixisaa goob muhiim ah oo lagu nasto ee [[grey parrot]] (''Psittacus erithacas'') waxayna martigelisaa dhowr nooc oo shimbiraha biyaha ah kuwaas oo qaybintooda lagu koobay Guinea-Congo Forests biome.&lt;ref name=&quot;TideNews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/2016/02/05/showcasing-rivers-tourist-destinations/|location=Port Harcourt, Nigeria|title=Showcasing Rivers Tourist Destinations|date=5 February 2016|access-date=14 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Tide (Nigeria)|The Tide]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Hidden begin
|title = Liiska Xayawaanka
|titlestyle = background:#abdb75;width:60%
}}
{|width=60%
|-
|  style=&quot;width:33%; vertical-align:top;&quot;|
''Naasleyda''
*[[Giant forest hog]]
*[[Green bush squirrel]]
*[[Pygmy hippopotamus]]
|  style=&quot;width:33%; vertical-align:top;&quot;| 
''Xamaarato''
*[[Slender-snouted crocodile]]

''Shimbiraha''
*[[Grey parrot]]
*[[Anambra waxbill]]
*[[Hartlaub's duck]]
*[[Congo serpent eagle]]
*[[Cassin's hawk-eagle]]
*[[Blue-headed dove]]
*[[Black-throated coucal]]
*[[black-casqued Hornbill]]
*[[Yellow-rumped tinkerbird]]
*[[Lesser honeyguide]]
*[[Gabon woodpecker]]
*[[Guinea turaco]]
*[[Dark-capped yellow warbler]]
*[[Grey-chinned sunbird]]
*[[White-breasted negrofinch]]
|}
{{Hidden end}}

==Ilaalinta==
Upper Orashi Forest Reserve waxaa maamula Waaxda Kaymaha ee [[Rivers State Ministry of Agriculture]]. Waxaa loo kala saaray [[IUCN_protected_area_categories#Category_VI_.E2.80.93_Protected_Area_with_sustainable_use_of_natural_resources|IUCN qaybta VI ee aagga la ilaaliyo]] (aag la ilaaliyo oo leh isticmaalka waara ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah) oo leh ujeeddo ah isticmaalka badan ee waara ee khayraadka kaynta iyo cilmi-baarista sayniska, iyada oo xoogga la saarayo hababka ka faa'iidaysiga waara ee kaymaha asaliga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Upper Orashi2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Upper Orashi Forest Reserve|url=http://rris.biopama.org/pa/903112|access-date=14 July 2017|website=Biopama.org }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kokorou</title>
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&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|official_name          =Kokorou
|other_name             =
|native_name            =  &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        =[[Communes of Niger|Degmo]] iyo magaalo
|motto                  =
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|image_skyline          = 
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|mapsize                = 
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|pushpin_map            =Niger
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption    =Goobta Niger
|subdivision_type       = Dal
|subdivision_name       ={{flag|Niger}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions of Niger|Gobol]]
|subdivision_name1      =
|subdivision_type2      = [[Departments of Niger|Degmo]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Téra Department]]
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
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|established_title      =  &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       = 
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|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = 2,177 
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               = 2012 tirakoobka 
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               = 96,218	
|population_density_km2         = auto
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
|utc_offset             = +1
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|14|12|41|N|0|55|1|E|region:NE|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use&lt;ref&gt; tags--&gt;
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}}{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Complexe Kokorou-Namga
 | designation1_date = 17 Juun 2001
 | designation1_number = 1071&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Complexe Kokorou-Namga|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1071|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Kokorou''' ama '''Kokoro''' waa magaalo iyo [[Communes of Niger|degmo]] miyi ah oo ku taal [[Téra Department]] ee galbeedka [[Niger]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030518/http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-14%20cr%E9ation%20des%20communes.pdf Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux]. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadkii 2012, waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu dhan tahay 96,218, kuwaas oo ku nool magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin miyi ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kokorou (Commune, Niger) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/niger/admin/t%C3%A9ra/NER006011003__kokorou/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waxay magaceeda siisaa meel u dhow Kokoro iyo Namga Wetlands, oo loo qoondeeyay goobta [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] sanadkii 2001. Iyada oo daboolaysa 668&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, dhul-qoyan wuxuu martigeliyaa nolosha shimbiraha socdaalka ah waana muhiim u ah deegaanka deegaanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.lieden.net/articles/20080311-1.html
 |title       = Kokoro and Namga wetlands, Niger
 |publisher   = Ulf Liedén, Lieden.net
 |date        = 2008-03-11
 |access-date  = 9 November 2009
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724234928/http://www.lieden.net/articles/20080311-1.html
 |archive-date = 24 July 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dadka==
Gobolada tuulada Kokoro waa dadka [[Songhai people|Songhay]], kuwaas oo raadraaca awoowgood khadka labka ah ilaa [[Askia Mohammad I|Askia Mohammed Toure]]. Waxay yimaadeen Kokoro qaybta hore ee qarnigii 18-aad. Markii gumaystayaashii Faransiisku gaareen Kokoro sanadkii 1899, dadka deegaanka ayaa la shaqeeyay, iyagoo bixinaya canshuur iyo bixinta shaqaale. Wadashaqeyntan ayaa keentay barwaaqo, dadka Kokoro waxay ka caawiyeen Faransiiska inay aasaasaan suuqa [[Mehanna]] ee [[Niger river]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhimashadii madaxii hore ee Kokoru sanadkii 1964, Faransiisku waxay u magacaabeen ganacsade aan sharaf lahayn beddelkiisa, halkii ay magacaabi lahaayeen beddelkiisa dabiiciga ah. Dadka deegaanka ayaa weli ka xun go'aankan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |title=Fusion of the worlds: an ethnography of possession among the Songhay of Niger
 |author=Paul Stoller
 |author-link=Paul Stoller
 |publisher=University of Chicago Press
 |year=1989
 |ISBN=0-226-77544-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhul-qoyan==

Dhul-qoyan ballaaran, gacmeed iyo brackish Kokoro waxay ku taal dooxadii hore oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin sand-dunes, granite outcrops iyo hills flat-topped. Wakhti ka mid ah, dooxadu waxay u daadi kartay [[Niger River]] ilaa waqooyi-bari, laakiin hadda ma laha meel ay ka baxaan. Dhul-qoyan wuxuu ka kooban yahay biyo laga bilaabo 7–12 bilood sannad kasta, mararka qaarkoodna waa 13&amp;nbsp;km oo dherer ah iyo 2,100&amp;nbsp;ha ee aagga. Roobabku way ku kala duwan yihiin sannadba sannadka ka dambeeya. Dhinaca galbeedka waxaa ku yaal flood-plain oo ay ku daboolan yihiin geedo. Dhul-qoyan waa aag deegaan oo muhiim ah oo ku yaal African-Eurasian flyway, waxaana loo qoondeeyay goob Ramsar ah. Inkasta oo ay dawladdu leedahay, dadka deegaanka ayaa isticmaali kara iyadoo la kormeerayo. Dhul-qoyan waxaa si culus loogu isticmaalaa daaqsinka lo'da xilliga qallalan, taas oo laga yaabo inay waxyeello u geysato nolosha dhirta. Waxaa lagu kaydiyay kalluun sanadkii 1986, laakiin nooca kaliya ee badbaaday waa lungfish ''[[West African lungfish|Protopterus annectens]]'', kaas oo ay ku qabtaan shabaag iyo khadadka dadka deegaanka.&lt;ref name=birdlife&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6721&amp;m=0
 |title=Kokoro wetland
 |publisher=Birdlife International
 |access-date=9 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sand dunes waxay khatar ku yihiin xadka waqooyi ee dhul-qoyanka, waxayna noqdeen bartilmaameedka barnaamijka dune-fixation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 |title=Niger: The Bradt Travel Guide
 |author=Jolijn Geels
 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides
 |year=2006
 |ISBN=1-84162-152-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Degmooyinka ==

* {{Ill|Amara, Niger|lt=Amara|de|Amara (Niger)}}
* {{Ill|Béra|lt=Béra|de|Béra (Niger)}}
* {{Ill|Dossa Kourégou|de}}
* {{Ill|Doungouro|de}}
* [[Fambita]]
* {{Ill|Loudji|de}}
* {{Ill|Sédey|de}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

{{Communes of Niger}}
{{Coord|14|12|41|N|0|55|1|E|display=title}}</text>
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| name = Iriqui National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag (signpost).JPG
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = [[L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag]] oo ku taal Iriqui National Park
| location = [[Morocco]]
| nearest_city = [[Foum Zguid]]
| map = Morocco
| relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|29|50|29.936322|N|6|31|2.110519|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 1230
| established = 1994
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = Boqortooyada Morocco: Guddiga Sare ee Biyaha, Kaymaha iyo Xakamaynta Saxaraha
}}

'''Iriqui National Park''' waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1994 sidii [[national park]] ee [[Morocco]] oo leh 123,000 [[hectare]]s.

== Goobta ==

Iriqui National Park wuxuu qabsadaa meel u dhaxaysa [[Draa River]] iyo buuraleyda koonfureed ee [[Anti-Atlas]], ee gobollada [[Zagora Province|Zagora]] iyo [[Tata, Morocco|Tata]].

== Flora iyo fauna ==

Beertan waxaa lagu gartaa muuqaal saxare ah oo caadi u ah koonfurta Morocco. Dhirta waxaa matala [[steppe]] alwaax ah iyo [[savanna]] oo leh [[Acacia tortilis|acacias]]. Qaar ka mid ah [[dune]]s-keeda waxaa daboolay [[tamarix]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 |title=Parc National d’lriqui |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inta lagu jiro xilliyada qoyan, [[Lake Iriqui]] wuxuu noqdaa dhul-qoyan ku-meel-gaar ah iyo deked iyo goob jiilaal oo loogu talagalay shimbiraha biyaha ee badan ee haajiraya, oo ay ku jiraan [[flamingo]]s, [[coot]]s iyo [[goose|geese]], taas oo siinaysa beerta dabeecad deegaan oo muhiim ah. Dib-u-soo-celinta dhul-qoyanka waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan, markii la abuuray beerta.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

Beerta waxaa ku yaal [[houbara bustard]]s, [[North African ostrich]]es, [[barbary sheep]], [[dorcas gazelle]]s, [[oryx]]es iyo [[striped hyena]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jourjon&quot;&gt;Sylvie Jourjon: [http://desert-maroc.com/loasis-sacree-doum-laalag/ L’Oasis Sacrée d’Oum Lâalag.] 5 December 2012 (French).&lt;/ref&gt; Waxa kale oo jira tiro badan oo xamaarato ah sida [[lizard]], [[cerastes cerastes|horned vipers]], [[monitor lizard]]s, [[chameleon]]s, [[gecko]]s iyo noocyo kala duwan oo abeesooyin ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

== Dadka ==
Gobolka waxaa ku yaal qoysas yar oo ku nool gudaha beerta, Aagga Iriqui waa meesha ugu muhiimsan ee daaqsinka sababtoo ah awooddeeda daaqsinka wanaagsan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

== Dalxiiska ==

Muuqaalka hodanka ah iyo hidaha dhaqameed ee gobolka waxay siinayaan beerta awood dalxiis oo muhiim ah oo noqon doonta kabaal horumarinta dhaqaalaha deegaanka. Aasaaskeedu waa qayb ka mid ah istaraatiijiyad lagu kobcinayo dalxiiska koonfurta Morocco, taas oo laga yaabo inay ugu dambeyntii noqoto kabaal muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay kor u qaadida iyo horumarinta aagagga Saxaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

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| name = Beerta Qaranka ee Iriqui
| iucn_category = II
| image = L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag (signpost).JPG
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = [[L’Oasis sacrée d’oum Lâalag]] oo ku taal Iriqui National Park
| location = [[Morocco]]
| nearest_city = [[Foum Zguid]]
| map = Morocco
| relief = 1
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| area_km2 = 1230
| established = 1994
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = Boqortooyada Morocco: Guddiga Sare ee Biyaha, Kaymaha iyo Xakamaynta Saxaraha
}}

'''Beerta Qaranka ee Iriqui''' waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1994 sidii [[national park]] ee [[Morocco]] oo leh 123,000 [[hectare]]s.

== Goobta ==

Iriqui National Park wuxuu qabsadaa meel u dhaxaysa [[Draa River]] iyo buuraleyda koonfureed ee [[Anti-Atlas]], ee gobollada [[Zagora Province|Zagora]] iyo [[Tata, Morocco|Tata]].

== Flora iyo fauna ==

Beertan waxaa lagu gartaa muuqaal saxare ah oo caadi u ah koonfurta Morocco. Dhirta waxaa matala [[steppe]] alwaax ah iyo [[savanna]] oo leh [[Acacia tortilis|acacias]]. Qaar ka mid ah [[dune]]s-keeda waxaa daboolay [[tamarix]].&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 |title=Parc National d’lriqui |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010731/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1082 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inta lagu jiro xilliyada qoyan, [[Lake Iriqui]] wuxuu noqdaa dhul-qoyan ku-meel-gaar ah iyo deked iyo goob jiilaal oo loogu talagalay shimbiraha biyaha ee badan ee haajiraya, oo ay ku jiraan [[flamingo]]s, [[coot]]s iyo [[goose|geese]], taas oo siinaysa beerta dabeecad deegaan oo muhiim ah. Dib-u-soo-celinta dhul-qoyanka waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah ujeedooyinka ugu muhiimsan, markii la abuuray beerta.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

Beerta waxaa ku yaal [[houbara bustard]]s, [[North African ostrich]]es, [[barbary sheep]], [[dorcas gazelle]]s, [[oryx]]es iyo [[striped hyena]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jourjon&quot;&gt;Sylvie Jourjon: [http://desert-maroc.com/loasis-sacree-doum-laalag/ L’Oasis Sacrée d’Oum Lâalag.] 5 December 2012 (French).&lt;/ref&gt; Waxa kale oo jira tiro badan oo xamaarato ah sida [[lizard]], [[cerastes cerastes|horned vipers]], [[monitor lizard]]s, [[chameleon]]s, [[gecko]]s iyo noocyo kala duwan oo abeesooyin ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

== Dadka ==
Gobolka waxaa ku yaal qoysas yar oo ku nool gudaha beerta, Aagga Iriqui waa meesha ugu muhiimsan ee daaqsinka sababtoo ah awooddeeda daaqsinka wanaagsan.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

== Dalxiiska ==

Muuqaalka hodanka ah iyo hidaha dhaqameed ee gobolka waxay siinayaan beerta awood dalxiis oo muhiim ah oo noqon doonta kabaal horumarinta dhaqaalaha deegaanka. Aasaaskeedu waa qayb ka mid ah istaraatiijiyad lagu kobcinayo dalxiiska koonfurta Morocco, taas oo laga yaabo inay ugu dambeyntii noqoto kabaal muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay kor u qaadida iyo horumarinta aagagga Saxaraha.&lt;ref name=&quot;gov&quot; /&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

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    <title>Tafilalt</title>
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      <text bytes="10377" sha1="a8oedrgn2bzoik6o6zmhzswl1nccp8k" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;
|name          =Tafilalt
|other_name             =
|native_name            = {{native name|ar|تافيلالت}}&lt;br&gt;{{native name|zgh|ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ}} &lt;!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --&gt;
|nickname               =
|settlement_type        = Gobol
|motto                  =
&lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
|image_skyline          = Tafilalet_tinghreras_est.jpg
|imagesize              = 300px
|image_caption          = Panorama-ga oasis-ka Tafilalt, oo laga arkay ksar-ka Tingheras (Rissani).
|image_flag             =
|flag_size              =
|image_seal             =
|seal_size              =
|image_shield           = 
|shield_size            =
|image_map              =
|mapsize                =
|map_caption            =
|pushpin_map            = Morocco&lt;!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --&gt;
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize        = 300
|pushpin_map_caption    = Goobta Morocco
&lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
|subdivision_type       = Dal
|subdivision_name       = {{flag|Morocco}}
|subdivision_type1      = [[Regions of Morocco|Gobol]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Drâa-Tafilalet]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Provinces of Morocco|Gobolka]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Errachidia Province]]
|subdivision_type3      =
|subdivision_name3      =
|&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
|government_footnotes   =
|government_type        =
|leader_title           =
|leader_name            =
|leader_title1          =  &lt;!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --&gt;
|leader_name1           =
|established_title      =  &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
|established_date       =
&lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
|area_magnitude         =
|unit_pref                =Imperial &lt;!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--&gt;
|area_footnotes           =
|area_total_km2           = &lt;!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--&gt;
|area_land_km2            = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;
&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;
|population_as_of               =
|population_footnotes           =
|population_note                =
|population_total               =
|population_density_km2         =
|population_density_sq_mi       =
|population_metro               =
|population_density_metro_km2   =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title        =Qowmiyadaha
|population_blank1              =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
&lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
|timezone               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset             = +1
|timezone_DST           = 
|utc_offset_DST         = 
|coordinates            = {{coord|31|20|22.43|N|4|16|5.48|W|region:MA|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    =  &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
|elevation_m            =
|elevation_ft           =
&lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
|postal_code_type       =  &lt;!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --&gt;
|postal_code            =
|area_code              =
|blank_name             =
|blank_info             =
|blank1_name            =
|blank1_info            =
|website                =
|footnotes              =
}}
{{Designation list
 | designation1        = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Oasis du Tafilalet
 | designation1_date   = 15 Janaayo 2005
 | designation1_number = 1483&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oasis du Tafilalet|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1483|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
[[File:Isoprusia tafilaltana fossil trilobite Maroc.jpg|thumb|upright|''Isoprusia tafilaltana,'' oo ah fossil [[trilobite]] laga helay (loona bixiyay) Tafilalt ]]
'''Tafilalt'''{{efn|{{langx|ar|تافيلالت|Tāfīlālt}}&lt;br&gt;{{langx|zgh|ⵜⴰⴼⵉⴼⵉⵍⴰⵍⵜ}}}} ama '''Tafilet''', taariikh ahaan [[Sijilmasa]], waa [[Regions of Morocco|gobol]] ka mid ah [[Morocco]], oo xarun u ah [[oasis]]-keeda ugu weyn.&lt;ref name=&quot;DumperStanley2007&quot;/&gt;

==Etimoolojiga==
Waxaa jira mala-awaal badan oo ku saabsan asalka ereyga &quot;Tafilalt&quot;; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la og yahay in Tafilalt uu yahay erey [[Berber languages|Berber]] ah oo macnihiisu yahay &quot;weel&quot;, kaas oo si gaar ah u ah weel dhoobo ah oo loo isticmaalo in lagu kaydiyo biyaha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=المعجم العربي الأمازيغي|last=Chafik|first=Mohammed|publisher=أكاديمية المملكة المغربية|year=1990|location=Morocco|pages=217|via=scribd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikh==
In kasta oo ay jireen degsiimooyin hore, gaar ahaan xilligii Roomaanka, magaaladii ugu horreysay ee si joogto ah loogu noolaado aagga ka dib markii uu faafay Islaamka waxay ahayd [[Sijilmasa]], oo ay aasaastay [[Midrarid dynasty]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jr.1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Everett Jenkins Jr.|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giEkCQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA57|date=1 October 1999|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-4713-8|page=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay ku taal jidka tooska ah ee caravan-ka ka yimaada [[Niger River]] ilaa [[Tangier]], waxayna gaartay heer weyn oo barwaaqo ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;&gt;{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Tafilált|volume=26|page=354}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Honnor2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Julius Honnor|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195|year=2012|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6|page=195}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Qarnigii 17-aad, [[Alawi dynasty]] ee Morocco waxay markii ugu horreysay gaareen awood siyaasadeed gudaha Tafilalt, sanadkii 1606, Sultan [[Zidan Abu Maali]] wuxuu ku dhuuntay Tafilalt, halkaas oo uu ka helay dahab laga qoday aagga, wuxuu dhistay ciidan, ugu dambayntiina wuxuu la wareegay maamulka magaalada [[Marrakesh]]. Dhowr sano ka dib 1610, [[Ahmed ibn Abi Mahalli]] ayaa sidoo kale dhistay ciidan aagga Tafilalt wuxuuna dib ula wareegay Marrakesh naftiisa, laakiin wuxuu lumiyay xukunka ka dib markii Sidi Yahya ben Younes uu xoreeyay magaalada Zidan. Toban sano ka dib tan, dhaqdhaqaaq kacaan ah ayaa ka kacay Tafilalt oo ka dhan ah suldaankii xukumayay, laakiin waxaa la caburiyay ka dib afar bilood oo iska horimaadyo ah. Later, Tafilalt waxay ahayd xarun weyn oo ka mid ah Dila'ites.&lt;ref name=&quot;BoumPark2016&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Aomar Boum|author2=Thomas K. Park|title=Historical Dictionary of Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glgzDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA453|date=2 June 2016|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-6297-3|page=453}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanadkii 1648, caado ayaa ay aasaaseen suldaannadii Moorish-ka ee Morocco iyagoo u diray wiilal ama gabdho xad-dhaaf ah oo aan dhaxli doonin horyaal ama awood Tafilalt.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;/&gt;

Socdaalkii qarniyadii dhexe [[Ibn Battuta]] wuxuu wax ka qoray booqashadii Sijilmasa (oo u dhow Tafilalt) qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad safarkiisii Fez ilaa Mali, &quot;[[Sudan (region)|dalka madowga]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;DumperStanley2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Michael Dumper|author2=Bruce E. Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&amp;pg=PA336|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-919-5|page=336}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa markii dambe la burburiyay 1818 by [[Aït Atta]], laakiin burburkeeda ayaa weli ah, oo ay ku jiraan laba irridood.&lt;ref name=&quot;PlanetClammer2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Paul Clammer|author3=James Bainbridge|title=Lonely Planet Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnvqAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT329|date=1 July 2014|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74360-025-2|page=329}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yurubtii ugu horreysay ee booqata Tafilalt xilligii casriga ahaa waxay ahayd [[René Caillié]] (1828), ka dibna [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] (1864).&lt;ref name=&quot;PickensRenaudeau1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Samuel Pickens|author2=Michel Renaudeau|author3=Xavier Richer|title=Le Sud marocain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xu2nAUUuvgQC&amp;pg=PA152|year=1993|publisher=www.acr-edition.com|isbn=978-2-86770-056-9|page=152}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot;/&gt; Qoraa Ingiriisi [[Walter Burton Harris|W. B. Harris]] ayaa ku sharaxay Tafilalt joornaal booqashadiisa ka dib.&lt;ref name=&quot;Messier2010&quot;/&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Si buuxda ugu yaal [[Ziz River]],&lt;ref name=&quot;MessierMiller2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ronald A. Messier|author2=James A. Miller|title=The Last Civilized Place: Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RubuBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT53|date=15 June 2015|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-76667-9|page=53}}&lt;/ref&gt; oasis-ku wuxuu ahaa, ka hor gaadiidka farsamaysan, safar toban maalmood ah koonfurta [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] iyo [[Meknes]], oo ka gudbaya [[Atlas Mountains]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DumperStanley2007&quot;/&gt; Waxaa loo yaqaanaa [[Medjool|timir]]-teeda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Messier2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Ronald A. Messier|title=The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfxoq5MzHa4C&amp;pg=PA198|date=19 August 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38590-2|page=198}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dadka caanka ah==
Waxay ahayd meeshii uu ku dhashay Rabbi Israel Abuhatzeira oo caan ah, oo loo yaqaan &quot;[[Baba Sali]]&quot; ({{langx|ar|بابا صلى}}{{ltr}}, {{Langx|he|באבא סאלי}}, macno ahaan &quot;Aabaha Tukanaya&quot;), (1889–1984).&lt;ref name=&quot;ČejkaKořan2015&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Marek Čejka|author2=Roman Kořan|title=Rabbis of our Time: Authorities of Judaism in the Religious and Political Ferment of Modern Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuK9CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT33|date=16 October 2015|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-317-60543-0|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Notelist}}
==Akhrin dheeraad ah==
*{{citation | last=Harris | first=Walter B. | year=1895 | title= Tafilet; The Narrative of a Journey of Exploration in the Atlas Mountains and the Oases of the North-west Sahara  | publisher= W. Blackwood and Sons | place=Edinburgh | url= https://archive.org/details/tafiletnarrativ00unkngoog }}.

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commonscatinline}}

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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Souss-Massa</title>
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      <text bytes="7555" sha1="4tvoifoczrmdwd5ozyimg4r48hbymu3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Souss-Massa
| iucn_category = II
| image = Museum Souss Massa Park Sidi Binzarn Oct25 A7CR 08117.jpg
| image_size = 300
| image_caption = Xarunta booqdayaasha iyo Matxafka Eco ee Sidi Birzarn
| location = [[Morocco]]
| nearest_city = 
| map = Morocco
| relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|30.075|N|9.670|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area_km2 = 338
| established = 1991
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = 
| module = {{Designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = Ramsar
 |designation1_offname = Zones humides de Souss-Massa
 |designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005
 |designation1_number = 1487&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zones humides de Souss-Massa |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1487 |access-date=25 April 2018 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705191425/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1487 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 }}
}}

'''Souss-Massa National Park''' (''Parc National de Souss-Massa'') waa 33,800 hektar oo ah [[national park]] oo ku taal xeebta Atlantic ee [[Morocco]] kaas oo la abuuray 1991. Waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Agadir]] oo xagga woqooyi ah iyo [[Sidi Ifni]] oo xagga koonfurta ah. Afka [[Sous River|Oued Souss]] waa xadka woqooyi ee beerta, [[Massa River (Morocco)|Oued Massa]] waa meel u dhow xarunta, dhinaca koonfurtana waa magaalada [[Tnine Aglou|Aglou]]. 30,000 hektar oo dhul ah oo u dhow [[Aglou]], oo koonfurta ka xiga beerta, ayaa sidoo kale lagu daray goobta sababtoo ah mararka qaarkood waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii aag quudin ah [[northern bald ibis]]. Deegaanku waa [[steppe]] la daaqo oo leh buuro ciid ah, xeebo iyo dhul-qoyan. Ciiddu waa mid badanaa ciid ah oo leh meelo dhagax badan.&lt;ref name = &quot;iucn park&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author= |title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou |work=BirdLife IBA Factsheet |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6513&amp;m=0 |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-date=15 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214905/https://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6513&amp;m=0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Fauna==
[[File:Northern bald ibis (Geronticus eremita).jpg|left|thumb|Northern bald ibis]]
[[File:Nature Trail Souss Massa Park Oct25 A7CR 08053.jpg|left|thumb|Jidka dabiiciga ah ee ku teedsan webiga Massa, [[Sidi R'bat]]]]
Muhiimadda ilaalinta ugu weyn ee beerta ayaa ah in ay haysato saddex ka mid ah afarta gumeysi ee Morocco ee [[northern bald ibis]] (''Geronticus eremita''). Iyada oo ay la socoto goobta afraad ee u dhow Tamri, waxay haysataa 95% shimbiraha taranta ee duurjoogta ah ee dhabta ah ee noocyadan halista ah.&lt;ref name = &quot;iucn2008 144742&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Geronticus eremita'' |volume=2018 |article-number=e.T22697488A130895601 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697488A130895601.en |access-date=11 November 2021}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BirdLife 3791&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=3791&amp;m=0 |title=Northern Bald Ibis &amp;mdash; BirdLife Species Factsheet |publisher=[[BirdLife International]] |access-date=14 November 2008 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929154207/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=3791&amp;m=0 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gumeysiga ibis iyo goobaha ay ku nastaan waxay ku yaallaan dhagaxyada xeebta ee gudaha Beerta Qaranka, iyo xeebaha iyo beeraha waxaa loo isticmaalaa aagagga quudinta. Beertu waxay leedahay jid dabiici ah oo ku yaal Oued Souss iyo xarun booqdayaal ah oo ku taal Oued Massa.&lt;ref name = &quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt;

Beerta waxaa ku hareeraysan 63,800 hektar Parc National de Souss-Massa iyo Aglou [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA), oo ay u magacawday [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo ka mid ah noocyada shimbiraha badan.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-de-souss-massa-and-aglou-iba-morocco|title=Parc National de Souss-Massa and Aglou|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oued Massa waxay haysataa biyo sanadka oo dhan waxayna leedahay [[marbled duck]]s taranta, nooc caalami ah oo halis ku jira.&lt;ref name = &quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name = marbled&gt;{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2017 |title=''Marmaronetta angustirostris'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T22680339A110054350 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22680339A110054350.en |access-date=11 November 2021}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is vulnerable.&lt;/ref&gt; Waa goobta kaliya ee taranta ee Morocco ee loogu yaqaan [[glossy ibis]]. Labada af ee webigu waxay muhiim u yihiin muhaajiriinta, gaar ahaan waders iyo gulls. [[European spoonbill]] iyo [[Audouin's gull]] jiilaalka beerta. Noocyada kale ee shimbiraha taranta ee xusid mudan waa [[red-necked nightjar]], [[thick-billed lark]], [[Tristram's warbler]] iyo [[Moussier's redstart]].&lt;ref name = &quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt;

Souss-Massa sidoo kale waxay haysataa barnaamijyo taranta oo maxbuis ah oo loogu talagalay afar [[ungulate]] oo halis ku jira oo Waqooyiga Afrika ah: [[scimitar oryx]], [[addax]], [[dama gazelle]] iyo [[dorcas gazelle]], kuwaas oo lagu hayo xayndaabyo gooni ah oo ku dhex yaal beerta. Dib-u-soo-celinta [[North African ostrich]] - oo dabar go'ay woqooyiga Saxaraha - ayaa sidoo kale socota.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513 |title=Birdlife Data Zone |publisher= |access-date=8 October 2016 |archive-date=14 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414165237/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6513 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Gallery-ga shimbiraha ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;120px&quot;&gt;
File:Thekla lark (Galerida theklae ruficolor).jpg|Thekla lark
File:European serin (Serinus serinus) male Morocco.jpg|European serin
File:Greater Flamingo Feeding Oued Massa Oct25 A7CR 08274.jpg|Greater flamingo oo quudinaya, webiga Massa
File:Little Egret Souss-Massa Park Oct25 A7CR 08141.jpg|Little egret, webiga Massa
File:Rear Grey Plover Non-breeding Souss-Massa Park Oct25 A7CR 08186.jpg|Grey plover (aan tarmin)
File:Sandwich terns (Thalasseus sandvicensis) in flight.jpg|Sandwich terns oo duulaya
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Khatarta==
Beerta waxaa khatar ku ah cadaadiska dadka koraya iyo dhismaha tiro sii kordhaysa oo xagaaga ah oo ku yaal hareeraha Aglou. Horumarinta hoteelka oo baaxad leh oo loo qorsheeyay xeebta Tifnit, aag ay ku jiraan meelo muhiim ah oo quudin ah oo loogu talagalay ibis-ka bidaarta leh, ayaa la hakiyay.&lt;ref name = &quot;iucn park&quot;/&gt;

==Iskaashiga caalamiga ah==
Marka la eego iskaashiga caalamiga ah iyo isweydaarsiga, Souss-Massa National Park waxay heshay taageero farsamo oo ka timid [[Teide National Park]] ([[Tenerife]], Spain).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/la-red/gestion/Mem_Red_11_13_tcm7-283479.pdf Cooperación internacional entre parques nacionales] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215742/http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/red-parques-nacionales/la-red/gestion/Mem_Red_11_13_tcm7-283479.pdf |date=4 October 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

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    <title>Jasiiradaha Purpuraires</title>
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| name             = Iles Purpuraires
| native_name      = 
| native_name_link = 
| native_name_lang = Arabic
| image_name       = Iles Purpuraires with Mogador island in the background seen from the Essaouira citadel.jpg
| image_size       = 
| image_caption    = Iles Purpuraires, oo ay ku jirto [[Mogador island]], oo laga arkay qalcadda [[Essaouira]]
| image_alt        = 
| image_map        =
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| map_size         = 
| map_caption      = 
| pushpin_map             = Morocco
| pushpin_label           = 
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_relief          = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
| coordinates      = {{coord|31|29|50|N|9|47|12|W|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology        = 
| location         = [[North Atlantic Ocean]]
| total_islands    = 
| major_islands    = [[Mogador Island]]
| area_km2         = &lt;!-- or |area_m2= or |area_ha= --&gt;
| area_footnotes   = 
| rank             = 
| length_km        = &lt;!-- or |length_m=  --&gt;
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| coastline_footnotes = 
| elevation_m      = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| highest_mount    = 
| country          = [[Morocco]]
| country_admin_divisions_title      = [[Regions of Morocco|Gobol]]
| country_admin_divisions            = [[Marrakesh-Safi]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1    = [[Administrative divisions of Morocco|Gobolka]]
| country_admin_divisions_1          = [[Essaouira Province]]
| timezone1        = 
| utc_offset1      = 
| timezone1_DST    = 
| utc_offset1_DST  = 
| website          = 
| additional_info  = 
| footnotes       =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Archipel et dunes d'Essawira
| designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005
| designation1_number = 1469&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archipel et dunes d'Essawira|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1469|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Iles Purpuraires''' waa koox [[jasiirad]] yar-yar oo ka baxsan xeebta galbeed ee [[Morocco]] ee ku taal gacanka ku yaal [[Essaouira]], kuwaas oo ugu weyn yahay [[Mogador Island]]. [[Jasiiradaha]]an waxaa deganaa xilligii hore dadka [[Phoenicia]]ns, gaar ahaan si ay uga faa'iidaystaan khayraadka badda qaarkood iyo sidii [[promontory fort]]. (Hogan, 2007) Qabsashadii Roomaanka ee galbeedka Morocco oo bilaabatay qarnigii 1-aad ee miilaadiga ayaa sii waday isticmaalka [[jasiiradaha]] yaryar, gaar ahaan soo saarista [[Tyrian Purple#Royal blue|royal blue]] [[rinji]] laga helay [[organism]]-yada badda ee [[Murex]]. Ile Purpuraires waxay la xiriirtaa midabka guduudan, waxaana laga yaabaa in [[Hanno the Navigator]] uu booqday jasiiradahan. [[Neolithic]] [[archaeological]] daraasadaha aaggan waxay muujinayaan [[indigenous people]]-ka galbeedka Morocco ay ka kalluumaysanayeen meeshan qiyaastii 3000 ilaa 2000 BC. (Trakadas, 2002) Jasiiradaha waxaa loo qoondeeyay aag la ilaaliyo oo [[Ramsar site]] ah tan iyo 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}
* C.Michael Hogan, ''Mogador: promontory fort'', The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, Nov. 2, 2007 [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17926]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050114231706/http://www.cmrh.dk/HMAP/Trakadas_HMAP-Med.pdf Athena Tradakas, Ancient Marine Resource Exploitation in the Western Mediterranean: the Contribution of the fish salting industry of Mauretania Tingitana (Morocco), Institute of Classical Archaeology, Aarhus University, Denmark]
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Ifrane</title>
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      <text bytes="13730" sha1="ml7bsr4r0h9vlncuxsbqc67w3ez7cxz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name            = Ifrane National Park
| iucn_category   = II
| image           = Ifrane National Park From Above.jpg
| image_size      = 
| image_caption   = Ifrane National Park oo laga arkay xagga sare
| location        = Morocco
| nearest_city    = 
| map             = Morocco
| relief          = 1
| coordinates     = {{coord|33|25|54.32|N|5|7|48.58|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area            = {{cvt|500|km2}}
| established     = 
| visitation_num  = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body  = 
| module          = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Lac d'Afennourir
| designation1_date = 20 Juun 1980
| designation1_number = 208&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lac d'Afennourir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/208|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Ifrane National Park''' waa [[national park]] ku yaal buuraleyda [[Middle Atlas]] ee dalka Morocco.&lt;ref&gt;National Parks of Morocco. 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Dhulkeedu wuxuu ku fidsan yahay qaybta galbeed ee buuraha iyo aagagga ku dhex yaal gobollada [[Ifrane]] iyo [[Boulmane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecologie.ma/parc-national-difran/|title=Parc national d'Ifran - Ecologie.ma|website=www.ecologie.ma|access-date=2016-12-15|date=2012-07-23|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220222134/http://www.ecologie.ma/parc-national-difran/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waa mid ka mid ah deegaannada yar ee u haray [[Barbary macaque]]; oo ah daanyeer (primate) oo waagii hore lahaa baaxad aad uga ballaaran Waqooyiga Afrika, laakiin hadda ku badbaaday sidii [[endangered species]] (nooc halis ugu jira dabar-go'), meelo cidhiidhi ah oo [[fragmented habitat]]s ah.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan. 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikh==
Ifrane National Park waxaa la hindisay 1994 waxaana la aasaasay Oktoobar 2004 si loo ilaaliyo noocyada iyo deegaannada muhiimka ah, iyo sababo la xiriira kororka hawlaha bini'aadamka iyo ka faa'iidaysiga khayraadka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Plan d'Aménagement et de Gestion du Parc National du Parc National National d'Ifrane|journal=Projet d'Aménagement et de Protection des Massifs Forestiers de la Province d'Ifrane|via=Direction Régionale des Eaux et Forêts du Moyen Atlas Service Provincial des Eaux et Forêts d'Ifrane}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tan iyo 1990-meeyadii, Morocco waxay ku lug lahayd dejinta istaraatiijiyado gacan ka geysanaya ilaalinta deegaanka iyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha iyada oo loo marayo mashaariic iyo heshiisyo ay ka mid yihiin [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ifrane National Park waa mid ka mid ah siyaabaha ay dowladda Morocco u timid si ay u muujiso muhiimadda kaymaheeda iyo deegaannadeeda.

Beertu waxay markii hore daboolaysay dhul dhan {{cvt|53800|ha}}, waxaana la ballaariyay Abriil 2008&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; si ay ugu darsato qaar ka mid ah aagagga deegaanka ee aadka ugu nugul sida dhul-qoyan iyo kaymaha sare ee buuraleyda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
 
Sannadkii 2021, si loo xuso Maalinta Caalamiga ah ee Kala Duwanaanshaha Noolaha, dhowr [[arruis]] (Barbary sheep) iyo [[crested porcupine]]s ayaa dib loogu soo celiyay beerta.

==Juqraafiga==
Beertu waxay dabooshaa dhul dhan {{convert|125,000|ha}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tourisme-dpt-ifrane.ma/parc-difrane-et-pat|title=Parc National d'Ifrane – Pays d'Accueil Touristique » IFRANE|website=www.tourisme-dpt-ifrane.ma|access-date=2016-12-15|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220195156/http://www.tourisme-dpt-ifrane.ma/parc-difrane-et-pat|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah ayaa ah kayn leh [[Atlas cedar]].&lt;ref&gt;Anthony Ham, Paula Hardy and Alison Bing. 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Joogga badda wuxuu u dhexeeyaa {{convert|1300 and 2400|m}} oo ay ku jirto kaynta geedka kedarka ah ee ku taal gobolka Ifrane.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Beertu waxay ka kooban tahay tobankii qaybood ee Geedka Kedarka ee Atlas-ka adduunka, rubuc ka mid ah dadka adduunka ee Barbary Macaque, iyo laba goobood oo Ramsar ah: labada haro ee Afennourir iyo Tifounassine.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; [[monastery of Toumliline]] ee hore ayaa sidoo kale ku yaal gudaha beerta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pont |first1=Daniel |title=Pont Toumliline English - DIMMID |url=https://dimmid.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&amp;SEC=%7B647E5337-0D2E-42C0-B307-75D22155DE77%7D |website=dimmid.org |access-date=25 January 2024 |date=June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cimilada===
Waxay ku taal buuraleyda [[Atlas Mountains]], oo uu saameeyo qulqulka qabow ee waqooyiga Atlantic, Ifrane National Park waxay leedahay [[warm-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Csb]]) oo leh xagaa gaaban, xoogaa qalalan, diiran iyo jiilaal dheer, qabow, qoyan. Habeenadu waxay noqon karaan kuwo aad u qabow xilliga jiilaalka. Heerkulka sare ee jiilaalka dhif ayuu ka sarreeyaa {{convert|10|C|F}} inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Febraayo. 

Sababtoo ah jooggeeda, aaggu wuxuu la kulmaa [[snow]] (baraf) inta lagu jiro bilaha jiilaalka iyo cimilo qabow xilliga xagaaga (ma kulula sida gobollada u dhow).&lt;ref name=&quot;wmo.asu.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/africa-lowest-temperature |title=Africa: Lowest Temperature &amp;#124; ASU World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2015-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925014334/http://wmo.asu.edu/africa-lowest-temperature |archive-date=2015-09-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sababo la xiriira joogga aagga iyo u dhowaanshaha waqooyiga [[Atlantic Ocean]], roobabku waa kuwo aad u culus mar kasta oo nidaamyada hore ay saameeyaan gobolka. Hababka roobabku waxay raacaan xadka caadiga ah ee Mediterranean-ka, laga bilaabo Oktoobar ilaa Abriil. Beertu waxay sidoo kale heshaa baraf aad u sarreeya oo bilaabma horaantii Oktoobar waxayna socotaa ilaa xilliga gu'ga. Celceliska heerkulka sannadlaha ah kama badna {{convert|11|C|}}.

Magaalada Ifrane waxay haysaa rikoodhka heerkulka ugu hooseeya ee abid lagu arko Afrika: {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} Febraayo 11, 1935.&lt;ref name=&quot;wmo.asu.edu&quot;/&gt;

{{Weather box
|width                 = auto
|location              = Ifrane, Morocco, 1961-1990 normals, extremes 1965-2016
|single line           = Y
|metric first          = Y
|collapsed             = Y
|temperature colour    = 
|Jan high C            = 8.9
|Feb high C            = 9.9
|Mar high C            = 11.9
|Apr high C            = 13.2
|May high C            = 17.5
|Jun high C            = 22.5
|Jul high C            = 28.7
|Aug high C            = 28.9
|Sep high C            = 24.7
|Oct high C            = 18.4
|Nov high C            = 12.5
|Dec high C            = 9.4
|year high C           = 17.2
|Jan mean C            = 4.1
|Feb mean C            = 5.2
|Mar mean C            = 6.6
|Apr mean C            = 8.0
|May mean C            = 11.8
|Jun mean C            = 15.9
|Jul mean C            = 21.2
|Aug mean C            = 21.4
|Sep mean C            = 17.9
|Oct mean C            = 12.5
|Nov mean C            = 7.8
|Dec mean C            = 4.7
|year mean C           = 11.4
|Jan low C             = -0.8
|Feb low C             = 0.5
|Mar low C             = 1.4
|Apr low C             = 2.8
|May low C             = 6.0
|Jun low C             = 9.4
|Jul low C             = 13.7
|Aug low C             = 13.9
|Sep low C             = 11.0
|Oct low C             = 6.6
|Nov low C             = 2.9
|Dec low C             = 0.0
|year low C            = 5.6
|Jan record high C     = 20.0
|Feb record high C     = 21.1
|Mar record high C     = 22.0
|Apr record high C     = 27.0
|May record high C     = 27.2
|Jun record high C     = 32.8
|Jul record high C     = 34.0
|Aug record high C     = 35.0
|Sep record high C     = 37.0
|Oct record high C     = 26.0
|Nov record high C     = 19.0
|Dec record high C     = 17.2
|Jan record low C      = -13.0
|Feb record low C      = -23.9
|Mar record low C      = -8.0
|Apr record low C      = -3.9
|May record low C      = -2.0
|Jun record low C      = 0.0
|Jul record low C      = 7.0
|Aug record low C      = 4.0
|Sep record low C      = 0.0
|Oct record low C      = -1.1
|Nov record low C      = -6.1
|Dec record low C      = -10.0
|precipitation colour  = green
|Jan precipitation mm  = 138.9
|Feb precipitation mm  = 175.1
|Mar precipitation mm  = 126.1
|Apr precipitation mm  = 130.7
|May precipitation mm  = 76.7
|Jun precipitation mm  = 38.3
|Jul precipitation mm  = 13.6
|Aug precipitation mm  = 12.7
|Sep precipitation mm  = 33.3
|Oct precipitation mm  = 72.9
|Nov precipitation mm  = 178.3
|Dec precipitation mm  = 141.8
|year precipitation mm = 1118.4
|Jan rain days         = 10.6
|Feb rain days         = 12.4
|Mar rain days         = 12.1
|Apr rain days         = 12.4
|May rain days         = 10.3
|Jun rain days         = 6.5
|Jul rain days         = 3.8
|Aug rain days         = 4.2
|Sep rain days         = 6.5
|Oct rain days         = 8.4
|Nov rain days         = 10.8
|Dec rain days         = 10.3
|year rain days        = 108.3
|Jan sun               = 180.6
|Feb sun               = 169.1
|Mar sun               = 214.4
|Apr sun               = 211.2
|May sun               = 263.1
|Jun sun               = 302.3
|Jul sun               = 340.8
|Aug sun               = 317.0
|Sep sun               = 258.1
|Oct sun               = 227.3
|Nov sun               = 175.8
|Dec sun               = 172.8
|year sun              = 2832.5
|source 1              = NOAA&lt;ref name= NOAA&gt;{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-I/FM/60160.TXT
| server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| title = Ifrane Climate Normals 1961–1990
| access-date = March 16, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/search/data-search/global-summary-of-the-day?stations=60160099999
| title = Global Surface Summary of the Day - GSOD
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = March 7, 2021
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

===Dhirta iyo xayawaanka===

Aaggu wuxuu leeyahay 1015 nooc oo dhir ah oo kala duwan oo ay ku jiraan Atlas Cedar (''[[Cedrus atlantica]]''), Evergreen Oak (''[[Quercus ilex]]''), Algerian oak (''[[Quercus canariensis]]''), Maritime Pine (''[[Pinus pinaster]]''), iyo Spanish Juniper (''[[Juniperus thurifera]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Noocyada kale ee geedaha ee ku yaal beerta waxaa ka mid ah [[Acer monspessulanum|Montpellier maple]], [[yew]], iyo [[holly]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot;&gt;
File:Cèdre de l'Atlas.JPG|''Cedrus atlantica'' oo ku taal Beerta
File:Ifrane 080.jpg|''Quercus canariensis''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

Beertu waxay ka kooban tahay xayawaan qani ah. Waxay u taagan tahay deegaan dabiici ah oo loogu talagalay [[Barbary macaque]]s. Waxaa intaa dheer, beerta waxaad ka heli kartaa Barbary [[wild boar]]s, [[African wolf|African wolves]], [[striped hyena]]s, [[Barbary stag]]s, [[Barbary sheep]] (arruis), [[red fox]]es, [[serval]]s, [[caracal]]s, [[European otter]]s, [[European rabbit]]s, [[crested porcupine]]s, [[Cape hare]]s, [[common genet]]s iyo, suurtogal ahaan, [[Barbary leopard]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Beertan waxaa loo magacaabay [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[Barbary partridge]]s, [[ruddy shelduck]]s, [[marbled teal]]s, [[red-knobbed coot]]s, [[Levaillant's woodpecker]]s, [[subalpine warbler|subalpine]], [[Sardinian warbler|Sardinian]] iyo [[speckled warbler]]s, [[spotless starling]]s, [[Moussier's redstart]]s, iyo [[black-eared wheatear|black-eared]] iyo [[black wheatear]]s.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-naturel-difrane-iba-morocco|title=Parc Naturel d'Ifrane|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Afennourir Lake waa [[Ramsar site]] oo leh hoy loogu talagalay [[birdwatching]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

&lt;gallery widths=&quot;220&quot;&gt;
File:Dayet Aoua, Ifrane national park..jpg|Spanish pond turtle ([[Spanish pond turtle|Mauremys leprosa]])
File:Ifrane, National Park, Macaca sylvanus.jpg|Barbary macaque ([[Barbary macaque|Macaca sylvanus]])
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Qoraallo==
{{Reflist}}

==Tixraacyo==
* ''Plan d’Aménagement et de Gestion du Parc National du Parc National National d’Ifrane''.(2007).  Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forets et à la Lutte contre la Desertification.
* ''Parc national d’Ifran'' (2012). ''Ecologie.ma''. Retrieved from http://www.ecologie.ma/parc-national-difran/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220222134/http://www.ecologie.ma/parc-national-difran/ |date=2016-12-20 }}
* ''Parc National d’Ifrane – Pays d’Accueil Touristique'' (2015). ''Ifrane: la cure de jouvence''. Retrieved from http://www.tourisme-dpt-ifrane.ma/parc-difrane-et-pat {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220195156/http://www.tourisme-dpt-ifrane.ma/parc-difrane-et-pat |date=2016-12-20 }}
* [http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/fol117596 ''Parc National d'Ifrane''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107003752/http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/fol117596 |date=2012-11-07 }} – Centre d'Echange d'Information sur la Biodiversité du Maroc
* Anthony Ham, Paula Hardy and Alison Bing. 2007. ''Morocco'', Lonely Planet Publications, Paul Clammer  {{ISBN|978-1-74059-974-0}}. 528 pages
* C. Michael Hogan. 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831095518/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757 ''Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus'', GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg]

{{National Parks of Morocco}}

{{authority control}}
{{Portal|Morocco}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ifrane National Park}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Haut Atlas Oriental</title>
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      <text bytes="4790" sha1="hhwngq7xe0qp2o8780irss3vqy1hg2o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Haut Atlas Oriental National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = 
| image_size = 
| image_caption =
| location = [[Morocco]]
| map = Morocco
| relief = 1
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|32|15|N|5|25|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = 490 km²
| established =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Lacs Isly-Tislite
| designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005
| designation1_number = 1480&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lacs Isly-Tislite|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1480|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Haut Atlas Oriental National Park''' ([[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental'') waxay ku taal [[Morocco]]. Waxay dabooshaa {{convert|49,000|ha}} gudaha iyo agagaarka bariga buuraha [[High Atlas]].&lt;ref name=iu&gt;{{cite web|title=Communication, Education and Public Awareness in Protected Areas - West Asia and North Africa|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]|url=http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/CEC/Public/Electronic/CEC/Reports/Comm_Education_WAsia_NAfri.pdf|accessdate=2011-11-15|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420215020/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/CEC/Public/Electronic/CEC/Reports/Comm_Education_WAsia_NAfri.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qaybo ka mid ah beerta ayaa loo qoondeeyay goob la ilaaliyo oo [[Ramsar site]] ah tan iyo 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt; Beerta waxaa loo aasaasay si loo ilaaliyo qiyamka dhaqanka oo ay weheliyaan kuwa dabiiciga ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1083&amp;uid=94|publisher=Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts et à la Lutte Contre la Désertification|title=Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental|accessdate=2011-11-15|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425230108/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/fr/text.aspx?id=1083&amp;uid=94|archive-date=2012-04-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Goobtan waxay dabooshaa 55,252 ha oo ka mid ah High Atlas inta u dhaxaysa [[Midelt]] iyo [[Er Rachidia]]. Dhagaxa salka ah wuxuu ka kooban yahay nuurad leh qaar ka mid ah soo-baxyada igneous. Goobta jooggeedu wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 1,645 m sariirta Oued Arheddou ilaa 3,102 m meesha ugu sarreysa ee Jbel Tanrhourt. Dhinaca galbeed waxay ku jirtaa harooyinka mataanaha ah ee Isli iyo [[Tislit lake|Tislit]], oo u dhow [[Imilchil]]. Jiirarka woqooyi waxay leeyihiin roobab sannadle ah oo gaaraya 400–600 mm, sidaas darteedna si fiican ayay u kaymo badan yihiin, halka jiirarka koonfureed ay aad u engegan yihiin, iyagoo helaya 200–300 mm oo keliya, waxayna u furan yihiin si ka badan. Barafka jiilaalka waa mid aad u badan oo soconaya muddo dheer joogga sare.

===Dhirta iyo xayawaanka===
Dhinaca woqooyi, dhirta alwaaxdu waxay ka kooban tahay kaymo kedar ah oo cufan (''[[Cedrus atlantica]]'') iyo geedo beroosh ah (''[[Pinus pinaster]] maghrebiana''), kaynta geedkii (''[[Quercus rotundifolia]]''), kaymo furan oo ''[[Juniperus thurifera]]'' ah iyo, joogga hoose, qaar ka mid ah ''[[Pinus halepensis]]''. Meelaha ugu sarreeya ee buuraha iyo meelaha sare ee sare waxay taageeraan [[Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe|xerophytic steppe vegetation]], waxaana jira xoogaa daaqsin ah meelaha qoyan. Jiirarka koonfureed kaynta kedarka ahi way baaba'aysaa, laakiin kaynta geedkii iyo berooshka ah ayaa weli sii jirta. Dhirta Steppe-ka ayaa u badan, waxaana u badan ''[[Stipa tenacissima]]'' joogga hoose.

Beertan waxaa loo magacaabay [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[Barbary partridge]]s, [[Levaillant's woodpecker]]s, [[subalpine warbler|subalpine]], [[spectacled warbler|spectacled]] iyo [[Tristram's warbler]]s, [[Moussier's redstart]]s, iyo [[black-eared wheatear|black-eared]] iyo [[black wheatear]]s. Naasleyda caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[Barbary sheep]], [[Cuvier's gazelle]]s iyo [[Barbary macaque]]s. [[Leopard]]s ayaa mar jirtay laakiin, iyada oo aan lahayn wax diiwaan oo la xaqiijiyay tan iyo 1993, waxaa laga yaabaa inay maxalli ahaan dabar-go'een.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/parc-national-du-haut-atlas-oriental-iba-morocco |title=Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Qoraallo hoose==
{{reflist}}

==Tixraacyo==
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6502 Parc National du Haut Atlas Oriental]. [[Birdlife International]]. Accessed 2011-11-15.

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    <title>Xeebta Aftissate–Boujdour</title>
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| name = Côte Aftissate-Boujdour
| alt_name = 
| iucn_category = 
| iucn_ref =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| map = Western Sahara
| map_width = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| relief = y
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = 
| nearest_city = 
| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|N|14|35|W|display=it}}
| coords_ref = 
| area_ha = 11700
| designation = Goobta Ramsar, Dhul-qoyan muhiimad caalami ah leh{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}}
| authorized =
| created =
| designated = 16 Abriil 2019
| established = 
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body = 
| administrator =
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}}
'''Côte Aftissate-Boujdour''' waa [[Ramsar site]] oo ku fidsan {{convert|50|km}} oo xeebta [[Western Sahara]] ah oo koonfur ka xigta Boujdour.
Waxay ku jirtaa tuulada kalluumaysiga ee [[Aftissat]].

==Goobta==

Côte Aftissate-Boujdour waxay ku taal degmada [[Jraifia]], [[Boujdour Province]] ee gobolka Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} Aagga la ilaaliyo wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|117|km2}}.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} Waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] masaafad dhan {{convert|50|km}}. Goobta waxaa la magacaabay 16 Abriil 2019.
Qaybtan xeebta ah, xeeb iyo buuro ciid ah oo dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa badda ka sooca marro hoose oo dhul ah oo ku taal hoosta buur 70 m ah oo badda ku taal.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}}

==Deegaanka==

Côte Aftissate-Boujdour waxay ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic ecozone]].
Cimiladu waxay si xoog leh u saameeyaa qulqulka xeebta.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}}
Dhul-qoyanku waa meel ay ku nastaan [[Seabird|shimbiraha badda]] ee Palearctic, waders iyo dadka soo hijrooday, gaar ahaan [[passerine]]s.
In ka badan 1% dadka bayoolojiga ah ee noocyada sida [[lesser black-backed gull]] (''Larus fuscus'') ayaa laga helaa dhul-qoyan xilliga jiilaalka.
Aagga qallalan wuxuu hoy u yahay gecko-ga endemic-ka ah ''[[Saurodactylus brosseti]]'' iyo noocyo kale oo dhif ah oo endemic ah.{{sfn|Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco}}

==Qoraallo==
{{notes}}{{reflist|30em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555698096 |accessdate=2021-10-23
 |title=Côte Aftissate-Boujdour |work=Protected Planet |ref={{harvid|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2377 |accessdate=2021-10-23
 |title=Côte Aftissate-Boujdour |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service |ref={{harvid|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/ramsar/twelve-new-ramsar-sites-morocco |accessdate=2021-10-23
 |title=Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco |journal=Smart Water Magazine |date=3 September 2019 |ref={{harvid|Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco}} }}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Côte Aftissate-Boujdour}}</text>
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| name = Xeebta Aftissate–Boujdour
| alt_name = 
| iucn_category = 
| iucn_ref =
| image = 
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
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| map_width = 
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| map_caption = 
| relief = y
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = 
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| coordinates = {{coord|25|48|N|14|35|W|display=it}}
| coords_ref = 
| area_ha = 11700
| designation = Goobta Ramsar, Dhul-qoyan muhiimad caalami ah leh{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}}
| authorized =
| created =
| designated = 16 Abriil 2019
| established = 
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body = 
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =
| world_heritage_site =
}}
'''Xeebta Aftissate–Boujdour''' waa [[Ramsar site]] oo ku fidsan {{convert|50|km}} oo xeebta [[Western Sahara]] ah oo koonfur ka xigta Boujdour.
Waxay ku jirtaa tuulada kalluumaysiga ee [[Aftissat]].

==Goobta==

Côte Aftissate-Boujdour waxay ku taal degmada [[Jraifia]], [[Boujdour Province]] ee gobolka Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} Aagga la ilaaliyo wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|117|km2}}.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} Waxay ku fidsan tahay xeebta [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] masaafad dhan {{convert|50|km}}. Goobta waxaa la magacaabay 16 Abriil 2019.
Qaybtan xeebta ah, xeeb iyo buuro ciid ah oo dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa badda ka sooca marro hoose oo dhul ah oo ku taal hoosta buur 70 m ah oo badda ku taal.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}}

==Deegaanka==

Côte Aftissate-Boujdour waxay ku taal cidhifka koonfureed ee [[Palearctic realm|Palearctic ecozone]].
Cimiladu waxay si xoog leh u saameeyaa qulqulka xeebta.{{sfn|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}}
Dhul-qoyanku waa meel ay ku nastaan [[Seabird|shimbiraha badda]] ee Palearctic, waders iyo dadka soo hijrooday, gaar ahaan [[passerine]]s.
In ka badan 1% dadka bayoolojiga ah ee noocyada sida [[lesser black-backed gull]] (''Larus fuscus'') ayaa laga helaa dhul-qoyan xilliga jiilaalka.
Aagga qallalan wuxuu hoy u yahay gecko-ga endemic-ka ah ''[[Saurodactylus brosseti]]'' iyo noocyo kale oo dhif ah oo endemic ah.{{sfn|Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco}}

==Qoraallo==
{{notes}}{{reflist|30em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/555698096 |accessdate=2021-10-23
 |title=Côte Aftissate-Boujdour |work=Protected Planet |ref={{harvid|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour Protected Planet}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2377 |accessdate=2021-10-23
 |title=Côte Aftissate-Boujdour |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service |ref={{harvid|Côte Aftissate-Boujdour RSIS}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://smartwatermagazine.com/news/ramsar/twelve-new-ramsar-sites-morocco |accessdate=2021-10-23
 |title=Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco |journal=Smart Water Magazine |date=3 September 2019 |ref={{harvid|Twelve new Ramsar sites for Morocco}} }}
{{refend}}
{{authority control}}

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  <page>
    <title>Cape Three Forks</title>
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      <text bytes="8930" sha1="6np3ynnik33vbkoflpekqzjoxxkxy6y" xml:space="preserve">[[File:3fourches.jpg|thumb|250px|Muuqaal laga eegay Cape Three Forks]]
[[File:Cape_Tres_Forcas_in_Morocco.png|thumb|250px|Goobta ay ku taal Morocco.]]
'''Cape Three Forks''', '''Cape des Trois Fourches''', ama '''Cape Tres Forcas''' waa gacdad ku taal xeebta [[Mediterranean]] ee [[Nador Province]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Morocco]] iyo [[Spain|Isbaanishka]] [[Enclave and exclave|enclave-ka]] ee [[Melilla]].

==Juqraafiga==
Gacdaddu waa [[promontory]] buuraley ah oo weyn oo ku taal [[North Africa]] oo u sii jeeda [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Qarniyo badan, gacdaddu waxay u adeegaysay labadaba inay tahay calaamad badda iyo khatar badda ah oo u dhow maraakiibta [[Alboran Sea]]. Waxay ku taal [[Nador Province]]. [[Spain|Isbaanishka]] [[Enclave and Exclave|enclave-ka]] ee [[Melilla]] wuxuu ku wareegsan yahay gacdad yar oo ku taal dhinaca bari ee jasiiradda.

{{anchor|Etymology|Name|Toponymy}}

==Magacyada==
[[File:Prima Affrice Tabula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] khariidadiisii 1-aad ee Afrika, oo muujinaysa [[Mauretania Tingitana]] ee Roomaanka]]
[[classical antiquity|Xilligii hore]], gacdaddu waxay u caan ahayd [[Phoenicia|Fenikiyiinta]] iyo [[Punic people|Kartaajiniyiinta]] sida '''Rusadir''' ({{langx|xpu|𐤓{{popdf}}𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓{{popdf}}}}, {{smallcaps|ršʾdr}}),{{sfnp|Head et al.|1911|p=889}} magacaas oo siiyay [[Rusadir|dekad u dhow]] (hadda [[Melilla]]). Magacu wuxuu la macno ahaa &quot;Awood leh&quot;{{sfnp|Mora Serrano|2011|p=25}} ama &quot;[[Headland|Gacdad]] sare&quot;,&lt;ref name=CE&gt;{{harvp|''Cath. Enc.''|1913|loc=s.v. &quot;Rusaddir&quot;}}.&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin sidoo kale waxaa loo fahmi karaa inay tahay &quot;Gacdaddii midka Awoodda leh&quot;, iyadoo loola jeedo [[Baal Hammon|Baal]], [[Tanit]], iyo ilaahyo kale oo muhiim ah oo [[Canaanite religion|Punic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Juárez |first=Roberto |contribution-url=https://melilladesconocida.blogspot.com/2016/09/significado-de-rusaddir.html |contribution=Significado de Rusaddir |title=Melilla: Ciudad Desconocida |date=3 September 2016 }}. {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|López Pardo|2005|pp=137–8}} Roomaanku waxay u yaqaaneen {{nowrap|'''Cape Metagonites'''}} ({{langx|la|Metagonites Promontorium}}).&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptol]]., ''[[Ptolemy's Geography|Geogr.]]'', Bk.{{nbsp}}IV, Ch.{{nbsp}}i, §12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DGRBM&gt;{{harvp|''Dict. Gr. &amp; Rom. Bio. &amp; Myth.''|1870|loc=s.v. &quot;Rusadir&quot;}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cape Three Forks waxaa looga yaqaan [[Spanish language|Isbaanish]] {{nowrap|''{{lang|es|Cabo de Tres Forcas}}''}}, [[French language|Faransiis]] {{nowrap|''{{lang|fr|Cap des Trois Fourches}}''}}, iyo [[Arabic language|Carabi]] sida ''Raʾs ith-Thalāth ash-Shawkāt'' ama {{nowrap|''Raʾs Thalātha Madari''}}, dhammaantood waxay ka dhigan yihiin &quot;Gacdad saddexda fargeeto&quot;.

