Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4041 300375 295803 2026-06-30T08:12:58Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Xiriirka kubada cagta */ Fixed grammar 300375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = Kubbada Cagta</br>Football ama Soccer | image = Football_pictogram.svg | imagesize = 300px | caption = Astaanta kubada cagta | union = [[FIFA]] | nickname = | first = 19 December 1863, Limes Field, [[London]], [[UK|Boqortooyada Britayn]]<ref>[http://www.thefa.com/about-football-association/fa150 The fa 1863-2013.]</ref> | country/region = Dunida oo dhan | registered = | clubs = | contact = | team = 11 qof kooxdiiba | mgender = | category = | equipment = | venue = | olympic = haa | paralympic = Haa }} [[File:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg|thumb|Right|500px|Kubadda Cagta]] [[File:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Kubadda cagta, ujeedada aasaasiga ah ee taageerayaashu waa in la dhiiri geliyo kooxdooda inta ciyaarta socoto]] '''Kubadda Cagta''' ({{lang-en|Football ama Soccer}}; {{lang-ar|كرة القدم}}) , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "football" ama "soccer", waa bardooddan kooxeed ay ku tartamaan laba kooxood oo mid waliba ka kooban yahay 11 ciyaartoy, kuwaas oo inta badan cagahooda ku garaaca kubbadda garoon leydi ah oo loo yaqaan garoonka. Ujeeddada ciyaarta waa in lagu dhaliyo goolal ka badan kooxda kale, iyadoo kubbadda laga dhaqaajinayo xariiqda goolka oo ah meel afar gees leh oo ay kooxda kale difaacdo. Ciyaarta ayaa dhaqanka ahaan lagu ciyaaraa labo waqti oo kala duwan, mid walbana 45 daqiiqo, taasoo guud ahaan noqoneysa 90 daqiiqo. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in in ka badan 250 milyan oo ciyaartoy ah ay ka ciyaaraan ciyaartan in ka badan 200 waddan iyo dhulal kala duwan, taasoo ka dhigaysa ciyaarta ugu caansan adduunka. ==Dulaadis== Kubadda cagta, sidoo kale loo yaqaano ''balooni'' waa isbortiga ugu caansan caalamka, waxeena ka midtahay ciyaaraha tan ugu duqsan caalamka.Kubada Cagta waxaa laga yaqaanaa caalamka oo dhan, waxaana la ciyaari jiray qarni aad u dheer.Kubada Cagta waxaa loo ciyaaraa koox koox oo ka kooban 11 ciyaaryahan, waxeena isticmaalayaan banooni ama kubad oo koox kasto iska difaaceeyso in gool laga dhaliyo. Kox walbo waxee leedahay goolhaaye oo ah kan banooniga qabanaayo. kubada cagta ama banooniga waxa la asaasay 1409 erayga soccer waxay America ubixisay sanadkii 1486 qayaas ahan waxa dawada ama ciyaara 3,5 milyardia wuxuu aad ugu caansanyahay cubada cagta yurub, america,africa iyo qayba kamida Asia warse * [[FIFA]] ayaa maamusho kubada cagta weel walbo oo adhuun ka kamid ah. * Waxaa jira qaanuun ey leedhahay FIFA, karka jaalaha iyo kaarka casiinka. Kaarka casiinka ciyaaryahanka marki lasiiyo banaanka ayaa loosoo saaraa, midkaa jaalaha waa digniin. ===Xiriirka kubada cagta=== * [[FIFA]] * [[UEFA]] * [[CONCACAF]] * [[CECAFA]] * [[:en:Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *Kubadda Koleyga *Kubadda Gacanta ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Ciyaaraha]] sun0tleak8kkbwcykt6h5ej6ume7rah 300376 300375 2026-06-30T08:13:39Z Videoiib7 46243 /* Sidoo kale fiiri */ 300376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox sport | name = Kubbada Cagta</br>Football ama Soccer | image = Football_pictogram.svg | imagesize = 300px | caption = Astaanta kubada cagta | union = [[FIFA]] | nickname = | first = 19 December 1863, Limes Field, [[London]], [[UK|Boqortooyada Britayn]]<ref>[http://www.thefa.com/about-football-association/fa150 The fa 1863-2013.]</ref> | country/region = Dunida oo dhan | registered = | clubs = | contact = | team = 11 qof kooxdiiba | mgender = | category = | equipment = | venue = | olympic = haa | paralympic = Haa }} [[File:Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1996.jpg|thumb|Right|500px|Kubadda Cagta]] [[File:La mejor Hinchada de Futbol Argentino.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Kubadda cagta, ujeedada aasaasiga ah ee taageerayaashu waa in la dhiiri geliyo kooxdooda inta ciyaarta socoto]] '''Kubadda Cagta''' ({{lang-en|Football ama Soccer}}; {{lang-ar|كرة القدم}}) , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "football" ama "soccer", waa bardooddan kooxeed ay ku tartamaan laba kooxood oo mid waliba ka kooban yahay 11 ciyaartoy, kuwaas oo inta badan cagahooda ku garaaca kubbadda garoon leydi ah oo loo yaqaan garoonka. Ujeeddada ciyaarta waa in lagu dhaliyo goolal ka badan kooxda kale, iyadoo kubbadda laga dhaqaajinayo xariiqda goolka oo ah meel afar gees leh oo ay kooxda kale difaacdo. Ciyaarta ayaa dhaqanka ahaan lagu ciyaaraa labo waqti oo kala duwan, mid walbana 45 daqiiqo, taasoo guud ahaan noqoneysa 90 daqiiqo. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in in ka badan 250 milyan oo ciyaartoy ah ay ka ciyaaraan ciyaartan in ka badan 200 waddan iyo dhulal kala duwan, taasoo ka dhigaysa ciyaarta ugu caansan adduunka. ==Dulaadis== Kubadda cagta, sidoo kale loo yaqaano ''balooni'' waa isbortiga ugu caansan caalamka, waxeena ka midtahay ciyaaraha tan ugu duqsan caalamka.Kubada Cagta waxaa laga yaqaanaa caalamka oo dhan, waxaana la ciyaari jiray qarni aad u dheer.Kubada Cagta waxaa loo ciyaaraa koox koox oo ka kooban 11 ciyaaryahan, waxeena isticmaalayaan banooni ama kubad oo koox kasto iska difaaceeyso in gool laga dhaliyo. Kox walbo waxee leedahay goolhaaye oo ah kan banooniga qabanaayo. kubada cagta ama banooniga waxa la asaasay 1409 erayga soccer waxay America ubixisay sanadkii 1486 qayaas ahan waxa dawada ama ciyaara 3,5 milyardia wuxuu aad ugu caansanyahay cubada cagta yurub, america,africa iyo qayba kamida Asia warse * [[FIFA]] ayaa maamusho kubada cagta weel walbo oo adhuun ka kamid ah. * Waxaa jira qaanuun ey leedhahay FIFA, karka jaalaha iyo kaarka casiinka. Kaarka casiinka ciyaaryahanka marki lasiiyo banaanka ayaa loosoo saaraa, midkaa jaalaha waa digniin. ===Xiriirka kubada cagta=== * [[FIFA]] * [[UEFA]] * [[CONCACAF]] * [[CECAFA]] * [[:en:Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Kubadda Koleyga]] *[[Kubadda Gacanta]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{gumud}} [[Category:Ciyaaraha]] hg3taxk0qz54cxuxu7elf6oubxbt9r0 0 32228 300366 210235 2026-06-29T15:23:06Z Isma4l 41797 Bog loo bedeley [[Harada Karum]] 300366 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Harada Karum]] 59kwp2b4z6uxs7b81vajuqjmiv0iu54 0 47547 300374 299850 2026-06-30T05:08:00Z ~2026-34537-45 46057 /* Royalty */ 300374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}||region4={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdale Muse ***Muse Abdale ****Abdalleh Muse *****Jibril Abdalle ******Saeed Jibril *******Abdi Said ********Salah Abdi ********Roble Abdi ******Hersi Jibril *******Ahmed Hersi *******Abdalle Hersi ******Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *******Hersi Kalil *******Egal Kalil *******Deria kalil *******Ali kalil ******Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *******Aden Mohamed ********Benin Aden ********Nour Aden ********Ali Aden ********Adan Aden ******Abdi Jibril *******Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ********Yusuf Ali ********Mumin Ali ********Naleye Ali ********Hussein Ali *********Abdalle Hussien *********Mohamed Hussien *********Nour Hussien *********Jama Hussien *******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ********Ismail Nour ********Hersi Nour ********Gabal Nour ********Mohamed Nour *******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *******Abdille Abdi ********Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) *********Ismail Gallab *********Asker Gallab ********Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) *********Guled Eiae *********Sharmake Eiae ********Mohamed Abdille *********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh **********Boqorre Gubdleh ****Mohamoud Muse *****Shirdon Mohamoud *****Hildiid Mohamoud ******Ali Hildiid ******Geedi Hildiid ******Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Muuse Dhimbil !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- || '''[[Beeaha Ali Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Mumin Ali *Naleye Ali *Hussien Ali **Abdalle Hussien **Mohamed Hussein **Nour Hussein **Jama Hussien ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Aware]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[beesha Nuur]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ismail Nour *Gabal Nour *Hersi Nour *Mohamed Nour ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Benin Abdi|beesha Rer Benin]] ||Afar Reer|| *Ahmed Benin *Hersi Benin *Osman Bein *Naleye Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Abdille Abdi|beesha Abdalle Abdi]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Gallab abdille *Eiye Abdille *Mohamed Abdille ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Egal Adani]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah tiirasha ee Beesha |} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of many Schools, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== r3n3rsqlhfnhqypg84rdw98946il9sa 0 48337 300309 2026-06-29T12:01:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name=Harta Sake |image=ISS006-E-24705 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lake Sake).jpg |caption=Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harta Sake |location=[[Degmada Ngoma]], [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda]] |coords={{coord|-2.237724|30.369301|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | type = Haro biyo macaan | basin_countries = {{flag|Rwanda}} |max-depth={{convert|4.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} |elevation={{convert|1326|m|ft|abbr=on}} |cities=[[Sake, Rwanda|Sake]], Rukumberi }} '''Harta Sake''' waa haro ku taal [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa koonfurta [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]]. Waxaa loogu magac daray magaalada [[Sake, Rwanda|Sake]]. Haradu waxay ku taal [[Degmada Ngoma]] iyadoo jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1326|m|ft}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-201431.html|title=Lake Sake, Rwanda|website=Mindat.org|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Harta Sake waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka harooyinka ballaran ee Gobolka Bari ee Rwanda, kaas oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka u dhow dhow sida [[Harta Mugesera]] iyo [[Harta Rweru]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arcosnetwork.org/uploads/2018/03/Rweru-Mugesera_assessment_Report.pdf|title=Rweru-Mugesera Assessment Report|website=ARCOS Network|year=2018|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Haradu waxay u dhowdahay magaalada Sake, oo ay ku noolaayeen dad gaaraya 28,822 neef marka loo eego tirakoobkii sannadkii 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/ngoma/5611__rukumberi/|title=Rukumberi (Sector, Rwanda)|website=City Population|access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} ag5opj3wave8xp1likntrczeh2iq987 0 48338 300310 2026-06-29T12:04:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harta Rwanyakazinga | other_name = Harada Rwanyakizinga | image = | caption = | coordinates = {{coord|-1.46361|30.66755|region:RW_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Rwanda | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Rwanda | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 | location = [[Akagera National Park]], [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] | type = Haro biyo macaan | basin_countries = {{flag|Rwanda}} | area = {{convert|19.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|10.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|4.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|4.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|2.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|42300000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | shore = {{convert|43.7|km|mi|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1442|m|ft|abbr=on}} }} '''Harada Rwanyakazinga''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harta Rwanyakizinga''') waa haro ku taal [[Rwanda]] oo ku dhex taal [[Akagera National Park]], iyadoo u dhexaysa [[Degmada Nyagatare]] iyo [[Degmada Gatsibo]] ee [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]]. Waxay ku fidsan tahay baaxad dhul oo dhex marta 19.6 km², waxayna ku taal joog dhan 1,442 mitir iyadoo qayb ka ah mid ka mid ah nidaamyada dhulalka qoyan ee ugu weyn ee la ilaaliyo ee ku yaal Bariga-dhexe ee Afrika.<ref name="FAO1990c">{{cite book |language=en |first1=J.P. |last1=Vanden Bossche |first2=G.M. |last2=Bernacsek |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 1 |chapter=Rwanda |series=CIFA Technical Paper |volume=18 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |location=Rome |date=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E07.htm#ch15 |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="MDPI2017">{{cite journal |last1=Fickas |first1=K.C. |last2=Cohen |first2=W.B. |last3=Yang |first3=Z. |title=Mapping and Monitoring the Akagera Wetland in Rwanda |journal=Sustainability |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=174 |date=2017 |doi=10.3390/su9020174 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017Sust....9..174N |hdl=1854/LU-8576813 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Haradu waa hoy muhiim u ah duurjoogta, waxayna masruuftaa jeeriyaasha (hippopotamuses), yaxasyada Niilka ([[Nile crocodile]]), iyo shimbirro noocyo kala duwan ah, iyadoo xeebteeda iyo hareeraheeda babayruska ah ay soo booqdaan naasley badan oo waaweyn oo caan ku ah pargiga qaranka.<ref name="Hughes1992">{{cite book |language=en |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=[[IUCN]] |date=1992 |pages=199–210 |isbn=2-88032-949-3 |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="yellowzebra">{{cite web |title=Wilderness Magashi Camp – Rwanda Luxury Safari |url=https://yellowzebrasafaris.com/us/rwanda/accommodation/magashi-camp/ |website=Yellow Zebra Safaris |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Juqraafi == Harta Rwanyakazinga waxay leedahay baaxad dhan 19.6 km² iyadoo wareeggeeduna yahay 43.7 km. Waxay leedahay qaab dherer ahaan u fidsan dhanka koonfur-galbeed–waqooyi-bari, iyadoo dhererka ugu sarreeya uu yahay 10.3 km ballaca ugu sarreeyana uu yahay 4.3 km. Moolka ugu sarreeya ee Harta Rwanyakazinga waa 4.3 m.<ref name="FAO1990c"/><ref name="nativeafricatours">{{cite web |language=en-US |last=Chris |title=Lake Rwanyakazinga in Akagera National Park |url=https://www.nativeafricatours.com/lake-rwanyakazinga-in-akagera-national-park/ |website=Native Africa Tours |date=2025-01-31 |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Dhanka waqooyi wuxuu hoos tagaa qeybta Karangazi ee [[Degmada Nyagatare]], halka dhanka koonfureedna uu ku yaal qeybta Rwimbogo ee [[Degmada Gatsibo]]. Dhanka koonfur-bari ee Harta Rwanyakazinga waxaa ku taal [[Harta Mihindi]]. Labaduba waa qayb ka mid ah koox harooyin ah oo ku yaal dhanka kale ee [[Webiga Kagera]] iyo dhooborrada Akagera. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badan harooyinka si joogto ah uguma xirna Webiga Kagera. Tani waxay dhacdaa xilliga roobaadka, kaas oo dhaca laba jeer sannadkii, waxaana ilo badan oo yaryar oo xilliyeed ah ay sidoo kale ku shubmaan harooyinka xilligaas. Sidaa darteed, heerka biyuhu wuxuu isu bedbeddalaa qiyaastii 1 ilaa 1.5 mitir. Roobka guud ee sannadlaha ah ee gobolka ka da'a waa 650 ilaa 900 mm.<ref name="Hughes1992"/><ref name="FAO1990c"/> Daraasad la sameeyay sannadkii 2017 oo lagu khariidadaynayay dhulka qoyan ee Akagera ayaa lagu ogaaday in, iyadoo dhowr harood oo nidaamka ka mid ah ay baaxaddoodu yaraatay, Harta Rwanyakazinga ay la kulantay heer ballaaran oo ballaarasho ah intii u dhaxeysay xilliyadii daraasadda la baaray.<ref name="MDPI2017"/> == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Harta Rwanyakazinga waxay hoy u tahay jeeriyaasha iyo yaxasyada Niilka ([[Nile crocodile]]); diinka iyo xayawaanka ku nool berriga iyo biyaha (amphibians) ayaa sidoo kale ku badan harada iyo agagaarkeeda.<ref name="Hughes1992"/><ref name="FAO_progress">{{cite report |title=Progress Report on the Fisheries of Akagera National Park Lakes |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa151563.pdf |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> [[Akagera National Park]] wuxuu masruufaa noocyo badan oo naasley ah, xayawaanka noocaas ah oo ay ka mid yihiin maroodiga afrikaanka ([[African bush elephant]]), gabaanada afrikaanka ([[African buffalo]]), dameer-faroqyada ([[zebra]]), koodinnada biyaha ([[Kobus ellipsiprymnus|waterbucks]]), deersha koonfureed ee reer reedbuck ([[Redunca arundinum|southern reedbucks]]), deersha yaryar ee caanka ah ([[Common duiker]]), dhoodhooyinka roan antelope ([[Hippotragus equinus|roan antelopes]]), deerada impala ([[Aepyceros melampus|impalas]]), doofaarro-gudmeedyada ([[Phacochoerus aethiopicus|warthogs]]), iyo harimo-shabeellada ([[leopard]]) ayaa marar badan ku soo noqnoqda xeebaha harada.<ref name="Hughes1992"/> Deegaanka babayruska ah ee ku teedsan harada wuxuu masruufaa noocyo shimbirrood oo caan ah, oo ay ku jiraan shimbirta papyrus gonolek iyo goorebada biyaha afrikaanka ([[African fish eagle]]). Liiska hubinta Avibase ee Akagera National Park wuxuu diiwaangeliyay 503 nooc oo shimbirrood ah pargiga guud ahaan.<ref name="avibase">{{cite web |title=Bird checklists – Akagera National Park |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=RW02ak |website=Avibase |publisher=Bird Studies Canada |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Kalluunka tilapia iyo moolaha (catfish) ayaa ah noocyada kalluunka ugu weyn ee laga diiwaangeliyay nidaamka harooyinka Akagera, oo ay ku jirto Harta Rwanyakazinga.<ref name="FAO1990c"/><ref name="FAO_progress"/> == Kalluumeysiga == Kalluumeysiga waxaa laga dhex sameeyaa harada.<ref name="FAO1990c"/> Tilapia iyo moolaha (catfish) waa noocyada ganacsi ahaan khuseeya ee lagu qabto harooyinka Akagera, oo ay ku jirto Harta Rwanyakazinga. Ururka [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] wuxuu diiwaangeliyay walaac ku saabsan nabaad-guurka kaydka kalluunka ee guud ahaan dhammaan harooyinka Akagera National Park.<ref name="FAO_progress"/> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} k88mrlhcegd2bt63uwjb5ls4g4x3q8z 0 48339 300311 2026-06-29T12:06:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Nasho | image = File:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harta Nasho, Cyambwe iyo Mpanga | location = [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]], Rwanda | coords = {{coord|-2.04472|30.7306|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | elevation = {{convert|1286|m|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|3.5|km2|acre|abbr=on}} }} '''Harta Nasho''' waa haro ku taal [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]]. Jooggeeda sare waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 1,286 mitir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Nasho, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_nasho,201721 |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lac Nasho (Nasho Lake) Carte (Plan), Photos et la meteo - (Rwanda): lac - Latitude:-2.04472 and Longitude:30.7306 |url=https://fr.getamap.net/cartes/rwanda/kibungo/_nasho_lac/ |website=fr.getamap.net |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Waxay ku taal tuulada Akagera, ee [[Degmada Kayonza]], Gobolka Bari, Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Nasho, Rwanda - ALL You Need To Know |url=https://sandee.com/rwanda/eastern-province/akagera-village/lake-nasho |website=sandee.com |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Haradu waxay dhacdaa qaybta koonfureed ee gobolka [[Akagera National Park|Akagera]]. Harta Nasho waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo qiyaastii la eg 3.5 km².<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Nasho – World Lakes Database |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Harta Nasho waa mid ka mid ah dhowr harood oo ku yaal Gobolka Bari kuwaas oo tayada biyahooda ay la socoto Hay'adda Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Rwanda iyada oo loo marayo Bogga Biyaha Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Water Portal – Lake Water Quality Monitoring |url=https://www.rwandawater.gov.rw/ |publisher=Rwanda Water Resources Board |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Haradu waxay qayb ka tahay nidaamka ballaran ee dhulka qoyan ee Akagera, oo ah silsilad isugu jirta harooyin, dhoobor iyo webiyo ku yaal bariga Rwanda kuwaas oo masruufa noocyo badan oo noole dabiici ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nasho lake, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_nasho,201721 |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} pl5d8kt21tom2qh8cifgz744kr4g3n0 0 48340 300312 2026-06-29T12:09:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mpanga | other_name = Harta Rwampanga | image = ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg | caption = Harta Mpanga (midig), [[Harta Nasho|Nasho]] (bidix) iyo [[Harta Cyambwe]] (gudaha) iyo [[Webiga Kagera]] bishii Febraayo 2006 | coordinates = {{coord|-2.046|30.812|display=inline,title}} | location = Mpanga, [[Degmada Kirehe]], [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]], [[Rwanda]] | elevation = {{convert|1289|m|ft|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|9.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | length = {{convert|7.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|2.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|32600000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | shore = | max-depth = {{convert|7.0|m|ft|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|5.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = {{flag|Rwanda}} }} '''Harta Mpanga''' waa haro ku taal qaybta '''Mpanga''' ee [[Degmada Kirehe]] ee gudaha [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] ee [[Rwanda]]. Waxay ku dhex taal dooxada [[Webiga Kagera]], waxayna leedahay baaxad dhul oo qiyaastii la eg 9.5 kilomitir oo laba jibbaaran. == Juqraafi == Harta Mpanga waxay leedahay baaxad dhan 9.5 km² iyo wareeg dhan 17.5 km. Dhererkeedu wuxuu qiyaastii yahay 7 km ballaceeduna waa 2.2 km. Moolka dhex-dhexaadka ah waa 5.2 m, iyadoo moolka ugu sarreeya uu yahay 7.0 m, baaxadda biyaha dhex jiifana ay tahay qiyaastii 32,600,000 m³.<ref name="FAO1990c" /><ref name="Hughes1992" /> Haradu waxay ku taal joog dhan qiyaastii {{convert|1289|m|ft|abbr=on}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref name="Hughes1992" /> Dhanka waqooyi-galbeed waxaa ka xigta [[Harta Cyambwe]]. Dhanka koonfur-bari waxaa mara jidka qaranka ee '''NR25''' (National Route 25). === Astaamaha jidheed === Heerka kuleylka biyaha ee dusha sare wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 22 ilaa 25 °C, halka salka hoosena uu yahay 22 ilaa 23 °C. Heerka [[pH]] wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 7.72 oo ah dusha sare ee biyaha iyo 7.05 oo ah salka hoose.<ref name="FAO1990c" /> Cabiraadahani waxay ka raad-raacayaan xog-ururin ay sameysay Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha (FAO) sannadkii 1990; ma jiraan xog dhow oo dhanka kiimikada iyo jidhiyaha ah oo dambe oo loo aqoonsaday Harta Mpanga. == Dhaqaalaha == Harada waxaa loo isticmaalaa kalluumeysiga hiddaha ah. Sannadkii 1975, kalluunka sannadkii la qabto wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 30 tan.<ref name="FAO1990c" /> Shaxdan waxaa laga soo xigtay xogta Ururka Cuntada iyo Beeraha ee sannadkii 1990 oo ku sabsan xogtii la ururiyay 1975; ma jiraan tirokoobyo dhow oo dhanka kalluumeysiga ah oo dambe oo loo aqoonsaday Harta Mpanga. == Eeg sidoo kale == * [[List of lakes in Rwanda]] * [[Harta Nasho]] * [[Harta Cyambwe]] * [[Akagera National Park]] * [[Geography of Rwanda]] == Tixraac == <references> <ref name="FAO1990c"> {{cite book |author=J.P. Vanden Bossche and G.M. Bernacsek |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa: 1 |chapter=Rwanda (Contd.) |series=CIFA Technical Paper |volume=18 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |location=Rome |date=1990 |language=en |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E08.htm |access-date=6 April 2026}} </ref> <ref name="Hughes1992">{{cite book |author=R. H. Hughes & J. S. Hughes |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=[[IUCN]] |date=1992 |pages=199–210 |language=en |isbn=2-88032-949-3 |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1992-007.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=6 April 2026}} </ref> </references> gmt102qd2xaey8b5en1b948i459q6iq 0 48341 300313 2026-06-29T12:13:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Cyambwe | image= File:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harta Nasho, Cyambwe iyo Mpanga | location = [[Degmada Kayonza]], [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]], [[Rwanda]] | type = Haro | coordinates = {{coord|-2.0303|30.7844|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | inflow = [[Webiga Kagera]] | area = {{convert|22.6|km2|acre|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1286|m|ft|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Rwanda | reference = <ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe AFR-255 |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-255 |website=World Lake Database, ILEC |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="geoview">{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe, Rwanda near Eastern Province |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyambwe,201445 |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> }} '''Harta Cyambwe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harta Rwehikama''') waa haro ku taal [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] ee [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa gudaha [[Degmada Kayonza]], iyadoo u dhow deegaanka Rwamatare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-201445.html |website=Mindat.org |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="geoview" /> Haradu waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo la eg 22.6 km² waxayna ku taal joog dhan qiyaastii 1,286 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe AFR-255 |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-255 |website=World Lake Database, ILEC |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>Dhererkeeda waxaa lagu soo warramay inuu yahay qiyaastii 38.59 kilomitir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe |url=https://sandee.com/rwanda/eastern-province/akagera-village/lake-cyambwe |website=Sandee |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Juqraafi == Harta Cyambwe waxay ku taal Degmada Kayonza ee hoostagta [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] ee Rwanda, iyadoo u dhow deegaanka Rwamatare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-201445.html |website=Mindat.org |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku taal joog dhan qiyaastii 1,286 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda, sida ku xusan xogta qaabka joogga ee dhijitaalka ah.<ref name="geoview" /> Waxay qayb ka tahay silsiladda dhulka qoyan ee [[Akagera]], iyadoo boos ahaan ku dhex taal koox harooyin ah oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka deriska la ah ee kala ah [[Harta Nasho]] iyo [[Harta Mpanga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe (water)|url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyambwe,16162370r |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Mashruuca waraabka ee ETI Mpanga wuxuu dhanka biyaha uga dhex yaallaa Harta Mpanga iyo Harta Cyambwe, sidoo kale waxaa xaddida [[Webiga Kagera]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nsengiyumva |first1=J. N. |display-authors=et al |title=Geospatial analysis of soil hydraulic properties in the ETI Mpanga irrigation scheme of Rwanda |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44378-025-00115-7 |journal=Discover Applied Sciences |year=2025 |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Deegaanka iyo isticmaalka == Harta Cyambwe waxaa lagu kooxeeyaa harooyinka Dooxada Nasho, oo ay weheliyaan [[Harta Nasho|Nasho]], [[Harta Mpanga|Mpanga]], Kagese, iyo Rwakibare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Progress Report on [Fisheries] |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa151563.pdf |website=FAOLEX |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Marka la raadiyo harooyinka kale ee ku yaal nidaamka hoose ee [[Webiga Kagera]], haradu waxay ka dhigan tahay goob kalluumeysi oo muhiim ah gudaha Rwanda, iyadoo wax-soo-saar la ta顕badno leh laga diiwaangeliyay oo ay weheliyaan harooyinka Ihema, Rwanyakizinga, Mihindi, Nasho, iyo Rwampanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD Fifth National Report – Rwanda (English version) |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/rw/rw-nr-05-en.pdf |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Xogta iyo tixraacyada == {{reflist}} 6tmnk6lmharxe3jxk8dc8196uwvzkk6 300314 300313 2026-06-29T12:13:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Cyambwe | image= File:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harta Nasho, Cyambwe iyo Mpanga | location = [[Degmada Kayonza]], [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]], [[Rwanda]] | type = Haro | coordinates = {{coord|-2.0303|30.7844|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | inflow = [[Webiga Kagera]] | area = {{convert|22.6|km2|acre|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1286|m|ft|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Rwanda | reference = <ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe AFR-255 |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-255 |website=World Lake Database, ILEC |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="geoview">{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe, Rwanda near Eastern Province |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyambwe,201445 |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> }} '''Harada Cyambwe''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harta Rwehikama''') waa haro ku taal [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] ee [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa gudaha [[Degmada Kayonza]], iyadoo u dhow deegaanka Rwamatare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-201445.html |website=Mindat.org |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="geoview" /> Haradu waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo la eg 22.6 km² waxayna ku taal joog dhan qiyaastii 1,286 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe AFR-255 |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-255 |website=World Lake Database, ILEC |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref>Dhererkeeda waxaa lagu soo warramay inuu yahay qiyaastii 38.59 kilomitir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe |url=https://sandee.com/rwanda/eastern-province/akagera-village/lake-cyambwe |website=Sandee |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Juqraafi == Harta Cyambwe waxay ku taal Degmada Kayonza ee hoostagta [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] ee Rwanda, iyadoo u dhow deegaanka Rwamatare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-201445.html |website=Mindat.org |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku taal joog dhan qiyaastii 1,286 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda, sida ku xusan xogta qaabka joogga ee dhijitaalka ah.<ref name="geoview" /> Waxay qayb ka tahay silsiladda dhulka qoyan ee [[Akagera]], iyadoo boos ahaan ku dhex taal koox harooyin ah oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka deriska la ah ee kala ah [[Harta Nasho]] iyo [[Harta Mpanga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Cyambwe (water)|url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_cyambwe,16162370r |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Mashruuca waraabka ee ETI Mpanga wuxuu dhanka biyaha uga dhex yaallaa Harta Mpanga iyo Harta Cyambwe, sidoo kale waxaa xaddida [[Webiga Kagera]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nsengiyumva |first1=J. N. |display-authors=et al |title=Geospatial analysis of soil hydraulic properties in the ETI Mpanga irrigation scheme of Rwanda |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44378-025-00115-7 |journal=Discover Applied Sciences |year=2025 |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Deegaanka iyo isticmaalka == Harta Cyambwe waxaa lagu kooxeeyaa harooyinka Dooxada Nasho, oo ay weheliyaan [[Harta Nasho|Nasho]], [[Harta Mpanga|Mpanga]], Kagese, iyo Rwakibare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Progress Report on [Fisheries] |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/rwa151563.pdf |website=FAOLEX |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Marka la raadiyo harooyinka kale ee ku yaal nidaamka hoose ee [[Webiga Kagera]], haradu waxay ka dhigan tahay goob kalluumeysi oo muhiim ah gudaha Rwanda, iyadoo wax-soo-saar la ta顕badno leh laga diiwaangeliyay oo ay weheliyaan harooyinka Ihema, Rwanyakizinga, Mihindi, Nasho, iyo Rwampanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=CBD Fifth National Report – Rwanda (English version) |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/rw/rw-nr-05-en.pdf |website=Convention on Biological Diversity |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Xogta iyo tixraacyada == {{reflist}} sreidpllvi72ww7v77zzya1u3jjc7k5 0 48342 300315 2026-06-29T12:18:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Harada Birira |other_name = Harta Bilira, Harta Birara |image = Sholi horizon.jpg |caption = |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |location = [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]], [[Rwanda]] |coords = {{coord|-2.175|30.2947|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} |type = Haro dabiici ah |inflow = |outflow = |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Rwanda]] |group = Upper Kagera Lakes Complex |part_of = Upper Kagera Lakes Complex |length = |width = |area = {{convert|5.4|km2|abbr=on}} |depth = {{convert|6.0|m|abbr=on}} |max-depth = {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} |volume = |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{convert|1350|m|abbr=on}} |islands = |cities = }} '''Harta Birira''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harta Birara''' ama '''Harta Bilira''') <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getamap.net/maps/rwanda/kibungo/_birira_lac/ |title=Lac Birira |website=getamap.net |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> waa haro ku taal [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]] iyo [[Degmada Ngoma]]. Harada waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanaa Lac Bilira ilo xogeedka qaar kood.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_bilira,203161 |title=Lac Bilira |website=GeoView |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Juqraafi == Harta Birira waxay qayb ka tahay silsiladda harooyinka ee Upper Kagera Lakes Complex, oo ah koox harooyin ah oo ku kala baahsan Rwanda iyo Burundi.<ref name="fao-complex">{{cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/4/t0473e/T0473E10.htm |title=The Upper Kagera Lakes Complex |work=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa |publisher=FAO |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Silsiladdan waxaa ku jira harooyin kale oo ay ka mid yihiin Gaharwa iyo Gashanga oo ku yaal Rwanda, iyo Ingitamo, Kacamurinda, Kanzigiri, Lirwihinda, iyo Rungazi oo ku yaal Burundi.<ref name="fao-complex" /> Haradu waxay ku taal joog dhan 1,350 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda, waxayna qayb ka tahay nidaamka ballaran ee dooxada Webiga Kagera. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} * ==Buug-qoraal== {{cite book |language=en |last1=van den Bossche |first1=J.-P. |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |chapter=Lake Birira |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa |volume=1 |publisher=FAO |location=Rome |year=1991 |page=178 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |url=http://www.fao.org/3/T0473E/T0473E07.htm#ch15}} mjvbryzmdamm3bu94vprauxmr7q9jq6 0 48343 300316 2026-06-29T12:20:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ihema | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = Lake Ihema.jpg | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Rwanda]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|1|51|48|S|30|48|40|E|type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Haro|Haro]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|1292|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Rwanda | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake in Rwanda | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harta Ihema''' waa haro ku taal bariga [[Rwanda]], waxayna ku dhow dahay xadka ay la leedahay [[Tanzania]]. Haradu waxay ku dhex taal dhulka dhooborrada ah ee [[Webiga Kagera]], halkaas oo ay biyaheeda ugu shubto marin aad u gaaban. Iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo dhan {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, waa harada ugu weyn ee si buuxda u dhex taal gudaha [[Rwanda]]. Marka la eego harooyinka kale ee dalka oo dhan (oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka lala wadaago dalalka kale), waxay noqonaysaa harada saddexaad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Harta Kivu]] oo ah {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} una dhexaysa [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo]] iyo [[Harta Rweru]] oo u dhexaysa [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Burundi]] taas oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|133|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} iyadoo oo kaliya {{convert|47|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} ay ku dhex yaallaan Rwanda. Haradu waxay ku taal [[Degmada Kayonza]] oo ah qaybta koonfureed ee [[Akagera National Park]] oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan dhowr iyo toban harood oo kale, kuwaas oo ay Ihema ugu weyn tahay. Haradu waxay hodan ku tahay noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha dabiiciga ah, marka laga reebo kalluunka. Waxay hoy u tahay jeeriyaasha (hippopotamuses) iyo yaxasyada (crocodiles). Waxay leedahay 550 nooc oo shimbirrood ah, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo caan ah oo ay ka mid yihiin shimbirta shoebill (''Balaeniceps rex'') iyo papyrus gonolek (''Laniarius mufumbiri''). Wax kasta oo ka mid ah noocyada u gaarka ah deegaanka, waxaa jira shimbiraha ibises, jacanas, haaddada heron, plovers, sandpipers, malachite kingfishers, hawoorka (hawks) iyo kuwo kale oo badan.<ref name="Lake Ihema">{{cite web |last1=Sehene |first1=Jean Chrysostome |title=Lake Ihema – Rwanda |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35615/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/resindex.aspx |website=Global Nature Fund |publisher=Rwanda Environmental Conservation Organisation (RECOR) |accessdate=16 July 2020 |ref=1 |archive-date=30 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630061525/http://www.globalnature.org/35615/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Ihema/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} lgq5qyq8u584q6wnznbn2w0m0gcv5q7 0 48344 300317 2026-06-29T12:24:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Burera | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Bulera <!-- Images --> | image = Lac Burera.jpg | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Rwanda]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-1.45|29.78|type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Haro|haro]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = Rugezi | rivers = | outflow = Musasa, Ntaruka | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = {{convert|55|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|1860|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Rwanda | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake in Rwanda. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Burera''' ama '''Bulera''' waa haro ku taal waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Rwanda]], waxayna ku dhow dahay xadka ay la leedahay [[Uganda]]. Iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo dhan {{convert|55|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn ee si buuxda u dhex taal gudaha [[Rwanda]] ka dib [[Harta Ihema]] ({{convert|100|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}}). Marka la eego harooyinka kale ee dalka oo dhan (oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka lala wadaago dalalka kale), waxay noqonaysaa harada 5-aad ee ugu weyn ka dib [[Harta Kivu]] oo ah {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} una dhexaysa [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo]], [[Harta Rweru]] oo u dhexaysa [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Burundi]] taas oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|133|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} iyadoo oo kaliya {{convert|47|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} ay ku dhex yaallaan Rwanda, Harta Ihema iyo [[Harta Cohoha]] oo ah {{convert|74|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} laguna wadaago [[Burundi]] iyadoo oo kaliya {{convert|19|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} ay ku dhex yaallaan Rwanda. Haradu waxay ku taal waqooyiga dalka oo dadku ku badan yahay, gaar ahaan [[Degmada Burera]] oo magaceeda ka qaadatay haradan. Magaalada ugu dhow ee weyn waa magaalada [[Musanze]] oo {{convert|25|km|abbr=on}} dhanka galbeed ka xigta harada. Harta Burera waxay xuduud la leedahay dhulalka qoyan ee [[Uganda]] ee ku yaal jiirada koonfureed ee [[Mount Muhavura]] iyadoo ku taal joog dhan {{convert|1860|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Ralph H.|last2=Hughes|first2=Jane S.|last3=Bernacsek|first3=G. M.|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA204|accessdate=24 April 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|page=204}}</ref> Waxay dhacdaa dhanka waqooyi-bari ee harada ay mataanaha yihiin ee [[Harta Ruhondo]] oo ay biyaheeda ugu shubto marin biyoos loo yaqaano Ntaruka. Burera waxay qiyaastii laba laab ka weyn tahay [[Harta Ruhondo]], inkastoo ay isu jiraan oo kaliya 600 oo mitir, haddana labada haro waxaa kala saara hoos u dhac weyn oo dhanka joogga ah oo dhan {{convert|100|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Ntaruka waa marin biyoos dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} oo ku xira labada haro, wuxuuna hoos u dhacaa qiyaastii 100 mitir. Sababtoo ah hoos u dhacan jaranjarada ah, xarun koronto laga dhaliyo biyaha ayaa laga dhisay marin biyooskan, waxayna soo saartaa 11.5 MW.<ref name="Power Plant">{{cite web |title=Power Plant |url=https://www.reg.rw/what-we-do/generation/power-plant/?tx_powermail_pi1%5Baction%5D=create&tx_powermail_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=Form&cHash=2a8bace115ead5607620f166a9ae3b35 |website=Rwanda Energy Group |publisher=Rwanda Energy Group |accessdate=16 July 2020 |ref=2}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Burera}} o4ju3nd2hs0hvpj2o6yuw1mzspr4a5j 0 48345 300318 2026-06-29T12:52:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Shirwa | image = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|15|12|S|35|50|E|region:MZ_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = |pushpin_map=Mozambique | basin_countries = Mozambique | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} '''Harta Shirwa''' waa [[haro]] ku taal [[Mozambique]]. Waxaa helay sannadkii 1859-kii sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Iskootland ee [[David Livingstone]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3496847.stm | title='Message in a bottle' for auction | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=2004-02-17 | access-date=2008-05-09 }}</ref> == Akhris dheeraad ah == *{{cite book |first1=David |last1=Livingstone |authorlink1=David Livingstone |last2=Charles |first2=Livingstone |authorlink2=Charles Livingstone |title=Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries; and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858-1864 |url=https://archive.org/details/narrativeanexpe00livigoog |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]]|location=London |year=1865}} == Tixraac == {{reflist}} no7ev0h6bmh0avza5n53ljmi8wk7795 0 48346 300319 2026-06-29T12:55:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake |name =Harada Amaramba |image = Lake Amaramba.png |caption = Harta Amaramba |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |pushpin_map=Mozambique |location =Mozambique |coords = {{coord|14|22|39|S|35|55|19|E|type:waterbody_region:MZ|display=inline,title}} |lake_type = Biyo macaan |inflow = [[Harta Chiuta]] |outflow = [[Webiga Lugenda]] |catchment = |basin_countries = Mozambique |length = {{convert|35.25|km|abbr=on}} |width = {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}} |area = {{convert|8350|ha|abbr=on}} |depth = |max-depth = {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{convert|635|m|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = |cities = }} '''Harta Amaramba''' ({{langx|pt|Lago Amaramba}}) waa haro gacmeed ku taal [[Mozambique]], una dhow xadka ay la leedahay [[Malawi]]. Waxay dhacdaa dhulka dushooda ah ee [[Nyasa (lake)|Nyasa]], waxayna waqooyi ka xigta [[Harta Chiuta]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Knox|first=Alexander |title=The Climate of the Continent of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA379|year=11911|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge |page=379}}</ref> Harooyinka waxaa kala saara jaranjaro cammuud ah, marinna wuxuu ku xiraa labada haro. Dhanka galbeed ee marinka, jidka biyaha ee isku xira waxaa loo yaqaanaa Webiga Msambiti halka dhanka barigana loogu yeero [[Webiga Lugenda]].<ref name="RGSwithIBG">{{cite journal|last=The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)|date=February 1886|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|volume=8|issue=2|pages=99–103 |jstor=1800926}}</ref> Harta Amaramba waxay xilliya qaar ku xidhan tahay Webiga Lugenda, oo ah laan ku shubanta [[Webiga Ruvuma]].<ref name= Mepham>{{Cite book|last=Mepham|first=Robert |author2=Hughes, R.H |author3=Hughes J. S.|title= A directory of African wetlands|page=686|access-date=2010-10-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA686|publisher= IUCN|year=1992|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== Harta Amaramba waxay qayb ahaan tahay [[dhoobor]] qaybna waa biyo furan oo ku fidsan baaxad dhul oo dhan {{convert|8350|ha|acre}}. Qaybta biyaha furan waxay xisaab ahaantii tahay {{convert|4350|ha|acre}} halka dhulka dhoobada ama qoyan uu yahay {{convert|4000|ha|acre}}. Waxay ku dhex xaddidan tahay isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee kala ah {{coord|14|22|00|S|35|52|00|E}} iyo {{coord|14|40|00|S|35|58|00|E}} iyadoo ku taal joog dhan {{convert|635|m|ft}}. Haradan, oo ku dhalatay meel godan oo gacmeed ah, waxay dhoobo leedahay dhanka koonfureed iyo dhanka bari. Haradu waxay dherer ahaan cabirantaa {{convert|35.25|km|mi}} iyadoo ballaca dhex-dhexaadka ahna uu yahay {{convert|1.2|km|mi}}. Inta badan, waxay u fidsan tahay N.N.E. iyo S.S.W.<ref name="Proceedings RGS">Proceedings (1884), p. 718</ref> Dhanka waqooyi ee dhamaadka harada wuxuu u jeedaa W.N.W. isagoo leh ballac dhan {{convert|1800|ft|m|abbr=on}} ilaa {{convert|2400|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>Proceedings (1884), p. 720</ref> Waxyaabaha kaliya ee muuqda ee laga arki karo bariga harada waa buuro midba midka kale ka go'an yahay, oo loo kala yaqaano Mitumbi, Mero, Mangombo, Chikalulu iyo Lipembegwe.<ref>Proceedings (1884), p. 717</ref> [[Dooxada biyaha ka huraan]] waxay qayb ahaan ku taal [[Malawi]] iyadoo marin biyoos yar uu ka soo galo harada dhankeeda koonfureed. Dhanka sare ee dhamaadkeeda, Harta Chiuta ayaa qudisa iyadoo soo marta marin isku xira oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|9|km|mi}}. Xilliga roobabka, labada haro waxay isu beddelaan hal xabbad oo biyo ah oo ku fidsan dhulka. Meesha harada ka furan waxay u horseedaa Webiga Lugenda, kaas oo isna ku biira Webiga Rovuma, oo ah nidaam weyn oo webiyada ah.<ref name= Mepham/> Harta Amaramba waxay muujisaa muuqaal webi ballaran. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haradu waxay leedahay ballac yar marka loo barbardhigo Harta Chiuta ee dhanka sare ku taal taas oo leh qaab saddex-xagal ah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malawicichlids.com/mw13023.htm |title=Amaramba |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Malawi Cichilids.com |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818034854/http://malawicichlids.com/mw13023.htm |archive-date=2010-08-18 }}</ref> Haradu waxay bixisaa biyo macaan, borotiin iyo gaadiidka biyaha gudaha ee loogu talagalay dadka deegaanka. Xilliga fatahaadda sannadlaha ah, harooyinka isku rasan waxay nafaqeeyaan dhulka iyagoo soo dhiga dhoobo kobcinaysa carada.<ref name=Amara>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coastaleastafrica/lakechiuta-amaramba.html |title=Protecting freshwater ecosystems |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=WWF |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013043642/http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coastaleastafrica/lakechiuta-amaramba.html |archive-date=2009-10-13 }}</ref> ==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka== [[File:Lugenda River.png|thumb|right|400px|Harta Amaramba oo la muujiyay inay ku shubanto [[Webiga Lugenda]] dhanka hoose]] Nidaamka harada (labadaba Chiuta iyo Amaramba) wuxuu waqtiyadii hore lahaa duur-joog aad u hodan ah laakiin xilligii dagaalkii sokeeye wuxuu la kulmay ugaarsi daran. Xayawaanka biyaha ee harada ku jirana waxay sidoo kale dhibaato kala kulmeen kalluumeysiga xad-dhaafka ah ee ay u geysteen muhaajiriinta ka yimid Malawi.<ref name=Amara/> Ka dib burburkaas, [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] ([[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]) iyo [[Oxfam|Oxfam GB]] ayaa bilaabay tallaabooyin lagu joojinayo hab-dhaqannada sharciga-darro ah. Hab wada-shaqayneed oo ku lug leh dadka deegaanka, dawladda hoose iyo tan gobolka iyo Guddiga Amniga Xeebaha, ayaa la sameeyay si wax loogu qabto dhibaatooyinka deegaanka ee horay u dhashay, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay in la kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka nidaamka harada iyado aan la adeegsan isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee khayraadka harada.<ref name=Amara/> ;Tallaabooyinka soo nooleynta Barnaamijka shanta sano ah ee loo qorsheeyay soo nooleynta khayraadka [[nidaamka deegaanka]] ee aagga Harta Chiuta-Amaramba, iyadoo loo marayo hab wada-shaqayneed, wuxuu ku lug leeyahay dhowr tallaabo.<ref name=Amara/> Tan koowaad waa in laga hortago isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee khayraadka iyo in la soo hordhigo tallaabooyin lagu kordhinayo wax-soo-saarka si loo horumariyo xaaladaha dhaqaale ee bulshada ku tiirsan khayraadka harada. Sameynta goob rasmi ah oo loo qoondeeyay dhowrista harada ee gudaha Harta Chiuta-Amaramba waxay ilaalinaysaa kalluunka harada iyo shimbiraha biyaha waxayna kordhinaysaa khayraadka biyaha si ay u adeegsadaan bulshada deegaanka ee xaqa u leh. Sidoo kale waxaa muhiim ah in la sameeyo xaqiijin iyo isku-dheelitirka tayada iyo tirada wax-soo-saarka laga saarayo harada. Ilaalinta aagga kaynta ee ku dhow iyadoo loo marayo hab habboon oo maareynta duur-joogta ah waxay oggolaanaysaa kala-duwanaanshaha noocyada duur-joogta kuwaas oo kor u qaadi lahaa qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee hab-nololeedka reer miyiga. Tallaabada ugu dambaysa ee soo nooleynta barnaamijka waxay ka kooban tahay abuurista jawi suuq loogu raadiyo wax-soo-saarka deegaanka. ==Taariikhda== Sannadkii 1882-kii, [[Henry E. O'Neill]], [[Britannic Majesty|H.B.M]]. Qunsulkii Mozambique iyo qaataha [[Patron's Medal]] ee [[Royal Geographical Society]] ee sannadkii 1885-kii, ayaa sahamiyay aagga wuxuuna markii dambe daabacay, ''Journey from Mozambique to Lake Shirwa, and discovery of Lake Amaramba'' isagoo mid mid u xusay sagaal tuulo iyo tuulooyin yaryar oo loogu magac daray madaxdooda, kuwaas oo ku yaal xeebaha harada. Shanti ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen dhanka bari (Napulu, Cheinlola, Chekungwa, Chemaunda iyo Chengogwe), saddexna dhanka galbeed (Akumhumbwa, Chemina iyo Chemataka), halka midna uu ku yaallay dhamaadka waqooyi (Akamtundu).<ref name="Proceedings RGS" /> Xeebta koonfur-bari ee harada waxaa ku nool dadka [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] [[Makua people|Makua]].<ref name="PortugueseNyassaland">{{cite book|last1=Worsfold|first1=William Basil |last2=Edgcumbe|first2=Sir Edward Robert Pearce |title=Portuguese Nyassaland: an account of the discovery, native population, agricultural and mineral resources, and present administration of the territory of the Nyassa company, with a review of the Portuguese rule on the east coast of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/portuguesenyass00edgcgoog|year=1899|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company, Limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/portuguesenyass00edgcgoog/page/n125 104]}}</ref> Hada, magaalada ugu dhow harada waa Cacova oo dhanka galbeed ka xigta. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|2}} ==Bibliyografi== *{{cite book|last=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA718|volume=6|year=1884|publisher=Edward Stanford}} ==Akhris dheeraad ah== * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. pp.&nbsp;173–175. ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Amaramba&w=all Sawirrada] qmnr198r6rt7no4qxl3jtvveajubw4p 300320 300319 2026-06-29T12:56:58Z Isma4l 41797 300320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake |name =Harada Amaramba |image = Lake Amaramba.png |caption = Harta Amaramba |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |pushpin_map=Mozambique |location =Mozambique |coords = {{coord|14|22|39|S|35|55|19|E|type:waterbody_region:MZ|display=inline,title}} |lake_type = Biyo macaan |inflow = [[Harta Chiuta]] |outflow = [[Webiga Lugenda]] |catchment = |basin_countries = Mozambique |length = {{convert|35.25|km|abbr=on}} |width = {{convert|1.2|km|abbr=on}} |area = {{convert|8350|ha|abbr=on}} |depth = |max-depth = {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{convert|635|m|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = |cities = }} '''Harta Amaramba''' ({{langx|pt|Lago Amaramba}}) waa haro gacmeed ku taal [[Mozambique]], una dhow xadka ay la leedahay [[Malawi]]. Waxay dhacdaa dhulka dushooda ah ee [[Nyasa (lake)|Nyasa]], waxayna waqooyi ka xigta [[Harta Chiuta]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Knox|first=Alexander |title=The Climate of the Continent of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CKk8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA379|year=11911|publisher=University Press|location=Cambridge |page=379}}</ref> Harooyinka waxaa kala saara jaranjaro cammuud ah, marinna wuxuu ku xiraa labada haro. Dhanka galbeed ee marinka, jidka biyaha ee isku xira waxaa loo yaqaanaa Webiga Msambiti halka dhanka barigana loogu yeero [[Webiga Lugenda]].<ref name="RGSwithIBG">{{cite journal|last=The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)|date=February 1886|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|volume=8|issue=2|pages=99–103 |jstor=1800926}}</ref> Harta Amaramba waxay xilliya qaar ku xidhan tahay Webiga Lugenda, oo ah laan ku shubanta [[Webiga Ruvuma]].<ref name= Mepham>{{Cite book|last=Mepham|first=Robert |author2=Hughes, R.H |author3=Hughes J. S.|title= A directory of African wetlands|page=686|access-date=2010-10-09|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA686|publisher= IUCN|year=1992|isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== Harta Amaramba waxay qayb ahaan tahay [[dhoobor]] qaybna waa biyo furan oo ku fidsan baaxad dhul oo dhan {{convert|8350|ha|acre}}. Qaybta biyaha furan waxay xisaab ahaantii tahay {{convert|4350|ha|acre}} halka dhulka dhoobada ama qoyan uu yahay {{convert|4000|ha|acre}}. Waxay ku dhex xaddidan tahay isku-duwayaasha juqraafiyeed ee kala ah {{coord|14|22|00|S|35|52|00|E}} iyo {{coord|14|40|00|S|35|58|00|E}} iyadoo ku taal joog dhan {{convert|635|m|ft}}. Haradan, oo ku dhalatay meel godan oo gacmeed ah, waxay dhoobo leedahay dhanka koonfureed iyo dhanka bari. Haradu waxay dherer ahaan cabirantaa {{convert|35.25|km|mi}} iyadoo ballaca dhex-dhexaadka ahna uu yahay {{convert|1.2|km|mi}}. Inta badan, waxay u fidsan tahay N.N.E. iyo S.S.W.<ref name="Proceedings RGS">Proceedings (1884), p. 718</ref> Dhanka waqooyi ee dhamaadka harada wuxuu u jeedaa W.N.W. isagoo leh ballac dhan {{convert|1800|ft|m|abbr=on}} ilaa {{convert|2400|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>Proceedings (1884), p. 720</ref> Waxyaabaha kaliya ee muuqda ee laga arki karo bariga harada waa buuro midba midka kale ka go'an yahay, oo loo kala yaqaano Mitumbi, Mero, Mangombo, Chikalulu iyo Lipembegwe.<ref>Proceedings (1884), p. 717</ref> [[Dooxada biyaha ka huraan]] waxay qayb ahaan ku taal [[Malawi]] iyadoo marin biyoos yar uu ka soo galo harada dhankeeda koonfureed. Dhanka sare ee dhamaadkeeda, Harta Chiuta ayaa qudisa iyadoo soo marta marin isku xira oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|9|km|mi}}. Xilliga roobabka, labada haro waxay isu beddelaan hal xabbad oo biyo ah oo ku fidsan dhulka. Meesha harada ka furan waxay u horseedaa Webiga Lugenda, kaas oo isna ku biira Webiga Rovuma, oo ah nidaam weyn oo webiyada ah.<ref name= Mepham/> Harta Amaramba waxay muujisaa muuqaal webi ballaran. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haradu waxay leedahay ballac yar marka loo barbardhigo Harta Chiuta ee dhanka sare ku taal taas oo leh qaab saddex-xagal ah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malawicichlids.com/mw13023.htm |title=Amaramba |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=Malawi Cichilids.com |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818034854/http://malawicichlids.com/mw13023.htm |archive-date=2010-08-18 }}</ref> Haradu waxay bixisaa biyo macaan, borotiin iyo gaadiidka biyaha gudaha ee loogu talagalay dadka deegaanka. Xilliga fatahaadda sannadlaha ah, harooyinka isku rasan waxay nafaqeeyaan dhulka iyagoo soo dhiga dhoobo kobcinaysa carada.<ref name=Amara>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coastaleastafrica/lakechiuta-amaramba.html |title=Protecting freshwater ecosystems |access-date=2010-10-09 |publisher=WWF |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013043642/http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/coastaleastafrica/lakechiuta-amaramba.html |archive-date=2009-10-13 }}</ref> ==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka== [[File:Lugenda River.png|thumb|right|400px|Harta Amaramba oo la muujiyay inay ku shubanto [[Webiga Lugenda]] dhanka hoose]] Nidaamka harada (labadaba Chiuta iyo Amaramba) wuxuu waqtiyadii hore lahaa duur-joog aad u hodan ah laakiin xilligii dagaalkii sokeeye wuxuu la kulmay ugaarsi daran. Xayawaanka biyaha ee harada ku jirana waxay sidoo kale dhibaato kala kulmeen kalluumeysiga xad-dhaafka ah ee ay u geysteen muhaajiriinta ka yimid Malawi.<ref name=Amara/> Ka dib burburkaas, [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] ([[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]) iyo [[Oxfam|Oxfam GB]] ayaa bilaabay tallaabooyin lagu joojinayo hab-dhaqannada sharciga-darro ah. Hab wada-shaqayneed oo ku lug leh dadka deegaanka, dawladda hoose iyo tan gobolka iyo Guddiga Amniga Xeebaha, ayaa la sameeyay si wax loogu qabto dhibaatooyinka deegaanka ee horay u dhashay, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay in la kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka nidaamka harada iyado aan la adeegsan isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee khayraadka harada.<ref name=Amara/> ;Tallaabooyinka soo nooleynta Barnaamijka shanta sano ah ee loo qorsheeyay soo nooleynta khayraadka [[nidaamka deegaanka]] ee aagga Harta Chiuta-Amaramba, iyadoo loo marayo hab wada-shaqayneed, wuxuu ku lug leeyahay dhowr tallaabo.<ref name=Amara/> Tan koowaad waa in laga hortago isticmaalka xad-dhaafka ah ee khayraadka iyo in la soo hordhigo tallaabooyin lagu kordhinayo wax-soo-saarka si loo horumariyo xaaladaha dhaqaale ee bulshada ku tiirsan khayraadka harada. Sameynta goob rasmi ah oo loo qoondeeyay dhowrista harada ee gudaha Harta Chiuta-Amaramba waxay ilaalinaysaa kalluunka harada iyo shimbiraha biyaha waxayna kordhinaysaa khayraadka biyaha si ay u adeegsadaan bulshada deegaanka ee xaqa u leh. Sidoo kale waxaa muhiim ah in la sameeyo xaqiijin iyo isku-dheelitirka tayada iyo tirada wax-soo-saarka laga saarayo harada. Ilaalinta aagga kaynta ee ku dhow iyadoo loo marayo hab habboon oo maareynta duur-joogta ah waxay oggolaanaysaa kala-duwanaanshaha noocyada duur-joogta kuwaas oo kor u qaadi lahaa qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee hab-nololeedka reer miyiga. Tallaabada ugu dambaysa ee soo nooleynta barnaamijka waxay ka kooban tahay abuurista jawi suuq loogu raadiyo wax-soo-saarka deegaanka. ==Taariikhda== Sannadkii 1882-kii, [[Henry E. O'Neill]], [[Britannic Majesty|H.B.M]]. Qunsulkii Mozambique iyo qaataha [[Patron's Medal]] ee [[Royal Geographical Society]] ee sannadkii 1885-kii, ayaa sahamiyay aagga wuxuuna markii dambe daabacay, ''Journey from Mozambique to Lake Shirwa, and discovery of Lake Amaramba'' isagoo mid mid u xusay sagaal tuulo iyo tuulooyin yaryar oo loogu magac daray madaxdooda, kuwaas oo ku yaal xeebaha harada. Shanti ka mid ah waxay ahaayeen dhanka bari (Napulu, Cheinlola, Chekungwa, Chemaunda iyo Chengogwe), saddexna dhanka galbeed (Akumhumbwa, Chemina iyo Chemataka), halka midna uu ku yaallay dhamaadka waqooyi (Akamtundu).<ref name="Proceedings RGS" /> Xeebta koonfur-bari ee harada waxaa ku nool dadka [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] [[Makua people|Makua]].<ref name="PortugueseNyassaland">{{cite book|last1=Worsfold|first1=William Basil |last2=Edgcumbe|first2=Sir Edward Robert Pearce |title=Portuguese Nyassaland: an account of the discovery, native population, agricultural and mineral resources, and present administration of the territory of the Nyassa company, with a review of the Portuguese rule on the east coast of Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/portuguesenyass00edgcgoog|year=1899|publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company, Limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/portuguesenyass00edgcgoog/page/n125 104]}}</ref> Hada, magaalada ugu dhow harada waa Cacova oo dhanka galbeed ka xigta. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist|2}} ==Buug qoraal== *{{cite book|last=Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain)|title=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and monthly record of geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA718|volume=6|year=1884|publisher=Edward Stanford}} ==Akhris dheeraad ah== * Thieme, Michelle L. (2005). ''Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment''. Island Press, Washington DC. pp.&nbsp;173–175. ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Amaramba&w=all Sawirrada] tkjhebdpdjiet4aw68mvrfu8ony8tr8 0 48347 300321 2026-06-29T12:59:26Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Tislit | image = Lac-Tislit.JPG | caption = Harta Tislit | location = [[Haut Atlas Oriental National Park]], [[Morocco]] |pushpin_map=Morocco | coords = {{Coord|32|11|N|5|38|W|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = [[Meromictic lake]] | basin_countries = Morocco | area = {{convert|1.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=paper>{{cite conference |url=http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/sudbury2013/pdf/3074.pdf |title=Evidence of Non-Impact Cratering Origin of Imilchil (Morocco) Lakes (Isli and Tislit) |last1=Chaabout |first1=S. |last2=Chennaoui Aoudjehane |first2=H. |last3=Reimold |first3=W. U. |last4=Aboulahris |first4=M.|last5=Aoudjehane |first5=M. |publisher=[[Geological Society of America]] |book-title=Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution V, Proceedings of the conference |pages=3074 |date=August 2013 |location=[[Sudbury, Ontario]] }}</ref> | depth = {{convert|16|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=paper/> | elevation = {{convert|2119|m|ft|abbr=on}} | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lacs Isly-Tislite | designation1_date = 15 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1480<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Lacs Isly-Tislite|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1480|accessdate=11 September 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harta Tislit''' waa haro ku taal [[Haut Atlas Oriental National Park]] ee [[Morocco]], una dhexaysa qeybta maamulka ee [[Imilchil]]. Tani waa "agdal" (oo macnaheedu yahay "daaqsin gaar loo leeyahay" marka loo eego [[Luqaadda Berberiga]]) halkaas oo qabiilada [[Ayt Ḥdiddu]] ay u horseedaan xoolahooda xilliga xagaaga. Harada waxaa loo aqoonsaday goob dhowrsan oo [[Goobaha Ramsar|Ramsar site]] ah tan iyo sannadkii 2005.<ref name="RSIS"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kraus |first=Wolfgang |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1964136 |title=Die Ayt Ḥdiddu: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im zentralen Hohen Atlas: ein Beitrag zur Diskussion segmentärer Systeme in Marokko |date=1991 |publisher=Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften |isbn=978-3-7001-1877-0 |series=Sitzungsberichte / Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse |location=Wien}}</ref> Sannad kasta bisha Sebtember, xaflad weyn ayaa lagu qabtaa harada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsafira |date=2022-02-26 |title=Lakes Isli and Tislit in Morocco, what the legend says? |url=https://medium.com/@tsafira/lakes-isli-and-tislit-in-morocco-what-the-legend-says-d4ba703e0a6a |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 34l045z6921s8vuqhjn2na59dyhtgil 0 48348 300322 2026-06-29T13:10:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Zerrouka | image = Lake zerrouka, Morocco 687.jpg |alt= A small house by a body of water surrounded by grass and trees. | coordinates = {{coord|33.5461072|N|5.0957533|E}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | location = Tizguite | type = [[Haro]] }} '''Harta Zerrouka''' waa haro ku taal Morocco oo ku dhex taal xudduudaha reer miyiga ee Tizguite ee [[Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km}} ayay u jirtaa [[Ifrane]]. Haradu waa meel caan ku ah dalxiisayaasha ka yimaada dhowr magaalo oo Morocco ah, iyadoo bixisa fursado madadaalo iyo kalluumeysi. Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo loo kala saaro Harta Zerrouka 1 iyo Harta Zerrouka 2.<ref>Morocco, Al-Ahdath newspaper; Touhami, Rouchdi (August 16, 2023). [https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%80%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 “Zarouga in the outskirts of Ifrane. A natural space that gives its visitors the pleasure of rest”.] Events.Anfo - Events.Anfo website. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204124437/https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 original] on 2023-12-04. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo shimbirrood ah, ha ahaadeen kuwa guura ama kuwa deegaanka ah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=بحيرة زروقة.. بعيدا عن ضوضاء وحر المدينة |url=https://snrtnews.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9 |website=SNRT News |language=ar}}</ref> oo ay ku jiraan xamaamta duurka (Rock dove), qoolleyda qoorta madow (Eurasian collared dove), shimbirta yar ee cammuudda (Common sandpiper), tusiirta yar (Little egret),<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] April 12, 2024. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 original] on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> haaddada cirrada (Grey heron), buraaleha (Gadwall), shimbirta madax-gaduudka (Common pochard), iyo hara-boodka weyn (Great crested grebe).<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] May 10, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 Archived] from the original on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Waxaa intaa dheer, Harta Zerrouka waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, sida kaarp, roach caadiga ah, pike, iyo trout qaanso-roobaadka ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadari |first=Issam El |date=17 May 2022 |title=إفران.. جوهرة جبال الأطلس المتوسط الساحرة |url=https://ledesk.ma/arabia/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD/ |website=Le Desk |language=ar}}</ref> Sababtoo ah kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[guddoon dhowrsan]], in kasta oo tan iyo sannadkii 2023 ay martigelisay nooca duullaanka ah ee ''[[Ferrissia californica]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University |last2=Mabrouki |first2=Youness |last3=Glöer |first3=Peter |last4=Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Germany |last5=Taybi |first5=Abdelkhaleq F. |last6=Mohammed First University |date=2023 |title=The first record of the North American freshwater limpet Ferrissia californica (Mollusca, Gastropoda) in Morocco |url=http://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/398 |journal=Nature Conservation Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.24189/ncr.2023.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Welcome Board of Lake Zerrouka.jpg|thumb|Harta Zerouka]] == Nooca Deegaanka == Harta Zerrouka waxay ku taal joog dhan {{cvt|1,600|m}} iyadoo qoto dheerkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{cvt|1.5|m}} baaxadeeduna tahay {{cvt|3.5|ha}}.<ref>[https://rihanapress.ma/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/ Investigation Ifrane-ecological park]</ref> == Matxafka sawirrada == <gallery> File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 697.jpg File:Populus nigra from Lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Populus nigra and Salix × sepulcralis from Zerrouka lake, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 967.jpg File:Populus nigra in Zerrouka Lake Morocco 6.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 - Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco Advertising.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 667.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source.jpg File:Duck from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Rouen duck and Fulica cristata from Lake zerrouka, Morocco.jpg </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Portal bar|Morocco|Geography|Environment|Water}} e9n24m04qxji9hdja2lh33wtz08rtn2 300323 300322 2026-06-29T13:11:46Z Isma4l 41797 300323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Zerrouka | image = Lake zerrouka, Morocco 687.jpg |alt= A small house by a body of water surrounded by grass and trees. | coordinates = {{coord|33.5461072|N|5.0957533|E}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | location = Tizguite | type = [[Haro]] }} '''Harta Zerrouka''' waa haro ku taal Morocco oo ku dhex taal xudduudaha reer miyiga ee Tizguite ee [[Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km}} ayay u jirtaa [[Ifrane]]. Haradu waa meel caan ku ah dalxiisayaasha ka yimaada dhowr magaalo oo Morocco ah, iyadoo bixisa fursado madadaalo iyo kalluumeysi. Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo loo kala saaro Harta Zerrouka 1 iyo Harta Zerrouka 2.<ref>Morocco, Al-Ahdath newspaper; Touhami, Rouchdi (August 16, 2023). [https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%80%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 “Zarouga in the outskirts of Ifrane. A natural space that gives its visitors the pleasure of rest”.] Events.Anfo - Events.Anfo website. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204124437/https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 original] on 2023-12-04. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo shimbirrood ah, ha ahaadeen kuwa guura ama kuwa deegaanka ah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=بحيرة زروقة.. بعيدا عن ضوضاء وحر المدينة |url=https://snrtnews.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9 |website=SNRT News |language=ar}}</ref> oo ay ku jiraan xamaamta duurka (Rock dove), qoolleyda qoorta madow, shimbirta yar ee cammuudda , tusiirta yar,<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] April 12, 2024. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 original] on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> haaddada cirrada (Grey heron), buraaleha (Gadwall), shimbirta madax-gaduudka (Common pochard), iyo hara-boodka weyn (Great crested grebe).<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] May 10, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 Archived] from the original on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Waxaa intaa dheer, Harta Zerrouka waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, sida kaarp, roach caadiga ah, pike, iyo trout qaanso-roobaadka ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadari |first=Issam El |date=17 May 2022 |title=إفران.. جوهرة جبال الأطلس المتوسط الساحرة |url=https://ledesk.ma/arabia/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD/ |website=Le Desk |language=ar}}</ref> Sababtoo ah kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[guddoon dhowrsan]], in kasta oo tan iyo sannadkii 2023 ay martigelisay nooca duullaanka ah ee ''[[Ferrissia californica]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University |last2=Mabrouki |first2=Youness |last3=Glöer |first3=Peter |last4=Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Germany |last5=Taybi |first5=Abdelkhaleq F. |last6=Mohammed First University |date=2023 |title=The first record of the North American freshwater limpet Ferrissia californica in Morocco |url=http://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/398 |journal=Nature Conservation Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.24189/ncr.2023.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Welcome Board of Lake Zerrouka.jpg|thumb|Harta Zerouka]] == Nooca Deegaanka == Harta Zerrouka waxay ku taal joog dhan {{cvt|1,600|m}} iyadoo qoto dheerkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{cvt|1.5|m}} baaxadeeduna tahay {{cvt|3.5|ha}}.<ref>[https://rihanapress.ma/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/ Investigation Ifrane-ecological park]</ref> == Matxafka sawirrada == <gallery> File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 697.jpg File:Populus nigra from Lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Populus nigra and Salix × sepulcralis from Zerrouka lake, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 967.jpg File:Populus nigra in Zerrouka Lake Morocco 6.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 - Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco Advertising.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 667.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source.jpg File:Duck from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Rouen duck and Fulica cristata from Lake zerrouka, Morocco.jpg </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Portal bar|Morocco|Geography|Environment|Water}} gpbbobd7g0jtc8xggddhtfnbb83t2oc 300324 300323 2026-06-29T13:12:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Zerrouka | image = Lake zerrouka, Morocco 687.jpg |alt= A small house by a body of water surrounded by grass and trees. | coordinates = {{coord|33.5461072|N|5.0957533|E}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | location = Tizguite | type = [[Haro]] }} '''Harta Zerrouka''' waa haro ku taal Morocco oo ku dhex taal xudduudaha reer miyiga ee Tizguite ee [[Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km}} ayay u jirtaa [[Ifrane]]. Haradu waa meel caan ku ah dalxiisayaasha ka yimaada dhowr magaalo oo Morocco ah, iyadoo bixisa fursado madadaalo iyo kalluumeysi. Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo loo kala saaro Harta Zerrouka 1 iyo Harta Zerrouka 2.<ref>Morocco, Al-Ahdath newspaper; Touhami, Rouchdi (August 16, 2023). [https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%80%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 “Zarouga in the outskirts of Ifrane. A natural space that gives its visitors the pleasure of rest”.] Events.Anfo - Events.Anfo website. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204124437/https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 original] on 2023-12-04. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo shimbirrood ah, ha ahaadeen kuwa guura ama kuwa deegaanka ah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=بحيرة زروقة.. بعيدا عن ضوضاء وحر المدينة |url=https://snrtnews.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9 |website=SNRT News |language=ar}}</ref> oo ay ku jiraan xamaamta duurka, qoolleyda qoorta madow, shimbirta yar ee cammuudda , tusiirta yar,<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] April 12, 2024. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 original] on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> haaddada cirrada (Grey heron), buraaleha, shimbirta madax-gaduudka, iyo hara-boodka weyn .<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] May 10, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 Archived] from the original on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Waxaa intaa dheer, Harta Zerrouka waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, sida kaarp, roach caadiga ah, pike, iyo trout qaanso-roobaadka ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadari |first=Issam El |date=17 May 2022 |title=إفران.. جوهرة جبال الأطلس المتوسط الساحرة |url=https://ledesk.ma/arabia/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD/ |website=Le Desk |language=ar}}</ref> Sababtoo ah kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[guddoon dhowrsan]], in kasta oo tan iyo sannadkii 2023 ay martigelisay nooca duullaanka ah ee ''[[Ferrissia californica]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University |last2=Mabrouki |first2=Youness |last3=Glöer |first3=Peter |last4=Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Germany |last5=Taybi |first5=Abdelkhaleq F. |last6=Mohammed First University |date=2023 |title=The first record of the North American freshwater limpet Ferrissia californica in Morocco |url=http://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/398 |journal=Nature Conservation Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.24189/ncr.2023.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Welcome Board of Lake Zerrouka.jpg|thumb|Harta Zerouka]] == Nooca Deegaanka == Harta Zerrouka waxay ku taal joog dhan {{cvt|1,600|m}} iyadoo qoto dheerkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{cvt|1.5|m}} baaxadeeduna tahay {{cvt|3.5|ha}}.<ref>[https://rihanapress.ma/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/ Investigation Ifrane-ecological park]</ref> == Matxafka sawirrada == <gallery> File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 697.jpg File:Populus nigra from Lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Populus nigra and Salix × sepulcralis from Zerrouka lake, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 967.jpg File:Populus nigra in Zerrouka Lake Morocco 6.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 - Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco Advertising.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 667.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source.jpg File:Duck from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Rouen duck and Fulica cristata from Lake zerrouka, Morocco.jpg </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Portal bar|Morocco|Geography|Environment|Water}} srkk9nriuzm7jzunucyfpufy4tn3bdu 300325 300324 2026-06-29T13:13:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Zerrouka | image = Lake zerrouka, Morocco 687.jpg |alt= A small house by a body of water surrounded by grass and trees. | coordinates = {{coord|33.5461072|N|5.0957533|E}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | location = Tizguite | type = [[Haro]] }} '''Harta Zerrouka''' waa haro ku taal Morocco oo ku dhex taal xudduudaha reer miyiga ee Tizguite ee [[Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km}} ayay u jirtaa [[Ifrane]]. Haradu waa meel caan ku ah dalxiisayaasha ka yimaada dhowr magaalo oo Morocco ah, iyadoo bixisa fursado madadaalo iyo kalluumeysi. Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo loo kala saaro Harta Zerrouka 1 iyo Harta Zerrouka 2.<ref>Morocco, Al-Ahdath newspaper; Touhami, Rouchdi (August 16, 2023). [https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%80%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 “Zarouga in the outskirts of Ifrane. A natural space that gives its visitors the pleasure of rest”.] Events.Anfo - Events.Anfo website. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204124437/https://www.ahdath.info/article/211806/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 original] on 2023-12-04. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Haradu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo shimbirrood ah, ha ahaadeen kuwa guura ama kuwa deegaanka ah,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=بحيرة زروقة.. بعيدا عن ضوضاء وحر المدينة |url=https://snrtnews.com/article/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9 |website=SNRT News |language=ar}}</ref> oo ay ku jiraan xamaamta duurka, qoolleyda qoorta madow, shimbirta yar ee cammuudda , tusiirta yar,<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] April 12, 2024. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 original] on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> haaddada cirrada, buraaleha, shimbirta madax-gaduudka, iyo hara-boodka weyn .<ref>[https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 “Lac Zerouka, Meknès-Tafilalet, Morocco - eBird Hotspot”. ebird.org.] May 10, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220202044631/https://ebird.org/hotspot/L976515 Archived] from the original on 2022-02-02. Accessed on 2024-05-16.</ref> Waxaa intaa dheer, Harta Zerrouka waxay hoy u tahay noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, sida kaarp, roach caadiga ah, pike, iyo trout qaanso-roobaadka ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadari |first=Issam El |date=17 May 2022 |title=إفران.. جوهرة جبال الأطلس المتوسط الساحرة |url=https://ledesk.ma/arabia/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A2%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD/ |website=Le Desk |language=ar}}</ref> Sababtoo ah kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[guddoon dhowrsan]], in kasta oo tan iyo sannadkii 2023 ay martigelisay nooca duullaanka ah ee ''[[Ferrissia californica]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University |last2=Mabrouki |first2=Youness |last3=Glöer |first3=Peter |last4=Biodiversity Research Laboratory, Germany |last5=Taybi |first5=Abdelkhaleq F. |last6=Mohammed First University |date=2023 |title=The first record of the North American freshwater limpet Ferrissia californica in Morocco |url=http://ncr-journal.bear-land.org/article/398 |journal=Nature Conservation Research |volume=8 |issue=1 |doi=10.24189/ncr.2023.004|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[File:Welcome Board of Lake Zerrouka.jpg|thumb|Harta Zerouka]] == Nooca Deegaanka == Harta Zerrouka waxay ku taal joog dhan {{cvt|1,600|m}} iyadoo qoto dheerkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{cvt|1.5|m}} baaxadeeduna tahay {{cvt|3.5|ha}}.<ref>[https://rihanapress.ma/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9/ Investigation Ifrane-ecological park]</ref> == Matxafka sawirrada == <gallery> File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 697.jpg File:Populus nigra from Lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Populus nigra and Salix × sepulcralis from Zerrouka lake, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 967.jpg File:Populus nigra in Zerrouka Lake Morocco 6.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 67 - Al Akhawayn University.jpg File:Populus nigra from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco Advertising.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source Morocco.jpg File:Lake zerrouka, Morocco 667.jpg File:Ain Zerrouka water source.jpg File:Duck from lake Zerrouka, Morocco.jpg File:Rouen duck and Fulica cristata from Lake zerrouka, Morocco.jpg </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Portal bar|Morocco|Geography|Environment|Water}} mrjprgtr0svw9afjpk530bqc4tndxz7 0 48349 300326 2026-06-29T13:16:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ifni | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إفني}} | image = Lake Ifni in the Toubkal commune, High Atlas, Morocco.jpg | location = [[Taroudant Province]] | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | type = [[Lake|Haro]] | coordinates = | area = | depth = | elevation = }} '''Harada Ifni''' (Carabi: Dayet Ifni) waa haro cagaaran oo ku taal dhulka [[Toubkal National Park]], ee ku dhex taal [[Toubkal (commune)]] ee Morocco, gudaheeda fog ee silsiladda buuraha [[High Atlas]], lehna cimilo qaaradeed, waxaana si toos ah u soo eegaya meesha ugu sarreysa [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]], oo ah madaxa Buurta [[Toubkal]]. Harada waxaa lagu gartaa jiirar dhaadheer, booska ay kaga taal dhammaadka dooxada, hoos u dhaceeda weyn, iyo dhererka ay ka sarreyso heerka badda, oo ah qiyaastii 2,500 mitir. Sidaa darteed waxay ka mid tahay harooyinka ugu sarreeya adduunka. Baaxaddeedu waa qiyaastii 26 hektar, dhererkeeda waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 870 mitir, ballarkeeduna waa qiyaastii 490 mitir, iyadoo leh heerka biyaha ka baxa oo ah 300 mitir sekan kasta, iyo mool dheereyn dhaafaysa 30 mitir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-26 |title=Ifni lake - Toubkal national park |url=https://explore-agadirsoussmassa.com/en/ifni-lake-toubkal-massif/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Explore Agadir Souss Massa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-11-04 |title=Toubkal Circuit Via Lake Ifni & High Atlas Mountains (6 Days) {{!}} Trekking In Morocco – Holidays In The High Atlas Mountains |url=https://atlas-mountain-trekking.com/toubkal-circuit-via-lake-ifni-high-atlas-mountains-6-days/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Qaab-dhismeedka == Taariikhda juqraafiyeed ee gobolka waxay dib u dhacaysaa xilligii koowaad ee juqraafiyeed, in ka badan 245 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=التاريخ الجيولوجي |url=https://earth104.tripod.com/geo%20content.htm |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=earth104.tripod.com}}</ref> == Goobta == Harada Ifni waxay ku dhex taal Toubkal National Park, ee qaybta galbeed ee Muuqaalka Wayn, gaar ahaan dhulka bulshada Toubkal, [[Taroudant Province|gobolka Taroudant]], qaybta [[Souss-Massa]], agagaarka isgoyska Amsousart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=بحيرة إفني - جبل توبقال - Explore Agadir Souss Massa |url=https://explore-agadirsoussmassa.com/ar/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8if/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903091316/https://explore-agadirsoussmassa.com/ar/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8if/ |archive-date=2022-09-03 }}</ref> Harada Ifni waxay ku taal dhammaadka dooxada xiran, ee aag buuraley ah oo qallafsan oo dhismaheedu dib u dhacayo in ka badan 245 milyan oo sano. Waxaa ku hareereysan jiirar dhaadheer dhinac kasta, marka laga reebo galbeedka, halkaas oo ay uga furanto dooxada iyada oo loo marayo dhul ballaran oo ka samaysan quruurux iyo dhagaxaan, waxaana si toos ah u soo eegaya meesha ugu sarreysa Waqooyiga Afrika, oo ah madaxa Buurta Toubkal, 4167 mitir, marka lagu daro madaxa Ouanokarim iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climbing to Toubkal (4167 m) through Lake Ifni |url=https://extremetour.pro/en/climb-mt-toubkal-lake-ifni |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=extremetour.pro}}</ref> [[File:Lake Ifni.jpg|thumb|Harada Ifni oo xagga sare laga eegayo]] == Cimilo == Haradu waxay leedahay cimilo qaaradeed, iyadoo heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu gaaro 45 digrii xilliga xagaaga, iyo ka hooseeya eber xilliga qaboobaha, taas oo keenta in biyaha haradu ay fariistaan (barafobaan). == Dadka == Harada Ifni waxaa loo tixgeliyaa biyo-xireen dabiici ah oo dadka deegaanku u isticmaalaan waxqabadyada beeraha. In ka badan toban tuulo oo gobolka ah ayaa ka faa'iidaysta biyaha Harada Ifni, Maadaama dhulka gobolku uu yahay mid adag, dalagyada waxaa lagu beeraa jiirarka qaabka jaranjarada beeraha ah. Dadka deegaanadan deggan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin kuwa ka yimid qabaa'ilka Berberka ee Atlaantikada. Luuqada ugu weyn ee gobolka waa [[Berber languages|Amazigh]]. Beeraha sokooda, dadka deegaanku waxay ku tiirsan yihiin daaqsinta oo ah isha koowaad ee dakhliga ee [[livelihood|nolol maalmeedkooda]], gaar ahaan riyaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLIMATE VARIABILITY, DROUGHT, AND DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN MOROCCO'S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/353801538414553978/pdf/130404-WP-P159851-Morocco-WEB.pdf}}</ref> == Dalxiiska == Haradu waa meel ay jecelyihiin dadka xiiseeya ciyaaraha buuraha heer qaran iyo heer caalami kaba. In kasta oo uu dhulkeedu adag yahay, dhammaantiis loo ma isticmaalo daaqsinta xoolaha. Dhinaca galbeed ee harada wuxuu leeyahay aag furan wuxuuna ku yaal dhismooyin yaryar oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka dalxiisayaasha. Dad badan ayaa sidoo kale jecel xersiga (kaambaynta) iyo madaddaalada. Sannad gudihiis waxaa laga dhisay waddo dhexmarta tuulada Imsuzart taas oo u oggolaanaysa dalxiisayaasha inay xeebta ku gaaraan baabuur. Haradan waxaa kale oo loo tixgeliyaa meel laga nasto oo loogu talagalay fuulista Madaxa Toubkal ee dhinaca bari, joogitaankeeduna wuxuu firfircooni u yeelaa dhaqaalaha maxaliga ah ee dadka deegaanka, gaar ahaan xilliga barafka uu da'ayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming Together for Lake Ifni — High Atlas Foundation |url=https://highatlasfoundation.org/en/insights/coming-together-for-lake-ifni |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=highatlasfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ifni - Toubkal Summit {{!}} TrekAtlas.com |url=https://trekatlas.com/treks/toubkal-region/lake-ifni-toubkal-summit |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=trekatlas.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=صادق |first=نسرين |date=2021-01-11 |title="قافلة شتاء" تدفيء 144 طفلاً بقرية امسوزارت |url=https://www.akhbaralaan.net/news/arab-world/2021/01/11/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A1-144-%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=أخبار الآن |language=ar}}</ref> Dabaasha laga dabaasho Harada Ifni waa mid adag oo khatar ah. Aaggan wuxuu markhaati ka noqday kiisas badan oo maanshood (gariir) ah, gaar ahaan dadka dalxiisayaasha ah dhexdiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=تارودانت .. "بحيرة الموت" تخطف روح شاب في العشرينيات من عمره – العمق المغربي |url=https://al3omk.com/668681.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923054238/https://al3omk.com/668681.html |archive-date=2021-09-23 }}</ref> Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, buuraha High Atlas waxay soo jiiteen tiro fiican oo dalxiisayaal ah kuwaas oo marar badan sameeya fuulista Buurta Tubqal oo booqda harada. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira shirkado kale oo bixiya kaliya booqashada harada, iyadoo ah hawl qaadata labo maalmood,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alto Atlas Página 1 SENDEROS DEL ALTO ATLAS |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/datasheets-alventus/datasheets/2017-03-28-19-46-22-1297-VE-017%20MARRUECOS%20TREK%20ATLAS.pdf}}</ref> == Dhaqanka == Filimka dukumentiga ah ee reer Morocco ee Amouddou wuxuu duubay qaybtiisii toddobaad isagoo ku sugan Atlas-ka weyn iyo gaar ahaan Harada Ifni. == Sawiro== <gallery> file:Ifni Lake-01-notcreative123.jpg|[[File:Ifni Lake-02-notcreative123.jpg|thumb]] File:Ifni Lake-321-notcreative123.jpg|[[File:Yassine3.jpg|thumb]] </gallery> [[File:Mountain around lac d'ifni.jpg|thumb]] == Tixraacyo == <references /> {{Authority control | qid=Q3215341}} erjgs0yntl6adzfvyu6v5ernwa9wfo2 0 48350 300327 2026-06-29T13:18:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ifrah | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إفراح}} | image = Dayet Ifrah in 2023.jpg | location = [[Ifrane Province]] | coordinates = {{coord|4|55|48|N|36|33|33|W}} | inflow = | type = Haro | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | area = {{convert|2.5|km2|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}} | alt = A field surrounded by a split-rail fence, with a body of water visible in the distance. }} '''Harada Ifrah''' (Carabi: Dayet Ifrah) waa haro ku taal bulshada {{ill|ضاية_عوا|lt=Dayat Aoua|ar}} ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]]. Waxay ku taal dhabbada dalxiiska ee u quruxda badan ee [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]] ee dhex marta harooyin kale oo badan oo gobolka ah. Haradu waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad qiyaastii 250 hektar ah, waxayna la kulantaa isbeddello waaweyn oo ku yimaada baaxaddeeda iyadoo ku xiran sanadka iyo xilli-ciyaareedka. Hoos u dhaceeda ugu sarreeya wuxuu gaaraa {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}}. Haradan waxaa inta badan quudiya biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah, [[surface runoff|biyaha korka ka qulqula]], iyo barafka dhalaala.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sefroupress.com/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%Bض%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%83/ | title=إفران.. إحصاء طيور الماء بضاية إفراح وأكلمام نتيفوناسين وضاية أفينورير | language=ar | trans-title=Ifrane.. Waterfowl census in Lake Ifrah, Lake Tifounassine and Lake Afnourir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225151311/http://sefroupress.com/إفران-إحصاء-طيور-الماء-بضاية-إفراح-وأك/ | archive-date=2021-02-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yabiladi.ma/articles/details/98672/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A7.html | title=بحيرات بالأطلس المتوسط في طريقها إلى الاختفاء | language=ar | trans-title=Lakes in the Middle Atlas are on the verge of disappearing | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503015231/https://www.yabiladi.ma/articles/details/98672/بحيرات-بالأطلس-المتوسط-في-طريقها.html | archive-date=2021-05-03 }}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode=packed heights="120px" style="text-align:left"> File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 4.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 5.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 4.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 3.jpg File:Lake Dayet Ifrah.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Road sign to Taghilast from Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 2.jpg </gallery> == Eeg xoogaa == {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} iqklt3ma8ur6apm6kk6qll3dhy64b93 300328 300327 2026-06-29T13:18:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* Saiwiro */ 300328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ifrah | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إفراح}} | image = Dayet Ifrah in 2023.jpg | location = [[Ifrane Province]] | coordinates = {{coord|4|55|48|N|36|33|33|W}} | inflow = | type = Haro | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | area = {{convert|2.5|km2|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}} | alt = A field surrounded by a split-rail fence, with a body of water visible in the distance. }} '''Harada Ifrah''' (Carabi: Dayet Ifrah) waa haro ku taal bulshada {{ill|ضاية_عوا|lt=Dayat Aoua|ar}} ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]]. Waxay ku taal dhabbada dalxiiska ee u quruxda badan ee [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]] ee dhex marta harooyin kale oo badan oo gobolka ah. Haradu waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad qiyaastii 250 hektar ah, waxayna la kulantaa isbeddello waaweyn oo ku yimaada baaxaddeeda iyadoo ku xiran sanadka iyo xilli-ciyaareedka. Hoos u dhaceeda ugu sarreeya wuxuu gaaraa {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}}. Haradan waxaa inta badan quudiya biyaha dhulka hoostiisa ah, [[surface runoff|biyaha korka ka qulqula]], iyo barafka dhalaala.