Waxaa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanay Carabi sida &quot;''Raʾs Uarc''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |contribution=Melilla |contribution-url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-3.jpg |publisher=U.S. Army Map Service |location=[[Washington, DC|Washington]] |series=P502, NI 30-3 |date=1953 |url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/ |title=North Africa }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikh==

7 Agoosto 1856, intii lagu guda jiray [[Battle of Tres Forcas]], ciidan [[Prussian]] ah oo ka yimid corvett-ka [[SMS Danzig (1851)|SMS Danzig]], oo uu hogaaminayay [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)|Prince Adalbert of Prussia]], ayaa la dagaalamay [[Riffian]] [[Berbers|Berber]] ciidamo ku sugnaa Cape Tres Forcas. Prussian-ku way gurteen ka dib markii 7 la dilay iyo 22 la dhaawacay, iyadoo Prince Adalbert uu ku jiray kuwa la dhaawacay.

26 Agoosto 1923, {{ship|Spanish battleship|España||2|up=yes}} ayaa ku dhacay gacdadda oo ugu dambeyntii ku burburay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yate |first=Asamblea de Capitanes de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_gEAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Espa%C3%B1a+Cabo+de+Tres+Forcas+1923 |title=La Armada española |date=1978 |publisher=Editorial San Martín |isbn=978-84-7140-172-4 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alvarez |first=José E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMuqTrint-UC&amp;dq=Espa%C3%B1a+Cabo+de+Tres+Forcas+1923&amp;pg=PA108 |title=The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927 |date=2001-01-30 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-07341-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Iftiin (Lighthouse)==
[[File:Faro del Cabo de Tres Forcas.jpg|thumb|250px|Cape Three Forks Lighthouse.]]
[[lighthouse|Iftiin]] ayaa ku yaal dhinaca waqooyi ee gacdadda. Waa munaarad cawlan oo saaran guri laba dabaq ah oo cad.

== Maraboutism ==
Ugu yaraan 11 goobood oo ku yaal Cape Three Forks ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin meelo milicsi diimeed, ha ahaato [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitages]] yar, duur ama geedo, shan ka mid ah oo leh xabaasha [[marabout]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.melilla.es/melillaportal/RecursosWeb/DOCUMENTOS/1/0_13111_1.pdf|title=Morabitismo en la Guelaya. Los santuarios del Cabo Tres Forcas|first=Sonia|last=Gámez Gómez|pages=19–27|journal=Akros|issue=10|date=2011|issn=1579-0959}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deegaanka==
{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Cap des Trois Fourches
 | designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005
 | designation1_number = 1473&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cap des Trois Fourches|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1473|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Cape Three Forks waa goob lagu magacaabay [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] oo lambarkeedu yahay 1473. Waxay martigelisaa noocyo kala duwan, qaarkood [[threatened species|halis ku jira]], sida [[Mediterranean monk seal]], laba nooc oo [[limpet]]s (''[[Patella ferruginea]]'' iyo ''[[Patella nigra]]''), [[loggerhead turtle]], [[fin whale]] iyo laba nooc oo [[dolphin]] ah (''[[Tursiops truncatus]]'' iyo ''[[Delphinus delphis]]''). Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee ka dhacaya aagga waa kalluumeysiga iyo [[tourism|dalxiiska]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-morocco/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16506_4000_0__ |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Morocco |date=2005-06-28 |author=[[Ramsar Convention]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107022256/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-morocco/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16506_4000_0__ |archivedate=2013-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
===Xigasho===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Head |first=Barclay |editor=Ed Snible |author2=G.F. Hill |author3=George MacDonald |author4=W. Wroth |display-authors=1 |display-editors=0 |url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html |title=Historia Numorum |contribution=Mauretania |contribution-url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html |pages=887–890 |date=1911 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |ref={{harvid|Head et al.|1911}} }}.
* {{citation |last=James |first=Edward Boucher |editor=William Smith |display-editors=0 |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown, &amp; Co |date=1870 |volume={{nbsp}}III |contribution=Rusadir |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=rusadir-geo&amp;highlight=russader |ref={{harvid|''Dict. Gr. &amp; Rom. Bio. &amp; Myth.''|1870}} }}.
* {{citation |last=López Pardo |first=Fernando |contribution-url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/49055/45753 |contribution=La Fundación de ''Rusaddir'' y la Época Púnica |title=Historia de Melilla |series=''Colección Historia de Melilla'', No.{{nbsp}}17 |location=Melilla |date=2005 |pages=167–189 |editor=A. Bravo Nieto |editor2=P. Fernández Uriel |display-editors=0 }}. {{in lang|es}}
* {{citation |last=Mora Serrano |first=Bartolomé |contribution=Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins |contribution-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236027112_The_Imaginary_Far_West_and_South_Iberian_and_North_African_Punic_Coins |title=Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa |editor=Amelia Dowler |editor2=Elizabeth R. Galvin |date=2011 |location=London |publisher=British Museum |display-editors=0 |pages=21–32 }}.
* {{citation |last=Petrides |first=Sophron |contribution=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Rusaddir|Rusaddir]] |title=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)|Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia/Volume 13|Vol.{{nbsp}}XIII]] |date=1913 |location=New York |publisher=Encyclopedia Press |editor=Charles G. Herbermann |editor2=Edward A. Pace |editor3=Thomas J. Shahan |editor4=John J. Wynne |editor5=Conde B. Pallen |display-editors=0 |ref={{harvid|''Cath. Enc.''|1913}} }}.

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/1855520/ Cape Tres Forcas on Wikimapia]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|35|26|18|N|02|58|28|W|source:frwiki|display=title}}</text>
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      <text bytes="8918" sha1="1mr0e3q7jy7dhmy6te7b71oeteovy44" xml:space="preserve">[[File:3fourches.jpg|thumb|250px|Muuqaal laga eegay Cape Three Forks]]
[[File:Cape_Tres_Forcas_in_Morocco.png|thumb|250px|Goobta ay ku taal Morocco.]]
'''Cape Three Forks''', '''Cape des Trois Fourches''', ama '''Cape Tres Forcas''' waa gacdad ku taal xeebta [[Mediterranean]] ee [[Nador Province]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Morocco]] iyo [[Spain|Isbaanishka]] [[Enclave and exclave|enclave-ka]] ee [[Melilla]].

==Juqraafiga==
Gacdaddu waa [[promontory]] buuraley ah oo weyn oo ku taal [[North Africa]] oo u sii jeeda [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Qarniyo badan, gacdaddu waxay u adeegaysay labadaba inay tahay calaamad badda iyo khatar badda ah oo u dhow maraakiibta [[Alboran Sea]]. Waxay ku taal [[Nador Province]]. [[Spain|Isbaanishka]] [[Enclave and Exclave|enclave-ka]] ee [[Melilla]] wuxuu ku wareegsan yahay gacdad yar oo ku taal dhinaca bari ee jasiiradda.

{{anchor|Etymology|Name|Toponymy}}

==Magacyada==
[[File:Prima Affrice Tabula.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] khariidadiisii 1-aad ee Afrika, oo muujinaysa [[Mauretania Tingitana]] ee Roomaanka]]
[[classical antiquity|Xilligii hore]], gacdaddu waxay u caan ahayd [[Phoenicia|Fenikiyiinta]] iyo [[Punic people|Kartaajiniyiinta]] sida '''Rusadir''' ({{langx|xpu|𐤓{{popdf}}𐤔𐤀𐤃𐤓{{popdf}}}}, {{smallcaps|ršʾdr}}),{{sfnp|Head et al.|1911|p=889}} magacaas oo siiyay [[Rusadir|dekad u dhow]] (hadda [[Melilla]]). Magacu wuxuu la macno ahaa &quot;Awood leh&quot;{{sfnp|Mora Serrano|2011|p=25}} ama &quot;[[Headland|Gacdad]] sare&quot;,&lt;ref name=CE&gt;{{harvp|''Cath. Enc.''|1913|loc=s.v. &quot;Rusaddir&quot;}}.&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin sidoo kale waxaa loo fahmi karaa inay tahay &quot;Gacdaddii midka Awoodda leh&quot;, iyadoo loola jeedo [[Baal Hammon|Baal]], [[Tanit]], iyo ilaahyo kale oo muhiim ah oo [[Canaanite religion|Punic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |last=Juárez |first=Roberto |contribution-url=https://melilladesconocida.blogspot.com/2016/09/significado-de-rusaddir.html |contribution=Significado de Rusaddir |title=Melilla: Ciudad Desconocida |date=3 September 2016 }}. {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|López Pardo|2005|pp=137–8}} Roomaanku waxay u yaqaaneen {{nowrap|'''Cape Metagonites'''}} ({{langx|la|Metagonites Promontorium}}).&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Ptolemy|Ptol]]., ''[[Ptolemy's Geography|Geogr.]]'', Bk.{{nbsp}}IV, Ch.{{nbsp}}i, §12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DGRBM&gt;{{harvp|''Dict. Gr. &amp; Rom. Bio. &amp; Myth.''|1870|loc=s.v. &quot;Rusadir&quot;}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cape Three Forks waxaa looga yaqaan [[Spanish language|Isbaanish]] {{nowrap|''{{lang|es|Cabo de Tres Forcas}}''}}, [[French language|Faransiis]] {{nowrap|''{{lang|fr|Cap des Trois Fourches}}''}}, iyo [[Arabic language|Carabi]] sida ''Raʾs ith-Thalāth ash-Shawkāt'' ama {{nowrap|''Raʾs Thalātha Madari''}}, dhammaantood waxay ka dhigan yihiin &quot;Gacdad saddexda fargeeto&quot;.

Waxaa sidoo kale lagu yaqaanay Carabi sida &quot;''Raʾs Uarc''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |contribution=Melilla |contribution-url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/txu-oclc-6949452-ni30-3.jpg |publisher=U.S. Army Map Service |location=[[Washington, DC|Washington]] |series=P502, NI 30-3 |date=1953 |url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/north_africa/ |title=North Africa }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikh==

7 Agoosto 1856, intii lagu guda jiray [[Battle of Tres Forcas]], ciidan [[Prussian]] ah oo ka yimid corvett-ka [[SMS Danzig (1851)|SMS Danzig]], oo uu hogaaminayay [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)|Prince Adalbert of Prussia]], ayaa la dagaalamay [[Riffian]] [[Berbers|Berber]] ciidamo ku sugnaa Cape Tres Forcas. Prussian-ku way gurteen ka dib markii 7 la dilay iyo 22 la dhaawacay, iyadoo Prince Adalbert uu ku jiray kuwa la dhaawacay.

26 Agoosto 1923, {{ship|Spanish battleship|España||2|up=yes}} ayaa ku dhacay gacdadda oo ugu dambeyntii ku burburay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Yate |first=Asamblea de Capitanes de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_gEAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Espa%C3%B1a+Cabo+de+Tres+Forcas+1923 |title=La Armada española |date=1978 |publisher=Editorial San Martín |isbn=978-84-7140-172-4 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Alvarez |first=José E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wMuqTrint-UC&amp;dq=Espa%C3%B1a+Cabo+de+Tres+Forcas+1923&amp;pg=PA108 |title=The Betrothed of Death: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927: The Spanish Foreign Legion During the Rif Rebellion, 1920-1927 |date=2001-01-30 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-07341-0 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Iftiin ==
[[File:Faro del Cabo de Tres Forcas.jpg|thumb|250px|Cape Three Forks Lighthouse.]]
[[lighthouse|Iftiin]] ayaa ku yaal dhinaca waqooyi ee gacdadda. Waa munaarad cawlan oo saaran guri laba dabaq ah oo cad.

== Maraboutism ==
Ugu yaraan 11 goobood oo ku yaal Cape Three Forks ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin meelo milicsi diimeed, ha ahaato [[Hermitage (religious retreat)|hermitages]] yar, duur ama geedo, shan ka mid ah oo leh xabaasha [[marabout]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.melilla.es/melillaportal/RecursosWeb/DOCUMENTOS/1/0_13111_1.pdf|title=Morabitismo en la Guelaya. Los santuarios del Cabo Tres Forcas|first=Sonia|last=Gámez Gómez|pages=19–27|journal=Akros|issue=10|date=2011|issn=1579-0959}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deegaanka==
{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Cap des Trois Fourches
 | designation1_date = 15 Janaayo 2005
 | designation1_number = 1473&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cap des Trois Fourches|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1473|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Cape Three Forks waa goob lagu magacaabay [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] oo lambarkeedu yahay 1473. Waxay martigelisaa noocyo kala duwan, qaarkood [[threatened species|halis ku jira]], sida [[Mediterranean monk seal]], laba nooc oo [[limpet]]s (''[[Patella ferruginea]]'' iyo ''[[Patella nigra]]''), [[loggerhead turtle]], [[fin whale]] iyo laba nooc oo [[dolphin]] ah (''[[Tursiops truncatus]]'' iyo ''[[Delphinus delphis]]''). Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee ka dhacaya aagga waa kalluumeysiga iyo [[tourism|dalxiiska]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-morocco/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16506_4000_0__ |title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Morocco |date=2005-06-28 |author=[[Ramsar Convention]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107022256/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-morocco/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16506_4000_0__ |archivedate=2013-01-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
===Xigasho===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Head |first=Barclay |editor=Ed Snible |author2=G.F. Hill |author3=George MacDonald |author4=W. Wroth |display-authors=1 |display-editors=0 |url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html |title=Historia Numorum |contribution=Mauretania |contribution-url=http://snible.org/coins/hn/numidia.html |pages=887–890 |date=1911 |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |ref={{harvid|Head et al.|1911}} }}.
* {{citation |last=James |first=Edward Boucher |editor=William Smith |display-editors=0 |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology |location=Boston |publisher=Little, Brown, &amp; Co |date=1870 |volume={{nbsp}}III |contribution=Rusadir |contribution-url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=rusadir-geo&amp;highlight=russader |ref={{harvid|''Dict. Gr. &amp; Rom. Bio. &amp; Myth.''|1870}} }}.
* {{citation |last=López Pardo |first=Fernando |contribution-url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/GERI/article/viewFile/49055/45753 |contribution=La Fundación de ''Rusaddir'' y la Época Púnica |title=Historia de Melilla |series=''Colección Historia de Melilla'', No.{{nbsp}}17 |location=Melilla |date=2005 |pages=167–189 |editor=A. Bravo Nieto |editor2=P. Fernández Uriel |display-editors=0 }}. {{in lang|es}}
* {{citation |last=Mora Serrano |first=Bartolomé |contribution=Coins, Cities, and Territories: The Imaginary Far West and South Iberian and North African Punic Coins |contribution-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236027112_The_Imaginary_Far_West_and_South_Iberian_and_North_African_Punic_Coins |title=Money, Trade, and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa |editor=Amelia Dowler |editor2=Elizabeth R. Galvin |date=2011 |location=London |publisher=British Museum |display-editors=0 |pages=21–32 }}.
* {{citation |last=Petrides |first=Sophron |contribution=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Rusaddir|Rusaddir]] |title=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)|Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume=[[:s:Catholic Encyclopedia/Volume 13|Vol.{{nbsp}}XIII]] |date=1913 |location=New York |publisher=Encyclopedia Press |editor=Charles G. Herbermann |editor2=Edward A. Pace |editor3=Thomas J. Shahan |editor4=John J. Wynne |editor5=Conde B. Pallen |display-editors=0 |ref={{harvid|''Cath. Enc.''|1913}} }}.

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://wikimapia.org/1855520/ Cape Tres Forcas on Wikimapia]

{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|35|26|18|N|02|58|28|W|source:frwiki|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harada Gabou</title>
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      <text bytes="2900" sha1="sb72gu6j00fdzk2hxuw09zzchfw7vw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
|name = Harada Gabou
| image = 
|caption = 
|image_bathymetry = 
|caption_bathymetry = 
|location = 
| coords = {{Coord|17|55|N|11|53|W|type:waterbody_region:DZ|display=inline,title}}
|type = 
|inflow = 
|outflow = 
|catchment = 
|basin_countries = Mauritania
|length = 
|width = 
|area ={{convert|9500|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=ramsar/&gt;
|depth = 
|max-depth = 
|volume = 
|elevation = 
|cities = [[Ksar el Barka]]
|embedded = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Lac Gabou et le réseau hydrographique du Plateau du Tagant
 | designation1_date = 13 Febraayo 2009
 | designation1_number = 1854&lt;ref name = ramsar&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lac Gabou et le réseau hydrographique du Plateau du Tagant|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1854?language=en|accessdate=14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
&lt;!--      Map      --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Mauritania
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}

'''Lake Gabou''' ({{Langx|ar|بحيرة كب}}, {{Langx|fr|Lac Gabou}}, {{Langx|ff|Hoorewendu}}) waa haro iyo aag dhul-qoyan ah oo ku taal [[Tagant region|Gobolka Tagant]] ee [[Mauritania]].

==Taariikh==
Taariikh ahaan, harada iyo basin-ka ku hareeraysan waxaa kale oo loo yaqaanay '''Tammourt en Naaj''' ({{Langx|ar| تمورت والنجا}}) ama '''Hoorewendu''', oo macnaheedu yahay 'madaxa qoyan' ee [[Pulaar language|Pulaar]], waxayna hoy u ahayd dad [[Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]] ah.&lt;ref name = Kane&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Oumar |title=La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul |date=2004 |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |url=https://www.cairn.info/la-premiere-hegémonie-peule--9782845865211-page-114.htm |access-date=12 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|32}}

==Deegaanka==
Haradu waxay qabataa qulqulka [[Tagant Plateau|Tagant plateau]] waxayna taageertaa noocyo kala duwan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[date palm|timir]] iyo [[Hyphaene thebaica|doum palms]], laba nooc oo timir ah oo dhaqaale ahaan muhiim u ah, iyo sidoo kale [[Adansonia digitata|African baobabs]] iyo [[Adenium obesum|desert roses]]. Waxa kale oo ay hoy u tahay [[West African crocodile]] iyo [[bird migration|shimbiraha soo hijrooda]]. Waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Ramsar site]] sannadkii 2009.&lt;ref name=ramsar/&gt; Harada waxaa loo magacaabay [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[ruff (bird)|ruff]]s ah oo jiilaalka u soo hijrooda.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/gabou-iba-mauritania|title=Gabou|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Diawling</title>
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|name           = Diawling National Park
|iucn_category  = II
|image          = 
|image_caption  = 
|map            = Mauritania
|relief         = 1
|map_caption    = 
|location       = [[Mauritania]]
|nearest_city   = 
|coordinates    = {{coord|16|22|N|16|23|W|display=inline,title}}
|coords_ref     = 
|area           = {{convert|15600|ha}}
|authorized     = 
|established    = 
|governing_body = 
|website        = 
|module         = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Parc National du Diawling
 | designation1_date = 23 Agoosto 1994
 | designation1_number = 666&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc National du Diawling|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/666|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Diawling National Park''' waa [[National park|Beerta Qaran]] ee [[Mauritania]]. Waxay ku taallaa koonfur-galbeed ee dalka hareeraheeda [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]] [[river delta|delta]]. Beertu waa meel muhiim u ah ilaalinta duurjoogta.

==Taariikh==
Beerta waxaa la aasaasay 1991. Mucaaradka ku aaddan aasaaskeeda waxay inta badan ka yimaadeen dadka deegaanka, kuwaas oo ka cabsanayay masiibo la mid ah tan dadka ku nool Djoudj, oo ka gudubka webiga ee Senegal, markii [[Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary]] la aasaasay 1971. Waxay ka cabsanayeen cawaaqibka aagga la ilaaliyo, taas oo macnaheedu noqon doono in daaqsinta iyo kalluumeysiga la mamnuuci doono ama la xaddidi doono, taas oo soo afjaraysa qaab nololeedkii ay qabiiladoodu had iyo jeer yaqaaneen.&lt;ref name = Ramsar&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ramsar.org/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/lib/hbk4-07cs12.pdf | title = The Diawling National Park: Joint Management for the Rehabilitation of a Degraded Coastal Wetland | access-date = 2016-11-14 | publisher = Ramsar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Beertu waxay ku fidsan tahay aag dhan 16,000 hektar, dhammaantoodna waxay mar ahaan jireen dhul daad ah. Webiga Senegal wuxuu u shaqeeyaa sidii xuduud u dhaxaysa beerta iyo [[Senegal]]. Waa qayb ka mid ah kaydka Biosphere ee xuduudaha ka gudba oo ah goob caan ku ah taranka shimbiraha sababtoo ah isku-darka biyaha saafiga ah iyo biyaha milixda leh ee delta-da Webiga Senegal.&lt;ref name = Ramsar/&gt;

Qaar ka mid ah [[malaria|duumada]] ugu daran ee gobolka ayaa laga helaa aaggan, sababtoo ah dhismaha biyo-xireen laga dhisay aagga. [[Schistosomiasis|Bilharzia]] iyo noocyada dhirta soo duula ayaa iyaguna halkaas ka dillaacay.&lt;ref name = foundation&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.fondationensemble.org/en/projet/conservation-de-la-biodiversite-du-parc-national-du-diawling-par-la-gestion-durable-et-participative/ | title = Biodiversity conservation in the Diawling National Park through sustainable and participatory management | access-date = 2016-11-14 | publisher = Fondation Ensemble}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Deegaanka===
Inta lagu guda jiro [[rainy season|xilliga roobka]], inta badan beerta waxay ka kooban tahay [[lake|harooyin]] waaweyn. Waxaa loo yaqaanaa inay leedahay in ka badan 220 nooc oo [[bird|shimbiro]] ah oo la aqoonsaday, iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo [[fish|kalluun]] ah.

====Shimbiraha====
[[File:Northern Pintails (Male &amp; Female) I IMG 0911.jpg|thumb|Lammaane ka mid ah northern pintails]]
Diawling National Park waxay hoy u tahay noocyo cajiib ah oo shimbiro ah. Noocyada laga helay halkan waxaa ka mid ah [[northern pintail]], [[northern shoveler]], [[greater flamingo]], [[lesser flamingo]], [[Eurasian spoonbill]], [[African spoonbill]], [[great egret]], [[great white pelican]], [[Arabian bustard]], [[pied avocet]], [[slender-billed gull]], [[Caspian tern]], [[greater hoopoe-lark]] iyo [[Sudan golden sparrow]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Diawling National Park&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Diawling National Park|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6643|publisher=BirdLife International|access-date=10 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goobta waxaa sidoo kale loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]] ah oo jiilaalka soo booqda.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/diawling-national-park-iba-mauritania|title=Diawling National Park|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Naasleyda====
Dabeecadda iyo aadanaha ayaa isku daray si ay u tirtiraan qaar ka mid ah noocyada ku nool Diawling. Qaar ka mid ah naasleyda waaweyn ayaa ku dhintay abaarta dheer iyo ugaarsiga xad-dhaafka ah. Kii ugu dambeeyay ee [[Panthera leo leo|libaax galbeedka Afrika]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Haas2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Haas, S.K. |author2=Hayssen, V. |author3=Krausman, P.R. |title=''Panthera leo'' |year=2005 |journal=Mammalian Species |volume=762 |pages=1–11 |url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |doi=10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=198968757 |access-date=2017-09-06 |archive-date=2017-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Catsg2017&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kitchener, A.C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |title= A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf |page=76 |year=2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ee Diawling ayaa la toogtay 1970, iyo aragtida ugu dambeysay ee [[red-fronted gazelle]] waxay ahayd 1991. Maanta, naasleyda kaliya ee beerta ku jira waa [[spotted hyena]], [[African wolf|African golden wolves]], [[warthog]], [[African wildcat]], [[Cape hare]] iyo [[patas monkey]]. Noocyo kale, oo ay ku jiraan [[African manatee]], [[West African crocodile]], iyo [[hippopotamus]], ayaa la waayay dhismaha biyo-xireenka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Diawling National Park&quot;/&gt;

===Isbeddelka cimilada===
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Sannadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] ayaa ku daray Diawling National Park liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo halis ugu jira [[flooding|daadad]] iyo [[coastal erosion|nabaad-guurka xeebaha]] dhamaadka qarnigii 21-aad, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change|isbeddelka cimiladu]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah qaabka qiiqa badan ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas|gaasaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4 °C.,&lt;ref&gt;Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke,V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121&lt;/ref&gt; mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |doi-access=free|pmc=7668049}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qaababka kale ee macquulka ah waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo natiijadaasna kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerarka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku kooban yahay 1.5 °C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee adduunka ayaa weli la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl sare leh ayaa arki doona koror weyn marka la gaaro wakhtigaas), sidaas darteed ka sarreeya heerarka 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican uga hor sanadka 4000.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Wildlife of Mauritania|Duurjoogta Mauritania]]

==Tixraacyo==
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  <page>
    <title>Jasiiradaha Barren</title>
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      <text bytes="2606" sha1="ojs8aja6m6vumfxvsyi87q4c3zc8lqs" xml:space="preserve">{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Iles Barren
 | designation1_date = 22 Maajo 2017
 | designation1_number = 2303&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iles Barren|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2303|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[File:Barren Isles archipelago Madagascar map.gif|thumb|Khariidadda jasiiradaha Barren Isles]] 
'''Barren Isles''' (''Nosy Barren'' oo ku yaal [[Malagasy language|Af-Malagasy]]) waa [[archipelago|jasiirado]] ku yaalla aag fidsan {{convert|40|km|abbr=off}} oo u jirta xeebta galbeed ee [[Madagascar]], ee gobolka [[Melaky]]. Jasiiraduhu waxay ka kooban yihiin 9 [[island|jasiiradood]] ama [[sand banks|xeebo ciid ah]] oo waaweyn.

==Dadweynaha==
Ilaa Noofambar 2013, caadooyinka maxalliga ah waxay mamnuuceen in lagu noolaado jasiiradaha; kaliya kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ayaa loo oggolaa inay magan-galaan ama nastaan dhowr maalmood.
Tan iyo 2004, kalluumeysatada [[Vezo]] ee ka yimid koonfurta [[Toliara]] ee koonfur-galbeed ee Madagascar ayaa u soo haajiray jasiiradaha tiro sii kordheysa. Dad badan ayaa hadda jooga jasiiradaha inta u dhaxaysa Maarso iyo Diseembar ilaa 10 bilood sannadkii, iyagoo ku nool guryo ku-meel-gaar ah oo ka samaysan timir, tarpaulin iyo qaybo alwaax ah. Nidaamka deegaanka ee kala duwan ayaa hadda hoy u ah ku dhawaad 4,000 oo kalluumeysatada Vezo ah.

==Juqraafiga==
Barren Isles waxay ka kooban yihiin 9-ka jasiiradood ee soo socda:
* Nosy Marify
* Nosy Manandra (oo kale loo yaqaan Banc Bayfield)
* Nosy Mboro (oo kale loo yaqaan Nosy Mavony)
* Nosy Maroantaly
* Nosy Abohazo (oo kale loo yaqaan Nosy Androtra)
* Nosy Dondosy
* Nosy Mangily
* Nosy Andrano
* Nosy Lava

==Taariikh==
Jasiiradaha Barren Isles waxaa u kala saaray aag ahaan aag la ilaaliyo oo badda ah Adeegga Qaranka ee Aagagga La Ilaaliyo (Système des Aires Protégées de Madagascar ama SAPM) oo la xidhiidha Wasaaradda Deegaanka iyo Kaymaha.&lt;ref&gt;A [http://blueventures.org/press-releases/new-study-highlights-critical-threat-to-a-remotest-coral-reef-archipelago.html''Feasibility study of the protection and management of the Barren Isles ecosystem, Madagascar'']{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Daraasad loogu talagalay abuurista aag badda la ilaaliyo ayaa waxaa hogaamiyay 2009 [[Blue Ventures|Blue Ventures Conservation]], oo ah NGO Ingiriisi ah, iyada oo lala kaashanayo [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]] iyo [[Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Genève]] (Switzerland) {{Dead link|date=November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Ankarafantsika</title>
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| name = Ankarafantsika National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = Madagascar
| relief = yes
| map_width = 220
| map_caption = Goobta Ankarafantsika National Park
| image = Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg
| image_caption = Harada Ravelobe
| location = [[Boeny|Gobolka Boeny]], Madagascar
| nearest_city = [[Andranofasika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Majunga]]
| area_km2 = 1365.13&lt;!--with external buffer, 1695.33--&gt;
| established = 31 Diseembar 1927 {{small|(sidii kayd dabiici ah)}}&lt;br/&gt;2002 {{small|(sidii beerta qaran)}}&lt;!--borders adjusted 21 April 2015 via Decree 2015-730--&gt;
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Madagascar National Parks]] 
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Zones Humides Ankarafantsika (CLSA)
| designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2017
| designation1_number = 2289&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zones Humides Ankarafantsika (CLSA)|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2289|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Ankarafantsika National Park''' waa [[national park|beerta qaran]] u dhow [[Andranofasika]] oo ku taal Gobolka [[Boeny]] ee [[Madagascar]]. Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Majunga]] oo {{convert|115|km}} dhinaca waqooyi kaga beegan beerta. Ankarafantsika inta badan waa [[tropical|kulaylaha]] marka loo eego nooca cimilada. Dadka [[Sakalava]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu badan ee halkan ku nool oo beeraha ka shaqeysta. [[greater big-footed mouse]] (''Macrotarsomys ingens'') waxay ku nooshahay beerta mana laga yaqaan meel kale.

==Beerta==
Beertu waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Betsiboka River|Webiga Betsiboka]] oo dhinaca galbeed ah iyo [[Mahajamba River|Webiga Mahajamba]] oo dhinaca bari ah. Asal ahaan waxaa jiray laba beero oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee waddada qaranka ee Route 4, laakiin waxaa la isku daray 2002. Beertu waxay ku fidsan tahay ilaa 135,000 hektar waxayna ka kooban tahay balastaro kayn kulaylaha ah oo qalalan oo lagu dhex daray meelo aan aad u cufanayn. Waxaa sidoo kale jira [[savannah]], duur iyo meelo dhagaxyo ciid ah oo nabaad-guuray iyo dhul qaar ka mid ah oo ay beeraha ka shaqeystaan dadka asaliga ah ee Sakalava. Waxaa jira tiro harooyin ah, beertuna waxaa ku dhex yaal jidad iyo wadooyin. Waxaa jira xarumo hoy ah, waxaana la heli karaa hagayaal si ay u caawiyaan dadka soo booqda inay qiimeeyaan duurjoogta iyo muuqaalka.&lt;ref name=MNP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=15 |title=Ankarafantsika |publisher=Madagascar National Parks |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311041051/http://parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=15 |archive-date=2013-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Ankarafantsika National Park inta badan waa kayn, noocyada geedaha waa kuwo u gaar ah [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|kaymaha kulaylaha ee qallalan]]. In ka badan 800 oo nooc ayaa jooga, badankooduna waa kuwo u gaar ah Madagascar. Tusaalooyinka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah geedka ubaxa ee mpanjakabenitany (''[[Baudouinia fluggeiformis]]''), katrafay (''[[Cedrelopsis grevei]]'') oo loo isticmaalo [[traditional medicine|daawada dhaqameedka]], geedka yaryar ee lohavato (''[[Hymenodictyon occidental]]'') iyo sakoanala (''[[Poupartia silvatica]]''), oo ah geed weyn oo leh ubaxyo muuqda.&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt;

Xayawaanka asaliga ah ee Madagascar ayaa si wanaagsan loo matalay. Toban nooc oo [[amphibian|xamaarato ah]] iyo 44 nooc oo [[reptile|xamaarato]] ah ayaa jooga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Madagascan big-headed turtle]] (''Erymnochelys madagascariensis''), rhinoceros chameleon (''[[Furcifer rhinoceratus]]'') iyo dwarf chameleon (''[[Brookesia decaryi]]'').&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt; Waxaa jira laba mas oo dhulka ku nool oo ah [[boa constrictor]] ''[[Acrantophis madagascariensis]]'' iyo ''[[Sanzinia madagascariensis]]'', iyo maska dhulka ku nool ee naadirka ah [[Liophidium therezieni]].&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt;

Naasleyda waxaa ka mid ah siddeed nooc oo [[lemur]] ah, laba ka mid ah waa mouse lemurs (''[[Microcebus]]'' spp.), oo ah xayawaanka ugu yar adduunka ee primate-ka. [[greater big-footed mouse]] (''Macrotarsomys ingens'') waa [[rodent|jiir]] yar oo dhawaan la sharaxay oo kaliya looga yaqaan beerta iyo hareeraheeda.&lt;ref&gt;Goodman, S.M. and Soarimalala, V. 2005. A new species of ''Macrotarsomys'' (Rodentia: Muridae: Nesomyinae) from southwestern Madagascar. ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' 118(2):450–464.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Madagascar Fish Eagle, Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg|thumb|left|Madagascar fish eagles]]
Boqol iyo labaatan iyo sagaal nooc oo shimbiro ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay beerta, in ka badan kala badh iyaga ka mid ah waa kuwo u gaar ah Madagascar. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Van Dam's vanga]] (''Xenopirostris damii''), [[rufous vanga]] (''Schetba rufa''), [[banded kestrel]] (''Falco zoniventris'') oo adag in la helo iyo [[Madagascar fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'') oo si fudud loo arki karo kaas oo inta badan laga arki karo Harada Ravelobe.&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt; [[Madagascar heron]] (''Ardea humbloti'') oo khatar ugu jira dabar-go'a ayaa laga arki karaa Harada Ravelobe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/locality/afrotropical/madagascar/mahajanga-province/ankarafantsika-national-park |title=Ankarafantsika National Park |work=The Internet Bird Collection |access-date=2013-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [http://www.madacamp.com/Ankarafantsika_National_Park Madacamp: Sawirro &amp; Sharaxaad]
{{Commons category|Ankarafantsika National Park}}

{{National parks of Madagascar}}

{{coord|16.15|S|46.95|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

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| name = Ankarafantsika National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = 
| relief = yes
| map_width = 220
| map_caption = Goobta Ankarafantsika National Park
| image = Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg
| image_caption = Harada Ravelobe
| location = [[Boeny|Gobolka Boeny]], Madagascar
| nearest_city = [[Andranofasika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Majunga]]
| area_km2 = 1365.13&lt;!--with external buffer, 1695.33--&gt;
| established = 31 Diseembar 1927 {{small|(sidii kayd dabiici ah)}}&lt;br/&gt;2002 {{small|(sidii beerta qaran)}}&lt;!--borders adjusted 21 April 2015 via Decree 2015-730--&gt;
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Madagascar National Parks]] 
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Zones Humides Ankarafantsika (CLSA)
| designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2017
| designation1_number = 2289&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zones Humides Ankarafantsika (CLSA)|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2289|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
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'''Ankarafantsika National Park''' waa [[national park|beerta qaran]] u dhow [[Andranofasika]] oo ku taal Gobolka [[Boeny]] ee [[Madagascar]]. Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Majunga]] oo {{convert|115|km}} dhinaca waqooyi kaga beegan beerta. Ankarafantsika inta badan waa [[tropical|kulaylaha]] marka loo eego nooca cimilada. Dadka [[Sakalava]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu badan ee halkan ku nool oo beeraha ka shaqeysta. [[greater big-footed mouse]] (''Macrotarsomys ingens'') waxay ku nooshahay beerta mana laga yaqaan meel kale.

==Beerta==
Beertu waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Betsiboka River|Webiga Betsiboka]] oo dhinaca galbeed ah iyo [[Mahajamba River|Webiga Mahajamba]] oo dhinaca bari ah. Asal ahaan waxaa jiray laba beero oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee waddada qaranka ee Route 4, laakiin waxaa la isku daray 2002. Beertu waxay ku fidsan tahay ilaa 135,000 hektar waxayna ka kooban tahay balastaro kayn kulaylaha ah oo qalalan oo lagu dhex daray meelo aan aad u cufanayn. Waxaa sidoo kale jira [[savannah]], duur iyo meelo dhagaxyo ciid ah oo nabaad-guuray iyo dhul qaar ka mid ah oo ay beeraha ka shaqeystaan dadka asaliga ah ee Sakalava. Waxaa jira tiro harooyin ah, beertuna waxaa ku dhex yaal jidad iyo wadooyin. Waxaa jira xarumo hoy ah, waxaana la heli karaa hagayaal si ay u caawiyaan dadka soo booqda inay qiimeeyaan duurjoogta iyo muuqaalka.&lt;ref name=MNP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=15 |title=Ankarafantsika |publisher=Madagascar National Parks |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311041051/http://parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=15 |archive-date=2013-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Ankarafantsika National Park inta badan waa kayn, noocyada geedaha waa kuwo u gaar ah [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|kaymaha kulaylaha ee qallalan]]. In ka badan 800 oo nooc ayaa jooga, badankooduna waa kuwo u gaar ah Madagascar. Tusaalooyinka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah geedka ubaxa ee mpanjakabenitany (''[[Baudouinia fluggeiformis]]''), katrafay (''[[Cedrelopsis grevei]]'') oo loo isticmaalo [[traditional medicine|daawada dhaqameedka]], geedka yaryar ee lohavato (''[[Hymenodictyon occidental]]'') iyo sakoanala (''[[Poupartia silvatica]]''), oo ah geed weyn oo leh ubaxyo muuqda.&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt;

Xayawaanka asaliga ah ee Madagascar ayaa si wanaagsan loo matalay. Toban nooc oo [[amphibian|xamaarato ah]] iyo 44 nooc oo [[reptile|xamaarato]] ah ayaa jooga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Madagascan big-headed turtle]] (''Erymnochelys madagascariensis''), rhinoceros chameleon (''[[Furcifer rhinoceratus]]'') iyo dwarf chameleon (''[[Brookesia decaryi]]'').&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt; Waxaa jira laba mas oo dhulka ku nool oo ah [[boa constrictor]] ''[[Acrantophis madagascariensis]]'' iyo ''[[Sanzinia madagascariensis]]'', iyo maska dhulka ku nool ee naadirka ah [[Liophidium therezieni]].&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt;

Naasleyda waxaa ka mid ah siddeed nooc oo [[lemur]] ah, laba ka mid ah waa mouse lemurs (''[[Microcebus]]'' spp.), oo ah xayawaanka ugu yar adduunka ee primate-ka. [[greater big-footed mouse]] (''Macrotarsomys ingens'') waa [[rodent|jiir]] yar oo dhawaan la sharaxay oo kaliya looga yaqaan beerta iyo hareeraheeda.&lt;ref&gt;Goodman, S.M. and Soarimalala, V. 2005. A new species of ''Macrotarsomys'' (Rodentia: Muridae: Nesomyinae) from southwestern Madagascar. ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' 118(2):450–464.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Madagascar Fish Eagle, Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg|thumb|left|Madagascar fish eagles]]
Boqol iyo labaatan iyo sagaal nooc oo shimbiro ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay beerta, in ka badan kala badh iyaga ka mid ah waa kuwo u gaar ah Madagascar. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Van Dam's vanga]] (''Xenopirostris damii''), [[rufous vanga]] (''Schetba rufa''), [[banded kestrel]] (''Falco zoniventris'') oo adag in la helo iyo [[Madagascar fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'') oo si fudud loo arki karo kaas oo inta badan laga arki karo Harada Ravelobe.&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt; [[Madagascar heron]] (''Ardea humbloti'') oo khatar ugu jira dabar-go'a ayaa laga arki karaa Harada Ravelobe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/locality/afrotropical/madagascar/mahajanga-province/ankarafantsika-national-park |title=Ankarafantsika National Park |work=The Internet Bird Collection |access-date=2013-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [http://www.madacamp.com/Ankarafantsika_National_Park Madacamp: Sawirro &amp; Sharaxaad]
{{Commons category|Ankarafantsika National Park}}

{{National parks of Madagascar}}

{{coord|16.15|S|46.95|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

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| name = Ankarafantsika National Park
| iucn_category = II
| map = 
| relief = yes
| map_width = 220
| map_caption = Goobta Ankarafantsika National Park
| image = Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg
| image_caption = Harada Ravelobe
| location = [[Boeny|Gobolka Boeny]], Madagascar
| nearest_city = [[Andranofasika]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Majunga]]
| area_km2 = 1365.13&lt;!--with external buffer, 1695.33--&gt;
| established = 31 Diseembar 1927 {{small|(sidii kayd dabiici ah)}}&lt;br/&gt;2002 {{small|(sidii beerta qaran)}}&lt;!--borders adjusted 21 April 2015 via Decree 2015-730--&gt;
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Madagascar National Parks]] 
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Zones Humides Ankarafantsika (CLSA)
| designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2017
| designation1_number = 2289&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zones Humides Ankarafantsika (CLSA)|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2289|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Ankarafantsika National Park''' waa [[national park|beerta qaran]] u dhow [[Andranofasika]] oo ku taal Gobolka [[Boeny]] ee [[Madagascar]]. Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Majunga]] oo {{convert|115|km}} dhinaca waqooyi kaga beegan beerta. Ankarafantsika inta badan waa [[tropical|kulaylaha]] marka loo eego nooca cimilada. Dadka [[Sakalava]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu badan ee halkan ku nool oo beeraha ka shaqeysta. [[greater big-footed mouse]] (''Macrotarsomys ingens'') waxay ku nooshahay beerta mana laga yaqaan meel kale.

==Beerta==
Beertu waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Betsiboka River|Webiga Betsiboka]] oo dhinaca galbeed ah iyo [[Mahajamba River|Webiga Mahajamba]] oo dhinaca bari ah. Asal ahaan waxaa jiray laba beero oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee waddada qaranka ee Route 4, laakiin waxaa la isku daray 2002. Beertu waxay ku fidsan tahay ilaa 135,000 hektar waxayna ka kooban tahay balastaro kayn kulaylaha ah oo qalalan oo lagu dhex daray meelo aan aad u cufanayn. Waxaa sidoo kale jira [[savannah]], duur iyo meelo dhagaxyo ciid ah oo nabaad-guuray iyo dhul qaar ka mid ah oo ay beeraha ka shaqeystaan dadka asaliga ah ee Sakalava. Waxaa jira tiro harooyin ah, beertuna waxaa ku dhex yaal jidad iyo wadooyin. Waxaa jira xarumo hoy ah, waxaana la heli karaa hagayaal si ay u caawiyaan dadka soo booqda inay qiimeeyaan duurjoogta iyo muuqaalka.&lt;ref name=MNP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=15 |title=Ankarafantsika |publisher=Madagascar National Parks |access-date=2013-01-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311041051/http://parcs-madagascar.com/fiche-aire-protegee_en.php?Ap=15 |archive-date=2013-03-11 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Ankarafantsika National Park inta badan waa kayn, noocyada geedaha waa kuwo u gaar ah [[Madagascar dry deciduous forests|kaymaha kulaylaha ee qallalan]]. In ka badan 800 oo nooc ayaa jooga, badankooduna waa kuwo u gaar ah Madagascar. Tusaalooyinka caanka ah waxaa ka mid ah geedka ubaxa ee mpanjakabenitany (''[[Baudouinia fluggeiformis]]''), katrafay (''[[Cedrelopsis grevei]]'') oo loo isticmaalo [[traditional medicine|daawada dhaqameedka]], geedka yaryar ee lohavato (''[[Hymenodictyon occidental]]'') iyo sakoanala (''[[Poupartia silvatica]]''), oo ah geed weyn oo leh ubaxyo muuqda.&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt;

Xayawaanka asaliga ah ee Madagascar ayaa si wanaagsan loo matalay. Toban nooc oo [[amphibian|xamaarato ah]] iyo 44 nooc oo [[reptile|xamaarato]] ah ayaa jooga. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Madagascan big-headed turtle]] (''Erymnochelys madagascariensis''), rhinoceros chameleon (''[[Furcifer rhinoceratus]]'') iyo dwarf chameleon (''[[Brookesia decaryi]]'').&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt; Waxaa jira laba mas oo dhulka ku nool oo ah [[boa constrictor]] ''[[Acrantophis madagascariensis]]'' iyo ''[[Sanzinia madagascariensis]]'', iyo maska dhulka ku nool ee naadirka ah [[Liophidium therezieni]].&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt;

Naasleyda waxaa ka mid ah siddeed nooc oo [[lemur]] ah, laba ka mid ah waa mouse lemurs (''[[Microcebus]]'' spp.), oo ah xayawaanka ugu yar adduunka ee primate-ka. [[greater big-footed mouse]] (''Macrotarsomys ingens'') waa [[rodent|jiir]] yar oo dhawaan la sharaxay oo kaliya looga yaqaan beerta iyo hareeraheeda.&lt;ref&gt;Goodman, S.M. and Soarimalala, V. 2005. A new species of ''Macrotarsomys'' (Rodentia: Muridae: Nesomyinae) from southwestern Madagascar. ''Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington'' 118(2):450–464.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Madagascar Fish Eagle, Lake Ravelobe, Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar.jpg|thumb|left|Madagascar fish eagles]]
Boqol iyo labaatan iyo sagaal nooc oo shimbiro ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay beerta, in ka badan kala badh iyaga ka mid ah waa kuwo u gaar ah Madagascar. Waxaa ka mid ah [[Van Dam's vanga]] (''Xenopirostris damii''), [[rufous vanga]] (''Schetba rufa''), [[banded kestrel]] (''Falco zoniventris'') oo adag in la helo iyo [[Madagascar fish eagle]] (''Haliaeetus vociferoides'') oo si fudud loo arki karo kaas oo inta badan laga arki karo Harada Ravelobe.&lt;ref name=MNP/&gt; [[Madagascar heron]] (''Ardea humbloti'') oo khatar ugu jira dabar-go'a ayaa laga arki karaa Harada Ravelobe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/locality/afrotropical/madagascar/mahajanga-province/ankarafantsika-national-park |title=Ankarafantsika National Park |work=The Internet Bird Collection |access-date=2013-01-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [http://www.madacamp.com/Ankarafantsika_National_Park Madacamp: Sawirro &amp; Sharaxaad]
{{Commons category|Ankarafantsika National Park}}


{{coord|16.15|S|46.95|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

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  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Ain Elzarga</title>
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 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Ain Elzarga
 | designation1_date = 5 Abriil 2000
 | designation1_number = 1027&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ain Elzarga|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1027|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Ain Elzarga Wetland''' waa [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]]-aagga qoyan ee la ilaaliyo ee [[Libya]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 2000 wuxuuna ku fidsan yahay aag dhan {{convert|33|ha}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/220042|title=Ain Elzarga Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)|publisher=Protectedplanet.net|access-date=26 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-libya/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16548_4000_0__|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Libya|publisher=Ramsar|access-date=26 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramsar waxay ka tiri: &quot;Sebkha dabiici ah oo yar ama god ku yaal ugu yaraan hal xiriir dabiici ah oo la leh badda, qoyan sanadka oo dhan laakiin leh heerarka biyaha iyo salinity oo kordhaya xilliga xagaaga. Sebkha, oo leh dhoobo iyo [[salt marsh|qoyan cusbo leh]], waxaa ku wareegsan dunes bari ilaa galbeed iyo buuro dhagax ah oo koonfur iyo bari ah. Goobtu waa mid ka mid ah aagagga qoyan ee ugu muhiimsan aagga [[El Kouf National Park]] ee shimbiraha biyaha ee socdaalka ah. Awoodda daawashada shimbiraha iyo ecotourism-ka waa mid aad u weyn laakiin aan horumarin. Ugaarsiga aan waarta lahayn iyo burburinta dhirta, gaar ahaan xilliga xagaaga, ayaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin hanjabaad.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;/&gt;
{{coord|32|47|N|22|21|E|display=title}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar-2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ain Elzarga Wetland|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1027|website=Ramsar Sites|access-date=21 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Dhul biyoodka Ain Elshakika</title>
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 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Ain Elshakika
 | designation1_date = 5 Abriil 2000
 | designation1_number = 1026&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ain Elshakika|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1026|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Ain Elshakika Wetland''' waa [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]]-aagga qoyan ee la ilaaliyo ee [[Libya]] oo ku dhex yaal [[El Kouf National Park]]. Kaydka dhul-qoyanka waxaa la aasaasay 2000, wuxuuna daboolayaa aag dhan {{convert|33|ha}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.protectedplanet.net/sites/220041|title=Ain Elshakika Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar)|publisher=Protectedplanet.net|access-date=26 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs-notes-anno-libya/main/ramsar/1-30-168%5E16548_4000_0__|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Libya|access-date=26 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goobtu waxay ka kooban tahay [[Sabkha|sebkha]] xeebta oo aad u cusbo leh oo leh dhagaxa nuuradda ee koonfurta, dunes iyo dhoobo leh duur ballaaran oo ka soo jeeda galbeed ilaa bari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar-1&quot; /&gt;

Dhirta dhinaca gudaha waxay ka kooban tahay geedaha tamarix, oo lagu daray dhirta biyaha saafiga ah jecel sida juncus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Etayeb, K.S., Bourass E., Berbash A., Bashimam W., Essghaier, M. F. |date=April 2015 |title=Human disturbance affecting sensitive components (waterbirds) of wetlands; A case study onwaterbirds in Libyan Ramsar sites |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311509438 |journal=Libyan Journal of Marine Science |volume=14 |pages=16–28}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Goobtu waxay laba dhibcood ku xirtaa badda: xilliga jiilaalka markay biyuhu kacaan, biyaha badda waxay gaaraan sebkha waxayna kor u qaadaan heerka biyaha ilaa hal mitir, inkasta oo ilaha biyaha saafiga ah ee deegaanku ay hoos u dhigaan salinity ilaa xad. Xilliga xagaaga, heerka biyaha sebkha wuxuu ka hooseeyaa heerka badda, laakiin waligood si buuxda uma qallalaan. Goobtu waa dhul-qoyan muhiim u ah shimbiraha biyaha ee socdaalka ah iyo kuwa deggen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar-1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ain Elshakika|url=http://www.ramsar.org/ain-elshakika|website=Ramsar |access-date=21 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxay leedahay muhiimad qaran oo u ah redshank iyo muhiimad iman karta [[curlew]], [[dunlin]] (''Calidris alpina'') iyo [[Slender-billed gull|slender-billed gulls]] (''Chroicocephalus genei'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Atlas of wintering birds of Libya 2005-2010 |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/Biota-Fa-Bi-621-003.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Jasiiradaha Ehotilé</title>
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      <text bytes="5628" sha1="9w2l27uwzz42zdprw8435jf758lj2vl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Îles Ehotilé National Park
| alt_name = 
| iucn_category = II
| image = Parc National des Iles Ehotilé .jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = 
| image_size = 
| map = Ivory Coast
| relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = Goobta Ivory Coast
| map_width = 
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| location = [[Ivory Coast]]
| nearest_city = 
| coordinates = {{coords|5|11|N|3|14|W|region:CI|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{cvt|105|km2}}
| established = 25 Abriil 1974
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = 
| url = 
| module = {{Designation list
| embed                = yes
| designation1         = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Iles Ehotilé-Essouman
| designation1_date    = 18 Oktoobar 2005
| designation1_number  = 1584&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Iles Ehotilé-Essouman|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1584|accessdate=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034857/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1584|archive-date=30 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
}}

'''Îles Ehotilé National Park''' waa [[List of national parks of Ivory Coast|beerta qaran ee Ivory Coast]] oo ku taal gobolka [[Sud-Comoé]]. Beertu waxay ka kooban tahay koox jasiirado hoose ah iyo kanaalo u dhexeeya oo kala sooca [[Aby Lagoon]] iyo [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA346 |title=A directory of African wetlands |page=346 |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beerta qaran waxaa la aasaasay 1974 iyadoo ay hindiseen bulshooyinka maxalliga ah oo rabay inay ilaashadaan goobahooda taariikhiga ah. Jasiiradaha Ehotile waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar ah]] sannadkii 2005 magaca Îles Ehotilé-Essouman,&lt;ref name=Office/&gt; waxaana loo gudbiyay soo-jeedin loo gudbiyay [[UNESCO]] si loogu tixgeliyo goobta inay noqoto [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxal-dugsiyeedka Adduunka]] sannadkii 2006.&lt;ref name=UNESCO/&gt; Goobaha qadiimiga ah iyo kuwa taariikhiga ah ee jasiiradaha ayaa iyaguna la ilaaliyaa.&lt;ref name=Office/&gt;

== Juqraafiga dabiiciga ah ==
Jasiiraduhu waxay ka kooban yihiin lix jasiiradood (Assokomonobaha, Balouate, Meha, Nyamouan, Elouamin, iyo jasiiradda quduuska ah ee Bosson Assoun) oo ku taal aagga estuary. Waxay daboolaysaa aag dhan {{convert|722|hectare}}, iyadoo aan lagu darin aagga badda ee ku hareeraysan.&lt;ref name=Office&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-reserves/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-des-iles-ehotile |title=Parc national des îles Ehotilé |publisher=Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves |language=French |accessdate=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601093112/http://www.oipr.ci/index.php/parcs-reserves/parcs-nationaux/parc-national-des-iles-ehotile |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dhirta iyo xayawaanka ==
=== Dhirta ===
Dhirta jasiiradaha waa kuwo aad u kala duwan oo loogu talagalay aag yar; aagga xeebta waxaa inta badan ku badan [[mangrove|mangrove-ka]], guduhuna waa inta badan kayn kulaylaha oo leh kayn cufan oo hoose.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

=== Shimbiraha ===
128 nooc oo shimbiro ah oo ka tirsan 35 qoys ayaa halkan lagu diiwaan geliyay. Inta badan kuwan waa noocyo biyood, xilliga qallaylkuna noocyo socdaal ah ayaa sidoo kale booqda beerta.&lt;ref name=UNESCO&gt;{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2099/ |title=Parc national des îles Ehotilé |publisher=UNESCO |language=French |accessdate=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601102427/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2099/ |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Noocyada deggen waxaa ka mid ah [[little grebe]], [[African darter]], [[reed cormorant]], [[cattle egret]], [[squacco heron]], [[striated heron]], [[western reef heron]], [[black-crowned night heron]], [[woolly-necked stork]], iyo [[white-faced whistling duck]].&lt;ref name=Ramsar&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CI1584RIS_1809_fr.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Iles Ehotilé-Essouman |date=18 September 2018 |work=Fiche descriptive Ramsar |publisher=Ramsar |language=French |accessdate=1 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601123649/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CI1584RIS_1809_fr.pdf |archive-date=1 June 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Naasleyda ===
Beertu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay naasleyda sida caadiga ah ku nool aagagga kaynta, sida [[duiker|duikers]] iyo [[bushpig|bushpigs]], iyo sidoo kale laba nooc oo beerta ka dhigaya mid gaar ah: mid ka mid ah kuwan waa [[African manatee|manatee]], naasleey biyood oo astaan u ah lagoons-ka Ivorian; kan kale waa gumeysiga [[straw-coloured fruit bat|straw-coloured fruit bats]] oo ku nool jasiiradda Balouate, taas oo dadka maxalliga ah ay aaminsan yihiin inay calaamad u tahay joogitaanka awoowayaashood.&lt;ref name=UNESCO/&gt; Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo kale oo [[bat|bats]], jasiiraduhuna waxay hoy u yihiin [[spotted-necked otter]] iyo [[African clawless otter]].&lt;ref name=Ramsar/&gt;

== Hawlaha aadanaha ==
Dadka ku nool xuduudda beerta ayaa u qaybsan 21 tuulo waxaana lagu qiyaasay in ay yihiin 32,103 qof, ama 32% wadarta guud ee dadka waaxda. [[Tourism|Dalxiisku]] waa shaqada kaliya ee loo oggol yahay jasiiradaha, iyo [[fishing|kalluumeysiga]] ayaa ah hawsha ugu weyn ee ka baxsan aagga la ilaaliyo.&lt;ref name=UNESCO/&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
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    <title>Beerta Dabiiciga ah ee Mangroves Webiga Cacheu</title>
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| name = Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park
| alt_name =
| iucn_category = 
| image           = 
| image_alt       = 
| image_caption   = 
| image_size     = 
| map             = Guinea-Bissau
| relief          = 1
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| nearest_city    = [[Cacheu]]
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| area_km2         = 886
| established     = 2000
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{{Designation list
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu (PNTC)
| designation1_date = 22 Maajo 2015
| designation1_number = 2229&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc Naturel des Mangroves du Fleuve Cacheu (PNTC)|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2229|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park''' ({{langx|pt|Parque Natural dos Tarrafes do Rio Cacheu}}) waa [[national park|beerta qaran]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bissautourism.com/tourism-information/national-park.html|title=Guinea Bissau National Park|publisher=Bissautourism.com: Guinea Bissau: 88 Heavenly Inhabited Islands|language=English|accessdate=16 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407044645/http://www.bissautourism.com/tourism-information/national-park.html|archivedate=7 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ku taal [[Cacheu River|Webiga Cacheu]] ee [[Guinea-Bissau]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 1 Diseembar 2000. Beerta qaran, oo leh aag dhan 886&amp;nbsp;km{{sup|2}},&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wdpa.org/siteSheet.aspx?sitecode=33046 World Database on Protected Areas]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar ah]] tan iyo 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

Beertu waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay deegaanka mangrove ee ugu weyn ee Galbeedka Afrika, iyadoo ilaa 68% dhulkeeda lagu daboolay mangroves.

Mangroves-kan baaxadda leh waxay bixiyaan hoyga ilaalinta nolosha badda iyo ilaalinta kala duwanaanshaha dhirta iyo xayawaanka. Beertu waxay hoy u noqotaa tiro aad u badan oo shimbiro ah oo soo hijrooda, kuwaas oo halkan u yimaada jiilaalka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National park of cacheu river mangroves - Réseau Régional d'Aires Marines Protégées en Afrique de l'Ouest|url=http://www.rampao.org/Parc-Naturel-des-Mangroves-du.html?lang=en|access-date=2020-09-21|website=www.rampao.org|archive-date=2021-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209012719/http://www.rampao.org/Parc-Naturel-des-Mangroves-du.html?lang=en|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Isbeddelka cimilada==
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Sannadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] ayaa ku daray Cacheu River Mangroves Natural Park liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo halis ugu jira [[flooding|daadad]] iyo [[coastal erosion|nabaad-guurka xeebaha]] dhamaadka qarnigii 21-aad, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change|isbeddelka cimiladu]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah qaabka qiiqa badan ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas|gaasaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4 °C.,&lt;ref&gt;Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121&lt;/ref&gt; mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |pmid=33082220 |pmc=7668049 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Qaababka kale ee macquulka ah waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo natiijadaasna kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerarka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku kooban yahay 1.5 °C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee adduunka ayaa weli la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl sare leh ayaa arki doona koror weyn marka la gaaro wakhtigaas), sidaas darteed ka sarreeya heerarka 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican uga hor sanadka 4000.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [http://apes.eva.mpg.de/apeswiki/index.php/Rio_Cacheu APES MAPPER] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716150931/http://apes.eva.mpg.de/apeswiki/index.php/Rio_Cacheu |date=2010-07-16 }}

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Jasiiradaha Bijagós</title>
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{{Designation list
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago – Omatí Minhô
| designation1_date = 2025
| designation1_number = 1431rev&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago – Omatí Minhô |publisher=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO]] |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1431|access-date=13 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|designation2=Ramsar|designation2_offname=Archipel Bolama-Bijagós|designation2_date=14 Janaayo 2014|designation2_number=2198&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Archipel Bolama-Bijagós|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2198|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;|designation1_type=Dabiici|designation1_criteria=ix, x}}
[[File:Guinea bissau sm03.png|right|thumb|Khariidadda Guinea Bissau oo ay ku jiraan Jasiiradaha Bijagós]]
[[File:Archipel Bolama-Bijagos Ramsar Site in Guinea-Bissau.jpg|thumb|Goobta Ramsar]]
[[File:Mahindra Gambia tractor, Bijagos Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau.jpg|thumb|Saddex nin oo jooga [[Bubaque]] oo saaran taraaktar [[Mahindra Tractors|Mahindra]] ah oo lagu soo saaray warshadda shirkadda ee Gambia.]]
Jasiiradaha '''''Bijagós''''' ({{langx|pt|Arquipélago dos Bijagós}}), oo inta badan si khaldan loogu qoro '''''Bijagos''''' qoraalka Ingiriisiga oo hore loogu yaqaanay Ingiriisi '''Bissagots'''&lt;ref&gt;annonymous: ''[https://www.archive.org/details/s2bookofknowledg29markuoft Book of the Knowledge of all the Kingdoms, Lands, and Lordships that are in the World, and the Arms and Devices of each Land and Lordship, or of the Kings and Lords who possess them]''. Sir Clements RobertMarkham, K.C.B. (transl., notes). Hakluyt Society: London, 1912: §74&lt;/ref&gt; (oo inta badan si khaldan loogu qoro '''Bissagos'''), waa koox ka kooban qiyaastii 88 jasiiradood iyo jasiirado yaryar oo ku yaalla [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantik]] xeebta [[Guinea-Bissau]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/focus/20210910-guinea-bissau-s-bijagos-islands-a-sanctuary-of-biodiversity-under-threat | title=Focus - Guinea-Bissau's Bijagos Islands: A sanctuary of biodiversity under threat | date=10 September 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Jasiiraduhu waxay ka samaysmeen [[River delta|delta]] qadiimi ah ee [[Geba River|Geba]] iyo [[Grande de Buba River|Grande de Buba]] waxayna ku fidsan yihiin aag dhan {{convert|12,958|km2|abbr=on}}. Labaatan ka mid ah jasiiradaha ayaa la deggan yahay sannadka oo dhan, oo ay ku jirto jasiiradda ugu dadka badan, [[Bubaque]]. Caasimadda maamulka, [[Bolama (town)|Bolama]] waxay ku taal jasiiradda [[Bolama Island|Bolama]].

===Deegaanka===
Waxaa jira kala duwanaansho sare oo deegaan ah: mangroves oo leh aagag intertidal ah, kaymaha timirta, kaymaha qalalan iyo kuwa badh-qalalan, kaymaha labaad iyo kuwa nabaad-guuray, savanna xeebaha, xeebo ciid ah iyo aagag biyood. Jasiiradaha waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve|Kaydka Biosphere ee UNESCO]] sannadkii 1996. Goobta waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah [[mudflat|dhoobada]] intertidal iyo [[mangrove|mangroves]] waxay taageeraan dad aad u tiro badan oo [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]] ah oo aan tarmin iyo kuwa jiilaalka, gaar ahaan tiro aad u badan oo [[bird migration|socdaal]] [[Palaearctic]] [[wader|waders]], [[gull|gulls]] iyo [[tern|terns]], iyo sidoo kale [[greater flamingo|greater flamingos]] iyo [[pink-backed pelican|pink-backed pelicans]].&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/arquip%C3%A9lago-dos-bijag%C3%B3s-iba-guinea-bissau|title= Arquipélago dos Bijagós|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dadweynaha===
Dadweynaha waxaa lagu qiyaasay 30,000 (2006) waxaana ku badan qowmiyadda [[Bissago]] ({{langx|pt|Bijagó}}). Waxay leedahay dad da'yar oo qaraabo ah sababtoo ah heerka dhalashada oo sarreeya iyo rajada nolosha oo hooseysa.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Dhaqaalaha==
Dhaqaaluhu inta badan waa miyi, qoysas badan ayaa ku nool beerashada iyo kalluumeysiga. Waxaa jira hawlo dalxiis oo qaar ka mid ah, inta badan doonyaha laga kireysto [[Senegal|Senegal]] ee deriska ah. La'aanta kaabayaasha iyo xiriirka isgaarsiinta ayaa ka hortagaya horumarinta awoodda dalxiis ee jasiiradaha.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} Laga bilaabo horraantii 2000-meeyadii, dhowr ka mid ah jasiiradaha ayaa bilaabay in loo isticmaalo goobo lagu kala beddelo [[narcotraffic|narcotraffic]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://visao.sapo.pt/guine-bissau-arquipelago-dos-bijagos-utilizado-como-deposito-dos-narcotraficantes-governo=f539964 Guiné-Bissau: Arquipélago dos Bijagós utilizado como depósito dos narcotraficantes – Governo], [[Agência Lusa]], ''Visão'' magazine&lt;/ref&gt; taas oo si dhakhso ah u beddeleysa qaab-dhismeedka bulsho iyo dhaqaale ee jasiiradaha.

==Taariikh==
Waqtiyadii ka hor gumaysiga Yurub, jasiiraduhu waxay udub dhexaad u ahaayeen ganacsiga xeebaha [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]] waxayna dhisteen ciidan badeed awood leh. Sannadkii 1532, Boqor [[Joao III of Portugal]] wuxuu walaalkiis [[Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja|Luis, Duke of Beja]] u dhiibay xuquuq magac ahaan u ah jasiiradaha iyo sidoo kale xuquuq ganacsi oo deeqsinimo leh. Sannadkii 1535, Dom Luis wuxuu diray ciidan si uu u qabsado jasiiradaha, laakiin ciidanka xooggan ee jasiiradaha ayaa burburiyay, iyadoo laga tagay dad yar oo ka badbaaday.{{sfn|Stallibrass|1889|pp=595}} Sanado badan ka dib Bijagós waxay diideen inay ganacsi la yeeshaan [[Portugal|Portuguese]] waxayna si adag ula dhaqmeen badmaax kasta oo markabku ku degay, ilaa xiriirkii dib loo soo celiyay qiyaastii 1550.{{sfn|Rodney|1966|pp=139}} Jasiiradaha Bissago waxay markaas noqdeen bixiyeyaal muhiim ah oo addoomo u ah Portuguese, iyagoo iska dhigaya loolanka jasiiradaha dhexdooda si ay u weeraraan dhul-weynaha.{{sfn|Rodney|1966|pp=205}}

Sannadkii 1849, iyadoo dadka Bijagós ay weli si adag u madaxbannaan yihiin, Ingiriiska iyo Faransiiska waxay sameeyeen duullaan wadajir ah si ay u '[[Pacification (military action)|pacify]]' jasiiradaha, laakiin waa laga celiyay. Portuguese-ku waxay isku dayeen dhowr jeer inay dumiyaan 'shakiga cashuuraha' ee jasiiradaha horraantii qarnigii 20-aad laakiin inta badan way ku guuldareysteen.&lt;ref name=Mendy2013&gt;{{cite book|author1=Peter Karibe Mendy|author2=Richard A. Lobban Jr.|title=Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbJ8AQAAQBAJ |edition=4th |publisher= [[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-8027-6 |year= 2013|page=29 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiradaha si rasmi ah looguma darin Portugal ilaa 1937.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=John |date=1998 |title=Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdIhAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT49 |location=Paris |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139643382 |access-date=2015-01-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Henry |first=Christine |date=1994 |title=Les îles où dansent les enfants défunts. Âge, sexe et pouvoir chez les Bijogo de Guinée-Bissau  |pages=66–68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__1Hx-zSIHcC |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Les Editions de la MSH |isbn=9782735116829 |access-date=2015-01-26 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bijagós waxaa soo booqday antropologist iyo sawir qaade reer Austria ah [[Hugo Bernatzik]] sannadihii 1930–1931, kaas oo diiwaangeliyay nolol maalmeedka dadka Bidyogo.&lt;ref&gt;''Geheimnisvolle Inselntropen Afrikas: Frauenstaat und Mutterrecht der Bidyogo; ein Forschungsbericht'' 1933&lt;/ref&gt;

[[London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine]] ayaa cilmi-baaris ku samaynaysa halkan si ay u barato daawooyinka qaar ka mid ah cudurrada faafa ee ugu dhimashada badan adduunka. Sababtoo ah jasiiraduhu waa kuwo aad u go'doonsan waxaa jira khatar yar oo wasakh ah oo ku timaadda natiijooyinka marka loo eego meelaha kale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Could these beautiful islands help stop killer diseases? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-46077299 |access-date=26 December 2018 |publisher=BBC |date=14 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 2025, jasiiradaha waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxal-dugsiyeedka Adduunka]] oo ay leedahay [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2025 |title=G.Bissau's Bijagos Archipelago Added To UNESCO World Heritage List |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/g-bissau-s-bijagos-archipelago-added-to-unesco-world-heritage-list-b21603d7?refsec=topics_afp-news |work=Barron's}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhaqanka==
Sababo la xiriira dhibaatooyinka isgaarsiinta ee dhul-weynaha Guinea-Bissau oo weli jira ilaa maantadan, dadweynuhu waxay leeyihiin heer aad u sarreeya oo ah [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] waxayna ka gaashaameen dhaqankooda awoowe saameyn ka baxsan. [[Bijago language|Afka Bijago]] ayaa lagula hadlaa [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] iyo [[Guinea-Bissau Creole|creole]].

Qoraa Paulo Feytor Pinto wuxuu qoray in, qiyaastii 2024, [[Kriol Guinensi]] uu yahay afka ugu caansan magaalooyinka, halka [[Bidyogo]] uu yahay afka ugu caansan miyiga, iyadoo Kriol Guinensi uu halkaas ka yahay [[second language|af labaad]]. Sida laga soo xigtay Pinto, marka loo eego Portuguese-ka, &quot;marar badan lama isticmaalo, xitaa iskuulka ama macallimiinta dhexdooda.&quot;&lt;ref name=Pinto&gt;{{cite book|last=Pinto|first=Paulo Feytor|chapter-url=https://shs.cairn.info/sociolinguistique-insulaire--9782492327285-page-45?lang=en|chapter=Bilingual education in the Bissagos islands of Guinea-Bissa|editor1=Ksenija Djordjevic Léonard|editor2=Fabio Scetti|editor3=Jean Léo Léonard |title=Sociolinguistique insulaire : avantages et désavantages d'être une île|date=2024-06-17|via=[[Cairn.info]]|pages=45–55}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha waxay ku doodayaan in dhaqanka Bijago uu u janjeero inuu noqdo matriarchal, iyadoo haweenku ay maareynayaan qoyska, dhaqaalaha, sharciga, iyo sidoo kale bilaabista shukaansiga (haweenku waxay doortaan raggooda waxayna joojiyaan guurka).&lt;ref&gt;Guinea, Borders, and G. M. T. Time. &quot;Guinea-Bissau.&quot; CABO 25.17 (2014): 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Isha kale ayaa ku muransan tan waxayna soo jeedinayaan in baaritaan dhow ay muujisay bulsho asal ahaan patriarchal ah halkaas oo haweenku, in kasta oo ay ka qaybqaataan wax soo saarka maaddada iyo doorarka muhiimka ah ee arrimaha bulshada, siyaasadda, iyo diinta, ay ahaanayaan kuwo aan sinnaan u lahayn ragga.&lt;ref&gt;''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau,'' 2013, page 51&lt;/ref&gt; Daraasad 2016 ah ayaa soo jeedisay in heerka haweenka ee bulshada Bijagos uu hoos u dhacay intii lagu jiray xilligii [[History of slavery|addoonsiga]] (malaha sababtoo ah saameynta Yurub) laakiin waxay noqotay mid aad u qiimo badan mar kale wakhtiyadii dhowaa.&lt;ref&gt;Lundy, B., Fernandes Jr, R. M., &amp; Lartley, K. (2016). The Integrity of Women in Re-making a Nation: The Case of Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective, 11(1), 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii 2012, daraasad uu sameeyay cilmiga bulshada ee Bissau-Guinean Boaventura Santy ayaa baartay matalaadda bulshada ee dadka jasiiradda Formosa Bijagó ee ku saabsan khataraha suurtagalka ah ee [[climate change|isbeddelka cimilada]]. Daraasadu waxay ku soo gabagabeysay in &quot;Bijagó dabiiciga ah iyo bulshada ay yihiin kuwo aan kala go 'lahayn, ilaa heer ay dhibaato ku timaado nidaamka bulshada ay yeelan doonto saameyn xun&quot; nidaamka dabiiciga ah.&lt;ref&gt;Santy, B. R. V. H. (2012). As representações sociais das mudanças do clima e suas implicações no processo de territorialização: Os Bijagós da ilha de Formosa, Guiné-Bissau.&lt;/ref&gt; Gaar ahaan, waxay ahayd la'aanta is-waafajinta u dhaxaysa bulshada, awoowayaasha iyo adduunka aan caadiga ahayn ee loo arko inay sababayaan is-waafajin la'aan deegaanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nuny |first1=Yasmina |title=HOW TO SOLVE CLIMATE CHANGE, ACCORDING TO THE BIJAGÓS OF GUINEA-BISSAU |url=https://www.euronews.com/living/2021/01/11/how-to-solve-climate-change-according-to-the-bijagos-of-guinea-bissau |access-date=13 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sida 2024 dadka qaar ka mid ah waddamada deriska ah ee Faransiiska ku hadla ayaa ku sugan jasiiradaha, waxayna isticmaalaan Faransiiska, iyadoo ay la socdaan dalxiisayaasha ka yimid waddamada Faransiiska ku hadla.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt;

===Farshaxanka===
{{Main|Bijago art}}
Dadka Bijagós waxay soo saaraan waxyaabo badan oo loo isticmaalo maalin kasta iyo cibaado iyagoo raacaya calaamado dhaqameed oo u gaar ah dhaqankooda, waxayna muujiyaan kala duwanaansho jasiirad ilaa jasiirad. Ka mid ah [[Bidyogo art|farshaxanka Bidyogo]] ee ugu cajiibsan waa meelaha lagu cibaadeysto ee awoowayaasha (&quot;iran&quot;) iyo maaskaro zoomorphic ah oo matalaya lo'da (&quot;vaca-bruta&quot;), shark, stingrays iyo, mararka qaarkood, xayawaanka kale ee maxalliga ah. Farshaxanada si dhaqameed loo qurxiyey ayaa sidoo kale loo soo saaraa xafladaha &quot;fanado&quot; ee soo socda (maaskaro alwaax ah, warmo, gaashaanno, madax-gashiyo, jijimooyin), hawlaha maalinlaha ah (kalluumeysiga, beeraha) iyo isticmaalka shakhsiyeed (kuraas, dambiilo, cunto). Quruxdeeda gaarka ah waxay ka dhigtaa [[Bidyogo art|farshaxanka Bidyogo]] mid si fudud looga sooci karo farshaxanada kale ee qabaa'ilka Afrika.

==Waxbarashada==
Dugsiga sare ee jasiiradaha waa Bubaque High School.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt;

Ardayda dugsiga hoose waxay bilaabeen inay wax ku bartaan Kriol iyo Portuguese 1986. Kahor 2008, fikradda waxay ahayd in ardayda dugsiga sare ay wax ku bartaan oo keliya Portuguese, iyadoo ardaydu ay ka fogaanayaan Kriol oo ay u socdaan dhanka Portuguese, laakiin sannadkaas waxbarashada dhexdhexaadka ah ee Kriol ayaa lagu soo bandhigay heerka dugsiga sare. Luigi Scantamburlo, wadaad Talyaani ah, ayaa isku dubariday waxbarashada laba-luuqadlaha ah ee jasiiradaha. Waxbarashada laba-luuqadlaha ah ayaa dhammaatay 2022 sababtoo ah hawlgabka wadaadka.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt;

==Dadka caanka ah==
* [[Benkos Biohó]], boqorkii hore ee Afrika ee loo dhoofiyay [[Cartagena, Colombia]] intii lagu jiray ganacsiga addoonsiga laakiin ku guuleystay inuu baxsado oo aasaasay tuulada [[Maroons|maroon]] ee loo yaqaan [[San Basilio de Palenque]].

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[List of islands of Guinea-Bissau]]
* [[João Vieira and Poilão Marine National Park]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

===Isha===
* &quot;[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079182/Bijagos-Islands#121139.hook Bijagós Islands].&quot; ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [http://www.sacredland.org/bijagos-archipelago/ An article about the land and the people of Bijagós Archipelago]
* {{cite thesis |last=Rodney |first=Walter |date=May 1966 |title=A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545-1800 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/31255/1/Rodney_History_Upper_Guinea_Coast.pdf |type= |chapter= |publisher=ProQuest |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stallibrass|first=Edward|year=1889|title=The Bijouga or Bissagos Islands, West Africa|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|volume=11|issue=10|pages= 595–601|publisher = Royal Geographical Society|doi=10.2307/1801045|jstor=1801045|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801045}}
* TVEDTEN, Inge ''The Difficult Transition from Subsistence to Commercial Fishing. The Case of the Bijagbs of Guinea-Bissau.'' Pages 129 to 130 In VAN GINKEL, Rob and VERRIPS, Jojada (editors) ''[http://www.marecentre.nl/mast/documents/MASTvol.3.11990.pdf MAST (Maritime Anthropological Studies)] Vol. 3, No. 1 1990'' Krips Repro, Meppel, The Netherlands.

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [https://www.frenchcx.com/portfolio/saving-paradise/ Saving Paradise: Bijagós Archipelago]

{{Authority control}}

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'''Konkouré''' waa [[magaalo]] iyo [[Sub-prefectures of Guinea|degmo-hoosaad]] ku taal [[Mamou Prefecture]] ee [[Mamou Region]] ee waddanka [[Guinea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statoids.com/ygn.html|title=Subprefectures of Guinea|publisher=Statoids|accessdate=April 19, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

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'''Bafing–Falémé''' waa [[Ramsar wetland|aag qoyan oo Ramsar ah]] oo ku yaalla [[Guinea]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 2007, wuxuuna daboolayaa aag dhan {{convert|5173|km2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;/&gt;

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 | designation1_number = 1657&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tanbi Wetlands Complex|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1657|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Tanbi Wetland Complex''' waa [[List of national parks of the Gambia|kaydka dhul-qoyan]] ee [[the Gambia|Gambia]], oo la aasaasay 2001 meel ka baxsan caasimadda qaranka ee [[Banjul]].

==Juqraafiga==
Goobta duurjoogta ah ee Tanbi Wetland Complex waxay ku taallaa kanaalka koonfureed ee afka [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]]. Waxay daboolaysaa aag dhan 6,000&amp;nbsp;ha, oo mangroves ay ka kooban yihiin 4,800&amp;nbsp;ha, oo ku yaalla galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee Banjul. Qaybta ugu waqooyi ee dhismaha waxay martaagtaa Waddada Kankujeri waxaana ku jira Cape Creek. Waxay ku baahsan tahay xeebaha galbeed ee St Mary Island waxayna ku fidsan tahay koonfur-bari xagga Lamin iyo Tuulada Mandinari. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar ah]] bishii Febraayo 2007.&lt;ref name = GIS&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.accessgambia.com/information/tanbi.html | title = Tanbi Wetland Complex | accessdate = 2016-11-25 | publisher = Gambia Information Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dhirta iyo deegaanka===
Boqolkiiba siddeetan Tanbi Wetland Complex wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[mangrove forest|kayn mangrove]] oo ka kooban noocyo dhowr ah oo [[mangrove|mangroves]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Avicennia africana]]'', ''[[Conocarpus erectus]]'', ''[[Laguncularia racemosa]]'', ''[[Annona glabra]]'' iyo ''[[Rhizophora]]'' spp., iyadoo mararka qaarkood [[Adansonia|baobab]] iyo [[Borassus aethiopum|timirta]] ay taagan yihiin dhulka qallalan. Dhirtu si tartiib ah ayey isu beddeshaa xagga galbeedka iyo koonfurta oo loo beddelo dhul bannaan, [[saltmarsh|dhul-cusbo]] iyo kayn qallalan, iyadoo dhul-beereedku uu ku soo xad-gudbayo hareeraha dhismaha. Waxaa jira shabakad kanaallo mowjado leh, oo dadka deegaanka u yaqaannaan ''bolongs'', iyo sidoo kale harooyin mowjado leh iyo dhoobo milix leh oo estuarial ah.&lt;ref name = GIS/&gt;

Dhismaha wuxuu kaalin ka qaataa haynta biyaha soo galaya iyo roobabka, xasillinta xeebta, haynta harraadka iyo nafaqooyinka, iyo sidoo kale xakameynta nabaad-guurkooda, buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa iyo xakameynta daadadka; sidaas darteed Tanbi Wetlands waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii aag-buffer hydrological ah ee gobolka Banjul.&lt;ref name = Ramsar&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ramsar.org/tanbi-wetlands-complex | title = Tanbi Wetlands Complex | accessdate =2016-11-25 | publisher = The Ramsar Convention Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Duurjoogta===
Dhismaha wuxuu hoy u yahay daanyeer yar yar, oo ay ku jiraan kooxo [[western red colobus|red colobus]] ah. Naasleyda kale ee la diiwaan geliyay waxaa ka mid ah [[West African manatee|manatee Galbeedka Afrika]], [[marsh mongoose|mongoose]] iyo [[African clawless otter|otter]]. Waxaa jira [[West African crocodile|yaxaas Galbeedka Afrika]] iyo sidoo kale abeesooyin iyo xamaarato kala duwan. Waa aag taranta muhiim u ah haleyga ''[[Farfantepenaeus notialis]]''.&lt;ref name = Ramsar/&gt;

In ka badan 360 nooc oo shimbir ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay dhismaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Pel’s fishing owl]], [[brown-necked parrot]], [[blue-bellied roller]] iyo [[pygmy sunbird]]; halka jiilaalka waqooyi [[Palearctic]] muhaajiriin sida [[osprey]] iyo [[black-tailed godwit]] la helo. Goobta waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[western reef egret]], [[black-winged stilt]], [[slender-billed gull|slender-billed]] iyo [[grey-headed gull]], iyo [[Caspian tern|Caspian]] iyo [[royal tern]].&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tanbi-wetland-complex-iba-gambia |title= Tanbi wetland complex|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Hawlaha aadanaha===
Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee aadanaha ee ku dhex jira iyo hareeraha dhismaha waa kalluumeysiga haleyga, beerashada suuqa iyo beerashada bariiska. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qallalan, tiro yar oo haween ah oo ka tirsan [[Jola people|Jola]] ayaa raadiya, dubaya oo iibiya oysters-ka ay ka soo gurtaan mangroves-ka; oysters-ka waxaa lagu kariyaa qoryo la soo ururiyey isla markaas.&lt;ref name = GIS/&gt;

==Isbeddelka cimilada==
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Isbeddelka cimilada iyo kulaylka caalamiga ah waxay khatar gaar ah ku yihiin duurjoogta dhul-qoyameedka marka heerarka badda ay kor u kacaan.&lt;ref name = GIS/&gt;&lt;ref name = Bradt&gt;{{cite book | author1 = Craig Emms | author2 = Linda Bennett | year = 2001 | title = The Gambia The Bradt Travel Guide | publisher =Bradt | pages = 167–168 | isbn = 1-84162-040-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] ayaa ku daray Tanbi Wetland Complex liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo halis ugu jira [[flooding|daadad]] iyo [[coastal erosion|nabaad-guurka xeebaha]] dhamaadka qarnigii 21-aad, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change|isbeddelka cimiladu]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah qaabka qiiqa badan ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas|gaasaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4 °C.,&lt;ref&gt;Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121&lt;/ref&gt; mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |doi-access=free|pmid=33082220 |pmc=7668049|bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H }}&lt;/ref&gt; Qaababka kale ee macquulka ah waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo natiijadaasna kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerarka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku kooban yahay 1.5 °C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee adduunka ayaa weli la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl sare leh ayaa arki doona koror weyn marka la gaaro wakhtigaas), sidaas darteed ka sarreeya heerarka 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican uga hor sanadka 4000.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Commons category}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

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| name = Isku dhafka Dhul biyoodka Tanbi
| iucn_category = II
| image = Gambia 027 from KG.jpg
| image_caption =
| location = [[Gambia]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|13|25|00|N|16|37|00|W|type:landmark_region:GM-B_source:dewiki|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{cvt|4500|ha}}
| established = 2001
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 2 Febraayo 2007
 | designation1_number = 1657&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tanbi Wetlands Complex|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1657|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Isku dhafka Dhul biyoodka Tanbi''' waa [[List of national parks of the Gambia|kaydka dhul-qoyan]] ee [[the Gambia|Gambia]], oo la aasaasay 2001 meel ka baxsan caasimadda qaranka ee [[Banjul]].

==Juqraafiga==
Goobta duurjoogta ah ee Tanbi Wetland Complex waxay ku taallaa kanaalka koonfureed ee afka [[Gambia River|Webiga Gambia]]. Waxay daboolaysaa aag dhan 6,000&amp;nbsp;ha, oo mangroves ay ka kooban yihiin 4,800&amp;nbsp;ha, oo ku yaalla galbeedka iyo koonfur-galbeed ee Banjul. Qaybta ugu waqooyi ee dhismaha waxay martaagtaa Waddada Kankujeri waxaana ku jira Cape Creek. Waxay ku baahsan tahay xeebaha galbeed ee St Mary Island waxayna ku fidsan tahay koonfur-bari xagga Lamin iyo Tuulada Mandinari. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar ah]] bishii Febraayo 2007.&lt;ref name = GIS&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.accessgambia.com/information/tanbi.html | title = Tanbi Wetland Complex | accessdate = 2016-11-25 | publisher = Gambia Information Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dhirta iyo deegaanka===
Boqolkiiba siddeetan Tanbi Wetland Complex wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[mangrove forest|kayn mangrove]] oo ka kooban noocyo dhowr ah oo [[mangrove|mangroves]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan ''[[Avicennia africana]]'', ''[[Conocarpus erectus]]'', ''[[Laguncularia racemosa]]'', ''[[Annona glabra]]'' iyo ''[[Rhizophora]]'' spp., iyadoo mararka qaarkood [[Adansonia|baobab]] iyo [[Borassus aethiopum|timirta]] ay taagan yihiin dhulka qallalan. Dhirtu si tartiib ah ayey isu beddeshaa xagga galbeedka iyo koonfurta oo loo beddelo dhul bannaan, [[saltmarsh|dhul-cusbo]] iyo kayn qallalan, iyadoo dhul-beereedku uu ku soo xad-gudbayo hareeraha dhismaha. Waxaa jira shabakad kanaallo mowjado leh, oo dadka deegaanka u yaqaannaan ''bolongs'', iyo sidoo kale harooyin mowjado leh iyo dhoobo milix leh oo estuarial ah.&lt;ref name = GIS/&gt;

Dhismaha wuxuu kaalin ka qaataa haynta biyaha soo galaya iyo roobabka, xasillinta xeebta, haynta harraadka iyo nafaqooyinka, iyo sidoo kale xakameynta nabaad-guurkooda, buuxinta biyaha dhulka hoostiisa iyo xakameynta daadadka; sidaas darteed Tanbi Wetlands waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii aag-buffer hydrological ah ee gobolka Banjul.&lt;ref name = Ramsar&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ramsar.org/tanbi-wetlands-complex | title = Tanbi Wetlands Complex | accessdate =2016-11-25 | publisher = The Ramsar Convention Secretariat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Duurjoogta===
Dhismaha wuxuu hoy u yahay daanyeer yar yar, oo ay ku jiraan kooxo [[western red colobus|red colobus]] ah. Naasleyda kale ee la diiwaan geliyay waxaa ka mid ah [[West African manatee|manatee Galbeedka Afrika]], [[marsh mongoose|mongoose]] iyo [[African clawless otter|otter]]. Waxaa jira [[West African crocodile|yaxaas Galbeedka Afrika]] iyo sidoo kale abeesooyin iyo xamaarato kala duwan. Waa aag taranta muhiim u ah haleyga ''[[Farfantepenaeus notialis]]''.&lt;ref name = Ramsar/&gt;

In ka badan 360 nooc oo shimbir ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay dhismaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Pel’s fishing owl]], [[brown-necked parrot]], [[blue-bellied roller]] iyo [[pygmy sunbird]]; halka jiilaalka waqooyi [[Palearctic]] muhaajiriin sida [[osprey]] iyo [[black-tailed godwit]] la helo. Goobta waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo [[western reef egret]], [[black-winged stilt]], [[slender-billed gull|slender-billed]] iyo [[grey-headed gull]], iyo [[Caspian tern|Caspian]] iyo [[royal tern]].&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tanbi-wetland-complex-iba-gambia |title= Tanbi wetland complex|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
===Hawlaha aadanaha===
Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee aadanaha ee ku dhex jira iyo hareeraha dhismaha waa kalluumeysiga haleyga, beerashada suuqa iyo beerashada bariiska. Inta lagu jiro xilliga qallalan, tiro yar oo haween ah oo ka tirsan [[Jola people|Jola]] ayaa raadiya, dubaya oo iibiya oysters-ka ay ka soo gurtaan mangroves-ka; oysters-ka waxaa lagu kariyaa qoryo la soo ururiyey isla markaas.&lt;ref name = GIS/&gt;

==Isbeddelka cimilada==
{{Main|Sea level rise}}
Isbeddelka cimilada iyo kulaylka caalamiga ah waxay khatar gaar ah ku yihiin duurjoogta dhul-qoyameedka marka heerarka badda ay kor u kacaan.&lt;ref name = GIS/&gt;&lt;ref name = Bradt&gt;{{cite book | author1 = Craig Emms | author2 = Linda Bennett | year = 2001 | title = The Gambia The Bradt Travel Guide | publisher =Bradt | pages = 167–168 | isbn = 1-84162-040-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sannadkii 2022, [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report]] ayaa ku daray Tanbi Wetland Complex liiska goobaha dhaxalka dabiiciga ah ee Afrika oo halis ugu jira [[flooding|daadad]] iyo [[coastal erosion|nabaad-guurka xeebaha]] dhamaadka qarnigii 21-aad, laakiin kaliya haddii [[climate change|isbeddelka cimiladu]] uu raaco [[Representative Concentration Pathway#RCP 8.5|RCP 8.5]], kaas oo ah qaabka qiiqa badan ee sii kordhaya ee [[greenhouse gas|gaasaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo]] ee la xidhiidha kulaylka in ka badan 4 °C.,&lt;ref&gt;Trisos, C.H., I.O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N.P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2043–2121&lt;/ref&gt; mana loo arko mid aad u macquul ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading|journal=Nature|date=29 January 2020|volume=577|issue=7792|pages=618–20|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|pmid=31996825|bibcode=2020Natur.577..618H|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hausfather|first1=Zeke|last2=Peters|first2=Glen|title=RCP8.5 is a problematic scenario for near-term emissions|journal=PNAS|date=20 October 2020|volume=117|issue=45|pages=27791–27792|doi=10.1073/pnas.2017124117 |doi-access=free|pmid=33082220 |pmc=7668049|bibcode=2020PNAS..11727791H }}&lt;/ref&gt; Qaababka kale ee macquulka ah waxay keenaan heerar kulayl oo hooseeya iyo natiijadaasna kor u kaca heerka badda oo hooseeya: haddana, heerarka badda ayaa sii kordhi doona ilaa 10,000 sano dhammaantood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf |title=Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=August 2021 |publisher=IPCC |page=TS14 |access-date=12 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xitaa haddii kulaylku ku kooban yahay 1.5 °C, kor u kaca heerka badda ee adduunka ayaa weli la filayaa inuu dhaafo {{convert|2-3|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka dib 2000 sano (iyo heerar kulayl sare leh ayaa arki doona koror weyn marka la gaaro wakhtigaas), sidaas darteed ka sarreeya heerarka 2100 ee kor u kaca heerka badda ee RCP 8.5 (~{{convert|0.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo leh kala duwanaansho {{convert|0.5-1|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}) si fiican uga hor sanadka 4000.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Commons category}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

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      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox park | name                  = Hawane Nature reserve | other_name            =  | native_name           =  | native_name_lang      =  | image                 =  | image_size            =  | image_alt             =  | image_caption         =  | qid                   =  | map                   = &lt;!-- or | map_image = --&gt; | map_alt               =  | map_size              =  | mapframe_zoom         =  | mapframe_width        =  | mapframe_height       =  | mapframe_marker...</comment>
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{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Hawane Dam and Nature Reserve
 | designation1_date = 12 Juun 2013
 | designation1_number = 2121&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hawane Dam and Nature Reserve|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2121|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Hawane Nature Reserve''' waxaa markii ugu horreysay la aasaasay 1978 si loo ilaaliyo aag marsh ah oo ku teedsan [[Mbuluzi River|Webiga Mbuluzi]] ee [[Eswatini]]. Aaggan waxaa ka mid ahaa deegaanka dabiiciga ah ee ''[[Kniphofia umbrina]]'', oo ah nooc naadir ah oo Eswatini u dhashay oo loo yaqaan [[Kniphofia|red hot poker]]. Markii Hawane dam la dhisay 1988 si loo bixiyo sahayda biyaha [[Mbabane]], kaydka waxaa la ballaariyay si loo ilaaliyo dhul-qoyameedyada ku xeeran.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sntc.org.sz/reserves/hawane.asp|title=Hawane Nature Reserve|publisher=[[Swaziland National Trust Commission]]|accessdate=2009-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kaydka waxaa maamula [[Swaziland National Trust Commission]].

Soojiidashada ugu weyn ee kaydka waa hodantinimada shimbiraha. Waxaa jira waddo loogu talagalay daawashada shimbiraha.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.roughguides.com/website/travel/Destination/content/default.aspx?titleid=35&amp;xid=idh475705600_0832|title=Hawane Dam and horse trails|publisher=[[Rough Guides]] Ltd|accessdate=2009-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Noocyada shimbiraha waxaa ka mid ah [[lanner falcon]], [[Egyptian goose]], [[pied kingfisher]] iyo [[white-faced whistling duck]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.welcometoswaziland.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=18&amp;Itemid=61|title=Bird Watching|publisher=Swaziland Tourism Authority|accessdate=2009-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Wadi El Rayan</title>
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| name = Wadi El Rayan
| image = Wadi El-Rayyan, Fayoum, Egypt (3).jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Harada Wadi El Rayan
| image_size = 
| image_map = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| map_width = 
| location = [[Faiyum Governorate|Gobolka Faiyum]], [[Masar]]
| nearest_city = 
| coordinates = {{coord|29|08|52|N|30|23|33|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
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| area = {{convert|175790|ha}}
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| visitation_num = 
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| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Wadi El Rayan Protected Area
 | designation1_date = 4 Juun 2012
 | designation1_number = 2041&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wadi El Rayan Protected Area|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2041|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Wadi El Rayan''' waa [[Egyptian Protectorate|goob la ilaaliyo]] oo dabiici ah oo ku taal [[Faiyum Governorate|Gobolka Faiyum]], [[Masar]], taas oo hoos timaada kormeerka [[Ministry of Environment (Egypt)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Deegaanka]].

== Taariikh ==
Wadi el Rayan waxaa lagu xusay [[Coptic literature|suugaanta Coptiga]] iyadoo ah '''Pilihēy''' ({{Langx|cop|ⲡⲓⲗⲓϩⲏⲩ|lit=leh faa'iido, waxtar}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Heuser |first=Gustav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIdFkffOY7sC |title=Die koptischen Personennamen ägyptischen Ursprungs ... |date=1929 |publisher=Dietrich |pages=23 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; haro cusbo leh oo dhinaca galbeed ka xigta [[Monastery of Saint Samuel the Confessor|Kalamoun]] halkaas oo [[Samuel the Confessor]] uu jeclaa inuu nasto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stefan |first=Timm |title=Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit |year=1988 |pages=2923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:وادى الريان الفيوم.jpg|thumb|Shatellada biyaha ee u dhexeeya harooyinka sare iyo hoose ee Wadi el-Raiyan, Masar]]

Dooxada Wadi El-Rayan waa aag dhan {{Convert|1759|km2|abbr=on}}, oo {{Convert|113|km2|abbr=on}} ay yihiin jidhka biyaha ee ugu waaweyn ee harooyinka Wadi El Rayan. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{Convert|65|km|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee magaalada [[Faiyum]] iyo {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} galbeedka [[Nile|Webiga Niil]]. Wadi-ga waxaa loo isticmaali jiray harooyin dadku sameeyeen oo ka yimid bullaacadaha beeraha taasoo ka dhigtay kaydka laba haro oo kala duwan oo Wadi El Rayan ah. Kaydka waxaa ka kooban haro sare oo dhan {{Convert|50.90|km2|abbr=on}} iyo haro hoose oo dhan {{Convert|62.00|km2|abbr=on}}, iyadoo [[waterfalls|shatellada biyaha]] ay u dhexeeyaan labada. [[spring (hydrosphere)|Isha]] dhexdooda, waxaa jira saddex [[Mineral spring|ilood oo baaruud ah]] oo ku yaalla dhinaca koonfureed ee harada hoose, oo leh [[sand dunes|buuraha ciidda]] oo aad u ballaaran. Shatellada biyaha ee Wadi El Rayan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin kuwa ugu waaweyn [[Masar]].

Koonfurta iyo koonfur-bari ee ilo biyoodyada waa Gabal Manqueer Al Rayan, halkaas oo laga helo fossils badda iyo haraaga qadiimiga ah. Gabal Madwera, oo u dhow harada hoose, waxaa loo yaqaanaa samaynta buuraha ciidda ee ballaaran.

==Paleontology==
Dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed waa [[Wadi El Hitan]], oo ah goob la ilaaliyo oo ka kooban [[fossil|harrowga]] nibiriga dabar-go'ay&lt;ref name=&quot;Wadi El Hitan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=12 - Wadi El-Rayan Protected Area in Fayoum Governorate|url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx|website=Ministry of Environment Environmental Affairs Protectorate|publisher=Ministry of Environment Egypt|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; oo ay ku jirto ''[[Tutcetus|Tutcetus rayanensis]]'', oo loogu magac daray aaggan sannadkii 2023.&lt;ref name=A23&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Antar|first1=M.S.|last2=Glaohar|first2=A.S.|last3=El-Desouky|first3=H.|last4=Seiffert|first4=E.R.|last5=El-Sayed |first5=S. |last6=Claxton|first6=A.G.|last7=Sallam| first7=H.M.|year=2023|title=A diminutive new basilosaurid whale reveals the trajectory of the cetacean life histories during the Eocene.|journal=Commun Biol |volume=6|issue=707|page=707 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04986-w |pmid=37563270 |pmc=10415296 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Dhirtu waxay ku kooban tahay aagagga u dhexeeya buuraha ciidda ee ku xeeran ilaha biyaha iyo saldhigga buuraha ciidda waaweyn. Daboolka dhirtu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 13 nooc oo dhirta sanadlaha ah iyo tiro yar oo ah ''[[Calligonum comosum]]'' iyo ''[[Zygophyllum album]]''.

Wadi El Rayan waxay hoy u tahay mid ka mid ah dadka dunida ee yar ee hadhay ee [[rhim gazelle|slender-horned gazelle]] oo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. [[dorcas gazelle]] weli waxaa laga helaa aagga tiro yar halka labada [[fennec fox]] iyo [[Rüppell's fox]] ay yihiin kuwo naadir ah. Waxaa jira 11 nooc oo xamaarato ah, 9 nooc oo naasley ah, 13 nooc oo [[Bird migration|shimbiraha deegaanka]] ah iyo 26 nooc oo [[Bird migration|shimbiraha socdaalka]] iyo [[Vagrancy (biology)|shimbiraha kale]].

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Bahr Yussef]]
*[[Crocodilopolis]]
*[[Faiyum]]
*[[Lake El Rayan]]
*[[Fayum alphabet]]
*[[Faiyum Governorate]]
*[[Faiyum mummy portraits]]
*[[Lake Moeris]]
*[[Roman Egypt]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category|Wadi el-Raiyan}}
* [http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx Wakaaladda Arrimaha Deegaanka ee Masar - Sharaxaada Goobaha Ilaalinta Dabiiciga ah]

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| name = Wadi El Rayan
| image = Wadi El-Rayyan, Fayoum, Egypt (3).jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Harada Wadi El Rayan
| image_size = 
| image_map = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| map_width = 
| location = [[Faiyum Governorate|Gobolka Faiyum]], [[Masar]]
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| module = {{Designation list
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 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Wadi El Rayan Protected Area
 | designation1_date = 4 Juun 2012
 | designation1_number = 2041&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wadi El Rayan Protected Area|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2041|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Wadi El Rayan''' waa [[Egyptian Protectorate|goob la ilaaliyo]] oo dabiici ah oo ku taal [[Faiyum Governorate|Gobolka Faiyum]], [[Masar]], taas oo hoos timaada kormeerka [[Ministry of Environment (Egypt)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Deegaanka]].

== Taariikh ==
Wadi el Rayan waxaa lagu xusay [[Coptic literature|suugaanta Coptiga]] iyadoo ah '''Pilihēy''' ({{Langx|cop|ⲡⲓⲗⲓϩⲏⲩ|lit=leh faa'iido, waxtar}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Heuser |first=Gustav |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIdFkffOY7sC |title=Die koptischen Personennamen ägyptischen Ursprungs ... |date=1929 |publisher=Dietrich |pages=23 |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; haro cusbo leh oo dhinaca galbeed ka xigta [[Monastery of Saint Samuel the Confessor|Kalamoun]] halkaas oo [[Samuel the Confessor]] uu jeclaa inuu nasto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Stefan |first=Timm |title=Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit |year=1988 |pages=2923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
[[File:وادى الريان الفيوم.jpg|thumb|Shatellada biyaha ee u dhexeeya harooyinka sare iyo hoose ee Wadi el-Raiyan, Masar]]

Dooxada Wadi El-Rayan waa aag dhan {{Convert|1759|km2|abbr=on}}, oo {{Convert|113|km2|abbr=on}} ay yihiin jidhka biyaha ee ugu waaweyn ee harooyinka Wadi El Rayan. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{Convert|65|km|abbr=on}} koonfur-galbeed ee magaalada [[Faiyum]] iyo {{Convert|80|km|abbr=on}} galbeedka [[Nile|Webiga Niil]]. Wadi-ga waxaa loo isticmaali jiray harooyin dadku sameeyeen oo ka yimid bullaacadaha beeraha taasoo ka dhigtay kaydka laba haro oo kala duwan oo Wadi El Rayan ah. Kaydka waxaa ka kooban haro sare oo dhan {{Convert|50.90|km2|abbr=on}} iyo haro hoose oo dhan {{Convert|62.00|km2|abbr=on}}, iyadoo [[waterfalls|shatellada biyaha]] ay u dhexeeyaan labada. [[spring (hydrosphere)|Isha]] dhexdooda, waxaa jira saddex [[Mineral spring|ilood oo baaruud ah]] oo ku yaalla dhinaca koonfureed ee harada hoose, oo leh [[sand dunes|buuraha ciidda]] oo aad u ballaaran. Shatellada biyaha ee Wadi El Rayan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin kuwa ugu waaweyn [[Masar]].

Koonfurta iyo koonfur-bari ee ilo biyoodyada waa Gabal Manqueer Al Rayan, halkaas oo laga helo fossils badda iyo haraaga qadiimiga ah. Gabal Madwera, oo u dhow harada hoose, waxaa loo yaqaanaa samaynta buuraha ciidda ee ballaaran.

==Cilmi baarista==
Dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed waa [[Wadi El Hitan]], oo ah goob la ilaaliyo oo ka kooban [[fossil|harrowga]] nibiriga dabar-go'ay&lt;ref name=&quot;Wadi El Hitan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=12 - Wadi El-Rayan Protected Area in Fayoum Governorate|url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx|website=Ministry of Environment Environmental Affairs Protectorate|publisher=Ministry of Environment Egypt|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; oo ay ku jirto ''[[Tutcetus|Tutcetus rayanensis]]'', oo loogu magac daray aaggan sannadkii 2023.&lt;ref name=A23&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Antar|first1=M.S.|last2=Glaohar|first2=A.S.|last3=El-Desouky|first3=H.|last4=Seiffert|first4=E.R.|last5=El-Sayed |first5=S. |last6=Claxton|first6=A.G.|last7=Sallam| first7=H.M.|year=2023|title=A diminutive new basilosaurid whale reveals the trajectory of the cetacean life histories during the Eocene.|journal=Commun Biol |volume=6|issue=707|page=707 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04986-w |pmid=37563270 |pmc=10415296 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Dhirtu waxay ku kooban tahay aagagga u dhexeeya buuraha ciidda ee ku xeeran ilaha biyaha iyo saldhigga buuraha ciidda waaweyn. Daboolka dhirtu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 13 nooc oo dhirta sanadlaha ah iyo tiro yar oo ah ''[[Calligonum comosum]]'' iyo ''[[Zygophyllum album]]''.

Wadi El Rayan waxay hoy u tahay mid ka mid ah dadka dunida ee yar ee hadhay ee [[rhim gazelle|slender-horned gazelle]] oo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. [[dorcas gazelle]] weli waxaa laga helaa aagga tiro yar halka labada [[fennec fox]] iyo [[Rüppell's fox]] ay yihiin kuwo naadir ah. Waxaa jira 11 nooc oo xamaarato ah, 9 nooc oo naasley ah, 13 nooc oo [[Bird migration|shimbiraha deegaanka]] ah iyo 26 nooc oo [[Bird migration|shimbiraha socdaalka]] iyo [[Vagrancy (biology)|shimbiraha kale]].

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Bahr Yussef]]
*[[Crocodilopolis]]
*[[Faiyum]]
*[[Lake El Rayan]]
*[[Fayum alphabet]]
*[[Faiyum Governorate]]
*[[Faiyum mummy portraits]]
*[[Lake Moeris]]
*[[Roman Egypt]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{Commons category|Wadi el-Raiyan}}
* [http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx Wakaaladda Arrimaha Deegaanka ee Masar - Sharaxaada Goobaha Ilaalinta Dabiiciga ah]

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    <title>Kaydka Bulshada ee Harada Télé</title>
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| nearest_city = [[Mbandaka]]
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| established = 10 May 2001
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| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Lac Télé / [[Likouala-aux-herbes]]
| designation1_date = 18 Juun 1998
| designation1_number = 950&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sangha-Nouabalé-Ndoki|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Lake Télé Community Reserve''' waa aag la ilaaliyo oo ku yaalla [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]].

==Taariikh==
Kaydka waxaa la aasaasay 10 May 2001.
Bishii Agoosto 2010, Heshiiska Iskaashiga ee u dhexeeya dawladaha [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] iyo [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] (DRC) ee ku saabsan muuqaalka harada Tele - harada Tumba ayaa dhigay abuuritaanka aag la ilaaliyo oo heer qaran ah oo ay ku jiraan Kaydka Bulshada ee harada Télé iyo aagga [[Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe]] ee DRC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf |title=Accord de coopération entre les gouvernements de la République démocratique du Congo et la République du Congo relatif à la mise en place de la binationale lac Télé - lac Tumba |date=5 August 2010 |language=French |publisher=COMMISSION DES FORETS D'AFMOUE CENTRALE |accessdate=2012-01-30 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171425/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga iyo deegaanka==
Kaydku waa aag aad u weyn oo ah kaynta qoyan ee aan la geli karin, iyada oo aan lahayn waddooyin. Waxay daboolaysaa {{convert|4,389|km2}} hareeraha [[Lake Télé|harada Télé]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/313494 |title=Lac Télé Community Reserve |work=Protected Planet |accessdate=2012-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciidda hoos timaada kaydka waxay ka kooban tahay kayd weyn oo peat ah oo hodan ku ah kaarboon. Daah-furkan ayaa ka dhigaya ilaalinta aagga mid aad muhiim u ah, maadaama haddii la carqaladeeyo kaarboonku uu u bixi karo jawiga taas oo sii xumaynaysa [[global warming|kulaylka caalamiga ah]]. Iyadoo la raacayo daah-furkan, Wildlife Conservation Society waxay u doodday ballaarinta kaydka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Chelsea|title=Scientists just discovered a massive pool of carbon in central Africa that nobody knew was there|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/11/scientists-just-discovered-a-massive-pool-of-carbon-in-central-africa-that-nobody-knew-was-there/|accessdate=13 January 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|date=11 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Duurjoogta===
Sannadihii 2006 iyo 2007 cilmi-baarayaal ka socda [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] ee fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka ayaa baaray gobolka, iyagoo helay caddayn ah dad lagu qiyaasay 125,000 oo [[Western lowland gorilla|gorilla-yada hoose ee galbeedka]].
Tani waxay ahayd wax ka badan tirada guud ee hadda lagu qiyaasay ee noocyadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |date=August 5, 2008 |work=CNN World |accessdate=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beerta waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo noocyo badan oo shimbir ah.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-community-reserve-iba-congo|title= Lake Télé Community Reserve|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Tele Community Reserve}}</text>
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| map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Kongo
| map_width =
| location =
| nearest_city = [[Mbandaka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|1.347589|N|17.154121|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area = {{convert|4389|km2}}
| established = 10 May 2001
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body =
| url =
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Lac Télé / [[Likouala-aux-herbes]]
| designation1_date = 18 Juun 1998
| designation1_number = 950&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sangha-Nouabalé-Ndoki|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/950|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Kaydka Bulshada ee Harada Télé''' waa aag la ilaaliyo oo ku yaalla [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]].

==Taariikh==
Kaydka waxaa la aasaasay 10 May 2001.
Bishii Agoosto 2010, Heshiiska Iskaashiga ee u dhexeeya dawladaha [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] iyo [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] (DRC) ee ku saabsan muuqaalka harada Tele - harada Tumba ayaa dhigay abuuritaanka aag la ilaaliyo oo heer qaran ah oo ay ku jiraan Kaydka Bulshada ee harada Télé iyo aagga [[Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe]] ee DRC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf |title=Accord de coopération entre les gouvernements de la République démocratique du Congo et la République du Congo relatif à la mise en place de la binationale lac Télé - lac Tumba |date=5 August 2010 |language=French |publisher=COMMISSION DES FORETS D'AFMOUE CENTRALE |accessdate=2012-01-30 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171425/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/accord_sur_la_binationale_lac_tele_lac_tumba.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga iyo deegaanka==
Kaydku waa aag aad u weyn oo ah kaynta qoyan ee aan la geli karin, iyada oo aan lahayn waddooyin. Waxay daboolaysaa {{convert|4,389|km2}} hareeraha [[Lake Télé|harada Télé]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/313494 |title=Lac Télé Community Reserve |work=Protected Planet |accessdate=2012-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ciidda hoos timaada kaydka waxay ka kooban tahay kayd weyn oo peat ah oo hodan ku ah kaarboon. Daah-furkan ayaa ka dhigaya ilaalinta aagga mid aad muhiim u ah, maadaama haddii la carqaladeeyo kaarboonku uu u bixi karo jawiga taas oo sii xumaynaysa [[global warming|kulaylka caalamiga ah]]. Iyadoo la raacayo daah-furkan, Wildlife Conservation Society waxay u doodday ballaarinta kaydka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Harvey|first1=Chelsea|title=Scientists just discovered a massive pool of carbon in central Africa that nobody knew was there|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/01/11/scientists-just-discovered-a-massive-pool-of-carbon-in-central-africa-that-nobody-knew-was-there/|accessdate=13 January 2017|newspaper=Washington Post|date=11 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Duurjoogta===
Sannadihii 2006 iyo 2007 cilmi-baarayaal ka socda [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] ee fadhigeedu yahay Maraykanka ayaa baaray gobolka, iyagoo helay caddayn ah dad lagu qiyaasay 125,000 oo [[Western lowland gorilla|gorilla-yada hoose ee galbeedka]].
Tani waxay ahayd wax ka badan tirada guud ee hadda lagu qiyaasay ee noocyadan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |title=More than 100,000 rare gorillas found in Congo |date=August 5, 2008 |work=CNN World |accessdate=2012-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120015018/http://articles.cnn.com/2008-08-05/world/congo.gorillas_1_gorillas-researchers-congolese?_s=PM:WORLD |archive-date=January 20, 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Beerta waxaa loo qoondeeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa dad aad u tiro badan oo noocyo badan oo shimbir ah.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-t%C3%A9l%C3%A9-community-reserve-iba-congo|title= Lake Télé Community Reserve|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Tele Community Reserve}}</text>
      <sha1>pmcq60bl7e2kolinv08hj9jmd5jeoul</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="13769" sha1="9bmba28gh1nak37n2ax5vjkrlvlgbjl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name            = Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe
| alt_name        = 
| iucn_category   = 
| image           = Maindombe1.JPG
| image_alt       = 
| image_caption   = [[Lake Mai-Ndombe|Harada Mai-Ndombe]]
| image_size      = 
| image_map       = Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe in the DRC.jpg
| map_caption     = Goobta ay ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo (DRC)
| location        = 
| nearest_city    = [[Mbandaka]]
| coordinates     = {{coords|0.681823|S|18.000412|E|display=inline, title}}
| area            = {{convert|65696|km2}}
| established     = 2008
| visitation_num  = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body  = 
| url             = 
| module          = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe
 | designation1_date = 24 Luulyo 2008
 | designation1_number = 1784&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1784|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe''' waa [[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|Dhul-qoyan Caalami ah]] oo ugu weyn caalamka sida uu aqoonsaday [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]].{{#tag:ref|Ka hor inta aan lagu dhawaaqin Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe, [[Queen Maud Gulf]] ee [[Canada]] ayaa ahaa dhul-qoyameedka Ramsar ee ugu weyn caalamka oo leh aag dhan {{convert|62782|km2}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/wetland-a-carbon-bombatm-has-one-of-its-wires-cut-democratic-republic-of-congo-creates-worldatms-largest-protected-wetland.html
 |title=Wetland 'Carbon Bomb' Has One of Its Wires Cut: Democratic Republic of Congo Creates World's Largest Protected Wetland
 |work=TreeHugger
 |author=Mat McDermott
 |date=July 24, 2008
 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=fn}}
Goobtu waxay daboolaysaa aag dhan {{convert|65696|km2}} oo ku yaalla gobolka ku xeeran [[Lake Tumba|Harada Tumba]] ee galbeedka [[Congo Basin|Dooxada Kongo]] ee [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]] (DRC). Tani waa in ka badan laba jeer cabbirka [[Belgium]] ama [[Maryland]].&lt;ref name=ENS20080724/&gt;&lt;ref name=WWF20080816/&gt;

Aagga baaxadda leh ee kaynta iyo harooyinka joogtada ah ama xilliyada qaarkood jira iyo dhul-qoyan waxay leeyihiin qiimo weyn oo dhinaca deegaanka iyo dhaqaalaha ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka oo si xawli ah u koraya oo ay weheliso maamul liita oo musuqmaasuq ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay gacan ka geystaan burbur aan dib loo celin karin.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;

==Goobta==

Aagga dhul-qoyameedka Ramsar ee Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe waxaa xuduud la leh dhinaca galbeed [[Ubangi River|Webiga Ubangi]] iyo [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]], kuwaas oo sameeya xuduudda [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]. [[Kasai River|Webiga Kasai]] iyo biyo-mareenkiisa [[Fimi River|Webiga Fimi]], kaas oo ka daata [[Lake Mai-Ndombe|Harada Mai-Ndombe]], ayaa qeexaya xuduudda koonfureed.
Goobta dhexdeeda, Harada Mai Ngombe waa tan ugu fog koonfurta, iyadoo Harada Tumba ay dhanka waqooyi ka xigto. Dhanka waqooyi mar kale waa magaalada [[Mbandaka]], oo ku taal bangiga bari ee Webiga Kongo. Gobolka ku jira dhul-qoyameedka Ramsar wuxuu u fidsan yahay dhanka waqooyi ee gobolka u dhexeeya Ubangi iyo Kongo, ilaa magaalada [[Makanza]] ee ku taal Kongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf
 |title=Logging concession different periods
 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Security
 |accessdate=2012-01-28
 |archive-date=2016-03-04
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf
 |url-status=dead
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Deegaanka==

Webiyada [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] iyo [[Congo River|Congo]] ayaa ku midooba gobolka Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe si ay u sameeyaan aag aad u weyn oo kayn daadad leh oo daboolaya in ka badan {{convert|38000|km2}} kaas oo cabbirkiisu isbeddelo xilliyada.&lt;ref name=FAO2001/&gt;
Marka dhul-qoyameedka ku xeeran [[Lake Télé|Harada Télé]] ee [[Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] la daro, aaggu wuxuu ka kooban yahay biyaha saafiga ah ee ugu weyn Afrika.&lt;ref name=RamsarDB/&gt;
Laba aag ee ugu waaweyn ee biyaha furan waa harooyinka gallow ah [[Lake Tumba|Tumba]] iyo [[Lake Mai-Ndombe|Mai Ndombe]].
Harada Tumba waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|765|km2}} iyadoo ku xiran xilliga, oo ku xiran iyada oo loo marayo kanaalka Irebu oo leh webiga Kongo. Biyuhu waxay u qulquli karaan ama ka bixi karaan harada iyada oo loo marayo kanaalkan iyadoo ku xiran daadadka. Harada Tumba waxay leedahay 114 nooc oo kalluun ah.
Harada Mai Ndombe waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|2300|km2}} waxaana ku hareereysan kaymo daadad leh iyo dhul-qoyan.
Labada haroodba waxay taageeraan kalluumeysi muhiim ah.&lt;ref name=FAO2001/&gt;

Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe waa qayb ka mid ah kaynta kulaylaha ee Dooxada Kongo, taas oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 10,000 nooc oo dhir ah.&lt;ref name=IESundated/&gt;
Duurjoogta kala duwan waxaa ka mid ah noocyo badan oo shimbirro ah. Waa hoyga [[hippopotamus|hippo]] iyo saddex nooc oo yaxaas ah.
[[Forest elephant|Maroodiga kaynta]], [[forest buffalo|maroodiga-lo'da]] iyo [[leopard|shabeelka]] ayaa ah kuwo si gaar ah u xiiseeya ilaalinta dabiiciga ah.
Dhul-qoyameedka waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay leeyihiin 150 nooc oo kalluun ah.&lt;ref name=ENS20080724/&gt;
Biyaha buniga ah ee kaymaha daadadku ay ku badan yihiin, iyadoo jajabka dhirta ay ku jiraan xaalado [[Hypoxia (environmental)|anaerobic]], waa hoyga noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaankan.
Kuwan waxaa ka mid ah xubno ka tirsan [[Protopteridae]], [[Polypteridae]], [[Notopteridae]], [[Clariidae]], [[Anabantidae]], iyo [[Channidae]].&lt;ref name=FAO2001/&gt;

==Ujeedooyinka==
[[File:Maindombe3.JPG|thumb|Guryo ku yaalla Harada Maï Ndombe]]
Sida xisbi ka tirsan Heshiiska Ramsar, DRC waxaa ku waajib ah inay aqoonsato dhul-qoyameedka muhiimka ah ee caalamiga ah iyo inay hubiso in loo isticmaalo si waara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&amp;no_cache=1
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234717/http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1879&amp;no_cache=1
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-date=March 3, 2016
 |date=August 1, 2009
 |title=World’s largest wetland is under threat
 |author=Absalom Shigwedha
 |accessdate=2012-01-29}} &lt;/ref&gt;
Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe waxaa loo arkaa mid muhiim ah sababtoo ah dhirta dooxada daadadku waxay nuugtaa biyaha inta lagu jiro xilliga roobka waxayna sii deysaa hadhow, iyada oo nidaaminaysa daadadka hoose. Waxay gacan ka geysataa sifeynta wasakhda biyaha ee ay isticmaalaan malaayiin qof, waxayna bixisaa goobo taranta kalluunka oo bixiya cunto loogu talagalay dadka deggan magaalooyinka sida [[Brazzaville]] iyo [[Kinshasa]].&lt;ref name=ENS20080724/&gt;
Dhul-qoyameedka iyo kaymaha waxay sidoo kale u shaqeeyaan sidii [[carbon sink|kayd kaarboon]] oo weyn, iyagoo nuugaya oo haya gaaska kaarboon laba ogsaydhka ee jawiga.&lt;ref name=Suzuki2010/&gt;

Dadaallada lagu doonayo in lagu helo aqoonsiga dhul-qoyameedka waxay bilaabmeen 2004, iyadoo la kaashanayo Barnaamijka Gobolka Afrika ee Dhexe ee [[USAID]] ee Deegaanka, Heshiiska Ramsar iyo [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF).
WWF waxay door hormuud ah ka ciyaartay horumarinta qorshayaasha farsamo.
Aqoonsiga rasmiga ah waxaa lagu dhawaaqay magaalada [[Kinshasa]] bishii Luulyo 2008.&lt;ref name=ENS20080724/&gt;
WWF waxay sheegtay inay qorshaynayso inay sii waddo la shaqaynta la-hawlgalayaasha caalamiga ah iyo bulshooyinka maxalliga ah si loo ilaaliyo noolaha iyada oo loo marayo horumarin waara oo ku saabsan muuqaalka.&lt;ref name=WWF20080816/&gt;
Kaydadka Lac Tumba-Ledira iyo [[Ngiri Reserve|Ngiri]] ayaa ku jira goobta, iyagoo taageeraya cilmi-baarista iyo gacan ka geysashada kor u qaadida wacyiga.&lt;ref name=RamsarDB/&gt;

==Dadka iyo dhaqaalaha==
[[File:Stadsaanzichten f.JPG|thumb|[[Mbandaka]], oo ku taal bartamaha goobta]]
[[File:Maindombe4.JPG|thumb|Carruur ku ag dhow harada Maï Ndombe]]
Magaalada [[Mbandaka]], caasimadda gobolka [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]] oo leh dad gaaraya ilaa 750,000, ayaa u dhow bartamaha goobta Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe.
Goobtu waxay kaloo ka kooban tahay magaalooyin dhowr ah oo yaryar, oo ay inta badan deggan yihiin dadka [[Mongo people|Mongo]].
Bulshooyinka aagga ku nool waxay beertaan cassava, baradho macaan, bakoorad iyo muus loogu talagalay isticmaalka maxalliga ah.
Waxay soo saaraan saliidda timirta, lawska iyo bariiska sida dalagyada lacagta, waxayna qabtaan kalluun loo dhoofiyo magaalooyinka waaweyn ee gobolka.&lt;ref name=ENS20080724/&gt;

Dadka gobolka ayaa ah kuwo aad u sabool ah waxayna la ildaran yihiin iskahorimaadyo maxalli ah oo baahsan iyo sidoo kale cunto xumo.&lt;ref name=IESundated/&gt;
26 booliis ah iyo ugu yaraan 100 rayid ah ayaa dhintay, tobanaan kunna waa barakaceen, intii lagu jiray 2009 [[Dongo conflict|dagaalkii Dongo]] oo ku saabsanaa kalluumeysiga iyo xuquuqda beeraha ee waqooyiga Équateur.
Dadka deegaanku waxay korayaan qiyaastii 3% sannadkii, taas oo ah mid ka mid ah heerarka ugu sarreeya adduunka, taas oo culays saaraysa khayraadka dabiiciga ah.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gobolku weli waa dad aad u yar oo leh 6–24 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibaaran.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;
Qiyaastii 90% dadka ka baxsan magaalooyinka waxay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar $1 maalintii, in yar ayaa helaysa biyo nadiif ah.
Heerarka dhimashada hooyada iyo dhallaanka ayaa sarreeya, cudurrada sida qaaxada, duumada iyo HIV/AIDS ayaa aad u baahsan.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;

Maamulka gobolka waa mid liita, musuqmaasuquna waa mid baahsan. Dawladda dhexe ma siiso dhaqaale gobollada.
Sharciyada lahaanshaha dhulka si liidata ayaa loo qeexay loona fuliyay. Sharciyada nidaamiya macdanta, beeraha iyo isticmaalka kaynta ayaa is burinaya oo si liidata loo fuliyay, taas oo keenta iskahorimaad ku saabsan xuquuqda lagu isticmaalayo khayraadka.
Ogolaanshaha qoryaha ma aqoonsana xuquuqda dhulka ee dhaqameed waxayna keenayaan hoos u dhac aan waaraayn oo ku yimaada kaymaha.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;
Hanjabaadaha kale ayaa ka yimaada ballaarinta beero-timireedka saliidda, beeraha ganacsiga iyo magaalaynta.&lt;ref name=Suzuki2010/&gt;