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sefroupress.com/%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%Bض%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%83/ | title=إفران.. إحصاء طيور الماء بضاية إفراح وأكلمام نتيفوناسين وضاية أفينورير | language=ar | trans-title=Ifrane.. Waterfowl census in Lake Ifrah, Lake Tifounassine and Lake Afnourir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225151311/http://sefroupress.com/إفران-إحصاء-طيور-الماء-بضاية-إفراح-وأك/ | archive-date=2021-02-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yabiladi.ma/articles/details/98672/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87%D8%A7.html | title=بحيرات بالأطلس المتوسط في طريقها إلى الاختفاء | language=ar | trans-title=Lakes in the Middle Atlas are on the verge of disappearing | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503015231/https://www.yabiladi.ma/articles/details/98672/بحيرات-بالأطلس-المتوسط-في-طريقها.html | archive-date=2021-05-03 }}</ref> == Saiwiro == <gallery mode=packed heights="120px" style="text-align:left"> File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 4.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 5.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 4.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 3.jpg File:Lake Dayet Ifrah.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Road sign to Taghilast from Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Ait Daoud Ou Moussa Dayet Aoua commune 2.jpg </gallery> == Eeg xoogaa == {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 5lz4wb7tywlltz8wdqo719k2l5gzifw 0 48351 300329 2026-06-29T13:21:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Iffer | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إيفر}} | image = Lake Iffer Dait Aoua commune Ifrane province.jpg | location = [[Ifrane Province]] | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | type = [[Lake|Haro]] | coordinates = {{coord|33|36|30|N|4|54|30|E}} | area = {{convert|3.5|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1520|m|abbr=on}} | alt = A body of water surrounded by hills in the background. }} '''Harada Iffer''' (Carabi: Dayet Iffer) waa haro dabiici ah oo reer Morocco ah oo ku taal bulshada {{ill|ضاية_عوا|lt=Dayat Aoua|ar}} ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]]. Waxay ku taal dhabbada dalxiiska ee harooyinka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], waxayna {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirtaa [[Ifrane]] halka ay {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirtaa [[Imouzzer Kandar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alahdat.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8th%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1/ | title=مواصلة تجهيز الطرق بإقليم إفران | language=ar | trans-title=Continuing to equip roads in Ifrane Province | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501092606/https://www.alahdat.net/الأحداث-المحلية/مواصلة-تجهيز-الطرق-القروية-بإقليم-إفر/ | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Etymology == Magaca "Iffer" wuxuu ka yimid erey ka mid ah [[Berber language|luuqadda Berberiga]] oo dhalaya ''qarsoon'' sababo la xiriira booska haradu ay ku dhex qarsan tahay buuraha dhexdooda.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://journalaswat.com/2019/04/12/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9/ | title=ضاية إيفر البحيرة المختبئة | language=ar | trans-title=Lake Iffer, the hidden lake | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062653/https://journalaswat.com/2019/04/12/صورة-اليوم-ضاية-إيفر-البحيرة-المختبئة | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Description == Haradu waxay leedahay qaab nus-goobaabo ah, iyadoo leh dhexroor dhererkiisu yahay 300 mitir, waxayna ku taal joog sare oo gaaraya 1520 mitir iyo hoos u dhac ah 6 mitir. Iyadoo leh baaxad fadhigeedu yahay 3.5 hektar, waa harada dabiiciga ah ee ugu yar [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], waxaana lagu gartaa [[Subhumid temperate climate|cimilo xogaa qoyan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://maroc-patrimoine.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_5463.html | title=معالم التراث الطبيعي والتراث الحضاري بالمغرب | language=ar | trans-title=Landmarks of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Morocco | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002353/http://maroc-patrimoine.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_5463.html | archive-date=2020-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mapecology.ma/slider/ecotourisme-iffer-et-afourgah-les-lacs-meconnus-du-moyen-atlas/ | title= Écotourisme: Iffer et Afourgah, les lacs méconnus du Moyen Atlas | language=fr | trans-title=Ecotourism: Iffer and Afourgah, the little-known lakes of the Middle Atlas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501084308/http://mapecology.ma/slider/ecotourisme-iffer-et-afourgah-les-lacs-meconnus-du-moyen-atlas/ | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> Waxay ku dhex taal Keydka Kaymaha ee Takeltont, Harada Iffer waxaa ku hareereysan doog iyo dhir kala duwan oo ay inta badan ka kooban tahay [[Quercus ilex|geedka oofka ee weligii cagaaran]], [[Aleppo pine|geed-biyoodka Aleppo]] iyo [[juniper]]. Haradu waxay hoy u tahay shimbiro badan oo biyaha dega waxaana loo aqoonsaday dhul qoyan [[World Wide Fund for Nature|Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Badbaadinta Duur-joogta (WWF)]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} Dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah oo uu ku jiro [[crucian carp|kalluunka crucian]] ayaa degan harada, halka [[Nymphaeaceae|ubaxa biyaha]] uu ku dhex magoolo biyaheeda.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/SiteAssets/AccueilAR/SitePages/Pisciculture/Arrêté_annuel_pêche_2020-2021_ar.pdf | title=قرار صادر بتنظيم الصيد في المياه القارية وتحديد الفترات التي يمنع فيها صيد السمك وكذا الأماكن المحتفظ فيها بحق الصيد خلال موسم 2020-2021 | language=ar | trans-title=Decree regulating fishing in continental waters and specifying the periods during which fishing is prohibited as well as the places where the right to fish is reserved during the 2020-2021 season | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062623/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/SiteAssets/AccueilAR/SitePages/Pisciculture/Arrêté_annuel_pêche_2020-2021_ar.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Sawiro== <gallery> File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer 3.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer 2.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from Lake Iffer.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from Lake Iffer 2.jpg File:Lake Iffer Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Lake Iffer, Dayet Awa commune, Ifrane province 01.jpg </gallery> == Eeg xoogaa == {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes|Geography}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 5j1kv78j0cmog28o8r7fmrj3mbmv3dw 300330 300329 2026-06-29T13:21:55Z Isma4l 41797 300330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Iffer | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إيفر}} | image = Lake Iffer Dait Aoua commune Ifrane province.jpg | location = [[Ifrane Province]] | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | type = [[Lake|Haro]] | coordinates = {{coord|33|36|30|N|4|54|30|E}} | area = {{convert|3.5|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1520|m|abbr=on}} | alt = A body of water surrounded by hills in the background. }} '''Harada Iffer''' (Carabi: Dayet Iffer) waa haro dabiici ah oo reer Morocco ah oo ku taal bulshada {{ill|ضاية_عوا|lt=Dayat Aoua|ar}} ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]]. Waxay ku taal dhabbada dalxiiska ee harooyinka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], waxayna {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirtaa [[Ifrane]] halka ay {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirtaa [[Imouzzer Kandar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alahdat.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8th%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1/ | title=مواصلة تجهيز الطرق بإقليم إفران | language=ar | trans-title=Continuing to equip roads in Ifrane Province | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501092606/https://www.alahdat.net/الأحداث-المحلية/مواصلة-تجهيز-الطرق-القروية-بإقليم-إفر/ | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Asalka magaca == Magaca "Iffer" wuxuu ka yimid erey ka mid ah [[Berber language|luuqadda Berberiga]] oo dhalaya ''qarsoon'' sababo la xiriira booska haradu ay ku dhex qarsan tahay buuraha dhexdooda.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://journalaswat.com/2019/04/12/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9/ | title=ضاية إيفر البحيرة المختبئة | language=ar | trans-title=Lake Iffer, the hidden lake | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062653/https://journalaswat.com/2019/04/12/صورة-اليوم-ضاية-إيفر-البحيرة-المختبئة | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Description == Haradu waxay leedahay qaab nus-goobaabo ah, iyadoo leh dhexroor dhererkiisu yahay 300 mitir, waxayna ku taal joog sare oo gaaraya 1520 mitir iyo hoos u dhac ah 6 mitir. Iyadoo leh baaxad fadhigeedu yahay 3.5 hektar, waa harada dabiiciga ah ee ugu yar [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], waxaana lagu gartaa [[Subhumid temperate climate|cimilo xogaa qoyan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://maroc-patrimoine.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_5463.html | title=معالم التراث الطبيعي والتراث الحضاري بالمغرب | language=ar | trans-title=Landmarks of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Morocco | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002353/http://maroc-patrimoine.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_5463.html | archive-date=2020-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mapecology.ma/slider/ecotourisme-iffer-et-afourgah-les-lacs-meconnus-du-moyen-atlas/ | title= Écotourisme: Iffer et Afourgah, les lacs méconnus du Moyen Atlas | language=fr | trans-title=Ecotourism: Iffer and Afourgah, the little-known lakes of the Middle Atlas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501084308/http://mapecology.ma/slider/ecotourisme-iffer-et-afourgah-les-lacs-meconnus-du-moyen-atlas/ | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> Waxay ku dhex taal Keydka Kaymaha ee Takeltont, Harada Iffer waxaa ku hareereysan doog iyo dhir kala duwan oo ay inta badan ka kooban tahay [[Quercus ilex|geedka oofka ee weligii cagaaran]], [[Aleppo pine|geed-biyoodka Aleppo]] iyo [[juniper]]. Haradu waxay hoy u tahay shimbiro badan oo biyaha dega waxaana loo aqoonsaday dhul qoyan [[World Wide Fund for Nature|Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Badbaadinta Duur-joogta (WWF)]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} Dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah oo uu ku jiro [[crucian carp|kalluunka crucian]] ayaa degan harada, halka [[Nymphaeaceae|ubaxa biyaha]] uu ku dhex magoolo biyaheeda.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/SiteAssets/AccueilAR/SitePages/Pisciculture/Arrêté_annuel_pêche_2020-2021_ar.pdf | title=قرار صادر بتنظيم الصيد في المياه القارية وتحديد الفترات التي يمنع فيها صيد السمك وكذا الأماكن المحتفظ فيها بحق الصيد خلال موسم 2020-2021 | language=ar | trans-title=Decree regulating fishing in continental waters and specifying the periods during which fishing is prohibited as well as the places where the right to fish is reserved during the 2020-2021 season | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062623/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/SiteAssets/AccueilAR/SitePages/Pisciculture/Arrêté_annuel_pêche_2020-2021_ar.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Sawiro== <gallery> File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer 3.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer 2.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from Lake Iffer.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from Lake Iffer 2.jpg File:Lake Iffer Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Lake Iffer, Dayet Awa commune, Ifrane province 01.jpg </gallery> == Eeg xoogaa == {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes|Geography}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} qc9430156i8x26u9sveppk87p8m8uxb 300331 300330 2026-06-29T13:22:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* sharaxaad */ 300331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Iffer | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إيفر}} | image = Lake Iffer Dait Aoua commune Ifrane province.jpg | location = [[Ifrane Province]] | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | type = [[Lake|Haro]] | coordinates = {{coord|33|36|30|N|4|54|30|E}} | area = {{convert|3.5|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|1520|m|abbr=on}} | alt = A body of water surrounded by hills in the background. }} '''Harada Iffer''' (Carabi: Dayet Iffer) waa haro dabiici ah oo reer Morocco ah oo ku taal bulshada {{ill|ضاية_عوا|lt=Dayat Aoua|ar}} ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]]. Waxay ku taal dhabbada dalxiiska ee harooyinka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], waxayna {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirtaa [[Ifrane]] halka ay {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirtaa [[Imouzzer Kandar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.alahdat.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%8th%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1/ | title=مواصلة تجهيز الطرق بإقليم إفران | language=ar | trans-title=Continuing to equip roads in Ifrane Province | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501092606/https://www.alahdat.net/الأحداث-المحلية/مواصلة-تجهيز-الطرق-القروية-بإقليم-إفر/ | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Asalka magaca == Magaca "Iffer" wuxuu ka yimid erey ka mid ah [[Berber language|luuqadda Berberiga]] oo dhalaya ''qarsoon'' sababo la xiriira booska haradu ay ku dhex qarsan tahay buuraha dhexdooda.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://journalaswat.com/2019/04/12/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A6%D8%A9/ | title=ضاية إيفر البحيرة المختبئة | language=ar | trans-title=Lake Iffer, the hidden lake | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062653/https://journalaswat.com/2019/04/12/صورة-اليوم-ضاية-إيفر-البحيرة-المختبئة | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == sharaxaad == Haradu waxay leedahay qaab nus-goobaabo ah, iyadoo leh dhexroor dhererkiisu yahay 300 mitir, waxayna ku taal joog sare oo gaaraya 1520 mitir iyo hoos u dhac ah 6 mitir. Iyadoo leh baaxad fadhigeedu yahay 3.5 hektar, waa harada dabiiciga ah ee ugu yar [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], waxaana lagu gartaa [[Subhumid temperate climate|cimilo xogaa qoyan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://maroc-patrimoine.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_5463.html | title=معالم التراث الطبيعي والتراث الحضاري بالمغرب | language=ar | trans-title=Landmarks of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Morocco | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002353/http://maroc-patrimoine.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_5463.html | archive-date=2020-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mapecology.ma/slider/ecotourisme-iffer-et-afourgah-les-lacs-meconnus-du-moyen-atlas/ | title= Écotourisme: Iffer et Afourgah, les lacs méconnus du Moyen Atlas | language=fr | trans-title=Ecotourism: Iffer and Afourgah, the little-known lakes of the Middle Atlas | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501084308/http://mapecology.ma/slider/ecotourisme-iffer-et-afourgah-les-lacs-meconnus-du-moyen-atlas/ | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> Waxay ku dhex taal Keydka Kaymaha ee Takeltont, Harada Iffer waxaa ku hareereysan doog iyo dhir kala duwan oo ay inta badan ka kooban tahay [[Quercus ilex|geedka oofka ee weligii cagaaran]], [[Aleppo pine|geed-biyoodka Aleppo]] iyo [[juniper]]. Haradu waxay hoy u tahay shimbiro badan oo biyaha dega waxaana loo aqoonsaday dhul qoyan [[World Wide Fund for Nature|Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Badbaadinta Duur-joogta (WWF)]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} Dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah oo uu ku jiro [[crucian carp|kalluunka crucian]] ayaa degan harada, halka [[Nymphaeaceae|ubaxa biyaha]] uu ku dhex magoolo biyaheeda.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/SiteAssets/AccueilAR/SitePages/Pisciculture/Arrêté_annuel_pêche_2020-2021_ar.pdf | title=قرار صادر بتنظيم الصيد في المياه القارية وتحديد الفترات التي يمنع فيها صيد السمك وكذا الأماكن المحتفظ فيها بحق الصيد خلال موسم 2020-2021 | language=ar | trans-title=Decree regulating fishing in continental waters and specifying the periods during which fishing is prohibited as well as the places where the right to fish is reserved during the 2020-2021 season | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062623/http://www.eauxetforets.gov.ma/SiteAssets/AccueilAR/SitePages/Pisciculture/Arrêté_annuel_pêche_2020-2021_ar.pdf | archive-date=2021-05-01 }}</ref> == Sawiro== <gallery> File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer 3.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer 2.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from lake Iffer.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from Lake Iffer.jpg File:Nymphaea alba from Lake Iffer 2.jpg File:Lake Iffer Dayet Aoua commune.jpg File:Lake Iffer, Dayet Awa commune, Ifrane province 01.jpg </gallery> == Eeg xoogaa == {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes|Geography}} == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} m3yx6mnyiked6lxcyszxrotjg1wqoda 0 48352 300332 2026-06-29T13:25:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Harada Aguelmam Azegza | image_skyline = Aguelmam-azegza-LAke-1.jpg | pushpin_map = Morocco | coordinates = {{coord|33|37|37|N|5|44|45|E}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Morocco}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Khénifra Province]] | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]] | elevation_m = 1500 }} '''Harada Aguelmam Azegza''' (oo ah {{langx|tzm-MA|ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰَم ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmedlaoui |first=Mohamed |date=2022-06-01 |title=Moroccan toponymy and onomastics in the light of the Berber and Arabic sociolinguistic interaction: |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2022-1-page-77.htm?ref=doi |journal=Études et Documents Berbères |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=95 |doi=10.3917/edb.047.0077 |issn=0295-5245|url-access=subscription }}</ref>) waa haro dabiici ah oo ku taal Morocco taas oo ku fadhida baaxad dhan 40 hektar moolkeeduna uu gaaro {{convert|25|m}}. Waxay ku taal tuulada Aguelmam Azegza iyadoo ku taal joog sare oo ah {{convert|1500|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>Zakaria Mahrer (2022). Natural heritage as a pillar of development and diversification of the tourism product in the region of Khenifra, Morocco. Journal of Science and Horizons of Knowledge. Pp. 227-229.</ref> Bulshadu waxay magaceeda ka qaadataa harada, oo loogu magac daray dadka [[Amazigh]] waxuuna magacu u tarjumayaa harada cagaaran. Haradu waxay ku taal [[Khénifra Province|Gobolka Khénifra]] ee gobolka [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]], qiyaastii {{convert|30|km}} magaalo-madaxda [[Khénifra Province|Khénifra]] ee ku taal galbeedka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]].<ref>[https://www.geonames.org/2556576/aguelmane-azigza.html "Information about Aguelmam Azegza on geonames.org". geonames.org]. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13.</ref> Haradu waxay caan ku tahay qulqulka ballaran ee dalxiisayaasha inta lagu jiro bilaha xagaaga.<ref>"Lake Aguelmam Azegza... Unfinished Rehabilitation (Reportage)". 2M.ma. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Accessed on 2023-07-05.</ref> == Juqraafiyada == Harada Aguelmam Azegza waxay ku taal gobolka [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]] ee [[Morocco]], gudaheeda silsiladda buuraha ee galbeedka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]]. Waa haro dabiici ah, oo lagu garto midabkeeda cagaaran, waxaana ku hareeraysan kayn qoni ku ah geedaha [[Cedrus atlantica|cedar-ka]] Atlaantikada iyo [[Quercus ilex|geedka oofka ee cagaaran]]. Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee ugu weyn gobolka waa xoolo-dhaqatada, iyadoo [[tourism|dalxiiskuna]] uu sidoo kale ka ciyaaro door muhiim ah.<ref>[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=665221 "Saidi Mouloudi - The project for the development of the Aglamam Azaghza site in the Middle Atlas. Notes in passing". Civilized Dialogue.] Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref> Haradu waxay leedahay mool ka badan 25 mitir waxayna dabooshaa baaxad qiyaastii ah 40 hektar.<ref>Zakaria Mahrer (2022). Natural heritage as a pillar of development and diversification of the tourism product in the region of Khenifra, Morocco. Journal of Science and Horizons of Knowledge. Pp. 227-229.</ref> Waxaa quudiya ilo biyo ah waxaana ku xeeran jarar dhaadheer oo dhagaxaan jilicsan ah. In kasta oo haradu aysan ahayn meel ay aad u jecelyihiin shimbiruhu, haddana waxay hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun iyo [[Crustacean|qolofley]] ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay u adeegtaa sidii deegaan muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay nooca daanyeerka ee [[Barbary macaque]].<ref>[https://www.hespress.com/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%Dblock%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%8A-22688.html "Aguelmam Azegza. A favorite destination for visitors to Ziane Metropolis". Hespress - Hespress is a Moroccan online newspaper.] October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Accessed on 2023-07-05.</ref> == Dalxiiska == Sanadkii 2020, goobta Harada Aguelmam Azegza waxaa loo horumariyay sidii goob dalxiis oo loogu talagalay faa'iidada dadka deegaanka ee ku hawlan dhaqdhaqaaqa dalxiiska oo ku fadhida baaxad dhan 3 hektar. Horumarintu waxay ku kacday qiyaastii 4.18 milyan oo dirham, iyadoo loo raacay habka dhismaha dabiiciga ah, waxaana ku jiray kharashka dib u dhiska waddooyinka geeya harada.<ref>[https://www.mapbenimellal.ma/%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%83%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%83%d8%b2%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%ae%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%87/ "The development of Lake Aguelmam Azegza in Khenifra. A valuable contribution to the National Initiative for Human Development". MapBéniMellal.] August 7, 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref> Horumarintan waxaa ku jiray diyaarinta waddooyinka iyo dhisidda koox dukaamo ah oo u qaabaysan sidii teendhooyin alwaax ah oo Amazigh ah.<ref>[https://alittihad.info/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/ "In connection with the development of Lake Aguelmam Azegza: Betting on boosting mountain tourism in the region and creating jobs for the local population". AL ITIHAD]. August 2, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2023-07-05.</ref><ref>"[https://ar.le360.ma/economie/185267/ Video: Amazigh kiosks adorn Aguelmam Azegza lake in Khenifra". Le 360 Arabe]. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref> Harada Aguelmam Azegza waxay martigelisaa tartanka caalamiga ah ee sanadlaha ah ee "Ice Swim Morocco", oo ah dhacdo caalami ah oo dabaasha biyaha qabow taas oo la qabto xilliga jiilaalka ee Harada Aguelmam Azegza.<ref>[https://alyaoum24.com/1767560.html "Khenifra hosts the 6th edition of the cold water swimming competition at Lake Aguelmam Azegza". Youm24 - Today's news around the clock.] Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref><ref>[https://sadatv.ma/2022/01/23/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%83%d8%b2%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%b6/ "In pictures... Lake Aguelmam Azegza Khenifra hosts the fifth edition of cold water swimming". Sada Tivi.] January 23, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Accessed on 2023-07-05.</ref> == Sawiro == <gallery> File:Cedrus libani subsp. atlantica in Aguelmam Azegza commune, Morocco.jpg”.jpg File:Agelmam Azagza.jpg File:Aguelmam Azegza lake.jpg File:Lac aguelmam azegza,KHENIFRA.jpg File:Parc national Aguelmam Azegza, Khenifra.jpg File:Aglmam Azegza khenifra.JPG File:Aguelmam Azegza.jpg File:Pormoenneuses dos d' moulet ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵣ隔ⵣⴰ.jpg </gallery> == Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes}} * [[Harada Dayet Iffer]] * [[Akalamm Abkhane]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} gah91mabevikwn9dzygrlyx4d4zcjiu 828 48353 300333 2026-06-29T13:26:19Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: return { lang = "ar", -- Regions ["01"] = {name="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima",isoname="Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma"}, ["02"] = {name="Oriental",isoname="L'Oriental"}, ["03"] = {name="Fès-Meknès",isoname="Fès-Meknès"}, ["04"] = {name="Rabat-Salé-Kénitra"}, ["05"] = {name="Béni Mellal-Khénifra"}, ["06"] = {name="Casablanca-Settat"}, ["07"] = {name="Marrakesh-Safi",isoname="Marrakech-Safi"}, ["08"] = {name="Drâa-Tafilalet"}, ["09"] = {name="Souss-Massa"},... 300333 Scribunto text/plain return { lang = "ar", -- Regions ["01"] = {name="Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima",isoname="Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma"}, ["02"] = {name="Oriental",isoname="L'Oriental"}, ["03"] = {name="Fès-Meknès",isoname="Fès-Meknès"}, ["04"] = {name="Rabat-Salé-Kénitra"}, ["05"] = {name="Béni Mellal-Khénifra"}, ["06"] = {name="Casablanca-Settat"}, ["07"] = {name="Marrakesh-Safi",isoname="Marrakech-Safi"}, ["08"] = {name="Drâa-Tafilalet"}, ["09"] = {name="Souss-Massa"}, ["10"] = {name="Guelmim-Oued Noun",altnames={"Guelmim-Oued Noun (EH-partial)"}}, ["11"] = {name="Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra",altnames={"Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra (EH-partial)"}}, ["12"] = {name="Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab",altnames={"Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab (EH)"}}, -- Prefectures ["AGD"] = {name="Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane",isoname="Agadir-Ida-Ou-Tanane",altnames={"Agadir-Ida Ou Tanane Prefecture"}}, ["CAS"] = {name="Casablanca",altnames={"Dar el Beïda","Casablanca Prefecture"}}, ["FES"] = {name="Fès",altnames={"Fès Prefecture","Fez","Fez Prefecture"}}, ["INE"] = {name="Inezgane-Aït Melloul",isoname="Inezgane-Ait Melloul",altnames={"Inezgane-Aït Melloul Prefecture"}}, ["MEK"] = {name="Meknès",altnames={"Meknès Prefecture"}}, ["MAR"] = {name="Marrakesh",isoname="Marrakech",altnames={"Marrakesh Prefecture","Marrakech Prefecture"}}, ["MDF"] = {name="M'diq-Fnideq",isoname="M’diq-Fnideq",altnames={"M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture"}}, ["MOH"] = {name="Mohammedia",isoname="Mohammadia",altnames={"Mohammedia Prefecture","Mohammadia Prefecture"}}, ["OUJ"] = {name="Oujda-Angad",altnames={"Oujda-Angad Prefecture"}}, ["RAB"] = {name="Rabat",altnames={"Rabat Prefecture"}}, ["SAL"] = {name="Salé",altnames={"Salé Prefecture"}}, ["SKH"] = {name="Skhirat-Témara",isoname="Skhirate-Témara",altnames={"Skhirat-Témara Prefecture","Skhirate-Témara Prefecture"}}, ["TNG"] = {name="Tangier-Assilah",isoname="Tanger-Assilah",altnames={"Tangier-Assilah Prefecture","Tanger-Assilah Prefecture"}}, -- Provinces ["AOU"] = {name="Aousserd",altnames={"Aousserd (EH)","Aousserd Province"}}, ["ASZ"] = {name="Assa-Zag",altnames={"Assa-Zag (EH-partial)","Assa-Zag Province"}}, ["AZI"] = {name="Azilal",altnames={"Azilal Province"}}, ["BEM"] = {name="Béni Mellal",altnames={"Béni-Mellal Province"}}, ["BER"] = {name="Berkane",altnames={"Berkane Province"}}, ["BES"] = {name="Benslimane",altnames={"Ben Slimane Province"}}, ["BOD"] = {name="Boujdour",altnames={"Boujdour (EH)","Boujdour Province"}}, ["BOM"] = {name="Boulemane",altnames={"Boulemane Province"}}, ["BRR"] = {name="Berrechid",altnames={"Berrechid Province"}}, ["CHE"] = {name="Chefchaouen",altnames={"Chefchaouen Province"}}, ["CHI"] = {name="Chichaoua",altnames={"Chichaoua Province"}}, ["CHT"] = {name="Chtouka Aït Baha",isoname="Chtouka-Ait Baha",altnames={"Chtouka Aït Baha Province"}}, ["DRI"] = {name="Driouch",altnames={"Driouch Province"}}, ["ERR"] = {name="Errachidia",altnames={"Errachidia Province"}}, ["ESI"] = {name="Essaouira",altnames={"Essaouira Province"}}, ["ESM"] = {name="Es-Semara",altnames={"Es-Semara (EH)","Es Semara Province"}}, ["FAH"] = {name="Fahs-Anjra",altnames={"Fahs-Anjra Province"}}, ["FIG"] = {name="Figuig",altnames={"Figuig Province"}}, ["FQH"] = {name="Fquih Ben Salah",altnames={"Fquih Ben Salah Province"}}, ["GUE"] = {name="Guelmim",altnames={"Guelmim Province"}}, ["GUF"] = {name="Guercif",altnames={"Guercif Province"}}, ["HAJ"] = {name="El Hajeb",altnames={"El Hajeb Province"}}, ["HAO"] = {name="Al Haouz",altnames={"Al Haouz Province"}}, ["HOC"] = {name="Al Hoceïma",altnames={"Al Hoceïma Province"}}, ["IFR"] = {name="Ifrane",altnames={"Ifrane Province"}}, ["JDI"] = {name="El Jadida",altnames={"El Jadida Province"}}, ["JRA"] = {name="Jerada",altnames={"Jerada Province"}}, ["KEN"] = {name="Kénitra",altnames={"Kénitra Province"}}, ["KES"] = {name="El Kelâa des Sraghna",altnames={"El Kelâa des Sraghna Province","El Kelâat Es-Sraghna","El Kelâat Es-Sraghna Province","Kelaat Sraghna"}}, ["KHE"] = {name="Khémisset",altnames={"Khémisset Province"}}, ["KHN"] = {name="Khénifra",altnames={"Khénifra Province"}}, ["KHO"] = {name="Khouribga",altnames={"Khouribga Province"}}, ["LAA"] = {name="Laâyoune",altnames={"Laâyoune (EH)","Laâyoune Province"}}, ["LAR"] = {name="Larache",altnames={"Larache Province"}}, ["MED"] = {name="Médiouna",altnames={"Médiouna Province"}}, ["MID"] = {name="Midelt",altnames={"Midelt Province"}}, ["MOU"] = {name="Moulay Yacoub",altnames={"Moulay Yacoub Province"}}, ["NAD"] = {name="Nador",altnames={"Nador Province"}}, ["NOU"] = {name="Nouaceur",altnames={"Nouaceur Province"}}, ["OUA"] = {name="Ouarzazate",altnames={"Ouarzazate Province"}}, ["OUD"] = {name="Oued Ed-Dahab",altnames={"Oued Ed-Dahab (EH)","Oued Ed-Dahab Province"}}, ["OUZ"] = {name="Ouezzane",altnames={"Ouezzane Province"}}, ["REH"] = {name="Rehamna",altnames={"Rehamna Province"}}, ["SAF"] = {name="Safi",altnames={"Safi Province"}}, ["SEF"] = {name="Sefrou",altnames={"Sefrou Province"}}, ["SET"] = {name="Settat",altnames={"Settat Province"}}, ["SIB"] = {name="Sidi Bennour",altnames={"Sidi Bennour Province"}}, ["SIF"] = {name="Sidi Ifni",altnames={"Sidi Ifni Province"}}, ["SIK"] = {name="Sidi Kacem",altnames={"Sidi Kacem Province"}}, ["SIL"] = {name="Sidi Slimane",altnames={"Sidi Slimane Province"}}, ["TAF"] = {name="Tarfaya",altnames={"Tarfaya (EH-partial)","Tarfaya Province"}}, ["TAI"] = {name="Taourirt",altnames={"Taourirt Province"}}, ["TAO"] = {name="Taounate",altnames={"Taounate Province"}}, ["TAR"] = {name="Taroudant",isoname="Taroudannt",altnames={"Taroudant Province"}}, ["TAT"] = {name="Tata",altnames={"Tata Province"}}, ["TAZ"] = {name="Taza",altnames={"Taza Province"}}, ["TET"] = {name="Tétouan",altnames={"Tétouan Province"}}, ["TIN"] = {name="Tinghir",altnames={"Tinghir Province"}}, ["TIZ"] = {name="Tiznit",altnames={"Tiznit Province"}}, ["TNT"] = {name="Tan-Tan",altnames={"Tan-Tan (EH-partial)","Tan-Tan Province"}}, --not EH ["YUS"] = {name="Youssoufia",altnames={"Youssoufia Province"}}, ["ZAG"] = {name="Zagora",altnames={"Zagora Province"}} } mqqwpmrd7osd61v3pzepiro2xhfqmv5 0 48354 300334 2026-06-29T13:28:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300334 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lac Afenounir.jpg|thumb|Harada Afennourir]] '''Harada Afnourir''' waa haro ku taal joog sare oo ku dhex taal bulshada Ain El Louh ee [[Ifrane Province|Gobolka Ifrane]], qiyaastii 30&nbsp;km magaalo-madaxda Azrou, ee [[Morocco]]. Haradan waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhan 300 hektar waxayna ku taal joog sare oo ah 1800 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afennourrir Lake Aguelmame Mountain Lake That Stock Photo 1232204953 |url=https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/afennourrir-lake-aguelmame-mountain-that-administratively-1232204953 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Shutterstock |language=en}}</ref> Booska ay dhulka kaga taal oo ah bartamaha kayn geedaha cedar-ka ah waxay siisay aqoonsiga Ramsar bishii Juun 20, 1990, iyadoo lagu daray dhulalka qoyan ee [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]], sababo la xiriira shaqooyinka deegaanka iyo kuwa biyaha ee ay fuliyaan, si loo ilaaliyo kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee caalamiga ah iyo sii jiridda nolosha aadanaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac d'Afennourir {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/208 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Les zones humides et l'eau {{!}} Zones Humides |url=https://www.zones-humides.org/les-zones-humides-et-l-eau |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.zones-humides.org}}</ref> == Goobta guud == Waxay ku taal dhul siman oo sare oo ka mid ah Atlas-ka Dhexe ee miiska ah, 20 kiiloomitir koonfurta magaalada [[Azrou]], dhabbada saddexaad ee ku xirta tuulada Aïn Leuh iyo RP 20 (oo xiriirisa Azrou iyo [[Midelt]]). Waxay ka tirsan tahay Bulshada Aïn Leuh (gobolka Ifrane).<ref>{{Cite web |last=سكينة |date=2017-04-05 |title=تعزيز بحيرة أفنورير المتضررة من التغيرات المناخية ب 180 ألف سمكة |url=https://www.barlamane.com/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=برلمان.كوم |language=ar}}</ref> == Dib u habaynta == Sannadkii 2017, Guddiga Sare ee Morocco u qaabilsan Biyaha iyo Kaymaha ayaa ku sii daayay tiro badan oo kalluun ah Harada Afennourir oo isugu jira noocyo kala duwan, kuwaas oo wadartoodu ay gaartay in ka badan 180,000 oo kalluun ah. Hawlgalkan waxaa loogu talagalay in dib loogu soo celiyo isku-dheelitirnaanta deegaanka ee haradan, taas oo ay saameeyeen mowjado abaaro ah iyo isbeddelka cimilada oo horseeday dhimashada kalluun badan iyo guuritaanka shimbirihii ku ururi jiray aagga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The impact of climatic variations on the role and sustainable management of natural ecosystems in the Middle Atlas (Afenourir wetland area case) |url=https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a102/00006861.pdf}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == <references /> {{coord|33.280|-5.253|type:waterbody_region:MA|display=title}} d8thk74j1deza8ks92n22od2biptmmj 0 48355 300335 2026-06-29T13:38:12Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Manantali | image =10.34748W 13.10430N.png | caption = Muqaalka laga soo qaaday hawada sare. [[Manantali Dam|Xidheenka Manantali]] wuxuu ku yaallaa geeska sare ee bidix ee harada, iyadoo [[Bafing River|Webiga Bafing]] uu u socdo dhanka [[Senegal]] ee waqooyi-galbeed. Webigu wuxuu si toos ah ugu sii socdaa koonfurta. | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords ={{coord|13.158|N|10.344|W|type:waterbody_region:ML|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Mali | type =artificial | inflow = [[Bafing River]] | outflow = [[Bafing River]] | catchment = | basin_countries = Mali | length = | width = | area = {{convert|477|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = {{convert|11.3|e9m3|e6acre.ft|abbr=out}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities =Manantali, Tondidji }} '''Harada Manantali''' waa [[lake|haro]] weyn oo macamal ah, oo ku samaysantay dhismihii [[Manantali Dam|Xidheenka Manantali]] ee sanadkii 1989-kii, kaas oo laga dhisay [[Bafing River|Webiga Bafing]] ee dalka [[Mali]]. Barteeda waqooyi waxay 90&nbsp;km dhanka koonfur-bari ka xigtaa magaalada [[Bafoulabé]]. {{wide image|Manantali dam.jpg|840px|Xidheenka Manantali||none}} == Baaxadda == Harada Manantali waxay dabooshaa baaxad dhan 477&nbsp;km² waxayna ka kooban tahay 11.3 bilyan oo m³ oo biyo ah. Samaysankeedu wuxuu ku qasbay 12,000 oo qof inay ka qaxaan guryahooda wuxuuna qarqiyay 120&nbsp;km² oo kayn ah. Haradu waxay inta badan joojisay qaababkii fatahaadaha ee labada webi ee Bafing iyo [[Senegal River|Webiga Senegal]], taas oo wax u dhintay beerashadii dhaqanka ahayd ee ku tiirsanayd fatahaadaha xilliyeedka ah. Haradu waxay sidoo kale keentay faa'iidooyin: isu-socodka joogtada ah ee maraakiibta ee dhanka hoose ee xidheenka, waraabka dhulka ku xeeran, iyo meel laga jillaabto oo ganacsi ahaan loo isticmaalo. Xidheenka laftiisu wuxuu bixiyaa koronto laga dhaliyo biyaha oo gaarta inta badan gobolka.<ref>[http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/a-case-study-on-the-manantali-dam-project-mali-mauritania-senegal-2011 Peter Bosshard. A Case Study on the Manantali Dam Project (Mali, Mauritania, Senegal)], [[Erklärung von Bern]]/internationalrivers. March 1, 1999</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} *Knaap, M. van der. Status of fish stocks and fisheries of thirteen medium-sized African reservoirs. CIFA Technical Paper. No. 26. Rome, FAO. 1994. 107p. *{{cite book|title=Dams and Disease: Ecological Design and Health Impacts of Large Dams, Canals, and Irrigation Systems |author=William R. Jobin|year= 1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0419223606 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NH6WcjShY2oC&q=%22Bakoy+River%22&pg=PA239}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/Sciences/lac-manantali-mali-1977-1999.jpg Satellite view of the Bafing River valley before and after the formation of Lake Manantali]. cniisjf39si9t756se6d4c44ehx4swt 0 48356 300336 2026-06-29T13:41:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Faguibine | image = Faguibine mali.jpg | caption =Harada Faguibine (oo u qaabaysan sidii waran) oo laga soo qaaday hawada sare, Abriil 1991. Webiga Niger wuxuu ka muuqdaa geeska hoose ee midig, Harada Oro waxay ku taal hoosta bidix halka Harada Fati ay ku taal hoosta midig | location = [[Mali]] | group = | coords = {{coord|16|45|N|4|0|W|type:waterbody_scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow= [[Niger River]] | pushpin_map=Mali }} '''Harada Faguibine''' waxay ahayd haro ku taal [[Mali]] oo ku taal darafka koonfureed ee Saxaraha Weyn, waxayna 80&nbsp;km dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa [[Timbuktu]] iyo 75&nbsp;km dhanka waqooyi ee [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] oo ay ku xiran tahay nidaam harooyin yaryar iyo kanaalo ah. Sanadaha uu dhererka fatahaadda sannadlaha ah ee webigu ku filan yahay, biyuhu waxay ka soo qulqulaan webiga oo ay galaan harada. Tan iyo [[Sahel drought|abaartii Sahel]] ee 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii haradu inta badan waxay ahayd mid qallalan. Biyuhu si dhif ah ayay u gaari jireen harada, xitaa markay gaaraanna, harada waxaa ka buuxsami jiray biyo qayb ahaan oo kaliya. Tani waxay sababtay burbur qayb ka ah nidaamka deegaanka ee deegaanka. Sanadkii 2021, Harada Figuibine gabi ahaanba waxay ahayd mid qallalan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changement climatique au Mali : le désert engloutit le lac Faguibine, la population poussée à l’exode|url=https://www.icrcnewsroom.org/story/fr/1968/mali-climate-change-transforms-lake-faguibine-into-desert-exiling-population|website=Multimedia Newsroom of the International Committee of the Red Cross|language=en|date=2021-09-28|access-date=2021-09-29|publication-date=}}</ref> == Nidaamka Harada Faguibine == Haradu waxay qayb ka tahay nidaam ka kooban shan [[Depression (geology)|godod]] oo isku xiran oo hooseeya kuwaas oo u buuxsama moolal kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran baaxadda fatahaadda sannadlaha ah ee Webiga Niger. Harada Faguibine waa tan ugu weyn gododkan iyadoo leh baaxad dhan 590&nbsp;km².<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2005 | title= Map at a scale of 1: 500,000 that includes the Lake Faguibine system | publisher=Mali-Nord Programme | url=http://home.snafu.de/straub/pmn/karten/plots_v10/500000_mini_sat_150i.pdf }}.</ref> Roobka yar ee sannadlaha ah ee ka da'a aagga (ka yar 200&nbsp;mm) wuxuu saameyn yar oo keliya ku leeyahay heerarka biyaha ee gododka. Gododkan waxay ku xiran yihiin Webiga Niger laba kanaal. Kanaalka koonfureed ee Kondi (oo dhererkiisu yahay 64&nbsp;km) wuxuu ka laama gantaa Niger dhowr kiiloomitir dhanka hoose ee [[Diré]]<ref>{{citation |year=2007| title= Map at a scale of 1: 100,000 showing the Kondi and Tassakane channels | publisher=Mali-Nord Programme | url=http://home.snafu.de/straub/pmn/karten/plots_v10/100000_kessou_dire_150i.pdf}}.</ref> wuxuuna markaas dhex maraa dhulka daadadka ee Killi. Kanaalka weyn ee waqooyiga xiga ee Tassakane (oo dhererkiisu yahay 104&nbsp;km) wuxuu ka laama gantaa Niger meel u dhow Korioumé wuxuuna markaas dhex maraa dhulka daadadka ee Kessou. Labada kanaal waxay ku midoobaan si ay u dhisiyaan kanaal keliya dhanka bari ee [[Goundam]] kaas oo 20&nbsp;km oo kale ka dib ku qulqula cidhifka koonfureed ee Harada Télé.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=14}}</ref> Harada Télé waxay cidhifkeeda waqooyi uga xiran tahay Harada Takara. Biyuhu waxay ka soo baxaan cidhifka waqooyi ee Harada Takara, iyagoo sii mara dhagaxaan salka ah oo ku yaal Kamaïna, ka dibna waxay u leexdaan dhanka galbeed iyagoo sii mara tuulada [[Bintagoungou]] si ay u gaaraan Harada Faguibine. Labada haro ee Télé iyo Takara waxay u baahan yihiin inay si buuxda u buuxsamaan ka hor intaysan biyuhu ku kor qulqulin dhagaxaanta salka ee Kamaïna oo ay bilaabaan inay biyo u fidiyaan Harada Faguibine. Si la mid ah, laba godod oo dhanka bari ka xiga Harada Faguibine (Harada Kamango uba Harada Gouber) waxay bilaabaan inay buuxsamaan marka ay Harada Faguibine buuxsanto.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=18}}</ref> Si si buuxda loogu buuxiyo 590&nbsp;km² ee Harada Faguibine waxay u baahan tahay qiyaastii 4&nbsp;km³ oo biyo ah. Tani waxay u dhigantaa qiyaastii 17 boosolkiiba celceliska qulqulka Niger (1970-1998) ee Diré.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=20}}</ref> Salka haradu waa mid aad u bacrin ah, xaaladda ugu habboon ee beeralayda deegaankana waa marka haradu ay qayb ahaan uun buuxsanto. Tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa in dalagyada lagu abuuro hareeraha harada iyo koritaanka cawska ''[[Echinochloa stagnina]]'' ("bourgou") ee aagga hoose si ay u bixiyaan daaq xilliga qallalan. Nidaamkani wuxuu u baahan yahay biyo aad u yar – qiyaastii 0.5&nbsp;km³ oo kaliya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=20}}</ref> == Webiga Niger iyo Fatahaadda Sannadlaha ah == {{Infobox | title = Niger River at Diré | image = <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #>Data from http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134700.html <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:280 height:200 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:15 top:5 right:5 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:400 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:12 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 1634 bar:Feb from:0 till: 1153 bar:Mar from:0 till: 662 bar:Apr from:0 till: 273 bar:May from:0 till: 86 bar:Jun from:0 till: 52 bar:Jul from:0 till: 248 bar:Aug from:0 till: 807 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1427 bar:Oct from:0 till: 1783 bar:Nov from:0 till: 1967 bar:Dec from:0 till: 1947 </timeline> | caption = Celceliska qulqulka bishii (m³/s) ee xarunta cabbiraadda biyaha ee Diré intii lagu jiray xilligii 1924-1992<ref>{{citation|title=Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Diré |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134700.html | publisher=University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center | accessdate=15 Jan 2011}}.</ref> }} Buuxinta Harada Faguibine ee biyaha ka yimaada Webiga Niger waxay ku xiran tahay dhererka fatahaadda sannadlaha ah iyo qulqulka xorta ah ee biyaha ee maraya jidka adag ee dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|170|km|mi}} ee ku xira harada iyo webiga. Fatahaadda sannadlaha ah ee Webiga Niger waa natiijada roobabka waaweyn ee ka da'a [[Guinea]] iyo lammaaniisa muhiimka ah, [[Bani River|Webiga Bani]], kaas oo ku yaal waqooyiga [[Côte d'Ivoire]] iyo koonfur-galbeed Mali. Dhammaan aaggaas roobabku waxay ugu sarreeyaan bisha Agoosto.{{sfn|Zwarts|Cissé|Diallo|2005|pp=18–19}} Inta ay la eg tahay roobka, iyo sidaas darteed dhererka fatahaadda, way ku kala duwan yihiin sannad ka sannad. Sannadaha leh heerar fatahaad sare ah sida intii u dhaxeysay 1924-1930 iyo 1951-1955 haradu si buuxda ayay u buuxsantay. Sannadaha roobka yar, haradu gabi ahaanba way qallali kartaa. Qarnigii 20-aad tani waxay dhacday 1914, 1924 iyo 1944 waxayna noqotay dhacdo caadi ah ka dib abaartii daran ee bilaabatay dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=21}}{{sfn|Zwarts|Bakary|2005|p=85}} Heerarka fatahaadda hoose waxaa sii xumeeyay dhismaha xidheenno laga dhisay webiga Niger ama lammaaneyaashiisa kuwaas oo ceshada biyaha fatahaadda, sidaas darteedna yareeya dhererka ugu sarreeya ee fatahaadda ee dhanka hoose. Xidheenno jira, kan ugu muhiimsan waa [[Selingue Dam|Xidheenka Sélingué]] ee ku yaal [[Sankarani River|Webiga Sankarani]] ee koonfur-galbeed Mali kaas oo kaydin kara 2.2&nbsp;km³ oo biyo ah.{{sfn|Zwarts|Cissé|Diallo|2005|pp=22–23}} Waxaa jira qorshayaal lagu dhisayo xidheen cusub oo weyn, xidheenka Fomi, oo laga dhisayo lammaanaha Niandan ee Guinea kaas oo kaydin doona ku dhowaad 3 laab oo ka mid ah biyaha uu kaydiyo xidheenka Sélingué. Haddii la dhiso xidheenkan wuxuu sii yarayn doonaa xoogga fatahaadda sannadlaha ah.{{sfn|Zwarts|Cissé|Diallo|2005|pp=27–28}} Mid ka mid ah ujeedooyinka ugu waaweyn ee mashruucii Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Sudano-Sahelian (UNSO) (1986-1990) wuxuu ahaa in la hagaajiyo xiriirka Niger iyo Harada Faguibine iyo in la jaro qaar ka mid ah qalloocyada kanaalka Kondi. Mashruuca waxaa carqaladeeyay [[Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)|Kacsankii Tuareg-ta (1990–1995)]]. Intii lagu jiray 1980-yadii, dhererka hoose ee fatahaadaha sannadlaha ah wuxuu abuuray tartan adag oo dhanka biyaha ah, dadka deegaankana waxay xireen qulqulkii kanaalada iyagoo dhigtay dabinno kalluun. Tan iyo 2003, hay'ad gargaar oo Jarmal ah, Mali-Nord, waxay maalgelisay dhismaha aagag waraab ah oo u oggolaanaya qulqulka biyaha ee kanaalada si aan caqabad lahayn.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|pp=15–16}} Sannadkii 2006, Dawladda Mali waxay abuurtay "''Office pour la Mise en Valeur du système Faguibine''" (OMVF) si loo ilaaliyo kanaalada loona xasiliyo tuulmooyinka ciidda iyadoo la beerayo ''[[Euphorbia balsamifera]]'' iyo [[eucalyptus]].{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=34}} Inta badan dhirtii xasilinaysay tuulmooyinka ciidda waxay ku dhimatay abaartii bilaabatay dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii. Sidaas darteed, ciidda ayaa ku dhex afuufmaysa oo ku dhex maydhmeysa kanaalada. Dhagaxaanta salka ee Kamaïna waxay ku dhow yihiin tuulmooyin ciid ah oo waaweyn waxayna si gaar ah ugu nugul yihiin ururidda ciidda. Laga bilaabo 2002, tuulooyinka deegaanka ayaa iska kaashaday ka saarista ciidda, tan iyo 2006-diina dedaallada waxaa isku dubariday OMVF iyadoo ay taageerayso Hay'adda Cuntada Adduunka.<ref>{{citation | year=2009 | title=Mali: Restoring Lake In Desert, Farmers Keep Hunger Away | publisher=World Food Program | url=http://www.wfp.org/stories/mali-restoring-lake-desert-farmers-keep-hunger-away | access-date=2009-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226215641/http://www.wfp.org/stories/mali-restoring-lake-desert-farmers-keep-hunger-away | archive-date=2009-12-26 | url-status=dead }}.</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2008, qiyaastii 1000 qof ayaa shaqaynayay 6 maalmood si ay ciidda u nadiifiyaan.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=18}} Mashruuc ay maalgelisay dawladda [[Norway]], [[United Nations Environment Program|Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]] ayaa baranaya nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Faquibine wuxuuna eegayaa qaababka lagu horumarin karo maareynta dhulka iyo wareegga biyaha.