Dadka intooda badan waxay leeyihiin waxbarasho yar ama aan lahayn waxbarasho.
Waxay isticmaalaan qaddar aan waaraayn oo qoryo ah iyo dhuxul sida isha ugu weyn ee tamarta, waxayna gacan ka geystaan [[forest degradation|hoos u dhaca kaynta]] iyadoo loo marayo beerashada [[slash-and-burn|gubida]].
Kaydka kalluunka ayaa hoos u dhacaya sababtoo ah kalluumeysiga badan ee isticmaalaya shabaqyada mesh-ka wanaagsan, oo ay ku jiraan shabaqyada kaneecada.
Ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ee hilibka duurjoogta iyo dabinka si loo daboolo baahida magaalooyinka iyo magaalooyinka ayaa keenaya in dadka duurjoogta ah ay hoos u dhacaan.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;
[[José Endundo Bononge]], Wasiirka Deegaanka ee DRC, wuxuu yiri:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
&quot;Cadowga kayntu waa murugada iyo saboolnimada… Ma ilaalin karno oo ma ilaalin karno kayntan dad murugo leh, dad sabool ah, oo aan haysan dugsiyo, xarumaha daryeelka caafimaadka, biyo la cabbo iyo koronto&quot;.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Inta u dhaxaysa 75% iyo 95% roobka ka da'a [[Congo Basin|Dooxada Kongo]] ayaa loo malaynayaa in dib loo warshadeeyay maadaama uumiga biyuhu ka kacaan kaymaha iyo dhul-qoyan oo ay mar kale u da'aan roob ahaan. Roobabku hoos ayay u dhaceen sannadihii u dambeeyay. Waxaa suurtogal ah in wareegga xun ee uu bilaabmayo halkaas oo hoos u dhaca dhul-qoyan iyo kaynta ay keento roobab yar, taas oo iyana keenta hoos u dhac dheeraad ah.&lt;ref name=Kantu/&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
[[Climate change in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]

==Qoraallo==
{{reflist |group=&quot;fn&quot;}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em|refs=
&lt;ref name=ENS20080724&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jul2008/2008-07-24-02.asp
 |title=DR Congo Announces World's Largest Protected Wetland
 |work=Environment News Service
 |date=July 24, 2008
 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=FAO2001&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM
 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
 |date=January 2001
 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=IESundated&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/congobasin/publications/IES_lake_en.pdf
 |title=Environmental Security for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA): Democratic Republic of Congo – Case Study
 |publisher=INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY
 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kantu&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/ESA_DRC_light.pdf
 |title=congo basin – drc – case study on the ngiri – tumba – maindombe wetland landscape
 |author=Patrice Yamba T. Kantu |date=December 2009
 |pages=12–14
 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Security
 |accessdate=2012-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=RamsarDB&gt;{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.wetlands.org/reports/dbdirectory.cfm?site_id=1857
 |work        = Ramsar Sites Database
 |title       = CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 1ZR003 Site: Ngiri-Tumba-Maindombe
 |accessdate  = 2012-01-29
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Suzuki2010&gt;{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyJr7Ks_d5AC&amp;pg=PA207
 |page=207
 |title=More Good News: Real Solutions to the Global Eco-Crisis
 |author=David Suzuki, Holly Dressel
 |publisher=Greystone/David Suzuki Fdtn |year=2010 |ISBN=1-55365-475-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=WWF20080816&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2008/WWFPresitem9857.html
 |title=CONGO BASIN UNVEILS WORLD'S LARGEST PROTECTED WETLAND
 |date=August 18, 2008
 |publisher=WWF
 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>111 (tiro)</title>
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      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox number/box  |number=111   | {{{number&lt;noinclude&gt;|{{#time:j}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}} }}  '''111''' waa [[lambar]] [[tiro]] ka mid ah [[xisaab]]ta taasa oo u qoranta</comment>
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'''111''' waa [[lambar]] [[tiro]] ka mid ah [[xisaab]]ta taasa oo u qoranta</text>
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Mangroves</title>
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| name = Beerta Qaranka ee Mangroves&lt;br&gt;''Réserve marine de Muanda''
| iucn_category = II
| image = Parc Marin des Mangroves - RDC 1.jpg
| image_caption = 
| location = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]]
| nearest_city = 
| map = Democratic Republic of the Congo
| relief = 1
| coordinates = {{Coord|5|45|S|12|45|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = 768 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1992
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = [[Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature]]
| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Parc national des Mangroves
 | designation1_date = 18 Janaayo 1996
 | designation1_number = 788&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Parc national des Mangroves|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/788|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Beerta Qaranka ee Mangroves''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaanno {{langx|fr|Parc marin des Mangroves}} ama Kaydka Badaha ee Muanda) waa [[protected area|aag la ilaaliyo]] iyo [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] [[wetland|dhul-qoyan]] oo ku yaalla [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo]]. Waa [[marine park|beerta badaha]] kaliya ee dalka waxaana lagu yaqaannaa kaymaha [[mangrove|mangrove-ka]]. Waxay ilaalisaa dadka halista ugu jira ee [[African manatee|manatee]] ee ku sugan afafka [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]].&lt;ref name=Rorison /&gt; Mangroves-kani way ka duwan yihiin kuwa laga helo [[South Asia|Aasiyada Koonfureed]]. Waxay sameeyaan nooc gaar ah oo kaymo mangrove ah, kuwaas oo u gaar ah Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ee Kongo.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Beerta waxaa la aasaasay 1992.&lt;ref name=Rorison&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rorison|first= Sean |title=Bradt Congo: Democratic Republic - Republic |pages=120–121 |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-233-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXJyOKBqJZwC&amp;dq=%22Mangroves+National+Park%22&amp;pg=PA120}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Iyadoo cabbirkeedu yahay {{Convert|768|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, beertu waa aagga ugu yar ee la ilaaliyo ee DR Kongo.&lt;ref name=Rorison /&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Marka laga soo tago [[African manatee|manatee-ga]], aaggu wuxuu taageeraa [[hippopotamus|hibo-hibo]], [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]], [[snake|maskax]],&lt;ref name=Rorison /&gt; iyo [[southern reedbuck|reedbuck-ga koonfureed]]. [[Cape bushbuck|Bushbuck-ga]] ayaa sidoo kale laga yaabaa inuu halkaas joogo.&lt;ref name=&quot;East1990&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=East|first=Rod|title=Antelopes: West and Central Africa. 1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n22ER5vZqTkC&amp;pg=PA131|accessdate=18 May 2013|year=1990|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature|isbn=978-2-8317-0016-8|pages=131, 135–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Noocyada mangrove ee halkaas ku yaalla waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Rhizophora racemosa]]'', ''[[Rhizophora mangle]]'', ''[[Avicennia nitida]]'', ''[[Avicennia germinans]]'' iyo ''[[Laguncularia racemosa]]''. Dhirta kale waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Hibiscus tiliaceus]]'' iyo ''[[Acrostichum aureum]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/CD788RIS.pdf|title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides de Ramsar: Parc National des Mangroves|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|access-date=8 November 2025|language=fr|date=6 November 1994}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724020816/http://postconflict.unep.ch/congo/en/content/mangroves-national-park Qiimeynta Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]

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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Buurta Ntringui</title>
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| name = Beerta Qaranka ee Buurta Ntringui
| alt_name = Parc National Mont Ntringui
| iucn_category = II
| iucn_ref = &lt;ref name = pnc&gt;Parcs nationaux des Comores (2017). ''Plan d’Aménagement et de Gestion du Parc national Mont Ntringui. 2017-2021''. 94 p + annexes 84 p.&lt;/ref&gt;
| image = File:Lac dzialandze.JPG
| image_size = 
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Harada Dzialandzé
| map = Comoros
| map_width = 
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| map_caption = Goobta beerta oo ku taal Anjouan, Komoros
| relief = 1
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location = [[Anjouan]], [[Komoros]]
| nearest_city = [[Mutsamudu]]
| coordinates = {{coords|12|12|55.5|S|44|25|31.1|E}}
| coords_ref = 
| area_ha = 7914
| designation =
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| designated = 2010
| established = 
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| module = {{Designation list
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| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Le Mont Ntringui
| designation1_date = 12 Noofambar 2006
| designation1_number = 1650&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Le Mont Ntringui|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1650|accessdate=30 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Beerta Qaranka ee Buurta Ntringui''' waa beerta qaranka oo ku taal jasiiradda [[Anjouan]] ee dalka [[Komoros]]. Waxay dabooshaa aag dhan 79.14 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; oo ku yaalla bartamaha jasiiradda. Beerta waxaa la aasaasay 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;unep&quot;&gt;UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Parc National Mont Ntringui from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 30 August 2021. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/555576147]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Beerta ==
Beertu waxay ka kooban tahay Buurta Ntringui, oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa Anjouan, iyo sidoo kale Harada Dzialandzé, oo ah haro godka volcano-ga ku taal oo ah harada ugu weyn Anjouan, iyo Kaynta Moya, oo ah kaynta ugu weyn ee ka hartay Anjouan.&lt;ref name = pnc/&gt;

Beertu waxay ka kooban tahay labadaba Buurta Ntringui (1.595 m), oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa Anjouan, iyo Buurta Trindrini (1.474 m), oo ah tan labaad ee ugu sarreysa, oo dhanka koonfur-bari ka xigta Buurta Ntringui. Buurahan ayaa ah isha ay ka yimaadaan webiyo iyo durdurro badan oo joogto ah oo ku yaalla Anjouan, kuwaas oo intooda badan ay ka xardhan yihiin togag qoto dheer iyo dooxooyin ku yaalla dhinacyada buurta. Harada Dzialandzé waxay ku taal 900 mitir oo joog ah gudaha god ku yaalla dhinaca koonfur-bari ee Buurta Ntringui, waxayna dabooshaa aag dhan 2 hektar. Waa hoyga [[little grebe]] (''Tachybaptus ruficollis'') iyo kalluunka biyaha saafiga ah ee ku dhasha Anjouan.&lt;ref name = pnc/&gt;

Anjouan asal ahaan waxaa ku daboolnaa kayn. Intooda badan kaymaha jasiiradda waa la jaray, wixii hadhayna waxay ku hoos jiraan cadaadis ka yimid jarista qoryaha iyo nadiifinta beeraha iyo dhul-daaqsimeedka. Kaymaha hadhay waxay intooda badan ku dhex yaallaan beerta.&lt;ref name = cepf&gt;Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (2014). ''Ecosystem Profile: Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands.'' Final Report, December 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Kaynta Moya, oo ku taal koonfurta Buurta Trindrini ee qaybta koonfureed ee beerta, waa kayntii ugu weyneyd ee Anjouan ka hadhay, iyadoo daboosha aag dhan qiyaastii 500 hektar. Waa hoyga dhowr xayawaan oo asal ah, oo ay ku jiraan laba nooc oo fiidmeer ah ([[Livingstone's flying fox]] (''Pteropus livingstonii'') iyo [[Pteropus seychellensis|''Pteropus seychellensis'' var. ''comorensis'']]), [[Anjouan scops owl]] (''Otus capnodes''), iyo [[mongoose lemur]] (''Eulemur mongoz'').&lt;ref name = pnc/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Mohéli</title>
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      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox protected area | name = Beerta Qaranka ee Mohéli | alt_name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mwali | iucn_category =  | iucn_ref = | image = Ouallah-Mohéli-Corail.jpg | image_size =  | image_alt =  | image_caption = reef corals in Moheli National Park | map = &lt;!-- or | map_image = --&gt; | map_width =  | map_alt =  | map_caption =  | relief = | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = [[Mohéli]], [[Komoros]] | nearest_city =  | coordinates = {{Coord|12|10|S...</comment>
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| name = Beerta Qaranka ee Mohéli
| alt_name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mwali
| iucn_category = 
| iucn_ref =
| image = Ouallah-Mohéli-Corail.jpg
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| image_caption = reef corals in Moheli National Park
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| map_caption = 
| relief =
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| location = [[Mohéli]], [[Komoros]]
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| coordinates = {{Coord|12|10|S|43|46|E}}
| coords_ref = (kolossus-frwiki)
| area_ha = 64362
| designation = 2001 beerta qaranka ee badda; 2010 beerta qaranka
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| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Lake Dziani Boundouni
| designation1_date = 9 Febraayo 1995
| designation1_number = 717&lt;ref name = rsis&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Dziani Boundouni|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/717|accessdate=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Beerta Qaranka ee Mohéli''' waa beerta qaranka oo ku taal [[Komoros]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay aagagga badda, xeebaha, iyo dhulka oo ku yaalla jasiiradda [[Mohéli]] iyo hareeraheeda. Beertu waxay leedahay aag dhan 643.62 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;unep-wcmc&quot;&gt;UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Parc National de Mohéli from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 10 August 2021. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/313046]&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa la aasaasay iyadoo ah Beerta Badda ee Mohéli 19 Abriil 2001, waxayna ahayd aaggii ugu horreeyay ee la ilaaliyo ee [[Komoros]]. Waxaa dib loogu magacaabay beerta qaranka sannadkii 2010.&lt;ref name = unep-wcmc/&gt; Sannadkii 2015, beerta ayaa la ballaariyay si ay ugu darto qiyaastii saddex meelood meel ka mid ah dhulka Mohéli.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Management of the marine protected area of Mohéli&quot;. Fondation Prince Albert II of Monaco. Accessed 31 August 2021. [https://www.fpa2.org/en/projets/management-of-the-marine-protected-area-of-mohéli-00473]&lt;/ref&gt; Waa dhulkii ugu koonfureed ee ugu koonfureed dalka ku hadla afka Carabiga.

==Badda==
Qaybta badda ee beerta waxay ka fidsan tahay xeebaha koonfurta iyo bariga ee jasiiradda. Waxay ka kooban tahay reef ku teedsan xeebta oo masaafo yar ka fog xeebta, kaas oo ku wareegsan haro badda ah (lagoon) oo qoto dheer 10 ilaa 60 mitir, iyada oo ay weheliso siddeed jasiiradood oo yaryar oo buuro leh, oo ay weheliso badweynta furan ee ka baxsan reef-ka ilaa qoto dheer oo dhan 100 mitir.&lt;ref name = cepf/&gt; Waxaa jira 91 hektar oo [[mangrove]] ah oo ku teedsan xeebta jasiiradda, iyo sariiro cawska badda ah oo ku yaalla harada badda.&lt;ref name=&quot;abdou&quot;&gt;Abdou, Ahmed Youssouf. &quot;Scientific Information for Marine Protected Areas in the Union of Comoros.
EBSAs. Area: Moheli Marine Park (PMM) Comoros&quot;. Accessed 31 August 2021. [https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsa-sio-01/other/ebsa-sio-01-comoros-en.pdf]&lt;/ref&gt;

Muuqaal caan ah oo ka mid ah beerta ayaa ah dadka [[coelacanth]]s, beertu waa hoyga noocyo badan oo [[shark|shark-yo]] iyo [[humpback whale|humpback whale-yo]].&lt;ref&gt;[[UNESCO]]. [http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage/sites/1.3_Comoros%20and%20Mayotte.php?item=The%20Indian%20Ocean The Comoros – Glorieuses crescent]. Retrieved on September 16, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;UNESCO. [http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage/sites/1.4_Iles%20Eparses.php The Iles Éparses (Scattered Islands)]. Retrieved on September 16, 2017&lt;/ref&gt; Noocyada kale ee badda waxaa ka mid ah [[dugong]] (''Dugong dugon''), [[green sea turtle]] (''Chelonia mydas''), [[hawksbill turtle]] (''Eretmochelys imbricata''), siddeed nooc oo [[Dolphin|dolphins]], iyo laba nooc oo [[Bottlenose whale|bottlenose whales]].&lt;ref name = cepf&gt;Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (2014). ''Ecosystem Profile: Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands.'' Final Report, December 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Comoros-Mchaco island.jpg|thumb|right|Shimbiraha badda ee Mchaco Islet ee Beerta Qaranka ee Mohéli]]
Jasiiraduhu waa gumaysiyo taranka shimbiraha badda, oo ay ku jiraan [[masked booby]] (''Sula dactylatra''), [[brown noddy]] (''Anous stolidus''), [[white-tailed tropicbird]] (''Phaethon lepturus''), [[lesser frigatebird]] (''Fregata ariel''), iyo [[great frigatebird]] (''Fregata minor'').&lt;ref name = abdou/&gt;

==Dhulka==
Qaybta dhulka ee beerta waxay leedahay dhul qallafsan, oo leh dooxooyin qoto dheer oo ay kala soocaan buuro. Meesha ugu sarreysa waa Mont Mlédjélé (790 m). Inta badan jasiiradda ayaa mar ahaan jirtay kayn, laakiin inta badan kaynta ayaa loo nadiifiyay beeraha ama xanaanaynta xoolaha, ama ay u xumaatay hawlo ay ka mid yihiin goynta qoryaha. Enclave weyn oo kayn ah oo aan weli taaban ayaa ku haray dhinacyada galbeed iyo koonfur ee Buurta Mlédjélé. Kayntu waa hoyga geedaha hooyo ''[[Pterophylla comorensis]]'' iyo ''[[Khaya madagascariensis]]'', kuwaas oo lagu qiimeeyo qoryahooda, iyo noocyo kale oo badan oo geedo ah, baadiyo, fern, iyo orchids, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo badan oo u gaar ah Komoros. Xayawaanka hooyada waxaa ka mid ah [[Livingstone's fruit bat]] (''Pteropus livingstonii''), kaas oo ku nool oo kaliya Mohéli iyo Anjouan, [[Moheli scops owl]] (''Otus moheliensis'') iyo [[Moheli brush warbler]] (''Nesillas mariae''), kuwaas oo u gaar ah Mohéli, iyo noocyo kale oo shimbirro ah, xamaarato, iyo cayayaan u gaar ah Jasiiradaha Komoros.&lt;ref name = cepf/&gt;

==Biyaha saafiga ah==
Beertu waxay kaloo ka mid tahay Harada Dziani-Boudouni, oo ah haro godka volcano-ga ku taal oo leh biyo saafi ah oo ku yaalla dhulka hoose ee koonfurta jasiiradda.&lt;ref name = cepf/&gt; Haradu waxay dabooshaa aag dhan 30 hektar, waxaana laga yaabaa inay ku xiran tahay meelaha hawada ka soo saara ee dhulka hoostiisa. Waxay taageertaa dadka shimbiraha ee kala duwan.&lt;ref name = rsis/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
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    <title>Harooyinka Pedra Badejo</title>
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 | designation1_offname = Lagoas de Pedra Badejo
 | designation1_date = 18 Luulyo 2005
 | designation1_number = 1577&lt;ref name=ramsar&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lagoa de Pedra Badejo|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1577|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Lagoas de Pedra Badejo''' waa aag dhul-qoyan ah oo ku yaalla jasiiradda [[Santiago, Cape Verde|Santiago]], ee dalka [[Cape Verde]]. Waa goob dhan {{Convert|666|ha||adj=on}} oo ka kooban laba [[lagoon|harro-badeed]] oo xeebta ah kuwaas oo ku yaalla afafka webiyada [[Ribeira dos Picos]] iyo [[Ribeira Seca (Santiago)|Ribeira Seca]], iyo dhammaan balliga kan dambe, oo ay ku jirto kaydka biyaha ee [[Barragem de Poilão]]. Waxay ku taallaa koonfurta magaalada [[Pedra Badejo]], oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi-bari ee jasiiradda. Harooyinkani waxay leeyihiin qiimo deegaan oo weyn oo dhinaca shimbiraha ah maadaama ay ka kooban yihiin biyo macaan ama biyo milix yar leh. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin dhul-qoyan caalami ah oo muhiim ah iyadoo loo marayo magacaabista [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ilaa 2005.&lt;ref name=ramsar/&gt;

Aagga ku xeeran harooyinka ayaa si xoog leh loogu beeraa [[horticulture|khudaar iyo dalagyo]] ay ka mid yihiin [[coconut|qumbaha]], [[sugarcane|sonkor-cawska]], [[banana|muuska]], [[cassava|kassafada]] iyo [[vegetable|khudaar]] kala duwan. Harooyinka, oo haysta biyo sannadka oo dhan, waxay ku yaallaan afka saddex [[stream#Intermittent stream|webi oo xilliyo gaar ah qulqula]] kuwaas oo, marka ay fatahaan xilliga [[wet season|roobka]], ku shuba xaddi badan oo dhoobo iyo qashin ah harooyinka, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo soo jiidasho leh [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]] sida [[wader|shimbiraha xeebaha]] iyo [[heron|heron-ta]]. Goobtu waxay kaloo taageertaa dadka [[Endangered species|halista ugu jira]] ee [[Cape Verde warbler|Cape Verde warbler-ka]] waxaana loo aqoonsaday inay tahay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]].&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6141 |title= Pedra Badejo lagoons |access-date=2018-08-21 |work= Important Bird Areas factsheet |publisher= BirdLife International |year=2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Tixraacyo==
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 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Lagoa de Rabil
 | designation1_date = 18 Luulyo 2005
 | designation1_number = 1576&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lagoa de Rabil|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1576|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[File:Ribeira de Rabil.jpg|thumb|right|Ribeira do Rabil]]
'''Lagoa do Rabil''' (harada Rabil) waa goob [[wetland|dhul-qoyan]] ah oo ku taal [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde]] [[archipelago]], jasiiradda [[Boa Vista, Cape Verde|Boa Vista]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay dhul-qoyan caalami ah oo muhiim ah iyadoo loo marayo magacaabista [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ilaa 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;/&gt; Goobtu waxay ku taallaa afka [[Ribeira do Rabil]] oo xilliyada qaarkood qulqula, meel u dhow magaalada [[Rabil, Cape Verde|Rabil]] ee xeebta galbeed ee Boa Vista. Goobtu waxay ka kooban tahay afka webiga, [[lagoon|harro-badeedka]] la xiriira, nidaamka [[dune|sandeedka]] ee ku hareeraysan&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar&quot;/&gt; iyo dhirta ay ku badan yihiin noocyada ''[[Tamarix]]'', ''[[Cyperus]]'', ''[[Zygophyllum]]'' iyo ''[[Euphorbia]]''.&lt;ref name=birdlife&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ilhéu de Curral Velho and adjacent coastal area|website=BirdLife International|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ribeira-do-rabil-iba-cape-verde|accessdate=3 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goobtu waxay taageertaa dadka [[Iago sparrow|Iago sparrow-ga]] iyo dhowr nooc oo [[wader|shimbiraha xeebaha]] ah, oo ay ku jirto [[Eurasian spoonbill|Eurasian spoonbill-ka]]. [[Lizard|Xamaaratada]] [[Endemic|u gaarka ah]] ee ''[[Hemidactylus bouvieri]]'' iyo ''[[Chioninia stangeri]]'' ayaa halkaas laga helaa.&lt;ref name=birdlife/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
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{{Coord|16|09|N|22|54|W|type:landmark_region:CV|display=title}}</text>
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    <title>Jasiiradda Limacos</title>
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      <text bytes="13432" sha1="626vf0u4y2g1tu0e4l4mnjahl99ja7h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox islands
|name          = Jasiiradda Limacos
|native_name   = {{native name|fr-DZ|Île de Rachgoun}}&lt;br/&gt;{{native name|ar-DZ|جزيرة رشقون}}
|image_name    = Rachgoun.GIF
|coordinates   = {{Coord|35|19|18|N|1|28|48|W|region:FR-CP_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
|country       = {{flagcountry|ALG}}
|country_admin_divisions_title = [[Wilayah]]
|country_admin_divisions = [[Aïn Témouchent Province|Aïn Témouchent]]
|population    = Dad la'aan
|image_caption = Jasiiradda Limacos ama Rachgoun, oo ka baxsan xeebta Aljeeriya
|area_ha       = 66
|map_relief    = 1
|map_image     =
 | module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_offname = Ile de Rachgoun
 | designation1_date = 5 Juun 2011
 | designation1_number = 1961&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ile de Rachgoun|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1961|accessdate=November 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Jasiiradda Limacos''' (&quot;slugs&quot;) ama '''Jasiiradda Caracoles''' (&quot;snails&quot;), oo qarnigii 16-aad looga yaqaanay Isbaanishka '''{{lang|es|Risgol}}'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Asteroide |url=http://archive.org/details/SourcesIneditesDeLhistoireDuMaroc.T.II |title=Sources Inedites De L'histoire Du Maroc. T. II |date=1956}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo Faransiiska '''{{lang|fr|Île de Rachgoun}}'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Carta de la Costa de España, desde Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta Cabo Fégalo. H. 117A [Material cartográfico] / construida la costa de España con arreglo a los trabajos verificados por la Comision Hidrográfica al mando del Capitan de Fragata D. José Montojo y Salcedo, y la de Africa según las cartas francesas mas recientes; J. Riudavets la construyó; E. Perez la grabó; F. Serra gº la letra - Montojo y Salcedo, José - Material cartográfico impreso - 1877 |url=http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/detalle/91114 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=bdh.bne.es |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{langx|ar|جزيرة رشقون|Jazira Rashqūn}}) waa [[islet|jasiirad yar]] oo Aljeeriya ah oo ku taal meel u dhow xeebta [[North Africa|Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxay leedahay aag dhan qiyaastii {{convert|66|ha}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The List of Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar List) |url=https://www.ramsar.org/document/the-list-of-wetlands-of-international-importance-the-ramsar-list |access-date=2022-06-10 |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; waana mid dad la'aan ah. Waxay ku taallaa afka [[Tafna River]], meesha ay ku taal magaalada [[Rachgoun|Rashgun]]. Waxay qiyaastii kala badh u dhaxaysaa [[Oran]] iyo [[Algeria–Morocco border|xuduudka u dhexeeya Aljeeriya iyo Marooko]]. Waxaa suugaan ahaan u qeexay, iyadoo ay la socdaan jasiirado kale oo ku yaalla xeebta [[Maghreb]], qoraaga [[Pedro Mata y Fontanet|Pedro Mata]] isagoo ku tilmaamay &quot;mid ka mid ah bahallada badda ee waardiyaha ah ee ka xayuubiya dusha sare ee badda dhibco kala duwan&quot; shaqadiisa [[1856]] {{lang|es|Los moros del Riff o el presidiario de las Alhucemas}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Fontanet |first1=Pedro Mata y |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXz8UUsdE5wC&amp;q=caracoles&amp;pg=PA573 |title=Los Moros del riff: o el presidario de las Alhucemas |last2=Mata |first2=Pedro |date=1856 |publisher=Manini Hermanos |language=es }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jasiiradda waxaa loo ilaaliyay inay tahay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar]] ilaa 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

== Sharaxaad ==
Jasiiradda Limacos ama Rachgoun waxay ku taal afar kiiloomitir xeebta Afrika, hortooda afka [[Tafna River]], kaas oo samaysa bay ay xadiday [[Cape Acra]] oo dhanka bari ah iyo [[Cape Bocchus]] oo dhanka galbeed ah. Jasiiraddu waa asal ahaan foolkaan, waxayna ka kooban tahay [[Basalt|dhagaxyo basaltic ah]] iyo [[Pliocene]] [[sandstone|carro-dhagax]] koonfurta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR)&amp;thinsp;: Île de Rachgoun |trans-title=Descriptive record of Ramsar wetlands: Île de Rachgoun |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf |access-date=2022-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113219/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1DZ050_RIS_June2011.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-01 |language=fr }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waxay leedahay cimilada [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] oo [[semi-arid climate|qallalan-badh]], iyadoo ay isku beddelaan [[rainy season|xilli roobaad]] oo ah [[winter|jiilaal]] iyo [[dry season|xilli qallalan]] oo ah [[summer|xagaa]]. Roob yaraanta (300–500&amp;nbsp;mm/sannadkii) waa cawaaqibka saamaynta &quot;hooska&quot; ee ay keeneen buuraha [[Morocco|Marooko]] ee [[Atlas Mountains|Atlas]] iyo [[Rif]] oo dhanka galbeed ah iyo [[Baetic System|nidaamyada buuraleyda ah ee koonfur-bari Isbaanishka]] oo dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ah, kuwaas oo ka hortagaya marinka dabaysha iyo samayska daruuraha ee ka imanaya [[storm|duufaannada]] Atlantic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Waxaa jira [[lighthouse|baarcad]] dhinaca waqooyi ah oo ay dhiseen [[France|Faransiiska]] sannadkii [[1870]].

== Dhirta iyo Xayawaanka ==
Jasiiradda Limacos ama Rachgoun waa mid dad la'aan ah oo ka madax bannaan cadaadiska tooska ah ee bini'aadamka. Waxay ku taal waddada ugu weyn ee socdaalka shimbiraha ee qaybta galbeed ee xeebta Aljeeriya. Waa goob gabbaad iyo buulasho u ah noocyada qaar ee shimbiraha u socdaala Eurasia iyo Afrika, sida [[Audouin's gull|Audouin's gull-ka]] iyo [[Eleonora's falcon|Eleonora's falcon-ka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah meelaha laga heli karo [[Mediterranean monk seal|Mediterranean monk seal-ka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Tan iyo 2011 waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah [[Ramsar site|goobaha Ramsar]] ee Aljeeriya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Jasiiradda waxaa loo asteeyay [[Important Bird Area|Goob Shimbireed Muhiim ah]] (IBA) oo ay samaysay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah [[bird colony|gumeysigeeda]] shimbiraha Audouin's gulls.&lt;ref name=bli&gt;{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/%C3%AEle-rachgoune-iba-algeria|title= Rachgoune|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taariikh ==
[[File:Ile de Rechgoun (cropped).JPG|alt=Aragtida jasiiradda|thumb|Aragtida jasiiradda]]
Waxaa lagu xusay inay tahay xarun joogto ah oo [[Phoenicia|Fenijiya]] ah inkastoo ay yar tahay iyo muuqata inay ka maqan yihiin ilaha nolosha.&lt;ref&gt;https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CMPL/article/download/CMPL9696230359A/29873&lt;/ref&gt;

Sannadkii [[931]], jasiiraddu waxay noqotay gabbaad iyo qalcadda [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrisi]] [[al-Hasan ben Abi-l-Ays]]. Maraakiibta [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] ee califkii dhowaan lagu dhawaaqay ee [[al-Andalus]] [[Abd al-Rahman III]] ayaa loo diray —intooda badan dekedda [[Pechina]]— isaga si uu u dhibaateeyo Idrisi oo uu ku hareereeyo jasiiradda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maraakiibtan kuma sii socon karin hawlgalladii dhibaataynta ee jasiiradda waxayna ku qasbanaadeen inay ku noqdaan dekedda Andalus ee dayrtii [[932]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lirola Delgado |first=Jorge |url=https://digibug.ugr.es/handle/10481/14103 |title=El poder naval de Al-Andalus en la época del califato omeya : (siglo IV hégira / X era cristiana) |date=1991 |publisher=Granada: Universidad de Granada |isbn=978-84-338-1478-4 |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waxay u muuqataa in lagu sifeeyay {{lang|es|Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo: y su correponido de Africa para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas}}, oo uu qoray [[Vicente Tofiño de San Miguel]], agaasimaha shirkadaha ilaalada badda, oo la daabacay [[1787]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Miguel |first=Vicente Tofiño de San |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZPgJnX780AC |title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterráneo, y su correspondiente de África para inteligencia y uso de las cartas esféricas... |date=1787 |publisher=En la imprenta de la viuda de Ibarra, Hijos y compañía |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Blockquote|text=At N. 50° E. 3 miles from this Cape is the Island of Limacos or Caracoles, of medium height, lying NS. a mile long and distant from land i the same distance. The small boats that go to load Tremecen bottom to the S. of the Island, although they recently sheltered, mooring to it with Cabo, and anchoring outside for 12 to 14 fathoms hard and somewhat dirty bottom, due to the great consistency of the bottom. that stays with the anchors, lacking the moorings and orinques at the time of setting sail.

To the SE part. from the Island is the river of Tremecen with little water: between the Island and the river is an Islet the height of the hull of a Ship stretched from E W. the distance of a cable. Between him and the coast, which will be twice the distance, Galeotas can anchor in good weather. Wheat, wax, hides and wool are loaded into the river. Two cables away from the E. part of the mouth is a high and steep mountain with a tower, from whose shore a reef extends to the N. the distance of 2 cables, and for which it becomes precise when coming from lift dock the Isla de Caracoles.|author=Tofiño de San Miguel, 1787}}
Limacos waxay ku taallaa boqol kiiloomitir galbeed ka xigta dhulkii hore ee Isbaanishka ee [[Oran]] iyo [[Mazalquivir]] —oo loo iibiyay [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] sannadkii [[1791]] boqor [[Charles IV of Spain|Carlos IV]]— waxaana jira xusid ah inay sidoo kale ahaan kartay hanti Isbaanish ah waagii hore,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Otero |first=Eugenio Javier Mariñas |date=1998 |title=Las plazas menores de soberanía española en Africa |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=813436 |journal=Militaria: Revista de cultura militar |issue=12 (III Jornadas de la Asociación de Amigos de los Museos Militares) |pages=141–168 |issn=0214-8765}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Miguel |first=Vicente Tofiño de San |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYkyonOU7NYC&amp;dq=isla+limacos&amp;pg=PA146 |title=Derrotero de las costas de España en el Mediterraneo y su correspondiente de Africa |date=1787 |publisher=Vda. de Ibarra |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; laakiin waxaa ka tagay waqti u dhexeeya qarnigii 18-aad iyo 19-aad.

Jasiiradda waxaa qabsaday Oktoobar 1835 ciidanka Faransiiska, xaalad uu kula dagaalamay [[Emir Abdelkader|Abd al-Qádir]], oo ka soo horjeeda [[French Algeria|Faransiiska soo galay Aljeeriya]], iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in ay u adeegto sidii barta ilaalinta xeebaha iyo sidoo kale carqaladaynta sahayda hubka iyo rasaasta ee fallaagada ka soo horjeeda Faransiiska.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Antoine) |first=Rozet (M, Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTsQAAAAYAAJ |title=Algérie |date=1856 |publisher=Firmin Didot frères |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Limacos sidoo kale waxaa lagu xusay inay tahay meel suurtagal ah oo kalluumeysi oo joogto ah oo loogu talagalay maraakiibta kalluumeysiga Isbaanishka intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 18-aad iyo horraantii 20-aad, kan dambe ayaa inta badan ka imanaya [[Tarifa]], [[Málaga]] iyo [[Altea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hemeroteca Digital. Biblioteca Nacional de España |url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0003809462 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=hemerotecadigital.bne.es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Hitos de soberanía española (Emilio Pastor).png|thumb|Xuquuqda Isbaanishka ee Limacos waxaa lagu taxay khariidad 1950 ah oo ah &quot;milestones of Spanish sovereignty&quot; oo uu qoray [[Emilio Pastor y Santos]].|alt=Bogga buug oo leh khariidad adduunka madow-iyo-caddaan ah oo leh dhowr dhibcood oo xeebta ah. Qoraalku wuxuu ku leeyahay Isbaanish &quot;Todos estos hitos de soberanía española, juntamente con los derechos que tiene España en Haifa (Palestina), islas Limacos o Caracoles y enclaves en Australia del Espíritu Santo, forman un cinturón o línea ecuatorial española alrededor del Globo&quot;]]
Inkasta oo jasiiradda laga tagay, waxaa jira sheegashooyin ku saabsan madaxbannaanida Isbaanishka ilaa qarnigii 20-aad, markii loo aqoonsaday &quot;Isbaanish&quot; 1906 [[Algeciras Conference]],&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; iyo sidoo kale inay ka muuqato shuruucda iyo dukumentiyada Isbaanishka intii lagu jiray qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cervantes |first=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de |title=Escuela española. Año XV, núm. 765, 6 de octubre de 1955 {{!}} Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes |url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra/escuela-espanola-2488/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=www.cervantesvirtual.com |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | chapter-url=https://bibliotecavirtual.defensa.gob.es/BVMDefensa/es/consulta/registro.do?id=66660 | title=Atlas de las costas de Europa y Africa en el Mediterráneo : Atlas Núm.1 | chapter=Carta Esférica de la Costa de España desde la Punta de Europa hasta Vera con la parte correspondiente de Africa desde Ceuta hasta la Isla Limacos o de Caracoles | year=1833 | publisher=Dirección Hidrográfica }}&lt;/ref&gt; Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hadda, jasiiraddu waxay ku jirtaa madaxbannaanida Aljeeriya iyo sheegashooyinka iyo xusidda &quot;Isbaanishnimada&quot; ee jasiiradda ee dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ayaa si fudud u baaba'ay qarnigii 20-aad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2014-09-16 |title=La españolidad de los islotes Limacos y Perejil |url=https://elfarodeceuta.es/la-espanolidad-de-los-islotes-limacos-y-perejil/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=El Faro de Ceuta |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jasiiradda waxaa loo ilaaliyay inay tahay [[Ramsar site|goob Ramsar]] ilaa 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS&quot;/&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
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    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee El Kala</title>
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| name = Beerta Qaranka ee El Kala
| iucn_category = II
| image = GM Parc national El Kala01.jpg
| image_caption = 
| location = [[El Tarf Province]], [[Aljeeriya]]
| nearest_city = [[El Kala]]
| map = Algeria
| relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coords|36|49|N|8|25|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = 764 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1993
| visitation_num = 30,000
| visitation_year = 2001
| governing_body = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_offname = Réserve Intégrale du Lac Oubeïra
| designation1_date = 11 Abriil 1983
| designation1_number = 280&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Oubeïra|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/280|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation2 = Ramsar
| designation2_offname = Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga
| designation2_date = 11 Abriil 1983
| designation2_number = 281&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/281|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation3 = Ramsar
| designation3_offname = Tourbière du Lac Noir
| designation3_date = 4 Juun 2003
| designation3_number = 1305&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tourbière du Lac Noir|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1305|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation4 = Ramsar
| designation4_offname = Réserve Intégrale du Lac El Mellah
| designation4_date = 12 Diseembar 2004
| designation4_number = 1424&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac El Mellah|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1424|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| designation5 = Ramsar
| designation5_offname = Marais de Bourdim
| designation5_date = 18 Diseembar 2009
| designation5_number = 1895&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marais de Bourdim|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1895|accessdate=11 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Beerta Qaranka iyo Kaydka Biosphere ee El Kala''' ([[Carabi]]: محمية القالة الوطنية) waa mid ka mid ah [[List of national parks of Algeria|beero qaranka ee Aljeeriya]] oo ku yaalla dhinaca fog ee waqooyi-bari ee dalka. Waa hoyga dhowr [[lake|harooyin]] iyo [[ecosystem|nidaam deegaan]] gaar ah oo ku yaalla xeebta [[Mediterranean|Mediterranean-ka]]. Qaybo badan oo ka mid ah beerta ayaa loo asteeyay inay yihiin [[Ramsar sites|goobo Ramsar]] oo la ilaaliyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS5&quot;/&gt;

==Taariikh==
Beerta Qaranka iyo Kaydka Biosphere ee El Kala waxaa la abuuray iyadoo la raacayo wareegto n° 83-462 ee Luulyo 23, 1983, waxaana u aqoonsaday [[biosphere reserve|kaydka biosphere]] ururka [[UNESCO]] 17 Diseembar 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;researchgate 59d6204479197b807797ebe0&quot;&gt;Sarri Djamel, Djellouli Yamna, Allatou Djamel, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Errol_Vela/post/Can_anybody_send_me_data_about_vascular_flora_in_protected_areas_in_all_the_world/attachment/59d6204479197b807797ebe0/AS:289563030376449%401446048614322/download/SARRI%2Bet%2Bal.%2B2014%2B-%2BBiological%2Bdiversity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNational%2BPark%2Bof%2BEl-Kala%2B-%2BBiodiversity%2BJournal%2B5%25284%2529%252C%2B525-532.pdf Biological diversity of the National Park of El-Kala (Algeria), valorization and protection], ''Researchgate.net'', 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Laga soo bilaabo 1994 ilaa 1999, [[World Bank]] waxay maalgelisay mashruuc lagu horumarinayo qaabka maaraynta khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee beerta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/715601474659866770/pdf/000020051-20140528125232.pdf Report Number:ICRR10646], ''Worldbank.org'', 20 June 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Buurta ugu sarreysa ee beerta waa djebel El-Ghorra oo dhererkeedu yahay 1202 m. Heerkulka celceliska ah wuxuu ka bilaabmaa 9&amp;nbsp;°C ilaa 30&amp;nbsp;°C. Beertu waxay leedahay 50&amp;nbsp;km oo xeebo ah oo u jeedda [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean-ka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;researchgate 59d6204479197b807797ebe0&quot;/&gt;

Beertu waxay leedahay 6 haro:&lt;ref name=&quot;researchgate 59d6204479197b807797ebe0&quot;/&gt;
*[[Lake Oubeïra|Lake Oubeira]] (2200 ha)&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS1&quot;/&gt;
*Lake Tonga (2600 ha)&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS2&quot;/&gt;
*[[Lake Mellah]] (860 ha),&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS4&quot;/&gt; oo ah haro-badeedka kaliya ee Aljeeriya ee la xiriira badda
*Marais of Bourdim (11 ha)&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS5&quot;/&gt;
*Harada buluugga ah (3 ha)
*Harada madow (6 ha)&lt;ref name=&quot;RSIS3&quot;/&gt;

==Biosphere==
Beerta Qaranka iyo Kaydka Biosphere ee El Kala waa hoyga 40 nooc oo naasley ah, 25 nooc oo shimbiraha ugaarsiga ah, 64 nooc oo shimbiraha biyaha saafiga ah iyo 9 nooc oo shimbiraha badda ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=World Guide|title=Algeria National Parks and Reserves|url=http://www.algeria.world-guides.com/algeria_parks_gardens.html|accessdate=2 July 2011|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425141250/http://www.algeria.world-guides.com/algeria_parks_gardens.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] ayaa ku badan beerta.

Baaritaan la sameeyay intii u dhaxaysay 1996 iyo 2010 ayaa lagu taxay 1590 nooc oo kala duwan oo khudaar ah gudaha beerta iyo 718 nooc oo xayawaan ah. Noocyada geedaha ugu waaweyn waa [[Quercus suber]] (oo ugu badan), geedka Zeen oak, [[Quercus coccifera]], [[Aleppo pine]], [[Alnus glutinosa|glutinous Alder]], [[Willows|Murukh]], iyo [[White Poplar|Poplar-ka cad]]. Noocyada kale ee geedaha ee beerta waxaa ka mid ah [[Eucalyptus]], [[Acacias]], [[Maritime pine|Maritime pine-ka]] iyo [[bald cypress|bald cypress-yada]]. 175 nooc oo boqoshaada ah ayaa la taxay.&lt;ref name=&quot;researchgate 59d6204479197b807797ebe0&quot;/&gt;

Beertu waxay khatar ugu jirtaa dhismaha [[highway|waddo weyn]] oo ku taal [[transport in Algeria|Aljeeriya]] taas oo khatar gelin doonta [[animal|xayawaanka]] iyo [[plant|dhirta]] naadirka ah ee beerta. Waxaa la soo jeediyay in waddada weyn ay iska ilaaliso gobolkan oo ay u sii socoto dhinaca koonfureed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=France 24 |title=A highway threatens El Kala National Park |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080614-highway-threatens-el-kala-national-park-algeria |accessdate=2 July 2011 |date=14 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209043136/http://www.france24.com/en/20080614-highway-threatens-el-kala-national-park-algeria |archivedate=9 February 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sawirro==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Rainbow in the National Park of El-Kala. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|Qaanso-roobaad ka muuqata beerta
Parc National d’El-Kala 3.JPG|Waddo loo maro harada
Blue Lake. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|Harada buluugga ah
File:Lac tonga el kala.JPG|[[Lake Tonga]]
Plegadis falcinellus. Mahieddine Boumendjel.JPG|[[Glossy ibis]] oo ku jira beerta
Flamants roses. Phoenicopterus roseus. Lac des Oiseaux. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|[[Greater flamingo|Greater flamingo-yo]] oo ku jira beerta
La cytinelle ou cytinet. Cytinus hypocistis. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|''[[Cytinus hypocistis]]'' oo ku jira beerta
Glaieul de byzance. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|''[[Gladiolus communis]]'' oo ku jira beerta
Aubépine épineuse. Crataegus laevigata. Mahieddine Boumendjel.jpg|''[[Crataegus laevigata]]'' oo ku jira beerta
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Dadweynaha==
87,000 oo qof ayaa ku nool Beerta Qaranka iyo Kaydka Biosphere ee El Kala.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco elkala&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=UNESCO|title=El Kala|url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&amp;code=ALG+02|accessdate=2 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dalxiiska==
Beertu waxay heshay celcelis ahaan 30,000 oo soo booqdayaal ah sannadkii 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco elkala&quot;/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080226093459/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/wdpa/sitedetails.cfm?siteid=9741&amp;level=nat Xogta beerta ee UNEP-WPMC]
*{{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20071120232455/http://www.ranahna.dz/fr/solidarite/petition_elkala.php Codsi loogu talagalay ilaalinta beerta]
*{{in lang|fr}} [http://annaba.net.free.fr/html/kala.parc.htm Bog internet oo ku saabsan beerta, oo ay ku jirto khariidad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720225044/http://annaba.net.free.fr/html/kala.parc.htm |date=2011-07-20 }}

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The '''Zambezian flooded grasslands''' waa [[ecoregion]] ka mid ah koonfurta iyo bari [[Africa|Afrika]] oo qani ku ah duurjoogta.

==Dejinta==
The Zambezian [[flooded grassland]]s waxaa laga heli karaa dhulalka hoose ee si xilliyeed ama si joogto ah u fataha ee dooxada [[Zambezi]] iyo dooxooyinka wabiyada deriska la ah. Meelahan go'doonsan waxay ku yaallaan [[Zambezian region]], oo ah suun ballaaran oo ka kooban [[miombo]] iyo [[mopane]] savannas iyo kaymo si xilliyeed u qallala oo u fidsan bari iyo galbeed guud ahaan Afrika, laga bilaabo waqooyiga [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], iyo [[Angola]] dhanka galbeed ilaa [[Tanzania]] iyo [[Mozambique]] dhanka bari.

Meelaha waaweyn ee cawska fataha waxaa ka mid ah:
* [[Ulanga River|Kilombero Valley]] iyo [[Mkata Plain]] oo ku taal koonfurta Tanzania
* [[Malagarasi River|Malagarasi-Muyovozi floodplain]] iyo Ugalla River floodplain oo ku taal galbeedka Tanzania
* [[Wembere River]]-[[Lake Kitangiri]] floodplain oo ku taal Tanzania
* [[Okavango Delta]] oo ku taal [[Botswana]]
* agagaarka [[Lake Chilwa]] oo ku taal [[Malawi]]
* [[Barotse Floodplain]], [[Kafue Flats]], [[Busanga Swamp]], iyo [[Lukanga Swamp]] oo ku taal dooxada Zambezi ee [[Zambia]].
* [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi River]]-ka sare, [[Bangweulu Swamp]], [[Luapula River]] delta koonfurta [[Lake Mweru]], iyo [[Lake Mweru Wantipa]] oo ku taal Zambia.

Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay cimilo kulaylaha ah oo leh xagaa kulul oo qoyan inta u dhaxaysa Noofembar iyo Maarso.

==Dhirta==
Meelahan qoyan waxaa ku jira caws iyo dhirta qoyan oo kala duwan meel ilaa meel kale gudaha ecoregion-kan ballaaran.

==Duurjoogta==
Xataa inta lagu jiro xilliga qallalan, dhulalka fataha waxay xajistaan duurjoog aad u badan oo ay ku jiraan daaqsinka [[African buffalo]], [[wildebeest]], iyo [[elephant|maroodi]]yaasha, [[zebra|dameer-faras]]yada, iyo [[giraffe|geri]]yaasha, iyo sidoo kale [[hippopotamus|jeer]] iyo [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]]yaal ku sugan biyaha. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo antelopes ah sida [[waterbuck]]s, [[puku]]s, [[common eland|eland]]s, iyo [[lechwe]], Bangwelu Swamp gaar ahaan waa hoyga [[black lechwe]] (''Kobus leche smithermani''), [[tsessebe]], iyo [[sitatunga]] halka Kafue Flats ay leeyihiin kooxo waaweyn oo [[Kafue lechwe]] iyo [[Burchell's zebra|Burchell's zebra]] ah.

Tirada badan ee shimbiraha, gaar ahaan shimbiraha biyaha, ee dhulalka fataha waxaa ka mid ah [[saddle-billed stork]]s. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo xamaarato ah oo u gaar ah gobolka; Merara toad (''[[Amietophrynus reesi]]'') oo ku taal dooxada Kilombero, iyo [[Barotse water snake]] (''Crotaphopeltis barotseensis'').

==Khatarta iyo ilaalinta==
In kasta oo ay jiraan [[tsetse fly|duqsiga tsetse]] iyo biyaha dhiiqada leh, dhulalka fataha waxay muddo dheer ahaayeen hoy u ah bulshooyinka miyiga, sida [[Lozi people]] ee Barotse Floodplain iyo [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]] ee Kafue Flats, laakiin inta badan waa kuwo aan taaban oo meelo waaweyn ayaa la ilaaliyaa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, duurjoogta ayaa weli u nugul ugaarsiga iyo beeraha sharci-darrada ah ama daaqsinka xoolaha. Dhanka kale maadaama dadka ku nool qaybtan Afrika ay si joogto ah u korayaan, baahida loo qabo biyaha iyo dhulka beeraha waxay dhulalka fataha gelisaa khatar joogto ah maadaama dhulku wasakhaysan yahay ama laga beeranayo, cawska la gubayo iyo wabiyada la xirayo ama la leexinayo. Kafue Flats waxaa si weyn u beddelay xiritaanka wabiga iyo mashaariic la mid ah oo loo qorsheeyay Okavango.

Meelaha la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah Okavango Delta, Bangweulu, Moyowosi iyo Kilombero swamps iyo Kafue Flats iyo intaas waxaa dheer Lake Chilwa waa [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] aagga shimbiraha. Kuwaas Okavango waa tan ugu weyn uguna caansan, iyadoo inta badan ku taal gudaha [[Moremi Game Reserve]], oo leh duurjoog cajiib ah iyo warshad safari ah oo si fiican loo horumariyey oo ku salaysan magaalada [[Maun, Botswana|Maun]]. Gudaha Zambia [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s waa kuwo la ilaaliyo.

==Tixraacyo iyo xiriirinta dibadda==
*{{commons-inline}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dhul fadhiyeedka Daadka ee Waza Logone</title>
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      <text bytes="1652" sha1="ow6fl4ov55pserntsrhpgnk4v68x0ii" xml:space="preserve">{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 20 Maarso 2006
 | designation1_number = 1609&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Waza Logone Floodplain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1609|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Waza Logone floodplain''' waa nidaam deegaan qallalan oo ku yaalla waqooyiga [[Cameroon]]. Isagoo daboolaya {{convert|6000|km2|abbr=on}}, dhul-fatahan wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Far North Region (Cameroon) |Gobolka Waqooyi-Fog]]. Nigeria waxay ku taal dhanka galbeed halka Chad ay ku taal dhanka bari.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN2003&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;q=cache:1N0Xz_PodlUJ:cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy04waza.pdf+&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=us&amp;pid=bl&amp;srcid=ADGEESiSik7BvNF3khdjWP_MK0lJTwf8vLpr2pyphrdJQumNEIIIm5K1_I7PY6BbRQrsyx4-7R_2Ow_RvTZYTQzx1S5PCOga9cSuAgdLtGyv0Ra8hfYYkImrtPC-NmZU0L2ctVVlvved&amp;sig=AHIEtbTjFqX6mgmu7_sCsdTJEztNJQYFog|title= WAZA LOGONE FLOODPLAIN, CAMEROON: economic benefits of wetland restoration|date=May 2003|work=CASE STUDIES IN WETLAND VALUATION #4|publisher=[[IUCN]]|accessdate=27 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Annotated list: Cameroon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Cameroon|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-annotated-ramsar-16493/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E16493_4000_0__|publisher=Ramsar.org|accessdate=13 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday &quot;Dhul-qoyan Caalami ah oo Muhiim ah&quot; iyadoo loo marayo [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] 20 Maarso 2006.

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Waza National Park]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

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  <page>
    <title>Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee Nylsvley</title>
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      <text bytes="3549" sha1="mkxvph4lt5k4t39kyowpf2sh4jb621x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox park
| name = Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee Nylsvley
| other_name = 
| image = Scenery in Nylsvley nature reserve 3.jpg
| image_alt = 
| image_caption = Dhul-qoyan leh [[Phragmites australis|qasab caadi ah]]
| image_size = 
| map = 
| relief = yes
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = Goobta ku taal Limpopo
| map_size = 
| location = [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| nearest_city = [[Mookgophong]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.6548|S|28.691|E|region:ZA-LP|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Nylsvley_Nature_Reserve| title=Nylsvley Nature Reserve| work=protectedplanet.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area = {{Convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| established = {{Start date and age|1998|7|7}}
| administrator = [[Limpopo Department of Economic Development, Environment and Tourism]]
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| camp_sites = Multiple
| governing_body = 
| world_heritage_site = 
| url = 
| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 7 Luulyo 1998
 | designation1_number = 952&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nylsvley Nature Reserve|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/952|accessdate=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Nylsvley Nature Reserve''' waa {{Convert|40|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} aag la ilaaliyo, oo ku yaalla iyo dhinaca dhul-fataha oo xilliyeedka ah ee [[Nyl River]], qaybta ugu sarreysa ee [[Mogalakwena River|Mogalakwena]] taas oo leh jaranjaro aad u hooseeya. Waxay ku taallaa meel u dhow [[Mookgophong]] ee [[Limpopo Province|Gobolka Limpopo]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday goob [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] dhul-qoyan ah sababtoo ah muhiimadda ay u leedahay ilaalinta caalamiga ah. Dhul-fataha wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Phragmites australis|qasab]] ballaaran iyo dhul-caws ah oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin kaymo furan.

Iyadoo ku taal aagga sare ee webiga Nyl, oo daboolaysa qiyaastii 20% dhul-fataha, aaggu wuxuu ku faanaa qiyaastii 370 nooc oo shimbiraha ah – kuwaas oo in ka badan 100 ka mid ah ay yihiin shimbiraha biyaha – iyo inta lagu jiro fatahaadaha ugu sarreeya, in ka badan 80,000 oo shimbirood ayaa la arki karaa. Kaydku wuxuu kaloo hoy u yahay [[roan antelope|antelope-ka roan]] iyo [[tsessebe]]. Meelaha kaliya ee bariiska duurjoogta ah ee Koonfur Afrika, ''[[Oryza longistaminata]]'', ayaa halkan laga helaa.

Magaca 'Nylsvley' wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[vlei]], oo ah baaquli ama aag si xilliyeed u fataha, iyo erayga &quot;Nile&quot;. 1860-meeyadii, koox beeraley ah oo [[Voortrekker]] ah ayaa arkay dhul weyn oo fatahay iyo webi u qulqulaya waqooyiga, sida ay sheegayaan halyeeyadu waxay u maleeyeen inay tahay ''Nylrivier'' ([[Nile|webiga Nile]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |title=Nylsvlei Nature Reserve |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913020720/http://www.limpoposouth.co.za/P20050520145545229.htm |archive-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sawirro==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 1.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 1
File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 2.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 2
File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 3.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 3
File:Nylsvley Brochure pg 4.jpg|Nylsvley Brochure bogga 4
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [https://www.nylsvley.co.za/ Friends of Nylsvley]
* [https://www.sa-venues.com/game-reserves/np_nylsvley.htm Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Limpopo]

{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Degmada Kilombero</title>
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&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
|name=Degmada Kilombero
|image_skyline=Ifakara.Ferry.Kilombero-River.JPG
|caption= Dooni ka gudbaysa Webiga Kilombero&lt;br&gt;agagaarka Ifakara, Degmada Kilombero
|settlement_type=[[Districts of Tanzania|Degmada]]
|image_map           = Kilombero  District in Morogoro 2022.svg
|map_caption        = Degmada Kilombero ee Gobolka Morogoro
|coordinates=
|subdivision_type=Waddan
| subdivision_name     = {{flag|Tanzania}}
|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Tanzania|Gobolka]]
|subdivision_name1=[[Morogoro Region]]
|population_as_of= 2002
|population_total=321,611
|area_code= 023
|timezone=[[East Africa Time|EAT]]
|utc_offset=+3
|timezone_DST= 
|utc_offset_DST= 
|website={{URL|http://www.tanzania.go.tz/|Bogga Waddanka}}
}}
[[File:Rice seedlings in the Kilomberoflood plain ready for transplanting.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Shaqaalaha beeraha ee ku sugan dhul-fataha Kilombero oo diyaarinaya geedaha bariiska si loogu beero]]
'''Degmada Kilombero'''&lt;ref&gt;{{GEOnet2|32FA88194BE13774E0440003BA962ED3|Kilombero District (Approved)}}, [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]&lt;/ref&gt; waa [[Districts of Tanzania|degmo]] ka tirsan [[Morogoro Region|Gobolka Morogoro]], ee koonfur-galbeed [[Tanzania]].

Degmadu waxay ku taallaa dhul-fataha ballaaran, oo u dhexeeya [[Kilombero River|Webiga Kilombero]] dhinaca koonfur-bari iyo Buuraha Udzungwa dhinaca waqooyi-galbeed. Dhinaca kale ee Webiga Kilombero, koonfur-bari, [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|dhul-fataha]] waa qayb ka mid ah [[Ulanga District|Degmada Ulanga]]. Degmadu waxay qayb ka wadaagtaa [[Udzungwa Mountains National Park]] Degmada Kilolo ee Iringa.

Sida lagu sheegay tirakoobkii ugu dambeeyay ee 2002, dadka Degmada Kilombero waa 321,611 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2002 Population and Housing Census General Report: Morogoro: Kilombero |url=http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/districts/kilombero.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211195737/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/districts/kilombero.htm |archivedate=February 11, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Qowmiyadaha ugu waaweyn waa Wapogoro, Wandamba, [[Bena people|Wabena]], iyo Wambunga iyo dhowr kale oo tiro yar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Morogoro-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morogoro Region Socio-Economic Profile|year=1997|publisher=The Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam, and The Regional Commissioner's Office, Morogoro|format=pdf|url=http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/Morogoro.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530191242/http://www.tzonline.org/pdf/Morogoro.pdf|archivedate=30 May 2004|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aaggu waa mid inta badan baadiye ah iyadoo xarunta degmada ee magaalo-bariga [[Ifakara]] ay tahay degsiimada ugu weyn.

Inta badan dadka tuulooyinka degan waa beeraley ku tiirsan cuntada aasaasiga ah ee galleyda iyo bariiska. Waxaa jira beeraha waaweyn ee geedka teak-ga ee degmooyinka Kilombero iyo Ulanga ee deriska la ah. Waqooyi-galbeed ee degmada, beeraha sonkorta ee shirkadda Illovo Sugar Company ayaa qabsada inta badan aagga hoose.&lt;ref&gt;Corti, Graham, Fanning, Eibleis, Hinde, Roy, and Jenkins, Richard, 1999. A Conservation Assessment the Amphibian Communities of Miombo Woodland, Evergreen Forest and a Teak (I'ectona Grandis) Plantation in the Ulanga Valley, Tanzania (Technical Report 3). Frontier-Tanzania Savanna Research Programme, Dar es Salaaml&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hinde, R., Corti, G., Fanning, E., &amp; Jenkins, R., 1999a, A conservation assessment of large mammal use of miombo woodland, evergreen forest and a teak plantation in the Ulanga Valley, Tanzania, Frontier Tanzania Savanna Research Programme, Technical Report No. 2., unpublished, Frontier Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jenkins R., Roettcher, K, Corti, G &amp; Fanning, E, 2000a, Large mammals and teak plantations in the Ulanga Valley, Annual Report, unpublished, Frontier Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Qaybaha maamulka==

===Degmooyinka doorashada===
Doorashooyinka baarlamaanka, Tanzania waxay u qaybsantaa degmooyin doorasho. Sida doorashadii 2010 Degmada Kilombrero waxay lahayd hal degmo doorasho:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Organisations located in Kilombrero District - Tanzania |publisher=African Development Information |url=http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/lor/lor_tz_10_1.html |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903060309/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/lor/lor_tz_10_1.html |archivedate=2012-09-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Degmada doorashada Kilombrero

===Qaybaha===
[[Ifakara]], Kidatu, Mang´ula, Mlimba, Mngeta.Malinyi, Mahenge.

===Wards (Degsiimooyinka)===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ Degmada Kilombero waxaa maamul ahaan loo qaybiyaa soddon iyo shan [[Administrative divisions of Tanzania#Wards|wards]]:
|-
| Chisano || Kiberege || Masagati || Mofu
|-
| Chita || [[Kidatu]] || Mbingu || Sanje
|-
| Idete || Kisawasawa || Mchombe || Uchindile
|-
| [[Ifakara]] || Lumemo || Mkula || Utengule
|-
| Kibaoni || Mang'ula || [[Mlimba]] ||Msolwa Station
|-
| Mang'ula B || Mwaya || Signal || Michenga
|-
| Katindiuka || Mlabani|| Viwanja Sitini || Lipangalala
|-
| Namwawala || Mngeta || Igima || Mbasa
|-
| Ching'anda || Kalengakelo || Kamwene
|}

==Ururada aan dowliga ahayn (NGOs)==
* [[MSABI]] – Biyo Nabadgelyo u leh Caafimaad Wanaagsan [[Ifakara]] – waa [[NGO]] diiradda saara biyaha, fayadhowrka, nadaafadda, iyo waxbarashada
* [[Eye Care Foundation]]
* Friends of Kilombero
* TFCG – waxay ka shaqaysaa maaraynta kaymaha dabiiciga ah iyo maaraynta khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee la xiriira ee buuraleyda Tanzania Eastern Arc iyo kaymaha xeebaha
* Save Education and Future Development Foundation – waxay kor u qaadaa helitaanka waxbarasho tayo leh ee bulshooyinka miyiga
*[https://stzelephants.or.tz/ Southern Tanzania Elephant Program] - STEP waa barnaamij ilaalinta maroodiga oo ku salaysan koonfurta Tanzania. Iyagoo aaminsan muhiimadda ay leedahay aagagga la ilaaliyo ee xooggan iyo wanaagga dadka ku nool agagaarka xuduudahooda, STEP waxay la shaqaysaa saaxiibo kala duwan si loo helo amniga muddada dheer ee maroodiga, oo ah xayawaan muhiim ah oo ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka ee cajiibka ah ee Ruaha-Rungwa iyo Udzungwa-Selous.