<ref>{{citation | title=Rehabilitating Lake Faguibine Ecosystem: Project factsheet | publisher=United Nations Environment Program | url=http://www.unep.org/Themes/freshwater/PDF/Factsheet_LakeFaguibine.pdf | accessdate=2009-12-21 | archive-date=2009-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222030247/http://www.unep.org/Themes/freshwater/PDF/Factsheet_LakeFaguibine.pdf | url-status=dead }}.</ref> Mashruuca waxaa la qorsheeyay inuu socdo inta u dhaxaysa 2008 iyo 2015 iyadoo miisaaniyadda bilowga ahi ay tahay 1 milyan oo USD.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=5}} {{clear}} <div class="center"> '''Dhererka ugu sarreeya sannadlaha ah (mitir ahaan) ee Webiga Niger ee xarunta cabbiraadda biyaha ee Diré'''<ref>{{Citation | title= Hydrological Information System, Diré |publisher= Centre Régional du Projet NIGER-HYCOS |url= http://nigerhycos.abn.ne | accessdate=19 June 2015 }}.</ref> <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #> Data from http://nigerhycos.abn.ne - unable to download numbers - height estimated from curves. Maximum in Dec - early Jan for higher floods <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) id:darkblue value:rgb(0.1,0.1,0.9) ImageSize = width:800 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:10 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:6.5 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= #>Define bars with labels under <# bar:24 bar:25 bar:26 bar:27 bar:28 bar:29 bar:30 text: 1930 bar:31 bar:32 bar:33 bar:34 bar:35 bar:36 bar:37 bar:38 bar:39 bar:40 text: 1940 bar:41 bar:42 bar:43 bar:44 bar:45 bar:46 bar:47 bar:48 bar:49 bar:50 text: 1950 bar:51 bar:52 bar:53 bar:54 bar:55 bar:56 bar:57 bar:58 bar:59 bar:60 text:1960 bar:61 bar:62 bar:63 bar:64 bar:65 bar:66 bar:67 bar:68 bar:69 bar:70 text:1970 bar:71 bar:72 bar:73 bar:74 bar:75 bar:76 bar:77 bar:78 bar:79 bar:80 text:1980 bar:81 bar:82 bar:83 bar:84 bar:85 bar:86 bar:87 bar:88 bar:89 bar:90 text:1990 bar:91 bar:92 bar:93 bar:94 bar:95 bar:96 bar:97 bar:98 bar:99 bar:00 text:2000 bar:01 bar:03 bar:04 bar:05 bar:06 bar:07 bar:08 bar:09 bar:10 text: 2010 bar:11 bar:12 bar:13 bar:14 PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:6 align:left bar:24 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:25 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:26 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:27 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:28 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:29 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:30 from:0 till: 5.9 color:darkblue bar:31 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:32 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:33 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:34 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:35 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:36 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:37 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:38 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:39 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:40 from:0 till: 5.2 color:darkblue bar:41 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:42 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:43 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:44 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:45 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:46 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:47 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:48 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:49 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:50 from:0 till: 5.8 color:darkblue bar:51 from:0 till: 6 bar:52 from:0 till: 6 bar:53 from:0 till: 6 bar:54 from:0 till: 6.1 bar:55 from:0 till: 6.1 bar:56 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:57 from:0 till: 6.1 bar:58 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:59 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:60 from:0 till: 5.8 color:darkblue bar:61 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:62 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:63 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:64 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:65 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:66 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:67 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:68 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:69 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:70 from:0 till: 5.3 color:darkblue bar:71 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:72 from:0 till: 4.8 bar:73 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:74 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:75 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:76 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:77 from:0 till: 4.7 bar:78 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:79 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:80 from:0 till: 4.6 color:darkblue bar:81 from:0 till: 4.9 bar:82 from:0 till: 4.5 bar:83 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:84 from:0 till: 3.7 bar:85 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:86 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:87 from:0 till: 4.0 bar:88 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:89 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:90 from:0 till: 4.1 color:darkblue bar:91 from:0 till: 4.3 bar:92 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:93 from:0 till: 4.1 bar:94 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:95 from:0 till: 5 bar:96 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:97 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:98 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:99 from:0 till: 5.2 bar:00 from:0 till: 4.9 color:darkblue bar:01 from:0 till: 4.9 bar:03 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:04 from:0 till: 4.5 bar:05 from:0 till: 4.7 bar:06 from:0 till: 4.9 bar:07 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:08 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:09 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:10 from:0 till: 5.3 color:darkblue bar:11 from:0 till: 4.4 bar:12 from:0 till: 5.2 bar:13 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:14 from:0 till: 4.7 </timeline> </div> == Qoraalo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Tixraacyo == * {{citation | last1=Hamerlynck | first1=O. | last2=Chiramba | first2=T. | last3=Pardo | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien‐être humain : adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. Version 5 April 2009 | publisher=[[United Nations Environment Program]] | url=http://www.dialoguebarrages.org/dialoguebarrages/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25&Itemid=39 | accessdate=2009-12-20 | language=French | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725232922/http://www.dialoguebarrages.org/dialoguebarrages/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25&Itemid=39 | archivedate=25 July 2011 }}. * {{citation | last1=Zwarts | first1=Leo | last2=Cissé | first2=Navon | last3=Diallo | first3=Mori | chapter=Hydrology of the Upper Niger | pages=15–39 | editor1-last=Zwarts | editor1-first=Leo | editor2-last=van Beukering | editor2-first=Pieter | editor3-last=Kone | editor3-first=Bakary | display-editors=3 | editor4-last=Wymenga | editor4-first=Eddy | year=2005 | title=The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin | publisher=Altenburg & Wymenga | place=Veenwouden, the Netherlands | isbn=90-807150-6-9 | url=http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | access-date=2011-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143543/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-24 | url-status=dead }}. Also published in French with the title [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143656/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/388_1294300622.pdf ''Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l’eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger'']. * {{citation | last1=Zwarts | first1=Leo | last2=Bakary | first2=Kone | chapter=People in the Inner Niger Delta | pages=79–86 | editor1-last=Zwarts | editor1-first=Leo | editor2-last=van Beukering | editor2-first=Pieter | editor3-last=Kone | editor3-first=Bakary | display-editors=3 | editor4-last=Wymenga | editor4-first=Eddy | year=2005 | title=The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin | publisher=Altenburg & Wymenga | place=Veenwouden, the Netherlands | isbn=90-807150-6-9 | url=http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | access-date=2011-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143543/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-24 | url-status=dead }}. == Akhris dheeraad ah == *{{citation | last=Chudeau | first= René | year=1918 | title=La dépression du Faguibine | journal= [[Annales de Géographie]] | volume=27 | issue=145 | pages=43–60 | url= http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1918_num_27_145_4154 | doi= 10.3406/geo.1918.4154 | language=French | ref=none }}. == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080810180452/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=18115 Drying of Lake Faguibine] at [[NASA Earth Observatory]] * {{citation | title=Ecosystem Management for improved Human Well-Being in the Lake Faguibine System: conflict mitigation and adaptation to climate change | publisher=United Nations Environment Program | url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/Lake-Faguibine.pdf | accessdate=2009-12-20 | archive-date=2012-09-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915075559/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Lake-Faguibine.pdf | url-status=dead }}. An incomplete draft dated 02-10-2008 of an English version of the Hamerlynck UNEP document. *[http://www.mali-nord.de Mali-Nord]: a German foreign aid program funded by [[Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit]] (GTZ) and [[Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau]] (KfW) that has been operating in northern Mali since 1994. Mostly in German but a few files in French and one in English by Andrew Dillon: [http://www.mali-nord.de/download/pdf/2007_08_poverty_study.pdf Measuring the Programme Mali-Nord’s Impact]. p5123ixcrgnwrj9jtynagpnx091p0cj 0 48357 300337 2026-06-29T13:45:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Débo | image = Niger River Center Island.jpg | caption = Guryo dhoobo ah oo ku yaal jasiiradda dhexe ee Harada Débo | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|15|19|0|N|4|6|0|W|type:waterbody_region:ML|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Mali | type = | inflow = [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] | outflow = [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Mali]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|160|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} '''Harada Débo''' waa [[haro]] ku taal qaybta dhexe ee [[Mali]], iyadoo ka dhalata fatahaadda xilliyeed ee weelka [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]]. Waxay ku taal [[Inner Niger Delta|Gohada Gudaha ee Niger]] ee Webiga Niger. Xilliyada ay biyaha webigu sarreeyaan, gohada ay sameeyaan harooyinka, maryafeexyada, iyo biyaha fadhiista waxay qayb ka noqdaan Harada Débo. Gohada gudaha waxay leedahay kanaalo badan oo ballaaran, kuwaas oo ah dhulal qoyan oo gacmo-gacmo ah oo daadadku qaadaan; gohadani waxay ku fidsan tahay dherer dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} iyo ballac dhan {{convert|50|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Harada Débo xilliga qulqulka sarreeyo, waxay masaafad dhan {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} u jirtaa Mopti dhanka kor u kaca ee cidhifka koonfureed, iyo {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} [[Timbuktu]] dhanka hoos u dhaca ee cidhifka waqooyi-bari. Waa tan ugu weyn dhulal badan oo qoyan iyo harooyin xilliyeed oo caynkaas ah oo sameeya Gohada Gudaha ee Niger, waana harada ugu weyn dhexdeeda Mali. Baaxaddeeda aad ayay u yaraataa xilliga qallalan ee Sebtembar ilaa Maarso. Jiritaanka haradan oo loo yaqaan "Harada Weyn" ee ku taal gohada gudaha ee Webiga Niger ee u dhaxeysa [[Djenné|Jenne]] iyo Timbuktu ee Mali waxaa la xaqiijiyay ka dib daraasad ballaaran oo lagu sameeyay khariidadaha gobolka oo socotay muddo u dhaxeysay 1000 ilaa 1900 AD; 400 oo khariidado ah ayaa loo darasadeeyay muddadaas. ==Taariikhda== [[Image:Lake Debo NASA.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Harada Débo oo laga soo qabtay hawada sare]] Haradan, oo loo yaqaan "Harada Weyn" ee ku taal gohada gudaha ee Webiga Niger ee u dhaxeysa Jenne iyo Timbuktu ee Mali, waxay u ahayd reer Yurub mid la yaqaan tan iyo xilliyadii hore. Warbixintii ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan oo ku saabsan waxay ahayd kun guroodkii ugu horreeyay BC. [[Ptolemy]] wuxuu ku sifeeyay inay leedahay qaabka miisaanka jimicsiga (barbell). Daraasad lagu sameeyay in ka badan 400 oo khariidado ah oo gobolka ah oo la sameeyay muddo u dhaxeysay 1000 ilaa 1900 AD ayaa lagu ogaaday in haradu ay ka muuqatay 95 boosolkiiba; astaanta keliya ee lagu sawiray khariidado ka badan waxay ahayd [[Nile|Webiga Niil]].<ref name=Maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Afriterra.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Beacon>{{cite web |url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm |title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Beacon |author=Gerald J. Rizzo |publisher=Afriterra Foundation |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223241/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa |author=Gerald J. Rizzo|pages=80–89 |doi= 10.1080/03085690500362439 |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=58 (Part 1) |year=2006 }}</ref> Harada waxaa loo yaqaanay magacyo kala duwan oo dhowr ah sida Nigrite Palus, Lake Sigisma, Lake Guber, Lake Guarda, Bog/Morais of Guarda, Lake Maberia, Bahar Seafeena, Lake Dibbie, laakiin hadda waxaa loo yaqaanaa Harada Débo.<ref name=Maps/><ref name=Beacon/> Webiga Niger waxaa loo qiimeeyaa inuu yahay webi yar oo da'diisu tahay 2000 sano isla markaana aan weli fariisan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kanaalada dabiiciga ah waxay mareen isbeddello badan oo qalloocan ah.<ref name =wetland/> ==Juqraafiga== [[File:AT0903 map.png|right|thumb|Khariidada gobolka deegaanka ee sawankii daadadka qaaday ee Gohada Gudaha ee Niger, oo ay ku jirto Harada Debo]] Haradu waxay ka samaysantaa dhanka sare ee isku imaatinka webiyada Niger iyo [[Bani River|Bani]]. Waa harada ugu caansan ee nooca [[Lacustrine delta|harada gohada]] ah ee Mali, oo leh dhexroor dhan {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} iyo joog hoose, sidaas darteedna maraakiibta waaweyn ma dhex mari karaan harada.<ref name="Velton2004">{{cite book|author=Ross Velton|title=Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLs1WaRmXBQC&pg=PA172|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-077-0|pages=172–}}</ref> Dhulka joogga dheer ee sare ee webiyadan, jiirada dhulka joogga dheer waa mid aad u tartiib ah taas oo keenta dib u dhac ku yimaada qulqulka iyo abuuritaanka haradan. Jiirada la sheegay kahor abuuritaanka harada waa {{convert|5|ft|m|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} halkii {{Convert|100|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} kasta.<ref name=Maps/> Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa caqabad laba aag, midda sare iyo midda hoose. Caqabaddu waxay dhowr kiiloomitir u fidsan tahay dhanka koonfureed. Ka shaqaynta caqabadda ka dib, haradu waa mid cidhiidhi ah oo dheer, bixideedana ma muuqato.<ref name="Caillie2013">{{cite book|author=Caillie|title=Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco 1824-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1CL4YQkApkC&pg=PA21|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42792-0|pages=21–}}</ref> Webiga Bara Lisa wuxuu ku dhiismaa Niger meel ka sarreysa [[Diré, Mali|Dire]]. Wuxuu ka baxaa gohooyinka isagoo ka ambaqaada xeebaha waqooyi ee Harada Debo wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari. [[Issa Baris]], oo ah cududda ugu weyn ee harada, wuxuu ka baxaa harada isagoo u weecanaya dhanka galbeed wuxuuna u leexdaa waqooyi-bari si uu ugu biiro Bara Lisa.<ref name="Shahin2002">{{cite book|author=M. Shahin|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|pages=307–}}</ref> Aasaaska dhagaxeed ee laga diiwaangeliyay salka harada waa "ka yimid dhagax [[crystalline rock|kiriishtaal ah]] oo cufan oo ah [[sandstone|asgari]] [[Precambrian]] ah oo ku dhex fariistay Taoudeni [[Syncline]] oo ballaaran sidii [[alluvial fan|marawaxad dhoobo ah]] uuna daboolay lakab adag oo [[laterite]] la simay ah." Jiirada fidsan iyo joomariirka salka ayaa sababay abuurista nidaam qulqulatooyin qalloocan iyo kanaalo badan leh, kaas oo keenay dhisidda gohada gudaha ee Niger. Gohada gudaha sidaas darteed waxay leedahay kanaalo badan oo ballaaran, kuwaas oo ah dhulal qoyan oo gacmo-gacmo ah oo daadadku qaadaan; gohadani waxay ku fidsan tay dherer dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} iyo ballac dhan {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Waxaa laga soo dhex saaray daraasadda ku dhowaad 400 oo khariidado ah inay tahay gohada cidda asal ahaan keentay harada iyo in haradu tahay tan ugu weyn gohada dhexdeeda.<ref name=Maps/> Waxay muhiim u tahay kanaalka ballaaran ee webiga iyadoo baaxaddeedu ay isbeddesho marka uu isbeddelo heerka biyaha ee harada.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|author1=Ralph H. Hughes|author2=Jane S. Hughes|author3=G. M. Bernacsek|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA394|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=394–}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale bixisaa xaqiijinta dabeecadda biyaha xanniban waxayna sidoo kale ku jirta gobolka [[Erg of Bara]].<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{cite book|author=Roderick J. McIntosh|title=Ancient Middle Niger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i72Q2e35P6kC&pg=PA68|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81300-6|pages=68–}}</ref> Daadka ugu sarreeya ee harada iyo gohada wuxuu dhacaa inta lagu jiro Noofambar iyo Diisambar.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005">{{cite book|author1=Michele L. Thieme|author2=Robin Abell|author3=Neil Burgess |author4=Bernhard Lehner |author5=Eric Dinerstein |author6=David Olson |author7=Guy Teugels |author8=Andre Kamdem-Toham |author9=Melanie L. J. S. Stiassny |author10=Paul Skelton|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA187|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-791-5|pages=187–}}</ref> Hoos u dhaca Harada Debo, dooxada Niger waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay tiro badan oo harooyin ah, kuwaas oo ka hooseeya heerka webiga.<ref name="West Africa">{{cite book|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA253|accessdate=20 March 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=253–|id=GGKEY:XNB450PQT77|year=1957}}</ref> Iyadoo qayb ka ah gohada dhexe, haradu waa tan ugu weyn. Maadaama ay qayb ka tahay Webiga Niger, baaxaddeedu waxay ku xiran tahay isbeddelka heerka biyaha.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> iyadoo daadka ugu sarreeya uu webiga ku dhaco inta lagu jiro Noofambar iyo Diisambar.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005"/> Haradu waxay leedahay baaxad weyn oo biyo ah oo ku fidsan dhammaan dhinacyada. Webiga ka samaysma bixidda harada wuxuu leedahay ballac dhan {{convert|6|mi|km|order=flip|0|abbr=on}} dherer dhan {{convert|6|mi|km|order=flip|0|abbr=on}} dhanka hoose, halkaas oo ka dib uu ku cidhiidhyamo, kuna kala fanto kanaalo badan; jasiirado dhoobo ah ayaa samaysma dhererka jidka biyuhuna wuxuu ku jiraa qiyaasta {{convert|8|-|10|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|1}}. Foolahs, oo ah [[reer guuraa]] halkan ku nool, waxay u isticmaalaan dhulalkan dhoobada ah daaq xilliga qallalan ka dibna waxay dib ugu laabtaan deegaanadooda ku yaal gudaha weelka webiga.<ref name="GreatheedParken1830">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Greatheed|author2=Daniel Parken|author3=Theophilus Williams |author4=Thomas Price |author5=Josiah Conder |author6=William Hendry Stowell |author7=Jonathan Edwards Ryland |author8=Edwin Paxton Hood |title=The Eclectic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1830|pages=307–}}</ref> Xilliga daadka sarreeyo, biyaha daadka ee soo gaara harada waxaa la sheegay inay yihiin {{convert|12400|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Tan waxaa lagu nuugay harada baaxadda weyn, sidii kayd ahaan, qulqulka ka baxa haradana waxaa loo dhexdhexaadiyay oo kaliya {{convert|2400|m3/s|abbr=on}} marka uu gaaro [[Niamey]], magaalada caasimadda ah ee Niger. Tan iyo 1962, xitaa {{convert|1000|m3/s|abbr=on}} oo qulqul dheeri ah oo ka yimaada harada wuxuu hadda keeni karaa koror ku yimaada heerka biyaha ee aagga Niamey oo gaaraya {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, isagoo u kacaya heerka {{convert|181.51|m|ftin}}.<ref name="Bloise2000">{{cite book|author=Remo Capra Bloise|title=Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtq16YfSI_MC&pg=PA7|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=11 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-7432-9|pages=7–}}</ref> ===Cimilada=== Harada ku taal [[Sahel]], ee u dhow koonfurta saxaraha Sahara, waxay leedahay xaalado cimilo oo la sheegay inay yihiin aag kala-guur ah oo u dhaxeeya cimilada qoyan ee Guinean ee koonfurta ilaa cimilo qallalan oo ku taal xadka Sahara. Xilliga roobka ee koonfurta wuxuu socdaa kuraasta Luulyo ilaa Oktoobar, iyadoo celceliska roobka sannadkii uu yahay {{convert|750|mm|abbr=on}}. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilliga roobka ee waqooyiga wuxuu socdaa Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar, iyadoo celceliska da'aadda sannadlaha ah laga diiwaangeliyay {{convert|250|mm|abbr=on}}. Heerka kulka wuxuu isbeddelaa iyadoo diiradda la saarayo xilliyeedka xooggan. Celceliska kulka ugu sarreeya ee laga diiwaangeliyay Maajo magaalada [[Tombouctou Region|Tombouctou]] waa {{convert|43|C}} halka [[Mopti]] uu yahay {{convert|40|C}}. Xilliga cimilada qaboobaha ah waa inta u dhaxeysa Diisambar ilaa Janaayo iyadoo heerkulku uu hoos ugu dhacayo celcelis ugu yar oo ah {{convert|3|C}} ilaa {{convert|6|C}} qaybta waqooyi ee gohada.<ref name=ASC>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/down...|title=Case of Flooded Pasture in Lake Débo and Walado Débo, ''Journal Computer and Information Science'', Vol. 4, No. 3|date=May 2011|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Science Journal}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Harada Débo xilliga qulqulka sarreeyo marka ay leedahay baaxadda ugu weyn ee fiditaanka biyaha, waxay {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} u jirtaa Mopti dhanka sare, cidhifka koonfureed, iyo {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} Timbuktu dhanka hoose, cidhifka waqooyi-bari. Waa tan ugu weyn dhulal badan oo qoyan iyo harooyin xilliyeed oo caynkaas ah oo sameeya Gohada Gudaha ee Niger, waana harada ugu weyn dhexdeeda Mali. Baaxaddeeda aad ayay u yaraataa xilliga qallalan ee Sebtembar ilaa Maarso.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154733/Lac-Debo|title=Lac Débo|accessdate=21 March 2013|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=world>{{Cite web|url=http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|title=Africa adventure 4|work=Update 019 April 24th, Debo Lake --Sunny Water World|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Jinfeibao8844.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624055402/http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|archive-date=24 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Dhirtu== [[File:Cynodon dactylon.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', dhirta cawska [[dūrvā gras]]]] Harada daadku qaaday ee Débo iyo [[Walado Débo]] (Gohada Gudaha ee Niger ee Mali) waxay sameeyaan dhulal daaqsin ah oo guud ahaan loo yaqaan sawanka kaynta daadadka leh oo leh cawska biyaha iyo laba nooc oo caan ah oo [[acacia|gome]] ah. Daaqsiyadan waxaa deegaanka looga yaqaan cawska ''[[Echinochloa stagnina|bourgou]]''.<ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|title=Applied GIS for Managing Flooded Pastures of Lake Debo and Walado Debo/Mali|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Journal of GIS Trends|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016211627/http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|archive-date=16 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Geedaha timirta ah sida ''[[Hyphaene thebaica]]'', iyo ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'' waxaa kale oo laga sheegay hareeraha harada. Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo dhulal daaqsin ah, oo lagu qeexay iyadoo lagu salaynayo maareyntooda. Kuwani waa: Daaqsinta dadka deegaanka ee Fulani oo uu xukumo [[Amiro]] (madaxa Joro); "Harima" (oo la macno ah: heshiis deegaan) iyadoo madaxa tuulada iyo xubnaha kale ay mas'uul ka yihiin isticmaalkeeda; iyo dhowr hanti yaryar ah (oo ku dhex jira ''bourgou'') oo loo qaybiyay shakhsiyaad gaar ah. Cawska weligiis jira ee baxa waa mid la cuni karo isla markaana si dhib yar loo dheefshiidi karo iyadoo magacyada cilmigu ay yihiin ''[[Echinochloa stagnina]]'' (geed weligiis jira) iyo ''[[Vossia (plant)|Vossia cuspidata]]'', kuwaas oo ka baxa moolal kala duwan oo biyo ah ({{convert|3|-|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}). Noocyada dalagyada, oo ah kuwo ballaaran, waa nooc [[wild rice|bariiska duurjoogta ah]] ([[Oryza longistaminata]] iyo [[bartti]]). Nooc kale oo geed ah oo u dhaqma si uu u xannibo ururrada ciidda waa ''[[Chrysopogon zizanioides|Vetiveria nigritiana]],'' marka ay heerarka biyaha ee harada iyo gohada sarreeyaan. Geedaha biyaha ku baxa waxay xajiyaan heerarka biyaha ee kala duwan ee harada iyo noocyada carradu waxay hageen [[ecology|deegaanka]] gobolka.<ref name=Science/> Hanti-dhameedyada janjeera ee harada waxay leeyihiin geed gaab dhexda kaga jira caws iyo dhulal banaan, iyo noocyo qoryo leh, guud ahaan ah noocyada gomeha.<ref name=Science/> Akkagoun iyo Dentaka waa aagagga kaynta ah ee ku hareeraysan harada iyo gohada, kuwaas oo hoy u ah shimbiro badan oo biyaha ku nool. [[Algal bloom|Ubaxa ajada]] ayaa sidoo kale laga sheegay harada taas oo keeni karta hoos u dhac ku yimaada hufnaanta biyaha.<ref name=ASC/> ==Xayawaanka== [[File:Hippopotamus - 04.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hippopotamus|Jeer]]]] [[West African manatee|Lo'da baddan ee Galbeedka Afrika]] waa nooca ugu caansan xayawaanka ee harada dhexdeeda kaas oo la sheegay inuu yahay deegaankeedii ugu dambeeyay ee aduunka.<ref name=Fishes/> [[Hippopotamuses|Jeerayaal]] ayaa sidoo kale laga sheegay harada (tirada jeerta waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 40 ilaoo 60 shakhsi). [[Nile crocodile|Yaxaaska Niil]] ayaa isna laga sheegay dhulka daadadka. Gudaha aagga weelka harada iyo gohada noocyada naasleyda ah ee laga sheegay waxaa ka mid ah: [[roan antelope|Antelope roan]], [[dorcas gazelle|Cawl dorcas]], [[dama gazelle|Cawl dama]], [[red-fronted gazelle|Cawl weji-gaduud]], halka noocyada xamaaratada ah ay ka mid yihiin [[Nile monitor|Shiddo Niil]] iyo [[African rock python|Libaax-gorgor Afrikaan ah]].<ref name=Fishes/> [[File:Artis black crowned crane1.jpg|right|thumb|Artis [[black-crowned crane]].]] [[Avifauna|Shimbiraha]] laga helo gudaha aagga harada, oo sameysa mid ka mid ah dhulalka qoyan ee ugu waaweyn [[Sahel]], waxaa matala noocyo ka kala yimid labada aag deegaan ee [[Palearctic]] iyo [[Afrotropic]]. In ka badan hal milyan oo shimbirood ayaa la diiwaangeliyay inay isticmaalaan harada;,<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005"/> oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo guura iyo kuwo deegaan ah, sida [[sand martin]] iyo [[Western yellow wagtail|Xabaal-gorof jaalle ah]], [[reed cormorant]], [[glossy ibis]], [[spoonbill]], [[great white egret]], [[purple heron]], [[ferruginous duck]], [[white-winged black tern]], [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]] iyo [[black-tailed godwit]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ka mid ah noocyada Afrotropical-ka ah sida shimbirta naadirka ah ee [[black crowned crane]] ayaa sii yaraanaya.<ref name=Fishes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|title=Ecoregion Description:Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Fresh Water Ecoregions of the World, FWEO Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/201301029183644/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|archive-date=29 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dareen la mid ah kan xeebaha badda ayaa laga dareemaa hareeraha harada iyo gohada, maadaama hawada ay ka buuxaan dhawaaqyada shimbiraha biyaha iyo [[gull|shimbiraha baddan]].<ref name="Narayan2012">{{cite book|author=Kirin Narayan |authorlink=Kirin Narayan |title=Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdFFyWmehRoC&pg=PA32|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=26 January 2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56792-1|pages=32–}}</ref> Maadaama haradu ay tahay goob muhiim ah oo ay ku natsaan [[migratory birds|shimbiraha guura]], [[UNESCO]] waxay u kala saartay inay tahay aag [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] ah iyadoo hoos timaada cinwaanka guud ee [[Lake Walado Débo]], oo qayb ka ah gohada gudaha iyadoo ay ku jiraan 350 nooc oo shimbirood, oo ay ku jiraan 118 nooc oo guura.<ref name =wetland>{{Cite web|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|title=Support Project for Wetland Management In the Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2012|publisher=Cmsdata.iucn.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042541/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Narayan2012"/> [[File:Giant Barb.jpg|right|thumb|Kalluunka [[giant barb]]]] Kalluunka ''[[Synodontis gobroni]]'' iyo ''[[Gobiocichla]] wonderi'' waa laba nooc oo u gaar ah (endemic) kalluunka harada kaas oo qayb ka ah gohada gudaha.<ref name=Fishes/> Xayawaanka biyaha ee gohada guud ahaan, kaas oo ka tarjumaya harada sidoo kale, wuxuu koobanyahay 130 nooc badankooduna waa noocyada ku jira qoysaska [[Mormyridae]], [[Mochokidae]], iyo [[Cyprinidae]]. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo kalluunka guura ah kuwaas oo u soo guura dhanka webiga ilaa gobolkan; noocyadan kalluunka guura dhexdiisa [[African tetras]] ''[[Brycinus]] leuciscus'' wuxuu u safraa masaafado dheer ilaa gohada iyo sidoo kale ilaa salka [[Markala Dam|Xidheenka Markala]].<ref name=Fishes/> ==Dhaqanka== Marka ay webiyada [[Niger River|Niger]] iyo [[Bani River|Bani]] ku jiraan [[flood|fatahaad]], hawlaha kalluumeysiga waxaa laga fuliyaa harada dhexdeeda iyadoo la isticmaalayo doonyaha jillaaba. Kalluumeysatada qowmiyadda [[Bozo people|Bozo]], ee degan xeebaha harada ayaa ku lug leh hawlahan. Xilliga qallalan, reer guuraa badan oo ka tirsan qowmiyadda [[Fula people|Fula]] ayaa yimaada aagga haradan iyadoo u ah goobta ugu dambaysa ee ay u socdaan inta lagu jiro guuritaanka xilliyeedka ee [[transhumance|daaqsinta]] iyaga iyo xoolahooda oo ka yimaada dhanka waqooyi.<ref name=world/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Debo}} 4awtajcsn5pugsg5r4tnik43o1rirlw 0 48358 300338 2026-06-29T13:48:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Malombe | image = Lake Malombe NASA.jpg | caption = Laga soo qabtay hawada sare | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Southern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Koonfureed]] | coords = {{coord|14|40|0|S|35|15|0|E|type:waterbody_region:MW|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Malawi | type = | inflow = [[Shire River|Webiga Shire]] oo ka yimaada [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]] | outflow = Webiga Shire | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Malawi]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|450|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|6|-|8|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = }} '''Harada Malombe''' waa [[haro]] ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee [[Malawi]]. Waxay ku taal [[Shire River|Webiga Shire]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html |title=Community-Based Fisheries Management Lake Malombe, Malawi |accessdate=2006-09-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910134631/http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html |archive-date=2006-09-10 }}</ref> ee [[Southern Region, Malawi|Gobolka Koonfureed]] agagaarka {{coord|14|40|0|S|35|15|0|E|type:waterbody_region:MW}}, qiyaastii {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfur ka xigta Harada aadka uga weyn ee [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]]. Waxay leedahay baaxad dhan qiyaastii {{convert|450|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. Sannadaha hantida ah, tirada kalluumeysatada ee harada aad ayay u korortay, tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac deegaanka ah oo ku yimid qaar ka mid ah noocyada [[kalluun|kalluunka]], gaar ahaan cichlids-ka [[Oreochromis|chambo]] oo ah il muhiim ah oo cuntada ah dhammaan Malawi. Haradu waa mid aad u joog hooseysa iyadoo celceliska moolkeedu yahay qiyaastii siddeed cagood, xilliyada cimilada qallalanna heerka biyuhu waa uu yaraadaa, xitaa way dabar-gomi kartaa. Salka harada wuxuu ahaa mid qallalan dhowr boqol oo sano ilaa uu dib uga buuxsamay bartamihii qarnigii 19-aad. == Tixraacyo == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060910134631/http://srdis.ciesin.columbia.edu/cases/malawi-002.html Community-based fisheries management, Lake Malombe] * {{cite web |url= http://www.co-management.org/download/malombe.pdf |title= An evaluation of the Lake Malombe co-management programme |access-date= 2006-04-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195800/http://www.co-management.org/download/malombe.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-03 |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(94.1&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]])}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} he91ug9wqvmq29nbtgy4gf7omuid8gm 0 48359 300339 2026-06-29T13:50:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kazuni | image = Kazuni 1.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta Vwaza Marsh]] | coords = {{coord|11.1333|S|33.6667|E|type:waterbody_region:MW|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = |pushpin_map=Malawi | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Malawi | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = | frozen = }} '''Harada Kazuni''' waa [[haro]] ku taal [[Malawi]]. Waxay ku taal [[Vwaza Marsh Game Reserve|Kaydka Duurjoogta Vwaza Marsh]], meel u dhow albaabka weyn. Kazuni Safari Camp waa goob deegaan oo muhiim ah oo ku taal nawaaxiga harada. Haradu waxay masruuftaa tiro badan oo [[hippo|jeerayaal]] ah, waxaana sidoo kale hareeraha harada lagu arki karaa [[African elephant|maroodiyaal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vwaza Marsh Wildlife Reserve {{!}} North Malawi {{!}} Malawi Tourism |url=https://www.malawitourism.com/regions/north-malawi/vwaza-marsh-wildlife-reserve/ |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref><mapframe latitude="-11.143540" longitude="33.619366" zoom="13" width="506" height="306" text="Harada Kazuni" align="center">{ "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": {}, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [ 33.62812, -11.149531 ] } } ] }</mapframe> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} cy9fkjn9g8wnh7qc2xgni8qy8na9crq 0 48360 300340 2026-06-29T13:56:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Chilwa | image = Lake Chilwa NASA.jpg | caption = Laga soo qabtay hawada sare (midab been ah) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = |pushpin_map=Malawi | location = [[Zomba District|Degmada Zomba]] | coords = {{Coord|15|18|S|35|42|E|region:MW_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = Naisi, Thondwe, Phalombe, Songani, Domasi | outflow = maleh | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Malawi]] | length = {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = Chisi | cities = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 14 November 1996 | designation1_number = 869<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Chilwa|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/869|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Chilwa''' waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn [[Malawi]] marka laga reebo [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]]. Waxay ku taal bariga [[Zomba District|Degmada Zomba]], meel u dhow xadka ay la leedahay [[Mozambique]]. Qiyaastii 60&nbsp;km oo dherer ah iyo 40&nbsp;km oo ballac ah, harada waxaa ku hareeraysan dhulal qoyan oo ballaaran oo ah [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|sawanka daadadka ee Zambezian]]. Waxaa jira jasiirad ku taal dhexda harada oo loo yaqaan [[Chisi Island|Jasiiradda Chisi]]. Haradu [[Endorheic basin|ma laha meel ay u fanto (baxdo)]], heerka biyuhuna waxaa si weyn u saameeya roobabka xilliyeedka iyo uumi-baxa xagaaga. Sannadkii 1968, haradu waxay dabar-gashay intii lagu jiray cimilo qallalan oo aan caadi ahayn. Markii uu [[David Livingstone]] booqday harada sannadkii 1859,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chilwa |volume=6 |page=164}}</ref> wuxuu sheegay in xadka koonfureed uu gaaray ilaa [[Mulanje Massif]], taas oo ka dhigi lahayd harada ugu yaraan {{convert|20|mi|km|order=flip}} ka dherer badan inta ay tahay maanta. [[Danish International Development Agency|Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Denmark]], iyadoo kaashanaysa Dawladda Malawi waxay ka shaqaynaysay sidii loo xaqiijin lahaa ilaalinta harada iyo dhulkeeda qoyan. Barnaamijka La-qabsiga Isbeddelka Cimilada ee Weelka Harada Chilwa (LCBCCAP) ayaa la horkeenay si loo dhowro aaggan xasaasiga ah, kaas oo aan ahayn oo kaliya dhul qoyan oo muhiim u ah xayawaanka deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale ah il weyn oo loo tixgeliyo waxsoosaarka kalluunka ee gobolka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lakechilwaproject.mw/ |title=Lake Chilwa Basin Climate Change Adaptation Programme |access-date=2015-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173627/http://www.lakechilwaproject.mw/ |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Duurjoogta== Noocyada kalluunka ee ugu caansan Harada Chilwa waa ''[[Barbus paludinosus]]'', ''[[Oreochromis]] shiranus chilwae'', ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'', ''[[Brycinus imberi]]'' iyo ''[[Gnathonemus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Njaya|first1=Friday J.|title=Management options for Lake Chilwa, Malawi|url=http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/fridayprf.pdf|website=UNU Fisheries Training Programme|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=2001}}</ref> Haradu waxay masruuftaa tiro shimbiraha biyaha ah oo gaaraya ilaa 1.5 milyan oo ka kooban qiyaastii 160 nooc oo kala duwan. Qaar ka mid ah kuwan waxay sannad kasta ka soo guuraan Siberia iyagoo raacaya [[Asian - East African Flyway|Dhabaha Duulimaadka ee Aasiya - Bariga Afrika]]. Iyadoo ay jiraan laba iyo toban nooc oo shimbirood, tiradaasi waxay ka badan tahay 1% wadarta guud ee tirada dadka ee dhabaha duulimaadkaas. Dadka ku xeeran waa kuwo cufan oo sii kordhaya, shimbiraha baddana waxaa loo ugaarsadaa cunto ahaan marka uu heerka biyuhu hooseeyo oo ay adagtahay kalluumeysigu. Dadaallo ayaa loo samaynayaa si loo xaqiijiyo in ugaarsiga loo fuliyo si waara.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4htx09cb-6gC&pg=PA255 |page=255 |title=Waterbirds around the world: a global overview of the conservation, management and research of the world's waterbird flyways |first1=G. C. |last1=Boere |first2=Colin A. |last2=Galbraith |first3=David A. |last3=Stroud |publisher=The Stationery Office |year=2006 |isbn=0-11-497333-4}}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Lakechilwa.jpg|thumb|Xeebta galbeed ee Harada Chilwa, Jasiiradda Chisi oo meel fog ka muuqata.]] Qiyaastii 335 tuulo oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 60,000 oo danyar ah<ref>{{Cite book|title = Historical Dictionary of Malawi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuXPkCVjzasC|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|date = 2012-01-01|isbn = 9780810859616|language = en|first = Owen J. M.|last = Kalinga |authorlink=Owen J. M. Kalinga}}</ref> ayaa ku lug leh [[fishing|kalluumeysiga]] harada, waxayna soo saaraan in ka badan 17,000 oo tan oo metric ah sannad kasta, taas oo ah 20% dhammaan kalluunka lagu qabto Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Livelihoods Drying Up on Malawi's Lake Chilwa {{!}} Inter Press Service|url = https://www.ipsnews.net/2012/08/livelihoods-drying-up-on-malawis-lake-chilwa/|website = www.ipsnews.net| date=17 August 2012 |access-date = 2015-09-14}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} j7t0r0sgfo75w3g7khgcb8zkcq9caev 0 48361 300341 2026-06-29T14:01:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Itasy | native_name = | other_name = Lac Itasy <!-- Images --> | image = Itasy lake.jpg | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Itasy Region|Gobolka Itasy]], [[Madagascar]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|19|4|S|46|47|E|region:Madagascar_type:waterbody|display =inline}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = [[Lily River|Webiga Lily]] | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = {{convert|3500|ha}} | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|1,221|m}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Madagascar | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay Harada Itasy ku taal dhexdeeda Madagascar <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Itasy''' oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Itasianaka''' waa haro ku taal bartamaha Madagascar. Waxay ku taal [[Itasy Region|Gobolka Itasy]]. Waxay ku dhex taal degmooyinka [[Ampefy]], [[Soavinandriana]], [[Manazary]] iyo [[Analavory, Miarinarivo|Analavory]].<ref>[https://www.ctc-n.org/sites/www.ctc-n.org/files/2021-04/7bis.%20Atlas-cartographique_3.pdf Lac Itasy]</ref> Harada Itasy waxay leedahay baaxad dhan {{convert|3,500|ha}}. Waa harada afraad ee ugu weyn Madagascar, ka dib harooyinka [[Lake Alaotra|Alaotra]], [[Lake Kinkony|Kinkony]], iyo [[Lake Ihotry|Ihotry]].<ref name = Battistini>Battistini, R., Richard-Vindard, G. (eds) (1972) ''Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar''. Monographiae Biologicae, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7159-3_5</ref> Haradu waxay leedahay celcelis moolkeedu yahay {{convert|4|m||sp=us}}, waxayna gaartaa ilaa {{convert|10|m|sp=us}} oo mool ah. Heerka biyuhu waa uu isbeddelaa xilli kasta. Waxaa jira aagag qoyan oo dhoobo ah qaybaha koonfureed iyo bariga ee harada.<ref name = Birdlife>BirdLife International (2023) [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-itasy-iba-madagascar|Important Bird Areas factsheet: Lake Itasy]. Accessed 16 January 2023.</ref> Harada Itasy waxay dhacdaa bariga [[Itasy volcanic field|goobta foolkanaha ee Itasy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Volcanism Program Image GVP-11474|url=https://volcano.si.edu/gallery/ShowImage.cfm?photo=GVP-11474|access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref> Hawlaha foolkanaha ee gobolka waa kuwo dhow, haradana waxay samaysantay markii qulqulka lafaha foolkanaha ay xannibeen webi, iyagoo gadaashiisa ka sameeyay haro. Dhulka ku xeeran harada waxaa daboolay dhalada [[scoria cone|dhagax-bulsheedka]] ee qaraxii [[Strombolian eruption|Strombolian]] iyo munaaradaha [[trachyte]]. Dhulka foolkanaha ah ee ku xeeran harada wuxuu leedahay harooyin badan oo yaryar ([[maar]]s) iyo dhooboyin madow.<ref name = Battistini/> Webiyada Andranomena iyo Mariandrano waxay ku shubmaan harada dhanka bari.<ref name = Birdlife/> [[Lily River|Webiga Lily]] waa bixidda harada, isagoo u qulqulaya dhanka galbeed kana ambaqaada cidhifka waqooyi-galbeed ee harada. Lily waa laan ka mid ah [[Sakay River|Webiga Sakay]], oo isna ah laan ka mid ah [[Tsiribihina River|Webiga Tsiribihina]]. Tsiribihina wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka galbeed si uu ugu shubmo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]].<ref name = Battistini/> ==Dhirtu iyo xayawaanka== Waxaa jira caws-biyood dhererka hareeraha harada ah, oo inta badan ka kooban noocyada cawska ''[[Phragmites]]'' iyo sedge-ka ''[[Cyperus]]'', kuwaas oo baxa ilaa laba mitir oo dherer ah. Waxaa sidoo kale jira rabaayado sabaynaya oo ah geedka aan deegaanka u dhalan ee uasinka-biyaha ''[[Eichhornia]]''.<ref name = Birdlife/> 44 nooc oo shimbirood ah ayaa lagu arkay harada, oo ay ku jiraan toban nooc oo u gaar ah Madagascar. Shimbiraha deegaanka u dhashay waxaa ka mid ah [[Meller's duck|gandada Meller]] (''Anas melleri''), [[Madagascar grebe|banyeerka Madagascar]] (''Tachybaptus pelzelnii''), [[Madagascar flufftail]] (''Sarothrura insularis''), [[Madagascar pond heron|hoolifka Madagascar]] (''Ardeola idae''), [[Madagascar snipe]] (''Gallinago macrodactyla''), iyo [[Madagascar marsh harrier]] (''Circus macrosceles''). Harada waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay [[Important Bird Area|Aagga Shimbiraha ee Muhiimka ah]].<ref name = Birdlife/> Deegaanka harada iyo webiyada ku shubma waxaa saameeyay wasakhaysan, nabaad-guur iyo ururka dhoobada, burburinta deegaanka, iyo soo bandhigista [[exotic species|noocyo shisheeye ah]]. Kalluunka deegaanka u dhashay ee ''[[Ptychochromoides itasy]]'', oo markii ugu dambaysay lagu arkay harada 1970-yadii, waxaa loo maleeyay inuu dabar-go'ay ilaa laga helay tiro kale oo ku nool Webiga Sakay.<ref>Ravelomanana, T. & Sparks, J.S. 2020. ''Ptychochromoides itasy'' (amended version of 2016 assessment). The [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] 2020: e.T44513A177066939. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44513A177066939.en. Accessed 17 January 2023.</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} stk4rnoi68owasketlbd79htaq6ato9 0 48362 300342 2026-06-29T14:06:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Alaotra <br> Lac Alaotra | image = Lake Alaotra NASA.jpg | caption = Laga soo qabtay hawada sare | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Madagascar]] | coords = {{coord|17.5|S|48.5|E|type:waterbody_region:MG|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Madagascar | type = | inflow = [[Ambato River (Madagascar)|Webiga Ambato]] | outflow = [[Maningory River|Webiga Maningory]] | catchment = | basin_countries = Madagascar | length = | width = | area = {{convert|900|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|0.60|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}} | volume = app. {{convert|0.945|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|750|m|abbr=on}}<ref>R. Battistini, G. Richard-Vindard (1972). Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, pp. 268–270. {{isbn|978-94-015-7161-6}}</ref> | islands = | cities = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Le Lac Alaotra: Les Zones Humides et Bassins Versants | designation1_date = 9 September 2003 | designation1_number = 1312<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Lac Alaotra: Les Zones Humides et Bassins Versants|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1312|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Alaotra''' ({{langx|mg|farihin' Alaotra}}, {{IPA|mg|faˈrihin ˈaloʈʂə̥|}}; {{langx|fr|Lac Alaotra}}) waa harada ugu weyn [[Madagascar]], waxay ku taal [[Alaotra-Mangoro|Gobolka Alaotra-Mangoro]] iyo dhulka sare ee bartamaha waqooyi ee jasiiradda. Weelkeedu wuxuu ka kooban yahay harooyin biyo macaan oo joog hoose ah iyo maryafeexyo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin aagag leh dhir cufan.