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

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    <title>Dhul biyoodka Bangweulu</title>
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| name = Bangweulu Wetlands
| alt_name = Bangweulu Swamps
| iucn_category =
| image = Bangweulu Swamps.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Muuqaalka [[dhul-qoyan|dhul-qoyaneedka]]
| map = Zambia
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Goobta Bangweulu Wetlands ee [[Zambia]]
| relief = 1
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| location =
| nearest_city =
| nearest_town =
| coordinates = {{coord|11|36|S|30|05|E|region:ZM|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| length =
| length_mi =
| length_km =
| width =
| width_mi =
| width_km =
| area =
| area_ha =
| area_acre =
| area_km2 = 9,850
| area_sqmi =
| area_ref =
| elevation =
| elevation_avg =
| elevation_min =
| elevation_max =
| dimensions =
| designation =
| authorized =
| created =
| designated =
| established =
| named_for =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
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| governing_body =
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =
| world_heritage_site =
| website =
| url =
| child =
| module = {{Designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = Ramsar
 |designation1_date = 28 Agoosto 1991
 |designation1_number = 531&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bamgweulu Swamps |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|access-date=10 January 2024|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/531}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Bangweulu Wetlands''' waa [[nidaam deegaan]] [[dhul-qoyan|dhul-qoyan ah]] oo ku dhow [[Harada Bangweulu]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Zambia]]. Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday mid ka mid ah dhul-qoyaneedka ugu muhiimsan adduunka by [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] iyo &quot;Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah&quot; by [[BirdLife International]]. Sanadkii 2008 [[African Parks]] waxay bilowday maamulka Bangweulu iyadoo lala kaashanayo Waaxda Beeraha Qaranka iyo Duurjoogta ee Zambia iyadoo la aasaasay Guddiga Maamulka Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu.

==Dulmar==
Nidaamka deegaanka ee Bangweulu Wetlands waxaa markii ugu horreysay la sharraxay 1940-meeyadii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McKey |first1=Doyle B. |last2=Durécu |first2=Mélisse |last3=Pouilly |first3=Marc |last4=Béarez |first4=Philippe |last5=Ovando |first5=Alex |last6=Kaleb |first6=Mashuta |last7=Huchzermeyer |first7=Carl F. |date=27 December 2016 |title=Present-day African analogue of a pre-European Amazonian floodplain fishery shows convergence in cultural niche construction |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=113 |issue=52 |pages=14,938–14,943 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613169114 |oclc=43473694 |pmc=5206554 |pmid=27980030 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangweulu, oo macnaheedu yahay &quot;halka biyuhu kula kulmaan cirka&quot;, waxay inta badan ku taallaa [[Northern Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]] ee Zambia waxaana [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] u aqoonsaday mid ka mid ah [[dhul-qoyan|dhul-qoyaneedka]] ugu muhiimsan adduunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Boyes|first1=Steve|title=Working for Water: The Bangweulu Wetlands and Africa's Shoebill…|url=https://voices.nationalgeographic.org/2012/12/07/working-for-water-the-bangweulu-wetlands-and-africas-shoebill/|website=National Geographic|access-date=10 October 2017|date=7 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aagga {{Convert|9,850|km2|sqmi|adj=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=William|title=Zambia and Victoria Falls|date=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtRSM4h-TRgC&amp;pg=PA91|access-date=10 October 2017|isbn=9781845378134}}&lt;/ref&gt; wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[dhul-fataha|dhul-fataha]], [[dhul-caws|dhul-caws]] xilliyeed fataha, [[kaymo|kaymo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands &quot;Where the water meets the sky&quot;|url=http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213859/http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo [[ba'ad|ba'ad]] joogto ah oo ay quudiyaan webiyada [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]], [[Luapula River|Luapula]], Lukulu, iyo Lulimala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; Ururka aan macaash doonka ahayn ee [[African Parks]] ayaa maamula aag dhan {{Convert|6000|km2|sqmi|adj=on}} oo ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka ee Bangweulu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands|url=https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-06/African_Parks_Bangweulu_Fact_Sheet.pdf|publisher=[[African Parks]]|access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==

Nidaamka deegaanka wuxuu leeyahay ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', caws sabbeeya, kaynta [[miombo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;LP&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet Zambia, Mozambique &amp; Malawi|date=1 June 2013|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|page=204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL1pVdwpTWYC&amp;pg=PT204|access-date=10 October 2017|first1=Mary|last1=Fitzpatrick|first2=Michael|last2=Grosberg|first3=Trent|last3=Holden|first4=Kate|last4=Morgan|first5=Nick|last5=Ray|first6=Richard|last6=Waters|isbn=9781743216453}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo [[Reed (plant)|qasab]] taageera dadweyne badan oo [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]], kalluun, iyo [[shimbiraha biyaha]]. Naasleyda waxaa ka mid ah maroodiga, [[Burchell's zebra|dameer-faras]], [[Cape bushbuck|bushbuck]], [[common tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[African elephant|maroodiga]], [[hippopotamus|jeer]], [[hyena|waraabe]], [[jackal|dawaco]], [[oribi]], [[reedbuck]], [[roan antelope|roan]] iyo [[sable antelope]], iyo [[sitatunga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=UNDP/&gt;&lt;ref name=LP/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chisha|first1=Christine|title=Malama set to make a difference|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/malama-set-to-make-a-difference/|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[Zambia Daily Mail]]|date=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangweulu waxay haysataa dadka kaliya ee haray ee muhiimka ah ee [[lechwe|lechwe-ga madow]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kamweneshe|first1=Bernard Mwila|title=Ecology, Conservation and Management of the Black Lechwe (Kobus Leche Smithemani) in the Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|date=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag_soQEACAAJ|access-date=11 October 2017|publisher=[[University of Pretoria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa lagu qiyaasay 36,600 oo la soo sheegay sanadkii 2020.&lt;ref name=UNDP/&gt; Malaayiin [[straw-coloured fruit bat|fiidmeerta midhaha]] ayaa u haajira kaymaha ba'ada ee Mushitu ee Bangweulu ee [[Kasanka National Park|Beerta Qaranka Kasanka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Weaver&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Weaver|first1=Tony|title=Eight Million New Wonders of the World|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173750/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[Cape Times]]|publisher=[[Sekunjalo Investments]]|date=11 November 2011|location=Cape Town|url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanadkii 2016, African Parks waxay la kaashatay Fondation Segré si ay u rarto 600 oo xayawaan, oo ay ku jiraan [[hartebeest]], [[impala]], iyo [[puku]], gudaha dhul-qoyaneedka.&lt;ref name=FS&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands Wildlife Reintroduction Project|url=http://www.fondationsegre.org/bangweulu-wetlands-wildlife-reintroduction-project/|publisher=Fondation Segré|access-date=10 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cheetah|Harimacadka]] ayaa dib loogu soo celiyay kaydka sanadkii 2020, ku dhawaad qarni kadib maqnaanshahooda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Hails the Return of Cheetahs to one of Africa’s Most Important Wetlands |url=https://www.african-parks.org/zambia-hails-return-cheetahs-one-africas-most-important-wetlands |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.african-parks.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=250
| image1 = 20160605 0400 Bangweulu Bec-ouvert africain.jpg | width1=1500 | height1=1000
| image2 = 20160605 0196 Bangweulu Hirondelle a collier.jpg | width2=1500 | height2=1000
| image3 = 20160604 0015 Bangweulu Grue caronculee.jpg | width3=1500 | height3=1000
| image4 = 20160605 0253 Bangweulu Guepier a collier bleu (cropped).jpg | width4=537 | height4=589
| footer = Noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiro ah ayaa ku nool Bangweulu, oo ay ku jiraan [[African openbill|openbill-ka Afrika]], [[banded martin]], [[blue-breasted bee-eater]], iyo [[wattled crane]] (''oo laga soo bandhigay dhinaca saacadda laga bilaabo bidixda sare''), oo lagu sawiray dhul-qoyaneedka 2016
}}

Bangweulu waxaa loo aqoonsaday &quot;Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah&quot; by [[BirdLife International]].&lt;ref name=UNDP/&gt; Dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa hoy u ah in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah,&lt;ref name=LP/&gt; oo ay ku jiraan cormorants, berriga, egrets, geese, herons, [[ibis]]es, [[pygmy goose]], iyo waders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt; Kuwa ugu caansan waa [[shoebill]], oo ah [[nooc nugul]] oo ay ku hanjabayaan gubista hoyga ee beerashada, tartanka kalluumeysiga, [[ka ganacsiga duurjoogta]], iyo [[khalalaase]] kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Shoebill]]:
* {{Cite journal|title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia|date=March 2015|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–9|journal=Waterbirds|doi=10.1675/063.038.0102|first1=Ralf H. E.|last1=Mullers|first2=Arjun|last2=Amar|s2cid=84828980}}
* {{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270545739|title=Shoebill Balaeniceps rex foraging behaviour in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia|date=May 2015|doi=10.2989/00306525.2014.977364|journal=[[Ostrich (journal)|Ostrich]]|volume=86|issue=1–2|pages=113–118|first1=Ralf|last1=Mullers|first2=Arjun|last2=Amar|s2cid=84194123|access-date=10 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanadkii 2022 waxaa la aasaasay xarun korinta iyo dib-u-habeynta Shoebill.&lt;ref name=&quot;shoebill&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Shoebill Conservation in Bangweulu - A Unique Solution for a Unique Bird |url=https://www.african-parks.org/shoebill-conservation-bangweulu-unique-solution-unique-bird |publisher=African Parks |access-date=20 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xaruntu waxay daryeeshaa shimbiraha yaryar ka dibna dib ugu sii deyso aagga. Noocyada kale ee laga diiwaangeliyay Bangweulu waxaa ka mid ah [[great white pelican]], [[saddle-billed stork]], [[African spoonbill]], iyo [[wattled crane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamweneshe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kamweneshe|first1=Bernard M.|title=Status of Ecology of Wattled Cranes in Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|url=https://www.savingcranes.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/pp261-265.pdf|access-date=10 October 2017|pages=261–265|via=[[International Crane Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khilaafka dadka iyo duurjoogta===

Bangweulu waxay ka kooban tahay dhawr tuulo, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa 50,000–90,000 oo qof inay ku tiirsan yihiin dhul-qoyaneedka, taasoo keenta [[khilaafka dadka iyo duurjoogta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=McIntyre|first1=Chris|title=Zambia|date=5 July 2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69c5DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA336|access-date=11 October 2017|isbn=9781784770129}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nidaamka deegaanka waxaa ku hanjabaya gubista hoyga ee beerashada, [[kalluumeysi xad-dhaaf ah]], iyo [[ugaarsi sharci-darro ah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; Isticmaalka sii kordhaya ee [[shabaagta kaneecada]] ee kalluumeysiga ayaa hoos u dhigay dadka kalluunka ee Bangweulu iyo guud ahaan Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gettleman&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|title=Meant to Keep Malaria Out, Mosquito Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/africa/mosquito-nets-for-malaria-spawn-new-epidemic-overfishing.html|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 January 2015|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loola dagaallamo dhibaatooyinkan, African Parks waxay horumarisay dhawr barnaamij oo bulsho iyo mashaariic ganacsi, oo ay ku jiraan xanaanada shinnida, maaraynta kalluumeysiga waara, iyo waxbarashada caafimaadka taranka. Natiijo ahaan, ugaarsiga iyo hawlaha kale ee sharci-darrada ah ayaa badanaa la xakameeyay, waxaana kaydka kalluunka uu ku guuleystay inuu soo kabsado.

==Ilaalinta==
Sanadkii 2008, African Parks waxay bilowday maamulka Bangweulu iyadoo la aasaasay Guddiga Maamulka Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu, oo ay ku jiraan wakiillo ka socda African Parks, [[Zambia Wildlife Authority]], iyo lix xubnood oo bulshada ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt; Maalgelinta waxaa suurtageliyay African Parks iyo [[United Nations Development Programme|Barnaamijka Horumarinta Qaramada Midoobay]] (UNDP). Iyada oo loo marayo iskaashigan, African Parks waxay mas'uul ka tahay dhammaan maamulka iyo hawlgallada Bangweulu, oo ay ku jiraan fulinta sharciga, horumarinta bulshada, ilaalinta noolaha, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt; Iskaashigan [[Public–private partnership|dadweyne-gaar ah]] iyo bulsho waa qayb ka mid ah fikradda Beerta Iskaashiga Bulshada ee uu abuuray Wasaaradda Dhulka, Khayraadka Dabiiciga ah iyo Ilaalinta Deegaanka iyo mashruuca &quot;Dib-u-habeynta iyo Maareynta Waxtarka leh ee Nidaamka Aagagga Ilaalinta Qaranka&quot; ee Zambia Wildlife Authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot; /&gt; Sida laga soo xigtay UNDP, mashruucu wuxuu raadinayaa inuu &quot;horumariyo maareynta Aagagga Ilaalinta ee jira iyada oo loo marayo fulinta sharciga iyo in la soo jeediyo qaybo cusub oo aagag ilaalin ah si loo hubiyo in bulshadu leedahay oo maamusho khayraadka dabiiciga ah si waara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot; /&gt;

Saaxiibadii hore ee taageeray Bangweulu Wetlands waxaa ka mid ahaa Guddiga Maamulka Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu iyo Kasanka Trust; maalgeliyeyaasha waaweyn ee hadda taageeraya Bangweulu waxaa ka mid ah WWF-The Netherlands, WWF-Zambia, iyo Waaxda Beeraha Qaranka iyo Duurjoogta ee Zambia, sida ay sheegtay African Parks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Partners: Bangweulu|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu/partners|publisher=African Parks|access-date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hadafka Mashruuca Ka Shaqeynta Biyaha waa in la baaro lana ilaaliyo dhul-qoyaneedka waaweyn ee Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan Bangweulu, [[Niger Delta|Niger]] iyo [[Okavango Delta|Okavango]] deltas, iyo [[Sudd]] iyo [[Zambezi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; [[Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology]] ee [[Jaamacadda Cape Town]] ayaa ka shaqeeyay sidii loo abuuri lahaa qorshayaal ilaalinta shoebill-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; &quot;Mashruuca Dib-u-soo-celinta Duurjoogta ee Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu&quot; ee African Parks iyo Fondation Segré waxaa la bilaabay 2016 wuxuuna raadinayaa inuu &quot;dib u abuuro aag la ilaaliyo oo deegaan ahaan macquul ah oo leh awood uu ku noqdo mid waara&quot;.&lt;ref name=FS/&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Duurjoogta Zambia]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Akhris dheeraad ah==
* {{Cite journal |pmid=28745838 |title=First record of epizootic ulcerative syndrome from the Upper Congo catchment: An outbreak in the Bangweulu swamps, Zambia. |last1=Huchzermeyer |first1=C.F. |last2=Huchzermeyer |first2=K.D.A. |last3=Christison |first3=K.W. |last4=Macey |first4=B.M. |last5=Colly |first5=P.A. |last6=Hang'ombe |first6=B.M. |last7=Songe |first7=M.M. |date=26 July 2017 |doi=10.1111/jfd.12680 |journal=[[Journal of Fish Diseases]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |oclc=45254341 |via=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |hdl=10566/3118 |hdl-access=free}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{External media
| video1 = [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/video/river-monsters-clip-1/ Video: Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu ee Zambia], [[National Geographic Society]]
}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu|title=Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu|publisher=[[African Parks]]}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://africageographic.com/blog/beautiful-images-of-bangweulu-wetlands/ |title=Sawirro qurux badan oo ah Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu |date=2 December 2014 |website=Africa Geographic |via=African Parks}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zambia/bangweulu-wetlands|title=Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</text>
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| name = Dhul biyoodka Bangweulu
| alt_name = Bangweulu Swamps
| iucn_category =
| image = Bangweulu Swamps.jpg
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| image_caption = Muuqaalka [[dhul-qoyan|dhul-qoyaneedka]]
| map = Zambia
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| map_caption = Goobta Bangweulu Wetlands ee [[Zambia]]
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| module = {{Designation list
 |embed = yes
 |designation1 = Ramsar
 |designation1_date = 28 Agoosto 1991
 |designation1_number = 531&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bamgweulu Swamps |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|access-date=10 January 2024|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/531}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}

'''Dhul biyoodka Bangweulu''' waa [[nidaam deegaan]] [[dhul-qoyan|dhul-qoyan ah]] oo ku dhow [[Harada Bangweulu]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Zambia]]. Aagga waxaa loo aqoonsaday mid ka mid ah dhul-qoyaneedka ugu muhiimsan adduunka by [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] iyo &quot;Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah&quot; by [[BirdLife International]]. Sanadkii 2008 [[African Parks]] waxay bilowday maamulka Bangweulu iyadoo lala kaashanayo Waaxda Beeraha Qaranka iyo Duurjoogta ee Zambia iyadoo la aasaasay Guddiga Maamulka Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu.

==Dulmar==
Nidaamka deegaanka ee Bangweulu Wetlands waxaa markii ugu horreysay la sharraxay 1940-meeyadii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McKey |first1=Doyle B. |last2=Durécu |first2=Mélisse |last3=Pouilly |first3=Marc |last4=Béarez |first4=Philippe |last5=Ovando |first5=Alex |last6=Kaleb |first6=Mashuta |last7=Huchzermeyer |first7=Carl F. |date=27 December 2016 |title=Present-day African analogue of a pre-European Amazonian floodplain fishery shows convergence in cultural niche construction |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |volume=113 |issue=52 |pages=14,938–14,943 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1613169114 |oclc=43473694 |pmc=5206554 |pmid=27980030 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangweulu, oo macnaheedu yahay &quot;halka biyuhu kula kulmaan cirka&quot;, waxay inta badan ku taallaa [[Northern Province, Zambia|Gobolka Waqooyi]] ee Zambia waxaana [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] u aqoonsaday mid ka mid ah [[dhul-qoyan|dhul-qoyaneedka]] ugu muhiimsan adduunka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Boyes|first1=Steve|title=Working for Water: The Bangweulu Wetlands and Africa's Shoebill…|url=https://voices.nationalgeographic.org/2012/12/07/working-for-water-the-bangweulu-wetlands-and-africas-shoebill/|website=National Geographic|access-date=10 October 2017|date=7 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aagga {{Convert|9,850|km2|sqmi|adj=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Gray&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=William|title=Zambia and Victoria Falls|date=2007|publisher=New Holland Publishers|page=91|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtRSM4h-TRgC&amp;pg=PA91|access-date=10 October 2017|isbn=9781845378134}}&lt;/ref&gt; wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[dhul-fataha|dhul-fataha]], [[dhul-caws|dhul-caws]] xilliyeed fataha, [[kaymo|kaymo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands &quot;Where the water meets the sky&quot;|url=http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|access-date=10 October 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519213859/http://www.zm.undp.org/content/zambia/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/successstories/bangweulu-wetlands-where-the-water-meets-the-sky--.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo [[ba'ad|ba'ad]] joogto ah oo ay quudiyaan webiyada [[Chambeshi River|Chambeshi]], [[Luapula River|Luapula]], Lukulu, iyo Lulimala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; Ururka aan macaash doonka ahayn ee [[African Parks]] ayaa maamula aag dhan {{Convert|6000|km2|sqmi|adj=on}} oo ka mid ah nidaamka deegaanka ee Bangweulu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands|url=https://www.african-parks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-06/African_Parks_Bangweulu_Fact_Sheet.pdf|publisher=[[African Parks]]|access-date=4 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==

Nidaamka deegaanka wuxuu leeyahay ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', caws sabbeeya, kaynta [[miombo]],&lt;ref name=&quot;LP&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Lonely Planet Zambia, Mozambique &amp; Malawi|date=1 June 2013|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|page=204|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pL1pVdwpTWYC&amp;pg=PT204|access-date=10 October 2017|first1=Mary|last1=Fitzpatrick|first2=Michael|last2=Grosberg|first3=Trent|last3=Holden|first4=Kate|last4=Morgan|first5=Nick|last5=Ray|first6=Richard|last6=Waters|isbn=9781743216453}}&lt;/ref&gt; iyo [[Reed (plant)|qasab]] taageera dadweyne badan oo [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]], kalluun, iyo [[shimbiraha biyaha]]. Naasleyda waxaa ka mid ah maroodiga, [[Burchell's zebra|dameer-faras]], [[Cape bushbuck|bushbuck]], [[common tsessebe|tsessebe]], [[African elephant|maroodiga]], [[hippopotamus|jeer]], [[hyena|waraabe]], [[jackal|dawaco]], [[oribi]], [[reedbuck]], [[roan antelope|roan]] iyo [[sable antelope]], iyo [[sitatunga]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=UNDP/&gt;&lt;ref name=LP/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chisha|first1=Christine|title=Malama set to make a difference|url=https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/malama-set-to-make-a-difference/|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[Zambia Daily Mail]]|date=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bangweulu waxay haysataa dadka kaliya ee haray ee muhiimka ah ee [[lechwe|lechwe-ga madow]];&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kamweneshe|first1=Bernard Mwila|title=Ecology, Conservation and Management of the Black Lechwe (Kobus Leche Smithemani) in the Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|date=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ag_soQEACAAJ|access-date=11 October 2017|publisher=[[University of Pretoria]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Waxaa lagu qiyaasay 36,600 oo la soo sheegay sanadkii 2020.&lt;ref name=UNDP/&gt; Malaayiin [[straw-coloured fruit bat|fiidmeerta midhaha]] ayaa u haajira kaymaha ba'ada ee Mushitu ee Bangweulu ee [[Kasanka National Park|Beerta Qaranka Kasanka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Weaver&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Weaver|first1=Tony|title=Eight Million New Wonders of the World|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403173750/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-272264395.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2018|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[Cape Times]]|publisher=[[Sekunjalo Investments]]|date=11 November 2011|location=Cape Town|url-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanadkii 2016, African Parks waxay la kaashatay Fondation Segré si ay u rarto 600 oo xayawaan, oo ay ku jiraan [[hartebeest]], [[impala]], iyo [[puku]], gudaha dhul-qoyaneedka.&lt;ref name=FS&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangweulu Wetlands Wildlife Reintroduction Project|url=http://www.fondationsegre.org/bangweulu-wetlands-wildlife-reintroduction-project/|publisher=Fondation Segré|access-date=10 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Cheetah|Harimacadka]] ayaa dib loogu soo celiyay kaydka sanadkii 2020, ku dhawaad qarni kadib maqnaanshahooda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zambia Hails the Return of Cheetahs to one of Africa’s Most Important Wetlands |url=https://www.african-parks.org/zambia-hails-return-cheetahs-one-africas-most-important-wetlands |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=www.african-parks.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=250
| image1 = 20160605 0400 Bangweulu Bec-ouvert africain.jpg | width1=1500 | height1=1000
| image2 = 20160605 0196 Bangweulu Hirondelle a collier.jpg | width2=1500 | height2=1000
| image3 = 20160604 0015 Bangweulu Grue caronculee.jpg | width3=1500 | height3=1000
| image4 = 20160605 0253 Bangweulu Guepier a collier bleu (cropped).jpg | width4=537 | height4=589
| footer = Noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiro ah ayaa ku nool Bangweulu, oo ay ku jiraan [[African openbill|openbill-ka Afrika]], [[banded martin]], [[blue-breasted bee-eater]], iyo [[wattled crane]] (''oo laga soo bandhigay dhinaca saacadda laga bilaabo bidixda sare''), oo lagu sawiray dhul-qoyaneedka 2016
}}

Bangweulu waxaa loo aqoonsaday &quot;Goob Shimbireed oo Muhiim ah&quot; by [[BirdLife International]].&lt;ref name=UNDP/&gt; Dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa hoy u ah in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah,&lt;ref name=LP/&gt; oo ay ku jiraan cormorants, berriga, egrets, geese, herons, [[ibis]]es, [[pygmy goose]], iyo waders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt; Kuwa ugu caansan waa [[shoebill]], oo ah [[nooc nugul]] oo ay ku hanjabayaan gubista hoyga ee beerashada, tartanka kalluumeysiga, [[ka ganacsiga duurjoogta]], iyo [[khalalaase]] kale.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Shoebill]]:
* {{Cite journal|title=Parental Nesting Behavior, Chick Growth and Breeding Success of Shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia|date=March 2015|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–9|journal=Waterbirds|doi=10.1675/063.038.0102|first1=Ralf H. E.|last1=Mullers|first2=Arjun|last2=Amar|s2cid=84828980}}
* {{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270545739|title=Shoebill Balaeniceps rex foraging behaviour in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia|date=May 2015|doi=10.2989/00306525.2014.977364|journal=[[Ostrich (journal)|Ostrich]]|volume=86|issue=1–2|pages=113–118|first1=Ralf|last1=Mullers|first2=Arjun|last2=Amar|s2cid=84194123|access-date=10 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanadkii 2022 waxaa la aasaasay xarun korinta iyo dib-u-habeynta Shoebill.&lt;ref name=&quot;shoebill&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Shoebill Conservation in Bangweulu - A Unique Solution for a Unique Bird |url=https://www.african-parks.org/shoebill-conservation-bangweulu-unique-solution-unique-bird |publisher=African Parks |access-date=20 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xaruntu waxay daryeeshaa shimbiraha yaryar ka dibna dib ugu sii deyso aagga. Noocyada kale ee laga diiwaangeliyay Bangweulu waxaa ka mid ah [[great white pelican]], [[saddle-billed stork]], [[African spoonbill]], iyo [[wattled crane]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kamweneshe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kamweneshe|first1=Bernard M.|title=Status of Ecology of Wattled Cranes in Bangweulu Basin, Zambia|url=https://www.savingcranes.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/pp261-265.pdf|access-date=10 October 2017|pages=261–265|via=[[International Crane Foundation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Khilaafka dadka iyo duurjoogta===

Bangweulu waxay ka kooban tahay dhawr tuulo, waxaana lagu qiyaasaa 50,000–90,000 oo qof inay ku tiirsan yihiin dhul-qoyaneedka, taasoo keenta [[khilaafka dadka iyo duurjoogta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McIntyre&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=McIntyre|first1=Chris|title=Zambia|date=5 July 2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|page=336|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=69c5DAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA336|access-date=11 October 2017|isbn=9781784770129}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nidaamka deegaanka waxaa ku hanjabaya gubista hoyga ee beerashada, [[kalluumeysi xad-dhaaf ah]], iyo [[ugaarsi sharci-darro ah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; Isticmaalka sii kordhaya ee [[shabaagta kaneecada]] ee kalluumeysiga ayaa hoos u dhigay dadka kalluunka ee Bangweulu iyo guud ahaan Zambia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gettleman&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|title=Meant to Keep Malaria Out, Mosquito Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/25/world/africa/mosquito-nets-for-malaria-spawn-new-epidemic-overfishing.html|access-date=11 October 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 January 2015|issn=0362-4331|oclc=1645522}}&lt;/ref&gt; Si loola dagaallamo dhibaatooyinkan, African Parks waxay horumarisay dhawr barnaamij oo bulsho iyo mashaariic ganacsi, oo ay ku jiraan xanaanada shinnida, maaraynta kalluumeysiga waara, iyo waxbarashada caafimaadka taranka. Natiijo ahaan, ugaarsiga iyo hawlaha kale ee sharci-darrada ah ayaa badanaa la xakameeyay, waxaana kaydka kalluunka uu ku guuleystay inuu soo kabsado.

==Ilaalinta==
Sanadkii 2008, African Parks waxay bilowday maamulka Bangweulu iyadoo la aasaasay Guddiga Maamulka Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu, oo ay ku jiraan wakiillo ka socda African Parks, [[Zambia Wildlife Authority]], iyo lix xubnood oo bulshada ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt; Maalgelinta waxaa suurtageliyay African Parks iyo [[United Nations Development Programme|Barnaamijka Horumarinta Qaramada Midoobay]] (UNDP). Iyada oo loo marayo iskaashigan, African Parks waxay mas'uul ka tahay dhammaan maamulka iyo hawlgallada Bangweulu, oo ay ku jiraan fulinta sharciga, horumarinta bulshada, ilaalinta noolaha, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot; /&gt; Iskaashigan [[Public–private partnership|dadweyne-gaar ah]] iyo bulsho waa qayb ka mid ah fikradda Beerta Iskaashiga Bulshada ee uu abuuray Wasaaradda Dhulka, Khayraadka Dabiiciga ah iyo Ilaalinta Deegaanka iyo mashruuca &quot;Dib-u-habeynta iyo Maareynta Waxtarka leh ee Nidaamka Aagagga Ilaalinta Qaranka&quot; ee Zambia Wildlife Authority.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot; /&gt; Sida laga soo xigtay UNDP, mashruucu wuxuu raadinayaa inuu &quot;horumariyo maareynta Aagagga Ilaalinta ee jira iyada oo loo marayo fulinta sharciga iyo in la soo jeediyo qaybo cusub oo aagag ilaalin ah si loo hubiyo in bulshadu leedahay oo maamusho khayraadka dabiiciga ah si waara&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP&quot; /&gt;

Saaxiibadii hore ee taageeray Bangweulu Wetlands waxaa ka mid ahaa Guddiga Maamulka Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu iyo Kasanka Trust; maalgeliyeyaasha waaweyn ee hadda taageeraya Bangweulu waxaa ka mid ah WWF-The Netherlands, WWF-Zambia, iyo Waaxda Beeraha Qaranka iyo Duurjoogta ee Zambia, sida ay sheegtay African Parks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Partners: Bangweulu|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu/partners|publisher=African Parks|access-date=11 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hadafka Mashruuca Ka Shaqeynta Biyaha waa in la baaro lana ilaaliyo dhul-qoyaneedka waaweyn ee Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan Bangweulu, [[Niger Delta|Niger]] iyo [[Okavango Delta|Okavango]] deltas, iyo [[Sudd]] iyo [[Zambezi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; [[Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology]] ee [[Jaamacadda Cape Town]] ayaa ka shaqeeyay sidii loo abuuri lahaa qorshayaal ilaalinta shoebill-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;Boyes&quot;/&gt; &quot;Mashruuca Dib-u-soo-celinta Duurjoogta ee Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu&quot; ee African Parks iyo Fondation Segré waxaa la bilaabay 2016 wuxuuna raadinayaa inuu &quot;dib u abuuro aag la ilaaliyo oo deegaan ahaan macquul ah oo leh awood uu ku noqdo mid waara&quot;.&lt;ref name=FS/&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Duurjoogta Zambia]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Akhris dheeraad ah==
* {{Cite journal |pmid=28745838 |title=First record of epizootic ulcerative syndrome from the Upper Congo catchment: An outbreak in the Bangweulu swamps, Zambia. |last1=Huchzermeyer |first1=C.F. |last2=Huchzermeyer |first2=K.D.A. |last3=Christison |first3=K.W. |last4=Macey |first4=B.M. |last5=Colly |first5=P.A. |last6=Hang'ombe |first6=B.M. |last7=Songe |first7=M.M. |date=26 July 2017 |doi=10.1111/jfd.12680 |journal=[[Journal of Fish Diseases]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=87–94 |oclc=45254341 |via=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |hdl=10566/3118 |hdl-access=free}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{External media
| video1 = [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/video/river-monsters-clip-1/ Video: Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu ee Zambia], [[National Geographic Society]]
}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/bangweulu|title=Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu|publisher=[[African Parks]]}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://africageographic.com/blog/beautiful-images-of-bangweulu-wetlands/ |title=Sawirro qurux badan oo ah Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu |date=2 December 2014 |website=Africa Geographic |via=African Parks}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zambia/bangweulu-wetlands|title=Dhul-qoyaneedka Bangweulu|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</text>
      <sha1>m8yijh8vbj75qh960ubn22n0osxibkm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Yala</title>
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      <text bytes="7112" sha1="6zpa1wnue6540gdpr91142ee5dqxe5b" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Dhul-qoyaneedka biyaha macaan ee ugu weyn Kenya}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name               = Dhul biyoodka Yala
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| other_name         = 
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = File:Yala Swamp-2.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = [[Egyptian white lotus]] (Nymphaea lotus) oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee Yala Swamp ee [[Bar Olengo]]
&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = Yala Swamp, [[Kenya]]
| group              = 
| coordinates        = {{coord| 0.038 | 34.082 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}}
| type               = 
| etymology          = 
| part_of            = 
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = [[Yala River]], [[Nzoia River]]
| outflow            = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = Kenya, Uganda
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = {{convert|175|km2}} 
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| max-depth          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| volume             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| residence_time     = 
| salinity           = 
| shore              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| elevation          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| temperature_high   = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| temperature_low    = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
&lt;!--      Map      --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Kenya
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}

'''Dhul biyoodka Yala''' waa [[dhul-qoyan]] biyo macaan oo ugu weyn Kenya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yala Swamp {{!}} Environmental hotspots |url=https://hotspots.unepgrid.ch/site/yala-swamp |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=hotspots.unepgrid.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaas oo daboolaya qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} galbeedka [[Kenya]] waxaana loo aqoonsaday [[Goob Muhiim ah oo Noolaha kala duwan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title=A community’s fight to save its lifeline: Yala Swamp |url=https://www.birdlife.org/news/2025/02/01/a-communitys-fight-to-save-its-lifeline-yala-swamp/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=BirdLife International |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Goobta==

Yala Swamp oo ku taal afka [[Webiga Yala]] ayaa daboolaya qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} xeebta waqooyi-bari ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}}
Dhul-qoyaneedku waxa uu ka kooban yahay {{convert|1500|ha}} [[Harada Kanyaboli]], oo ah dhul-qoyan biyo macaan ah oo leh qoto dheer celcelis ahaan {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo ay quudiyaan fatahaadaha [[Webiga Nzoia|Nzoia]] iyo webiyada Yala iyo sidoo kale biyaha ka soo noqonaya Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}}
Dhul-qoyaneedku waxa uu ku yaalaa degmooyinka [[Siaya County|Siaya]] iyo [[Busia County|Busia]] ee Kenya. Waxay u shaqaysaa sidii shaandheyn loogu talagalay biyaha ku qulqula [[Harada Victoria]] oo ka imanaya laba webi oo waaweyn, [[Webiga Yala]] iyo [[Webiga Nzoia]]. 
Mararka qaarkood waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay isha webiga Niil.

Waqtiyadii hore, Webiga Yala waxa uu ku qulquli jiray 20% bari ee Yala Swamp ilaa Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna u qulquli jiray dhul-qoyaneedka ugu weyn, ka dibna waxa uu u sii mari jiray marin yar oo u baxa Harada Victoria.
Maanta qaybta bari ee dhul-qoyaneedka waa la miiray, webiguna waxa uu si toos ah ugu qulqulaa dhul-qoyaneedka ugu weyn oo ah {{convert|8000|ha}}.
Waxaa laga gooyay Harada Kanyaboli marin silt-dhoobo ah.
Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga ku xeeran iyo qulqulka dib uga soo noqonaya dhul-qoyaneedka.
Marin-biyoodka webiga waxaa laga gooyay harada iyada oo loo marayo marinka biyaha, kaas oo abuuray {{convert|500|ha}} [[Harada Sare]] iyada oo loo marayo fatahaad-dibadeed.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}}

==Deegaanka==

Dhul-qoyaneedku waxa uu hoy u yahay noocyada kalluunka ee khatarta ugu jira in ay dabar-go'aan ee ''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'' iyo ''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'' kuwaas oo ka baaba'ay Harada Victoria lafteeda. Naasleyda [[Sitatunga]] (''Tragecephalus spekii'') ayaa weli ku nool [[papyrus|ba'ada]] dhul-qoyaneedka. [[BirdLife International]] waxay u kala saartaa Yala Swamp inay ka mid tahay 60 [[Goobaha Shimbiraha ee Muhiimka ah]] ee Kenya. Qaar ka mid ah shimbiraha halkaas ku nool waa [[blue-breasted bee-eater]], [[papyrus gonolek]], [[swamp flycatcher]], [[papyrus canary]], [[white-winged swamp warbler]] iyo [[Baillon's crake]].

Warbixin la soo saaray sanadkii 2005 ayaa xustay isbeddello ka dhacay Harada Sare oo ku hanjabay nidaamka deegaanka harada iyada oo loo marayo wasakheynta.
Waxay ku talisay qorshe maamul oo loo dhan yahay oo loogu talagalay dhismaha Yala swamp si looga hortago in nidaamka deegaanka uu sii xumaado.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005||p=347}}
Laga soo bilaabo 2019, BirdLife International waxay ku qiimeysay khatarta ku wajahan dhismaha dhul-qoyaneedka inay tahay mid sare, waxayna ka rajo beeshay in tallaabo laga qaado.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist |25em}}

==Isha==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503_Recent_ecological_changes_in_of_Lake_Sare_western_Kenya |access-date=2021-03-07
 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai  |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya
 |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |access-date=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag
 |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054119/https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }}
*{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07
 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }}
{{Refend}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==

*Biodiversity and Sustainable Management of a Tropical Wetland Lake Ecosystem:A Case Study of Lake Kanyaboli, Kenya by Romulus Abila
*[http://www.globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=2/07 more info at global response] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812144236/http://globalresponse.org/gra.php?i=2/07 |date=2007-08-12 }}
*[http://iodeweb1.vliz.be/odin/bitstream/1834/1272/1/RAbila2005-11.pdf a case study of the Yala swamp by  Romulus Abila of Maseno University Kenya]

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    <title>Kaymaha Swamp ee Galbeedka Kongo</title>
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|name = Kaymaha qoyan ee Galbeedka Kongo
|image = Congo_river.jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = [[Webiga Kongo]] oo u dhow [[Kisangani]]
|map = File:AT0129 map.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Khariidadda kaymaha qoyan ee Galbeedka Kongo
|biogeographic_realm = [[Afrotropical]]
|biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa hoose ee qoyan ee ballaaran]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border1 = [[Kaymaha qoyan ee Bariga Kongo]]
|border2 = [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-bari Kongo]]
|border3 = [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-galbeed Kongo]]
|border4 = [[Kaymaha iyo bannaannada isku dhafan ee Galbeedka Kongo]]
|area = 128,060
|country1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraaddiga Kongo]]
|country2 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]
|country3 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe]]
|countries =
|state =
|region_type =
|elevation =
|coordinates = {{coord|1.25|N|18.10|E|display=title,inline}}
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers =
|climate =
|soil =
|conservation = si xasiloon
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|protected = 52,662 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (41
|protected_ref = )&lt;ref&gt;Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]&lt;/ref&gt;
|embedded = 
}}

'''Kaymaha qoyan ee Galbeedka Kongo''' ([[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Forêts marécageuses de l'ouest du Congo'') waa [[deegaan-nololeed]] ka tirsan [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraaddiga Kongo]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe]] oo deris la ah. Iyadoo ay weheliso [[Kaymaha qoyan ee Bariga Kongo]] ee ku dhow, waxay samaysaa mid ka mid ah aagagga ugu waaweyn ee isku xiran ee [[kaymaha qoyan ee biyaha macaan]] ee adduunka. Waa kayn fatahay oo leh saqaf sare, geedo cufan oo hoose iyo dhul dhoobo ah. Si weyn ugama ay qasmin saamaynta dibadda, sidaas darteed waxay u badan tahay mid aan la taaban, maadaama la yiri in lagu dhex maro kayntan waa &quot;wax aan macquul ahayn&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=at0129|name=Western Congolian swamp forests|accessdate= July 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Congolian swamp forests|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0129|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='ecomap'&gt;{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name='dopa'&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Congolian swamp forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30129|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= 'eoe'&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Congolian swamp forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Western_Congolian_swamp_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Goobta iyo sharraxaadda==
Deegaan-nololeedkani waxa uu ku fidsan yahay 1,200 km oo dhinaca galbeedka [[Webiga Kongo]] ah, laga bilaabo magaalada [[Bolobo]] ee koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Yangambi]] oo dhanka bari ah, labaduba waxay ku yaallaan [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraaddiga Kongo]]. Inta badan dhulku wuxuu ku yaallaa qaybta galbeed ee qaybtan; qaybta bari ee webiga waa xariijin dhuuban oo koox ah oo ku teedsan webiga. Celceliska joogga waa 338 mitir, isagoo u dhexeeya 258 mitir ilaa 497 mitir.&lt;ref name=&quot;dopa&quot;/&gt; Inta badan dhulku wuxuu ku fadhiyaa carro fatahay oo dheregsan oo loo kala saaray [[Gleysol|gleysols]]. Gobolku waa kayn cufan oo dadku ku yar yihiin.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;/&gt; 

Webiga Kongo ayaa ka sooca deegaan-nololeedkan [[Kaymaha qoyan ee Bariga Kongo]] ee dhanka koonfureed. Webigu wuxuu noqon karaa mid ballaaran (ilaa 15 km) oo ku dhex milmay jasiirado dhoobo ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf&quot;/&gt; Kaynta qoyan waxay raacdaa waddooyinka Webiga Kongo, oo ay ku jiraan [[Likouala-Mossaka]], [[Likouala-aux-Herbes]], [[Webiga Ubangi]] (kaas oo ah webiga ugu weyn ee qulqula waqooyi-koonfur dhexda gobolka ka hor inta uusan la kulmin Kongo), iyo [[Webiga Kouyou]]. Waqooyi-galbeed waa [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-galbeed Kongo]], dhanka barina waa [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-bari Kongo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ecomap&quot;/&gt;

==Cimilada==
Cimilada deegaan-nololeedku waa ''[[Cimilada kaynta roobka ee kulaylaha]]'' ([[Kala soocidda cimilada ee Köppen]] (Af)). Cimiladan waxaa lagu gartaa inay tahay mid kulul, qoyan, oo leh ugu yaraan 60 mm oo roob ah bil kasta.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=M. |last1=Kottek |first2=J. |last2=Grieser |first3=C. |last3=Beck |first4=B. |last4=Rudolf |first5=F. |last5=Rubel |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kop-data&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification|publisher=World Bank|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xilliga roobabku waa Agoosto ilaa Febraayo.

==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka==
Deegaan-nololeedku wuxuu ka kooban yahay aagag kayn qoyan oo joogto ah oo fatahay, kayn qoyan oo xilliyeed fatahay, iyo dhul-caws fatahay. Kaymaha qoyan ee joogtada ah ee fatahay waxay hoy u yihiin taageero ballaaran oo [[Raffia palm|Raphia]] timir ah. 89% deegaan-nololeedka waa kayn saqafkeedu xiran yahay oo cagaar ah, 3% kale waa kayn furan, 3% waa dabool geedo yaryar ah, inta soo hartayna waa geedaha kaymaha xilliyeedka fatahay waxaa ka mid ah noocyada ''[[Garcinia]]'' iyo ''[[Manilkara]]''.

Deegaan-nololeedku wuxuu hoy u yahay [[gorillada dhulka hoose ee galbeedka]] ee khatarta ugu jira ''(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)'' iyo [[maroodiga kaynta Afrika]] ''(Loxodonta cyclotis)''.

==Aagagga la ilaaliyo==
59.4% deegaan-nololeedka ayaa ku jira aagag la ilaaliyo. Waxaa ka mid ah:&lt;ref name = dopa/&gt;
* [[Ngiri Triangle Nature Reserve]]
* [[Léfini Wildlife Reserve]] – [[Léfini Area of Absolute Protection]]
* [[Yangambi Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Lac Télé Community Reserve]]
* [[Ntokou-Pikounda National Park]]

Toddobo aag ayaa loo qoondeeyay [[Goobaha Ramsar]] (dhul-qoyaneedka muhiimadda caalamiga ah). Saddex ka mid ah – Ngiri, Lac Télé, iyo Ntokou-Pikounda, ayaa sidoo kale ah aagag la ilaaliyo oo heer qaran ah.&lt;ref name = dopa/&gt;
* Grands affluents
* Libenga
* Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-Herbes
* Ngiri
* Sangha-Nouabalé-Ndoki
* Ntokou-Pikounda
* Tchicapika-Owando

==Sidoo kale eeg==
{{Portal|Dhul-qoyaneedka}}
* [[Kaymaha Kongo]]

==Tixraacyo==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
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'''Mare aux Songes''' (Ingiriisi: &quot;balli [[taro]]&quot;;&lt;ref name=ny&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/01/22/digging-for-dodos|title=Digging for Dodos|magazine=New Yorker|date=14 January 2007|first=Ian|last=Parker|access-date=3 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{IPA|fr|ma.ʁ‿o sɔ̃ʒ|lang}}) [[dhul-qoyan]] waa [[lagerstätte]] ku yaalla meel u dhow badda oo ku taal koonfur-bari ee [[Mauritius]]. Qaybo badan oo ka mid ah [[subfossils]] xayawaan dhawaan [[dabar-go'ay]] ayaa ku ururay dhul-qoyaneedka, kaas oo ahaan jiray haro, qaar ka mid ah hadhaagii ugu horreeyay ee [[dodo]] ayaa halkaas laga helay.

== Taariikh ==
Sanadkii 1865, injineer tareen oo u dhashay Ingiriiska oo ka shaqaynayay koonfur-bari Mauritius ayaa ogaaday lafo ay qasbeen shaqaale qodayay [[peat]].&lt;ref name=ny/&gt; Waxa uu natiijadiisa u tusay [[macallin]] dugsi oo dawladda u shaqaynayay oo ku sugnaa [[Mahébourg]], George Clark, kaas oo markii dambe helay tiro aad u badan oo ah lafaha [[subfossil]] dodo ee dhul-qoyaneedka. Clark waxa uu raadinayay soddon sano, isagoo dhiirigelin ka helay buug-yaraha Strickland &amp; Melville ee ku saabsan shimbirta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hume 2006&quot; /&gt; Sanadkii 1866, Clark waxa uu u sharraxay habkiisa [[The Ibis]], oo ah joornaal cilmi-baaris ku saabsan shimbiraha:
{{quotation | Ka dib booqashooyin badan oo aan waxtar lahayn oo aan ku tegay goobta... Waxaan go'aansaday inaan rag u diro xarunta harada, halkaas oo biyuhu ay qoto dheer yihiin qiyaastii saddex fuudh, halkaasna, anigoo ku dareemaya dhoobada cagahooda qaawan, waxay la kulmeen hal tibia oo dhammaystiran, qayb ka mid ah mid kale, iyo tarso-metatarsus. Lafaha Dodo waxaa lagu aasay oo kaliya dhoobada gunta biyaha ee qaybta ugu qoto dheer ee harada... Anigoo dhiirigelinaya guusha, waxaan u shaqaaleysiiyay gacmo badan si ay u raadiyaan habka la sharaxay, laakiin waxaan la kulmay kaliya muunado yar oo lafaha dodo ah ilaa aan ka fikiray inaan gooyo tiro badan oo geedo sabeynaya oo qiyaastii laba fuudh oo dhumucdiisuna tahay, taas oo dabooshay qaybta ugu qoto dheer ee harada. Dhoobada hoosteeda, waxaa la igu abaalmariyay inaan helo lafaha dodos badan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark 1866&quot; /&gt; }}
[[File:Dodo-Skeleton Natural History Museum London England.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Brown, mounted dodo skeleton|Qaab-dhismeedka dodo ee [[Richard Owen]] uu ka soo ururiyay lafo laga helay Mare aux Songes]]
Hadhaagii in ka badan 300 oo dodos ayaa laga helay dhul-qoyaneedka, laakiin waxaa ka mid ahaa kaliya lafo aad u yar oo madax iyo baal ah, taas oo laga yaabo in lagu sharxo jirka sare oo la dhaqay ama la cunay halka jirka hoose uu ku xayirmay, taas oo la mid ah habka badan oo ka mid ah hadhaagii [[moa]] laga helay [[New Zealand]] dhul-qoyan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hume 2008&quot; /&gt; Sanadkii 1889, Théodor Sauzier waxaa loo xilsaaray inuu helo hadhaaga dodo ee Mare aux Songes. Wuu ku guuleystay, wuxuuna sidoo kale helay hadhaagii noocyada kale ee dabar-go'ay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Newton Gadow 1893&quot; /&gt; Labaatan iyo lix matxaf oo adduunka oo dhan ah ayaa leh hanti muhiim ah oo ka mid ah alaabta dodo, ku dhawaad dhammaantoodna laga helay Mare aux Songes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuller 2002&quot; /&gt;

Oktoobar 2005, ka dib boqol sano oo dayacaad ah, qayb ka mid ah dhul-qoyaneedka Mare aux Songes waxaa qoday koox cilmi-baarayaal caalami ah. Si looga hortago [[Malaria]], Ingiriisku waxay ku dabooleen dhul-qoyaneedka [[wikt:hardcore#Noun|hard core]] intii ay xukumayeen Mauritius, taas oo ahayd in laga saaro. Hadhaagii badan ayaa la helay, oo ay ku jiraan lafaha dodos ee marxaladaha kala duwan ee bislaanshaha, iyo dhowr lafood oo si cad uga yimid qaab-dhismeedka hal qof oo dodo ah, kuwaas oo lagu kaydiyay booskooda dabiiciga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheke Hume 2008&quot; /&gt; Natiijooyinkan ayaa si guud loo shaaciyay Diseembar 2005 matxafka [[Naturalis]] ee [[Leiden]]. Fossils-kii laga helay dhul-qoyaneedka, 63% waxay lahaayeen qoolleyda genus-ka dabar-go'ay ''[[Cylindraspis]]'', iyo 7.1% waxay ahaayeen dodos, kuwaas oo la dhigay dhowr qarni gudahood, 4000 sano ka hor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijsdijk et al. 2009&quot; /&gt; Qoditaanno xigay ayaa soo jeediyay in dodos, oo ay la socdaan xayawaanno kale, ay ku dhex milmeen Mare aux Songes iyagoo isku dayaya inay gaaraan biyaha intii lagu jiray muddo dheer oo abaar daran qiyaastii 4,200 sano ka hor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijsdijk et al. 2011&quot; /&gt;

==Paleofauna==
{{Expand section|date=June 2013}}
Xayawaannada soo socda ayaa laga aqoonsaday fossils ku yaal Mare aux Songes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijsdijk et al. 2009&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.018|display-authors=8|last1 = Rijsdijk | first1 = K. F.|last2 = Hume | first2 = J. P.|author-link2 = Julian Pender Hume|last3 = Bunnik | first3 = F.|last4 = Florens | first4 = F. B. V.|last5 = Baider | first5 = C.|last6 = Shapiro | first6 = B.|last7 = van der Plicht | first7 = H.|last8 = Janoo | first8 = A.|last9 = Griffiths | first9 = O.|last10=van den Hoek Ostende |first10=L. W. |last11=Cremer |first11=H. |last12=Vernimmen|first12=T. |last13=De Louw |first13=P. |last14=Bholah |first14=A. |last15=Saumtally |first15=S. |last16=Porch |first16=N. |last17=Haile |first17=J. |last18=Buckley |first18=M. |last19=Collins |first19=M. |last20=Gittenberger |first20=E. | date=January 2009 |title=Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'')|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=28|issue=1–2|pages=14–24|ref={{sfnRef|Rijsdijk et al.|2009}}|bibcode = 2009QSRv...28...14R |url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6728502/2009QuatSciRevRijsdijk.pdf|hdl=11370/bf8f6218-1f85-4100-8a90-02e5e70a89b6 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hume 2008&quot; /&gt;

===Shimbiraha===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Shimbiraha]] laga soo wariyay Mare aux Songes'''
|-
! Nooc
! Awood
! Magaca caadiga ah
! Qoyska
! Qalabka
! [[IUCN]] xaaladda
! Sawirrada
|-
|
''[[Aphanapteryx bonasia]]''
|
* [[Edmond de Sélys Longchamps|Selys]], 1848
|
Red rail
|
[[Rallidae]]
|
Mandibles, tibiotarsi
|
Dabar-go'ay
| rowspan=&quot;99&quot; |
[[Image:Aphanapteryx broeckei.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Red rail]]
[[Image:Lophopsittacus fossils.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Broad-billed parrot]]
[[Image:Mascarenotus sauzieri.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Mauritius owl]]
|-
|
''[[Fulica newtoni]]''
|
* [[Alphonse Milne-Edwards|Milne-Edwards]], 1867
|
Mascarene coot
|
[[Rallidae]]
|
Lafaha sinta iyo lugta
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Circus maillardi]]''
|
* [[Jules Verreaux|J. Verreaux]], 1862
|
Réunion harrier
|
[[Accipitridae]]
|
Tarsometatarsi, tibiae iyo metacarpals
|
Si maxalli ah u dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Lophopsittacus mauritianus]]''
|
* Owen, 1866
|
Broad-billed parrot
|
[[Psittaculidae]]
|
Skulls, mandibles, sternum, furcula, coracoids, humeri, ulnae, femora, tibiotarsi, carpometacarpus&lt;ref name=&quot;Mascarene Parrots&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hume|first=J. P. | pages = 4–41|year=2007 |url=http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Hume-Mascarene-Parrots.pdf |title=Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities |journal=[[Zootaxa]] |volume=1513|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1513.1.1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Psittacula bensoni]]''
|
* Holyoak, 1973
|
Mascarene grey parakeet
|
[[Psittaculidae]]
|
Palatines&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijsdijk et al. 2009&quot;/&gt;
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Raphus cucullatus]]''
|
* [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
|
Dodo
|
[[Columbidae]]
|
Dhammaan qaybaha lafaha ee laga yaqaan dhul-qoyaneedka
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Alectroenas nitidissima]]''
|
* [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1786
|
Mauritius blue pigeon
|
[[Columbidae]]
|
Tarsometatarsus&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal   | last = Hume   | first = Julian Pender   | year = 2011   | title = Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species   | journal = Zootaxa   | volume = 3124   | pages = 28–39   | isbn = 978-1-86977-825-5   | doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Nesoenas mayeri]]''
|
* [[Florent Prévost|Prévost]], 1843
|
Pink pigeon
|
[[Columbidae]]
|
Tarsometatarsus&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijsdijk et al. 2009&quot;/&gt;
|
Khatar ku jira
|-
|
''[[Mascarenotus sauzieri]]''
|
* [[Alfred Newton|Newton]] &amp; [[Hans Friedrich Gadow|Gadow]], 1893
|
Mauritius owl
|
[[Strigidae]]
|
Humerus, tibia, tarsus, unguals
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Phoenicopterus roseus]]''
|
* [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1811
|
Greater flamingo
|
[[Phoenicopteridae]]
|
Tarsometatarsus
|
Si maxalli ah u dabar-go'ay
|-
|}

===Xamaarato===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Xamaarato]] laga soo wariyay Mare aux Songes'''
|-
! Nooc
! Awood
! Magaca caadiga ah
! Qoyska
! Qalabka
! [[IUCN]] xaaladda
! Sawirrada
|-
|
''[[Cylindraspis inepta]]''
|
* [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1873
|
Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise
|
[[Testudinidae]]
|
Skulls, carapaces
|
Dabar-go'ay
| rowspan=&quot;99&quot; |
[[Image:Cylindraspis skulls.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Skull of ''Cylindraspis sp.'' (8), ''Cylindraspis inepta'' (7), ''Cylindraspis triserrata'' (8)]]
[[Image:Didosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Fossils-ka Mauritian giant skink]]
|-
|
''[[Cylindraspis triserrata]]''
|
* [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1873
|
Domed Mauritius giant tortoise
|
[[Testudinidae]]
|
Skulls, carapaces
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Phelsuma cf guimbeaui]]''
|
* [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1963
|
Orange-spotted day gecko
|
[[Geckoniidae]]
|
Humerus
|
Khatar ku jira
|-
|
''[[Leiolopisma mauritiana]]''
|
* [[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1877
|
Mauritian giant skink
|
[[Scincidae]]
|
Mandibles, vertebrae
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Leiolopisma telfairii]]''
|
* [[Julien Desjardins|Desjardins]], 1831
|
Round Island skink
|
[[Scincidae]]
|
Humerus
|
Nugul
|-
|
''[[Typhlops cariei]]''
|
* [[Robert Hoffstetter|Hoffstetter]], 1946
|
Hoffstetter's worm snake
|
[[Typhlopidae]]
|
Toddoba trunk vertebrae
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|}

===Naasleyda===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[Naasleyda]] laga soo wariyay Mare aux Songes'''
|-
! Nooc
! Awood
! Magaca caadiga ah
! Qoyska
! Qalabka
! [[IUCN]] xaaladda
! Sawirrada
|-
|
''[[Pteropus niger]]''
|
* [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792
|
Mauritian flying fox
|
[[Megachiroptera]]
|
Mandible
|
Khatar ku jira
| rowspan=&quot;99&quot; |
[[Image:Pteropus subniger.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Muunad Small Mauritian flying fox]]
[[Image:Mormopterus acetabulosus type illustration.jpg|thumb|center|150px|Natal free-tailed bat type illustration]]
|-
|
''[[Pteropus subniger]]''
|
* [[Robert Kerr (writer)|Kerr]], 1792
|
Small Mauritian flying fox
|
[[Megachiroptera]]
|
Mandible
|
Dabar-go'ay
|-
|
''[[Mormopterus acetabulosus]]''
|
* Hermann, 1804
|
Natal free-tailed bat
|
[[Microchiroptera]]
|
Phalanges
|
Nugul
|-
|
''[[Taphozous mauritianus]]''
|
* Geoffroy, 1818
|
Mauritian tomb bat
|
[[Microchiroptera]]
|
Phalanges
|
Least concern
|-
|}

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Portal|Dhul-qoyaneedka}}
{{Reflist| refs =

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hume 2006&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08912960600639400| last = Hume| first = J. P.| author-link = Julian Pender Hume| year = 2006| title = The History of the Dodo ''Raphus cucullatus'' and the Penguin of Mauritius| journal = Historical Biology| volume = 18| issue = 2| pages = 69–93| issn = 0891-2963| url = http://julianhume.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/History-of-the-dodo-Hume.pdf
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.6929| s2cid = 2954728}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Clark 1866&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1866.tb06082.x| last = Clark | first = G.| date=April 1866 | title = Account of the late Discovery of Dodos' Remains in the Island of Mauritius| journal = Ibis| volume = 8| issue = 2| pages = 141–146
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Hume 2008&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
| last = Hume
| first = Julian Pender
| author-link = Julian Pender Hume
| year = 2005
| title = Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates
| journal = Proceedings of the International Symposium &quot;Insular Vertebrate Evolution: The Palaeontological Approach&quot;. Monografies de la Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears
| volume = 12
| pages = 129–144
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Newton Gadow 1893&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1893.tb00001.x| last1 = Newton | first1 = E.| author-link1 = Edward Newton| last2 = Gadow | first2 = H.| year = 1893| title = IX. On additional bones of the Dodo and other extinct birds of Mauritius obtained by Mr. Theodore Sauzier| journal = The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London| volume = 13| issue = 7| pages = 281–302| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31083700#page/379/mode/1up
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Fuller 2002&quot;&gt;
{{cite book
| last = Fuller
| first = Errol
| author-link = Errol Fuller
| year = 2002
| title = Dodo&amp;nbsp;– From Extinction To Icon
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-00-714572-0
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Cheke Hume 2008&quot;&gt;
{{cite book
| last1 = Cheke
| first1 = Anthony S.
| last2 = Hume
| first2 = Julian Pender
| author-link2 = Julian Pender Hume
| year = 2008
| title = Lost Land of the Dodo: an Ecological History of Mauritius, Réunion &amp; Rodrigues
| publisher = T. &amp; A. D. Poyser
| page = {{page needed|date=September 2012}}
| isbn = 978-0-7136-6544-4
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Rijsdijk et al. 2011&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal|doi=10.1177/0959683611405236|display-authors=8|last1=Rijsdijk | first1=K. F.|last2=Zinke | first2=J.|last3=de Louw | first3=P. G. B.|last4=Hume | first4=J. P.|author-link4=Julian Pender Hume|last5=Van Der Plicht | first5=H.|last6=Hooghiemstra | first6=H.|last7=Meijer | first7=H. J. M.|last8=Vonhof | first8=H. B.|last9=Porch | first9=N.|last10=Florens | first10=F. B. V.|last11=Baider | first11=C.|last12=van Geel | first12=B.|last13=Brinkkemper | first13=J.|last14=Vernimmen | first14=T.|last15=Janoo | first15=A.|date=2011|title=Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact|journal=The Holocene|volume=21|issue=8|pages=1179–1194|bibcode=2011Holoc..21.1179R|s2cid=85845297|ref={{sfnRef|Rijsdijk et al.|2011}}}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

{{coord|-20.447|57.696|type:landmark_region:MU|display=title}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Lorian</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47927</id>
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        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3241" sha1="n049orfyrz8ncxk8fm6lxrrpbtsjvz5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Elephants crossing the Ewaso Ng'iro river at Samburu Park, Kenya.jpg|thumb|Maroodi ka gudbaya webiga Ewaso Ng'iro ee beerta Samburu, Kenya, 100 mayl galbeed ka xigta Lorian Swamp.]]
'''Lorian Swamp''' waa aag [[dhul-qoyan]] ah oo ku yaalla webiga [[Ewaso Ngiro]] ee Isiolo North (chari), [[Kenya]]. 

Aagga dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa ah {{convert|196|km|mi}} dherer ah waxayna leedahay ballaca ugu badan oo dhan {{convert|25|km|mi}}, iyada oo daboolaysa bed dhan {{convert|231,000|ha|acre}}.
Marka laga reebo webiga Ewaso Ngiro, dhul-qoyaneedka waxaa sidoo kale quudiya wadiyo ka yimaada koonfur-galbeed iyo waqooyi-bari.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|pp=181}}
Dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa ka yar {{convert|300|m|ft}} oo ka sarreeya heerka badda.{{sfn|Crafter|Njuguna|Howard|1992|pp=21}}

Dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa ku yaalla aag abaar ah,{{sfn|Crafter|Njuguna|Howard|1992|pp=25}} iyada oo roobka maxalliga ah ee sannadlaha ah uu u dhexeeyo 180 iyo 250&amp;nbsp;mm, laakiin aad ayuu u kala duwan yahay sannadba sannadka ka dambeeya. Waxa uu noqon karaa mid aad u sarreeya sannadaha roobka badan iyo mid aad u hooseeya sannadaha abaaraha, sidaas darteed aagga dhul-qoyaneedku aad buu u kala duwan yahay.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|pp=181}}
Heerarka uumiga ee suurtagalka ah ee dhul-qoyaneedka waa ilaa 2,600&amp;nbsp;mm sannadkii.{{sfn|Crafter|Njuguna|Howard|1992|pp=18}}
Dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ku dhowaado inuu gebi ahaanba qallalo xilliyada abaaraha.
Aagga dhul-qoyan ee joogtada ah ayaa hoos u dhacay {{convert|150|km2|sqmi}} sanadkii 1913 ilaa qiyaastii {{convert|39|km2|sqmi}} sanadkii 1962 iyo {{convert|8|km2|sqmi}} sanadkii 1990.{{sfn|Crafter|Njuguna|Howard|1992|pp=21}}

Wax yar ayaa laga og yahay dhul-qoyaneedka, taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay dhulka adag iyo ammaan-darrada ka jirta aagga.{{sfn|Crafter|Njuguna|Howard|1992|pp=25}}
Lama ilaaliyo.
Dhul-qoyaneedka waxaa ka buuxa kaneecada keenta duumada iyo nooleyaal keena [[bilharzia]]. Waxa uu hoy u yahay [[yaxaas]]yo waxaana soo booqda naasley badan oo waaweyn oo savannah ah.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|pp=181}}
Sababo la xiriira khataraha, lo'da looma daaqo meel fog oo ka mid ah dhul-qoyaneedka, laakiin waxay si ballaaran u isticmaalaan biyaha gacanta ah, gaar ahaan xilliga abaaraha.{{sfn|Anderson|Grove|1990|pp=300}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}
'''Ilo'''
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oclQ6rHRJAYC&amp;pg=PA300
 |title=Conservation in Africa: Peoples, Policies and Practice
 |first1=David |last1=Anderson |first2=Richard H. |last2=Grove
 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990
 |isbn=0-521-34990-7}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq_Rz4s-uJQC&amp;pg=PA18
 |title=Wetlands of Kenya: proceedings of the KWWG Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 3–5 July 1991
 |first1=S. A. |last1=Crafter |first2=Steven G. |last2=Njuguna |first3=Geoffrey W. |last3=Howard
 |publisher=IUCN
 |year=1992
 |isbn=2-8317-0127-9}}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA181
 |title=A directory of African wetlands
 |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes
 |publisher=IUCN
 |year=1992
 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}
{{refend}}
{{coords|0|38|46|N|39|36|14|E|display=title}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul daaqsimeedka Kafue</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47928</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299390</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-25T18:00:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18953" sha1="s0u2chpvoynjqipw6tydxlr30gp6ii0" xml:space="preserve">{{Designation list
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 28 Ogosto 1991
 | designation1_number = 530&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kafue Flats|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/530|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Kafue Flats''' (oo maxalli ahaan loogu yeero '''Butwa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Sorensen|first1=Carol|title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia|journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway|date=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;) waa aag baaxad leh oo dhul-qoyan, harooyin furan iyo bannaanno fatahaad ah oo ku yaalla [[Webiga Kafue]] ee gobollada [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern]], [[Central Province, Zambia|Central]] iyo [[Lusaka Province, Zambia|Lusaka]] ee dalka [[Zambia]]. Waa [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|bannaanka fatahaadda]] oo qoto dheer oo dhan {{cvt|240|km}} dherer ah iyo qiyaastii {{cvt|50|km}} ballac ah,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; kaas oo fatahaad qoto dheer oo ka yar hal mitir ah ku yimaado xilliga roobka (si ka qoto dheer harooyinka qaar iyo aagagga dhul-qoyaneedka joogtada ah), iyo qallajinta ciid dhoobo madow ah xilliga abaaraha.

==Juqraafiya==
Kafue Flats waxay fidsan yihiin qiyaastii {{cvt|240|km}} bari ilaa galbeed oo ay weheliyaan [[Webiga Kafue]] laga bilaabo hoosta Itezhi-Tezhi gap, oo ah goobta [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]], ilaa [[Kafue | Kafue town]] iyo bilowga Kafue Gorge. Meesha ugu ballaaran waxay yihiin {{cvt|50|km}} ballac, wadarta guud ee bedkooduna waa qiyaastii {{cvt|6500|km2}}. Kor u kaca Webiga Kafue wuxuu dhacaa {{cvt|40|m}} inta uu bannaanka marayo laga bilaabo {{cvt|1030|m}} Itezhi-Tezhi ilaa {{cvt|990|m}} magaalada Kafue.

Magaalada [[Mazabuka]] iyo beeraha sonkorta ee Nakambala waxay ku yaallaan cirifka koonfur-bari, magaalada yar ee [[Namwala]] waxay ku taal cirifka koonfur-galbeed ee bannaanka.

[[File:Kafue Flats in flood and the Itezhi-Tezhi dam 14 February 2008.jpg|600px|center|thumbnail|Sawirka midabka been abuurka ah ee NASA [[Terra (satellite)|MODIS]] ee Kafue Flats oo fatahay iyo biyo-xireenka Itezhi-Tezhi - 14 Febraayo 2008.]]

Kafue Flats waxay ku dhex jiraan qaybo ka mid ah [[Itezhi-Tezhi District|Itezhi-Tezhi]] iyo [[Mumbwa District|Mumbwa]] degmooyinka ee [[Central Province, Zambia|Central Province]], [[Kafue District]] ee [[Lusaka Province, Zambia|Lusaka Province]] iyo [[Monze District|Monze]], [[Namwala District|Namwala]] iyo [[Mazabuka District|Mazabuka]] degmooyinka ee [[Southern Province, Zambia|Southern Province]].

==Dadka==
[[Batwa]] (ama [[Twa]]) waxaa loo malaynayaa inay ahaayeen dadkii ugu horreeyay ee deggan aagga Kafue Flats laakiin hadda waa dad tiradiisu yar tahay oo deggan dhul sare oo ku hareeraysan marin-biyoodka Webiga Kafue halkaas oo ay isku taageeraan kalluumeysiga. [[Batwa]] guud ahaan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin dadka ka badbaaday [[Bushmen]] reer miyi ah oo degganaa Zambia muddo dheer ka hor inta aysan [[Bantu peoples]] bilaabin inay ka yimaadaan [[Congo Basin]] dhinaca woqooyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|editor-last1=Kashoki|editor-first1=Mubanga E. |editor2=Sirarpi Ohannessian  |title=Language in Zambia|date=1978|publisher=International African Institute|location=London|isbn=0-85302-054-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aagga hadda waxaa ku badan [[Ila language|Ila]] iyo Balundwe (ama Lundwe, ama Plateau [[Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]]) beeralayda iyo xoolo-dhaqatada, ugu yaraan 21 hoggaamiye-deegaan,&lt;ref name=world_fish&gt;{{cite book|last1=Lungu|first1=A|last2=Husken|first2=S.M.C.|title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report|date=2008|publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuwaas oo u yimid aagga inta u dhaxaysa 200 iyo 300 sano ka hor. Waxay ku tiirsanaayeen beerashada, kalluumeysiga, xoolo-dhaqashada iyo duurjoogta, inta badan waxay u guuraan inta u dhaxaysa degitaan joogto ah oo ku yaalla kaymaha iyo xeryaha xoolaha ee bannaanka ka dib markii fatahaaduhu hoos u dhaceen. Marka laga reebo bulshada deggan, waxaa sidoo kale jira qulqul xilliyeedka bulshooyinka kalluumeysiga ee ka yimaada qaybaha kale ee dalka. Dadka soo galootiga ah badidoodu waa [[Bemba people|Bemba]] oo ka yimid woqooyiga dalka iyo aagga [[Copperbelt]], iyo [[Lozi people|Lozi]] oo ka yimid [[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Merten|first1=Sonja|last2=Haller|first2=Tobias|title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia|journal=Food Policy|date=2008|volume=33|issue=5|pages=434–443|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dadku waxay si weyn u kordheen ilaa 1970-yadii iyo 2004tii waxaa jiray ugu yaraan 11 xero kalluumeysi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah oo ku yaalla bannaanka, kuwaas oo mid kasta ay degganaayeen ugu yaraan 500 oo kalluumeysato ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiray tiro badan oo xeryo kalluumeysi oo ku meel gaar ah oo la aasaasay xilliga abaaraha.&lt;ref name=chabwela&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Chabwela|first1=Harry|last2=Haller|first2=Tobias|title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=International Journal of the Commons|date=2010|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158|doi=10.18352/ijc.189|page=621|doi-access=free|hdl=10535/1439|hdl-access=free|archive-date=2015-07-17|access-date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717003343/http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xaaladaha qaarkood, Batwa waxaa ka soocay qowmiyadaha kale, gaar ahaan kalluumeysatada Bemba iyo Lozi oo u tixgeliya inay ka hooseeyaan. Si ka duwan Ila waxaa loo hayaa tixgelin sare oo ay ka heleen kooxaha kale sababtoo ah taariikhdooda ah inay yihiin mid ka mid ah kooxaha ugu qanisan xoolaha ee gobolka, inkastoo kalluumeysiga iyo ugaarsiga uu kaalin siman oo muhiim ah ka ciyaaro dhaqankooda.&lt;ref name=chabwela /&gt;

==Biyaha iyo biyo-xireennada==
{{See also | Kafue Gorge Dam | Itezhi-Tezhi Dam}}

Biyaha [[Webiga Kafue]] iyo Kafue Flats waxaa si weyn u beddelay dhismaha 1970-yadii laba biyo-xireen, ugu horreyntii [[Kafue Gorge Dam|Kafue Gorge]] oo ka hooseeya bannaanka ka dibna [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam|Itezhi-Tezhi]] oo ka sarreeya bannaanka sida qaybo ka mid ah qorshe lagu dhalinayo korontada biyaha.

[[Kafue Gorge Dam]], oo leh 600MW oo koronto ah, waxaa la dhammaystiray 1972-kii iyadoo la abuuray kaydka biyaha ee hoose ee Kafue Flats oo leh awood kayd ah 785 milyan oo m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. Si loo suurtageliyo dhalinta koronto badan (ilaa 900 MW) biyo-xireen kale oo 65m sare ah oo ku yaalla Itezhi-Tezhi, oo ka sarreeya Kafue Flats, ayaa la dhammaystiray 1976-kii. Kaydka biyaha wuxuu kaydiyaa 5,700 milyan oo m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; oo biyo ah wuxuuna daboolayaa {{cvt|370|km2}} aagga Webiga Kafue iyo webiga uu dhigga u yahay Musa River.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Obrdlik|first1=P|last2=Mumeka|first2=A|last3=Kasonde |first3=J.M.|title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River|journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management|date=1989|volume=3 |pages=371–380|doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] wuxuu kaydiyaa biyaha xilliga roobka kaas oo markaa la sii daayo marawaxadaha [[Kafue Gorge Dam]] iyo saldhigga korontada xilliga abaaraha. Biyuhu waxay ku qaataan qiyaastii siddeed toddobaad inay u safrayaan Itezhi-tezhi iyo Kafue Gorge.

Ka hor dhismaha biyo-xireenka Itezhi-Tezhi, fatahaadda Kafue Flats waxay ahayd natiijada socodka sare ee gudaha Webiga Kafue oo bilaabay inuu kaco ka dib bilowga roobabka Noofambar ilaa Diseembar iyo fatahaadda ugu sarreysa oo dhacaysa inta u dhaxaysa Abriil iyo Maajo. Bannaanku waxay markaa si tartiib ah u daadin lahaayeen biyaha iyadoo aad u yar oo biyo ah ay ku harayaan Oktoobar ilaa Noofambar sannadka ku xiga.&lt;ref name=mumba&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mumba|first1=M|last2=Thompson|first2=J.R.|title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|date=2005|volume=30|issue=6–7|pages=442–447|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009|bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sii-daynta ka timid Itezhi-Tezhi biyo-xireenka aad ayey uga duwan yihiin socodka taariikhiga ah ee lagala kulmay gudaha Webiga Kafue iyadoo kor u kaca iyo hoos u dhaca sannadlaha ah ee dheecaanka lagu beddelay koror kedis ah maadaama xaddi badan oo biyo ah laga sii daayo biyo-xireenka. Dheecaan la taaban karo ayaa hadda la ilaaliyaa inta lagu jiro xilliga abaaraha halka dabiici ahaan muddadan ay la xiriirto socodka webiga oo hooseeya. In kasta oo fatahaadaha ugu sarreeya laga yaabo in la dhimay natiijada biyo-xireenka, sii-daynta ku dhawaad sannadka oo dhan waxay ka dhigan tahay in qaybo ka mid ah bannaanka, tusaale ahaan Chunga Lagoon, ay hadda u harayaan fatahaad joogto ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, Kafue Gorge Dam wuxuu abuuray kayd weyn oo biyo ah kaas oo gadaal u soo galaya cirifka bari ee bannaanka taasoo horseedaysa aagagga fatahaadda joogtada ah.&lt;ref name=mumba /&gt;

==Aagagga la ilaaliyo==
{{See also | Lochinvar National Park | Blue Lagoon National Park}}

Kafue Flats waxaa ka mid ah laba [[national parks]] ([[IUCN]] Category II [[protected area]]s), [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s. Labada beero qaran waxaa la aasaasay 1970-yadii dhul hore loogu isticmaali jiray xoolaha. {{cvt|428|km2}} Lochinvar National Park, oo caan ku ah tiro badan oo [[Kafue lechwe]], ayaa fadhiya koonfurta Webiga Kafue waxaana laga geli karaa waddada [[Lusaka]]-[[Livingstone, Zambia|Livingstone]] ee [[Monze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Lochinvar National Park|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park|website=zambiatourism.com|publisher=Zambia Tourism|access-date=30 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lochinvar National Park wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah tirada ugu badan ee wattled crane ee khatarta ah ee Afrika.&lt;ref name=ramsar_info&gt;{{Cite report |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Blue Lagoon National Park, woqooyiga Kafue, waxaa laga geli karaa waddada [[Lusaka]]-[[Mongu]] ee galbeedka Lusaka. {{cvt|500|km2}} beerta waxay hoy u tahay tiro badan oo kala duwan oo shimbiraha biyaha iyo sidoo kale [[Kafue lechwe|lechwe]], [[sitatunga]], [[zebra]] iyo [[African buffalo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Blue Lagoon National Park|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park|website=zambiatourism.com|publisher=Zambia Tourism|access-date=30 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{convert|6000|km2}} ee Kafue Flats ka baxsan labada beero qaran ayaa lagu daboolay Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA) ([[IUCN]] Category VI [[protected area]]). GMA waxay bixisaa ilaalinta deegaanka iyo duurjoogta iyadoo weli u oggolaanaysa isticmaalka joogtada ah ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah.

Kafue Flats waxaa lagu daray [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] liiska Dhul-qoyaneedka Muhiimadda Caalamiga ah 1991 iyadoo daboolaysa aag dhan {{cvt|6000|km2}} oo la mid ah Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=ramsar_zambia&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__|website=ramsar.org|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|access-date=23 August 2014|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Protected areas of the Kafue Flats.jpg|600px|center|thumb|Kafue Flats, [[Blue Lagoon National Park]], [[Lochinvar National Park]] iyo Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

==Beeraha==
Dhulka ku hareeraysan Kafue Flats waa aag beerasho oo muhiim ah oo ku yaalla [[Zambia]]. Sidoo kale taageeridda tiro badan oo beeralayda nolol-maalmeedka iyo kuwa yaryar, bannaanku waxay sidoo kale yihiin il biyaha waraabka ah oo loogu talagalay saddex hawlgal oo waaweyn oo beerashada ganacsiga ah oo ku urursan cirifka bari ee bannaanka.

Hawlgalka ugu da'da weyn ee beerashada ganacsiga ee Kafue Flats waa [[Nakambala]] Sugar Estate oo ku yaalla cirifka koonfureed ee bannaanka ee [[Mazabuka]]. Nakambala estate, oo ay leedahay [[Zambia Sugar]] Plc oo ah shirkad hoosaad ka tirsan shirkadda Koonfur Afrika ee [[Illovo Sugar]], oo ay la socdaan beeralayda yar-yar iyo kuwa waaweyn waa soo saaraha sonkorta ugu weyn Zambia wuxuuna ka shaqaynayay qiyaastii 20,000 hektar oo dhul-beereed waraab ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc|title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014|date=2014|url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf|access-date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Woqooyiga Kafue Flats, Consolidated Farming Ltd., oo ah shirkad reer Zambia ah, waxay soo saartaa sonkor ka hoosaysa sumadda Kafue Sugar oo ka timid 9,000-hektar oo dhul ah oo ka soo qaadaya biyaha Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Commercial Farming|url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html|website=sabletransport.com|publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhinaca bari ee Consolidated Farming, qorshaha waraabka Chiansi wuxuu ku beeraa sarreen iyo dalagyo kale oo waraab ah 200 hektar oo leh qorshe uu ugu ballaarinayo 2,500 hektar.

==Deegaanka==
Kafue Flats waxay ka kooban yihiin qaab adag oo [[floodplain]], [[lagoon]]s, [[ox-bow lake]]s, marin-biyoodka webiga oo laga tagay, [[marsh]]es iyo [[levee]]s oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin bannaanno iyo kaymo.

Bannaanku waxay ka kooban yihiin laba [[ecoregion]]s. Aagagga dhexe ee xilliyada iyo joogtada ah ee fatahaaddu waa qayb ka mid ah [[Zambezian flooded grasslands]] ecoregion, iyo bannaanka iyo kaymaha ku hareeraysan waxay ku jiraan [[Zambezian and mopane woodlands]] ecoregion.

Ciidda bannaanka waxay ku culus yihiin qaab-dhismeedka waxayna u muuqdaan inay si ballaaran u dillaacaan marka ay engegan yihiin, iyagoo noqonaya mid aad u dhegdheg iyo caag ah marka ay qoyan yihiin. Ciidadan badidoodu waa madow ama cawl madow waxayna soo saaraan gargaar dusha sare ah oo aan joogto ahayn oo loo yaqaan [[gilgai]] oo ka kooban taxane ah safaf yaryar oo taagan 20–60&amp;nbsp;cm oo ka sarreeya niyad-jabka wareegga ah oo qiyaastii 2–7 mitir dhexroor ah.&lt;ref name=ramsar_info /&gt;

===Dhirta===
Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee dhirta ee Kafue Flats waa [[woodland]] ([[miombo]], [[mopane]], [[Acacia]], iyo ''[[Combretum]]''), [[termitaria]] bannaanka, bannaanka fatahaadda, dhul-qoyan joogto ah iyo levee iyo lagoons.

===Duurjoogta===
[[File:Wattled Crane 1400.jpg|thumb|right|Wattled crane.]]
[[Kafue lechwe]] (''Kobus leche kafuensis''), oo ah cawsha u gaar ah ku noolaanshaha xaaladaha dhul-qoyaneedka ee bannaanka,&lt;ref name=Schuster&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Schuster|first1=Richard|title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams?|journal=Oryx |date=1980 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=476–489|doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; waa mid u dhalatay aagga. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in 250,000 oo lechwe ah ay ku noolaayeen Kafue Flats 1931-kii, mid ka mid ah awoodaha xambaarsan xayawaanka ugu sarreeya adduunka {{cvt|11000|kg/km2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot; /&gt;

Sannadkii 2005tirada lechwe waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay hoos ugu dhacday 38,000, tiro ahaan taasi oo u badnayd mid xasiloon ilaa tirakoobkii xigay ee la dhammaystiray 2009-kii.&lt;ref name=Lechwe_Population&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Chansa|first1=Wilbroad|last2=Kampamba|first2=George|title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=2010|volume=48|issue=3|pages=837–840 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoos u dhaca tirada Kafue lechwe waxaa loo aaneeyay dhismaha [[Itezhi-Tezhi Dam]] iyo isbeddelka xiga ee xoogga iyo wakhtiga fatahaadda iyo sidoo kale ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah iyo cadaadiska tirada sii kordhaysa ee dadka iyo xoolaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;/&gt;

Iyadoo ay weheliso lechwe, [[Grant's zebra]]s waa noocyada ugu badan ee naasleyda waaweyn ee laga helo bannaanka. [[Blue wildebeest]], [[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]], [[Roan antelope|roan]], [[greater kudu]], [[Hippopotamus|hippo]] waxay ku jiraan tiro xaddidan gaar ahaan gudaha iyo hareeraha [[Lochinvar National Park|Lochinvar]] iyo [[Blue Lagoon National Park]]s.&lt;ref name=ramsar_info /&gt;

===Shimbiraha===
Aagga Kafue Flats wuxuu taageeraa in ka badan 450 nooc oo ah noocyada shimbiraha ee khatarta ah, dabar-go'a iyo kuwa soo haajiray&lt;ref name=ramsar_info /&gt; aagga waxaa loo magacaabay Aagga Shimbiraha iyo Kala duwanaanshaha Noolaha (IBA) by [[Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia|website=birdlife.org|publisher=Birdlife International|access-date=9 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bannaanku waxay hoy u yihiin ururro waaweyn oo shimbiraha biyaha deggan iyo kuwa soo haajiray oo ay ku jiraan gumeysi taranta oo muhiim ah oo qoto dheer gudaha dhul-qoyaneedka. Bannaanku waxay sidoo kale martigeliyaan kala duwanaansho sare iyo cufnaanta raptors taranta gaar ahaan gorgorrada.&lt;ref name=ibas&gt;{{cite book|last1=Leonard|first1=Peter|title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation|date=2005|publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society|location=Lusaka|isbn=9982-811-01-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bannaanku waa deegaan aad muhiim u ah oo loogu talagalay [[wattled crane]] (''Bugeranus carunculatus'') kaas oo lagu taxay IUCN Red List inay yihiin nugul.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year= 2018 |title= ''Bugeranus carunculatus'' |article-number= e.T22692129A129880815 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en |access-date=9 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tirada wattled crane ee bannaanka ayaa ka dhacday inta u dhaxaysa 2000 iyo 3000 1970-yadii ilaa wax ka yar 1000 2002-dii.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;/&gt; Noocyada kale ee muhiimka ah ee laga helo Kafue Flats waxaa ka mid ah [[crowned crane]], [[slaty egret]], [[lappet faced vulture]], [[lesser kestrel]] iyo [[corn crake]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;/&gt;

Khatarta soo food saartay nolosha shimbiraha ee Kafue Flats waxaa ka mid ah isbeddelada ku yimid xoogga iyo wakhtiga fatahaadaha ay sababeen biyo-xireenka Itezhi-Tezhi, faafitaanka noocyada haramaha ee soo duulay iyo saamaynta dadka sii kordhaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;/&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}
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    <title>Rugamura Marsh</title>
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| other_name         = Marais de Rugamura
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
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&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
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| basin_countries    = 
| designation        = 
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Burundi
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}
'''Rugamura Marsh''' ({{langx|fr|'''Marais de Rugamura'''}}; {{coord|-2.53|30.121}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.
Waxaa loo isticmaalaa beerista bariiska iyo masaggada.

==Goobta==
Rugamura Marsh waxay ku taal waqooyiga [[Kirundo Commune]].
Waxay ku xirantaa laamaha waaweyn ee koonfureed ee [[Lake Cohoha]]. 
Waxay dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigtaa [[Rutare]] iyo [[Kirundo Airport]].{{sfn|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}}
[[Köppen climate classification]] waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}}

==Horumarinta==

Ururka iskaashatada Giriteka wuxuu leeyahay 82 xubnood, kuwaas oo 45 ay yihiin dumar.
Ururka Iskaashatooyinka Wax-soo-saarka Beeraha ee Horumarinta (''Confédération des Associations des Producteurs Agricoles pour le Développement'': CAPAD) ayaa tababaray xubnaha hababka compost-ka iyo beerista digirta, galleyda iyo bariiska safaf loogu talagalay Rugamura Marsh.{{sfn|Abel Kagwira|2011}}

Intii u dhaxaysay 2013-2016 dawladda Burundi, iyada oo maalgelin ka helaysa Bangiga Horumarinta Afrika, waxay bilowday Mashruuca Taageerada Kaabayaasha Miyiga ee Bugesera (PAIRB).
Tani waxaa ku jiray horumarinta biyaha-beeraha ee {{convert|72.5|ha}} ee Rugamura Marsh, {{convert|232|ha}} ee [[Kabuyenge Marsh]] iyo {{convert|538.5|ha}} ee [[Nyavyamo Marsh]].
Waxaa ku jiray dhismaha marinnada dheecaanka, shabakadaha waraabka, biyo-xireennada, waddooyinka galka, marin-biyoodka iyo kaabayaal kale.{{sfn|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement|p=17}}

Ogosto 2021 guddoomiyaha Gobolka Kirundo, [[Albert Hatungimana]], ayaa booqday Rugamura Marsh halkaas oo uu ka daahfuray hawlaha beerista bariiska ee xilliga abaaraha.
Wuxuu sheegay in waraabku yahay habka kaliya ee gobolka looga dhigi karo mar kale dambiisha cuntada ee Burundi.{{sfn|Bruce Habarugira|2021}}
Sida 2023, dhul-qoyaneedku wuxuu soo saaray 1.6 tan oo bariis ah halkii hektar.
Badnaanta ugu badan ee la gaari karo waxay ahayd 5 ilaa 6 tan halkii hektar.
Masaggada ayaa sidoo kale lagu beeray dhul-qoyaneedka.{{sfn|Chantal Umuhire|2023}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.capad.info/spip.php?article248&amp;lang=fr |accessdate=2024-06-19  |publisher=Confédération des Associations des Producteurs Agricoles pour le Développement
 |author=Abel Kagwira |title=Les Champs des Membres des Coopératives Servent pour l’Apprentissage de la population |year=2011}}
*{{citation |url=https://burundi-eco.com/province-kirundo-irrigation-collinaire-comme-solution-face-a-secheresse-recurrente/ |accessdate=2024-06-19 |work=BurundiEco
 |author=Bruce Habarugira  |title=Kirundo Province: Hillside irrigation as a solution to recurring drought |date=13 August 2021}} 
*{{citation |accessdate=2024-06-19 |title=Projet d'apui a la transformation de l'agriculture dans la region naturelle du Bugesera |language=fr
 |author=Chantal Umuhire |publisher=African Development Bank |date=6 December 2023
 |url=https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects-and-operations/burundi_-_projet_dappui_a_la_transformation_de_lagriculture_dans_la_region_naturelle_du_bugesera_-_p-bi-k00-013_-_eer_novembre_2023.pdf}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.cira-sas.com/sites/default/files/documents/plaqueteCira.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-19 |ref={{harvid|L'ingenierie ay service du developpement}}
 |title=L'ingenierie ay service du developpement |publisher=CIRA SAS (Consulting Engineering And Applied Research)}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432398.html |accessdate=2024-06-19
 |title=Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Rugamura, Kirundo Province, Burundi Mindat}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/1262553540#map=14/-2.5339/30.1288 |accessdate=2024-06-19
 |title=Way: Rugamura (1262553540) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Rugamura (1262553540)}} }} 
{{refend}}</text>
      <sha1>0jbpddzppt1de1isenlngy7tkk4wjgv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Nyamabuno</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47930</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299418</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299418</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4006" sha1="0l7vtpob9xy8ne03yoku21yzn1w005n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
| type=Dhul-qoyaneed
| name               = Nyamabuno Marsh
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = Marais de la Nyamabuno
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}}
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = 
| designation        = 
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Burundi
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}
'''Nyamabuno Marsh''' ({{langx|fr|Marais de la Nyavyamo}}; {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla waqooyi-bari ee [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.

==Goobta==
Nyamabuno Marsh waa halka ay isugu yimaadaan xuduudaha [[Commune of Busoni]] dhanka galbeed, [[Commune of Bwambarangwe]] oo dhanka dhexe ah iyo [[Commune of Muyinga]] dhanka bari. 
Cirifkeeda waqooyi wuxuu u dhexeeyaa [[Lake Rweru]] oo waqooyi ah, kaas oo ka fida Burundi ilaa Rwanda, iyo [[Lake Kanzigiri]] oo dhanka koonfurta ah.{{sfn|Way: Nyamabuno OpenStreetMap}}
[[Köppen climate classification]] waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Nyamabuno, Burundi Mindat}}
Ka hor inta aan la kala goyn badhkeed iyadoo la isticmaalayo waddo, dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno wuxuu ahaa in ka badan {{convert|400|m}} ballac iyo in ka badan {{convert|15|km}} dherer.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}

==Ka faa'iidaysiga==

Sanadkii 2005 waddo dhan {{convert|400|m}} ayaa laga dhisayay [[Karambo]] oo ku taal Gobolka Kirundo ilaa [[Ruzo]], [[Muyinga Province]] iyada oo loo marayo dhul-qoyaneedka Ruduhira.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}
Wadadu waxay dhul-qoyaneedka u kala goysaa laba.
Qaybta midig waxay haysataa magaca Nyamabuno, halka qaybta bidix loo yaqaan [[Ruduhira Marsh]].{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}
Dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno iyo Ruduhira waxay ka daadiyaan biyaha harada Lake Rweru ee biyaha mara Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo iyo Nonwe.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}

Sannadkii 2005-tii waxaa la arki karay bilowgii nadiifinta beeraha ee labadan dhul-qoyan si loogu beero bariis labada dhinac ee waddada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}
Wadadu waxay keentay in heerka biyuhu hoos u dhacaan, taas oo u oggolaanaysa dadka deegaanka inay bilaabaan inay bariis ku beertaan dhul-qoyaneedka. 
Wadadu waxay keeni doontaa qallajin tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku timaada dhul-qoyaneedka iyo hoos u dhaca heerka biyaha harada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}
Maamulaha degmada Bwambarangwe wuxuu sheegay sanadkii 2005 in Mashruuca Dib-u-habaynta iyo Taageerada Beeraha (PRASAB) si looga faa'iidaysto dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno uu bilaabmay.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-431146.html |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Nyamabuno, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Nyamabuno, Burundi Mindat}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification
 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} 
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/749089751#map=14/-2.4081/30.3850 |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Way: Nyamabuno (749089751) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Nyamabuno OpenStreetMap}} }} 
{{refend}}</text>
      <sha1>0l7vtpob9xy8ne03yoku21yzn1w005n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Ruduhira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299419</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:03:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox body of water | type=Dhul-qoyaneed | name               = Ruduhira Marsh | native_name        =  | other_name         = Marais de Ruduhira &lt;!--    Images     --&gt; | image              =  | alt                =  | caption            =  &lt;!--    Stats      --&gt; | location           = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]] | coordinates        = {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}} | inflow             =  | rivers             =  | outflow            =  | oceans             =  | catchment...</comment>
      <origin>299419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4607" sha1="q0i37lmzbzbmk2ge8sbwc5mki77h2ju" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
| type=Dhul-qoyaneed
| name               = Ruduhira Marsh
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = Marais de Ruduhira
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}}
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = 
| designation        = 
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Burundi
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}
'''Ruduhira Marsh''' ({{langx|fr|Marais de Ruduhira}}; {{coord|-2.39583|30.37917}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla waqooyi-bari ee [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.

==Goobta==

Ka hor inta aan la kala goyn badhkeed iyadoo la isticmaalayo waddo, [[Nyamabuno Marsh]] wuxuu ahaa in ka badan {{convert|400|m}} ballac iyo in ka badan {{convert|15|km}} dherer.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}
Sanadkii 2005 waddo dhan {{convert|400|m}} ayaa laga dhisayay [[Karambo]] oo ku taal Gobolka Kirundo ilaa [[Ruzo]], [[Muyinga Province]] iyada oo loo marayo dhul-qoyaneedka Ruduhira.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}
Wadadu waxay dhul-qoyaneedka u kala goysaa laba.
Qaybta midig waxay haysataa magaca Nyamabuno, halka qaybta bidix loo yaqaan Ruduhira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}
Dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno iyo Ruduhira waxay ka daadiyaan biyaha harada Lake Rweru ee biyaha mara Vumasi, Rusenyi, Karambo iyo Nonwe.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}

==Ka faa'iidaysiga==
Sannadkii 2005-tii waxaa la arki karay bilowgii nadiifinta beeraha ee labadan dhul-qoyan si loogu beero bariis labada dhinac ee waddada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}
Wadadu waxay keentay in heerka biyuhu hoos u dhacaan, taas oo u oggolaanaysa dadka deegaanka inay bilaabaan inay bariis ku beertaan dhul-qoyaneedka. 
Wadadu waxay keeni doontaa qallajin tartiib-tartiib ah oo ku timaada dhul-qoyaneedka iyo hoos u dhaca heerka biyaha harada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}
Maamulaha degmada Bwambarangwe wuxuu sheegay sanadkii 2005 in Mashruuca Dib-u-habaynta iyo Taageerada Beeraha (PRASAB) si looga faa'iidaysto dhul-qoyaneedka Nyamabuno uu bilaabmay.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=58}}

==Ilaalinta==
Qorshaha maamulka iyo horumarinta ee [[Protected Aquatic Landscape of Bugesera]] ayaa la daabacay Sebtembar 2009.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|p=1}}
Waxaa la ansixiyay kulan aqoon-is-weydaarsi ah oo la qabtay 8 Luulyo 2011.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}}
Qorshuhu wuxuu ilaaliyay [[Lake Kanzigiri]] iyo [[Lake Rweru]], kuwaas oo ay isku xiraan marin-biyood gudbaya Ruduhira Marsh.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|p=10}}
Waxay qeexday Aagagga Dhammaystiran, kuwaas oo ah meelo ay tahay inay ahaadaan kuwo ku dhowaan xor ka ah saamaynta aadanaha.
Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah harooyinka Gacamirindi, Nagitamo iyo Mwungere, iyo dhul-qoyaneedka dooxooyinka labaad ee [[Akanyaru River]] kaas oo ku xira dhammaan harooyinka oo ay ku jiraan dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo Ruduhira.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Nindorera|2009|pp=44–45}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}}
 |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi}}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification
 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} 
*{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/kagera/resource/TAMP%20Kagera%20_%20Plan_de_gestion_%20Paysages%20Aquatiques%20_Bugesera.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1= Benoît |last2=Nindorera |first2=Damien |title=Plan de gestion et d’aménagement du Paysage Aquatique Protégé de Bugesera |language=fr |date=September 2009 }}
{{refend}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Nyavyamo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47932</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299420</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:05:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8320" sha1="t5o7xh8s854yjggo4eid0xsycdfoxoz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
| type=Dhul-qoyaneed
| name               = Nyavyamo Marsh
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = Marécage de la Nyavyamo
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|-2.54333|30.03722}}
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = 
| designation        = 
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Burundi
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}
'''Nyavyamo Marsh''' ({{langx|fr|marécage de la Nyavyamo}}; {{coord|-2.54333|30.03722}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla galbeedka [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.
In kasta oo qaybo ka mid ah la ilaaliyo, haddana waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista bariiska.

==Goobta==
{{convert|538|ha}} ee Nyavyamo Marsh waxay ku fidsan tahay degmooyinka [[Commune of Kirundo|Kirundo]] iyo [[Commune of Ntega|Ntega]].{{sfn|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} 
Waxay ku fadhidaa mid ka mid ah dooxooyinka labaad ee [[Akanyaru River]].
[[Lake Rwihinda]], [[Lake Nagitamo]] iyo [[Lake Narungazi]] ayaa ku xiran dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=13}}
Aagga ku hareeraysan dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa ku dhowaad lagu daboolay beer.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover Classification}}
Waxaa jira qiyaastii 356 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibbaaran agagaarka Nyavyamo, kaas oo aad u dad badan.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}}

Nyavyamo Marsh waxaa quudiya [[Lake Rwihinda]], Webiga Rugorwe oo u qulqula dhanka bari ee Murungurira colline, Webiga Mugisomeka, oo u qulqula bari dhanka dhul-qoyaneedka waqooyiga ee Rwimbogo colline, iyo {{anchor|Rurata River}}Webiga Rurata.
Rurata waxaa quudiya Mwohero, kaas oo ay quudiyaan Gacobwoya, Murugomero iyo Rugumba, kuwaas oo ka samaysma waqooyiga Nyamisagara iyo Cumba collines.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}}

==Cimilada==
[[Köppen climate classification]] ee Nyavyamo Marsh waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Nyavyamo, Mindat}}
Heerkulka celceliska waa {{convert|20|C}}. 
Bisha ugu kulul waa Sebteembar, oo ah {{convert|22|C}}, iyo tan ugu qabow waa Abriil, oo ah {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|NASA Data Set Index}}
Celceliska roobku waa {{convert|1,170|mm}} sannadkii. 
Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Maarso, oo leh {{convert|178|mm}} oo roob ah, kan ugu qalanna waa Luulyo, oo leh {{convert|1|mm}}.{{sfn|NASA Rainfall}}

==Ilaalinta==
[[Rwihinda Lake Natural Reserve]] waxay ilaalisaa Lake Rwihinda, oo ku taal biyaha sare ee Akanyaru wetlands. 
Haradu waxay dabooshaa {{convert|425|ha}}, laakiin aagga la ilaaliyo waa {{convert|8000|ha}} si loogu daro dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo.{{sfn|A List of Burundi Natural Reserves}}

In la daadiyo dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo ee ka hooseeya Lake Rwihinda waxay noqon lahayd wax dila, iyadoo la furayo waddo looga baxo dhammaan biyaha, sida in la madhiyo barkad biyo-xireen ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=21}}
[[Lake Gacamirindi]] wuu qallalay 2004, xilli roobaad caadi ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=29}}
[[Lake Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Nagitamo]] hadda waxay biyo siiyaan Lake Gacamirindi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal ku xiraya harooyinka iyada oo loo marayo [[Rugege Marsh]].{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}}
Waxaa jira halis ah in kanaalkani uu hoos u dhigi doono heerka biyaha ee Nyavyamo Marsh iyo [[Lake Rwihinda]], gaar ahaan xilliyada abaaraha, marka biyuhu aysan mar dambe ka qulqulin Webiga Akanyaru ilaa Lake Rwihinda.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=62}}

==Horumarinta==

3,000 tan oo [[masaggo]] ah ayaa laga soo saaray Degmada Ntega 2003-2004. 
Dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu beero masaggo kor ka xigta Lake Narungazi.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}}
Ogosto 2017 Melchior Nankwahomba, guddoomiyaha Gobolka Kirundo, ayaa daahfuray beerista geedo bariis ah ee Nyavyamo Marsh. 
Goosashada bariiska waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay u dhaxayso 8 ilaa 10 tan halkii hektar, ama u dhaxaysa 4,304 iyo 5,380 tan guud ahaan.{{sfn|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} 
Diseembar 2020 Wasaaradda Deegaanka, Beeraha iyo Xoolaha ee Burundi ayaa soo saartay codsi adeegyo la-talin ah oo ku saabsan xakamaynta iyo la socodka shaqooyinka biyaha-beeraha ee dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo [[Kabuyenge Marsh|Kabuyenge]].{{sfn|Projet d'Appui à la Transformation}}
Luulyo 2023 Stecol Corporation waxay ku dhawaaqday in guddoomiyaha Kirundo, [[Albert Hatungimana]], uu shirkadda gudoonsiiyay shahaado aqoonsanaysa kaalinteeda ku aaddan wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyada oo dhistay mashaariicda biyaha-beeraha ee dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo Kabuyenge, laga bilaabo Ogosto 2014.
Shaqadu waxaa ku jiray kanaallo, biyo-xireenno, xarumo bam-gareyn ah iyo tas-hiilaad kale.{{sfn|Local Development Contribution Award}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.rusizinationalpark.com/burundi-natural-reserves/ |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=A List of Burundi Natural Reserves |publisher=Rusizi National Park |ref={{harvid|A List of Burundi Natural Reserves}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://burundi-agnews.org/economie/burundi-le-marais-de-nyavyamo-donnera-pres-de-5-380-tonnes-de-riz/ |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo donnera près de 5.380 tonnes de riz |date=14 August 2017 |work=AGnews |ref={{harvid|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://en.stecol.cn/art/2023/7/12/art_7101_1709645.html |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Local Development Contribution Award in Burundi |date=2023-07-12 |publisher=Stecol Corporation |ref={{harvid|Local Development Contribution Award}} }}
*{{citation |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |ref={{harvid|NASA Population Density}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}
*{{citation |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|ref={{harvid|NASA Data Set Index}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA}}
*{{citation |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&amp;year=2014|ref={{harvid|NASA Rainfall}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}
*{{citation |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|ref={{harvid|NASA Land Cover Classification}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432407.html |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Nyavyamo, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Nyavyamo, Mindat}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification
 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} 
*{{citation |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/tenders/view/618559/projet-dappui-a-la-transformation-de-lagriculture-dans-la-region-naturelle-de-bugesera-patareb-contr |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Projet d'Appui à la Transformation de l'Agriculture dans la Région Naturelle de Bugesera (PATAREB): Contrôle et Surveillance des travaux d’aménagements hydro-agricoles des marais de Nyavyamo et Kabuyenge\
 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Livestock |language=fr |ref={{harvid|Projet d'Appui à la Transformation}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }}
{{refend}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>299421</id>
      <parentid>299420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:06:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299421</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8336" sha1="3a7w576s7m452otlcklgdpld6bobbxu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
| type=Dhul-qoyaneed
| name               = Dhul biyoodka Nyavyamo
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = Marécage de la Nyavyamo
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|-2.54333|30.03722}}
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = 
| designation        = 
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Burundi
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}
'''Dhul biyoodka Nyavyamo''' ({{langx|fr|marécage de la Nyavyamo}}; {{coord|-2.54333|30.03722}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla galbeedka [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.
In kasta oo qaybo ka mid ah la ilaaliyo, haddana waxaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista bariiska.

==Goobta==
{{convert|538|ha}} ee Nyavyamo Marsh waxay ku fidsan tahay degmooyinka [[Commune of Kirundo|Kirundo]] iyo [[Commune of Ntega|Ntega]].{{sfn|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} 
Waxay ku fadhidaa mid ka mid ah dooxooyinka labaad ee [[Akanyaru River]].
[[Lake Rwihinda]], [[Lake Nagitamo]] iyo [[Lake Narungazi]] ayaa ku xiran dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=13}}
Aagga ku hareeraysan dhul-qoyaneedka ayaa ku dhowaad lagu daboolay beer.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover Classification}}
Waxaa jira qiyaastii 356 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibbaaran agagaarka Nyavyamo, kaas oo aad u dad badan.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}}

Nyavyamo Marsh waxaa quudiya [[Lake Rwihinda]], Webiga Rugorwe oo u qulqula dhanka bari ee Murungurira colline, Webiga Mugisomeka, oo u qulqula bari dhanka dhul-qoyaneedka waqooyiga ee Rwimbogo colline, iyo {{anchor|Rurata River}}Webiga Rurata.
Rurata waxaa quudiya Mwohero, kaas oo ay quudiyaan Gacobwoya, Murugomero iyo Rugumba, kuwaas oo ka samaysma waqooyiga Nyamisagara iyo Cumba collines.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}}

==Cimilada==
[[Köppen climate classification]] ee Nyavyamo Marsh waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Nyavyamo, Mindat}}
Heerkulka celceliska waa {{convert|20|C}}. 
Bisha ugu kulul waa Sebteembar, oo ah {{convert|22|C}}, iyo tan ugu qabow waa Abriil, oo ah {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|NASA Data Set Index}}
Celceliska roobku waa {{convert|1,170|mm}} sannadkii. 
Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Maarso, oo leh {{convert|178|mm}} oo roob ah, kan ugu qalanna waa Luulyo, oo leh {{convert|1|mm}}.{{sfn|NASA Rainfall}}

==Ilaalinta==
[[Rwihinda Lake Natural Reserve]] waxay ilaalisaa Lake Rwihinda, oo ku taal biyaha sare ee Akanyaru wetlands. 
Haradu waxay dabooshaa {{convert|425|ha}}, laakiin aagga la ilaaliyo waa {{convert|8000|ha}} si loogu daro dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo.{{sfn|A List of Burundi Natural Reserves}}

In la daadiyo dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo ee ka hooseeya Lake Rwihinda waxay noqon lahayd wax dila, iyadoo la furayo waddo looga baxo dhammaan biyaha, sida in la madhiyo barkad biyo-xireen ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=21}}
[[Lake Gacamirindi]] wuu qallalay 2004, xilli roobaad caadi ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=29}}
[[Lake Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Nagitamo]] hadda waxay biyo siiyaan Lake Gacamirindi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal ku xiraya harooyinka iyada oo loo marayo [[Rugege Marsh]].{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}}
Waxaa jira halis ah in kanaalkani uu hoos u dhigi doono heerka biyaha ee Nyavyamo Marsh iyo [[Lake Rwihinda]], gaar ahaan xilliyada abaaraha, marka biyuhu aysan mar dambe ka qulqulin Webiga Akanyaru ilaa Lake Rwihinda.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=62}}

==Horumarinta==

3,000 tan oo [[masaggo]] ah ayaa laga soo saaray Degmada Ntega 2003-2004. 
Dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu beero masaggo kor ka xigta Lake Narungazi.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}}
Ogosto 2017 Melchior Nankwahomba, guddoomiyaha Gobolka Kirundo, ayaa daahfuray beerista geedo bariis ah ee Nyavyamo Marsh. 
Goosashada bariiska waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay u dhaxayso 8 ilaa 10 tan halkii hektar, ama u dhaxaysa 4,304 iyo 5,380 tan guud ahaan.{{sfn|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} 
Diseembar 2020 Wasaaradda Deegaanka, Beeraha iyo Xoolaha ee Burundi ayaa soo saartay codsi adeegyo la-talin ah oo ku saabsan xakamaynta iyo la socodka shaqooyinka biyaha-beeraha ee dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo [[Kabuyenge Marsh|Kabuyenge]].{{sfn|Projet d'Appui à la Transformation}}
Luulyo 2023 Stecol Corporation waxay ku dhawaaqday in guddoomiyaha Kirundo, [[Albert Hatungimana]], uu shirkadda gudoonsiiyay shahaado aqoonsanaysa kaalinteeda ku aaddan wax-soo-saarka beeraha iyada oo dhistay mashaariicda biyaha-beeraha ee dhul-qoyaneedka Nyavyamo iyo Kabuyenge, laga bilaabo Ogosto 2014.
Shaqadu waxaa ku jiray kanaallo, biyo-xireenno, xarumo bam-gareyn ah iyo tas-hiilaad kale.{{sfn|Local Development Contribution Award}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.rusizinationalpark.com/burundi-natural-reserves/ |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=A List of Burundi Natural Reserves |publisher=Rusizi National Park |ref={{harvid|A List of Burundi Natural Reserves}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://burundi-agnews.org/economie/burundi-le-marais-de-nyavyamo-donnera-pres-de-5-380-tonnes-de-riz/ |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo donnera près de 5.380 tonnes de riz |date=14 August 2017 |work=AGnews |ref={{harvid|Burundi : Le marais de Nyavyamo}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://en.stecol.cn/art/2023/7/12/art_7101_1709645.html |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Local Development Contribution Award in Burundi |date=2023-07-12 |publisher=Stecol Corporation |ref={{harvid|Local Development Contribution Award}} }}
*{{citation |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |ref={{harvid|NASA Population Density}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}
*{{citation |url=http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php|ref={{harvid|NASA Data Set Index}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA}}
*{{citation |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&amp;year=2014|ref={{harvid|NASA Rainfall}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}
*{{citation |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1|ref={{harvid|NASA Land Cover Classification}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-432407.html |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Nyavyamo, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Nyavyamo, Mindat}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification
 |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} 
*{{citation |url=https://www.developmentaid.org/tenders/view/618559/projet-dappui-a-la-transformation-de-lagriculture-dans-la-region-naturelle-de-bugesera-patareb-contr |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Projet d'Appui à la Transformation de l'Agriculture dans la Région Naturelle de Bugesera (PATAREB): Contrôle et Surveillance des travaux d’aménagements hydro-agricoles des marais de Nyavyamo et Kabuyenge\
 |publisher=Ministry of the Environment, Agriculture and Livestock |language=fr |ref={{harvid|Projet d'Appui à la Transformation}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }}
{{refend}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhul biyoodka Nunga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299422</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:08:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299422</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3404" sha1="5po6sw0l0stfccg0pr6zr783nibe861" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
| type=Dhul-qoyaneed
| name               = Dhul biyoodka Nunga
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = Marais de Nunga
&lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = 
| alt                = 
| caption            = 
&lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = [[Kirundo Province]] ee [[Burundi]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|-2.5238|29.9666}}
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = 
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = 
| designation        = 
| length             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt; 
| width              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| pushpin_map             = Burundi
| pushpin_label_position  = 
| pushpin_map_alt         = 
| pushpin_map_caption     = 
}}
'''Dhul biyoodka Nunga''' ({{langx|fr|Marais de Nunga}}; {{coord|-2.5238|29.9666}}) waa [[dhul-qoyaneed]] ku yaalla [[Commune of Ntega]], ee [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.

==Goobta==
Nunga wuxuu dabooshaa aag dhan {{convert|39|ha}}.{{sfn|Strategie Nationale De Developpement}}
Aagga ku hareeraysan Nunga ayaa ku dhowaad lagu daboolay beer.{{sfn|NASA Land Cover}}
Waxaa jira qiyaastii 356 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibbaaran agagaarka Nunga, kaas oo aad u dad badan.{{sfn|NASA Population Density}} 
[[Köppen climate classification]] waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Munga, Mindat}}
Heerkulka celceliska waa {{convert|20|C}}. 
Bisha ugu kulul waa Sebteembar, oo ah {{convert|22|C}}, iyo tan ugu qabow waa Abriil, oo ah {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|NASA Data Set Index}} 
Celceliska roobku waa {{convert|1,170|mm}} sannadkii. 
Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Maarso, oo leh {{convert|178|mm}}, kan ugu qalanna waa Luulyo, oo leh {{convert|1|mm}}.{{sfn|NASA Rainfall}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-430207.html |accessdate=2024-06-16
 |title=Nunga, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Munga, Mindat}} }}

*{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |ref={{harvid|NASA Population Density}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Population Density|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/SEDAC}}
*{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php  |ref={{harvid|NASA Data Set Index}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA}}
*{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&amp;year=2014  |ref={{harvid|NASA Rainfall}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM)|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission}}&gt;
*{{Cite web |url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |ref={{harvid|NASA Land Cover}}
 |title= NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification|access-date = 30 January 2016 |publisher= NASA/MODIS}}
*{{citation |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/Bur182110.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-16 |publisher=Ministere de l’Agriculture et de l’Elevage
 |title=Strategie Nationale De Developpement De La Filiere Riz Au Burundi |year=2014 |ref={{harvid|Strategie Nationale De Developpement}} }}
{{refend}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga Nduruma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47934</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299423</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:12:13Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="6070" sha1="7q216smqpq14x02d7t1wvmh07461g3u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name = Webi Nduruma
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Rivière Nduruma}}
| other_name = Kanzigiri
| image = 
| mouth = [[Lake Kanzigiri]]
| mouth_location = [[Kirundo Province]], [[Burundi]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-2.51819|30.32754|display=it}}
| length = {{cvt|49.5|km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HydroATLAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Linke |first=Simon |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Ouellet Dallaire |first3=Camille |last4=Ariwi |first4=Joseph |last5=Grill |first5=Günther |last6=Anand |first6=Mira |last7=Beames |first7=Penny |last8=Burchard-Levine |first8=Vicente |last9=Maxwell |first9=Sally |last10=Moidu |first10=Hana |last11=Tan |first11=Florence |last12=Thieme |first12=Michele |date=2019-12-09 |title=Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6901482 |pmid=31819059}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| pushpin_map = Burundi
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| subdivision_type1 = Dal
| subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Burundi|Gobollada]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kirundo Province|Kirundo]], [[Muyinga Province|Muyinga]]
| source1 = [[Kabuyenge River|Webi Kabuyenge]]
| source1_location = Murama, [[Commune of Gashoho|Gashoho]]
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|1664|m}}
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|2|43|42|S|30|11|57|E}}
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1326|m}}
| discharge1_location = Afka&lt;ref name=&quot;HydroATLAS&quot; /&gt;
| discharge1_min = {{cvt|0.877|m3|adj=ri3|sigfig=4}}
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|2.552|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}}
| discharge1_max = {{cvt|5.975|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}}
| progression = [[Lake Kanzigiri]] → [[Nyamabuno River|Nyamabuno]] → [[Lake Rweru]] → [[Kagera River|Kagera]] → [[Lake Victoria]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]]
| basin_size = {{cvt|420.7|km2}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HydroATLAS&quot; /&gt;
| basin_population = 180,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Luling |last2=Cao |first2=Xin |last3=Li |first3=Shijie |last4=Jie |first4=Na |date=2024-01-24 |title=A 31-year (1990–2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-02913-0 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-024-02913-0 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10808219 |pmid=38267476}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| tributaries_right = Gacucu
}}
'''Webi Nduruma''' ({{langx|fr|Rivière Nduruma}}) waa webi ku yaalla waqooyi-bari ee [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi, waana webi-gacmeedka [[Lake Kanzigiri]].

==Koorsada==

Webi Nduruma wuxuu ka samaysmaa waqooyiga Tongo colline ee [[Commune of Gitobe]], halkaas oo Webi Mukabagabaga iyo Webi Ntimba ay ku kulmaan.
Wuxuu u qulqulaa waqooyi-bari isagoo mara Gitobe, wuxuuna u barbar socdaa waddada weyn ee RP62.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}}{{efn|Warbixin 2012 ah oo ku saabsan fursadaha maalgashiga ee tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo waxaa ku jira khariidad muujinaysa webiga oo ku fidsan ilaa ka baxsan isha uu ka yimaado khariidadda [[Defense Mapping Agency]] ee 1994, ka dibna u leexanaya koonfur-galbeed iyo u qulqulaya [[Lake Cohoha]]. Khariidaddu waxay sidoo kale muujinaysaa [[Rurata River|Webi Rurata]] oo ku xiraya barta ay ku kulmaan laamaha bari iyo galbeed ee Nduruma, oo u qulqulaya koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Nyavyamo Marsh]], oo ah webi-gacmeedka Kanyaru.{{sfn|Investment opportunities in renewable energy|p=14}}
&lt;p&gt;In si dhow loo eego khariidadda 1994 waxay muujinaysaa in Lake Cohoha ay quudiyaan [[Rugamura River|Webi Rugamura]], kaas oo leh webi-gacmeed la yiraahdo Nduruma. Nduruma-kan wuxuu leeyahay webi-gacmeed la yiraahdo Gasuga, kaas oo samaysma meel aan ka fogeyn webi-gacmeed aan magac lahayn oo ku yaalla Webi Nduruma ee ugu weyn. Webi Rurata ee quudiya Nyavyamo Marsh wuxuu leeyahay webi-gacmeed la yiraahdo Rugumba, kaas oo samaysma meel u dhow madaxa Mukabagabaga, oo ah webi-gacmeedka madaxa Nduruma.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} Nyavyamo Marsh iyo Lake Cogoha waxay leeyihiin webi-gacmeedyo ka samaysma meel u dhow webi-gacmeedyada Webi Nduruma.&lt;/p&gt;}}

Qaybta hoose ee Webi Nduruma waxay samaysaa xadka u dhexeeya [[Commune of Gitobe]] iyo [[Commune of Busoni]].{{sfn|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}}
Dhul-qoyaneedkiisa hoose, inta u dhaxaysa Shore iyo Buringa collines, webigu wuxuu qaataa magaca {{anchor|Kanzigiri River}}'''Webi Kanzigiri''', kaas oo ku kulma dhul-qoyaneedka [[Gacucu River|Webi Gacucu]] wuxuuna quudiyaa cidhifka koonfureed ee [[Lake Kanzigiri]].{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}}{{sfn|Lac Rweru USDMA}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Liiska webiyada Burundi]]

==Qoraallo==
{{notelist}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31|page=14
 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012
 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari  |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724040#map=12/-2.5830/30.2570 |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |title=Way: Nduruma (224724040) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Nduruma (224724040)}} }}
{{refend}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Kabuyenge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>299424</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:14:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox river | name = Webi Kabuyenge | pushpin_map = Burundi | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|2|31|2|S|30|19|53|E|display=it}} | mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1327|m}} | name_native = {{native name|fr|Rivière Kabuyenge}} | name_other = Runombe, Gacucu | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Burundi|Gobollada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kirundo Province|Kirundo]], [[Muyinga Province|Muyinga]] | source1_location = Murama, Commune...</comment>
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      <text bytes="9090" sha1="4yd7yrephm6ftsz0mu3fqvdiburlkom" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name = Webi Kabuyenge
| pushpin_map = Burundi
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|2|31|2|S|30|19|53|E|display=it}}
| mouth_elevation = {{cvt|1327|m}}
| name_native = {{native name|fr|Rivière Kabuyenge}}
| name_other = Runombe, Gacucu
| subdivision_type1 = Dal
| subdivision_name1 = [[Burundi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Burundi|Gobollada]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kirundo Province|Kirundo]], [[Muyinga Province|Muyinga]]
| source1_location = Murama, [[Commune of Gashoho|Gashoho]]
| source1_elevation = {{cvt|1664|m}}
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|2|43|42|S|30|11|57|E}}
| mouth_location = [[Commune of Bwambarangwe|Bwambarangwe]]
| mouth = [[Kanzigiri River|Webi Kanzigiri]]
| length = {{cvt|35.4|km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HydroATLAS&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Linke |first=Simon |last2=Lehner |first2=Bernhard |last3=Ouellet Dallaire |first3=Camille |last4=Ariwi |first4=Joseph |last5=Grill |first5=Günther |last6=Anand |first6=Mira |last7=Beames |first7=Penny |last8=Burchard-Levine |first8=Vicente |last9=Maxwell |first9=Sally |last10=Moidu |first10=Hana |last11=Tan |first11=Florence |last12=Thieme |last12=Michele |date=2019-12-09 |title=Global hydro-environmental sub-basin and river reach characteristics at high spatial resolution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0300-6 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-019-0300-6 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=6901482 |pmid=31819059}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| discharge1_location = Afka&lt;ref name=&quot;HydroATLAS&quot; /&gt;
| discharge1_min = {{cvt|0.463|m3|adj=ri3|sigfig=4}}
| discharge1_avg = {{cvt|1.469|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}}
| discharge1_max = {{cvt|3.565|m3|adj=ri2|sigfig=4}}
| progression = [[Kanzigiri River|Kanzigiri]] → [[Lake Kanzigiri]] → [[Nyamabuno River|Nyamabuno]] → [[Lake Rweru]] → [[Kagera River|Kagera]] → [[Lake Victoria]] → [[White Nile]] → [[Nile]] → [[Mediterranean Sea]]
| basin_size = {{cvt|232.7|km2}}
| basin_population = 111,000&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Luling |last2=Cao |first2=Xin |last3=Li |first3=Shijie |last4=Jie |first4=Na |date=2024-01-24 |title=A 31-year (1990–2020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-02913-0 |journal=Scientific Data |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-024-02913-0 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10808219 |pmid=38267476}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| tributaries_left = Nyabiho, Gahahe
| tributaries_right = Kaduduri
}}'''Webi Kabuyenge''' ({{langx|fr|Rivière Kabuyenge}}) waa webi ku yaalla waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Kirundo Province]], Burundi.