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm |title = Aythya innotata - Range & Habitat |accessdate = 2006-12-24 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm |archivedate = 2007-09-30 }}</ref> Waxay samaysaa bartamaha gobolka ugu muhiimsan jasiiradda ee bariiska laga soo saaro. Waa deegaan qani ku ah duurjoogta, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah oo halis ugu jira dabar-go', iyo sidoo kale goob muhiim ah oo kalluumeysi. Harada Alaotra iyo dhulkeeda qoyan ee ku xeeran waxay daboolaan {{convert|7223|km2}}, waxaana ku jira deegaano kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan biyo furan, caws-biyood, maryafeexyo, iyo beero [[bariis]] ah. Harada lafteedu waxay daboolaysaa {{convert|900|km2|abbr=on}}. Harada Alaotra waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance|dhul qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh]] iyadoo hoos timaada heshiiska caalamiga ah ee [[Ramsar Convention]] bishii Febraayo 2, 2003. Kalluunka tilapia ee baalka dheer (''Oreochromis macrochir'') waxaa laga soo mastaafuriyay dhulka weyn lagana soo dhex saaray Harada Alaotra sannadkii 1954 wuxuuna u tarmay si degdeg ah. Sannadkii 1957, wuxuu bixiyay 46% qabsashada kalluunka, laga yaabee sababtoo ah wuxuu u guuray meel deegaan oo bannaan isagoo ah nooc [[phytophagous|dhirtu qubata]] ah.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA322 |page=322 |title=Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa |author=C. Lévêque |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |ISBN=0-521-57033-6}}</ref> Dhulka fidsan ee bacrin ah ee ku xeeran Harada Alaotra waa gobolka ugu muhiimsan Madagascar ee bariiska laga soo saaro. Buuraha ku xeeran harada waxay ahaan jireen kuwo kaymo ah laakiin badankooda waxaa loo xaalufiyay dhul beereed tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Nabaad-guurka daran ee ka dhacay jiirada buuraha ee nugul wuxuu sababay [[sedimentation|ururka dhoobada]] ee weyn ee harada, taas oo si degdeg ah u sii dabar-gaysa; haradu hadda moolkeedu waa uun {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}} inta lagu jiro xilliga qallalan. Cadaadiska lagu abuurayo beero bariis oo horleh ayaa sidoo kale ku riixay dadka deegaanka inay gubaan caws-biyoodka ku xeeran harada. Caws-biyoodkan ayaa bixiya deegaanka keliya ee uu ku nool yahay [[endemic (ecology)|lemur-ka u gaarka ah]] ee [[Lac Alaotra gentle lemur|Lemur-ka deggan ee Alaotra]] (''Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis''). Lemur-ka deggan ee Alaotra wuxuu hadda ku xaddidan yahay oo uun ku haray {{convert|220|km2|abbr=on}} oo caws-biyood ah, sannadaha hantida ahna, tiradoodu waxay hoos u dhacday si degdeg ah oo gaaraysa 60%, iyadoo ka soo degtay qiyaastii 7,500 shakhsi sannadkii 1994 lana ogaaday 3,000 sannadkii 2001, inta badanna waxaa sababay lumitaanka deegaanka, iyo sidoo kale ugaarsiga dadka tuulooyinka deegaanka. Haradu waa goobtii nooca ee laga helay balanbaalistada ''[[Artitropa alaotrana]]'' iyo deegaan muhiim ah laakiin aad u sii khatar galaya oo ay leeyihiin [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]], oo ay ku jirto shimbirta halista ugu jirta dabar-go'a ee [[Meller's duck|gandada Meller]] (''Anas melleri''). Laba nooc oo shimbiraha biyaha ah ayaa u gaar ahaa waqooyiga Madagascar, kuwaas oo kala ah [[Madagascar pochard|banyeerka Madagascar]] (''Aythya innotata'') iyo [[Alaotra grebe|banyeerka Alaotra]] (''Tachybaptus rufolavatus''). Banyeerka Madagascar hadda aad ayuu u halis ugu jiraa dabar-go' walina lagama helo harada, inkastoo tiro aad u yar ay ka jiraan meelo kale. Banyeerka Alaotra waxaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu dabar-go'ay sannadkii 2010. Aagga harada ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ahaa deegaankiisa keliya.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6567&m=0 Lake Alaotra] at ''[[BirdLife International]]''</ref> [[Ambato River (Madagascar)|Webiga Ambato]] wuxuu harada siiyaa biyo, sidoo kale waa uu ka bixiyaa. Ka dib 381&nbsp;km, webigu wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Dhulka la ilaaliyo ee isku-dheelitiran ee Harada Alaotra waxaa maamula ururka Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.<ref>Decret no. 2015-756 portant création de l’Aire Protégée dénommée « LAC ALAOTRA»</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 The GRAP-Lake Alaotra project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828005211/http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 |date=2021-08-28 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm Madagascar Pochard is endemic to Madagascar, where it was found historically in the Lake Alaotra basin] * [http://www.mwc-info.net Project Alaotra by Madagascar Wildlife Conservation] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alaotra, Lake}} 31zz3iy7ukx3c4x1iugtuq3qtbp4tdy 0 48363 300343 2026-06-29T14:10:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Sare | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-0.042|34.059 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Sare''' waa haro ku taal galbeedka Kenya oo u dhaxaysa [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] iyo [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. Waxay leedahay karti ay ku noqon karto goob dib loogu soo celiyo noocyada kalluunka ee haliska ugu jira dabar-go'a gudaha Harada Victoria, laakiin maamul la'aan darteed deegaanka harada ayaa si joogto ah u sii xumaanaya. ==Goobta== Harada Sare asal ahaan waxay ahaan jirtay gacanka Harada Victoria oo ku yaal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] meeshii uu ka baxayay Dhoobada Yala. Gacanka waxaa ka go'ay harada tuubo weyn (culvert), taas oo dhalisay dib-u-fatahaad abuurtay Harada Sare oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|500|ha}}.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Biyaha webigu waxay ka galaan Harada Victoria dhanka Harada Sare iyagoo maraya kanaal ay ku dul taal biriij qaada jidka weyn ee xeebta ee C27 ee dhererka jidka Goye.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} Harada Sare waxaa ku xeeran maryafeexyo [[papyrus|baxaro]] ah, kuwaas oo ku milma Dhoobada Yala.{{sfn|Lake Sare ... Siaya County}} Haradu ma taageerto jillaabashada ganacsiga maamul la'aan darteed, inkastoo taasi ay isbeddeli karto.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} Xiriirka tooska ah ee ay la leedahay Harada Victoria, waxay muhiim u tahay dhowrista xayawaanka kalluunka [[cichlid]] ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} Waxay leedahay karti ay ku noqoto goob ay ku koraan noocyada yaryar ee kalluunka ee haliska ugu jira dabar-go'a ka hor inta aysan u guurin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} ==Deegaanka== Warbixin soo baxday 1991-kii ayaa sheegtay in biyaha ku qulqula Harada Sare ay soo sifeeyeen dhoobadu, ayna xajistaan nafaqooyin yar iyo waxyaabo yar oo biyaha ku dhex jira oo lalalabo. Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin conductivity dhan 120–130μS/cm iyo pH dhan 7.6, iyadoo leh 7–9 mg oo ogsajiin ah halkii liitar ee xilliga maalintii. Aagga hoose waxaa ka buuxay haraaga baxarada, iyadoo ay yar yihiin aagagga carrada ama quruuruxa ah. Waxay hoy u ahayd [[nematode]]s godod samaysta, unugyada [[mayfly]], unugyada [[dragonfly]] iyo maryafeexyada ''[[oligochaeta]]'', gaar ahaan noocyada ''[[Alma emini]]'' iyo ''[[Limnodrilus]]''.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=31}} Haradu aad uguma ficanayn dhanka [[limnology]], iyadoo leh cufnaan aad u hoosaysa oo ah [[phytoplankton]] iyo [[zooplankton]] ee tiirka biyaha xorta ah marka la barbardhigo Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=32}} Haradu ma lahayn noocyo kala duwan oo qani ah oo kalluunka ah. Kuwa ugu caansan waxay ahaayeen [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''), ''[[Oreochromis leucostictus]]'' iyo noocyada ''[[Haplochromis]]''. Dhoobada ku xeeran harada waxaa ku jiray [[marbled lungfish|kalluunka sanbabka leh]] (Protopterus aethiopicus), [[Lake Victoria squeaker|kalluunka dhawaaqa sameeya ee Harada Victoria]] (''Synodontis victoriae''), ''[[Synodontis afrofischeri]]'' iyo ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]''. Kalluunka hilibka cuna ee [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ayaa qabsaday harada. Iyadoo ay sabab u tahay qayb ahaan biciidka Niil iyo qayb ahaan jillaabashada xad-dhaafka ah ee dadka deegaanka, ma jirin ''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'' ama ''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'' oo ku dhex jiray harada.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=32}} Warbixin soo baxday 2005-tii ayaa xustay isbeddelo ka dhacay Harada Sare kuwaas oo khatar ku ah nidaamka deegaanka iyada oo loo marayo [[eutrophication]] iyo wasakhayn. Waxay ku talisay qorshe maamul oo loo dhan yahay oo loogu talagalay dhammaan isku-darka dhoobada Yala si looga hortago xumaansho dheeraad ah oo ku yimaada nidaamka deegaanka.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005||p=347}} Warbixin soo baxday 2014-kii ayaa xustay xumaansho weyn oo ku yimid deegaanka harada 24-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Gidisha dhibta leh ee [[macrophytes]] ayaa qabsatay harada iyadoo bilowday isbeddel gaabis ah oo sababi kara inay aakhirka qallasho.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} Wixii ka dambeeyay 2019-kii BirdLife International waxay u qiimeysay khatarta ku wajahan dhammaan isku-darka dhoobada inay tahay mid sarreysa, waxayna ahayd mid rajo xumo ka muujisay tallaabo la qaado.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qoraallo== {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}} *{{citation |chapter-url=https://siaya.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Lakes-bklet-A6.pdf |access-date=2021-03-08 |chapter=Lake Sare |title=The County of Diverse Lakes |publisher=Siaya County |ref={{harvid|Lake Sare ... Siaya County}} }} *{{citation |url=http://41.89.101.166:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3995 |access-date=2021-03-08 |publisher=Maasai Mara University |last1=Maithya|first1=Jacob |last2=Abila |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Ecological Evolution of Lake Sare: The Need to Develop and Manage Fisheries Resources of the Small Water Bodies In Kenya}} *{{citation |type=Proceedings of the KWWG Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 3-5 July 1991 |last1=Njuguna|first1=Steven G.|last2=Howard|first2=Geoffrey W.|title=Wetlands of Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq_Rz4s-uJQC&pg=PA31|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0127-1}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8873639#map=12/-0.0290/34.0623 |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Relation: Yala (8873639) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Yala (8873639)}} }} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} e7vixea3zja06jqwtr3aws04mlgdd1m 0 48364 300344 2026-06-29T14:13:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Magadi | image = Lake Magadi 2014.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Kenyan Rift Valley|Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya]] | coords = {{coord|1|55|S|36|16|E|region:KE-700_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Magadi in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Magadi''' waa harada ugu xigta koonfurta dhexdeeda [[Kenyan Rift Valley|Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya]]. ==Faahfaahin== Harada Magadi waa harada ugu xigta koonfurta dhexdeeda Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya, waxayna ku taal meel weel dhagaxaan foolkano ah oo dilaacay ah, dhanka waqooyi ee Harada Natron ee Tanzania.<ref>{{Citation |last=Scoon |first=Roger N. |chapter=Lakes of the Gregory Rift Valley: Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru, Elmenteita, Magadi, Manyara and Eyasi |date=2018 |title=Geology of National Parks of Central/Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania: Geotourism of the Gregory Rift Valley, Active Volcanism and Regional Plateaus |pages=167–180 |editor-last=Scoon |editor-first=Roger N. |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0_15 |access-date=2026-06-10 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0_15 |isbn=978-3-319-73785-0|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Xilliga qallalan, 80% waxaa daboola [[Sodium carbonate|soodhada]]. Harada Magadi waa haro cusbo leh, oo [[alkaline lake|alkali ah]], baaxaddeeduna waxay qiyaastii tahay {{convert|100|sqkm}}.<ref>{{Citation |last=Renaut |first=Robin W. |chapter=Lake Magadi and Nasikie Engida |date=2023 |title=The Kenya Rift Lakes: Modern and Ancient: Limnology and Limnogeology of Tropical Lakes in a Continental Rift |pages=463–526 |editor-last=Renaut |editor-first=Robin W. |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25055-2_12 |access-date=2026-06-10 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-25055-2_12 |isbn=978-3-642-25055-2 |last2=Owen |first2=Richard Bernhart |editor2-last=Owen |editor2-first=Richard Bernhart|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Waxay ku taal [[Endorheic basin|weel xiran]] oo ay dhistay [[graben|gohad dhuleed]]. Haradu waxay tusaale u tahay bannaanka cusbada leh. Biyaha harada, oo ah [[brine|biyo-cusbo]] sodium carbonate ah oo cufan, waxay keenaan tiro aad u badan oo ah macdanta [[trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate). Meelaha qaar, cusbadu waxay gaartaa dhumuc ilaa {{convert|40|m}} ah. Harada waxaa inta badan dib u quudiya [[hot spring|ilo biyo kulul]] oo cusbo leh (heerkulku wuxuu gaaraa ilaa 86&nbsp;°C) kuwaas oo ku shubma "haro-gacmeedyo" alkali ah oo ku yaal hareeraha harada, iyagoo reeba yar [[surface runoff|biyo kor ka qulqula]] ee gobolkan. Inta badan ilaha biyaha kulul waxay ku yaallaan hareeraha waqooyi-galbeed iyo koonfureed ee xeebaha harada. Xilliga roobka, lakab dhuuban (ka yar {{convert|1|m}}) oo biyo-cusbo ah ayaa daboola inta badan bannaanka cusbada leh, laakiin si degdeg ah ayuu u uumi-baxaa, isagoo reeba dhul ballaran oo cusbo cad ah oo dilaaca si uu u soo saaro qaabab joomatari oo waaweyn. ==Taariikhda== Harada Magadi mar walba ma ahayn mid sidan u cusbo leh. Dhowr kun oo sano ka hor (xilligii dambe ee [[Pleistocene]] ilaa badhtamihii [[Holocene]] ee [[African humid period|xilligii qoyanaa ee Afrika]]), weelka Magadi wuxuu lahaa haro biyo macaan oo ay ku jireen noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo haraagooda lagu kaydiyay High Magadi Beds, oo ah taxane ah dhoobada [[Lake|harada]] iyo jidbaha foolkanaha ee ku kaydsan meelo kala duwan oo hareeraha xeebta hadda ah. Caddaymo ayaa sidoo kale jira oo ku saabsan dhowr harooyin oo ka sii horreeyay oo Pleistocene ah kuwaas oo aad uga weynaa Harada Magadi ee hadda. Mararka qaar, Harada Magadi iyo Harada Natron waxay ahaayeen kuwo midoobay si ay u sameeyaan haro keliya oo weyn. ==Kaydadka== Harada Magadi waxaa lagu yaqaannaa kaydadkeeda ah dhagaxa [[chert|chert-ka]] silika ah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Behr |first=H.-J. |last2=Röhricht |first2=C. |date=2000-09-01 |title=Record of seismotectonic events in siliceous cyanobacterial sediments (Magadi cherts), Lake Magadi, Kenya |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s005319900070 |journal=International Journal of Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=268–283 |doi=10.1007/s005319900070 |issn=1437-3262|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ay ku jiraan chert-ka lakabyada leh ee ka samaysmay harada dhexdeeda iyo jidbaha kale ee d dhex galay dhoobada sare intii silikadu ay jilicsanayd. Kan ugu caansan waa "chert-ka nooca Magadi", kaas oo ka samaysmay macdanta sodium silicate ee ka horreysay ee [[magadiite]] oo laga helay harada sannadkii 1967. Magadiite, oo ah macdan naadir ah oo hydrous sodium-silicate ah [NaSi₇O₁₃(OH)₃·4(H₂O)], waxaa laga helay qiyaastii 50 sano ka hor{{when|date=December 2025}} dhoobada ku xeeran Harada Magadi, oo ah haro aad u cusbo leh isla markaana alkali ah oo ay quudiyaan ilo biyo kulul oo ku taal koonfurta Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya ee semi-engegan. ==Duurjoogta deegaanka== [[File:Flamingos at lake Magadi.jpg|thumb|[[Flamingo|Shimbiraha flamingo-ga]] oo ku jira harada]] Deegaanka harada ee adag wuxuu ka reebaa inta badan noolaha. Waxyaabaha ka reeban waa noolaha yar-yar ee extremophiles-ka ah, dhowr invertebrate ah (inta badan cayayaan), iyo [[wading bird|shimbiraha lugaha dheer]], oo ay ku jiraan [[flamingo|flamingo-ga]]. Nooc keliya oo kalluun ah, oo ah cichlid-ka [[Alcolapia grahami]], ayaa ku nool biyaha kulul ee aadka u alkaliha ah ee weelka harada. Waxaa lagu arki karaa qaar ka mid ah barkadaha ilaha biyaha kulul ee ku xeeran xeebta, halkaas oo heerkulka biyuhu uu ka yar yahay 45&nbsp;°C. Godod laga helay dhagaxaanta High Magadi Beds (~25–9 ka) oo ka horreeyay bannaanka cusbada hadda (trona) waxay muujinayaan in lamidleyda iyo invertebrates kale ay deggenayeen deegaankan adag marka xaaladuhu ay ahaayeen kuwo aad u habboon. ===Haraaga lafaha fosilka=== Godod (heer cm ah) oo ku kaydsan magadiite-ka ku dhex jira High Magadi Beds waxaa ka buuxa dhoobo, dhoobo jilicsan iyo ciid ka tulleemay dhoobada sare. Xaaladdooda stratigraphic waxay muujinaysaa wareegyo kor u cidhiidhymaya oo ka ambaqaada dhoobada ilaa dhoobada lakabka leh ee magadiite-ka ilaa magadiite-ka ee unugyada heer dm ah. Gododku waxay samaysmeen markii salka haradu uu noqday mid ka biyo macaan oo ogsajiin leh, ka dib muddo uu magadiite-ku ku dhashay biyo joog hoose leh oo cusbo leh. Gododka, oo ay u badan tahay inay sameeyeen lamidleydu, waxay muujinayaan in raadadka fosilku ay bixin karaan caddayn ku saabsan isbeddellada muddada gaaban (ee u dhaxeeya sannado ilaa tobannaan sano) ee deegaanka xilligaas kuwaas oo aan haddii kale la aqoonsan laheen ama aan loo kaydin laheen qaab jid ahaan ama kiimiko ahaan ah ee diiwaanka dhoobada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buatois|first1=Luis A.|last2=Renaut|first2=Robin W.|last3=Owen|first3=Richard Bernhart|last4=Behrensmeyer|first4=Anna K.|last5=Scott|first5=Jennifer J.|date=2020-04-22|title=Animal bioturbation preserved in Pleistocene magadiite at Lake Magadi, Kenya Rift Valley, and its implications for the depositional environment of bedded magadiite|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=6794|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-63505-7|pmid=32321943|pmc=7176717|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Isticmaalka== [[File:Soda Plant, Lake Magadi.jpg|thumb|Warshadda [[Soda ash|soodhada]] oo ku taal xeebta Harada Magadi]] Magaalada [[Magadi, Kenya|Magadi]] waxay ku taal xeebta bari ee [[lake|harada]], waana hoyga [[Magadi Soda Company]], oo ay leedahay [[Tata Group|Tata India]] tan iyo bishii Diisambar 2005. Warshaddani waxay soo saartaa [[soda ash|soodhada]], oo leh isticmaalo warshadeed oo kala duwan. Harada waxaa lagu soo bandhigay filimkii Fernando Meirelles ee ''[[The Constant Gardener (film)|The Constant Gardener]]'', kaas oo ku salaysan [[The Constant Gardener|buugga isla magacaas leh]] ee uu qoray [[John le Carré]], waxaana loo isticmaalay beddelka [[Lake Turkana|Harada Turkana]] ee waqooyiga Kenya, halkaas oo buugga iyo filimkaba ay salka ku hayaan. [[Causeway|Jidka]] dhex mara harada wuxuu bixiyaa marin laga galo aagga galbeed ee harada (Nguruman Escarpment). Sannadaha dhow deegaanka dalxiisayaasha waxaa lagu diyaariyay teendhooyin dhar ah oo leh qaboojiyayaal. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Akhris dheeraad ah== * {{cite book |last1=Baccini |first1=P. |title=Lakes: Chemistry, Geology, Physics |date=2013 |publisher=Springer |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4757-1152-3 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Lakes/U54KCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |ref=none}} * Behr, H.J. 2002. Magadiite and Magadi chert: a critical analysis of the silica sediments in the Lake Magadi Basin, Kenya. SEPM Special Publication 73, p.&nbsp;257–273. * Eugster, H.P. 1970. Chemistry and origin of the brines from Lake Magadi, Kenya. Mineralogical Society of America Special Paper, No. 3, p.&nbsp;215–235. * Eugster, H.P. 1980. Lake Magadi, Kenya, and its Pleistocene precursors. In Nissenbaum, A. (Editor) Hypersaline brines and evaporitic environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.&nbsp;195–232. * Jones, B.F., Eugster, H.P., and Rettig, S.L. 1977. Hydrochemistry of the Lake Magadi basin, Kenya. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 41, p.&nbsp;53–72. ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} * [https://www.geosociety.org/maps/2014-DMCH016/DMCH016_S3e_Magadi.pdf Geology of the Magadi Area, Kenya] from the [[Geological Society of America]] * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Magadi Lake Magadi] from [[Britannica]] * [https://www.saltworkconsultants.com/lake-magadi-kenya/ Lake Magadi, Kenya] from Saltworks Consultants Pty Ltd. {{DEFAULTSORT:Magadi}} kbw9e30h80qbhb4cwnh68e1okam55av 0 48365 300345 2026-06-29T14:18:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Logipi | image = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|2|14|N|36|34|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = ''ilo biyo kulul'' | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|3|-|5|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Logipi in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} [[File:Lake_Logipi-4.jpg | thumb|right | alt=See caption | Harada oo kor laga soo qabtay]] '''Harada Logipi''' waa haro cusbo leh isla markaana alkali ah oo dhacda cidhifka waqooyi ee [[Suguta Valley|Dooxada engegan ee Suguta]] ee waqooyiga Riftiga [[Kenya]]. Waxaa ka sooca [[Lake Turkana|Harada Turkana]] goobta foolkanaha ee [[Barrier Volcano|The Barrier]], oo ah koox foolkanooyin dhowaan samaysmay ah kuwaas oo ugu dambaysay inay qarxaan dhammaadkii qarnigii 19-aad ama billowgii qarnigii 20-aad. Ilo biyo kulul oo cusbo leh ayaa ku shubma xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Logipi iyo agagaarka Cathedral Rocks oo u dhow xadka koonfureed, waxayna gacan ka geystaan xajisidda biyaha xilliyada abaaraha daran. Xilliga roobka, harada waxaa sidoo kale dib u quudiya [[Suguta River|Webiga Suguta]] oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi ee dhererka Dooxada Suguta, wuxuuna xilliyada qaar sameeyaa haro ku meel gaar ah (Harada Alablab) oo ku biirta Logipi. Harada Logipi waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo gaaraya 3 ilaa 5 m, ballaceeduna waa qiyaastii 6&nbsp;km oo dherer ah iyo 3&nbsp;km oo ballac ah. Biyuhu waxay ka kooban yihiin sodium bicarbonate iyadoo leh [[pH]] u dhaxeysa 9.5-10.5 iyo [[salinity|cusboonaysiin]] (wadarta guud ee cusbada ku dhex milantay) oo isbeddesha wax ka yar 20 g/L ilaa wax ka badan 50 g/L. Qolof cusbo leh oo ka dhalatay uumi-bax ([[trona]]) ayaa ka jirta hareeraheeda. [[Flamingo|Shimbiraha flamingo-ga]] ayaa inta badan degga biyaha cusbada leh iyagoo quuta [[cyanobacteria]] (''[[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|Arthrospira]]'' spp. - oo hore loogu yiqiin ''[[Spirulina (genus)|Spirulina]]'') iyo plankton kale.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf |first=Chege David |last=Mathea |title=OUR LAKES, OUR FUTURE |date=November 1, 2009 |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation |access-date=2011-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426070349/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/data/ilec/WLC13_Papers/others/5.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Harper|first1=David M.|chapter=Conservation and Management of East Africa's Soda Lakes|date=2016|title=Soda Lakes of East Africa|pages=345–364|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-28620-4|last2=Tebbs|first2=Emma|last3=Bell|first3=Olivia|last4=Robinson|first4=Victoria J.|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28622-8_14}}</ref> Harada Turkana ayaa ballaarata ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo da'ay sannadkii 2020 waxayna ku fatahtay Harada Logipi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Buug-qoraal == * Castanier, S., Bernet-Rollande, M.-C., Maurin, A., and Perthuisot, J.-P. 1993. Effects of microbial activity on the hydrochemistry and sedimentology of Lake Logipi, Kenya. [[Hydrobiologia]], v. 267, p.&nbsp;99–112. {{DEFAULTSORT:Logipi}} sk2fg2821vi8tdgsvffnhq8w01trzpu 0 48366 300346 2026-06-29T14:21:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kenyatta | other_name = Lake Mukunganya | image = | caption = | coords = {{coord|02|24|45|S|40|40|53|E|type:waterbody_scale:1500000|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = [[Fresh water|Biyo macaan]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Evaporation|Uumi-bax]] | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = {{convert|12|km|mi|0}} | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = [[Mpeketoni]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Kenyatta in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Kenyatta''', oo sidoo kale ah '''Harada Mukunganya''', waa haro ku taal [[Lamu County|Gobolka Lamu]], oo ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Kenya]]. ==Location== Haradu waxay ku taal Gobolka Lamu, qiyaastii {{convert|2.5|km|0}},<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 April 2016|date=9 April 2016|last=GFC |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mpeketoni%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Lake%20Mukunganya%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJ_xuU3pL-FhgRxcrtFhFTOzU&dt2=ChIJiQ6Y6Cv5FhgRKfbCBgRLiLU| title=Distance between Mpeketoni, Lamu, Kenya and Lake Mukunganya, Lamu, Kenya| publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee magaalada [[Mpeketoni]]. (dadka ku nool waxaa lagu qiyaasay 50,000 sannadkii 2015).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 April 2016|url=http://allbajuni.com/2015/06/bajuni-modern-history-mpeketoni-history-of-the-settlement/|title=Bajuni Modern History: Mpeketoni - The History of the Settlement|date=9 April 2016|last=Kayomani|publisher=Allbajuni.com|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423015030/http://allbajuni.com/2015/06/bajuni-modern-history-mpeketoni-history-of-the-settlement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|50|km|0}}, dhanka jidka, koonfur-galbeed ee magaalada dekedda leh ee [[Lamu]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC) |last=GFC |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Lake%20Mukunganya%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Kikoni%20Landing%20Site%2C%20C112%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJiQ6Y6Cv5FhgRKfbCBgRLiLU&dt2=ChIJgSNu-iQaFxgR0BQ2jyapuTQ |title=Distance between Lake Mukunganya, Lamu, Kenya and Kikoni Landing Site, C112, Lamu, Kenya|access-date=9 April 2016 |date=9 April 2016}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha harada waa: 2°24'45.0"S, 40°40'53.0"E (Latitude:-2.412494; Longitude:40.681396).<ref>{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/2%C2%B024'45.0%22S+40%C2%B040'53.0%22E/@-2.4124886,40.6792127,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Lake Kenyatta (Lake Mukunganya), Lamu County, Kenya|accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> ==Fauna== Haradu waxay masruufta tiro adhi ah oo [[hippopotami|jeer]] ah, [[zebra|fardowaraa]], [[monkey|daayeerro]], [[waterbuck|bocor]], [[African buffalo|lo' weyn]] iyo [[warthog|doofaar-duureed]]. Sidoo kale, tiro badan oo shimbiraha duurka ah ayaa laga helaa halkan.<ref name="Die"/> ==Nabaad-guurka== Sababo la xiriira faragelinta ka dhalatay tirada dadka ee si degdeg ah ugu kordhaya Mpeketoni, haradu waa ay sii yaraanaysaa taas oo ka dhalatay (b) ururka dhoobada (t) bini'aadanka oo qabsaday dhulkeeda qoyan (j) qodidda ceelal badan oo tubooyin ah oo ku yaal aagga weelka iyo (X) duulaanka ay ku hayaan adhi waaweyn oo lo'da guri-joogta ah.<ref name="Die">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501091401.html |title=Kenya: Lake Kenyatta in Mpeketoni Is Dying, Experts Warn |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=9 April 2016 | first=Cheti|last= Praxides |location=Nairobi | newspaper=[[The Star (Kenya)]] via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/How-squatters-became-land-owners-in-Lamu/-/1950946/2366012/-/format/xhtml/-/15rvcdez/-/index.html How squatters became land owners in Lamu] {{Authority control}} 8attex12h506datk1uxslrjq2e26mgk 0 48367 300347 2026-06-29T14:24:11Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Location== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Ecological value== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Threats and conservation== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Notes == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 06xtn1vbxq5edrqfgarrer1bjlwnvft 300348 300347 2026-06-29T14:24:28Z Isma4l 41797 300348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Ecological value== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Threats and conservation== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Notes == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} gd3ol4ti19gwwfxblfdsqv4ve6cuike 300349 300348 2026-06-29T14:24:43Z Isma4l 41797 300349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qiimaha deegaanka== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Threats and conservation== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Notes == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 7zi7nk3rrg73878ppp4ao9d1txeec75 300350 300349 2026-06-29T14:24:59Z Isma4l 41797 300350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qiimaha deegaanka== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Hanjabaadyo iyo ilaalin== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Notes == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} a66ujadqntjry3tctl1bv0n82bvo7q3 300351 300350 2026-06-29T14:25:14Z Isma4l 41797 300351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qiimaha deegaanka== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Hanjabaadyo iyo ilaalin== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Qoraalo == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 1dej65axgii1lhcm1uqbmdo27becgo8 300352 300351 2026-06-29T14:25:27Z Isma4l 41797 300352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qiimaha deegaanka== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Hanjabaadyo iyo ilaalin== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Qoraalo == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species}} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 36rerc0icll8vnufrmw7ab4px8fz3t6 0 48368 300353 2026-06-29T14:28:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Jipe | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = Lake Jipe.png | alt_bathymetry = Lake in area below and to south east of Mount Kilimanjaro on the Tanzania and Kenya border. | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|3|27|0|S|37|43|48|E|region:TZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]] | outflow = [[Jipe Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]] (→[[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]]→Badweynta Hindiya) | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]] | length = {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} | width = | area = {{convert|30|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Jipe in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Jipe''' waa haro u dhaxaysa laba dhul oo ku fidsan xuduudaha [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Dhanka Kenya, waxay ku taal koonfurta tuulada [[Nghonji]] halka dhanka Tanzania ay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Mwanga District|Degmada Mwanga]], ee [[Kilimanjaro Region|Gobolka Kilimanjaro]]. Harada waxaa inta badan quudiya [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]], oo ka soo dega [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]], iyo sidoo kale [[Stream|durduro]] ka yimaada Waqooyiga [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]], iyadoo ku taal dhanka ay dabayshu u weecato.<ref name="ramsar.org2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf|title=Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007)|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division |location=The United Republic of Tanzania|date=May 2004|work=ramsar.org|page=6|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Meesha ay haradu ka dhiqi lahayd waxay dhashaa [[Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]].<ref name="Ndetei">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2e4psS151TYJ:www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/1492/1/WLCK-162-168.pdf+River+lumi+ruvu&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgCGQtRHRbyTd58huVgdd5XfMmglS-meICCJrH1eEEzeT_fg6Dx1lNf25JT-Xw0f6dHs7KAwj7ZurnbdW4ADAuyUe7pf3Bap24mMCSmVTRKzR8oCCC64gtfIwyw1zHcbrAx5Uwf&sig=AHIEtbT3U9ffbAfvC3C9Gw-2R2MPV772NA|title=The role of wetlands in lake ecological functions and sustainable livelihoods in lake environment: A case study on cross border Lake Jipe - Kenya/Tanzania|last=Ndetei|first=Robert |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|pages=163|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> Kenya gudaheeda [[Tsavo West National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Tsavo West]] oo aan deyr lahayn ayaa dhowrta qayb ka mid ah xeebta waqooyi ee harada, halka dhanka Tanzania [[Mkomazi Game Reserve|Dhowrsan Duurjoogta ee Mkomazi]] ay u dhowdahay.<ref name="Briggs2006">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Bradt Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba & Mafia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&pg=PA227|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-153-1|pages=227–}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku caan tahay kalluunkeeda [[Endemism|u gaarka ah]], iyo sidoo kale shimbiraha biyaha, naasleyda, dhirta dhulka qoyan iyo maryafeexyada geesaha harada, kuwaas oo fidi kara {{convert|2|km}} marka laga reebo xeebta Jipe.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA854|accessdate=26 September 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=854–}}</ref> ==Geography== Harada waxaa laga geli karaa dhanka Tanzania iyadoo loo marayo Jidka Weyn ee B1 oo laga ambaqaado tuulada ''Kifaru'', qiyaastii {{convert|40|km}} koonfurta caasimadda Gobolka Kilimanjaro ee [[Moshi, Kilimanjaro|Moshi]].<ref name="Briggs2009">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Northern Tanzania, 2nd: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDf1ZMyQCIAC&pg=PA141|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-292-7|pages=141–}}</ref> Jipe waxay daboolaysaa baaxad dhan qiyaastii {{convert|30|km2}},<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> dhererkeeduna wuxuu qiyaastii yahay {{convert|12|mi}} halka ballaceedu yahay {{convert|3|-|4|mi}}. Jipe waa biyo-fadhi shallow ah oo ka yimaada webiga Lumi, kaas oo gadaal ka noqda Webiga Ruvu, soona gala [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir|Godka Biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu]]. Ka dib marka ay halkaas ku midoobaan ''Kikuletwa'', durdurku wuxuu u qulqulaa sidii [[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]] ee ku shubma [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Pangani]]. Haradu ma laha qulqul xooggan maadaama webiga soo gala uu wareego ka dibna uu haddana dib u baxo. Biyaheeda waxaa la cabbi karaa oo qura ka dib marka si fiican loo kariyo lana sifeeyo. Dhankeeda koonfureed, buuraleyda Ugweno waxay kor u kacaan {{convert|6000|-|7000|ft}}, iyagoo si weyn uga duwan xeebta ka soo horjeedda, taas oo ah bannaanka siman, oo in yar ka sarreeya harada.<ref name="Johnston1886">{{cite book|first=Harry Hamilton |last=Johnston, Sir|title=The Kilima-Njaro expedition: A record of scientific exploration in eastern equatorial Africa. And a general description of the natural history, languages, and commerce of the Kilima-Njaro district|url=https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog|accessdate=24 September 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1886|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, and co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog/page/n351 298], 494–}}</ref> Madax-buureedka Kibo ee [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]] waa laga arki karaa harada.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> ==Demographics== Ku dhawaad 120,000 oo qof ayaa noloshoodu ku tiirsan tahay harada.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dadka ku nool tuulooyinka ku xeeran Harada Jipe waxay inta badan ku lug leeyihiin jillaabashada, beeraha iyo taranka xoolaha.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dhanka koonfur-bari ee buurta weyn waxaa ku taal gumeysiga yar ee beeraha ee Taveta. Ki-taveta waa luuqadda ay isticmaalaan kala bar dadka Bantu-ga ah, Maasaiguna waa luuqadda qaybta soo exertsay. [[Gweno people|Ki-gweno]] waa lahjada aagga ugu waqooyiga ee [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]] ee loo yaqaan [[Ugweno]] (''Vughonu'' dadka deegaanka u yaqaan) ee koonfurta Harada Jipe. Biyaha harada waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka beeraha ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taita Taveta District profile|publisher=Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands|url=http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003738/http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|archivedate=2012-08-19}}</ref> ==Fauna== Suurtogalnimada go'doon muddo dheer ah oo laga ka go'ay dhulalka kale ee qoyan waxaa muujinaya kalluun u gaar ah harada, oo ah [[Jipe tilapia|tilapia-ha Jipe]].<ref name="Briggs2011">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epbpZJoiEAUC&pg=PA189|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-8445-7|pages=189–}}</ref> Biyaha Jipe waxay ka buuxaan kalluun waaweyn, badankooduna waa [[siluriform]]s iyo [[cyprinoid]]s. Jipe waxay dhistay nidaam deegaan oo qani ku ah kala duwanaanshaha noolaha kaas oo sidoo kale lagu yaqaan shimbiraha biyaha ee had iyo jeer yimaada xeebaheeda cawska leh; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah haaddayda, korgatada, haraaliga, xeebjoogta, shinbiraha, iyo bandooga Masar.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> [[Lesser jacana]] iyo [[African swamphen]] ayaa caan ka ah harada dhexdeeda, waxaana inta badan lagu arkaa [[Madagascar squacco heron]], [[black heron]], [[African darter]] iyo [[African skimmer]].<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Agagaarka harada waxaa badanaa yimaada adhi duurjoogta ah. [[Hippopotami|Jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yayaanka Niil]] ayaa aad u badan. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|colwidth=33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Lake-Jipe-Dangerous-beautiful-lake-astride-Kenya-Tanzania-border/-/434746/3172052/-/12lmuc7/-/index.html Dangerous, beautiful lake astride Kenya-Tanzania border] grxvuc15etoizpxf5y6cevhzjzv49r9 300354 300353 2026-06-29T14:28:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* Tirakoobka Dadka */ 300354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Jipe | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = Lake Jipe.png | alt_bathymetry = Lake in area below and to south east of Mount Kilimanjaro on the Tanzania and Kenya border. | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|3|27|0|S|37|43|48|E|region:TZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]] | outflow = [[Jipe Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]] (→[[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]]→Badweynta Hindiya) | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]] | length = {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} | width = | area = {{convert|30|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Jipe in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Jipe''' waa haro u dhaxaysa laba dhul oo ku fidsan xuduudaha [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Dhanka Kenya, waxay ku taal koonfurta tuulada [[Nghonji]] halka dhanka Tanzania ay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Mwanga District|Degmada Mwanga]], ee [[Kilimanjaro Region|Gobolka Kilimanjaro]]. Harada waxaa inta badan quudiya [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]], oo ka soo dega [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]], iyo sidoo kale [[Stream|durduro]] ka yimaada Waqooyiga [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]], iyadoo ku taal dhanka ay dabayshu u weecato.<ref name="ramsar.org2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf|title=Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007)|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division |location=The United Republic of Tanzania|date=May 2004|work=ramsar.org|page=6|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Meesha ay haradu ka dhiqi lahayd waxay dhashaa [[Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]].<ref name="Ndetei">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2e4psS151TYJ:www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/1492/1/WLCK-162-168.pdf+River+lumi+ruvu&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgCGQtRHRbyTd58huVgdd5XfMmglS-meICCJrH1eEEzeT_fg6Dx1lNf25JT-Xw0f6dHs7KAwj7ZurnbdW4ADAuyUe7pf3Bap24mMCSmVTRKzR8oCCC64gtfIwyw1zHcbrAx5Uwf&sig=AHIEtbT3U9ffbAfvC3C9Gw-2R2MPV772NA|title=The role of wetlands in lake ecological functions and sustainable livelihoods in lake environment: A case study on cross border Lake Jipe - Kenya/Tanzania|last=Ndetei|first=Robert |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|pages=163|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> Kenya gudaheeda [[Tsavo West National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Tsavo West]] oo aan deyr lahayn ayaa dhowrta qayb ka mid ah xeebta waqooyi ee harada, halka dhanka Tanzania [[Mkomazi Game Reserve|Dhowrsan Duurjoogta ee Mkomazi]] ay u dhowdahay.<ref name="Briggs2006">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Bradt Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba & Mafia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&pg=PA227|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-153-1|pages=227–}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku caan tahay kalluunkeeda [[Endemism|u gaarka ah]], iyo sidoo kale shimbiraha biyaha, naasleyda, dhirta dhulka qoyan iyo maryafeexyada geesaha harada, kuwaas oo fidi kara {{convert|2|km}} marka laga reebo xeebta Jipe.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA854|accessdate=26 September 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=854–}}</ref> ==Geography== Harada waxaa laga geli karaa dhanka Tanzania iyadoo loo marayo Jidka Weyn ee B1 oo laga ambaqaado tuulada ''Kifaru'', qiyaastii {{convert|40|km}} koonfurta caasimadda Gobolka Kilimanjaro ee [[Moshi, Kilimanjaro|Moshi]].<ref name="Briggs2009">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Northern Tanzania, 2nd: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDf1ZMyQCIAC&pg=PA141|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-292-7|pages=141–}}</ref> Jipe waxay daboolaysaa baaxad dhan qiyaastii {{convert|30|km2}},<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> dhererkeeduna wuxuu qiyaastii yahay {{convert|12|mi}} halka ballaceedu yahay {{convert|3|-|4|mi}}. Jipe waa biyo-fadhi shallow ah oo ka yimaada webiga Lumi, kaas oo gadaal ka noqda Webiga Ruvu, soona gala [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir|Godka Biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu]]. Ka dib marka ay halkaas ku midoobaan ''Kikuletwa'', durdurku wuxuu u qulqulaa sidii [[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]] ee ku shubma [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Pangani]]. Haradu ma laha qulqul xooggan maadaama webiga soo gala uu wareego ka dibna uu haddana dib u baxo. Biyaheeda waxaa la cabbi karaa oo qura ka dib marka si fiican loo kariyo lana sifeeyo. Dhankeeda koonfureed, buuraleyda Ugweno waxay kor u kacaan {{convert|6000|-|7000|ft}}, iyagoo si weyn uga duwan xeebta ka soo horjeedda, taas oo ah bannaanka siman, oo in yar ka sarreeya harada.<ref name="Johnston1886">{{cite book|first=Harry Hamilton |last=Johnston, Sir|title=The Kilima-Njaro expedition: A record of scientific exploration in eastern equatorial Africa. And a general description of the natural history, languages, and commerce of the Kilima-Njaro district|url=https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog|accessdate=24 September 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1886|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, and co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog/page/n351 298], 494–}}</ref> Madax-buureedka Kibo ee [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]] waa laga arki karaa harada.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> ==Tirakoobka Dadka== Ku dhawaad 120,000 oo qof ayaa noloshoodu ku tiirsan tahay harada.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dadka ku nool tuulooyinka ku xeeran Harada Jipe waxay inta badan ku lug leeyihiin jillaabashada, beeraha iyo taranka xoolaha.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dhanka koonfur-bari ee buurta weyn waxaa ku taal gumeysiga yar ee beeraha ee Taveta. Ki-taveta waa luuqadda ay isticmaalaan kala bar dadka Bantu-ga ah, Maasaiguna waa luuqadda qaybta soo exertsay. [[Gweno people|Ki-gweno]] waa lahjada aagga ugu waqooyiga ee [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]] ee loo yaqaan [[Ugweno]] (''Vughonu'' dadka deegaanka u yaqaan) ee koonfurta Harada Jipe. Biyaha harada waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka beeraha ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taita Taveta District profile|publisher=Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands|url=http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003738/http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|archivedate=2012-08-19}}</ref> ==Fauna== Suurtogalnimada go'doon muddo dheer ah oo laga ka go'ay dhulalka kale ee qoyan waxaa muujinaya kalluun u gaar ah harada, oo ah [[Jipe tilapia|tilapia-ha Jipe]].<ref name="Briggs2011">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epbpZJoiEAUC&pg=PA189|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-8445-7|pages=189–}}</ref> Biyaha Jipe waxay ka buuxaan kalluun waaweyn, badankooduna waa [[siluriform]]s iyo [[cyprinoid]]s. Jipe waxay dhistay nidaam deegaan oo qani ku ah kala duwanaanshaha noolaha kaas oo sidoo kale lagu yaqaan shimbiraha biyaha ee had iyo jeer yimaada xeebaheeda cawska leh; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah haaddayda, korgatada, haraaliga, xeebjoogta, shinbiraha, iyo bandooga Masar.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> [[Lesser jacana]] iyo [[African swamphen]] ayaa caan ka ah harada dhexdeeda, waxaana inta badan lagu arkaa [[Madagascar squacco heron]], [[black heron]], [[African darter]] iyo [[African skimmer]].<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Agagaarka harada waxaa badanaa yimaada adhi duurjoogta ah. [[Hippopotami|Jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yayaanka Niil]] ayaa aad u badan. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|colwidth=33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Lake-Jipe-Dangerous-beautiful-lake-astride-Kenya-Tanzania-border/-/434746/3172052/-/12lmuc7/-/index.html Dangerous, beautiful lake astride Kenya-Tanzania border] 7a4tv0p6me9hj0iwj71q34bxqxpa6t8 300355 300354 2026-06-29T14:28:49Z Isma4l 41797 300355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Jipe | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = Lake Jipe.png | alt_bathymetry = Lake in area below and to south east of Mount Kilimanjaro on the Tanzania and Kenya border. | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|3|27|0|S|37|43|48|E|region:TZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]] | outflow = [[Jipe Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]] (→[[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]]→Badweynta Hindiya) | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]] | length = {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} | width = | area = {{convert|30|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Jipe in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Jipe''' waa haro u dhaxaysa laba dhul oo ku fidsan xuduudaha [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Dhanka Kenya, waxay ku taal koonfurta tuulada [[Nghonji]] halka dhanka Tanzania ay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Mwanga District|Degmada Mwanga]], ee [[Kilimanjaro Region|Gobolka Kilimanjaro]]. Harada waxaa inta badan quudiya [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]], oo ka soo dega [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]], iyo sidoo kale [[Stream|durduro]] ka yimaada Waqooyiga [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]], iyadoo ku taal dhanka ay dabayshu u weecato.<ref name="ramsar.org2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf|title=Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007)|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division |location=The United Republic of Tanzania|date=May 2004|work=ramsar.org|page=6|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Meesha ay haradu ka dhiqi lahayd waxay dhashaa [[Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]].<ref name="Ndetei">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2e4psS151TYJ:www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/1492/1/WLCK-162-168.pdf+River+lumi+ruvu&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgCGQtRHRbyTd58huVgdd5XfMmglS-meICCJrH1eEEzeT_fg6Dx1lNf25JT-Xw0f6dHs7KAwj7ZurnbdW4ADAuyUe7pf3Bap24mMCSmVTRKzR8oCCC64gtfIwyw1zHcbrAx5Uwf&sig=AHIEtbT3U9ffbAfvC3C9Gw-2R2MPV772NA|title=The role of wetlands in lake ecological functions and sustainable livelihoods in lake environment: A case study on cross border Lake Jipe - Kenya/Tanzania|last=Ndetei|first=Robert |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|pages=163|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> Kenya gudaheeda [[Tsavo West National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Tsavo West]] oo aan deyr lahayn ayaa dhowrta qayb ka mid ah xeebta waqooyi ee harada, halka dhanka Tanzania [[Mkomazi Game Reserve|Dhowrsan Duurjoogta ee Mkomazi]] ay u dhowdahay.<ref name="Briggs2006">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Bradt Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba & Mafia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&pg=PA227|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-153-1|pages=227–}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku caan tahay kalluunkeeda [[Endemism|u gaarka ah]], iyo sidoo kale shimbiraha biyaha, naasleyda, dhirta dhulka qoyan iyo maryafeexyada geesaha harada, kuwaas oo fidi kara {{convert|2|km}} marka laga reebo xeebta Jipe.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA854|accessdate=26 September 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=854–}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada waxaa laga geli karaa dhanka Tanzania iyadoo loo marayo Jidka Weyn ee B1 oo laga ambaqaado tuulada ''Kifaru'', qiyaastii {{convert|40|km}} koonfurta caasimadda Gobolka Kilimanjaro ee [[Moshi, Kilimanjaro|Moshi]].<ref name="Briggs2009">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Northern Tanzania, 2nd: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDf1ZMyQCIAC&pg=PA141|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-292-7|pages=141–}}</ref> Jipe waxay daboolaysaa baaxad dhan qiyaastii {{convert|30|km2}},<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> dhererkeeduna wuxuu qiyaastii yahay {{convert|12|mi}} halka ballaceedu yahay {{convert|3|-|4|mi}}. Jipe waa biyo-fadhi shallow ah oo ka yimaada webiga Lumi, kaas oo gadaal ka noqda Webiga Ruvu, soona gala [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir|Godka Biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu]]. Ka dib marka ay halkaas ku midoobaan ''Kikuletwa'', durdurku wuxuu u qulqulaa sidii [[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]] ee ku shubma [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Pangani]]. Haradu ma laha qulqul xooggan maadaama webiga soo gala uu wareego ka dibna uu haddana dib u baxo. Biyaheeda waxaa la cabbi karaa oo qura ka dib marka si fiican loo kariyo lana sifeeyo. Dhankeeda koonfureed, buuraleyda Ugweno waxay kor u kacaan {{convert|6000|-|7000|ft}}, iyagoo si weyn uga duwan xeebta ka soo horjeedda, taas oo ah bannaanka siman, oo in yar ka sarreeya harada.<ref name="Johnston1886">{{cite book|first=Harry Hamilton |last=Johnston, Sir|title=The Kilima-Njaro expedition: A record of scientific exploration in eastern equatorial Africa. And a general description of the natural history, languages, and commerce of the Kilima-Njaro district|url=https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog|accessdate=24 September 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1886|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, and co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog/page/n351 298], 494–}}</ref> Madax-buureedka Kibo ee [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]] waa laga arki karaa harada.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> ==Tirakoobka Dadka== Ku dhawaad 120,000 oo qof ayaa noloshoodu ku tiirsan tahay harada.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dadka ku nool tuulooyinka ku xeeran Harada Jipe waxay inta badan ku lug leeyihiin jillaabashada, beeraha iyo taranka xoolaha.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dhanka koonfur-bari ee buurta weyn waxaa ku taal gumeysiga yar ee beeraha ee Taveta. Ki-taveta waa luuqadda ay isticmaalaan kala bar dadka Bantu-ga ah, Maasaiguna waa luuqadda qaybta soo exertsay. [[Gweno people|Ki-gweno]] waa lahjada aagga ugu waqooyiga ee [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]] ee loo yaqaan [[Ugweno]] (''Vughonu'' dadka deegaanka u yaqaan) ee koonfurta Harada Jipe. Biyaha harada waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka beeraha ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taita Taveta District profile|publisher=Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands|url=http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003738/http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|archivedate=2012-08-19}}</ref> ==Fauna== Suurtogalnimada go'doon muddo dheer ah oo laga ka go'ay dhulalka kale ee qoyan waxaa muujinaya kalluun u gaar ah harada, oo ah [[Jipe tilapia|tilapia-ha Jipe]].<ref name="Briggs2011">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epbpZJoiEAUC&pg=PA189|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-8445-7|pages=189–}}</ref> Biyaha Jipe waxay ka buuxaan kalluun waaweyn, badankooduna waa [[siluriform]]s iyo [[cyprinoid]]s. Jipe waxay dhistay nidaam deegaan oo qani ku ah kala duwanaanshaha noolaha kaas oo sidoo kale lagu yaqaan shimbiraha biyaha ee had iyo jeer yimaada xeebaheeda cawska leh; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah haaddayda, korgatada, haraaliga, xeebjoogta, shinbiraha, iyo bandooga Masar.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> [[Lesser jacana]] iyo [[African swamphen]] ayaa caan ka ah harada dhexdeeda, waxaana inta badan lagu arkaa [[Madagascar squacco heron]], [[black heron]], [[African darter]] iyo [[African skimmer]].<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Agagaarka harada waxaa badanaa yimaada adhi duurjoogta ah. [[Hippopotami|Jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yayaanka Niil]] ayaa aad u badan. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|colwidth=33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Lake-Jipe-Dangerous-beautiful-lake-astride-Kenya-Tanzania-border/-/434746/3172052/-/12lmuc7/-/index.html Dangerous, beautiful lake astride Kenya-Tanzania border] eamnps78o3aars8885wws63vo2sv9fz 300356 300355 2026-06-29T14:29:14Z Isma4l 41797 300356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Jipe | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = Lake Jipe.png | alt_bathymetry = Lake in area below and to south east of Mount Kilimanjaro on the Tanzania and Kenya border. | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|3|27|0|S|37|43|48|E|region:TZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]] | outflow = [[Jipe Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]] (→[[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]]→Badweynta Hindiya) | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]] | length = {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}} | width = | area = {{convert|30|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Jipe in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Jipe''' waa haro u dhaxaysa laba dhul oo ku fidsan xuduudaha [[Kenya]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Dhanka Kenya, waxay ku taal koonfurta tuulada [[Nghonji]] halka dhanka Tanzania ay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Mwanga District|Degmada Mwanga]], ee [[Kilimanjaro Region|Gobolka Kilimanjaro]]. Harada waxaa inta badan quudiya [[Lumi River (East Africa)|Webiga Lumi]], oo ka soo dega [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]], iyo sidoo kale [[Stream|durduro]] ka yimaada Waqooyiga [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]], iyadoo ku taal dhanka ay dabayshu u weecato.<ref name="ramsar.org2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/outreach_actionplan_tanzania_jipe.pdf|title=Lake Jipe Awareness Raising Strategy (2005 – 2007)|publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Wildlife Division |location=The United Republic of Tanzania|date=May 2004|work=ramsar.org|page=6|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref> Meesha ay haradu ka dhiqi lahayd waxay dhashaa [[Ruvu River|Webiga Ruvu]].<ref name="Ndetei">{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:2e4psS151TYJ:www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/1492/1/WLCK-162-168.pdf+River+lumi+ruvu&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgCGQtRHRbyTd58huVgdd5XfMmglS-meICCJrH1eEEzeT_fg6Dx1lNf25JT-Xw0f6dHs7KAwj7ZurnbdW4ADAuyUe7pf3Bap24mMCSmVTRKzR8oCCC64gtfIwyw1zHcbrAx5Uwf&sig=AHIEtbT3U9ffbAfvC3C9Gw-2R2MPV772NA|title=The role of wetlands in lake ecological functions and sustainable livelihoods in lake environment: A case study on cross border Lake Jipe - Kenya/Tanzania|last=Ndetei|first=Robert |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service|pages=163|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> Kenya gudaheeda [[Tsavo West National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Tsavo West]] oo aan deyr lahayn ayaa dhowrta qayb ka mid ah xeebta waqooyi ee harada, halka dhanka Tanzania [[Mkomazi Game Reserve|Dhowrsan Duurjoogta ee Mkomazi]] ay u dhowdahay.<ref name="Briggs2006">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Bradt Tanzania: With Zanzibar, Pemba & Mafia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvZq4-BgBskC&pg=PA227|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2006|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-153-1|pages=227–}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku caan tahay kalluunkeeda [[Endemism|u gaarka ah]], iyo sidoo kale shimbiraha biyaha, naasleyda, dhirta dhulka qoyan iyo maryafeexyada geesaha harada, kuwaas oo fidi kara {{convert|2|km}} marka laga reebo xeebta Jipe.<ref name="Maltby2009">{{cite book|last=Maltby|first=Edward|title=The wetlands handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5TCHfEEtMC&pg=PA854|accessdate=26 September 2011|year=2009|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-0-632-05255-4|pages=854–}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada waxaa laga geli karaa dhanka Tanzania iyadoo loo marayo Jidka Weyn ee B1 oo laga ambaqaado tuulada ''Kifaru'', qiyaastii {{convert|40|km}} koonfurta caasimadda Gobolka Kilimanjaro ee [[Moshi, Kilimanjaro|Moshi]].<ref name="Briggs2009">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Northern Tanzania, 2nd: The Bradt Safari Guide with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDf1ZMyQCIAC&pg=PA141|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 August 2009|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-292-7|pages=141–}}</ref> Jipe waxay daboolaysaa baaxad dhan qiyaastii {{convert|30|km2}},<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> dhererkeeduna wuxuu qiyaastii yahay {{convert|12|mi}} halka ballaceedu yahay {{convert|3|-|4|mi}}. Jipe waa biyo-fadhi shallow ah oo ka yimaada webiga Lumi, kaas oo gadaal ka noqda Webiga Ruvu, soona gala [[Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir|Godka Biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu]]. Ka dib marka ay halkaas ku midoobaan ''Kikuletwa'', durdurku wuxuu u qulqulaa sidii [[Pangani River|Webiga Pangani]] ee ku shubma [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ee [[Pangani]]. Haradu ma laha qulqul xooggan maadaama webiga soo gala uu wareego ka dibna uu haddana dib u baxo. Biyaheeda waxaa la cabbi karaa oo qura ka dib marka si fiican loo kariyo lana sifeeyo. Dhankeeda koonfureed, buuraleyda Ugweno waxay kor u kacaan {{convert|6000|-|7000|ft}}, iyagoo si weyn uga duwan xeebta ka soo horjeedda, taas oo ah bannaanka siman, oo in yar ka sarreeya harada.<ref name="Johnston1886">{{cite book|first=Harry Hamilton |last=Johnston, Sir|title=The Kilima-Njaro expedition: A record of scientific exploration in eastern equatorial Africa. And a general description of the natural history, languages, and commerce of the Kilima-Njaro district|url=https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog|accessdate=24 September 2011|edition=Now in the public domain.|year=1886|publisher=K. Paul, Trench, and co.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kilimanjaroexpe00johngoog/page/n351 298], 494–}}</ref> Madax-buureedka Kibo ee [[Mount Kilimanjaro|Buurta Kilimanjaro]] waa laga arki karaa harada.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> ==Tirakoobka Dadka== Ku dhawaad 120,000 oo qof ayaa noloshoodu ku tiirsan tahay harada.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dadka ku nool tuulooyinka ku xeeran Harada Jipe waxay inta badan ku lug leeyihiin jillaabashada, beeraha iyo taranka xoolaha.<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Dhanka koonfur-bari ee buurta weyn waxaa ku taal gumeysiga yar ee beeraha ee Taveta. Ki-taveta waa luuqadda ay isticmaalaan kala bar dadka Bantu-ga ah, Maasaiguna waa luuqadda qaybta soo exertsay. [[Gweno people|Ki-gweno]] waa lahjada aagga ugu waqooyiga ee [[Pare Mountains|Buuraleyda Pare]] ee loo yaqaan [[Ugweno]] (''Vughonu'' dadka deegaanka u yaqaan) ee koonfurta Harada Jipe. Biyaha harada waxaa loo isticmaalaa waraabka beeraha ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taita Taveta District profile|publisher=Ministry of State for Development of Northern Kenya and Other Arid Lands|url=http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819003738/http://www.aridland.go.ke/semi_profiles/taita_taveta_profile.pdf|archivedate=2012-08-19}}</ref> ==Dhirta xayawaanka== Suurtogalnimada go'doon muddo dheer ah oo laga ka go'ay dhulalka kale ee qoyan waxaa muujinaya kalluun u gaar ah harada, oo ah [[Jipe tilapia|tilapia-ha Jipe]].<ref name="Briggs2011">{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epbpZJoiEAUC&pg=PA189|accessdate=26 September 2011|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0-7566-8445-7|pages=189–}}</ref> Biyaha Jipe waxay ka buuxaan kalluun waaweyn, badankooduna waa [[siluriform]]s iyo [[cyprinoid]]s. Jipe waxay dhistay nidaam deegaan oo qani ku ah kala duwanaanshaha noolaha kaas oo sidoo kale lagu yaqaan shimbiraha biyaha ee had iyo jeer yimaada xeebaheeda cawska leh; kuwan waxaa ka mid ah haaddayda, korgatada, haraaliga, xeebjoogta, shinbiraha, iyo bandooga Masar.<ref name="Johnston1886" /> [[Lesser jacana]] iyo [[African swamphen]] ayaa caan ka ah harada dhexdeeda, waxaana inta badan lagu arkaa [[Madagascar squacco heron]], [[black heron]], [[African darter]] iyo [[African skimmer]].<ref name="ramsar.org2004"/> Agagaarka harada waxaa badanaa yimaada adhi duurjoogta ah. [[Hippopotami|Jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yayaanka Niil]] ayaa aad u badan. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|colwidth=33em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/magazine/Lake-Jipe-Dangerous-beautiful-lake-astride-Kenya-Tanzania-border/-/434746/3172052/-/12lmuc7/-/index.html Dangerous, beautiful lake astride Kenya-Tanzania border] dcm0wv5gfeop8sksinlnk9uu3f75c9u 0 48369 300357 2026-06-29T14:32:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Elementaita | image = Elementaita2.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|27|S|36|15|E|region:KE_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|18|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,670|m|abbr=on}} ASL | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Elmenteita in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 5 September 2005 | designation1_number = 1498<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Elmenteita|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1498|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | Official_name = Kenyan Lake System of the Great Rift Valley | Criteria = Natural: vii, ix, x | ID = 1060 | Year = 2011 }} }} '''Harada Elmenteita''' waa [[soda lake|haro soodhada leh]], oo ku taal [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya]], qiyaastii 120&nbsp;km dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Scoon|first=Roger N.|chapter=Lakes of the Gregory Rift Valley: Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru, Elmenteita, Magadi, Manyara and Eyasi|date=2018|title=Geology of National Parks of Central/Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania|pages=167–180|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0_15|isbn=978-3-319-73784-3}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == [[File:Elementaita1.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Harada Elmenteita oo laga qabtay jidka weyn ee Nairobi-Nakuru]] Elmenteita waxaa laga soo qaatay ereyga [[Maasai language|Maasai-ga]] ah ee {{lang|mas|muteita}}, oo la halkan ah "meel boodh ah", iyadoo loola jeedo engegnaanta iyo boodhka deegaanka, gaar ahaan laga bilaabo Jannaayo ilaa Maarso. Magaalada [[Gilgil]] waxay u dhowdahay harada. Taxanaha koonfur-ilaa-waqooyi ee [[Rift Valley lakes|harooyinka Dooxada Riftiga]], Elmenteita waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Lake Naivasha|Harada Naivasha]] iyo [[Lake Nakuru|Harada Nakuru]]. Dhererka [[escarpment|jararka]] u dhow, jidka weyn ee isku xira [[Nairobi]] iyo [[Nakuru]] (Ilaalada [[A104 road (Kenya)|A104]]) wuxuu siiyaa wadayaasha baabuurta muuqaal aad u qurux badan oo harada ah. Maanta haradu waa aag la ilaaliyo sababo la xiriira nolosha shimbiraheeda, waxaana loo magacaabay [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Goob Hadafka Dhaxalka Dunida ee UNESCO]] iyada iyo [[Lake Nakuru|Harada Nakuru]] iyo [[Lake Bogoria|Harada Bogoria]]. Qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor, Harada Elementaita, iyada iyo harooyinka dariska la ah ee Nakuru iyo Bogoria, waxay dhisneen hal haro oo biyo macaan ah oo mool dheer, taas oo aakhirkii engegtay, iyadoo reebtay saddexdan haro inay noqdaan haraaga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuru {{!}} Lake Nakuru {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3588 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> Cidhifka koonfureed ee harada waxaa ku yaal ilaha biyaha kulul ee "Kekopey", kuwaas oo uu ku tarmo nooc kalluun ah oo [[Introduced species|lagu soo kordhiyay]] deegaanka, oo ah [[Lake Magadi tilapia|tilapia-ha Harada Magadi]]. Dhirta cawska maryafeexya ah ee u dhow waa goobaha ay ku jillaabtaan [[night heron|korgatada habeenkii]] iyo [[pelican|haddayda]]. Waa [[soda lake|haro soodhada leh]] (alkali sare leh, kala duwanaansho noole sare leh).<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Duckworth |first1= Alexander W. |last2= Grant |first2= William D. |last3= Jones |first3= Bryan E. |last4= Van Steenbergen |first4= Robert |date= 1996 |title= Phylogenetic diversity of soda lake alkaliphiles |journal= FEMS Microbiology Ecology |volume= 19 |issue= 3 |pages= 181–191 |bibcode= 1996FEMME..19..181D |doi= 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00211.x }}</ref> [[File:Lake Elmenteita satellite image.png|thumb|250px|right|Harada Elmenteita, sida laga arko hawada sare.]] == Taariikhda== Aagga Harada Elmenteita wuxuu arkay degitaankiisii ugu horreeyay ee dadka caddanka ah markii [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere]] (1879−1931) uu ka dhisay [[Soysambu Conservancy|beerta xoolaha ee Soysambu]] dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|48000|acre|km2|adj=on|disp=flip}} oo ku yaal dhanka galbeed ee harada. Wuxyy dhul dhanka kale ee harada ah hadiyad u siiyay dumaashigiis, [[Galbraith Lowry Egerton Cole]] (1881−1929), qayb ka mid ah beertiisa xoolaha ee Kekopey, halkaas oo lagu aasay, laguna ilaaliyo maanta oo ah Lake Elementaita Lodge. Beerta xoolaha ee Soysambu, oo weli ay leedahay [[Baron Delamere|qoyska Delamere]], waxay daboolaysaa laba-meelood saddex meelood ee xeebta waxayna hoy u tahay wax ka badan 12,000 oo duurjoog ah. Harada lafteedu waxay ahayd [[Ramsar Convention|goob Ramsar]] tan iyo sannadkii 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.kenya_elmenteita.htm |title=Lake Elmenteita added to the Ramsar List |last=Peck |first=Dwight |date=17 September 2005 |publisher=The [[Ramsar Convention]] on Wetlands |accessdate=2009-04-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114201824/http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.kenya_elmenteita.htm |archivedate=November 14, 2008 }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Waqi ahaan wax ka badan 400 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah ayaa lagu diiwaangeliyay weelka Harada Nakuru/Harada Elmenteita. Elmenteita waxay soo jiidataa shimbiraha [[flamingo|flamingo-ga]] ee soo booqda, labadaba noocyada [[Greater flamingo|waaweyn]] iyo kuwa [[Lesser flamingo|yaryar]], kuwaas oo quuta crustaceans-ka harada iyo dirxiga cayayaanka iyo algae-da [[blue-green algae|buluugga-cagaarka ah]] ee dhex lulan, siday u kala horreeyaan. [[Lake Magadi tilapia|Tilapia-ha Harada Magadi]] ayaa harada lagu soo kordhiyay iyadoo laga keenay [[Lake Magadi]] sannadkii 1962, tan iyo xilligaas tirada flamingo-ga ayaa hoos u dhacday si weyn. Tilapia-du waxay soo jiidataa shimbiraha badan ee kalluunka cuna kuwaas oo sidoo kale quuta ugxaanta iyo dhalada flamingo-ga. Wax ka badan hal milyan oo shimbirrood oo markii hore ku tarmi jiray Elmenteita ayaa hadda la sheegay inay gabbaad u raadsadeen [[Lake Natron|Harada Natron]] ee [[Tanzania]]. Xeebaha harada waxaa daaqa [[zebra|fardowaraa]], [[gazelle|deerada]], [[Common Eland|bocorka]] iyo qoysas [[warthog|doofaar-duureed]] ah. Haradu inta badan waa mid aad u gacmeed (moolkeedu waa ka yar yahay 1 m) waxaana ku hareeraysan dhoobo qolof [[trona]] leh leh xilliyada qallalan. Dhammaadkii [[Pleistocene]] iyo horraantii [[Holocene]], Harada Elmenteita waxay mararka qaar ku dhex darsami jirtay Harada Nakuru oo ballaaratay, iyagoo dhisayay haro aad u weyn oo dhuuban. Haraaga haradii hore ee ku midoobay waxay u kaydsan yihiin dhoobo ahaan meelo kala duwan oo hareeraha weelka harada ah, oo ay ku jiraan xeebahoodii hore. Dhowaanahan heerka harada iyo tirada flamingo-ga ayaa hoos u dhacay iyadoo kordhinta waxqabadka bini'aadanka ay engegisay aagagga weelka biyaha.<ref>''Daily Nation'', December 8, 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/819794/-/item/1/-/fvmhvq/-/index.html A lake lies on its deathbed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915191006/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/819794/-/item/1/-/fvmhvq/-/index.html |date=2012-09-15 }}</ref> == Goobaha la xiriira == Waxaa u dhow Matxafka Kariandusi, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo taariikhda ka horreysay halkaas oo masacyo dhagax ah iyo miishaarro laga helay sannadkii 1928-kii oo uu helay [[Louis Leakey]]. [[Elmenteita Badlands]] waa qulqul lava ah oo dhanka koonfureed ka xiga harada, kaas oo daboolan duur laguna yaqaan qaar ka mid ah madax-buureedyada muuqaalka quruxda badan leh. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Elmenteita}} px0cs5yj2smrven9hc9sm6uzsigijrk 0 48370 300358 2026-06-29T14:36:32Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Baringo | image = LakeBaringo.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|38|N|36|05|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Molo River|Molo]], [[Ol Arabel]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width... 300358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Baringo | image = LakeBaringo.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|38|N|36|05|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Molo River|Molo]], [[Ol Arabel]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|130|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Baringo in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 10 January 2002 | designation1_number = 1159<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Baringo|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1159|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Baringo''' waa, marka laga reebo [[Lake Turkana|Harada Turkana]], harada ugu xigta dhanka waqooyi ee harooyinka [[Kenyan Rift Valley|Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya]], iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo gaaraya {{convert|130|km2}} iyo dherer dusha sare ah oo ah {{convert|970|m}}. Harada waxaa quudiya dhowr webi: [[Molo River|Molo]], [[Perkerra River|Perkerra]] iyo [[Ol Arabel]]. Ma laha meel ay si muuqata uga dhiqi lahayd; waxaa loo qaataa in biyaheedu ay dhex maraan dhoobada harada iyagoo galaya galka foolkaanaha ee [[Fault (geology)|dillaacsan]]. Waa mid ka mid ah labada haro ee [[Fresh water|biyaha macaan]] leh ee ku yaal Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya, iyadoo ta kale ay tahay [[Lake Naivasha|Harada Naivasha]].<ref name="ramsar"> Eeg "Kenya designates freshwater lake in Great Rift Valley," ee [http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-87^22874_4000_0__ Ramsar 2009 - 2002].</ref> Haradu waxay ku taal aag fog oo kulul isla markaana boodh badani jiro oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 470 nooc oo shimbirrood ah, mararka qaarna waxaa ku jira shimbiraha [[flamingo|flamingo-ga]] ee guuraya. Goob ey dhasho [[Goliath heron|haaddu]] waxay ku taal jasiirad yar oo dhagax ah oo ku dhex taal harada dhexdeeda oo loo yaqaan Gibraltar. Jiritaanka Harada Baringo waxaa markii ugu horreysay Yurub uga sheegay Ludwig Krapf iyo J. Rebmann, oo ahaa adeegayaal diimeed Jarmal ah oo fadhiyay Mombasa, qiyaastii sannadkii 1850; khariidaddii J. H. Speke ee ilaha Niilka (1863) Baringo waxaa lagu dhex khalday Gacanka Kavirondo ee Victoria Nyanza; waxay ku sawiran tahay khariidaddii Sir H. M. Stanley (1877) iyadoo ah gogol weyn oo biyo ah oo Waqooyi-Bari ka xigta Victoria Nyanza. Joseph Thomson, intii uu ku guda jiray safarkiisii dhexmaray dhulka Maasayga sannadkii 1883, wuxuu ahaa qofkii reer Yurub ahaa ee arkay harada isla markaana saxay fikradihii buunbuuninta ahaa ee ku saabsanaa baaxaddeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hiddaha dadka deegaanka ayaa sheegaya in haradu markii hore dabooli jirtay aag aad u weyn.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}} ==Sharaxaad== Haradu waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka [[East African Rift|Riftiga Bariga Afrika]]. [[Tugen Hills|Buuraleyda Tugen]], oo ah aag kor u kacay oo dillaac ah oo ka samaysan dhagaxaan [[Volcanic rock|foolkaano]] iyo [[metamorphic rock|isbeddelay]] ah, ayaa dhanka galbeed ka xiga harada. Jararka Laikipia wuxuu xigaa dhanka bari. Biyuhu waxay harada uga soo qulqulaan [[Mau Hills|Buuraleyda Mau]] iyo Buuraleyda Tugen. Waa deegaan muhiim ah iyo gabbaad u ah wax ka badan 500 oo nooc oo shimbirrood iyo duunyada ah, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah noocyada shimbiraha biyaha ee guura ay muhiim u yihiin heer gobol iyo heer caalami. Haradu waxay sidoo kale deegaan siisaa toddoba nooc oo kalluunka biyaha macaan ah. Mid ka mid ah, ''Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis'' (nooc hoos yimaada [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niilka]]), ayaa [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] harada. Jillaabashada harada waxay muhiim u tahay horumarka bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha deegaanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, aaggu waa deegaan ay ku nool yihiin noocyo badan oo xayawaan ah oo ay ku jiraan [[hippopotamus|jeerta]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius''), [[Nile crocodile|yayaanka Niilka]] (''Crocodylus niloticus'') iyo naasley kale oo badan, kuwa dhulka iyo biyaha ku nool, xamaaratada iyo bulshooyinka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn.<ref name="ramsar" /><ref name="kenyabirds">{{cite web | url = http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm | title = Kenya Birds - baringo | publisher = www.kenyabirds.org.uk | access-date = 2008-03-17 | archive-date = 2008-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021900/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> In kasta oo kaydka tilapia-ha Niilka ee harada dhexdeeda uu hadda hooseeyo, hoos u dhaca noocan ah waxaa garab istaagay guusha nooc kale, oo ah [[marbled lungfish|kalluunka sanbabada leh ee marmarka ah]] (''Protopterus aethiopicus'') kaas oo harada [[Introduced species|lagu soo kordhiyay]] sannadkii 1974, kaas oo hadda bixiya badankooda kalluunka laga soo qabto harada. Heerka biyaha waxaa dhimay abaaro iyo waraab xad-dhaaf ah. Haradu inta badan waa mid dhoobo leh oo ay ka buuxdo carro, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah nabaad-guur xooggan oo carada ah oo ka jira aagga weelka biyaha, gaar ahaan Bannaanka Loboi ee koonfurta harada.<ref name=":0" /> Waxyaabaha lagu garto dalka ee agagaarka harada ku yaal waa "tuumooyinka" [[termite|aboor-ka]] (quraanjada cad). Waa tiirar godan oo dhererkoodu yahay 10 ilaa 12 ft. halka ballacoodu yahay 1 ft. ilaa 18 in. [[greater kudu|Kudu-ga weyn]], oo ku dhowaad aan laga aqoon meelo kale oo ka mid ah Bariga Afrika, ayaa deggan dhabacyada jararka Laikipia ee dhanka bari ka xiga harada wuxuuna yimaadaa buuraha hoose ee ku xeeran Baringo si uu u daaqo.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}} Caddayn dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa muujisay inay jireen xiriirro togan iyo kuwo taban oo u dhaxeeya qaar ka mid ah xuduudaha tayada biyaha iyo baahsanaanta dulinno soo kabanaya. ''O. niloticus baringoensis'' oo laga helay Harada Baringo ayaa sidoo kale laga diiwaangeliyay baahsanaanta sare ee dulin-ka, tanina waxay u baahan tahay in bulshada lagu baraarujiyo khataraha ka dhalan kara cunista kalluunka qaba dulinka ee aan si fiican u karsanayn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Adamba|first1=Stephanie Wangare Kamau|last2=Otachi|first2=Elick Onyango|last3=Ong’ondo|first3=Geoffrey Odhiambo|date=2020-02-19|title=Parasite Communities of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983) in Relation to Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Springs of Lorwai Swamp and Lake Baringo, Kenya|journal=Acta Parasitologica|volume=65|issue=2|pages=441–451|doi=10.2478/s11686-020-00178-2|pmid=32077035|s2cid=211171158|issn=1230-2821}}</ref> Haradu waxay leedahay dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar, iyadoo tan ugu weyn ay tahay [[Ol Kokwe Island|Jasiiradda Ol Kokwe]]. Ol Kokwe, oo ah xarun foolkaano damisay oo xiriir la leh foolkaanada [[Korosi]] ee waqooyiga harada, waxay leedahay dhowr [[hot spring|ilo biyo kulul]] ah iyo [[fumarole|godad uumi ah]], kuwaas oo qaarkood ay soo daayeen kayd [[sulfur|m सल्फर]] ah. Koox ilo biyo kulul ah ayaa ka soo baxa xeebta dhererkeeda ee Soro oo u dhow geeska waqooyi-bari ee jasiiradda. Dhowr goobood oo muhiim ah oo dhanka qadiimiga iyo paleontology ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga helay lafo haraaga ah oo [[hominoid|daayeerro u eg bini'aadamka]] iyo [[hominin|bini'aadamkii hore]] ah, ayaa ku jira taxanaha dhoobada ee [[Miocene]] ilaa [[Pleistocene]] ee Buuraleyda Tugen.<ref name=Ward&Hill1987>{{citation |author=Ward, Steven |author2=Hill, Andrew|year=1987 |title=Pliocene Hominid Partial Mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=21–37 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720104 |pmid=3103460}} [http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 Koorbitaanka baaritaanka internetka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180350/http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 |date=2014-04-16 }}</ref><ref name=SmithsonianExamples>{{citation|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/search/google-appliance/Tugen%20Hills|title=Tugen Hills examples from Smithsonian website|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|access-date=1 May 2010}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Wood1999>{{citation|year=1999|chapter=Plio-Pleistocene hominins from the Baringo Region, Kenya|author=Wood, Bernard |editor=Andrews, P.|editor2=Banham, P. |title=Late Cenozoic Environments and Hominid Evolution: a Tribute to Bill Bishop|pages=113–122|location=London|publisher=Geological Society|isbn=9781862390362|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVF8EzWfX2EC&q=%22Baringo+Region%22&pg=PA113|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> Magaalada ugu weyn ee u dhow harada waa Marigat, halka deegaannada ka yar ay ka mid yihiin [[Kampi ya Samaki]] iyo [[Loruk]]. Aagga waxaa sii kordhaya booqashada dalxiisayaasha wuxuuna ku yaal cidhifka koonfureed ee gobol ka mid ah Kenya oo ay inta badan degaan kooxaha qowmiyadaha [[pastoralism|xoolo-dhaqatada]] ah oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Il Chamus]], [[Rendille people|Rendille]], [[Turkana people|Turkana]] iyo [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]]. Hoyga (hudheelo, aqallo iskiis u adeegaya iyo goobaha kaambada) iyo sidoo kale adeegyada doomaha ayaa laga heli karaa Kampi-Ya-Samaki iyo agagaarkeeda oo ku yaal xeebta galbeed, iyo sidoo kale dhowr jasiiradood oo harada ku dhex yaal.<ref name="Lake Baringo"> {{cite web |url = http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |title = Lake Baringo |publisher = www.lake-baringo.com |access-date = 2012-02-16 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120115084108/http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |archive-date = 2012-01-15 }}</ref> Warbixin ka soo baxday Dowladda Kenya sannadkii 2021 ayaa lagu qiyaasay in baaxadda dusha sare ee Harada Baringo ay kor u kacday in ka badan 100% iyadoo gaartay 268 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran intii u dhaxeysay sannadihii 2010–2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tuulooyinka xeebta ku yaal ayaa bandoogay dadkiina waa la barakiciyay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jirtay koror ku yimid tirada xayawaanka sida yayaanka, oo ay weheliso isdhexgalka xayawaankaas iyo dadka deegaanka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title=Kenya's Lake Baringo: Surviving hippo and crocodile attacks |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66707507 |access-date=2023-10-08}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} '''Attribution''' *{{EB1911|wstitle=Baringo|volume=3|page=418}} {{Commons category-inline|Lake Baringo}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baringo}} 585uddkixx41u52tjca54p4rpqy6d1u 0 48371 300359 2026-06-29T14:40:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mim | image = File:Mim lake1.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]] ee [[Ahafo Region|Gobolka Ahafo]], [[Ghana]]. | coords ={{coord|6.91886|-2.55275|type:waterbody_region:GH|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Reservoir|God Biyo]] | inflow = rainfall | outflow = [[Endorheic basin|none]] | catchment = {{convert|1.2|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Ghana | length = {{convert|0.45|km|ft|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|0.15|km|ft|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|0.1|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|3.1|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|4.8|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = GMT | shore = | elevation = {{convert|220|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim, Ahafo]]<!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ghana | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> }} '''Harada Mim''', oo markii hore loo ogaa '''Harada Anwomasu''', waa [[Man-made lake|haro barriga ku taal]] oo ku taalla dacallada [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]] ee dhexdeeda [[Asunafo North Municipal District|Degmada Dawladda Hoose ee Asunafo Waqooyi]] ee [[Ahafo Region|Gobolka Ahafo]] ee [[Ghana]]. Haradu waa goob dalxiis oo qarsoon, waxayna leedahay awood ay ku noqoto goob dalxiis oo xeebta harada ku taal. Damaashaad doonka ayaa inta badan u soo booqda firaaqada. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahafonews.com/south-african-high-commission-counselor-of-economic-embarks-on-two-2-days-visit-to-ahafo-region/|title=South African High Commission Counselor of Economic Embarks On Two (2) Days Visit To Ahafo Region.|date=June 8, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ASUNAFO North Municipal Assembly |url=http://asunafonorth.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/ |access-date=2021-11-05 |website=ASUNAFO North Municipal Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soireenews.com/ahafo-regional-minister-woos-south-africans-on-potential-investment|title=Ahafo Regional Minister Woos South Africans on potential Investment|first=Owusu|last=Dennis|date=June 10, 2021|website=SoireeNews}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada Mim oo ku taal {{coord|6.91873|-2.55269}} waxay ku dhowdahay dhabaddada isku xirta [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]] iyo [[kenyasi]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km|mi}} dhanka waqooyi ee [[Mim (Ghana)|magaalada Mim]]. Bulshooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ku xeeran haradan waa agagaarka garoonkii hore ee Mim, Asukese, iyo Nkensere. ==Taariikhda & Dadka== [[File:Hon Boadu @ Mim Bour.jpg|thumb|Mudane Boadu, oo ah qof damaashaad u yimid Harada Mim]] [[lake|Haradan]] waa ballaarin lagu sameeyay webigii hore ee Anwomasu kaas oo ahaa [[natural lake|haro dabiici ah]]. Ballaarintu waxay [[natural lake|haradii dabiiciga ahayd]] u beddeshay [[artificial lake|haro gacan ku samis ah]] oo markii hore u adeegi jirtay ujeeddooyin warshadeed iyo kuwo guriba. Ka dib tobanaan sano oo la isticmaalayay, [[Artificial dam|Harada]] oo wadata muuqaalo dabiici ah oo kala duwan ayaa loo dhowray sidii goob dalxiis oo soo jiidasho leh. Haradu waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo dhir iyo duunyo ah. Noocyada kalluunka ee harada ku jira waxaa ka mid ah cichlid-ka [[Endemism|u gaarka ah]] ee loogu yeero ''[[hemichromis frempongi]]'', iyo cichlids-ka ku dhow inay u gaar noqdaan ee ''[[tilapia busumana]]'' iyo ''[[tilapia discolor|T. discolor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=anwomasu lake - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=anwomasu+lake |website=Google.}}</ref> Haradan waxay ku xiran tahay tuubo horseedda [[Dam|Biya-xireen]] ku yaal {{coord|6.9105600|-2.5605000}}, dhowr mitir oo kaliya u jira shirkadda Ayum Forest Products Ltd. Biya-xireenkan wuxuu u adeegaa ujeeddooyin warshadeed iyo kuwo guriba. ==Dhacdooyin== Waxaa jiray dhowr dhacdo oo kala duwan markii ay laba qof, oo da'doodu tahay 57 iyo 31 sano, ay waqtiyo kala duwan ku dhex dhegteen harada dhexdeeda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rejoicefmonline.com/2021/03/26/sad-story-as-57-year-old-man-drown-3-days-after-missing-at-mim/|title=SAD STORY AS 57-YEAR-OLD MAN DROWN 3 DAYS AFTER MISSING AT MIM – Rejoicefmonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myrepubliconline.com/ahafo-region-man-57-drowns-in-mim-dam/|title=AHAFO REGION: Man, 57, drowns in Mim Dam|date=March 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Man-found-dead-in-a-river-1234051|title=Man found dead in a river|date=April 15, 2021|website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} j0ond21kuwrevjywf34b6ouf2fvt95w 0 48372 300360 2026-06-29T14:56:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Zengena | image = Zengena Hayq.JPG | caption = Harada Zengena | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Gobolka Amhara]] | coords = {{coord|10|54|50|N|36|58|00|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = [[Volcanic crater lake|haro foolkaano ah]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|166|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|2500|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = | pushpin_relief = yes | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 13 }} '''Harada Zengena''' ({{langx|am|ዘንገና ሐይቅ}}) waa [[Volcanic crater lake|haro foolkaano ah]] oo ku taal {{coord|10|54|50|N|36|58|00|E}} gudaheeda [[Agew Awi Zone|Aagga Awi]] ee [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taallaa dhexda magaalooyinka [[Injibara]] iyo [[Kessa]], qiyaastii 200 m oo keliya jidka weyn ee isku xira [[Addis Ababa]] iyo [[Bahir Dar]] iyadoo jooggeedu yahay 2500 m. Ballaca haradu wuxuu qiyaastii yahay 1&nbsp;km. Iyadoo moolkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay 166 m, waa harada labaad ee ugu moolka dheer Itoobiya marka laga reebo [[Lake Shala|Harada Shala]]. Geeskeedu wuxuu ka samaysan yahay kayd dambas ah oo aan isku dhegganayn. Harada Zengena waxay u badan tahay inay tahay haro nooca [[maar]] ah oo ka dhalatay qarax foolkaano iyo dhumis.<ref>Tenalem 2009, p. 65</ref> ==Qoraallo== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== *Tenalem Ayenew (2009). ''Natural Lakes of Ethiopia.'' Addis Ababa University Press. Addis Ababa. g4lfohhbuwwt3s4omz8vsrzar4nhiyk 0 48373 300361 2026-06-29T15:00:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Tana | image = lake tana.jpg | caption = Sawirka Harada Tana oo dhanka galbeed laga qaaday isagoo hawada sare laga soo sawiray (Abriil 1991) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]] | coords = {{Coord|12|0|N|37|15|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Gilgel Abay]], Webiga Kilti, [[Magech River|Webiga Megech]], [[Reb River|Webiga Reb]], [[Gumara River|Webiga Gumara]] | outflow = [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] | length = {{convert|84|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|66|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|3200|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1788|m|abbr=on}} | islands = Kuwa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Tana Qirqos]], [[Daga Island|Jasiiradda Daga]], [[Dek Island|Jasiiradda Dek]], iyo [[Mitraha Island|Mitraha]] | cities = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Gorgora]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Tana''' ({{langx|am|ጣና ሐይቅ|T’ana ḥāyik’i}}; markii hore loo qori jiray '''Tsana'''{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}) waa [[lake|harada]] ugu weyn [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] isla markaana ah isha uu ka yimaado [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]]. Waxay ku taallaa [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]] ee waqooyiga-galbeed ee [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]], haradu waxay dhererkeedu gaaraa qiyaastii {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} halka ballaceeduna yahay {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}}, iyadoo moolkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia|year=1967–1968}}</ref> jooggeeduna yahay {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |date=5 November 2004 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Harada Tana waxaa quudiya webiyada [[Gilgel Abay]], [[Reb River|Reb]] iyo [[Gumara River|Gumara]]. Baaxadda dusha sare ee haradu waxay u dhaxeysaa {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, iyadoo taasi ay ku xiran tahay xilliga iyo da'itaanka roobka. Heerka biyaha harada waxaa la maamulayay tan iyo markii la dhisay [[weir|biya-xireenka]] koontaroolka ah ee goobta ay haradu uga shubanto Niilka Buluugga ah. Tani waxay koontarooshay qulqulka taga [[Blue Nile Falls|Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah]] (Tis Abbai) iyo saldhigga tamarta korontada ee biyaha laga dhaliyo. Sannadkii 2015, gobolka Harada Tana waxaa loo magacaabay [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] (Kaydka Biosphere ee UNESCO) iyadoo loo aqoonsaday muhiimaddeeda dabiiciga ah iyo midda dhaqameed ee heer qaran iyo heer caalami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.laketana-biosphere.com}}</ref> ==Dulmar Guud== [[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Muuqaallo laga dushay Harada Tana]] [[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Jasiiradda ee ku taal Harada Tana]] [[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|left|Hage dalxiis oo deegaanka ah oo muujinaya sida loo garaaco dhagax si loogu muujiyo xilliyada cuntada ee kaniisad ku taal Jasiirad-yarada Zege]] [[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Bilowga webiga [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] ee meesha uu ka baxo Harada Tana]] [[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|left|Huteel loo dalxiis tago oo ku yaal xeebta Harada Tana ee [[Bahir Dar]]]] Harada Tana waxay ku samaysantay hawlo foolkaano, kuwaas oo xannibay qulqulka webiyadii ku shubmi jiray bilowgii xilligii [[Pleistocene]], qiyaastii 5 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref name="springer">{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}</ref> Haradu markii hore aad ayay uga weynayd sida ay maanta tahay. Toddoba webi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah ayaa quudiya harada iyo sidoo kale 40 webi oo yaryar oo xilliyeed ah. Webiyada ugu muhiimsan ee ku shubma harada waa Gilgel Abbay (Webiga Niilka Yar), iyo webiyada Megech, Gumara, iyo Rib.<ref name="springer"/> Harada Tana waxay leedahay dhowr jasiiradood, kuwaas oo tiradoodu ay isbeddesho iyadoo ku xiran heerka biyaha harada. Waxay hoos u dhacday qiyaastii {{convert|6|ft|m}} 400-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Sida laga soo xigtay [[Manuel de Almeida]], oo ahaa adeegayaal diimeed u dhashay [[Portugal]] bilowgii qarnigii 17-aad, waxaa jiray 21 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo todoba ama siddeed ka mid ah ay ku yaalleen kaniisado "markii hore waaweynaa, laakiin hadda aad u yaraaday."<ref name="Beckham"/> Markii [[James Bruce]] uu booqday aagga sannadkii 1771, wuxuu xusay in dadka deegaanka ay xisbiyeen 45 jasiiradood oo dad deggan yihiin, laakiin wuxuu sheegay inuu aaminsan yahay in "tiradu ay noqon karto qiyaastii kow iyo toban."<ref name="Beckham"/> Anton Stecker, sannadkii 1881, wuxuu sameeyay baaritaan faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan harada, isagoo awood u yeeshay inuu sameeyo khariidado si weyn u saxan,{{sfn |Garstin |Cana |1911}} wuxuuna xisbiyay 44 jasiiradood.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> Juqraafi-yahan u dhashay qarnigii 20-aad ayaa magacaabay 37 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo uu aaminsanaa in 19 ka mid ah ay leeyihiin ama ku yaalleen kaniisado.<ref name="Beckham">{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}</ref> Haraaga boqorradii hore ee [[List of emperors of Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] iyo hantida [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Masiixiyadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya]] ayaa lagu keeydiyaa kaniisadaha jasiiradaha go'doonsan (ay ku jiraan [[Kebran Gabriel]], [[Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[Narga Selassie]], [[Daga Estifanos]], [[Medhane Alem]] ee [[Rema Island|Jasiiradda Rema]], Kota Maryam, iyo Mertola Maryam). Jasiiradda [[Tana Qirqos]] waxaa ku yaal dhagax loo muujiyay [[Paul B. Henze]], kaas oo loo sheegay inay [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Maryam]], oo ahayd hooyadii Ciise, ay ku nastay safarkeedii ay kaga soo laabatay [[Egypt|Masar]]; waxaa kale oo loo sheegay in [[Frumentius]], oo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] keenay Itoobiya, "la rabo in lagu aasay Tana Cherqos."<ref>{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref> Maydka [[Yekuno Amlak]] waxaa lagu aasay kaniisadda St. Stephen ee ku taal [[Daga Island|Jasiiradda Daga]]. Boqorrada xabaalahoodu ay sidoo kale ku yaallaan Daga waxaa ka mid ah [[Dawit I]], [[Zara Yaqob]], [[Za Dengel]], iyo [[Fasilides]]. Jasiiradaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal Harada Tana waxaa ka mid ah [[Dek Island|Dek]], [[Mitraha Island|Mitraha]], [[Gelila Zakarias]], [[Halimun]] iyo [[Briguida]]. Kaniisadaha waxaa la aaminsan yahay in la dhisay intii lagu guda jiray Waayadii Dhexe iyadoo laga dhisay goobo diimeed oo ka horreeyay. Waxaa ka mid ah kaniisaddii qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad ee [[Debre Maryam]], iyo tii qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, oo la sheego inay ku jirtay [[Ark of the Covenant|Sanduuqa Axdiga]] ka hor intaan loo rarin [[Axum]], iyo Ura Kidane Mehret, oo loo yaqaan astaanteeda boqortooyo. Adeegga doonta wuxuu isku xiraa [[Bahir Dar]] iyo [[Gorgora]] iyadoo loo marayo Dek iyo tuulooyin dhowr ah oo xeebta harada ku yaal. Waxaa kale oo jira [[Zege Peninsula|Jasiirad-yarada Zege]] oo ku taal qaybta koonfur-galbeed ee harada. Zege waa goobta ay ku taallaa kaniisadda [[Azwa Maryam]]. Harada Tana waxay sidoo kale ahayd goob ay udub-dhexaad u ahayd bulshada [[Beta Israel]], iyadoo leh kaniisadaha kaliya ee Yuhuudda ee adduunka ku yaal,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}</ref> ka hor intaanay u [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|guurin dhanka Israa'iil]]. ==Astaamaha biyaha iyo daadadka== Marka la barbardhigo harooyinka kale ee kuleylaha ah, biyaha Harada Tana waa kuwo qabow, badanaana waxay u dhaxeeyaan qiyaastii {{cvt|20|to(-)|27|C|F}}. Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin [[pH]] dhexdhexaad ah ilaa mid xoogaa [[alkaline|asid daciif ah]] ah, sadiicaddooduna aad ayay u hoosaysaa.<ref name=Vijverberg2009>{{cite book| author1=Vijverberg, J. | author2=F.A. Sibbing | author3=E. Dejen | year=2009 | chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | pages=163–193 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Sababtoo ah isbeddelada xilliyeed ee waaweyn ee qulqulka webiyada ku shubma, roobka iyo uumi-baxa, heerarka biyaha Harada Tana caadi ahaan waxay isbeddelaan {{cvt|2-2.5|m|ft}} sannadkii, iyagoo gaara meeshii ugu sarreysay bishana Sebtembar–Oktoobar waxyar uun ka dib xilliga weyn ee roobka. Marka ay heerarka biyuhu sarreeyaan, bannaanka ku xeeran harada badanaa waa ay dadmaan, dhoobooyinka kale ee joogtada ah ee gobolkana waxay ku xidmaan harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ==Dhirta xayawaanka== [[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Dhirta lily-ga oo sabaynaysa u dhow xeebta Harada Tana]] Maadaama aysan jirin qulqulo biyo oo isku xira harada iyo marinada kale ee waaweyn, iyo meesha ugu weyn ee ay biyuhu uga baxaan, oo ah [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]], uu xannibay [[Blue Nile Falls|Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah]], haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaanka biyaha ku nool oo aad u gaar ah, kaas oo guud ahaan la xiriira noocyada ka yimaada [[Nile Basin|Dooxada Niilka]].<ref name=FEOW>{{cite web |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |year=2008 |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |title=Lake Tana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Heerarka nafaqada ee haradu waa kuwo hooseeya.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Kalluun=== Waxaa jira 27 nooc oo kalluun ah oo ku dhex jira Harada Tana, 20 ka mid ahna waa kuwo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Tani waxaa ku jira mid ka mid ah labada kooxood ee kaliya ee la yaqaan ee noocyada [[cyprinid]] (midka kale, oo ka yimid [[Lake Lanao]] ee Filibiin, waxaa baabi'iyay noocyo kale oo lagu soo kordhiyay). Waxay ka kooban tahay 15 nooc oo dhererkoodu weyn yahay oo gaaraya ilaa {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}}, kuwaas oo ah kalluunka loogu yeero ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' barbs oo markii hore lagu dari jiray ''[[Barbus]]''.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name="barbs1">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D }}</ref> Waxaa ka mid ah, ''[[Labeobarbus acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' oo ah kuwo si adag [[piscivorous|kalluunka u cuna]], halka ''[[Labeobarbus dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' ay inta badan yihiin kuwa kalluunka cuna.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Ugaadhkooda ugu muhiimsan waa noocyada yaryar ee ''[[Enteromius]]'' iyo ''[[Garra]]''.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=barbs1/><ref name="barbs2">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref> Noocyada kale ee ''Labeobarbus'' ee ku jira Harada Tana waxay leeyihiin caadooyin kale oo quudin oo gaar ah: ''[[African scraping feeder|L. beso]]'' (ma aha mid u gaar ah harada, si dhowona uma xirna kuwa kale) wuxuu ku quustaa [[algae|ajyad]], ''[[Labeobarbus surkis|L. surkis]]'' wuxuu inta badan quustaa [[macrophytes|dhirtada biyaha]], ''[[Labeobarbus gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' dhirtada biyaha iyo [[mollusc|argoosatada]], ''[[Labeobarbus brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' wuxuu quustaa [[zooplankton]] (si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalada dhammaan xubnaha kooxdan waxay ku quustaan zooplankton), ''[[Labeobarbus osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' dhirtada biyaha iyo cayayaanka waaweyn, iyo ''[[Labeobarbus crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (ma aha mid u gaar ah laakiin si dhow ayay u xiriiraan kuwa kale), ''[[Labeobarbus nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' waxay ku quustaan xayawaanka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn ee gunta degan sida dirxiga [[chironomid]]. Noocyada u gaarka ah ee ''Labeobarbus'', siddeed nooc ayaa ku tarma dhoobada harada, kuwa harayna waxay xilliyeed ugu guuraan webiyada ku shubma halkaas oo ay ku tarmaan.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Nidaamka noocyada ''Labeobarbus'' sokow, noocyada u gaarka ah harada waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[Enteromius tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[Garra regressus]]'' iyo ''[[Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (oo ah mid ka mid ah labada nooc ee kaliya ee Afrikaanka ah ee [[Nemacheilidae|loach-ka dhagaxa]]). Noocyada kale ee aan u gaarka ahayn waxaa ka mid ah [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niilka]] (oo ku baahsan Afrika, laakiin leh nooc hoos yimaada oo u gaar ah harada oo loogu yeero ''tana''), ''[[Enteromius humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[Garra dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[Garra dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' iyo kalluunka weyn ee [[African sharptooth catfish|kalluunka shamiitada ee Afrika]].<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=FEOW/> ===Kalluumeysiga iyo hanjabaadaha=== [[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Noocyo kala duwan oo ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' iyo [[African sharptooth catfish]] ah oo laga soo qabtay harada]] Harada Tana waxay taageertaa warshad weyn oo [[Fishing in Ethiopia|kalluumeysi]], taas oo inta badan ku salaysan kalluunka ''Labeobarbus'', tilapia-ha Niilka iyo kalluunka shamiitada. Sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumeysiga iyo Beeraha Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 1,454 tan oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo dejiyay sannadkii 2011 magaalada [[Bahir Dar]], taas oo ay waaxdu ku qiyaastay inay tahay 15% tirada la waari karo.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=28 February 2008 }}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay oo lagu barbardhigay qabashada sannadkii 2001 iyo tii toban sano ka hor, waxaa la ogaaday in baaxadda caadiga ah ee labada nooc ee tilapia iyo kalluunka shamiitada ay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday, tirada ''Labeobarbus'' ee ku taran jiray webiyada ku shubma haradana ay si weyn u yaraatay.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Kalluunka u gaarka ah harada, inta badan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay halis ku jiraan ([[Endangered species|halis ku jira]] ama [[Vulnerable species|u nugul halis]]) ama [[data deficient|xogtoodu ay dhiman tahay]] (xogta la heli karo aysan ku filnayn in lagu qiimeeyo xaaladdooda) marka loo eego [[IUCN]].<ref>{{cite web | year=2019 | title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ | publisher=IUCN | access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> Bilowgii sannadihii 2000, dawladda deegaanka ayaa markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigtay sharciyada kalluumeysiga waxaana rajaynayaa inay taasi saameyn togan ku yeelan doonto tirada kalluunka.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Halisaha kale ee halista ah waa burburinta deegaanka iyo wasakhaynta. [[Bahir Dar]] waxay noqotay magaalo weyn waxayna u koreysaa si degdeg ah; [[wastewater|biyahooda wasakhda ah]] guud ahaan waxaa si toos ah loogu sii daayaa harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Dhirta ku taal dhoobada harada, oo ah meel muhiim u ah dhalmada ''Labeobarbus'' iyo kalluunka kale, waxaa lagu nadiifinayaa xawaare sare. Khatarta weyn ee ku tasi karta nidaamka deegaanka ee gaarka ah waxay noqon kartaa [[Introduced species|soo kordhinta]] nooc ugaarsi weyn oo waxtar leh sida [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Biyaha Niilka]], kaas oo sababay dabar-goyn dhowr nooc ah oo ka dhacday [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. Kalluunka ''Labeobarbus'' ee cuna kalluunka kale ee ku jira Harada Tana waa kuwo aan waxtar weyn u lahayn ugaadhsiga kuwaas oo kaliya cuni kara kalluunka gaaraya ilaa 15% dhererka ugaadhsadaha laftiisa.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Other fauna=== [[File: Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[Great white pelican|Shimbiraha pelican-ka]] oo jooga Harada Tana]] Xayawaanka kale ee deegaanka ka midka ah, haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaan aan laf-dhabar lahayn oo aad u yar: Waxaa jira shan iyo toban nooc oo [[mollusk|argoosato]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan mid u gaar ah harada, iyo sidoo kale [[sponge|isbuunyo]] biyaha macaan ah oo u gaar ah harada.<ref name=FEOW/> Qiyaastii 230 nooc ooshimbirrood ah, oo ay ku jiraan wax ka badan 80 shimbiraha dhoobada ah sida [[great white pelican|pelican-ka cad ee weyn]], [[African darter]], [[hamerkop]], [[stork|shimbiraha hawaalraaca]], [[African spoonbill]], [[ibis]], [[duck|banaas]], [[kingfisher|shimbiraha kalluunbiyadka]] iyo [[African fish eagle|gorgorka kalluunka Afrika]], ayaa laga yaqaan Harada Tana.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Waa goob muhiim u ah nasashada iyo quudinta shimbiraha biyaha ee ka soo guura deegaanka [[Palearctic]].<ref name=FEOW/> Ma jiraan [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]], laakiin [[African softshell turtle|diinka qolofka jilicsan ee Afrika]] iyo [[Nile monitor|goodirka Niilka]] ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay meel u dhow meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah uga baxo harada.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}</ref> [[Hippo|Jeerta]] waa ay joogtaa, inta badanna waxay ku dhowdahay meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah ka baxo.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ===Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay=== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tsana|volume=27|pages=347-348|first1=William Edmund|last1=Garstin|first2=Frank Richardson|last2=Cana}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|Lake Tana}} *[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve] *[https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)] *[http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ |date=3 March 2016 }} at [[Aberystwyth University]] *[http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of the lake] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan for Lake T'ana] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031127223905/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8568 LakeNet Profile]}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031152/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/documentation/Album.html?Bildliste=5a0c198f-5a0c19cc&Region=Lake+Tana Pictures from Lake Tana and the Monasteries] {{Authority control}} sztw6eqhu3rgvsxn7vojam5ji2ycf93 0 48374 300362 2026-06-29T15:05:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Shala | image = Lake Shala.jpg | caption = Harada Shala oo dhabarka ka muuqata | image_bathymetry = Ethiopia_central_lakes.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{Coord|7|29|N|38|32|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|28|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|329|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|87|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|266|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{Convert|36.7|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,558|m|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Pelican Island, Ethiopia|Jasiiradda Pelican]] | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Shala in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Shala''' (sidoo kale loo qoro '''Shalla''') waa [[alkaline lake|haro khalkaali ah]] oo ku taalla [[Ethiopian Rift Valley|Dooxada Riftiga ee Itoobiya]], gudaheeda [[Abijatta-Shalla National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Abijatta-Shalla]]. ==Dulmar Guud== [[lake|Haradu]] waxay dhererkeedu yahay 28 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 12,<ref>''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68''</ref> iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 329 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="baxter">Baxter, R. M. "Lake Morphology and Chemistry", in Taylor, W.D. and Tudorancea, C., eds. ''Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes'' (Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 2002)</ref> Waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 266 mitir, jooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 1,558 mitir.<ref name="baxter"/> Sidaas darteed, waa tan ugu moolka dheer [[Rift Valley lakes#Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes|Harooyinka Dooxada Riftiga ee Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku caan baxday [[sulphur|salferta]] laga helo [[spring (hydrosphere)|ilo-biyoodyada]] ku yaal gunta harada, [[island|jasiiradaheeda]] waxaa degan shimbiraha [[great white pelican|pelican-ka cad ee weyn]], iyadoo mid ka mid ah loo yaqaan [[Pelican Island, Ethiopia|Jasiiradda Pelican]]. Harada Shala waxaa ku xeeran ilo biyo kulul oo ay ka buuxaan biyo karkaraya, dhulka ku xeeran haradana waxaa ku yaal dillaacyo badan oo ay sababeen nabaad-guurka iyo dhulgariirrada. Sababtoo ah uumiga ka soo baxaya biyaha karkaraya ee ilo-biyoodyada, jawiga ku xeeran harada waa mid ceeryaamo badan. Noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiraha [[flamingo|flamingo-ga]] ah iyo shimbirro kale oo inta badan harada yimaada ayaa laga helaa cidhifkeeda koonfureed. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} 3k8r4o2ekpzms697jf0e3os3rffu32m 0 48375 300363 2026-06-29T15:10:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2020-10-26-00 00 2020-10-26-23 59 Sentinel-2 L2A True color.jpg|thumb|upright|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee kaydka biyaha ee '''Harada Nigat''' 26 Oktoobar 2020]] '''Harada Nigat''' (Amharic: ንጋት ሐይቅ; macnaheedu: ''Harada Waaberiga'') waa [[reservoir|god biyo]] gacan ku samis ah oo ku yaal Itoobiya, kaas oo ka dhashay xannibaaddii Webiga [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] ee uu ku sameeyay [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|Biya-xireenka Wayn ee Renaissance ee Itoobiya]] (GERD). Markay buuxsamayso, waa mid ka mid ah kaydadka biyaha ee ugu waaweyn Afrika iyo kuwa ugu waaweyn adduunka oo dhan, iyadoo baaxadda kaydinteedu ay dhaafto 70 bilyan oo mitir oo kuyuubik ah—taas oo ka weyn [[Lake Volta|Harada Volta]] ee Ghana, marka la barbardhigo [[Lake Nasser|Harada Nasser]] ee ku taal xadka Masar iyo Suudaan, waxayna la safataa mashaariicda waaweyn ee caalamiga ah sida [[Lake Kariba|Harada Kariba]] iyo [[Three Gorges Reservoir|Kaydka Saddexda Gorge]] ee Shiinaha.<ref name="AllAfricaName">[https://allafrica.com/stories/202509020263.html Ethiopia: Nigat Lake, GERD Reservoir Officially Named], ''AllAfrica'', 2 September 2025.</ref> Magacan waxaa si rasmi ah loogu qoondeeyay sannadkii 2025 markii biya-xireenku uu gaaray heerka buuxa ee haysashada biyaha, taas oo astaan u ah hamiga Itoobiya ee dhalinta tamarta iyo horumarka. == Juqraafiga == Harada Nigat waxay ku taallaa [[Benishangul-Gumuz Region|Gobolka Benishangul-Gumuz]] ee galbeedka Itoobiya, qiyaastii 14 km dhanka bari ka xigta xadka Suudaan. Waxay ku dhex taal dooxada moolka dheer ee Niilka Buluugga ah, waxayna kor ugu fidsan tahay dhanka dhulka sare ee Itoobiya.<ref name="USGSEarthshots">[https://eros.usgs.gov/earthshots/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-ethiopia Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam – Earthshots], ''U.S. Geological Survey'' (2024).</ref> * '''Baaxadda dusha sare''': ~1,874 km² marka ay buuxdo<ref name="AddisInsightStats">[https://addisinsight.net/gerd-lake-africas-new-inland-sea/ GERD Lake: Africa’s New Inland Sea], ''Addis Insight'', 29 August 2025.</ref> * '''Dhererka ugu sarreeya''': ~246 km<ref name="USGSEarthshots" /> * '''Moolka ugu sarreeya''': ~140 m<ref name="WorldWideMag">[https://beta.worldwidemagazine.org/vol-33-no-1/the-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam/ The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam], ''Worldwide Magazine'', 2024.</ref> * '''Tirada guud ee kaydinta''': ~74 bilyan m³ (taas oo ~59.2 bilyan m³ ay tahay kaydka shaqaynaya)<ref name="HydropowerSediment">[https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/ethiopia-grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-gerd Sediment Management Case Study: GERD], ''International Hydropower Association'', 2023.</ref> * '''Aagga qabashada biyaha''': ~172,250 km²<ref name="AddisInsightStats" /> == Samaynta == Kaydka biyaha wuxuu bilaabay inuu buuxsamo bishii Luulyo 2020, iyadoo wejiyadii xigay ee xannibaadda biyaha ay dhaceen 2021, 2022, 2023, dhalidda buuxintii ugu dambaysayna la dhammaystiray bishii Oktoobar 2024.<ref name="USGSEarthshots" /> Markii si buuxda loo xannibay, haradu waxay dadisay nidaam dooxo weyn ah, iyadoo abuurtay wax ka badan 70 jasiiradood.<ref name="AddisInsightStats" /> == Ujeeddo == Ujeeddada koowaad ee Harada Nigat waa inay taageerto dhalinta tamarta biyaha ee Biya-xireenka Wayn ee Renaissance ee Itoobiya, kaas oo leh awood rakiban oo ka badan 5,000 MW, taas oo ka dhigaysa xarunta ugu weyn ee korontada biyaha laga dhaliyo ee Afrika.<ref name="AddisInsightStats" /> Kaydka biyaha wuxuu sidoo kale maamulaa qulqulka webiga ee xilliyeed wuxuuna fursado u firaaqeeyaa kalluumeysiga, waraabka, iyo isu-socodka doonyaha.<ref name="HydropowerSediment" /> == Deegaanka iyo dhaqaalaha == Harada Nigat waxay abuurtay deegaanno cusub oo biyaha ah, kalluumeysiga biyaha macaan, iyo fursado dalxiis dabiici ah. Qorshayaal ayaa la soo jeediyay oo ku saabsan dhisidda huteello ku yaal hareeraha harada, meelo dalxiis oo sabaynaya, iyo goobo shimbiraha lagu daawado oo dhererka xeebteeda weyn ku yaal.<ref name="AllAfricaTourism">[https://allafrica.com/stories/202508290313.html Ethiopia: Tourism Potentials of Nigat Lake Highlighted], ''AllAfrica'', 29 August 2025.</ref> Harada waxaa sidoo kale laga rajaynayaa inay taageerto kalluumeysiga ganacsiga, iyadoo gacan ka geysaneysa sugnaanta cuntada iyo hab-nololeedka deegaanka.<ref name="AllAfricaTourism" /> == Taariikhda iyo magacaabista == Dhismaha Biya-xireenka Wayn ee Renaissance ee Itoobiya wuxuu bilaabay sannadkii 2011. Kaydka biyaha wuxuu gaaray heerkiisii ugu dambeeyay ee loogu talagalay sannadkii 2024.<ref name="USGSEarthshots" /> Magaca "Harada Nigat" (Amharic: ንጋት, ''nigat'' oo macnaheedu yahay "waaberiga") waxaa si rasmi ah loogu qaatay isla sannadkaas, isagoo muujinaya waaberiga astaanta u ah waayaha casriga ah ee dhalinta tamarta biyaha ee Itoobiya.<ref name="AllAfricaName" /> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} oboty94zfb0vcm7xf75g6pm9qtwjlo3 0 48376 300364 2026-06-29T15:18:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Langano | image = Ethiopia - Lake Langano.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = Ethiopia_central_lakes.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|7|36|N|38|43|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|230|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|46|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,585|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Langano in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Langano''' ([[Oromo language|Oromo]]: ''Hora Langaanoo'', [[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ላንጋኖ ሐይቅ) waa haro ku taal [[Oromia Region|Gobolka Oromia]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], qiyaastii 200 oo kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed ee caasimadda [[Addis Ababa]] marka loo maro jidka weyn, waxayna ku taal xadka u dhexeeya [[East Shewa Zone|Aagga Bari ee Shewa]] iyo [[Arsi Zone|Aagga Arsi]].<ref>Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopia to the Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', '''20''' (October 1902), pp. 373–398</ref> Waxay dhanka bari ka xigtaa [[Lake Abijatta|Harada Abijatta]] ee ku taal [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]] iyadoo jooggeedu yahay 1,585 mitir. ==Dulmar Guud== [[File:Sunrise over Langano, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Qorrax ka soo baxa Harada Langano.]] [[File:Lake Langano in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|263px|Harada Langano]] Sida laga soo xigtay tirokoobyada ay daabacday [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Wakaaladda Dhexe ee Tirokoobka]], Harada Langano waxay dhererkeedu yahay 18 kiiloomitir halka ballaceeduna yahay 16&nbsp;km, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 230 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 46 mitir.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm CSA 2005 National Statistics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731152750/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm |date=2008-07-31 }}, Table A.2</ref> Aagga qabashada biyaha ee haradu waa 1,600 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, waxaana biyaha ka qaada webiga Hora Kallo oo ku shubma harada ku dhow ee [[Lake Abijatta]].<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 159</ref> Maadaama ay ka madax banaan tahay xanuunka [[Schistosomiasis|Bilharzia]] (schistosomiasis), marka loo barbardhigo dhammaan harooyinka kale ee biyaha macaan ee Itoobiya, Harada Langano waxay caan ku tahay dalxiisayaasha iyo dadka magaalada deggan. Haradu waxay leedahay midab bunni ah, marka hore ee aad aragto waxaad u malayn kartaa inaysan nadiif ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrintu saas ma aha, sababta midabkan keentay waa badnaanta macdanta ay ka mid tahay salferta sare, taas oo dad badan ku dhalisay inay aaminaan in biyaha haradu ay leeyihiin sifooyin caafimaad. Waxaa ku xeeran harada dhowr goobood oo loo dalxiis tago, ciyaaraha biyaha na waa kuwo caan ah. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo duurjoog ah oo jooga hareeraha harada, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Hippopotamus|jeerta]] (naadir ah), [[monkey|daayeerrada]], [[baboon|ganyada]], [[warthog|doofaarka duurka]], iyo shimbiro aad u tiro badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aagga ku xeeran harada waxaa si weyn looga jaray dhirtii, waxaana deegaanka ku dhow deggan xoolo-dhaqato badan. Laba dhulgariir ayaa xorun-dhexe u ahaa haradan, kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu dhacay 1906 (isagoo cabbirkiisu ahaa 6.8 cabbirka Richter), kii labaadna wuxuu dhacay 1985 (cabbirkiisuna wuxuu ahaa 6.2).<ref>[http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/EarthquakeHazard_ET.htm "Earthquake Risks in Addis Ababa and other Major Ethiopian Cities – Will the Country be Caught Off-guarded?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225123630/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/EarthquakeHazard_ET.htm |date=2010-02-25 }} by Dr. Samuel Kinde, published March 2002 (accessed 4 June 2008)</ref> Dhulgariirkii 1906 ka dib, waxaa jasiiradda Edo Laki oo ku taal qaybta waqooyi ee harada ka samaysmay ilo-biyood kulul oo dhererkiisu yahay 25–30&nbsp;m (geyser). Ilo-biyoodkaas wuxuu dabar-go'ay qiyaastii 1966 – 1970, wuxuuna ka tagay ilo biyo kulul oo caadi ah. ==Cimilada== {{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Harada Langano, joogga {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}} |Jan high C = 26.3 |Feb high C = 27.2 |Mar high C = 28.5 |Apr high C = 28.7 |May high C = 27.2 |Jun high C = 26.6 |Jul high C = 24.6 |Aug high C = 25.7 |Sep high C = 26.0 |Oct high C = 26.5 |Nov high C = 26.2 |Dec high C = 25.8 | year high C = |Jan mean C = 20.0 |Feb mean C = 19.8 |Mar mean C = 20.7 |Apr mean C = 21.7 |May mean C = 21.2 |Jun mean C = 20.7 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 20.1 |Sep mean C = 20.1 |Oct mean C = 19.6 |Nov mean C = 18.7 |Dec mean C = 18.2 | year mean C = |Jan low C = 13.6 |Feb low C = 12.5 |Mar low C = 13.1 |Apr low C = 14.8 |May low C = 15.1 |Jun low C = 14.8 |Jul low C = 14.5 |Aug low C = 14.5 |Sep low C = 14.1 |Oct low C = 12.6 |Nov low C = 11.1 |Dec low C = 10.6 | year low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 25 |Feb precipitation mm = 12 |Mar precipitation mm = 35 |Apr precipitation mm = 26 |May precipitation mm = 53 |Jun precipitation mm = 87 |Jul precipitation mm = 113 |Aug precipitation mm = 75 |Sep precipitation mm = 58 |Oct precipitation mm = 13 |Nov precipitation mm = 8 |Dec precipitation mm = 5 |year precipitation mm = | Jan humidity = 50 | Feb humidity = 48 | Mar humidity = 50 | Apr humidity = 58 | May humidity = 62 | Jun humidity = 64 | Jul humidity = 68 | Aug humidity = 67 | Sep humidity = 68 | Oct humidity = 65 | Nov humidity = 60 | Dec humidity = 54 | year humidity = | source 1 = [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref name=FAO>{{cite web | url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/fr/c/1028000/ | title = World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM) | publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations | access-date = 22 June 2025}}</ref> }} ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.naturesoundmap.com/listing/evening-lake-langano/ Late Evening on Lake Langano Nature Soundscape] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Langano}} 0hpuh6qbb6e8z4v8mp9z0eubphu44er 0 48377 300365 2026-06-29T15:21:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Karum | other_name = Harada Asale | image =Ethiopia - Lake Assale.jpg | caption =Harada Karum/Asale xilliga qorrax dhaca | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] | coords = {{Coord|14|1|N|40|25|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = [[salt lake|haro cusbo leh]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Karum''' (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Harada '''Assale''' ama '''Asale''') waa haro cusbo leh oo ku taalla [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ka mid tahay labada [[salt lakes|haro ee cusbada leh]] ee ku yaal darafka waqooyi ee [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]] (tan kale waa [[Lake Afrera|Harada Afrera]]), waxayna {{convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} hoos u dambaysaa [[sea level|heerka badda]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=114|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Foolkaanaha [[Erta Ale]] wuxuu ku yaallaa koonfur-bari ee haradan. [[Werner Munzinger]], oo dhex safray [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] sannadkii 1867, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay in haradan ay quudiyaan afar durdur: Didic, Ala, Rira Guddy, iyo Ragali ama Awra, kaas oo ah durdurka kaliya ee joogtada ah ee ku shubma Harada Karum.<ref>Munzinger, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798551 "Narrative of a Journey through the Afar Country", ''Journal of the Royal Geographical Society''], 39 (1869), p. 204</ref> Waqooyiga Harada Karum waxaa ku yaal deggadii hore ee macdanta ee [[Dallol, Ethiopia|Dallol]]. Haradu waa mid si aad ah u [[salt|cusbo]] badan waxaana ku xeeran [[salt pan (geology)|dhul-cusbeed]], kaas oo weli macdan ahaan loo qoddo. Cusbada waxaa [[Caravan (travellers)|gadiid ahaan]] loogu qaadaa dalka intiisa kale iyadoo loo marayo dhabbo-shimbireed. <gallery mode="packed"> ET Afar asv2018-01 img01 Lake Karum area.jpg|Dhul-cusbeedka jooga Harada Karum ET Afar asv2018-01 img60 Lake Karum area.jpg|Biyaha Harada Karum, oo laga dhex arki karo dalool ku yaal dhul-cusbeedka ET Afar asv2018-01 img62 Lake Karum area.jpg|Shaqaalaha cusbada oo shaqaynaya ET Afar asv2018-01 img65 Lake Karum area.jpg|Cusbo la diyaariyay Salt transport by a camel train on Lake Assale (Karum) in Ethiopia.jpg|Cusbo ku raran [[camel train|safari rati ah]] </gallery> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Lake Karum}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karum}} 3getptls51laywrzylv14biww5rn4bz 0 48378 300367 2026-06-29T15:26:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Hashenge | image = Lake Hashenge.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|12|34|50|N|39|30|00|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = ''none'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|20|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|2,409|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ashenge in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Hashenge''' (sidoo kale ጻዕዳ ባሕሪ '''Harada Hashange, Harada Hashengi''') waa [[lake|haro]] ku taalla koonfurta [[Tigray Region|Gobolka Tigray]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] iyadoo leh joog dhan 2409 mitir, mana laha wax meel ah oo ay biyuhu uga baxaan. Sida laga soo xigtay ''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68'', Harada Hashenge waxay dhererkeedu yahay shan kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa afar, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 20 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran. Sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Ingiriiska ee [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], oo xusay in magaca [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya-ga]] ee haradu uu yahay ''Tsada Bahri'' ("Badda Cad") sababo la xiriira tirada shimbiraha ah ee daldala dusha sare, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay hiddaysi deegaanka ah oo sheegaya in magaalo weyn ay mar ahaan jirtay goobta Hashenge, laakiin "waxaa baabi'iyay, cadhadiisa dheddeed, gacanta tooska ah ee Ilaah."<ref>Salt, ''A voyage to Abyssinia'' (Philadelphia and Boston, 1816), pp. 216f</ref> Halyeeygaas waa mid si nool u jira ilaa maanta. Xeebaha harada waxaa ku yaal [[Mifsas Bahri]] oo ah goob muhiim ah oo dhanka qadiimiga ah oo ka tirsan haraadigii dambe ee Axumite. == Taariikh== 29 Agoosto 1542, [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], hoggaamiyihii [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanadda Cadal]], wuxuu u ruqaansaday dhanka difaacii [[Portugal|Bortugiiska]] ee u dhowaa [[Ofla]] ee dhanka koonfureed ee Ashenge, halkaas oo uu ku galay [[Battle of Wofla|Dagaalkii Wofla]] uuna ku guulaystay, ka dibna wuxuu qabtay isla markaana dilay hoggaamiyihii Bortugiiska ee [[Cristóvão da Gama]]. Dagaal kale oo xusid mudan oo ka dhacay xeebaha haradan wuxuu ahaa [[Battle of Lake Ashenge|Dagaalkii Harada Ashenge]] ee dhacay 9 Oktoobar 1909, markii [[Dejazmach]] [[Abate Bwalu]] uu ka adkaaday ciidammadii fallaagada ahaa ee Dejazmach [[Abraha Araya]].<ref>Harold G. Marcus, ''The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 240</ref> 3 Abriil 1936, kumanaan askari oo ka tirsanaa [[Ethiopian Empire|Boortoqaalnimadii Itoobiya]] ayaa lagu dilay gaaska sunta ah hareeraha guud ee Harada Ashenge. Askarta ayaa ka soo laabanayay [[Battle of Maychew|Dagaalkii Maychew]] intii uu socday [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya]]. Markii ay soo laabanayeen, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Talyaanigu]] waxay ku buufiyeen oo ay ku qarxiyeen aagga ku xeeran harada [[mustard gas|gaaska mustard]] oo keenay saameyn dhimasho leh. 4 Abriil, Imbaradoor [[Haile Selassie I]] ayaa si quus ah u eegay muuqaalkii naxdinta lahaa ee meydadka ciidankiisa oo daadsanaa hareeraha harada sumaysan.<ref>A. J. Barker. ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 105</ref> ==Taariikhda dabiiciga ah== Aargoosatada biyaha macaan ee ''[[Ancylus ashangiensis]]'' waxaa kaliya lagu yaqaannaa Harada Ashenge.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Van Damme, D. |date=2010 |title=''Ancylus ashangiensis'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T1262A3366218 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T1262A3366218.en |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Harada Ashenge, oo ah haro xidhan oo ku taal meel u dhow darafka waqooyi ee ay gaaraan roobabka xagaaga ee muns uunka, waxay ku taal meel wanaagsan oo laga heli karo taariikh qaaradeed oo ku saabsan isbeddelladii hore ee xoogga nidaamka muns uunka Afrika. Baaritaannada diatom iyo isotopes-ka ogsajiinta ee wasakhda harada ayaa xaqiijinaya in isbeddelka guud ee cimilada intii lagu jiray 17,000 oo sano ee la soo dhaafay uu horseeday isbeddelka wareegga dhulka, iyadoo ay jireen isbeddello kedis ah oo lala xiriirin karo isbeddellada hekulka dusha sare ee Badweynta Atlaantik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=Michael H.|last2=Lamb|first2=Henry F.|last3=Davies|first3=Sarah J.|last4=Leng|first4=Melanie J.|last5=Kubsa|first5=Zelalem|last6=Umer|first6=Mohammed|last7=Bryant|first7=Charlotte|date=August 2009|title=Climatic change in northern Ethiopia during the past 17,000 years: A diatom and stable isotope record from Lake Ashenge|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=279|issue=1–2|pages=114–127|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.003|bibcode=2009PPP...279..114M|issn=0031-0182}}</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} == Il == * {{cite book| first=A.J.| last=Barker| title=Rape of Ethiopia, 1936| publisher=Ballantine Books| date=1971|location=New York |isbn=978-0-345-02462-6|page=160 pages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hashenge}} td98wd2i2eymo4hr2toxcx7hj6kqydb 300368 300367 2026-06-29T15:26:24Z Isma4l 41797 300368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Hashenge | image = Lake Hashenge.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|12|34|50|N|39|30|00|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = ''none'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|20|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|2,409|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ashenge in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Hashenge''' (sidoo kale ጻዕዳ ባሕሪ '''Harada Hashange, Harada Hashengi''') waa [[lake|haro]] ku taalla koonfurta [[Tigray Region|Gobolka Tigray]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] iyadoo leh joog dhan 2409 mitir, mana laha wax meel ah oo ay biyuhu uga baxaan. Sida laga soo xigtay ''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68'', Harada Hashenge waxay dhererkeedu yahay shan kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa afar, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 20 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran. Sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Ingiriiska ee [[Henry Salt (Egyptologist)|Henry Salt]], oo xusay in magaca [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya-ga]] ee haradu uu yahay ''Tsada Bahri'' ("Badda Cad") sababo la xiriira tirada shimbiraha ah ee daldala dusha sare, wuxuu diiwaangeliyay hiddaysi deegaanka ah oo sheegaya in magaalo weyn ay mar ahaan jirtay goobta Hashenge, laakiin "waxaa baabi'iyay, cadhadiisa dheddeed, gacanta tooska ah ee Ilaah."<ref>Salt, ''A voyage to Abyssinia'' (Philadelphia and Boston, 1816), pp. 216f</ref> Halyeeygaas waa mid si nool u jira ilaa maanta. Xeebaha harada waxaa ku yaal [[Mifsas Bahri]] oo ah goob muhiim ah oo dhanka qadiimiga ah oo ka tirsan haraadigii dambe ee Axumite. == Taariikh== 29 Agoosto 1542, [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]], hoggaamiyihii [[Adal Sultanate|Saldanadda Cadal]], wuxuu u ruqaansaday dhanka difaacii [[Portugal|Bortugiiska]] ee u dhowaa [[Ofla]] ee dhanka koonfureed ee Ashenge, halkaas oo uu ku galay [[Battle of Wofla|Dagaalkii Wofla]] uuna ku guulaystay, ka dibna wuxuu qabtay isla markaana dilay hoggaamiyihii Bortugiiska ee [[Cristóvão da Gama]]. Dagaal kale oo xusid mudan oo ka dhacay xeebaha haradan wuxuu ahaa [[Battle of Lake Ashenge|Dagaalkii Harada Ashenge]] ee dhacay 9 Oktoobar 1909, markii [[Dejazmach]] [[Abate Bwalu]] uu ka adkaaday ciidammadii fallaagada ahaa ee Dejazmach [[Abraha Araya]].<ref>Harold G. Marcus, ''The Life and Times of Menelik II: Ethiopia 1844-1913'', (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1995), p. 240</ref> 3 Abriil 1936, kumanaan askari oo ka tirsanaa [[Ethiopian Empire|Boortoqaalnimadii Itoobiya]] ayaa lagu dilay gaaska sunta ah hareeraha guud ee Harada Ashenge. Askarta ayaa ka soo laabanayay [[Battle of Maychew|Dagaalkii Maychew]] intii uu socday [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Talyaaniga iyo Itoobiya]]. Markii ay soo laabanayeen, [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Talyaanigu]] waxay ku buufiyeen oo ay ku qarxiyeen aagga ku xeeran harada [[mustard gas|gaaska mustard]] oo keenay saameyn dhimasho leh. 4 Abriil, Imbaradoor [[Haile Selassie I]] ayaa si quus ah u eegay muuqaalkii naxdinta lahaa ee meydadka ciidankiisa oo daadsanaa hareeraha harada sumaysan.<ref>A. J. Barker. ''The Rape of Ethiopia'', p. 105</ref> ==Taariikhda dabiiciga ah== Aargoosatada biyaha macaan ee ''[[Ancylus ashangiensis]]'' waxaa kaliya lagu yaqaannaa Harada Ashenge.<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Van Damme, D. |date=2010 |title=''Ancylus ashangiensis'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T1262A3366218 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T1262A3366218.en |access-date=30 October 2025}}</ref> Harada Ashenge, oo ah haro xidhan oo ku taal meel u dhow darafka waqooyi ee ay gaaraan roobabka xagaaga ee muns uunka, waxay ku taal meel wanaagsan oo laga heli karo taariikh qaaradeed oo ku saabsan isbeddelladii hore ee xoogga nidaamka muns uunka Afrika. Baaritaannada diatom iyo isotopes-ka ogsajiinta ee wasakhda harada ayaa xaqiijinaya in isbeddelka guud ee cimilada intii lagu jiray 17,000 oo sano ee la soo dhaafay uu horseeday isbeddelka wareegga dhulka, iyadoo ay jireen isbeddello kedis ah oo lala xiriirin karo isbeddellada hekulka dusha sare ee Badweynta Atlaantik.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marshall|first1=Michael H.|last2=Lamb|first2=Henry F.|last3=Davies|first3=Sarah J.|last4=Leng|first4=Melanie J.|last5=Kubsa|first5=Zelalem|last6=Umer|first6=Mohammed|last7=Bryant|first7=Charlotte|date=August 2009|title=Climatic change in northern Ethiopia during the past 17,000 years: A diatom and stable isotope record from Lake Ashenge|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=279|issue=1–2|pages=114–127|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.003|bibcode=2009PPP...279..114M|issn=0031-0182}}</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} == Ilaha== * {{cite book| first=A.J.| last=Barker| title=Rape of Ethiopia, 1936| publisher=Ballantine Books| date=1971|location=New York |isbn=978-0-345-02462-6|page=160 pages}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hashenge}} fkew9sjv2g0p8q54ebgu47xs5xd21jx 0 48379 300369 2026-06-29T15:28:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Hayq | image = Lake Hayq.jpg | caption = Harada Hayq | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|11|20|N|39|43|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = ''none'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Itoobiya | length = {{convert|6.7|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|23|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|88|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|2,030|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Hayq in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Hayq''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ሐይቅ ሐይቅ, {{translation|"Haro Haro"}}) waa [[lake|haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taalla [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhanka waqooyi ka xigtaa [[Dessie]], iyadoo ku taal [[Debub Wollo Zone|Aagga Koonfurta Wollo]] ee [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]]. Magaalada [[Hayq, Ethiopia|Hayq]] waxay dhacdaa dhanka galbeed ee harada. Harada Hayq waxay dhererkeedu yahay 6.7&nbsp;km ballaceeduna waa 6&nbsp;km, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 23&nbsp;km².<ref>{{cite journal | author = Baxter, R.M. |author2=Golobitsh, D.L. | year = 1970 | title = A note on the limnology of Lake Hayk, Ethiopia|journal = [[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume = 15 | pages = 144–149}}</ref> Waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 88 m, jooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 2,030 mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Waa mid ka mid ah labada haro ee ku yaal [[Tehuledere]] [[woreda]]. == Taariikh == Sida laga soo xigtay hiddaysi deegaanka ah{{cn|date=June 2025}}, harada waxaa loo abuuray si loogu aargudo haweenay uur lahayd oo ay dhibaateysay gabadh amiirad ahayd. Ilaah wuxuu si weyn uga cadhooday caddaalad-darradaas, cadhadiisa dheddeed darteed wuxuu dhammaan dhulkii ku xeerraa haweenayda (marka laga reebo dhulkii ay ku fadhiday) u beddelay biyo isu beddelay haro, isagoo halkaas ku baabi'iyay amiiraddii iyo saaxiibbadeed ileen iyo qoyskeedaba. Goobtii ay haweenayda uurka lahayd ku fadhiday waxay noqotay jasiirad (hadda waa jasiirad-gacmeed) halkaas oo uu ku yaal [[Istifanos Monastery|Kaniisadda Istifanos]], oo uu badhtamihii qarnigii 13-aad aas-aasay [[Iyasus Mo'a]]. Arday hore u ahaan jiray Iyasus Mo'a, oo la dhihi jiray [[Tekle Haymanot]], ayaa haddana aas-aasay kaniisadda Debra Asbos (oo qarnigii 15-aad loo beddelay [[Debre Libanos]]) ee ku taal [[Shewa]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 110.</ref> Tekle Haymanot wuxuu ka mid ahaa shan arday oo diimeed oo aad u caqli badnaa kuwaas oo noqday "shanta iftiin ee Masiixiyadda" ee koonfurta Itoobiya. Iyasus Mo'a wuxuu sidoo kale door ka qaatay afgembigii [[Yekuno Amlak]] uu ku sameeyay [[Zagwe dynasty|boqortooyadii Zagwe]], wuxuuna gacan ka geystay soo celintii [[Solomonic dynasty|boqortooyadii Solomonic]]. Markii Yekuno Amlak uu carshiga fuulay, [[Istifanos Church|Kaniisadda Istifanos]] waxay noqotay [[Istifanos Monastery]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, pp. 66-7.</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee la ogaaday inuu arkay harada wuxuu ahaa [[Francisco Álvares]], oo agteeda maray 21 Sebtembar 1520. Wuxihuu xusay in haradu ay lahayd [[hippopotamus|jeer]] iyo [[catfish|booddo]], dhulka ku xeeranna lagu beeray liinto, liin-macaan, iyo liin-dhanaan. [[Imam]] [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] (Axmed Gurey) ayaa bililiqeystay oo gubay kaniisaddan bishii Noofambar, 1531.<ref>This is how Taddesse Tamrat (''Church and State'', p. 36) interprets its date of 720 in the ''Futuh al-Habasha''. Pankhurst's note on this passage proposes a different interpretation, that the existing church had been built in [[Islamic calendar|AH]] 720, which would have been the first year of the reign of Emperor [[Newaya Krestos]], whom the author of the ''Futuh'' credits built the church. (Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, ''Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia'', translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst [Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003], p. 265 and n. 614)</ref> Burburka kaniisadda weli waa la arki karaa, hiddaysiguna wuxuu sheegayaa in boqorrada iyo amiirrada ku noolaa qasrigaas ay aas-aaseen kaniisadda. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} s7hgs7zzjwgnxfbjwprdnqvopkay1jg 300370 300369 2026-06-29T15:29:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Hayq | image = Lake Hayq.jpg | caption = Harada Hayq | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|11|20|N|39|43|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = ''midna'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Itoobiya | length = {{convert|6.7|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|23|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|88|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|2,030|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Hayq in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Hayq''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ሐይቅ ሐይቅ, {{translation|"Haro Haro"}}) waa [[lake|haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taalla [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhanka waqooyi ka xigtaa [[Dessie]], iyadoo ku taal [[Debub Wollo Zone|Aagga Koonfurta Wollo]] ee [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]]. Magaalada [[Hayq, Ethiopia|Hayq]] waxay dhacdaa dhanka galbeed ee harada. Harada Hayq waxay dhererkeedu yahay 6.7&nbsp;km ballaceeduna waa 6&nbsp;km, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 23&nbsp;km².<ref>{{cite journal | author = Baxter, R.M. |author2=Golobitsh, D.L. | year = 1970 | title = A note on the limnology of Lake Hayk, Ethiopia|journal = [[Limnology and Oceanography]] | volume = 15 | pages = 144–149}}</ref> Waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 88 m, jooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 2,030 mitir oo ka sarreeya heerka badda. Waa mid ka mid ah labada haro ee ku yaal [[Tehuledere]] [[woreda]]. == Taariikh == Sida laga soo xigtay hiddaysi deegaanka ah{{cn|date=June 2025}}, harada waxaa loo abuuray si loogu aargudo haweenay uur lahayd oo ay dhibaateysay gabadh amiirad ahayd. Ilaah wuxuu si weyn uga cadhooday caddaalad-darradaas, cadhadiisa dheddeed darteed wuxuu dhammaan dhulkii ku xeerraa haweenayda (marka laga reebo dhulkii ay ku fadhiday) u beddelay biyo isu beddelay haro, isagoo halkaas ku baabi'iyay amiiraddii iyo saaxiibbadeed ileen iyo qoyskeedaba. Goobtii ay haweenayda uurka lahayd ku fadhiday waxay noqotay jasiirad (hadda waa jasiirad-gacmeed) halkaas oo uu ku yaal [[Istifanos Monastery|Kaniisadda Istifanos]], oo uu badhtamihii qarnigii 13-aad aas-aasay [[Iyasus Mo'a]]. Arday hore u ahaan jiray Iyasus Mo'a, oo la dhihi jiray [[Tekle Haymanot]], ayaa haddana aas-aasay kaniisadda Debra Asbos (oo qarnigii 15-aad loo beddelay [[Debre Libanos]]) ee ku taal [[Shewa]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, ''Church and State in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 110.</ref> Tekle Haymanot wuxuu ka mid ahaa shan arday oo diimeed oo aad u caqli badnaa kuwaas oo noqday "shanta iftiin ee Masiixiyadda" ee koonfurta Itoobiya. Iyasus Mo'a wuxuu sidoo kale door ka qaatay afgembigii [[Yekuno Amlak]] uu ku sameeyay [[Zagwe dynasty|boqortooyadii Zagwe]], wuxuuna gacan ka geystay soo celintii [[Solomonic dynasty|boqortooyadii Solomonic]]. Markii Yekuno Amlak uu carshiga fuulay, [[Istifanos Church|Kaniisadda Istifanos]] waxay noqotay [[Istifanos Monastery]].<ref>Taddesse Tamrat, pp. 66-7.</ref> Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee la ogaaday inuu arkay harada wuxuu ahaa [[Francisco Álvares]], oo agteeda maray 21 Sebtembar 1520. Wuxihuu xusay in haradu ay lahayd [[hippopotamus|jeer]] iyo [[catfish|booddo]], dhulka ku xeeranna lagu beeray liinto, liin-macaan, iyo liin-dhanaan. [[Imam]] [[Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi]] (Axmed Gurey) ayaa bililiqeystay oo gubay kaniisaddan bishii Noofambar, 1531.<ref>This is how Taddesse Tamrat (''Church and State'', p. 36) interprets its date of 720 in the ''Futuh al-Habasha''. Pankhurst's note on this passage proposes a different interpretation, that the existing church had been built in [[Islamic calendar|AH]] 720, which would have been the first year of the reign of Emperor [[Newaya Krestos]], whom the author of the ''Futuh'' credits built the church. (Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader, ''Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia'', translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst [Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003], p. 265 and n. 614)</ref> Burburka kaniisadda weli waa la arki karaa, hiddaysiguna wuxuu sheegayaa in boqorrada iyo amiirrada ku noolaa qasrigaas ay aas-aaseen kaniisadda. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} fynxguesn1obkhqjt2fico89j7r0hvh 0 48380 300371 2026-06-29T15:31:32Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Gummare | image = Gummare NASA.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] | coords = {{coord|11|32|N|41|40|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_co... 300371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Gummare | image = Gummare NASA.