==Koorsada==

Webi-gacmeedka ugu weyn ee Webi Kabuyenge, {{anchor|Kaduduri River}}'''Webi Kaduduri''', wuxuu samaysmaa halka uu {{anchor|Rubirizi River}}'''Webi Rubirizi''' kaga biirayo dhanka bidix webiga Mirwa.{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}}{{efn|Warbixin 2012 ah oo ku saabsan fursadaha maalgashiga ee tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo ee Burundi waxay muujinaysaa webi-gacmeedyada Rubirizi iyo Kaduduri, laakiin ma muujinayso Kabuyenge.{{sfn|Investment opportunities in renewable energy|page=14}} }}

Webi Kabuyenge wuxuu samaysmaa halka uu Webi Nyabiho dhanka bidix (galbeed) kaga biirayo Webi Kaduduri dhanka midig (bari).{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}}
Kabuyenge wuxuu u qulqulaa guud ahaan jiho waqooyi-waqooyi-bari ah.
Ka dib markii uu dhanka bidix kaga biiro Webi Gahahe, durdurka la isku daray waxaa loo yaqaan {{anchor|Gacucu River}}'''Webi Gacucu''',{{efn|{{anchor|Runombe}}OpenStreetMap laga bilaabo Sebtembar 2024 wuxuu magaca '''Runombe''' siiyay qaybta hoose, kaas oo loo yaqaan Gacucu dhanka U.S. [[Defense Mapping Agency]].{{sfn|Way: Runombe (404253981)}}{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}} Midkoodna looma isticmaalo si ballaaran ilaha internetka.}} oo ah webi-gacmeedka dhanka midig ee [[Kanzigiri River|Webi Kanzigiri]].{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}}

==Deegaanka==
Agagaarka Kabuyenge waa inta badan savannah.{{sfn|nasalandcover}}
Aagga waxaa ku nool dad aad u badan, iyadoo ay jiraan 319 qof halkii kiiloomitir laba jibbaaran.{{sfn|nasapop}}
Cimilada Savannah ayaa ka jirta aagga. Celceliska heerkulka sannadlaha ah ee aagga waa {{convert|20|C}}.
Bisha ugu diirran waa Agoosto, marka celceliska heerkulku yahay {{convert|24|C}}, kan ugu qabow waa Janaayo, oo ah {{convert|18|C}}.{{sfn|nasa}}
Celceliska roobka sannadlaha ah waa {{convert|1,170|mm}}.
Bisha ugu roobka badan waa Maarso, iyadoo celcelis ahaan ay da'do {{convert|178|mm}} oo roob ah, kan ugu qalanna waa Luulyo, oo leh {{convert|1|mm}} oo roob ah.{{sfn|nasarain}}

==Dhul-qoyaneed==

Dhul-qoyaneedka Kabuyenge wuxuu ku yaallaa xadka u dhexeeya [[Commune of Busoni]] iyo [[Commune of Bwambarangwe]], wuxuuna ku yaallaa waqooyiga magaalada [[Mukenke]].{{sfn|Way: Kabuyenge (224724039)}}
[[Köppen climate classification]] waa Aw: Cimilada kuleylaha ee savanna, qoyan.{{sfn|Kabuyenge, Burundi Mindat}} Dhul-qoyaneedka Kabuyenge iyo [[Kabanga Marsh|Dhul-qoyaneedka Kabanga]] waxay ilaaliyaan dheelitirka biyaha ee [[Lake Kanzigiri]].
Hay'adda Qaramada Midoobay ee [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Cuntada iyo Beeraha]] (FAO) ayaa horumarisay aagagga kaydka ah ee ku hareeraysan mid kasta oo ka mid ah dhul-qoyaneedkan.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}

Dhoobada ayaa laga soo saaraa dhul-qoyaneedka Kabuyenge qaar ka mid ah qoysaska si ay u sameeyaan leben loogu talagalay dhismaha.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=55}}
Warbixin 2005 ah ayaa sheegtay in abaar dhowaan dhacday ay ku qasabtay dadka deegaanka inay u isticmaalaan meelaha dhoobada ah dalagyada sida bariiska, [[masaggada]], muuska iyo [[colocasia]]. 
Waxaa jiray dalagyo bariis ah oo ka sarreeya iyo ka hooseeya dhul-qoyaneedka Kabanga iyo Kabuyenge.
Aaggii kaydka ahaa ee dhul-qoyaneedka Kabuyenge ayaa lagu burburinayay dherer dhan ilaa {{convert|100|m}}.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Liiska webiyada Burundi]]

==Qoraallo==
{{notelist}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Ilaha==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31|page=14
 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012
 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-443778.html |accessdate=2024-06-18
 |title=Kabuyenge, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Kabuyenge, Burundi Mindat}} }}
*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |title=NASA Earth Observations: Population Density |accessdate=30 January 2016
 |ref={{harvid|nasapop}} |publisher=NASA/SEDAC
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209064446/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=SEDAC_POP |archivedate=9 February 2016}}
*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |title=NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index |accessdate=30 January 2016
 |ref={{harvid|nasa}} |publisher=NASA
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128214629/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |archivedate=28 November 2017}} Xogta heerkulka oo ka timid cabbiraadaha dayax-gacmeedka ee heerkulka dusha sare ee dhulka gudaha sanduuq 0,1×0,1 darajo ah.
*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&amp;year=2014 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Rainfall (1 month - TRMM) 
 |ref={{harvid|nasarain}} |publisher=NASA/Tropical Rainfall Monitoring Mission|accessdate=30 January 2016
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419091014/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=TRMM_3B43M&amp;year=2014 |archivedate=19 April 2019}} Celceliska qiimaha sannadaha 2012–2014 gudaha sanduuq 0,1×0,1 darajo ah.
*{{citation|url= http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |title=NASA Earth Observations: Land Cover Classification
 |ref={{harvid|nasalandcover}} |publisher=NASA/MODIS |accessdate=30 January 2016
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228161657/http://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/view.php?datasetId=MCD12C1_T1 |archivedate=28 February 2016}}
*{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr
 |last1=Nzigidahera  |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification
 |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} 
*{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03
 |title=Rugari |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/224724039#map=12/-2.5679/30.3089 |accessdate=2024-06-17
 |title=Way: Kabuyenge (224724039) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Kabuyenge (224724039)}} }} 
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/404253981#map=12/-2.5065/30.4132 |accessdate=2024-08-31
 |title=Way: Runombe (404253981) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Runombe (404253981)}} }}
{{refend}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Balliga Gaet'ale</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47936</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299426</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <comment>/* */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5675" sha1="1428evdqxq3c1go8ihdxo1n5et2t6it" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox body of water
| name               = Balliga Gaet'ale
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| other_name         = &lt;!--    Images     --&gt;
| image              = ET Afar asv2018-01 img58 Dallol.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = muuqaal guud
| image_bathymetry   = 
| alt_bathymetry     = 
| caption_bathymetry = &lt;!--    Stats      --&gt;
| location           = [[Afar Region|Gobolka Canfarta]], [[Itoobiya]]
| group              = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|14|12|48|N|40|19|17|E|display=inline,title}}&lt;!-- {{coord|DD|MM|SS|N|DD|MM|SS|W|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} --&gt;
| type               = [[Hypersaline lake|Balli aad u milix badan]]
| etymology          = 
| part_of            = 
| inflow             = 
| rivers             = 
| outflow            = Midna
| oceans             = 
| catchment          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| basin_countries    = 
| agency             = 
| designation        = 
| date-built         = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --&gt;
| engineer           = 
| date-flooded       = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --&gt;
| length             = {{convert|60|m|abbr=on}}
| width              = {{convert|40|m|abbr=on}}
| area               = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| depth              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| max-depth          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| volume             = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| residence_time     = 
| salinity           = 433 g/kg
| shore              = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| elevation          = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| temperature_high   = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| temperature_low    = &lt;!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --&gt;
| frozen             = 
| islands            = 
| islands_category   = 
| sections           = 
| trenches           = 
| benches            = 
| cities             = &lt;!--      Map      --&gt;
| pushpin_map        = Ethiopia
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = Goobta balliga aadka u milixda badan ee Itoobiya.
| pushpin_map_caption = &lt;!--   Below       --&gt;
| website            = 
| reference          = 
}}
[[File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img59 Dallol.jpg|thumb|250px|Isha kulul ee ku dhex taal balliga]]
'''Balliga Gaet'ale''' waa [[hypersaline lake|balli aad u milix badan]] oo ku yaalla meel u dhow biyo-xireenka [[Dallol (volcano)|Dallol]] ee [[Danakil Depression]] ([[Afar Region|Gobolka Canfarta]], [[Itoobiya]]). Waxay ku taallaa meel ka sarraysa [[hot spring|il kulul]] oo asal ahaan ka timid dhul-gariir, mana laha wax durdur ah oo gala ama ka baxa. Biyaha Balliga Gaet'ale waxay leeyihiin [[salinity|milix badan]] oo dhan 43%, taas oo ka dhigaysa [[list of bodies of water by salinity|balliga ugu milixda badan Dunida]].&lt;ref name=perez&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Perez |first1=Eduardo |last2=Chebude |first2=Yonas |date=April 2017 |title=Chemical Analysis of Gaet'ale, a Hypersaline Pond in Danakil Depression (Ethiopia): New Record for the Most Saline Body of Water on Earth |journal=Aquatic Geochemistry |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1007/s10498-017-9312-z}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Goobta iyo asalka ==
Balliga Gaet'ale waa kan ugu weyn silsilad balliyo yaryar ah oo ku yaalla qiyaastii {{convert|4|km}} koonfur-bari ee [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]]. Waxay leedahay qaab bisha ah oo leh dhexroor qiyaastii {{convert|60|m}}.

Sida ay sheegeen dadka deegaanka ee tuulada u dhow ee Ahmed'ela, [[earthquake|dhul-gariir]] dhacay Janaayo 2005 ayaa dib u hawlgeliyay il kulul oo balliguna halkaas ayuu ku samaysmay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Master |first=Sharad |date=2016 |title=Gaet'ale - a reactivated thermal spring and potential tourist hazard in the Asale salt flats, Danakil Depression, Ethiopia |url=https://appliedvolc.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s13617-015-0042-x |access-date=15 May 2020 |journal=Journal of Applied Volcanology |volume=5 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1186/s13617-015-0042-x |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sababtan awgeed, heerkulkiisa oo dhan {{convert|50–55|C|F}} ayaa ka kulul deegaanka ku hareeraysan.&lt;ref name=Jasmin&gt;{{cite web|last=Fox-Skelly|first=Jasmin|title=In Earth's hottest place, life has been found in pure acid|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170803-in-earths-hottest-place-life-has-been-found-in-pure-acid|website=BBC Future|accessdate=27 March 2018|date=4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Halabuurka biyaha ==
Milixda ku jirta biyaha Balliga Gaet'ale waxaa inta badan ka kooban [[calcium chloride]] oo dhan 2.72&amp;nbsp;mol/kg iyo [[magnesium chloride]] oo dhan 1.43&amp;nbsp;mol/kg. Waxa kale oo ay ka kooban tahay xaddi yar oo [[sodium ion|Na&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;]], [[potassium ion|K&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;]] iyo [[nitrite|{{chem|NO|2|-}}]] ions. Wadarta guud ee [[Total dissolved solids|walxaha milan]] waa 433 g/kg, ama 43.3%. Waxa kale oo ku jira raadadka [[ferric ions|iron(III)]] kuwaas oo la sameeya [[Cl⁻|chloride]], taas oo biyaha siisa midab huruud ah oo caan ku ah.&lt;ref name=perez/&gt;

Xumbada gaaska ur la'aanta ah ayaa ka soo baxa dusha balliga. Waxay u badan tahay in uu yahay [[carbon dioxide]] ka yimid fulkaanaha. Maydadka shimbiraha iyo cayayaanka ayaa laga helay balliga hareerihiisa, waxaana la soo jeediyay in gaasku uu waxyeello u geysan karo xayawaannada yaryar ama bini'aadamka.&lt;ref name=Jasmin/&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{portal|Lakes}}
* [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/658211v1.full.pdf Hyperdiverse archaea near life limits at the polyextreme geothermal Dallol area]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Template:Infobox zoo</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
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    <title>Aqalka Weyn ee Biyaha ee Hurghada</title>
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      <id>299432</id>
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      <text bytes="4331" sha1="07x23sjndwx4bzguk9cswoflwqwdud4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox zoo
| name             = Aqalka Weyn ee Biyaha ee Hurghada
| logo             = 
| logo_width       = 
| logo_caption     = 
| image            =Hurghada Grand Aquarium by Hatem Moushir 1.JPG 
| image_width      = 
| image_caption    = 
| date_opened      = 23 Janaayo 2015
| date_opening     = 
| date_closed      = 
| location         = [[Hurghada]], Masar
| coordinates      = {{coord|27.1337|33.8217|type:landmark_region:EG|display=inline,title}}
| area             = 9.8 acres
| floorspace       = 
| num_animals      = 1200+
| num_species      = 100
| largest_tank_vol = {{cvt|1800|m3|USgal|sigfig=1}}
| total_tank_vol   = {{cvt|3500|m3|USgal|sigfig=1}}
| annual_visitors  = 
| members          = 
| exhibits         = 24
| owner            = Magdy Abdel Latif, Ali Abdel Razek, [[Mohamed Taha]]
| publictransit    =
| website          = &lt;!-- {{URL|http://www.hurghadagrandaquarium.com}} --&gt;
}}

'''Hurghada Grand Aquarium''' waa [[aquarium|goob lagu xanaaneeyo kalluunka]] oo ku taalla aagga Magawish ee [[Hurghada]], Masar. Waxay furantay bishii Janaayo 2015, waxayna ka kooban tahay ku dhawaad {{convert|3500|m3|USgal|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} oo meel taangiyo ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Nicola |last2=Clarke |first2=Liv |date=2025-01-22 |title=The stunning resort that's 25C in February with beaches that rival the Maldives |url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/stunning-resort-thats-25c-february-9883522 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Bristol Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dulmar==
Goobtu waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 1200 oo xayawaan ah, iyo 100 nooc. Waa mid ka mid ah aquariums-ka ugu waaweyn qaaradda, iyo sidoo kale kan ugu weyn Masar iyo ku dhawaad kan ugu weyn [[Arab world|dunida Carabta]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay 24 bandhig oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan [[shark tunnel|godka libaax-badeedka]], [http://hurghadagrandaquarium.com/rainforest.html kaynta roobka] iyo &quot;[http://hurghadagrandaquarium.com/whales-valley.html Dooxada Nibiga]&quot;, oo ku salaysan haraaga qadiimiga ah ee laga helay [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Saxaaraha Galbeed]]. Xaruntu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay bandhig nolosha [[Bedouin|Badaawiyiinta]], iyo [[zoo|xadiiqad xayawaan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hurghadagrandaquarium.com/about.html |title=Red Sea in Glass- About us |publisher=Hurghada Grand Aquarium |date=2015-01-23 |accessdate=2017-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muunadaha caanka ah ee Aquarium-ka waxaa ka mid ah: [[nurse shark|libaax-badeedka kalkaaliyaha]], [[stingray|ray-ga dabo-sunta leh]], [[green sea turtle|qoolleyda cagaaran ee badda]], [[shovelnose guitarfish]] iyo [[eagle ray|ray-ga gorgorka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lake |first=Stephanie |date=2023-10-27 |title=12 of the best things to do in Hurghada |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/africa-travel/egypt/best-things-to-do-in-hurghada-j63z8fq93 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hurghada Marine Museum &amp; Aquarium - EgyptToday |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Tag/101805/Hurghada-Marine-Museum-Aquarium |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.egypttoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Liiska dhammaystiran ee xayawaanka laga helay Aquarium-ka==

Ilaa hadda, xayawaanno badan ayaa laga arkay aquarium-ka.&lt;ref name=&quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhv85EG8GZA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; Xayawaannadan waxaa ka mid ah laakiin aan ku koobnayn [[green iguana|iguana cagaaran]], [[white-backed vulture|gorgor dhabar-cad]], [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska Niilka]], [[great white pelican|baari-weyne cad]], [[Egyptian fruit bat|fiidmeerka midhaha Masar]], [[pharaoh eagle-owl|guumaysta Fircoon]], [[greater flamingo|flamingo-ga weyn]], [[grivet|daanyeerka grivet]], [[green sea turtle|qoolleyda cagaaran ee badda]], [[Indo-Pacific sergeant]], [[Acanthopagrus bifasciatus]], [[giant moray]], [[Arabian Picasso triggerfish]], [[nurse shark|libaax-badeedka kalkaaliyaha]], [[shovelnose guitarfish]], [[orbicular batfish]], [[koi]], [[red lionfish|kalluunka libaaxa cas]], [[Red Sea clownfish|kalluunka clown-ka ee Badda Cas]], [[spotted eagle ray]], [[sandbar shark|libaax-badeedka sandbar-ka]], [[Indian peafowl|taawus Hindi ah]], [[Egyptian goose|ganiga Masar]], [[African spurred tortoise]], iyo [[ostrich|goronyo]].

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Makadi Bay]]
* [[Red Sea Riviera]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>07x23sjndwx4bzguk9cswoflwqwdud4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dhulka Sare ee Kitulo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299435</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <text bytes="1409" sha1="mbqhscjl4rm4sy70nklulzeob8kerwl" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kitulo National Park Entry.JPG|thumb|Mucaawimada [[Kitulo National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kitulo]] oo ku taal Hoos-ka Kitulo]]

'''Hoos-ka Kitulo''' waa hoos ku yaalla [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] oo ka tirsan [[Kipengere Range]], kaas oo caan ku ah kala duwanaanshaha dhirta.&lt;ref name=Tanzania&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&amp;pg=PA546 |title=Tanzania|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides, 2006.|author=Philip Briggs|accessdate=5 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hoos-ku wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Kitulo National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Kitulo]]. 

Aaggan cawska leh ee buuraleyda ah wuxuu ahaa aaggii ugu horreeyay ee [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]] ee noqda [[national park|beerta qaran]] sababo la xiriira dhirta gaarka ah ee ku baxda.&lt;ref name=Kitulo&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sisi-kwa-sisi.com/kitulo.html|title=The Kitulo Plateau|publisher=Sisi Kwa Sisi|accessdate=5 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Botany|Culimada dhirta]] waxay ugu yeereen ''Serengeti-ga Ubaxa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official&quot;&gt;[http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/kitulo.html Kitulo National Park, Official Website, Tanzania National Parks, accessed 20 November 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920092946/http://tanzaniaparks.com/kitulo.html |date=20 September 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
*[[Duurjoogta Tansaaniya]]
==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|9.0903575|S|33.9278906|E|display=title|type:forest_region:TZ-source:google_maps}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Buuraha Godadka ee Crater</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299438</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:30:20Z</timestamp>
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[[File:CraterHighlands_Tanzania_NASA.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda dhul-badeedka ee Crater Highlands, oo laga soo eegayo waqooyi ilaa koonfur-galbeed.]]

'''Buuraha Godadka ee Crater''' ama '''Ngorongoro Volcanic Highlands''' (''Milima kasoko ya Ngorongoro'', af [[Sawaaxili]]) waa gobol [[geological|juqraafiyeed]] oo ku yaalla [[East African Rift|Dooxada Weyn ee Rift]] ee [[Arusha Region|Gobolka Arusha]] iyo qaybo ka mid ah waqooyiga [[Manyara Region|Gobolka Manyara]] ee waqooyiga [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]. Crater Highlands waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr xarumood oo waaweyn oo fulkaano ah, oo ay ku jiraan 2.4-2.2 Ma Lemagarut iyo 2.25-2.0 Ma Ngorongoro [[basalt]]-[[trachybasalt]]-[[trachyandesite]] fulkaano (Ngorongoro sidoo kale waxaa ku jira trachydacite) iyo 1.6-1.5 Ma Oldeani basalt-trachyandesite fulkaano.&lt;ref&gt;Zaitsev, A., Marks, M., Wenzel, T., Spratt, J., Sharygin, V., Strekopytov, S., &amp; Markl, G. (2012). Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology of the phonolitic to nephelinitic Sadiman volcano, Crater Highlands, Tanzania. Lithos, 152, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.001&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Dhulka sare ee fulkaanuhu wuxuu ku yaallaa [[spreading zone|aag kala fogaansho]] oo ku yaalla isgoyska laamaha laba [[tectonic plate|xaaladood oo taargooyin dhuleed ah]], [[African Plate|Taargada Afrika]] iyo [[Somali Plate|Taargada Soomaalida]], taas oo keentay muuqaallo dhul oo kala duwan oo caan ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;eo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6316 |title=Crater Highlands |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=29 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhulka sare waxaa loogu magac daray [[Volcanic crater|kasokaha]] iyo [[caldera|boholaha]] badan ee halkaas ku yaalla. Sida caadiga ah ee aagagga kala fogaanshaha, [[volcano|fulkaano]] ayaa laga heli karaa halkan. [[Magma|Maagma]], oo kor u kacaysa si ay u buuxiso meelaha bannaan, waxay gaartaa dusha sare waxayna dhisataa buuro. Calderas-ku waxay samaysmaan haddii fulkaanuhu qarxo ama dumo, ka dib markii uu madho qolka maagmada ee hoose, iyo fidinta dheeraadka ah waxay sidoo kale dillaacin kartaa fulkaanaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;eo&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Laetoli-Olduvai-Eyasi.jpg|thumb|Goobaha: 1 - Laetoli (Australopithecus sp., Paranthropus aethiopicus) 2 - Olduvai (Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis) 3 - Eyasi (Homo sapiens)

Fulkaanooyinka: 4 - Sadiman 5 - Lemagrut 6 - Oldeani 7 - Ngorongoro 8 - Olmoti 9 - Empakaai 10 - Kerimasi

11 - Ol Doinyo Lengai]]

==Juqraafiga==
Kuwa soo socda ayaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ku dhex jiraan Crater Highlands:
* [[Empakaai Crater|Kasoka Empakaai]]
* [[Olmoti Crater|Kasoka Olmoti]]
* [[Gelai Volcano|Buurta Gelai]]
* [[Kitumbeine Volcano|Fulkaanaha Kitumbeine]]
* [[Lake Eyasi|Harada Eyasi]]
* [[Meto Hills|Buuraha Meto]]
* [[Mount Loolmalasin|Buurta Loolmalasin]]
* [[Ngorongoro Crater|Kasoka Ngorongoro]]
* [[Lemagrut]]
* [[Sadiman volcano|Fulkaanaha Sadiman]]
* [[Kerimasi]]
* Oldeani

==Booqashada Crater Highlands==
Waxaa jira socod iyo dalxiisyo kala duwan oo u baahan heerar jireed oo kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale safarro loo tago [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Aagga Ilaalinta Ngorongoro]] iyo booqashooyinka tuulooyinka deegaanka.

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* {{C|Volcanoes of Tanzania}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0ea7kdcyr9sflorci6rkegwm1tdai62</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>299439</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
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      <comment>/* Booqashada Buuraha Godadka ee Crater */</comment>
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[[File:CraterHighlands_Tanzania_NASA.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda dhul-badeedka ee Crater Highlands, oo laga soo eegayo waqooyi ilaa koonfur-galbeed.]]

'''Buuraha Godadka ee Crater''' ama '''Ngorongoro Volcanic Highlands''' (''Milima kasoko ya Ngorongoro'', af [[Sawaaxili]]) waa gobol [[geological|juqraafiyeed]] oo ku yaalla [[East African Rift|Dooxada Weyn ee Rift]] ee [[Arusha Region|Gobolka Arusha]] iyo qaybo ka mid ah waqooyiga [[Manyara Region|Gobolka Manyara]] ee waqooyiga [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]. Crater Highlands waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr xarumood oo waaweyn oo fulkaano ah, oo ay ku jiraan 2.4-2.2 Ma Lemagarut iyo 2.25-2.0 Ma Ngorongoro [[basalt]]-[[trachybasalt]]-[[trachyandesite]] fulkaano (Ngorongoro sidoo kale waxaa ku jira trachydacite) iyo 1.6-1.5 Ma Oldeani basalt-trachyandesite fulkaano.&lt;ref&gt;Zaitsev, A., Marks, M., Wenzel, T., Spratt, J., Sharygin, V., Strekopytov, S., &amp; Markl, G. (2012). Mineralogy, geochemistry and petrology of the phonolitic to nephelinitic Sadiman volcano, Crater Highlands, Tanzania. Lithos, 152, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.001&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Dhulka sare ee fulkaanuhu wuxuu ku yaallaa [[spreading zone|aag kala fogaansho]] oo ku yaalla isgoyska laamaha laba [[tectonic plate|xaaladood oo taargooyin dhuleed ah]], [[African Plate|Taargada Afrika]] iyo [[Somali Plate|Taargada Soomaalida]], taas oo keentay muuqaallo dhul oo kala duwan oo caan ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;eo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=6316 |title=Crater Highlands |publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] |access-date=29 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhulka sare waxaa loogu magac daray [[Volcanic crater|kasokaha]] iyo [[caldera|boholaha]] badan ee halkaas ku yaalla. Sida caadiga ah ee aagagga kala fogaanshaha, [[volcano|fulkaano]] ayaa laga heli karaa halkan. [[Magma|Maagma]], oo kor u kacaysa si ay u buuxiso meelaha bannaan, waxay gaartaa dusha sare waxayna dhisataa buuro. Calderas-ku waxay samaysmaan haddii fulkaanuhu qarxo ama dumo, ka dib markii uu madho qolka maagmada ee hoose, iyo fidinta dheeraadka ah waxay sidoo kale dillaacin kartaa fulkaanaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;eo&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Laetoli-Olduvai-Eyasi.jpg|thumb|Goobaha: 1 - Laetoli (Australopithecus sp., Paranthropus aethiopicus) 2 - Olduvai (Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis) 3 - Eyasi (Homo sapiens)

Fulkaanooyinka: 4 - Sadiman 5 - Lemagrut 6 - Oldeani 7 - Ngorongoro 8 - Olmoti 9 - Empakaai 10 - Kerimasi

11 - Ol Doinyo Lengai]]

==Juqraafiga==
Kuwa soo socda ayaa loo tixgeliyaa inay ku dhex jiraan Crater Highlands:
* [[Empakaai Crater|Kasoka Empakaai]]
* [[Olmoti Crater|Kasoka Olmoti]]
* [[Gelai Volcano|Buurta Gelai]]
* [[Kitumbeine Volcano|Fulkaanaha Kitumbeine]]
* [[Lake Eyasi|Harada Eyasi]]
* [[Meto Hills|Buuraha Meto]]
* [[Mount Loolmalasin|Buurta Loolmalasin]]
* [[Ngorongoro Crater|Kasoka Ngorongoro]]
* [[Lemagrut]]
* [[Sadiman volcano|Fulkaanaha Sadiman]]
* [[Kerimasi]]
* Oldeani

==Booqashada Buuraha Godadka ee Crater==
Waxaa jira socod iyo dalxiisyo kala duwan oo u baahan heerar jireed oo kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale safarro loo tago [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area|Aagga Ilaalinta Ngorongoro]] iyo booqashooyinka tuulooyinka deegaanka.

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* {{C|Volcanoes of Tanzania}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>gevo5ffshgehixedzesfwah1pbw14nd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Geeska Delgado</title>
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      <text bytes="2922" sha1="7nvhae779by5fyv7wyl18lsj3ixhq1c" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:Cape Delgado.jpg|right|thumb|Cape Delgado oo laga arkayo meel bannaan ah]]
'''Cape Delgado''' ({{langx|pt|Cabo Delgado}}) waa [[promontory|gees-dhuleed]] xeeb ah oo ku yaalla koonfurta xadka [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] uu la wadaago [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]. Waa [[river delta|delta]] qaab qaanso ah oo uu sameeyay [[Rovuma River|Webiga Rovuma]] waxaana lagu abuuray dhoobo ay dhigtay Rovuma xilli ay ku qulqulayso [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;impacto&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Perfil Ambiental e Mapeamento do Uso Actual da Terra nos Distritos da Zona Costeira de Moçambique - Distrito de Palma – Versão Preliminar | website=biofund.org.mz |publisher=Impacto | date=2012-06-01 | url=https://www.biofund.org.mz/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/1547476776-Perfil%20Palma.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019193214/https://www.biofund.org.mz/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/1547476776-Perfil%20Palma.pdf | archive-date=2022-10-19 | url-status=dead | access-date=2026-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Marmar waxaa lagu aqoonsadaa '''Prasum''', oo ah barta ugu koonfureed ee [[Africa|Afrika]] ee ay garanayeen [[ancient geography|juqraafiyeedka qadiimiga ah]] ee [[Roman Empire|Roomaanka]] sida [[Marinus of Tyre|Marinus]] oo ka yimid [[Tyre (city)|Tyre]] iyo [[Ptolemy (geographer)|Ptolemy]]. [[Ptolemy's Geography|Juqraafiga Ptolemy]], waxay calaamadsatay barta ay Afrika ugu leexanayso xagga bari ee [[terra incognita|xeeb aan la aqoon]] si ay ula kulanto [[Southeast Asia|Koonfur-bari Aasiya]] oo ay u xayirto [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. [[Medieval Islamic cartographers|Khariidad-yaqaanada Islaamka ee Dhexe]] ayaa ka guuray fikirkaas ugu yaraan horraantii qarnigii 9-aad ee [[al-Khwārizmī]] laakiin fikradda ayaa ku soo noqotay Yurub ka dib [[Jacobus Angelus|turjumaadda Laatiinka]] ee {{circa|lk=no|1406}} ee qoraalka Ptolemaic ee uu soo celiyay [[Maximus Planudes]] mana aysan ahayn (si cad) in laga guuro ilaa ka dib markii [[Bartholomew Dias]] uu si guul leh ugu wareegay Afrika sannadkii 1488.

Cape Delgado waxay magaceeda siisay [[Cabo Delgado Province|Gobolka Cabo Delgado]] ee Musambiig.&lt;ref name=&quot;mosambik&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last=Jahn | first=Susanne | title=Namen und Macht in Mosambik | journal=apropos [Perspektiven auf die Romania] | issue=8 | date=2022-07-26 | issn=2627-3446 | doi=10.15460/apropos.8.1930 | pages=31–52 | url=https://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/apropos/article/view/1930 | access-date=2026-03-10| doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;impacto&quot;/&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* {{cite book | last=Shar | first=M. D. | title=Beyond the Headlands: Tales of Cape | publisher=Mahesh Dutt Sharma | date=2025-04-23 | url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Beyond_the_Headlands_Tales_of_Cape/3sFYEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;pg=PT71&amp;printsec=frontcover | chapter=13. Cape Delgado: Mozambique's coastal treasure | access-date=2026-03-10 | page=}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga Msimbazi</title>
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      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox river | name              = Webi Msimbazi | native_name       = {{native name|sw|Mto Msimbazi}} | image             = DEGRADATION FOR DEVELOPMENT.jpg | image_caption     = Sariirta Webi Msimbazi oo loo isticmaalo ciid iyo goob qashin lagu qubo oo gadaal ka muuqata  | source1_location  = [[Kisarawe, Kisarawe District|Kisarawe]], [[Kisarawe District, Pwani|Degmada Kisarawe]], Gobolka Pwani | source1_coordinates = &lt;!--- {{coord|06|53|35|S|39|04|26|E}} Waxay u baahan tahay...</comment>
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      <text bytes="18179" sha1="llk8max386xtq6lqfcdoz6xtz6ef906" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name              = Webi Msimbazi
| native_name       = {{native name|sw|Mto Msimbazi}}
| image             = DEGRADATION FOR DEVELOPMENT.jpg
| image_caption     = Sariirta Webi Msimbazi oo loo isticmaalo ciid iyo goob qashin lagu qubo oo gadaal ka muuqata 
| source1_location  = [[Kisarawe, Kisarawe District|Kisarawe]], [[Kisarawe District, Pwani|Degmada Kisarawe]], Gobolka Pwani
| source1_coordinates = &lt;!--- {{coord|06|53|35|S|39|04|26|E}} Waxay u baahan tahay in la hubiyo ---&gt;
| mouth              = [[Zanzibar Channel|Kanaalka Sansibaar]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|06|47|46|S|39|16|54|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_location     = [[Upanga West]] &amp; [[Hananasif]]
| subdivision_type1  = Dal
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Tanzania}}
| subdivision_type2  = Gobol
| subdivision_name2  = [[Dar es Salaam Region|Gobolka Dar es Salaam]] &amp; [[Pwani Region|Gobolka Pwani]]
| subdivision_type3  = Degmo
| subdivision_name3  = [[Kisarawe District, Pwani|Degmada Kisarawe]], [[Ilala District, Dar es Salaam|Ilala]] &amp; &lt;br/&gt; [[Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam|Kinondoni]]
| subdivision_type4  = Degmooyin (Wards)
| subdivision_name4  = [[Kwembe]], [[Kisarawe, Kisarawe District|Kisarawe]], &lt;br/&gt; [[Gongolamboto]], [[Pugu, Ilala|Pugu]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Ukonga]], [[Kipawa, Ilala|Kipawa]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Kinyerezi]], [[Segerea]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Vingunguti]], [[Tabata, Ilala|Tabata]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Buguruni]], [[Kigogo]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Ilala District, Dar es Salaam|Ilala]], [[Mchikichini]],&lt;br/&gt; [[Mzimuni]], [[Magomeni]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Upanga West]] &amp; [[Hananasif]]
| length_km = 35
| river_system       = Dooxada Webi Msimbazi
| basin_size_km2 = 271
| tributaries_left   = Webi Sinza, Webi Lubungo (Ubungo), Webi Luhanga, Webi Kinyerezi, Webi Zimbiri, Webi Tandale iyo Webi Makurumla
| tributaries_right  = 
}}
'''Webi Msimbazi''' (''Mto Mbezi'' ee af [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]) wuxuu ku yaallaa [[Dar es Salaam Region|Gobolka Dar es Salaam]] ee [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Kisarawe, Kisarawe District|degmada Kisarawe]], [[Kisarawe District, Pwani|Degmada Kisarawe]] wuxuuna ugu dambeyntii ku shubmaa [[Zanzibar Channel|Kanaalka Sansibaar]] xadka degmada [[Upanga West]] ee [[Ilala District, Dar es Salaam|Ilala MC]] iyo degmada [[Hananasif]] ee [[Kinondoni District, Dar es Salaam|Kinondoni MC]]. Dhererka Webi Msimbazi waa qiyaastii 35 kiiloomitir. Wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka bari isagoo u gudbaya Kanaalka Sansibaar ee Badweynta Hindiya isagoo sii maraya Kaydka Kaymaha Pugu iyo Kazimzumbwi, isagoo ku biiraya webiyada Sinza, Ubungo, iyo Luhanga inta uu socdo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |title=Dar es Salaam City Master Plan 2016-2036 |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611092338/https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Waa il muhiim ah oo biyo ah oo loo isticmaalo cabbitaanka, maydhashada, taageeridda warshadaha, beeraha, iyo ilaalinta deegaanka kuwa ku nool Gobolka Dar es Salaam tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhawaanahan, qashinka warshadaha iyo nidaamyada bullaacadaha aan la oggolayn ayaa halis gelinaya shaqooyinka bayoolojiga ah ee webiyadu qabtaan. Wasakhda biraha culus ee ka timaada warshadaha ayaa waxyeello u geysata faa'iidooyinka webiga marka loo eego shaqeynta iyo xitaa habka dhaqameed ee waraabinta beeraha khudradda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |title=Dar es Salaam City Master Plan 2016-2036 |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611092338/https://www.lands.go.tz/uploads/documents/en/1544030560-dar-city-plan-v1.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Juqraafiga==
Webi Msimbazi iyo webi-gacmeedyadiisu waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Pugu Hills Forest Reserve|Pugu Hills]] iyo [[Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve|Kazimzumbwi]] Forest Reserves ee [[Kisarawe District, Pwani|Degmada Kisarawe]], Gobolka Pwani, waxayna maraan bartamaha Dar es Salaam ee [[Ilala District, Dar es Salaam|Ilala MC]].
[[File:Msimbazi-River-and-its-main-tributaries.png|thumb|Webi Msimbazi iyo webi-gacmeedyadiisa ugu waaweyn]]

===Dooxada webiga===
Iyada oo leh dhul dhan 271 km2, dooxada Msimbazi waxay ka kooban tahay qiyaastii shan meelood meel ka mid ah guud ahaan dhulka Dar es Salaam waxayna hoy u tahay qiyaastii 1.6 milyan oo qof (27% ka mid ah tirada guud ee dadka magaalada). Dooxada waxay ka fidsan tahay ilaha webiga ee [[Pugu Forest Reserve]] dhanka bari oo ka gudbaysa jiho sii magaalowday iyadoo webigu u dhowaanayo afka badda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dooxada hoose, oo ah daad-bax weyn iyo dhul-qoyan oo ku yaalla bartamaha Dar es Salaam oo u dhow bartamaha magaalada, waxay hore u ahayd kayn mangrove ah oo barwaaqo ah laakiin dhawaanahan waxay bilowday inay dhimato inkastoo ay weli taagan tahay. Meel u dhow meesha webigu badda kaga daro, laba ka mid ah afarta waddo ee waaweyn ee Dar es Salaam—oo ay ku jirto dariiqa ugu horreeya ee magaalada ee gaadiidka Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)—ayaa ka gudba daad-baxa ugu weyn. Bulshooyinka ku nool qaybaha hoose ee webiga, kuwaas oo inta badan leh dakhli liita oo ku nool guryo aan habaysnayn, waxay si weyn ugu tiirsan yihiin helitaanka fudud ee xarunta ganacsiga ee magaalada si ay u helaan nolol maalmeedkooda waxayna helaan adeegyada bulshada ee u dhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Fatahaadaha sanadlaha ah ee taariikhiga ah iyo bacriminta===
Qaybaha sare iyo dhexe ee Msimbazi waxay horey u lahaayeen qayb weyn oo ka mid ah dhul-kaymeedka dabiiciga ah. Markii ay roobabku da'een, daboolka caleemaha ee cufan ayaa ka hortagay in ciidda hoose ay nabaad-guurto. In kasta oo webiyada sida Msimbazi aysan waligood taagnayn maadaama ay isbeddelaan si tartiib tartiib ah sanado badan iyo tobanaan sano, maqnaanshaha nabaad-guurka xad-dhaafka ah iyo dhoobeynta ayaa webiga ka dhigay mid xasiloon oo ku jira xaaladdiisa dabiiciga ah. Fatahaaddu waxay ahayd mid caadi ah intii lagu jiray 1800-kii iyo 1900-kii; Dhab ahaantii, bacriminta gobolka waxaa sabab u ah kaydka nafaqada leh ee [[flood|fatahaadaha]] hore ay ka tageen. Isticmaalka dhulka ku hareeraysan webiga ayaa bilaabay inuu isbeddelo si tartiib tartiib ah dabayaaqadii 1980-meeyadii iyo horraantii 1990-meeyadii taas oo ka dhalatay socdaalka miyiga-magaalada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Roobabkii [[El Niño]] ee 1997–1998 ayaa inta badan la xusaa inay yihiin kiciyaha fatahaadaha masiibada ah ee Msimbazi. Tan iyo markaas, waxaa jiray dhacdooyin fatahaad oo waaweyn 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2017, iyo 2018. Dhacdooyinka fatahaadaha ayaa sidoo kale noqday kuwo joogto ah oo daran. Nidaamyada maaraynta dhulka iyo qorshaynta ayaan awoodin inay la socdaan kororka degdega ah. In kasta oo Dooxada Msimbazi loo aqoonsaday dhul halis ah Qorshaha Master-ka ee Dar es Salaam ee 1979 iyo aagga kaydka ah ee 60-mitir ah oo ka yimid calaamadda biyaha sare ee webiga waxaa aasaasay Xeerka Maareynta Deegaanka, xaddidaadaha isticmaalka dhulka ayaa inta badan aan la fulin. Khadadka jireed ee tilmaamaya aag halis ah ma joogin, iyo habka sharciga ah ee rasmiga ah ee samaynta sidaas ma aysan raacin.&lt;ref&gt;De Risi, Raffaele, et al. &quot;Flood risk assessment for informal settlements.&quot; Natural hazards 69 (2013): 1003-1032.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hanjabaadaha==
===Wasakhda biraha===
Webi Msimbazi waxa uu soo maray hoos u dhac deegaan sannadihii la soo dhaafay, si la mid ah dhammaan marin-biyoodyada kale ee magaalada. Sediments ka yimid webiyada Dar waa wasakhaysan, iyadoo Msimbazi iyo Kizinga sediments webiga ay yihiin kuwa ugu wasakhaysan, sida uu qabo tusmada geo-accumulation, factor-ka wasakhaynta, heerka wasakhaynta, heerka wax laga beddelay ee wasakhaynta, tusmada wasakhaynta suurtagalka ah, iyo quotient sunta deegaanka. Tani waa run xitaa haddii factor-ka hodantinimada uu muujinayo heerar kala duwan oo wasakhda birta culus ee webiyada.
&lt;ref&gt;Mihale, Matobola J. &quot;Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.&quot; Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Toxic heavy metal|Wasakhda biraha]] heerar loogu talagalay [[Cadmium|Cd]], [[Lead|Pb]], [[Chromium|Cr]], [[Nickel|Ni]], [[Copper|Cu]], [[Aluminium|Al]], [[Manganese|Mn]], [[Iron|Fe]], iyo [[Zinc|Zn]] ayaa lagu qiimeeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo sediments ka yimid webiyada xeebaha Kizinga, Mbezi, Msimbazi, iyo Mzinga. Webi Msimbazi wuxuu haystay inta badan qaddarka sare ee Cd, Pb, Cr, Al, Mn, Fe, iyo Zn. Webi Kizinga wuxuu leeyahay qiyamka Ni iyo Cu sare, laakiin Webi Mbezi wuxuu lahaa heerar Mn sare. Webi Mzinga wuxuu ka kooban yahay xaddiga ugu yar ee biraha guud ahaan, marka laga reebo Mn. Webi Kizinga wuxuu lahaa heerar mn ugu hooseeya.&lt;ref&gt;Mihale, Matobola J. &quot;Metal contamination in sediments of coastal rivers around Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.&quot; Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania 27.2 (2021).&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jir-goynta iyo magaalaynta aan la xakameyn===
Biyo-mareenka duufaantu wuu koray Dooxada Msimbazi taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay awoodda haynta biyaha dabiiciga ah oo hoos u dhacday sababo la xiriira hawlaha aadanaha, gaar ahaan [[deforestation|jarista kaymaha]] iyo [[urbanization|magaalaynta]]. Sababta ugu weyn ee kordhinta soo noqnoqoshada fatahaadaha ee webiyada iyo durdurrada ka kooban nidaamka webiga ayaa sabab u ah tan. Daboolka geedaha ee Dooxada ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay. Si loogu sameeyo meel loogu talagalay beeraha, koritaanka magaalooyinka, iyo shidaalka cunnada, geedaha waa la jaray iyadoo heerar argagax leh, iyadoo ka tagaysa dhul-baadiye leh kaliya 10% awoodda kaynta ee ciidda-dejinta iyo dhexgelinta biyaha roobka. Sida laga soo xigtay hal daraasad oo ku taal isha webiga, daboolka [[forest canopy|kaynta]] ee xiran ee Pugu iyo Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserves ayaa hoos u dhacay in ka badan rubuc (25 iyo 31%, siday u kala horreeyaan) muddo 15 sano ah. In ka yar 400 oo ka mid ah 2,180 hektar ee Pugu iyo Kazimzumbwi reserve waxaa loo qaadan karaa kayn dhab ah, taas oo muujinaysa in inta badan daboolka kaynta dhab ahaantii laga saaray. Si la mid ah tan, kaliya 900 oo ka mid ah 4,887 hektar ee Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve ayaa hadda loo kala saari karaa kayn dhab ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xididdada hawada ee [[mangrove|mangroves]]-ka ayaa la aasay taas oo ka dhalatay dhoobeynta muhiimka ah ee Webi Msimbazi, &quot;neef-qabatin&quot; tani waxay saameyn xun ku leedahay caafimaadka geedaha. Maadaama aysan hadda u sii fidsanayn ilaa [[Jangwani]] Bridge, hirarka sare hadda waxay yimaadaan kaliya dhowr boqol oo mitir oo xeebta ah. Sababo la xiriira ururinta dhoobada ilaa dherer ka sarreeya heerka hirarka, in badan oo ka mid ah gobolka dhul-qoyan ee ku hareeraysan marin-biyoodka webiga ayaa qallalan xitaa inta lagu jiro hirarka sare. Natiijadu waxay tahay in mangroves-ka gudaha ay awoodi waayaan inay helaan biyaha badda, qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah kaynta mangrove way engegeen. Waxaa jira macluumaad yari oo ku saabsan xaaladda kaydka kaynta mangrove. Aagga la ilaaliyo ee mangrove si rasmi ah looma qeexin, in kasta oo ay ilaalinayso Xeerka Kaynta ee 2002 iyo mamnuucida jarista mangroves si adag ayaa loo fuliyaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Wasakhaynta===
Hababka qubista qashinka fayadhowrka ee aan nidaamsanayn ayaa si weyn u wasakheeya biyaha fatahaadaha. Baahida loo qabo in si sharci-darro ah loogu daadiyo webiyada iyo dhul-qoyan ayaa lagu xaqiijiyay wareysiyo lala yeeshay NGO-yo iyo shirkado diiradda saara fayadhowrka. Hab kale oo caadi ah oo lagu madhiyo ayaa ah in si ula kac ah loo fataho ama loo furo musqulaha inta lagu jiro roobabka culus, taas oo ka saarta saxarada godka oo u gelisa bulshooyinka u dhow iyo marin-biyoodyada. Webi Msimbazi wuxuu leeyahay qulqulo aad u yar inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta, tanina waxay biyaha ka dhigtaa kuwo aad u wasakhaysan. Qashinka warshadaha iyo wasakhaynta ayaa burburiyay nidaamka deegaanka biyaha macaan; qaybo waaweyn oo webiga ka mid ah awood uma laha inay taageeraan dadka kalluunka ee halkaas joogay ilaa dhawaan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Qaybaha ugu wasakhaysan ee Msimbazi ee ka hooseeya [[Vingunguti]] iyo webi-gacmeedyadiisa waxay lahaayeen heerar [[pH]] ilaa 12 (marka la barbar dhigo heerka sharciga ee 8.5), heer sababa gubasho daran oo maqaarka ah, iyo Chromium (VI) 75 jeer ka sarreeya xadka sharciga ee loogu talagalay daadinta biyaha wasakhda ah. [[Chromium VI]] waa sun aad u daran waxayna sababi kartaa kansar iyo cillado dhalasho oo leh soo-gaadhis dheer. Caddaynta [[Feces|saxarada]] wasakhaynta oo aad uga khatar badan waxa Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka u arko inay ammaan u yihiin in loo isticmaalo beeraha.&lt;ref&gt;Sawe, Shovi Furaeli, Daniel Abel Shilla, and John Ferdinand Machiwa. &quot;Lead (Pb) contamination trends in Msimbazi estuary reconstructed from 210Pb-dated sediment cores (Msimbazi River, Tanzania).&quot; Environmental Forensics 22.1-2 (2021): 99-107.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Barkadaha xasilinta biyaha wasakhda ah ee degmada ee Vingunguti, warshadaha dharka iyo warshadaha kale, meelaha lagu gowraco, dhoobada ka timaada goobaha qashinka ee hore, bullaacadaha iyo dheecaanka ka yimaada guryaha u dhow ee si toos ah ugu qulqula webiga Msimbazi, musqulaha godka ee daadiya qashinka ama fataha inta lagu jiro roobabka, gaadiidka (saliidda iyo gaaska), qulqulka beeraha ([[pesticide|sunta cayayaanka]], [[fertilizer|bacriminta]]), iyo qashinka adag ee si toos ah loogu shubo webiyada waa qaar ka mid ah ilaha wasakhaynta webiga. Dhibaatada caafimaad ee sanadka oo dhan waa tayada biyaha oo liidata. Dooxada webiga, boqolaal beeralay ah ayaa beerta khudradda caleenta leh iyo khudaar kale, iyo beeraha waxaa lagu waraabiyaa ceelal gacmeed.&lt;ref&gt;Kihampa, Charles, and William JS Mwegoha. &quot;Heavy metals accumulation in vegetables grown along the Msimbazi River in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.&quot; International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 4.6 (2010).&lt;/ref&gt; Wax soo saarka waxaa lagu iibiyaa jumlad dhexdhexaadiyeyaal ah kuwaas oo markaa ku qaybiya dhammaan Dar es Salaam.&lt;ref&gt;Kimera, Zuhura I., et al. &quot;Occurrence of EBSL and quinolone resistance genes among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from poultry, domestic pigs and environment in the Msimbazi River Basin in Tanzania.&quot; (2022).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |title=Mashruuca Horumarinta Dooxada Msimbazi |publisher=Dowladda [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]] |access-date=2023-08-07 |archive-date=18 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318092023/https://www.tamisemi.go.tz/storage/app/uploads/public/61c/57d/784/61c57d784b99b212200867.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>llk8max386xtq6lqfcdoz6xtz6ef906</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Kisangara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47943</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299446</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1818" sha1="ix07hr09m8iwktvvi5swt8j48pimkr2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
  | name              = Webi Kisangara
  | native_name       = {{native name|sw|Mto Kisangara}}
  | image             =
  | image_caption     = 
  | source1_location  = [[North Pare Mountains|Buuraha North Pare]]
  | mouth_location    = [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir|Kaydka Nyumba ya Mungu]]
  | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-3.5833|37.51666|format=dms|type:river_region:TZ|display=inline,title}}
  | subdivision_type1 = Dal
  | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tanzania}}
  | subdivision_type2  = Gobol
| subdivision_name2  = [[Kilimanjaro Region|Gobolka Kilimanjaro]]
| subdivision_type3  = Degmo
| subdivision_name3  = [[Mwanga District, Kilimanjaro|Degmada Mwanga]]
  | length            = 
  | river_system       = [[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]]
  | source1_elevation = 
  | discharge1_avg    = 
  | basin_size        = 
}}
'''Webi Kisangara''' (''Mto Kisangara'' ee af [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]) wuxuu ku yaallaa bartamaha [[Kilimanjaro Region|Gobolka Kilimanjaro]], Tansaaniya. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[North Pare Mountains|Buuraha North Pare]] ee [[Mwanga District|Degmada Mwanga]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir|Kaydka Nyumba ya Mungu]] oo ku yaalla xadka degmada [[Simanjiro District|Degmada Simanjiro]] ee [[Manyara Region|Gobolka Manyara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Kisangara profile|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-157008.html|access-date= 2022-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Kisangara Location|url=https://tz.geoview.info/kisangara_river,157008#google_vignette|access-date= 2022-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Kisangara river in the Pangani river basin|url=https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/MBONILE%202005%20Population%20Migration%20and%20Water%20Conflicts.pdf|access-date= 2022-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>ix07hr09m8iwktvvi5swt8j48pimkr2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Mbwemkuru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299449</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:40:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1270" sha1="gjar7lrirxurqggg0d7v6d64vjps594" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
  | name              = Webi Mbwemkuru
  | native_name       = {{native name|sw|Mto Mbwemkuru}}
  | image             =
  | image_caption     = 
  | source1_location  = [[Lilombe]]
  | mouth_location    = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]
  | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-9.4808|39.6545|format=dms|type:river_region:TZ|display=inline,title}}
  | subdivision_type1 = Dal
  | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tanzania}}
  | length            = 
  | source1_elevation = 
  | discharge1_avg    = 
  | basin_size        = 
}}
'''Webi Mbwemkuru''' wuxuu ku yaallaa qaybta koonfureed ee [[Lindi Region|Gobolka Lindi]], Tansaaniya. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa degmada [[Lilombe]] ee [[Liwale District|Degmada Liwale]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa xadka degmooyinka [[Kilolambwani]] iyo [[Lihimalyao]] ee Badweynta Hindiya, iyadoo midka hore uu ku yaallo [[Lindi District|Degmada Lindi]] kan dambena uu ku yaallo [[Kilwa District|Degmada Kilwa]]. Webigu waa webiga ugu weyn uguna dheer gobolka Lindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Mbwemkuru profile|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-154274.html|access-date= 2022-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Mbwekuru River|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X20301515|access-date= 2022-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>gjar7lrirxurqggg0d7v6d64vjps594</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Location map/data/South Africa Eastern Cape</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:44:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: return { 	name = 'Eastern Cape', 	top = -29.75, 	bottom = -34.5, 	left = 22.5, 	right = 30.5, 	image = 'South Africa Eastern Cape location map.svg', 	image1 = 'South Africa Eastern Cape relief location map.svg' }</comment>
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      <text bytes="212" sha1="04knci2huuju46y2umvjcbto3w0lofa" xml:space="preserve">return {
	name = 'Eastern Cape',
	top = -29.75,
	bottom = -34.5,
	left = 22.5,
	right = 30.5,
	image = 'South Africa Eastern Cape location map.svg',
	image1 = 'South Africa Eastern Cape relief location map.svg'
}</text>
      <sha1>04knci2huuju46y2umvjcbto3w0lofa</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Module:Location map/data/Eastern Cape</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>47946</id>
    <redirect title="Module:Location map/data/South Africa Eastern Cape" />
    <revision>
      <id>299451</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:45:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog loo bedeley [[Module:Location map/data/South Africa Eastern Cape]]</comment>
      <origin>299451</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="69" sha1="e7j84m52us9v36j0h39r58aqmmu4qc4" xml:space="preserve">return require [[Module:Location map/data/South Africa Eastern Cape]]</text>
      <sha1>e7j84m52us9v36j0h39r58aqmmu4qc4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Bell (Koonfur Afrika)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299453</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:46:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5141" sha1="6o3s3ilvqhuo5us17ab62qey7sdgn3h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name                = Webi Bell
| native_name         = 
| native_name_lang    = 
| name_other          = 
| name_etymology      = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image               = Mto_Bell.png
| image_size          = 
| image_caption       = 
| map                 = 
| map_size            = 
| map_caption         = 
| pushpin_map         = Eastern Cape
| pushpin_map_size    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu kula kulmo Sterkspruit
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1   = Dal
| subdivision_name1   = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2   = Gobol
| subdivision_name2   = [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type3   = 
| subdivision_name3   = 
| subdivision_type4   = 
| subdivision_name4   = 
| subdivision_type5   = 
| subdivision_name5   = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length              = 
| width_min           = 
| width_avg           = 
| width_max           = 
| depth_min           = 
| depth_avg           = 
| depth_max           = 
| discharge1_location = 
| discharge1_min      = 
| discharge1_avg      = 
| discharge1_max      = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1             = 
| source1_location    = 
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|40|34|S|28|08|33|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Bell River source}}
| source1_elevation   = 
| mouth               = Isku-darka Sterkspruit
| mouth_location      = 
| mouth_coordinates   = {{coord|30|51|08|S|27|46|43|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline,title| name=Bell-Sterkspruit confluence}}
| mouth_elevation     = 
| progression         = 
| river_system        = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]]
| basin_size          = 
| tributaries_left    = 
| tributaries_right   = 
| custom_label        = 
| custom_data         = 
| extra               = 
}}

'''Webi Bell''' waa webi ka soo dareera dhulka sare ee [[Drakensberg]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. [[Drainage basin|Dooxadiisa qulqulka]], oo qayb ka ah ilaha [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]], ayaa qiyaastii dhan {{convert|424|km2|sqmi|-1}}, iyadoo dhererkeedu u dhexeeyo 1,720 m ilaa 3,001 m.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last = Rowntree |first = K.M. |author2 = E.S.J. Dollar |title = Hydroclimactic trends, sediment sources and geomorphic response in the Bell River catchment, Eastern Cape Drakensberg, South Africa |journal = South African Geographical Journal |volume = 77 |issue = 1 |pages = 21–32 |year = 1995 |doi = 10.1080/03736245.1995.9713585 |bibcode = 1995SAfGJ..77...21D |url = http://eprints.ru.ac.za/527/01/Hydroclimatic-trends.pdf |issn = 0373-6245 |access-date = 2008-11-23 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isha webigu waxay u dhowdahay xadka [[Lesotho]] (&lt;small&gt;{{coord|30|40|34|S|28|08|33|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Bell River source}}&lt;/small&gt;) oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Naude's Neck Pass]]. Marka uu hoos u socdo wuxuu maraa magaalada [[Rhodes, Eastern Cape|Rhodes]], si uu ugu dambeyntii u sameeyo webi-gacmeedka [[Kraai River|Webiga Kraai]] qiyaastii 40 km (si toos ah) meesha uu ka soo bilaabmay. Dhab ahaantii Webi Bell iyo Sterkspruit, waxay noqdaan [[Kraai River|Webiga Kraai]] xagga waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Moshesh's Ford]] (&lt;small&gt;{{coord|30|51|08|S|27|46|43|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Bell-Sterkspruit confluence}}&lt;/small&gt;) isagoo u sii qulqulaya galbeedka xagga [[Aliwal North]], halkaas oo uu kaga biiro [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] (&lt;small&gt;{{coord|30|40|4|S|26|45|9|E|region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Kraai-Orange confluence}}&lt;/small&gt;).

Webigu wuxuu leeyahay dad aad u badan oo [[rainbow trout|kalluunka trout-ka qaanso-roobaadka ah]]. Bandhiga Wild Trout ee Bell wuxuu ku yaallaa magaalada Rhodes waxaana soo qabanqaabisa Ururka Wild Trout. Ilaa 80 ka qaybgale ayaa kalluumaysta saddex maalmood muddo 180 km ah oo biyo qulqulaya ah taas oo u jirta saacad baabuur oo u jirta tuulada.

Aagga dooxada waxaa si ballaaran u isticmaali jiray daaqsinka beeroleyda ganacsiga tan iyo 1870-meeyadii.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, W.J., 1966, The Small Stock Industry in South Africa, Government Printer, Pretoria.&lt;/ref&gt; Sidaas darteed, tayada biyaha webiga iyo xasiloonida marin-biyoodka waxaa saameeya kordhinta rarka dhoobada ee ka dhasha nabaad-guurka ballaaran ee aagga dooxada. Sida daawo ahaan, noocyada geedaha safsaf-ta ee qoyska ''[[Salix]]'', gaar ahaan ''[[Salix caprea]]'', ayaa lagu beeray hareeraha webiga iyadoo la isku dayayo in laga hortago inuu marin-biyoodka dhex mara isbeddel kale oo qaabka goynta meander-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last = Rowntree |first = K.M. |author2 = E.S.J. Dollar |title = Vegetation controls on channel stability in the Bell River, Eastern Cape, South Africa |journal = [[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume = 24 |issue = 2 |pages = 127–134 |publisher = Rhodes University |location = Grahamstown |year = 1999 |issn = 0197-9337 |doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199902)24:2&lt;127::AID-ESP944&gt;3.0.CO;2-3 |doi-access = free |bibcode = 1999ESPL...24..127R }}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{GeoGroup}}

== Qoraallo ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>6o3s3ilvqhuo5us17ab62qey7sdgn3h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>299454</id>
      <parentid>299453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:46:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5128" sha1="inz2nshhwafdzviqiwket85boxlwndl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name                = Webi Bell
| native_name         = 
| native_name_lang    = 
| name_other          = 
| name_etymology      = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image               = Mto_Bell.png
| image_size          = 
| image_caption       = 
| map                 = 
| map_size            = 
| map_caption         = 
| pushpin_map         = Eastern Cape
| pushpin_map_size    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Goobta uu kula kulmo Sterkspruit
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1   = Dal
| subdivision_name1   = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2   = Gobol
| subdivision_name2   = [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type3   = 
| subdivision_name3   = 
| subdivision_type4   = 
| subdivision_name4   = 
| subdivision_type5   = 
| subdivision_name5   = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length              = 
| width_min           = 
| width_avg           = 
| width_max           = 
| depth_min           = 
| depth_avg           = 
| depth_max           = 
| discharge1_location = 
| discharge1_min      = 
| discharge1_avg      = 
| discharge1_max      = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1             = 
| source1_location    = 
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|30|40|34|S|28|08|33|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Bell River source}}
| source1_elevation   = 
| mouth               = Isku-darka Sterkspruit
| mouth_location      = 
| mouth_coordinates   = {{coord|30|51|08|S|27|46|43|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline,title| name=Bell-Sterkspruit confluence}}
| mouth_elevation     = 
| progression         = 
| river_system        = [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]]
| basin_size          = 
| tributaries_left    = 
| tributaries_right   = 
| custom_label        = 
| custom_data         = 
| extra               = 
}}

'''Webi Bell''' waa webi ka soo dareera dhulka sare ee [[Drakensberg]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. [[Drainage basin|Dooxadiisa qulqulka]], oo qayb ka ah ilaha [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]], ayaa qiyaastii dhan {{convert|424|km2|sqmi|-1}}, iyadoo dhererkeedu u dhexeeyo 1,720 m ilaa 3,001 m.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last = Rowntree |first = K.M. |author2 = E.S.J. Dollar |title = Hydroclimactic trends, sediment sources and geomorphic response in the Bell River catchment, Eastern Cape Drakensberg, South Africa |journal = South African Geographical Journal |volume = 77 |issue = 1 |pages = 21–32 |year = 1995 |doi = 10.1080/03736245.1995.9713585 |bibcode = 1995SAfGJ..77...21D |url = http://eprints.ru.ac.za/527/01/Hydroclimatic-trends.pdf |issn = 0373-6245 |access-date = 2008-11-23 }}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isha webigu waxay u dhowdahay xadka [[Lesotho]] (&lt;small&gt;{{coord|30|40|34|S|28|08|33|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Bell River source}}&lt;/small&gt;) oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Naude's Neck Pass]]. Marka uu hoos u socdo wuxuu maraa magaalada [[Rhodes, Eastern Cape|Rhodes]], si uu ugu dambeyntii u sameeyo webi-gacmeedka [[Kraai River|Webiga Kraai]] qiyaastii 40 km (si toos ah) meesha uu ka soo bilaabmay. Dhab ahaantii Webi Bell iyo Sterkspruit, waxay noqdaan [[Kraai River|Webiga Kraai]] xagga waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Moshesh's Ford]] (&lt;small&gt;{{coord|30|51|08|S|27|46|43|E| region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Bell-Sterkspruit confluence}}&lt;/small&gt;) isagoo u sii qulqulaya galbeedka xagga [[Aliwal North]], halkaas oo uu kaga biiro [[Orange River|Webiga Orange]] (&lt;small&gt;{{coord|30|40|4|S|26|45|9|E|region:ZA_type:landmark| display=inline| name=Kraai-Orange confluence}}&lt;/small&gt;).

Webigu wuxuu leeyahay dad aad u badan oo [[rainbow trout|kalluunka trout-ka qaanso-roobaadka ah]]. Bandhiga Wild Trout ee Bell wuxuu ku yaallaa magaalada Rhodes waxaana soo qabanqaabisa Ururka Wild Trout. Ilaa 80 ka qaybgale ayaa kalluumaysta saddex maalmood muddo 180 km ah oo biyo qulqulaya ah taas oo u jirta saacad baabuur oo u jirta tuulada.

Aagga dooxada waxaa si ballaaran u isticmaali jiray daaqsinka beeroleyda ganacsiga tan iyo 1870-meeyadii.&lt;ref&gt;Hugo, W.J., 1966, The Small Stock Industry in South Africa, Government Printer, Pretoria.&lt;/ref&gt; Sidaas darteed, tayada biyaha webiga iyo xasiloonida marin-biyoodka waxaa saameeya kordhinta rarka dhoobada ee ka dhasha nabaad-guurka ballaaran ee aagga dooxada. Sida daawo ahaan, noocyada geedaha safsaf-ta ee qoyska ''[[Salix]]'', gaar ahaan ''[[Salix caprea]]'', ayaa lagu beeray hareeraha webiga iyadoo la isku dayayo in laga hortago inuu marin-biyoodka dhex mara isbeddel kale oo qaabka goynta meander-ka ah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last = Rowntree |first = K.M. |author2 = E.S.J. Dollar |title = Vegetation controls on channel stability in the Bell River, Eastern Cape, South Africa |journal = [[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume = 24 |issue = 2 |pages = 127–134 |publisher = Rhodes University |location = Grahamstown |year = 1999 |issn = 0197-9337 |doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199902)24:2&lt;127::AID-ESP944&gt;3.0.CO;2-3 |doi-access = free |bibcode = 1999ESPL...24..127R }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Qoraallo ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>inz2nshhwafdzviqiwket85boxlwndl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Lukuliro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47948</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299456</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299456</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1156" sha1="mcpwdmn9blnk2jfdgvmagijz1da1ua8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
  | name              = Webi Lukuliro
  | native_name       = {{native name|sw|Mto Lukuliro}}
  | image             =
  | image_caption     = 
  | source1_location  = [[Mkutano, Liwale]], [[Liwale District|Degmada Liwale]]
  | mouth_location    = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]
  | subdivision_type1 = Dal
  | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Tanzania}}
  | length            = 
  | source1_elevation = 
  | discharge1_avg    = 
  | basin_size        = 
}}
'''Webi Lukuliro''' waa webi-gacmeed ka mid ah [[Rufiji River|Webiga Rufiji]] kaas oo ka bilaabma [[Liwale District|Degmada Liwale]] ee [[Lindi Region|Gobolka Lindi]], Tansaaniya. Wuxuu ka bilaabmaa degmada [[Mkutano, Liwale]] wuxuuna ku biiraa Rufiji ee degmada [[Utete]] ee [[Pwani Region|Gobolka Pwani]]. Webigu wuxuu ka bilaabmaa [[Selous Game Reserve|Kaydka Ciyaarta ee Selous]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Lukuliro profile|url=https://geocatalogue.africamuseum.be/geonetwork/srv/api/records/BE-RMCA-EARTHS-026582|access-date= 2022-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Lukuliro River|url=https://tz.geoview.info/lukuliro,155646|access-date= 2022-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mcpwdmn9blnk2jfdgvmagijz1da1ua8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Lukuledi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299458</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:51:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299458</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2937" sha1="h8wpwup1bzlsfx1tb1bkp4q32883wbk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webi Lukuledi
| name_native        =
| name_native_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              =
| image_size         =
| image_caption      =
| map                =
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        =
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Dal
| subdivision_name1  = {{flag|Tanzania}}
| subdivision_type2  = Gobol
| subdivision_name2  = [[Lindi Region|Gobolka Lindi]]
| subdivision_type3  = Gobol
| subdivision_name3  = [[Mtwara Region|Gobolka Mtwara]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length_km = 160
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = [[Eastern miombo woodlands|Kaymaha Eastern miombo]] [[ecoregion|deegaanka]]
| source1_location   = [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]
| mouth_location     =
| mouth_coordinates  =
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = &lt;!--{{convert|0|sqkm|sqmi|0}}--&gt;
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
'''Lukuledi''' waa webi ku yaalla Jamhuuriyadda Midowga [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]], gobolka koonfur-bari ee Afrika. Iyadoo dhererkeedu dhan yahay 160 km, wuxuu ka soo bilaabmaa xadka u dhexeeya gobollada [[Lindi (region)|Lindi]] iyo [[Mtwara (region)|Mtwara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mindat.org|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-878194.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.mindat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lukuledi wuxuu u qulqulaa bariga-waqooyi-bari ee Gobolka Lindi, isagoo ku shubma [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow [[Lindi]]. Wuxuu kala soocaa buuraleyda [[Rondo Plateau|Rondo]] iyo [[Makonde Plateau|Makonde]]. Xilliga abaarta, qulqulkiisu wuu yaraadaa si weyn, oo kaliya 40-ka km ee ugu dambeeya ee marin-biyoodka webiga ayaan marnaba qallalin.

Qaybta galbeed, ama sare, ee biyo-qabadyada Lukuledi waxay ku taallaa gudaha [[Eastern miombo woodlands|deegaanka kaymaha Eastern miombo]]. Qaybta bari ama hoose ee biyo-qabadyada waxay ku taallaa gudaha xeebta [[Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic|deegaanka kaymaha xeebta Southern Zanzibar-Inhambane]].{{Citation needed|reason=Find Reliable Sources|date=May 2021}}

{{Coord|10|05|S|39|42|E|display=title|region:TZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Authority control}}

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>h8wpwup1bzlsfx1tb1bkp4q32883wbk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Cheli</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47950</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299459</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:54:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
      <origin>299459</origin>
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      <text bytes="1124" sha1="ptroocyj7g6iekbyj9up7vath7b3w02" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]
| subdivision_type1 = Dal
| subdivision_type2 = Gobol
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tabora Region|Gobolka Tabora]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|4|19|0|S|34|1|59|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Webi Cheli''' waa webi ku yaalla [[Tabora Region|Gobolka Tabora]] ee [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cheli, Tabora Region, Tanzania |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-160534.html |website=Mindat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Webigu wuxuu qayb ka yahay biyo-qabadyada [[Sibiti River|Webiga Sibiti]] kaas oo ku shubma [[Lake Kitangiri|Harada Kitangiri]].{{cn|date=April 2024}} [[Kaydka biyaha|Kaydka]] ugu weyn ee gudaha biyo-qabadyada ayaa iska leh [[Mwamapuli Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mwamapuli]] ee ku yaalla webiga Cheli kaas oo leh dherer dhan 10 m iyo awood dhan 28 mcm.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.maji.go.tz/uploads/publications/sw1583410972-The%20Internal%20Drainage%20Basin%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf Water Resources Fact Sheet The Internal Drainage Basin], The United Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Water Water Resources Division.

&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
      <sha1>ptroocyj7g6iekbyj9up7vath7b3w02</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Ambala</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299460</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:56:18Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Isma4l</username>
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      <text bytes="390" sha1="7rz7jugbzambmwfwr6hi5eucipagz3l" xml:space="preserve">'''Ambala''' waa webi ku yaalla koonfur-galbeed ee [[Tanzania|Tansaaniya]]. Wuxuu maraa [[Rukwa Valley|Dooxada Rukwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Division&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Tanganyika. Geological Division|title=Short Paper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8Y6AAAAIAAJ|accessdate=31 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|08|01|50|S|32|00|27|E|region:TZ-20-type:river|display=title}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Beerta Qaranka ee Dinder</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47952</id>
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      <id>299463</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T10:59:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Isma4l</username>
        <id>41797</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Bog cusub: {{Infobox protected area | name = Beerta Qaran ee Dinder | alt_name =  | iucn_category = II | image = DinderNationalPark Sudan.svg | image_alt = Khariidadda Beerta Qaran ee Dinder | image_caption = Xuduudaha Beerta Qaran ee Dinder. | image_size =  | map = Sudan | map_alt = Goobta ay ku taal Suudaan | map_caption =  | map_width =  | relief = yes | location =  | nearest_city =  | coordinates = {{coords|12.29|N|35.48|E|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=o...</comment>
      <origin>299463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7743" sha1="4pfvul1x8egmkk6mt46npok9a8mco43" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Beerta Qaran ee Dinder
| alt_name = 
| iucn_category = II
| image = DinderNationalPark Sudan.svg
| image_alt = Khariidadda Beerta Qaran ee Dinder
| image_caption = Xuduudaha Beerta Qaran ee Dinder.
| image_size = 
| map = Sudan
| map_alt = Goobta ay ku taal Suudaan
| map_caption = 
| map_width = 
| relief = yes
| location = 
| nearest_city = 
| coordinates = {{coords|12.29|N|35.48|E|display=inline, title}}
| area = {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| established = 1935
| visitation_num = 
| visitation_year = 
| governing_body = 
| url = 
| child = 
| module = {{Designation list
 | embed = yes
 | designation1 = Ramsar
 | designation1_date = 7 Janaayo 2005
 | designation1_number = 1461&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Beerta Qaran ee Dinder |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Adeegga Macluumaadka Goobaha|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1461|accessdate=25 Abriil 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
}}
'''Beerta Qaran ee Dinder''' waa [[beerta qaran]] iyo [[biosphere reserve|kaydka bayoolojiga]] ee bariga [[Sudan|Suudaan]], waxayna ku xiran tahay [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] ee [[Alitash National Park|Beerta Qaran ee Alitash]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Howard, B. |title=Once Thought Extinct, 'Lost' Group of Lions Discovered in Africa |publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202215815/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2016 |date=2016 |accessdate=2016-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Goobta==
Dinder waxay ku taal qiyaastii {{convert|400|km}} koonfur-bari ee [[Khartoum|Khartuum]], labada dhinac ee [[Dinder River|Webiga Dinder]] oo xuduud ka ah waqooyiga [[Rahad River|Webiga Rahad]].&lt;ref name=vanhoven&gt;{{cite journal|author1=van Hoven, Wouter|author2=Mutasim B. Nimir|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 Agoosto 2013|editor1-first=Goriup|editor1-last=Paul|publisher=World Commission on Protected Areas|location=Gland, Switzerland|issn=0960-233X|archive-date=10 Oktoobar 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010134424/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Magaalada [[Dinder, Sudan|Dinder]] ({{convert|93|km}} waqooyi-galbeed) waxay u shaqaysaa sidii albaab laga galo dalxiisayaasha doonaya inay galaan Beerta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/ |title=Beerta Qaran ee Dinder |access-date=2013-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222516/http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/ |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Taariikhda==
Aagga Dinder aad ayuu u dad badnaa markii ugu horreysay ee ay booqdaan reer Yurub 1861. 1880-meeyadii, wakhtigii [[Mahdist War|Dagaalkii Mahdist]] iyo abaar, dadkii ayaa baaba'ay. [[Alfred Harrison]] wuxuu helay oo kaliya raadadka deganaanshaha aadanaha 1925.&lt;ref name=vanhoven/&gt;
Dinder waxaa loo aasaasay beerta 1935 ka dib [[Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State|London Convention of 1933]] waxaana loo magacaabay 1979 xubin ka mid ah [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves|Shabakadda Caalamiga ah ee Kaydka Bayoolojiga]]. 1983, beerta waxaa lagu kordhiyay {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} xagga galbeedka.&lt;ref name=vanhoven/&gt;

==Deegaanka==
Beerta Qaran ee Dinder waa mid deegaan ahaan muhiim ah sababtoo ah waxay ku taal [[ecotone|xadka deegaanka]] ee u dhexeeya [[Sahel|Sahel]] iyo [[Ethiopian Highlands|Buuraleyda Itoobiya]] [[ecoregion|deegaanada]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay saddex nidaam deegaan oo kala duwan:
*[[riverine|webiga]] - [[riparian zone|aagga xeebta webiga]]
*[[woodland|dhul-kaymeed]]
*''maya'' ([[oxbow lake|harada qaabka qaansada]]).

Beertu waa hoyga 27 [[species|nooc]] oo ah [[mammal|naasley]] waaweyn sida [[African leopard|shabeelka]], [[cheetah|geeta]], in ka badan 160 nooc oo shimbiro ah, 32 nooc oo kalluun ah, iyo naasley yaryar, fiidmeerta, xamaaratada, iyo xayawaanka laba-nololeedka ah. Waxay ku taal waddo weyn oo [[flyway|socdaal]] oo ay isticmaalaan shimbiraha u hayaamay inta u dhaxaysa Eurasia iyo Afrika. Waxaa jira [[North African ostrich|gorayooyin badan oo Waqooyiga Afrika]] ah oo ku nool beerta qaran sidoo kale.

Beerta Qaran ee Dinder waxay martigelisaa dad caafimaad qaba oo [[Central African lion|libaaxyo]] ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;New Scientist2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=New Scientist |title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/ |date=2016 |accessdate=2 Febraayo 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573 |date=2016 |accessdate=1 Febraayo 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hanjabaadaha===
Deegaanka beerta ayaa waxaa hanjabaad ku ah ku xadgudubka xoolo-dhaqatada kuwaas oo laga barakaciyay dhulkoodii daaqsinka dhaqanka ahaa sababo la xiriira ballaarinta beeraha dalagga, iyada oo loo marayo sababta aasaasiga ah ee [[population growth|ballaarinta dadka gobolka]]. Dadka xoolo-dhaqatada ah ee qaxootiga ah, oo ay ku jiraan tiang, Roan, waterbuck iyo reebuck, ayaa ku jira cadaadis dheeraad ah maadaama dhulka ka baxsan beerta oo ay ku socdaalaan loo beddelay dhul-beereed. Tirinta xayawaanka intii u dhaxaysay 1971 iyo 2001 waxay muujisay hoos u dhac ba'an oo ku yimid inta badan noocyada naasleyda waaweyn, iyada oo tirada waterbuck ay hoos u dhacday 85%, reedbuck 72%, iyo oribi 68%. Noocyo kale ayaa laga cirib-tiray Dinder tan iyo markii la caddeeyay, oo ay ku jiraan [[African bush elephant|maroodiga duurjoogta Afrika]], [[black rhinoceros|wiyisha madow]], [[hippopotamus|jeerka]], [[tora hartebeest|hartebeest-ka tora]], [[Nubian giraffe|giraafka Nubia]], [[Soemmerring's gazelle|gazelle-ka Soemmerring]], iyo [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska Nile]].&lt;ref name=vanhoven/&gt;

Beerta Qaran ee Dinder waxay ahayd hoyga [[painted hunting dog|eeyga ugaarsiga rinjiga leh]] (''Lycaon pictus''), laakiin kanidkan khatarta ah ayaa hoos u dhacay gobolkan.&lt;ref&gt;C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993  &quot;Painted Hunting Dog: ''Lycaon pictus''&quot;, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 |date=2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tixraacyo==
{{reflist}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185926/https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/html/CD-033/English/grfx/sessions/PDFs/session_2/Ali_Nimir.pdf  Adil Mohamed Ali iyo Mutasim Bashir Nimir, &quot;Isticmaalka Joogtada ah ee Khayraadka Dabiiciga ah ee Beerta Qaran ee Dinder (Kaydka Bayoolojiga)&quot;, Shirka Beerta Caalamiga ah ee Shanaad, 2003; waxaa ku jira khariidado.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222516/http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/ Sawirrada libaaxyada iyo antelope-yada ee Beerta Qaran ee Dinder (www.overlandinthesun.com)]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/163807/Dinder-National-Park  Gelitaanka Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 ''Lycaon pictus'' - Eeyga Ugaarsiga ee Rinjiga leh]


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    <title>Dhul biyoodka Machar</title>
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      <text bytes="1652" sha1="bq4007od82mr820k9q5kmfos62uke3u" xml:space="preserve">'''Dhul biyoodka Machar''' waa aag ballaaran oo [[Wetland|dhul-qoyan]] ah oo ku yaalla gobolka [[Upper Nile (state)|Upper Nile]], [[South Sudan|Suudaanta Koonfureed]]. Qiyaasaha cabbirkoodu way kala duwan yihiin. Daraasad la sameeyay 1950 ayaa ku qiyaastay aagga dhiinka 6,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Sutcliffe and Parks, p.107&lt;/ref&gt; Daraasad la sameeyay 1980 ayaa ku qiyaastay aagga dhiinka joogtada ah 8,700 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, taas oo 60% ka mid ah ay ahayd cows iyo kayn.&lt;ref&gt;Sutcliffe and Parks, p.113&lt;/ref&gt;

Dhul-qoyannada waxaa lagu quudiyaa biyo ka yimaada Khor Machar (oo ah webi-gacmeed ka mid ah [[Baro River|Webiga Baro]]), [[Yabus River|Webiga Yabus]] iyo [[Daga River (South Sudan)|Webiga Daga]]. Waqtiyada biyaha badan waxaa sidoo kale lagu quudiyaa biyo ka soo fataha [[Pibor River|Webiga Pibor]]. Dhul-qoyannada waxaa qallajiya [[Adar River|Webiga Adar]], oo ah webi-gacmeed ka mid ah [[White Nile|Niilka Cad]].

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

== Xiriirinta dibadda ==
{{Portal|Wetlands}}
*{{cite book|last=Sutcliffe|first=J.V.|last2=Parks|first2=Y.P.|title=The Hydrology of the Nile|year=1999|chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes|url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|accessdate=2011-07-22|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705132235/http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-05}} 
*{{cite web|author=P.P. Howell and Mahmoud Eff. Abu Sineina|title=Game in the Machar Marshes|year=c. 1951|url=http://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&amp;d=Dunepd77&amp;dl=1|accessdate=2011-07-22}}

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    <title>Durdurrada Fula</title>
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      <text bytes="2645" sha1="ami5b7zm1o2emhbmknuvmjqch4wdyqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox waterfall
|location=[[Nimule]], [[Eastern Equatoria|Eastern Equatoria]], Suudaanta Koonfureed
|name=Fula Falls
|alt_name=Fula Rapids
|watercourse=[[Nile|Niilka]]
|coordinates={{Coord|3|40|23.23|N|31|58|29.31|E}}
|map=
}}

'''Durdurrada Fula''' ama '''Fula Falls''' waa [[waterfall|biyo-dhac]] ku yaalla [[White Nile|Niilka Cad]] ee [[South Sudan|Suudaanta Koonfureed]] qiyaastii 6.5 kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigta [[Nimule|Magaalada Nimule]] ee [[Eastern Equatoria|Gobolka Eastern Equatoria]], meel u dhow xadka Suudaanta Koonfureed ay la wadaagto [[Uganda|Ugaandha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fula Rapids {{!}} rapids, South Sudan {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Fula-Rapids |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104195206/https://www.britannica.com/place/Fula-Rapids |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Juma |first=Nema |title=Can South Sudan relaunch its Fula Dam project? |url=http://www.theniles.org/en/articles/economy/20780/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=The Niles |language=en |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109131456/https://www.theniles.org/en/articles/economy/20780/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fula Rapids rapids, Eastern Equatoria, South Sudan |url=https://ss.geoview.info/fula_rapids,375321 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ss.geoview.info |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109135650/https://ss.geoview.info/fula_rapids,375321 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dowladda Suudaanta Koonfureed waxay qorsheyneysaa inay dhisto saldhiggeeda ugu weyn ee korontada [[hydroelectricity|biyo-dhaliyaha]] ee Fula Rapids, laakiin mashruuca ayaa dib u dhacay sababo la xiriira ammaan-darrada ka jirta dalka tan iyo 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=South Sudan: Fula Rapids power scheme {{!}} African Energy |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/south-sudan-fula-rapids-power-scheme |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.africa-energy.com |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109133202/https://www.africa-energy.com/news-centre/article/south-sudan-fula-rapids-power-scheme |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fula Rapids Hydro {{!}} African Energy |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/database/fula-rapids-hydro |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=www.africa-energy.com |archive-date=2022-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120202453/https://www.africa-energy.com/database/fula-rapids-hydro |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==

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    <title>Biyo dhaca Aga</title>
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      <text bytes="1717" sha1="0aayyvd54krmujba994xf1uv839xds4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox waterfall
| location    = [[Morobo County|Degmada Morobo]], [[Central Equatoria|Central Equatoria]], [[South Sudan|Suudaanta Koonfureed]]
| name        = Biyo dhaca Aga
| watercourse = [[River Yei|Webiga Yei]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|3|47|3|N|30|37|48|E}}
| map         = 
}}

'''Aga Fall''' waa biyo-dhac ku yaalla [[River Yei|Webiga Yei]] ee Geri Boma ee Wudabi [[Payam (administrative division)|payam]], [[Morobo County|Degmada Morobo]] ee [[Central Equatoria|Central Equatoria]], [[South Sudan|Suudaanta Koonfureed]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Falls / Aga Falls, (SU28), Sudan, Africa |url=https://travelingluck.com//Africa/Sudan/(SU28)/_380037_Aga+Falls.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=travelingluck.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aga Falls waterfall(s), Central Equatoria State, South Sudan |url=https://ss.geoview.info/aga_falls,380037 |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=ss.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Qorshe ayaa lagu dhawaaqay sanadkii 2011, oo ay waday dowladda gobolka [[Central Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] oo uu hoggaaminayey guddoomiyihii hore [[Clement Wani Konga]], in laga dhiso xarun koronto oo laga dhaliyo biyo-dhaca Aga Falls si koronto loogu siiyo Greater Yei oo ay ku jiraan degmooyinka [[Morobo County|Morobo]], [[Yei, South Sudan|Yei]], [[Lainya County|Lainya]], iyo [[Kajo Keji County|Kajo-Keji]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2011-05-04 |title=GOVERNOR WANI KONGA TO LAUNCH POWER PLANT IN MOROBO |url=http://catholicradionetwork.org/2011/05/04/governor-wani-konga-to-launch-power-plant-in-morobo/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Nxuba</title>
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      <text bytes="20882" sha1="9auce8kt4pxkdkwwsdkxudxtf6iah22" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Nxuba
| other_name = Cradock
| settlement_type = [[Town|Magaalo]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 280
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 1/2/2
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = Cradock, South Africa.jpg
  | image2                 = 38 Bree Street - Cradock-001.jpg
  | image3                 = 9 2 024 0012-DRC-1-Cradock-s.jpg
  | image4                 = South Africa-Cradock01.jpg}}
| image_caption = '''Saacad-u-jeedin xagga sare''': Waddo ku taal Cradock, 38 Bree Street, [[Dutch Reformed Church, Cradock|Kaniisadda Dutch Reformed]], Calaamadda soo dhawaynta
| pushpin_map = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|09|54|S|25|37|03|E|region:ZA_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country|Dal]]
| subdivision_name = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chris Hani District Municipality|Chris Hani]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Municipality|Degmo]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality|Inxuba Yethemba]]
| subdivision_type4 = Meel Weyn
| established_title = La aasaasay
| established_date = 1816&lt;ref name=established /&gt;
| leader_title = Xildhibaan
| area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/278003001 |title=Sub Place Cradock |work=Census 2011 |access-date=30 June 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711055647/https://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/278003001 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2 = 118.57
| population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;
| population_total = 8626
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Qowmiyada (2011)
| demographics1_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;
| demographics1_title1 = [[White South African|Caddaan]]
| demographics1_info1 = 50.0%
| demographics1_title2 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]]
| demographics1_info2 = 30.5%
| demographics1_title3 = [[Coloureds|Midabo kale]]
| demographics1_info3 = 17.9%
| demographics1_title4 = [[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiya]]
| demographics1_info4 = 0.9%
| demographics1_title5 = Kale
| demographics1_info5 = 0.7%
| demographics_type2 = [[First language|Afaf]] (2011)
| demographics2_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;
| demographics2_title1 = [[Afrikaans]]
| demographics2_info1 = 68.8%
| demographics2_title2 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]
| demographics2_info2 = 20.0%
| demographics2_title3 = [[South African English|Ingiriisi]]
| demographics2_info3 = 7.9%
| demographics2_title4 = 
| demographics2_info4 = 
| demographics2_title5 = Kale
| demographics2_info5 = 2.3%
| timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset1 = +2
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Koodka boostada]] (waddo)
| postal_code = 5880
| postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]]
| postal2_code = 5880
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Koodka deegaanka]]
| area_code = 048
}}
'''Nxuba''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Cradock''',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=85 towns hit with name changes in South Africa – and more are on the way |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/766851/85-towns-hit-with-name-changes-in-south-africa-and-more-on-the-way/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=BusinessTech}}&lt;/ref&gt; waa magaalo ku taal Gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee Koonfur Afrika, qaybta sare ee dooxada [[Great Fish River]], 250 km marka loo eego waddo waqooyi ka xigta [[Gqeberha]]. Magaaladu waa xarunta maamulka ee [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality]] ee [[Chris Hani District Municipality|Degmada Chris Hani]] ee Eastern Cape.

Magaalada waxaa markii hore loogu magacdaray [[John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden|John Cradock]], guddoomiyihii [[Cape Colony]] horraantii qarnigii 19-aad iyo taliyihii ciidamada.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raper1989&quot; /&gt;

==Taariikhda==
Kumanaan sano oo la soo dhaafay dadka [[San people|San]] ee ugaarsada-ururiya ayaa ahaa dadka kaliya ee deggan koonfurta Afrika. Qiyaastii 2000 sano ka hor dhalashadii Ciise (BC) dadka [[Khoikhoi]] ayaa yimid iyagoo wata lo', ido iyo riyo. Dadkan xoolo-dhaqatada ah ayaa u haajiray koonfurta xagga xeebta. Sawirrada dhagaxyada iyo petroglyphs-ka ayaa weli ah caddeyn u ah dadkii ugu horreeyay ee halkaan ku noolaa.

Qarnigii 4-aad ee dhalashada Ciise (AD) dadka ku hadla afka Bantu ayaa bilaabay inay ka haajiraan bartamaha Afrika ilaa xeebta bari ee koonfurta Afrika. Dadka [[amaXhosa]] ayaa u riixday si ka sii fog koonfurta xagga bangiyada [[Great Fish River]] halkaas oo ay kula kulmeen dadka ugaarsada-ururiya ee San iyo xoolo-dhaqatada [[Khoikhoi]], ka dibna dadka deggan Dutch-ka iyo Ingiriiska.

===Taariikhda gumeysiga===
Degmada ku xeeran Nxuba waxaa markii hore deganaa beeraleyda Dutch-ka dabayaaqadii qarnigii 18-aad, laakiin waxaa aad uga horreeyay ugaarsatada kuwaas oo si sharci-darro ah uga gudbay xuduudda iyagoo raadinaya ugaar iyo fool-maroodi.

Duullaankii ugu horreeyay ee rasmiga ah ee Dutch-ka ee sare ee Great Fish River wuxuu ahaa bartamihii 1752 markii koox uu hoggaaminayey Ensign [[August Frederik Beutler]] ay booqdeen aagga.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Beutler, oo raacaya tilmaamaha Guddoomiyaha [[Ryk Tulbagh]] si uu u baaro suurtagalnimada horumarinta gobollada bari ee Cape, waxaa la socday tiro saraakiil kale ah oo ay ku jiraan qoraa, Carl Haupt, iyo sahmiye, Carl Wentzel, oo sawiray khariidadda jidka la maray. Ku dhawaad xusidda kaliya ee laga sameeyay aagga buugga xusuus-qorka ayaa ahayd inuu ahaa mid aad u qalalan oo daaqsin aan la heli karin.

Afartan iyo shan sano ka dib safar [[Sir John Barrow]] ayaa ka gudbay Great Fish River. Meeshii uu ka gudbay wuxuu ku xusay khariidaddiisa jiritaanka dhinaca webiga ee &quot;Hepatic wells&quot; – ilo baaruud ah. Sannadihii dambe ilaha waxaa loo isticmaali jiray dhaqidda dhogorta iyo dharka magaalada.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Ka dib [[Xhosa Wars#Fourth War (1811–12)|Dagaalkii Xhosa 1811–12]], waxay noqotay mid muuqata in si loo ilaaliyo nidaamka xuduudda in xarumo maamul iyo ciidan oo badan laga dhiso Great Fish River. Degmada [[Graaff-Reinet]] waxay ahayd mid aad u weyn si loo maamulo si habboon magaaladuna aad ayey uga fogayd webiga, sidaas darteed waxaa la go'aamiyay in la dhiso sub-drostdy cusub, iyo Juun 1812 Ensign [[Andries Stockenstrom]] waxaa loo magacaabay ku-xigeenka landdrost. Beerta Piet van Heerden ee Buffels Kloof ee Great Fish River waxaa lagu iibsaday 3 500 oo rix dollars. Mid ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka iibsiga ayaa ahaa in guriga derbiga dhagaxa ah ee Van Heerden uu u adeegi karo sidii xabsi, shuruudda ugu horreysay ee muhiimka ah ee magaalo kasta. Guriga wuxuu sidoo kale bixiyay hoy loogu talagalay boolis iyo laba askari oo boolis ah.

Baaqii rasmiga ahaa wuxuu ka muuqday [[Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette|Cape Town Gazette]] 21 Janaayo 1814. [[Sir John Cradock]] wuxuu ansixiyay kharash dhan 12 000 [[rixdollar]]s oo ku saabsan dhismayaasha dadweynaha iyo shaqada ayaa isla markiiba ka bilaabatay guriga ku-xigeenka landdrost. Intaas waxaa sii dheer waxaa loo oggolaaday beerta si &quot;looga dhigo booskiisa mid raaxo leh oo xushmad leh intii suurtagal ah&quot;. Beerta la doortay waxay ahayd Driefontein, midda walaalkiis Piet van Heerden, W J van Heerden.

Julaay 1817 Reverend John Evans waxaa loo magacaabay wasiirkii ugu horreeyay wuxuuna bilaabay ururinta lacag loogu talagalay kaniisad. Wasiir, ku-xigeen landdrost, boolis iyo askari boolis, dadka deggan waxay u tixgelin karaan tuuladooda yar inay si wanaagsan u marayso inay noqoto &quot;magaalo&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;LogieSnaddon2006&quot; /&gt;

1830-meeyadii [[Great Trek]] wuxuu bilaabmay, maadaama [[Afrikaners]] oo aan ku qanacsanayn xukunka Ingiriiska ay ka tageen ''en masse'' xagga gudaha. Inta badan socdaalku wuxuu ka baxay (iyo iyada oo loo marayo) aagga ku xeeran Cradock.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

[[Cape Colony]] waxay heshay heer madax-bannaanideed 1872 markii &quot;[[Responsible Government]]&quot; lagu dhawaaqay iyo, 1877, dowladda Ra'iisul Wasaare [[John Molteno]] waxay ansixisay dhismaha khadka tareenka oo ku xiraya [[Port Elizabeth]] xeebta iyo gudaha. Isagoo maraya Cradock waxay keentay koritaan weyn iyo horumar dhaqaale gudaha iyo hareeraha magaalada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Burman |first=Jose |title=Early railways at the Cape |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YMAQAAIAAJ |year=1984 |publisher=Human &amp; Rousseau |page=73 |isbn=9780798117609}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schoeman2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Schoeman |first=Chris |title=The Historical Karoo: Traces of the Past in South Africa's Arid Interior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4OGngEACAAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Zebra |isbn=978-1-77022-568-8 |page=117}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Horraantii 1900-meeyadii, kor u kac ku yimid baahida loo qabo baalasha gorayada waxay keentay kor u kac baaxad leh oo barwaaqo u ah beeraleyda gorayada ee maxalliga ah.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===The Cradock Four===
{{Main|The Cradock Four}}
[[Matthew Goniwe]], [[Sparrow Mkhonto]], [[Fort Calata]] iyo [[Sicelo Mhlauli]], oo loo yaqaan [[The Cradock Four]] – waxaa la afduubtay iyagoo ka safraya [[Port Elizabeth]] ilaa Cradock 1985.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98217_0x6849810596.htm STATEMENT BY THE TRC: AMNESTY APPLICATIONS FOR CRADOCK FOUR KILLINGS, 16 February 1998] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/1998/98217_0x6849810596.htm |date=30 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kadib waxaa loo kaxeeyay meel aan la aqoon, halkaas oo lagu garaacay, lagu dilay meydadkooda iyo gaarigii ay ku safrayeen lagu gubay. Qaar ka mid ah dhacdooyinkan waxay dhaceen habeenkii 27 Juun 1985 (habeenkii afduubkooda) iyo qaar ka mid ah waxay dhaceen waqti dambe oo aan la aqoon.

Saddex askari oo [[Security Branch (South Africa)|Security Branch]] ah, Sergeant Faku, Sergeant Mgoduka, iyo hal Sakati oo ka qayb qaatay dilka dadka u ololeeya ayaa dambe laga dilay qarax gaari oo ka dhacay [[Motherwell, Eastern Cape|Motherwell]] 1989.

Cradock Four Memorial waa taallo ku taal Lingelihle, degmo u dhow Nxuba. Taallada waxaa la dhisay 22 Julaay 2000 iyadoo lagu xusayo Cradock Four.&lt;ref name=&quot;news_Crad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cradock Four memorial neglected, forgotten |last=Spies |first=Derrick |work=News24 |date=7 April 2015 |access-date=2017-10-11 |url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cradock-Four-memorial-neglected-forgotten-20150407 |archive-date=6 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906180503/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cradock-Four-memorial-neglected-forgotten-20150407 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhaqaalaha iyo dalxiiska==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2025}}
[[File:View of Cradock, Eastern Cape, South Africa.jpg|thumb|right|Calaamad ku taal hareeraha Nxuba]]
Nxuba waa mid ka mid ah xarumaha ugu waaweyn ee Cape ee warshadaha [[dhogorta]], sidoo kale waxay soo saartaa hilibka lo'da, caanaha, miraha, [[alfalfa|lucerne]], iyo [[mohair]].

Muhiimad aad u weyn u leh horumarka dhaqaale ee Nxuba waxay ahayd dhismaha [[Orange-Fish River Tunnel]]. Waxaa la dhammaystiray 1975 oo dhererkeedu yahay 83 km wuxuu ka weeciyaa biyaha [[Gariep Dam]] ee [[Orange River]] ilaa Great Fish River ka dibna ilaa Addo Valley, [[Makhanda, South Africa|Makhanda]] iyo [[Gqeberha]] waraabka, isticmaalka qoyska iyo warshadaha.

Dhismaha tunnel-ka ayaa sidoo kale suurtageliyay sanadlaha ah [[Fish River Canoe Marathon]]. Laga soo bilaabo bilowgii hoose ee 1982 labada maalmood, 80 km dhacdada hadda waxay soo jiidataa in ka badan 1 500 oo kuwa doonyaha wata oo adduunka oo dhan ah.

Soojiidashada la xuso waa [[Mountain Zebra National Park]] kaliya 15 km magaalada, halkaas oo noocyada [[Mountain zebra|zebra]] ee mar halis ku jiray oo ay weheliyaan libaax, geeta, buffalo iyo noocyo badan oo antelope ah laga arki karo meel cajiib ah.

Soojiidashada lagu xuso magaalada waa &quot;tuishuise&quot; (guryaha-guriga), guryaha farsamada ee Victorian era oo si heer sare ah loo soo celiyay ee Market Street kuwaas oo ka mid ah Victoria Manor Hotel; [[NG church|Dutch Reformed Moederkerk]] oo soo bilaabatay 1868 waxaana loo qaabeeyay ka dib qaabka [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] ee [[Trafalgar Square]], London; iyo [[List of heritage sites in Eastern Cape|Schreiner House]] halkaas oo qoraaga ''[[The Story of an African Farm]]'' ku noolaa iyadoo gabar yar ah. Guriga, oo ku yaal 9 Cross Street waana satellite-ka [[National English Literary Museum]], wuxuu ka kooban yahay bandhigyo casri ah oo muujinaya nolosha Olive Schreiner.

==Dadka caanka ah==
* [[William Faulds]], qaataha [[Victoria Cross]]
* General [[Pieter Hendrik Kritzinger]], Boer general iyo Assistant Commandant of the Forces of the Orange Free State iyo Commander-in-Chief of the Boer Rebel Forces in the Cape Colony intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Boer-ka labaad
* [[Douglas Gilfillan]], qareen iyo ururiyaha dhirta
* [[Olive Schreiner]], qoraa iyo u ololeeya xuquuqda aadanaha
* [[Guy Butler (poet)|Guy Butler]], qoraa iyo abwaan
* [[Etienne van Heerden]], qoraa iyo abwaan
* [[Neville Alexander]], qoraa
* [[James Arthur Calata]], wadaad iyo u ololeeya
* [[Mary Ngalo]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid
* [[Clifford Isaacs]], garsoore cricket
* [[T. O. Honiball]], kaartooniste
* [[Abe Bailey]], tycoon dheeman, siyaasi, maalgaliye iyo cricket
* [[Baby Michau]], ciyaaryahan rugby
* [[Sir Joseph Robinson, 1st Baronet]], magnate macdanta
* [[Paul Schoeman]], ciyaaryahan rugby
* [[Harry Smith (cricketer, born 1884)|Harry Smith]], cricket
* [[Joshua Stander]], ciyaaryahan rugby
* [[Deon Stegmann]], ciyaaryahan rugby
* [[George Weideman]], abwaan iyo qoraa
* [[Leigh Julius]], cayaaryahan
* Samantha Stander, qoraa, abwaan iyo cayaaryahan naaf ah{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/matie-voice/samantha-stander/ |title=Samantha Stander |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617214851/https://www0.sun.ac.za/100/en/matie-voice/samantha-stander/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/student-determined-not-to-let-hip-disorder-grind-her-down-2007280 |title=Student determined not to let hip disorder grind her down |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619030448/https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/student-determined-not-to-let-hip-disorder-grind-her-down-2007280 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://saocr.co.za/2016/04/22/samantha-stander-the-grind/ |title=Interview with Samantha Stander |date=22 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=17 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617232102/https://saocr.co.za/2016/04/22/samantha-stander-the-grind/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mabin |first=Alan |date=2021 |title=History and hope in Cradock, Eastern Cape |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/trn.2021.0015 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa |volume=106 |issue=1 |pages=35–67 |doi=10.1353/trn.2021.0015 |s2cid=239828874 |issn=1726-1368|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Siyaasiyiin===
* [[Fort Calata]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid
* [[Matthew Goniwe]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid
* [[Sicelo Mhlauli]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid
* [[Sparrow Mkhonto]], u ololeeya anti-apartheid

==Coat of arms==
Cradock waxaa loo aasaasay degmo 1840. 1902, golaha magaalada waxay qaateen coat of arms.&lt;ref name=med&gt;Hubka waxaa lagu sawiray [http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage.tpl&amp;product_id=828&amp;category_id=1&amp;keyword=Cradock&amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;Itemid=1 medallion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222144550/http://southafricanmedals.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&amp;flypage=flypage.tpl&amp;product_id=828&amp;category_id=1&amp;keyword=Cradock&amp;option=com_virtuemart&amp;Itemid=1 |date=22 December 2015 }} oo la soo saaray 1902.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cig&gt;Hubka waxaa lagu sawiray [http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category:UTC_South_African_town_arms cigarette card] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106052637/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Category:UTC_South_African_town_arms |date=6 January 2018 }} oo la soo saaray 1931.&lt;/ref&gt; Hubka waxaa si rasmi ah u bixiyay maamulaha gobolka Maajo 1966&lt;ref name=og1&gt;Cape of Good Hope ''Official Gazette'' 3348 (27 Maajo 1966).&lt;/ref&gt; waxaana lagu diiwaangeliyay [[Bureau of Heraldry]] Sebtembar 1969.

Hubka wuxuu ahaa: ''Quarterly: I, Argent, a tree Vert; II, Gules, a beehive, Or; III, Gules, a fleece Or; IV, Azure, a garb Or''. Erayada layman-ka, tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in gaashaan loo qaybiyay afar meelood oo muujinaya (1) geed cagaaran oo ku yaal asalka lacagta, (2) xiniinyo malab dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka cas, (3) dhogor dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka cas, iyo (4) xidhmo sarreen dahab ah oo ku yaal asalka buluugga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;ngw._Crad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cradock |work=Heraldry of the World |access-date=2016-01-04 |url=http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Cradock |archive-date=10 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910164514/http://www.ngw.nl/heraldrywiki/index.php?title=Cradock |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilaa 1966, gaashaan waxaa hareereeyay laba baal oo gorayo ah. Waxaa lagu beddelay laba mountain zebras, sidii taageerayaal. Crest-ka wuxuu ahaa cornucopia iyo hal ku dhiggu wuxuu ahaa ''Perseverantia vincit''.

===Magac bixinta===
Cradock waxaa si rasmi ah loogu magacdaray Nxuba 26 Ogosto 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cradock- Nxba |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/cradock-nxba |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/737785/all-the-new-name-changes-for-south-african-cities-towns-and-villages-in-2023/ | title=All the new name changes for South African cities, towns, and villages in 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[Beer Hall Boycott]]

==Tixraacyo==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;LogieSnaddon2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Logie |first1=Bartle |last2=Snaddon |first2=Ann |title=Water in the wilderness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3ARAQAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Bluecliff |isbn=9780620361637}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=established&gt;{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&amp;isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii |access-date=13 November 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030353/https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Raper1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Raper |first=P. E. |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names |url=https://archive.org/stream/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames/SaPlaceNames#page/n123/mode/2up |year=1989 |publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers |isbn=978-0-947464-04-2 |page=123 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
* [http://www.thecradockfour.co.za The Cradock Four]
* [http://www.gardenroute.co.za/cradock/ Cradock South Africa Guide]
* [http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ Cradock history and other information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226155953/http://www.go2africa.com/south-africa/settler-country/cradock/ |date=26 December 2004 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051205081316/http://www.suntimes.co.za/explorer/05/13/today.asp Panoramas of Cradock and further information on the area]
* [https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/cradock-four-memorial.php The Cradock Four Memorial]
* [http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/cradock.php About Cradock]
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Cradock |volume=7 |page=360}}
{{Geographic location
|Center    = Cradock
|North     = [[Steynsburg]] {{convert|96|km|0|abbr=off}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Hofmeyr]] {{cvt|63|km|mi|0}}
|East      = [[Tarkastad]] {{cvt|76|km|0}}, [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]] {{cvt|120|km|mi|0}}
|Southeast = [[Bedford, Eastern Cape|Bedford]] {{cvt|85|km|mi|0}}
|Southwest = [[Pearston]]
|South     = [[Somerset East]] {{cvt|100|km|mi|0}}
|West      = [[Graaff-Reinet]] {{cvt|140|km|0}}
|Northwest = [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]] {{cvt|95|km|0}}
|Northeast = [[Burgersdorp]], [[Aliwal North]]
}}
{{Chris Hani District Municipality}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Webiga Tyhume</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>47957</id>
    <revision>
      <id>299476</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T11:15:47Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="4001" sha1="d1bz42695cxbgce5pxuhg6j574his26" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webi Tyhume
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = Tyhumeriver valley, eastern cape - rsa.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = Dooxada Webiga Tyhume ee ka hoosaysa Hogsback Pass
| map                = 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afka Webiga Tyhume ku yaalla
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Dal
| subdivision_name1  = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = Gobol
| subdivision_name3  = [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             =  
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= [[Keiskamma River|Webiga Keiskamma]]
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = 
| source1_location   = [[Amatola Mountains|Buuraha Amathole]], [[Hogsback, Eastern Cape|Hogsback]], [[Eastern Cape]]
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[Keiskamma River|Webiga Keiskamma]]
| mouth_location     = 
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|32|41|5|S|26|54|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
'''Webiga Tyhume''' waa webi ku yaalla [[Amathole District Municipality]] ee qaybta dhexe ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].
Wuxuu ka soo burqadaa buuraha kaynta leh ee [[Hogsback, Eastern Cape|Hogsback]], oo qayb ka ah [[Amatola Mountains|Buuraha Amatola]], wuxuuna u qulqulaa Dooxada Webiga Tyhume iyo dhinaca bari ee magaalada yar ee [[Alice, Eastern Cape|Alice]], isagoo xuduud la leh inta badan dhulka [[Fort Hare University|Jaamacadda Fort Hare]].

Ku dhawaad bartamaha dooxada, waxaa xiray [[Binfield Park Dam]] oo ku yaalla {{coord|32|41|13|S|26|54|16|E}},&lt;ref&gt;[[List of reservoirs and dams in South Africa|Liiska kaydadka iyo biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika]]&lt;/ref&gt; oo ah kayd weyn oo biyo-ururin ah oo loogu talagalay tuulooyinka miyiga iyo beeraha aagga, iyo sidoo kale magaalada [[Middledrift]] oo hoosaysa, dhamaantood waxay ku yaallaan aagga [[Nkonkobe Local Municipality]]. Ka dib biyo-xireenka, webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa koonfurta, ka dibna bari iyo koonfur-bari si uu hadhow ugu biiro [[Keiskamma River|Webiga Keiskamma]] isagoo ku sii jeeda [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] meel u dhow [[Hamburg, Eastern Cape|Hamburg]].

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]]
* [[List of dams in South Africa|Liiska biyo-xireennada Koonfur Afrika]]
* [[List of drainage basins of South Africa|Liiska xarumaha bullaacadaha ee Koonfur Afrika]]
* [[Water Management Areas|Aagagga Maareynta Biyaha]]

== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}
* T. V. Bulpin: ''Illustrated guide to southern Africa''. Reader's Digest Ass. South Africa, Cape Town 1985, {{ISBN|0-947008-17-9}}
* Robert H.W. Shepherd: ''Lovedale South Africa. The Story of a Century 1841-1941''. Lovedale #The Lovedale Press# 1940
* ''Geological map of South Africa'' 1:250.000, Sheet 3226 King William's Town
* ''3226 King William's Town'', 1:250.000, topo-cadastral, Mowbray #Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping# 1985
* ''3226 DD Alice'', topographic map 1:50 000, Mowbray #Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping# 2002
* ''3226 DB Seymour'', topographic map 1:50 000, Mowbray #Chief Directorate Surveys and Mapping# 2002</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga Kubusi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>299477</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-26T11:19:50Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Isma4l</username>
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      <text bytes="2123" sha1="muaj0w58c7x8879m87qxsddqcqktdys" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webi Kubusi
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = 
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = 
| map                = 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Dal
| subdivision_name1  = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = Gobol
| subdivision_name3  = [[Stutterheim]], [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             =  
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = 
| source1_location   = 
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = 
| mouth_location     = 
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|32.45|S|27.88333|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
'''Webiga Kubusi'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/27295a0.pdf |journal=Government Gazette |title=Approval of Official Place Names |date=25 February 2005 |volume=476 |number=27295 |publisher=[[Republic of South Africa|Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] |page=8 |access-date=1 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; waa [[webi]] u dhow [[Stutterheim]] oo ku yaalla Gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]].

==Biyo-xireenno==
* [[Wriggleswade Dam|Biyo-xireenka Wriggleswade]]
== Tixraacyo ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga Kasouga</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-26T11:21:59Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2922" sha1="6nqjdxau8qofe2w1p2v6bjakraerq4b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webi Kasouga
| native_name        = &lt;!-- {{native name|&lt;tag&gt;|&lt;name&gt;}} or {{native name list |tag1=&lt;tag&gt;|name1=&lt;name&gt; |tag2=&lt;tag&gt;|name2=&lt;name&gt; ... }} --&gt;
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = Meel lagu magacaabo shabeelka
| nickname           = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE--&gt;
| image              = Kasouga river.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = Doonyeyn ku taal Webiga Kasouga
| image_alt          = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
&lt;!-- *** Admin *** --&gt;
| country            = {{flag|South Africa|Koonfur Afrika}}
| country_flag       = 
| state              = [[Eastern Cape]]
| state_type         = Gobol
| region             = 
| district           = [[Sarah Baartman District Municipality|Degmada Sarah Baartman]]
| municipality       = [[Ndlambe Local Municipality|Degmada Ndlambe]]
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = 
| source1_location   = 
| source1_coordinates= {{Coord|-33.60484|26.74999}} 
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = 
| mouth_location     = 
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|-33.65404|26.73593|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| basin_landmarks    = 
| basin_population   = 
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| waterbodies        = 
| waterfalls         = 
| bridges            = 
| ports              = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
&lt;!-- *** Notes *** --&gt;
| footnotes          = 
| extra              = 991724
}}
'''Webiga Kasouga''' waa webi indho-la'aan ah &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kasouga Blind River Fishing &amp; Fish Species |url=http://www.fishthesea.co.za/fishingvenues/kasougariver.htm |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240221114111/http://www.fishthesea.co.za/fishingvenues/kasougariver.htm |archive-date=2024-02-21 |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.fishthesea.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; ku yaalla inta u dhaxaysa [[Kenton-on-Sea]] iyo [[Port Alfred]] ee Gobolka [[Eastern Cape]], Koonfur Afrika, 900 km koonfurta ka xigta Pretoria. Estuary-ga Kasouga wuxuu leeyahay dhoobo,&lt;ref&gt;10.2989/16085914.2012.750593&lt;/ref&gt; qasab iyo caws, mararka qaarna harada ayaa la jebiyaa webiguna wuxuu si toos ah ugu qulqulaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]].&lt;ref name = &quot;gn991724&quot;/&gt; [[Kasouga]] waa sidoo kale tuulo fasax oo duug ah oo macnaheedu yahay “meel lagu magacaabo shabeelka” afka [[Khoekhoe language|Khoe-Khoe]].&lt;ref&gt;Guest, Laura (2024) Kasouga – The Eastern Cape’s First Holiday Resort. Presentation to the Lower Albany Historical Society https://journal.ru.ac.za/index.php/toposcope/article/download/2559/1405/1876&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tixraacyo ==
&lt;references&gt;
&lt;ref name = &quot;gn991724&quot;&gt;[{{Geonameslink|gnid=991724|name=kasougarivier}} Kasougarivier] sa [{{Geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (cc-by)]; post updated 2012-01-18; database download sa 2017-02-28&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Middleton, Koonfur Afrika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6404" sha1="adnm7z3jtpnng8o97ula2g5pnw78z5i" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Middleton
| image_skyline           = Old Church 1903 Middleton-001.jpg
| image_caption           = Kaniisaddii hore ee Middleton, la dhisay 1903
| pushpin_map             = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa
| coordinates             = {{coord|32.949|S|25.816|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = Dal
| subdivision_name        = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type1       = Gobol
| subdivision_name1       = [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type2       = Degmo
| subdivision_name2       = [[Sarah Baartman District Municipality|Sarah Baartman]]
| subdivision_type3       = Degmo
| subdivision_name3       = [[Blue Crane Route Local Municipality|Blue Crane Route]]
| subdivision_type4       = Meel Weyn
| established_title       = La aasaasay
| leader_title            = Xildhibaan
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 
| population_total        = 
| population_density_km2  = auto
&lt;!-- demographics (section 1) --&gt;
| demographics_type1      = 
| demographics1_title1    = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]]
| demographics1_info1     = 
| demographics1_title2    = [[Coloureds|Midabo kale]]
| demographics1_info2     = 
| demographics1_title3    = [[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiya]]
| demographics1_info3     = 
| demographics1_title4    = [[White South African|Caddaan]]
| demographics1_info4     = 
| demographics1_title5    = Kale
| demographics1_info5     = 
&lt;!-- demographics (section 2) --&gt;
| demographics_type2      = 
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1    = 
| demographics2_info1     = 
| demographics2_title2    = 
| demographics2_info2     = 
| demographics2_title3    = 
| demographics2_info3     = 
| demographics2_title4    = 
| demographics2_info4     = 
| demographics2_title5    = 
| demographics2_info5     = 
&lt;!-- blank fields (section 2) --&gt;
&lt;!-- Other information --&gt;
| timezone1               = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]
| utc_offset1             = +2
| postal_code_type        = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Koodka boostada]] (waddo)
| postal_code             = 
| postal2_code_type       = [[Post-office box|PO box]]
| postal2_code            = 5810
| area_code_type          = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Koodka deegaanka]]
}}
'''Middleton''' waa [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] ku yaalla [[Blue Crane Route Local Municipality]] ee [[Sarah Baartman District Municipality|Degmada Sarah Baartman]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Middleton waxay ku taal bangiyada [[Great Fish River|Webiga Fish]] ee ka baxsan waddada [[N10 (South Africa)|N10]] waxayna qiyaastii 30 km koonfur ka xigta [[Cookhouse (village)|Cookhouse]].

==Taariikhda==

Middleton waxay ku taal meel u dhow Cookhouse waxaana markii ugu horreysay la aasaasay 1879 sidii saldhig tareen si ay u noqoto meel lagu nasto oo u dhaxaysa magaalooyinka waaweyn. Bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, Middleton complex waxaa horumariyey Mr George Webster, oo ahaa bir-tumaha ganacsi ahaan. Goobtu waxay door aad muhiim u ah ka ciyaartay maalmahaas gaadiidka.

1901 wuxuu ugu deeqay dhul dhismaha kaniisad yar oo la dhisay sidii Kaniisadda Methodist 1903. Waqtigaas Middleton waxay ka koobnayd hudheel, dhisme bir-tume, dukaan ganacsi oo guud, dugsi kaniisad iyo 500 [[morgen]] oo dhul ah. 1992 kaniisaddu waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah All Saint’s United Church waxaana si joogto ah u isticmaala dadka deggan Middelton. Saldhigga tareenka ee hore ayaa hadda loo beddelay baar.

Noupoort Christian Care Center ayaa iska leh hamlet-ka Middleton. Xaruntani waxay maamushaa [[rehabilitation center|xarun dhaqancelin]] loogu talagalay dadka la ildaran [[addiction|balwadda]] walxaha. Xaruntu waxay siisaa dadka ka soo kabanaya balwadda shaqooyin ay ku ilaalinayaan dhulka iyo xarumaha Middleton.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ciara.co.za/ciara/about/|title=About|website=Middleton Ciara|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dhismaha==
Dhismaha ugu caansan ee Middleton waa saldhigga tareenka ee hore, kaas oo hadda loo beddelay baar. Saldhigga tareenka waxaa la dhisay 1879, waana dhismaha ugu da'da weyn ee ka taagan hamlet-ka yar. Dhismaha kale ee caanka ah waa All Saint's United Church, oo ah kaniisad dhagax ah oo markii ugu horreysay loo dhisay sidii kaniisad Methodist 1903. Dhismaha dhismayaasha hore ee Middleton waa mid si cad [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]], gaar ahaan saldhigga tareenka ee loo beddelay baar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/middleton.php|title=ABOUT MIDDLETON}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dalxiiska==

Baarka saldhigga hore wuxuu bixiyaa cunto baar caadi ah iyo sidoo kale goob ciyaar iyo [[petting zoo|xayawaanada la salaaxayo]] ee carruurta. Middleton waxay kaloo leedahay xarumo B&amp;B iyo teendhooyin sida Hunters Lodge iyo B&amp;B-ga Manor.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/places-slave-rememberance-western-cape|title=Overberg|website=Western Cape Government|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bluegnu.co.za/10463-middleton.php|title=Middleton - Towns and Cities in the Eastern Cape|website=www.bluegnu.co.za|access-date=2019-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dadka safarka ah waxay u arkaan Middleton inay tahay meel joogsi oo qurux badan oo ay ku sii jeedaan meelaha kale ee soo jiidashada leh. [[Addo Elephant National Park]] iyo dhowr kayd oo gaar loo leeyahay ayaa ka yar saacad koonfur ka xigta wadada N10 ee ka timaadda Middleton. [[Grahamstown]] waa saacad koonfur-bari ka xigta. Laba saacadood oo waqooyi-bari ah waa magaalooyinka [[Graaff-Reinet]] iyo [[Nieu-Bethesda]], kuwaas oo hoy u ah soo jiidasho badan oo ay ku jiraan [[Camdeboo National Park]], [[Nieu-Bethesda]] [[The Owl House (museum)|Owl House]], iyo Kitching Fossil Exploration Centre. Saacad koonfur ka xigta waxay u kaxayn doontaa dadka safarka ah [[Port Elizabeth]] iyo ilaa [[Garden Route]] ee xeebta koonfureed.

==Sidoo kale eeg==
* [[List of heritage sites in Graaff-Reinet|Liiska goobaha dhaxalka ee Graaff-Reinet]]
* [[George, Western Cape|George]]
* [[Knysna]]
* [[Plettenberg Bay]]
* [[Mossel Bay]]
* [[Bloukrans Bridge Bungy]]
* [[Tsitsikamma]]

==Tixraacyo==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
{{commons category|Middleton, Eastern Cape}}
* [http://www.bluecraneroute.co.za/ Bogga rasmiga ah]


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga White Kei</title>
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    <id>47961</id>
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      <text bytes="4098" sha1="g9enc70l345wy2vgni999inycycscup" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webi White Kei
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = Wit-Keirivier
| name_etymology     = Laga soo qaatay ''kei'', ereyga &quot;biyo&quot; ee afka [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]]
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = 
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = 
| map                = 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= Goobta uu afka Webi White Kei ku yaalla
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Dal
| subdivision_name1  = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = [[Provinces of South Africa|Gobol]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Eastern Cape Province|Gobolka Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             =  
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = [[Stormberg District|Stormberg]]
| source1_location   = [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|1500|m|abbr=on}}
| source_confluence            = [[Swart-Kei River|Swart-Kei]] / Wit-Kei
| source_confluence_location   = 
| source_confluence_coordinates= 
| source_confluence_elevation  = 
| mouth              = Isku darka [[Black Kei River|Webiga Black Kei]]
| mouth_location     = 
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|32|13|34|S|27|30|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|540|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}
'''Webiga White Kei''' ama '''Webiga Wit-Kei''' waa webi ku yaalla [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Wuxuu ka soo burqadaa waqooyiga [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]], isagoo koorsadiisa ka bilaabaya webiga [[Grootvleispruit]] oo ugu dambayntii ku biiraya [[Swart-Kei River|Webiga Black Kei]], si uu u sameeyo [[Great Kei River|Webiga Great Kei]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA12MzimvubuKeiskamma.jpg Mizimbuvu to Keiskamma WMA 12]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stanford|first=W. E.|title=Statement of Silayi, with Reference to His Life Among the Bushmen |date=January 1910|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00359191009520056|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa|volume=1|issue=2|pages=435–440|doi=10.1080/00359191009520056|bibcode=1910TRSSA...1..435S |issn=0035-919X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Xonxa Dam|Biyo-xireenka Xonxa]] wuxuu ku yaallaa Webiga White Kei. Waqtigan xaadirka ah webigani waa qayb ka mid ah [[Mzimvubu to Keiskama Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha ee Mzimvubu ilaa Keiskama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Farai |first=Kapfudzaruwa |last2=Merle |first2=Sowman |date=October 2009 |title=Is there a role for traditional governance systems in South Africa's new water management regime? |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |issn=1816-7950 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260310131135/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1816-79502009000500018 |archive-date=2026-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sidoo kale eeg ==
* [[Great Kei River|Webiga Great Kei]]
* [[List of rivers of South Africa|Liiska webiyada Koonfur Afrika]]

==Tixraacyo==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Xiriirinta dibadda==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928050034/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html SA Estuarine Land-cover: Great Kei Catchment]
*[http://www.wildcoast.co.za/node/112 Towns of historical interest in the 'kei]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Webiga Van Stadens</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="6917" sha1="qmlb2i5mko7jzc11bvjrsqrpfv82bih" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Webi Van Stadens
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = 
| name_other         = 
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = SAR Class 91-000 91-018 Van Stadens.jpg
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = Apple Express oo ka gudbaysa Webiga Van Stadens, 6 Abriil 2002
| map                = 
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = South Africa
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Dal
| subdivision_name1  = {{RSA|Koonfur Afrika}}
| subdivision_type2  = Gobol
| subdivision_name2  = [[Eastern Cape]]
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             =  
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = 
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = _
| source1_location   = 
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]
| mouth_location     = [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|33|58|S|25|13|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}}
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size         = 
| tributaries_left   = 
| tributaries_right  = 
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}

'''Webiga Van Stadens''' waa webi ku yaalla gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee dalka [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Afka webiga wuxuu ku yaallaa qiyaastii 30 km galbeed ka xigta [[Port Elizabeth]].

Webiga waxaa loogu magacdaray Marthinus van Staden, oo ka mid ahaa beeraleydii ugu horreysay ee aagga. Waxa uu sidoo kale ka mid ahaa dadkii ugu horreeyay ee qorsheeyay waddo fudud oo dhex marta dooxada.&lt;ref name= &quot;R102&quot;&gt;[https://mountainpassessouthafrica.co.za/find-a-pass/eastern-cape/item/236-van-stadens-pass-r102.html Van Stadens Pass (R102). Mountain Passes South Africa. Accessed 24 July 2017.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Joolojiya ahaan aagga webiga Van Stadens waxay asal ahaan ka soo jeedaan dhagaxii [[Paleozoic|mid-Palaeozoic Era]] kaas oo sameeyay [[Table Mountain Group]] ee Cape Supergroup.&lt;ref name= &quot;Estuary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/7731/1255-1-05_EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY.pdf |title=Gama, PT, Adams, JB, Schael, DM and Skinner T. 2005. Phytoplankton Chlorophyll: A concentration and community structure of two temporarily open/closed estuaries. Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University. Accessed 26 July 2017. |access-date=2017-07-31 |archive-date=2017-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731195546/http://www.wrc.org.za/Lists/Knowledge%20Hub%20Items/Attachments/7731/1255-1-05_EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meelaha sare ilaa dhexe ee [[Drainage basin|catchment areas]] waxaa lagu gartaa jiirar sare oo muujinaya dooxooyin qoto dheer. Webiga dhexdiisa, heerka nafaqada ayaa si dabiici ah u hooseeya. Tani waa natiijada ka dhalatay dhul-beereedka sare oo ka hortagaya dhaqdhaqaaqa bini'aadamka sida beeraha oo carqaladayn kara hababka dabiiciga ah. [[Van Stadens Wild Flower Reserve]] oo ku taal kor webiga iyo ilaalinta dabeecadda ayaa ilaalisay heerka nafaqada mid hooseeya. Estuary-ga Webiga Van Stadens waa 0.52 km2 marka afka webiga la xiro iyo heerka biyuhu uu yahay meesha ugu sarreysa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Estuary&quot; /&gt;

[[Van Stadens Bridge]] oo ah halka ay waddada qaranka [[N2 (South Africa)|N2]] ka gudubto webiga ayaa loo yaqaan goob is-dil.

Wax yar ka sarreeya buundada N2, 60 cm (2 ft) [[rail gauge|gauge]] [[Avontuur Railway]] waxay ka gudubtaa Webiga Van Stadens iyada oo adeegsanaysa buundo 78 m (255 ft) sare leh.&lt;ref name=&quot;sellick-195&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Sellick|first=W.S.J|title=Uitenhage, past and present : souvenir of the Centenary, 1804-1904|publisher=W.S.J. Sellick|year=1904|pages=195|url=https://archive.org/stream/uitenhagepastpre00sell#page/195/mode/1up}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Buundada Van Stadens==
{{main|Van Stadens Bridge}} 
[[File:Van Stadens Bridge.jpg|left|thumb|Buundada Van Stadens]]
Dhismaha buundada waxaa la dhammeeyey 11 Nofembar 1971.&lt;ref&gt;Basson, M. 2012. DA calling for safety measures. Kouga Express&lt;/ref&gt; [[arch bridge|deck arch bridge]] waxay taagan tahay 140 m ka sarreysa sagxadda dooxada,&lt;ref&gt;[https://structurae.net/structures/van-stadens-bridge Van Stadens Bridge]. ''Structurae''. Accessed 24 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; waxay ka kooban tahay 1112 m3 oo shubka ah iyo 574 tan oo bir ah.

&lt;ref name= &quot;Narrow Gauge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.apple-express.co.za/files/apple_express_history.pdf |title=The PE-Avontuur Narrow Gauge Line– A brief history. SA Rail Vol. 45 No. 2. Accessed 24 July 2017. |access-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904055329/http://www.apple-express.co.za/files/apple_express_history.pdf |archive-date=4 September 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Flora iyo Fauna==
[[File:Bradypodion taeniabronchum.jpg|thumb|Smith's dwarf chameleon]]
Aagga [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] ee webigu waa mid barwaaqo ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon noocyo badan oo dhir ah sanadka oo dhan. Iyada oo laba [biomes] ay isku dhow yihiin, [[fynbos]] iyo [[forest|kayn]], aaggu waa mid kala duwan oo leh nolol geed iyo xayawaan oo gaar ah.&lt;ref name= &quot;Wild Flower Reserve&quot;&gt;[http://www.pembba.co.za/listing/van_stadens_wwild_flower_reserve Van Stadens Wild Flower Reserve. Port Elizabeth Metro Bed and Breakfast Association (PEMBBA). Accessed 24 July 2013.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Aagga fynbos-ka wuxuu taageeraa dadka [[protea]]s, [[Erica (plant)|erica]]s iyo [[orchidaceae]]. Mid ka mid ah aagga, [[Symphyotrichum novi-belgii|aster laevigatus]] waxaa markii ugu horreysay la helay 1902 ka dibna dib loo helay ka dib dab buur ku dhowaad qarni ka dib. Dooxada Webiga Van Stadens waa hoy u ah dadka ugu badan adduunka ee sterculia alexandri (oo loo yaqaan Cape star chestnut).&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild Flower Reserve&quot; /&gt;
Waxa u dhow wadada qaranka N2 ee Cape Town iyo 25 km galbeed ka xigta Port Elizabeth waa Van Stadens Wild Flower Reserve. Kaydka waxaa la aasaasay 1951, taasoo ka dhigaysa kii ugu da'da weynaa ee [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] si loo bixiyo meel magan-gelyo ah oo loogu talagalay [[flora|dhirta]] iyo [[fauna|xayawaanka]] asaliga ah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild Flower Reserve&quot; /&gt;

Aagga catchment area ee Webiga Van Stadens wuxuu sidoo kale hoy u yahay [[Smith's dwarf chameleon]] iyo [[Hewitt's ghost frog]] ee halista ku jira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wild Flower Reserve&quot; /&gt;
== Tixraacyo ==
{{Reflist}}

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