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] | coords = {{coord|11|32|N|41|40|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{cvt|15|km}} | width = {{cvt|5|km}} | area = {{circa|{{cvt|6,000|ha}}}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Gummare in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Gummare''' waa mid ka mid ah silsilado harooyin ah oo uu [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] ku shubo biyahiisa. Waxay ku taalla darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. ==Dulmar Guud== Haradu waxay ku fadhidaa dhidib u dhow waqooyi-koonfur, dhererkeedu waa 15 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa shan, iyadoo haysata qiyaastii 6,000 oo hektar oo biyo furan ah.<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 166</ref> Gummare waxay biyaha ka heshaa Webiga Awaash dhanka xeebteeda waqooyi-galbeed, meesha ay biyuhu uga baxaan na waxay ku taal xeebaha koonfureed halkaas oo kanaal uu harada kula xiriiriyo [[Lake Afambo|Harada Afambo]]. Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee booqda Harada Gummare wuxuu ahaa [[Wilfred Thesiger]], kaas oo sahamiyay dhabaha Webiga Awaash ilaa barta uu ku dhamaado sannadkii 1935. Thesiger, oo jirka biyahan u bixiyay Harada Adobada ("Biyaha Cad"), ayaa sahamiyay xeebaha harada, laakiin iska caabin uga timid dadka deegaanka ee [[Afar people|Cifarta]] darteed, wuxuu ku qasbanaaday inuu qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee kooxdiisa ku hoggaamiyo meel aan ahayn dhanka galbeed oo jidka weyn u dhawaa, balse wuxuu mariyay "hareeraha xeebta bari ee ku dhowaad aan jidka lahayn".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thesiger |first=Wilfred |date=1935 |title=The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787031 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.2307/1787031 |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Deegaankani ma arkin booqasho kale oo ka timid qof ka baxsan Itoobiya ilaa Pele Thompson uu dib u raacay raadkii Thesiger intii liyuu u dhaxeysay May iyo June 2001.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), pp. 402f</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{Commons}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gummare}} 76ywejl6wa17dngvs7u6zisu0ugfllp 14 48381 300372 2026-06-29T16:47:33Z ~2026-37215-91 46296 Bog cusub: Shamcun Hamud sheikh mumin dagmada xamar weyne 300372 wikitext text/x-wiki Shamcun Hamud sheikh mumin dagmada xamar weyne g7131j202vsbz84uhr3d875e6baagx1 300373 300372 2026-06-29T16:50:32Z ~2026-37215-91 46296 300373 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Shamcun]] Hamud sheikh mumin dagmada xamar weyne reerka waa reer sheikh mumin 8bjlwxo5sucjqw73r4ic5a6xf8zm3g4 0 48382 300377 2026-06-30T11:05:03Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Chamo | image = Lake Chamo 01.jpg | caption = Harada Chamo oo laga arkay [[Arba Minch]] | image_bathymetry = Chamomap.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|5|50|N|37|33|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|317|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|14|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1110|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Chamo''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ቻሞ ሐይቅ) waa [[lake|haro]] ku taalla [[South Ethiopia Regional State|Dawlad Deegaanka Koonfurta Itoobiya]] ee koonfurta [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taalla [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]], jooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 1,110 mitir. Harada Chamo waxay si sax ah dhanka koonfureed kaga beegan tahay [[Lake Abaya|Harada Abaya]] iyo magaalada [[Arba Minch]], dhanka bari ee [[Guge Mountains|Buuraha Guge]], iyo dhanka galbeed ee [[Amaro Mountains|Buuraha Amaro]]. ==Dulmar Guud== Darafka waqooyi ee Harada Chamo wuxuu ku dhex yaal [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tirokoobyada ay daabacday [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Wakaaladda Dhexe ee Tirokoobka]], waxay dhererkeedu yahay 32 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 13, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 317 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 14 mitir, iyadoo baaxadda dhulka biyaha qaada uu yahay qiyaastii 18,757 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf "Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia - IWMI"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023957/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf |date=18 July 2011 }}, Table 3. Basic hydrological data of lakes and reservoirs of Ethiopia. (accessed 2 July 2011)</ref><ref>Google Earth</ref> Illo kale ayaa sheegaya inay ku taal joog dhan 1,235 mitir, dhererkeedu yahay 26&nbsp;km, ballaceeduna yahay 22&nbsp;km, baaxaddeeduna tahay 551 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, iyadoo dhulka biyaha qaada uu yahay 2,220 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, moolka ugu sarreeyana uu yahay 10 mitir.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=13 November 2010 }}, Table A.2. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> Harada waxaa ku xeeran dhul-bageed ay ku baxdo dhirta ''[[Typha]]'', iyo sidoo kale dhulal qoyan. Waxaa quudiya [[Kulfo River|Webiga Kulfo]] iyo dhowr durdurro oo yaryar, iyo sidoo kale biyaha ka dhasha buuxdhaafka [[Lake Abaya|Harada Abaya]] ee uu u soo gudbiyo Webiga Ualo.<ref name=directory>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 163</ref> [[Oscar Rudolph Neumann|Oscar Neumann]], oo sahamiyay aaggan sannadkii 1901, wuxuu helay kanaal engegan oo ku xira Harada Chamo iyo [[Sagan River|Webiga Sagan]], taas oo ku dhalisay inuu gunaanado in haradu ay ku darsanto Webiga Sagan sannadaha ay roobabka waaweyn da'aan.<ref>Oscar Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopian to the Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', '''20''' (October 1902), pp. 373–398</ref> Duurjoogta waxaa ka mid ah malaayda sida kuluunka [[Bagrus docmak]] iyo [[Nile perch|kalluunka Nile perch]], iyo sidoo kale [[hippopotamus|jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska Niilka]].<ref name=directory/> == Sawiro == <gallery> File:Lake Chamo 03.jpg|Dusha harada File:Crocodylus niloticus in Lake Chamo 01.jpg|[[Nile crocodile|Yaxaaska Niilka]] File:Hippopotamus amphibius in Lake Chamo 05.jpg|[[Hippopotamus|Jeer]] File:LakeChamoPelicans.jpg|[[Pelicans|Shimbiraha xeebta (Pelicans)]] </gallery> ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713194759/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr007.html ILEC Database entry for Lake Chamo] 6f8j2ozhdb469j5j5df98qiz5gzpdm9 0 48383 300378 2026-06-30T11:07:59Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Basaka | image = Lake Basaka.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|8|52|N|39|52|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = {{convert|42.6|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|8|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|950|m|abbr=on}} | islands = 1 | cities = [[Metehara]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Basaka in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Basaka''' ({{langx|om|Hora Basakaa}}; [[Amharic]]: በሰቃ ሐይቅ) waa haro gacmo-gaban oo [[salt lake|cusbo leh]] na ah, waxayna ku taalla [[Oromia Region|Gobolka Oromia]] ee badhtamaha [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhacdaa [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Dooxada Riftiga Weyn]] qiyaastii {{Convert|200|km|mi}} dhanka koonfur-bari ee caasimadda [[Addis Ababa]]. Haradu waxay ku taal joog dhan {{convert|950|m|ft|sigfig=1}}. ==Kobaca== Haro-cusbeedkani wuxuu si weyn u ballartay 50-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, isagoo ka kordhay {{convert|3|km2|acre}} sannadkii 1957 ilaa {{convert|42.6|km2|acre}} sannadkii 2008. Haradu waxay u fidaysaa dhanka bari iyo waqooyi-bari sababo la xiriira qaab-dhismeedka dhulka ee deegaanka.<ref name=WEDC>{{cite web | url=http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/34/Olumana_M_-_296.pdf| title=Effect of Lake Basaka expansion on the sustainability of Matahara SE in the Awash river basin, Ethiopia | publisher=WEDC International Conference |author1=Megersa Olumana |author2=Willibald Loiskandl |author3=Josef Fürst | date= 2009 | access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> ===Beeraha=== Sababtoo ah ballaarashada harada, waxaa jira walaac sii kordhaya oo ah inay khasaare joogto ah u geysan doonto [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] ee dhow, kaas oo ah il biyo oo weyn oo u taagan beeraha [[cotton|cudbiga]] iyo [[sugar|sonkorta]] ee u dhow. Dalagyadani waxay leeyihiin muhiimad dhaqaale oo weyn oo ku aaddan gobolka iyo guud ahaan Itoobiya.<ref name=Bloomberg>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-23/mysterious-lake-threatens-ethiopian-sugar-ambitions.html| title=Mysterious Lake Threatens Ethiopian Sugar Ambitions | publisher=Bloomberg | author=William Davison | date= 24 April 2013 | access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> [[salinity|Cusbada]] harada waa 10.7 dS/m. Cusbada biyuhu waxay sidoo kale saameynaysaa biyaha dhulka hoose ee aagga maadaama heerarka cusbadu ay ku kordheen inta badan qaybaha beeraha,<ref name=WEDC /> warshadaha sonkorta ee deegaankana ay dhimmeen heerarkii wax-soo-saarka sababo la xiriira luminta dhulkii wax lagu beerayay.<ref name=Matehara>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201205221240.html?viewall=1| title=Ethiopia: Expansion of Lake Beseka a Threat to Metehara | publisher=AllAfrica.com |author=Mercy Kahenda | date= 20 May 2012 | access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> ===Dadweynaha=== Sannadkii 2011, dugsi ayaa ku dhex dumay heerka sii kordhaya ee harada.<ref name=Bloomberg /> Jidka weyn ee tirsigiisu yahay 4, oo ah marinka ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya Addis Ababa iyo [[Djibouti (city)|Magaalada Jabuuti]], wuxuu leeyahay jid-leexasho joogto ah oo la dhisay maadaama jidkii hore uu biyo la'ay. Guryo badan ayaa sidoo kale ku lumay ballaarashada darteed.<ref name=Matehara /> Waxaa la saadaaliyay in 20–30 sano gudahood, magaalada Metehara laga rari doono meesha iyada iyo 21,000 oo muwaadiniin ah.<ref name=WEDC /> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} or26hf7989qqku1rv3q4eqplgvezack 0 48384 300379 2026-06-30T11:10:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Bario | image = Lake Adobed NASA.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] | coords = {{coord|11|22|N|41|36|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Bario in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Bario''' waa mid ka mid ah silsilado harooyin ah oo uu [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] ku shubo biyahiisa. Waxay ku taalla darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Harada Bario waxay ku dhex taal dhul qoyan, kaas oo ay biyaha uga hesho [[Lake Afambo|Harada Afambo]] oo dhanka waqooyi-bari ka xigta. Meesha ay biyuhu uga baxaan na waxay ku taal dhankeeda koonfureed, taas oo ku meegegta hareeraha [[Mount Dama Ali|Buurta Dama Ali]] si ay ugu shubanto [[Lake Abbe|Harada Abbe]].<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 166</ref> == Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bario}} nhuyvcjaex4oqjc2nhj6w777mysvhju 0 48385 300380 2026-06-30T11:12:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Hawassa | image = LakeAwasa1.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = Ethiopia central lakes.jpg | caption_bathymetry = Harada Awasa waa harada yar ee u dhow salka khariidada, una dhow galbeedka magaalada [[Awasa]]. | location = | coords = {{coord|7|03|N|38|26|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = ''[[subterranea (geography)|dhulka hoostiisa]]'' (?) | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|129|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,708|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Awasa in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} [[File:Sunset over Lake Awassa, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Qorrax dhaca]] [[File:Fresh fish food from hawassa lake.jpg|thumb|left|Kalluun laga soo qabtay Harada Awasa]] '''Harada Hawassa''' ama '''Awasa''', waa [[endorheic basin|hog xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[Sidama Region|Gobolka Sidama]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], kuna yaal [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]] dhanka koonfureed ee caasimadda dalka ee [[Addis Ababa]]. Sida laga soo xigtay ''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68'', haradu waxay dhererkeedu yahay 16&nbsp;km ballaceeduna waa 9&nbsp;km, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo ah 129 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran. Waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 10 mitir, waxayna ku taal joog dhan 1,708 mitir. Waxay ku dhex taal [[Corbetti Caldera|Awasa Caldera]]. Sababtoo ah si dhib yar ayay saynisyahannadu u gaari karaan, Harada Hawassa waa harada ugu badan ee la darsay ee ka mid ah [[Rift Valley lakes|harooyinka Dooxada Riftiga]] ee Itoobiya. Sida laga soo xigtay William Taylor, oo ka tirsan Kooxda Cilmi-baarista Harooyinka iyo Webiyada Afrika ee [[University of Waterloo]], Harada Hawassa, inkastoo aysan lahayn meel ay biyuhu uga baxaan, "asal ahaan waa haro biyo macaan leh (isgaarsiinta korontadu waa isbedbeddeshaa, laakiin waxay ka yar tahay 1,000) taas oo muujinaysa inay tahay inay leedahay meel ay biyuhu uga baxaan dhulka hoostiisa."<ref>[http://www.biology.uwaterloo.ca/research/uwaeg/african_lakes/Awassa.html Lake Awassa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807004756/http://www.biology.uwaterloo.ca/research/uwaeg/african_lakes/Awassa.html |date=2007-08-07 }}, University of Waterloo website (accessed 1 October 2006)</ref> == Qoraallo == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} *{{cite web |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=SAFR-005&RoutePrm=0%3A%3B14%3Aload%3B |url-status=dead |title=Lake Hawassa |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation |date=1999 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Awasa}} da7vqxhx4sjzckeq92dotnfind08i94 0 48386 300381 2026-06-30T11:14:30Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Ardibbo | image = 39.75382E 11.29257 HaykseeN.png | caption = Harada Ardibbo (hoos) iyo Harada Hayq (kore) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Tehuledere]], [[Debub Wollo Zone|Aagga Koonfurta Wollo]], [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]] | coords = {{coord|11|14|N|39|45|E|region:ET_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ardibbo in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Ardibbo''' waa [[lake|haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taalla [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhanka waqooyi ka xigtaa [[Dessie]], iyadoo ku taal [[Debub Wollo Zone|Aagga Koonfurta Wollo]] ee [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]]. Waxay qiyaastii shan kiiloomitir dhanka koonfur-bari ka xigtaa [[Lake Hayq|Harada Hayq]]; labada haro na waxay ku yaallaan [[Tehuledere]] [[woreda]]. Haradan baaxaddeedu waxay ka yar tahay Harada Hayq, waxayna ku dhex shubantaa Hayq iyadoo sii marta [[Anchercah River|Webiga Anchercah]].<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=525 "525: Ethiopian Highlands"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726054232/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=525 |date=2011-07-26 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} cn1igb14bn3s0fzs2ng4mvpps10fqxd 0 48387 300382 2026-06-30T11:16:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Afrera | image = ET Afar asv2018-01 img113 Afdera.jpg | alt = Photograph of the lake with a beach in the foreground | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] | coords = {{coord|13|17|N|40|55|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Eritrea, Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = {{convert|114.8|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|20.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|2.4|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-112|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Franchetti Island]] | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Afrera''' (Af-Talyaaniga '''Lake Giuletti''') waa [[hypersaline lake|haro aad u cusbo badan]] oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Kilbet Rasu]], [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]], waana mid ka mid ah harooyinka [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]]. Waxay leedahay baaxad dusha sare ah oo dhan {{Convert|117|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} waxayna haysaa 2.4 km³ oo [[brine|biyo cusbo leh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schaegis |first1=Jean-Charles |last2=Rime |first2=Valentin |last3=Kidane |first3=Tesfaye |last4=Mosar |first4=Jon |last5=Gebru |first5=Ermias Filfilu |last6=Atnafu |first6=Balemwal |last7=Foubert |first7=Anneleen |date=2021-07-01 |title=Novel Bathymetry of Lake Afdera Reveals Fault Structures and Volcano-Tectonic Features of an Incipient Transform Zone (Afar, Ethiopia) |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=English |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/feart.2021.706643 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FrEaS...9..530S |issn=2296-6463}}</ref> Moolka ugu sarreeya ee Harada Afdera waa 80 m dhanka baasinka waqooyi iyo 76 m dhanka baasinka koonfureed.<ref name=":0" /> Ma jiro webi weyn oo biyaha ka qaada harada. Waxaa quudiya [[Hot spring|Isha biyo kulul]] oo ku yaal hareeraha xeebaha harada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonatti |first1=Enrico |last2=Gasperini |first2=Elia |last3=Vigliotti |first3=Luigi |last4=Lupi |first4=Luca |last5=Vaselli |first5=Orlando |last6=Polonia |first6=Alina |last7=Gasperini |first7=Luca |date=2017-05-01 |title=Lake Afrera, a structural depression in the Northern Afar Rift (Red Sea) |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=e00301 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00301 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=5443967 |pmid=28560355|bibcode=2017Heliy...300301B }}</ref> Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Harada Giulietti''', oo ah magac uu [[Raimondo Franchetti]] u bixiyay ka dib markii sahamiyihii [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] ahaa ee [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]] ay ku dileen dadka [[Afar people|Cifarta]] ah dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee harada.<ref>Jon Kalb, ''Adventures in the Bone Trade'' (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 72</ref> Magaca kale ee jirkan biyaha ah waa '''Harada Egogi''' (ama '''Egogi Bad'''), kaas oo ah magac uu siiyay hagahii reer Afar ee [[L. M. Nesbitt]] markii sahamiyaha Talyaaniga ahaa uu noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee arka sannadkii 1928.<ref>Nesbitt, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935), p. 337</ref> Jasiiradda keliya ee ku taal Harada Afrera, [[Franchetti Island]] (oo kale loo yaqaanno "Deset"), oo ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa jasiiradda ugu hooseysa adduunka.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 314</ref> Si dhow ula mid ah harooyinka kale ee cusbada leh ee Itoobiya (tusaale, Harooyinka [[Lake Abijatta|Abijatta]], [[Lake Shala|Shala]], iyo [[Lake Chitu|Chitu]]), pH-ka Harada Afrera waa mid hooseeya oo ku jira heerka aashitada. In kasta oo wax yar la darsay, dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa ku nool Harada Afrera, oo ay ku jiraan laba [[Endemism|waddani ah]]: ''[[Danakilia franchettii]]'' (nooc [[cichlid]] ah) iyo ''[[Aphaniops stiassnyae]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Lebias stiassnyae''; nooc [[pupfish]] ah).<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 "527: Western Red Sea Drainages"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203746/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 |date=2011-10-05 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> == Salt extraction == [[File:Ethiopie-Lac salé Afdera (8).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cusbo taal xeebta Harada Afrera]] [[Rock salt|Cusbada dhagaxda]] ayaa laga qodi jiray Harada Afrera, iyo qaybta ku xeeran ee [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]], muddo qarniyo ah. Lt. Lefebvre ayaa qoray qaar ka mid ah khataraha hortaagan qodista cusbada ee Hogga, kuwaas oo uu ka maqlay mid ka mid ah miino-baarayaasha laftiisa: <blockquote>Wuxuu sheegay in haradani ay inta badan beddesho qaabkeeda iyo meesheeda, taas oo uu ku sheegay ereyadan: haradu way guurtaa. Inta badan, ayuu raaciyay, marka aad tagto meel fiidkii hore aad u adkayd, waxaad si lama filaan ah u dhex jabi kartaa, oo waxaad ku dhex lumi kartaa moolka dheer. Laakiin waxa ka sii cabsi badan waa buuxdhaafka biyaha: mararka qaarkood haradu waxay u kacdaa jidka buur oo kale, waxayna ku soo dhacdaa dhulka siman sidii daad weyn; safarrada oo dhan, dad iyo duunyo ba waa la dhex liqaa. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, calaamado hordhac ah, kuwaas oo kaliya dadka fardooleyda ah ay ka faa'iidaysan karaan, iyagoo ku cararaya xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee xayawaanka; marmar qaar ka mid ah ayaa sidaas ku baxsaday, waana iyaga kuwa laga helay faahfaahintan xun.<ref>Henry James, ''Routes in Abyssinia; Presented to the house of Commons, in pursuance of their Address dated November 26, 1867'' (London, 1867), p. 200</ref></blockquote> [[File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img114 Afdera.jpg|thumb|right|Wax-soo-saarka cusbada ee Harada Afrera]] Dhowaanahan, [[Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Enterprise|Shirkadda Horumarinta Khayraadka Macdanta ee Itoobiya]] waxay xaqiijisay jiritaanka 290 milyan oo tan oo cusbo ah Harada Afrera kaligeed. Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha maxalliga ah ayaa caado u lahaa inay cusbada ka soo saaraan harada iyagoo ku shubaya [[brine|biyaha cusbada leh]] barkado macmal ah si ay u uumi-baxaan ka dibna ay u weeysoobaan.<ref>[http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html Current Exploration and Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062521/http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html |date=2007-04-22 }}, Geological Survey of Ethiopia Web Page (accessed 26 January 2009)</ref> Ka dib [[2011 Nabro eruption|gullgankii volcano ee Nabro ee 2011]], harada waxaa ku wasaxoobay [[sulfuric acid|asidhka sulfuriigga]], taas oo ka dhigtay cusbada mid aan la cuni karin.<ref name="addisfortune">{{Cite news|title=Eritrean Volcano Erupts Economic Mayhem for Ethiopia|first=Mahlet|last=Mesfin|work=[[Addis Fortune]] |url=http://www.addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|date= June 12, 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623142440/http://addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> == Geology == Hogga ay buuxisay Harada Afdera waxaa sameeyay dillaacyo u jeeda dhowr jiho oo isku xira [[Erta Ale Range|Silsiladda Fulkaanaha ee Erta Ale]], silsiladda fulkaanaha ee [[Tat Ali|Tat'Ali]], iyo silsiladda fulkaanaha ee Alayta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, hog wareegsan oo ku yaal baasinka koonfureed ayaa loo fasiray inay suurtogal tahay inay u taagan tahay [[caldera|god fulkaano]].<ref name=":0" /> == Water source == Harada Afdera waxaa quudiya ilo biyo kulul oo aad u tiro badan oo ku hareeraysan harada<ref name=":1" /> iyo, suurtogalnimada, ilo ka hooseeya biyaha dhexdiisa. Biyaha harada Afdera waa [[Saline water|kuwo cusbo leh]] laakiin kama yimaadaan [[sea|badda]]. Biyaha qaaradda waxay ku heleen [[salinity|cusbada]] falcelinnada [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] ee ay la galeen [[Evaporite|evaporites]] iyo [[Basalt|basalts]] dhulka hoostiisa.<ref name=":1" /> Heerka haradu wuxuu si weyn isu beddelay tobankii kun ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Intii lagu jiray [[African humid period|Xilligii Qoyaanka ee Afrika]], heerka haradu wuxuu ahaa 50m ka sarreeya kan maanta wuxuuna daboolay aag aad u weyn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasse |first=Françoise |date=January 1974 |title=Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |journal=Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=95–122 |doi=10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |bibcode=1974IRH....59...95G |issn=0020-9309|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tan iyo sannaddadii 1960-aadkii heerka haradu wuxuu si joogto ah u ahaa mid isbedbeddela,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nanis |first1=Hafid |last2=Aly |first2=Mohamed H. |date=2020-07-03 |title=Desegregation of remote sensing and GIS to characterize fluctuations in the surface water area of Afar Lakes, Ethiopia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |journal=Geocarto International |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=976–990 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |bibcode=2020GeoIn..35..976N |issn=1010-6049|url-access=subscription }}</ref> laakiin isbeddelladani waxay u dhowdaan inay ka yaraayeen hal mitir oo dhexroor ah.<ref name=":0" /> Tani waxay muujinaysaa in heerka harada laga maamulo [[climate|cimilada]] iyo [[Precipitation|roobabka]] ka da'a [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] ama [[Danakil Alps|Alps-ka Danakil]]. [[File:Lake Afdera Drone view.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Muuqaalka Drone-ka ee Harada Afdera, oo muujinaya barkadaha cusbada iyo fulkaanaha ku xeeran.]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afrera}} lm6eaojt1ve92ixbk1xn2f9lmllvlak 300383 300382 2026-06-30T11:17:23Z Isma4l 41797 300383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Afrera | image = ET Afar asv2018-01 img113 Afdera.jpg | alt = Photograph of the lake with a beach in the foreground | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] | coords = {{coord|13|17|N|40|55|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Eritrea, Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = {{convert|114.8|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|20.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|2.4|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-112|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Franchetti Island]] | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Afrera''' (Af-Talyaaniga '''Lake Giuletti''') waa [[hypersaline lake|haro aad u cusbo badan]] oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Kilbet Rasu]], [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]], waana mid ka mid ah harooyinka [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]]. Waxay leedahay baaxad dusha sare ah oo dhan {{Convert|117|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} waxayna haysaa 2.4 km³ oo [[brine|biyo cusbo leh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schaegis |first1=Jean-Charles |last2=Rime |first2=Valentin |last3=Kidane |first3=Tesfaye |last4=Mosar |first4=Jon |last5=Gebru |first5=Ermias Filfilu |last6=Atnafu |first6=Balemwal |last7=Foubert |first7=Anneleen |date=2021-07-01 |title=Novel Bathymetry of Lake Afdera Reveals Fault Structures and Volcano-Tectonic Features of an Incipient Transform Zone (Afar, Ethiopia) |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=English |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/feart.2021.706643 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FrEaS...9..530S |issn=2296-6463}}</ref> Moolka ugu sarreeya ee Harada Afdera waa 80 m dhanka baasinka waqooyi iyo 76 m dhanka baasinka koonfureed.<ref name=":0" /> Ma jiro webi weyn oo biyaha ka qaada harada. Waxaa quudiya [[Hot spring|Isha biyo kulul]] oo ku yaal hareeraha xeebaha harada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonatti |first1=Enrico |last2=Gasperini |first2=Elia |last3=Vigliotti |first3=Luigi |last4=Lupi |first4=Luca |last5=Vaselli |first5=Orlando |last6=Polonia |first6=Alina |last7=Gasperini |first7=Luca |date=2017-05-01 |title=Lake Afrera, a structural depression in the Northern Afar Rift (Red Sea) |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=e00301 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00301 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=5443967 |pmid=28560355|bibcode=2017Heliy...300301B }}</ref> Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Harada Giulietti''', oo ah magac uu [[Raimondo Franchetti]] u bixiyay ka dib markii sahamiyihii [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] ahaa ee [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]] ay ku dileen dadka [[Afar people|Cifarta]] ah dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee harada.<ref>Jon Kalb, ''Adventures in the Bone Trade'' (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 72</ref> Magaca kale ee jirkan biyaha ah waa '''Harada Egogi''' (ama '''Egogi Bad'''), kaas oo ah magac uu siiyay hagahii reer Afar ee [[L. M. Nesbitt]] markii sahamiyaha Talyaaniga ahaa uu noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee arka sannadkii 1928.<ref>Nesbitt, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935), p. 337</ref> Jasiiradda keliya ee ku taal Harada Afrera, [[Franchetti Island]] (oo kale loo yaqaanno "Deset"), oo ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa jasiiradda ugu hooseysa adduunka.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 314</ref> Si dhow ula mid ah harooyinka kale ee cusbada leh ee Itoobiya (tusaale, Harooyinka [[Lake Abijatta|Abijatta]], [[Lake Shala|Shala]], iyo [[Lake Chitu|Chitu]]), pH-ka Harada Afrera waa mid hooseeya oo ku jira heerka aashitada. In kasta oo wax yar la darsay, dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa ku nool Harada Afrera, oo ay ku jiraan laba [[Endemism|waddani ah]]: ''[[Danakilia franchettii]]'' (nooc [[cichlid]] ah) iyo ''[[Aphaniops stiassnyae]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Lebias stiassnyae''; nooc [[pupfish]] ah).<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 "527: Western Red Sea Drainages"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203746/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 |date=2011-10-05 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> == Soo saarista milixda == [[File:Ethiopie-Lac salé Afdera (8).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cusbo taal xeebta Harada Afrera]] [[Rock salt|Cusbada dhagaxda]] ayaa laga qodi jiray Harada Afrera, iyo qaybta ku xeeran ee [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]], muddo qarniyo ah. Lt. Lefebvre ayaa qoray qaar ka mid ah khataraha hortaagan qodista cusbada ee Hogga, kuwaas oo uu ka maqlay mid ka mid ah miino-baarayaasha laftiisa: <blockquote>Wuxuu sheegay in haradani ay inta badan beddesho qaabkeeda iyo meesheeda, taas oo uu ku sheegay ereyadan: haradu way guurtaa. Inta badan, ayuu raaciyay, marka aad tagto meel fiidkii hore aad u adkayd, waxaad si lama filaan ah u dhex jabi kartaa, oo waxaad ku dhex lumi kartaa moolka dheer. Laakiin waxa ka sii cabsi badan waa buuxdhaafka biyaha: mararka qaarkood haradu waxay u kacdaa jidka buur oo kale, waxayna ku soo dhacdaa dhulka siman sidii daad weyn; safarrada oo dhan, dad iyo duunyo ba waa la dhex liqaa. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, calaamado hordhac ah, kuwaas oo kaliya dadka fardooleyda ah ay ka faa'iidaysan karaan, iyagoo ku cararaya xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee xayawaanka; marmar qaar ka mid ah ayaa sidaas ku baxsaday, waana iyaga kuwa laga helay faahfaahintan xun.<ref>Henry James, ''Routes in Abyssinia; Presented to the house of Commons, in pursuance of their Address dated November 26, 1867'' (London, 1867), p. 200</ref></blockquote> [[File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img114 Afdera.jpg|thumb|right|Wax-soo-saarka cusbada ee Harada Afrera]] Dhowaanahan, [[Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Enterprise|Shirkadda Horumarinta Khayraadka Macdanta ee Itoobiya]] waxay xaqiijisay jiritaanka 290 milyan oo tan oo cusbo ah Harada Afrera kaligeed. Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha maxalliga ah ayaa caado u lahaa inay cusbada ka soo saaraan harada iyagoo ku shubaya [[brine|biyaha cusbada leh]] barkado macmal ah si ay u uumi-baxaan ka dibna ay u weeysoobaan.<ref>[http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html Current Exploration and Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062521/http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html |date=2007-04-22 }}, Geological Survey of Ethiopia Web Page (accessed 26 January 2009)</ref> Ka dib [[2011 Nabro eruption|gullgankii volcano ee Nabro ee 2011]], harada waxaa ku wasaxoobay [[sulfuric acid|asidhka sulfuriigga]], taas oo ka dhigtay cusbada mid aan la cuni karin.<ref name="addisfortune">{{Cite news|title=Eritrean Volcano Erupts Economic Mayhem for Ethiopia|first=Mahlet|last=Mesfin|work=[[Addis Fortune]] |url=http://www.addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|date= June 12, 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623142440/http://addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> == Geology == Hogga ay buuxisay Harada Afdera waxaa sameeyay dillaacyo u jeeda dhowr jiho oo isku xira [[Erta Ale Range|Silsiladda Fulkaanaha ee Erta Ale]], silsiladda fulkaanaha ee [[Tat Ali|Tat'Ali]], iyo silsiladda fulkaanaha ee Alayta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, hog wareegsan oo ku yaal baasinka koonfureed ayaa loo fasiray inay suurtogal tahay inay u taagan tahay [[caldera|god fulkaano]].<ref name=":0" /> == Water source == Harada Afdera waxaa quudiya ilo biyo kulul oo aad u tiro badan oo ku hareeraysan harada<ref name=":1" /> iyo, suurtogalnimada, ilo ka hooseeya biyaha dhexdiisa. Biyaha harada Afdera waa [[Saline water|kuwo cusbo leh]] laakiin kama yimaadaan [[sea|badda]]. Biyaha qaaradda waxay ku heleen [[salinity|cusbada]] falcelinnada [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] ee ay la galeen [[Evaporite|evaporites]] iyo [[Basalt|basalts]] dhulka hoostiisa.<ref name=":1" /> Heerka haradu wuxuu si weyn isu beddelay tobankii kun ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Intii lagu jiray [[African humid period|Xilligii Qoyaanka ee Afrika]], heerka haradu wuxuu ahaa 50m ka sarreeya kan maanta wuxuuna daboolay aag aad u weyn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasse |first=Françoise |date=January 1974 |title=Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |journal=Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=95–122 |doi=10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |bibcode=1974IRH....59...95G |issn=0020-9309|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tan iyo sannaddadii 1960-aadkii heerka haradu wuxuu si joogto ah u ahaa mid isbedbeddela,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nanis |first1=Hafid |last2=Aly |first2=Mohamed H. |date=2020-07-03 |title=Desegregation of remote sensing and GIS to characterize fluctuations in the surface water area of Afar Lakes, Ethiopia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |journal=Geocarto International |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=976–990 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |bibcode=2020GeoIn..35..976N |issn=1010-6049|url-access=subscription }}</ref> laakiin isbeddelladani waxay u dhowdaan inay ka yaraayeen hal mitir oo dhexroor ah.<ref name=":0" /> Tani waxay muujinaysaa in heerka harada laga maamulo [[climate|cimilada]] iyo [[Precipitation|roobabka]] ka da'a [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] ama [[Danakil Alps|Alps-ka Danakil]]. [[File:Lake Afdera Drone view.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Muuqaalka Drone-ka ee Harada Afdera, oo muujinaya barkadaha cusbada iyo fulkaanaha ku xeeran.]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afrera}} 3oxc9er2al7byu39bhb0rf23bx6pbii 300384 300383 2026-06-30T11:17:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* Juqraafiga */ 300384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Afrera | image = ET Afar asv2018-01 img113 Afdera.jpg | alt = Photograph of the lake with a beach in the foreground | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] | coords = {{coord|13|17|N|40|55|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Eritrea, Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = {{convert|114.8|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|20.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|2.4|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-112|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Franchetti Island]] | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Afrera''' (Af-Talyaaniga '''Lake Giuletti''') waa [[hypersaline lake|haro aad u cusbo badan]] oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Kilbet Rasu]], [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]], waana mid ka mid ah harooyinka [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]]. Waxay leedahay baaxad dusha sare ah oo dhan {{Convert|117|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} waxayna haysaa 2.4 km³ oo [[brine|biyo cusbo leh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schaegis |first1=Jean-Charles |last2=Rime |first2=Valentin |last3=Kidane |first3=Tesfaye |last4=Mosar |first4=Jon |last5=Gebru |first5=Ermias Filfilu |last6=Atnafu |first6=Balemwal |last7=Foubert |first7=Anneleen |date=2021-07-01 |title=Novel Bathymetry of Lake Afdera Reveals Fault Structures and Volcano-Tectonic Features of an Incipient Transform Zone (Afar, Ethiopia) |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=English |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/feart.2021.706643 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FrEaS...9..530S |issn=2296-6463}}</ref> Moolka ugu sarreeya ee Harada Afdera waa 80 m dhanka baasinka waqooyi iyo 76 m dhanka baasinka koonfureed.<ref name=":0" /> Ma jiro webi weyn oo biyaha ka qaada harada. Waxaa quudiya [[Hot spring|Isha biyo kulul]] oo ku yaal hareeraha xeebaha harada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonatti |first1=Enrico |last2=Gasperini |first2=Elia |last3=Vigliotti |first3=Luigi |last4=Lupi |first4=Luca |last5=Vaselli |first5=Orlando |last6=Polonia |first6=Alina |last7=Gasperini |first7=Luca |date=2017-05-01 |title=Lake Afrera, a structural depression in the Northern Afar Rift (Red Sea) |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=e00301 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00301 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=5443967 |pmid=28560355|bibcode=2017Heliy...300301B }}</ref> Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Harada Giulietti''', oo ah magac uu [[Raimondo Franchetti]] u bixiyay ka dib markii sahamiyihii [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] ahaa ee [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]] ay ku dileen dadka [[Afar people|Cifarta]] ah dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee harada.<ref>Jon Kalb, ''Adventures in the Bone Trade'' (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 72</ref> Magaca kale ee jirkan biyaha ah waa '''Harada Egogi''' (ama '''Egogi Bad'''), kaas oo ah magac uu siiyay hagahii reer Afar ee [[L. M. Nesbitt]] markii sahamiyaha Talyaaniga ahaa uu noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee arka sannadkii 1928.<ref>Nesbitt, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935), p. 337</ref> Jasiiradda keliya ee ku taal Harada Afrera, [[Franchetti Island]] (oo kale loo yaqaanno "Deset"), oo ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa jasiiradda ugu hooseysa adduunka.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 314</ref> Si dhow ula mid ah harooyinka kale ee cusbada leh ee Itoobiya (tusaale, Harooyinka [[Lake Abijatta|Abijatta]], [[Lake Shala|Shala]], iyo [[Lake Chitu|Chitu]]), pH-ka Harada Afrera waa mid hooseeya oo ku jira heerka aashitada. In kasta oo wax yar la darsay, dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa ku nool Harada Afrera, oo ay ku jiraan laba [[Endemism|waddani ah]]: ''[[Danakilia franchettii]]'' (nooc [[cichlid]] ah) iyo ''[[Aphaniops stiassnyae]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Lebias stiassnyae''; nooc [[pupfish]] ah).<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 "527: Western Red Sea Drainages"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203746/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 |date=2011-10-05 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> == Soo saarista milixda == [[File:Ethiopie-Lac salé Afdera (8).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cusbo taal xeebta Harada Afrera]] [[Rock salt|Cusbada dhagaxda]] ayaa laga qodi jiray Harada Afrera, iyo qaybta ku xeeran ee [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]], muddo qarniyo ah. Lt. Lefebvre ayaa qoray qaar ka mid ah khataraha hortaagan qodista cusbada ee Hogga, kuwaas oo uu ka maqlay mid ka mid ah miino-baarayaasha laftiisa: <blockquote>Wuxuu sheegay in haradani ay inta badan beddesho qaabkeeda iyo meesheeda, taas oo uu ku sheegay ereyadan: haradu way guurtaa. Inta badan, ayuu raaciyay, marka aad tagto meel fiidkii hore aad u adkayd, waxaad si lama filaan ah u dhex jabi kartaa, oo waxaad ku dhex lumi kartaa moolka dheer. Laakiin waxa ka sii cabsi badan waa buuxdhaafka biyaha: mararka qaarkood haradu waxay u kacdaa jidka buur oo kale, waxayna ku soo dhacdaa dhulka siman sidii daad weyn; safarrada oo dhan, dad iyo duunyo ba waa la dhex liqaa. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, calaamado hordhac ah, kuwaas oo kaliya dadka fardooleyda ah ay ka faa'iidaysan karaan, iyagoo ku cararaya xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee xayawaanka; marmar qaar ka mid ah ayaa sidaas ku baxsaday, waana iyaga kuwa laga helay faahfaahintan xun.<ref>Henry James, ''Routes in Abyssinia; Presented to the house of Commons, in pursuance of their Address dated November 26, 1867'' (London, 1867), p. 200</ref></blockquote> [[File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img114 Afdera.jpg|thumb|right|Wax-soo-saarka cusbada ee Harada Afrera]] Dhowaanahan, [[Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Enterprise|Shirkadda Horumarinta Khayraadka Macdanta ee Itoobiya]] waxay xaqiijisay jiritaanka 290 milyan oo tan oo cusbo ah Harada Afrera kaligeed. Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha maxalliga ah ayaa caado u lahaa inay cusbada ka soo saaraan harada iyagoo ku shubaya [[brine|biyaha cusbada leh]] barkado macmal ah si ay u uumi-baxaan ka dibna ay u weeysoobaan.<ref>[http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html Current Exploration and Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062521/http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html |date=2007-04-22 }}, Geological Survey of Ethiopia Web Page (accessed 26 January 2009)</ref> Ka dib [[2011 Nabro eruption|gullgankii volcano ee Nabro ee 2011]], harada waxaa ku wasaxoobay [[sulfuric acid|asidhka sulfuriigga]], taas oo ka dhigtay cusbada mid aan la cuni karin.<ref name="addisfortune">{{Cite news|title=Eritrean Volcano Erupts Economic Mayhem for Ethiopia|first=Mahlet|last=Mesfin|work=[[Addis Fortune]] |url=http://www.addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|date= June 12, 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623142440/http://addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Hogga ay buuxisay Harada Afdera waxaa sameeyay dillaacyo u jeeda dhowr jiho oo isku xira [[Erta Ale Range|Silsiladda Fulkaanaha ee Erta Ale]], silsiladda fulkaanaha ee [[Tat Ali|Tat'Ali]], iyo silsiladda fulkaanaha ee Alayta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, hog wareegsan oo ku yaal baasinka koonfureed ayaa loo fasiray inay suurtogal tahay inay u taagan tahay [[caldera|god fulkaano]].<ref name=":0" /> == Water source == Harada Afdera waxaa quudiya ilo biyo kulul oo aad u tiro badan oo ku hareeraysan harada<ref name=":1" /> iyo, suurtogalnimada, ilo ka hooseeya biyaha dhexdiisa. Biyaha harada Afdera waa [[Saline water|kuwo cusbo leh]] laakiin kama yimaadaan [[sea|badda]]. Biyaha qaaradda waxay ku heleen [[salinity|cusbada]] falcelinnada [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] ee ay la galeen [[Evaporite|evaporites]] iyo [[Basalt|basalts]] dhulka hoostiisa.<ref name=":1" /> Heerka haradu wuxuu si weyn isu beddelay tobankii kun ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Intii lagu jiray [[African humid period|Xilligii Qoyaanka ee Afrika]], heerka haradu wuxuu ahaa 50m ka sarreeya kan maanta wuxuuna daboolay aag aad u weyn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasse |first=Françoise |date=January 1974 |title=Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |journal=Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=95–122 |doi=10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |bibcode=1974IRH....59...95G |issn=0020-9309|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tan iyo sannaddadii 1960-aadkii heerka haradu wuxuu si joogto ah u ahaa mid isbedbeddela,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nanis |first1=Hafid |last2=Aly |first2=Mohamed H. |date=2020-07-03 |title=Desegregation of remote sensing and GIS to characterize fluctuations in the surface water area of Afar Lakes, Ethiopia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |journal=Geocarto International |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=976–990 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |bibcode=2020GeoIn..35..976N |issn=1010-6049|url-access=subscription }}</ref> laakiin isbeddelladani waxay u dhowdaan inay ka yaraayeen hal mitir oo dhexroor ah.<ref name=":0" /> Tani waxay muujinaysaa in heerka harada laga maamulo [[climate|cimilada]] iyo [[Precipitation|roobabka]] ka da'a [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] ama [[Danakil Alps|Alps-ka Danakil]]. [[File:Lake Afdera Drone view.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Muuqaalka Drone-ka ee Harada Afdera, oo muujinaya barkadaha cusbada iyo fulkaanaha ku xeeran.]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afrera}} de0qkme6uspwb4mc8rosvmjva9o1ix1 300385 300384 2026-06-30T11:17:55Z Isma4l 41797 300385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Afrera | image = ET Afar asv2018-01 img113 Afdera.jpg | alt = Photograph of the lake with a beach in the foreground | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] | coords = {{coord|13|17|N|40|55|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Eritrea, Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = {{convert|114.8|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|20.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|2.4|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-112|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Franchetti Island]] | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Afrera''' (Af-Talyaaniga '''Lake Giuletti''') waa [[hypersaline lake|haro aad u cusbo badan]] oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Kilbet Rasu]], [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]], waana mid ka mid ah harooyinka [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]]. Waxay leedahay baaxad dusha sare ah oo dhan {{Convert|117|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} waxayna haysaa 2.4 km³ oo [[brine|biyo cusbo leh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schaegis |first1=Jean-Charles |last2=Rime |first2=Valentin |last3=Kidane |first3=Tesfaye |last4=Mosar |first4=Jon |last5=Gebru |first5=Ermias Filfilu |last6=Atnafu |first6=Balemwal |last7=Foubert |first7=Anneleen |date=2021-07-01 |title=Novel Bathymetry of Lake Afdera Reveals Fault Structures and Volcano-Tectonic Features of an Incipient Transform Zone (Afar, Ethiopia) |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=English |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/feart.2021.706643 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FrEaS...9..530S |issn=2296-6463}}</ref> Moolka ugu sarreeya ee Harada Afdera waa 80 m dhanka baasinka waqooyi iyo 76 m dhanka baasinka koonfureed.<ref name=":0" /> Ma jiro webi weyn oo biyaha ka qaada harada. Waxaa quudiya [[Hot spring|Isha biyo kulul]] oo ku yaal hareeraha xeebaha harada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonatti |first1=Enrico |last2=Gasperini |first2=Elia |last3=Vigliotti |first3=Luigi |last4=Lupi |first4=Luca |last5=Vaselli |first5=Orlando |last6=Polonia |first6=Alina |last7=Gasperini |first7=Luca |date=2017-05-01 |title=Lake Afrera, a structural depression in the Northern Afar Rift (Red Sea) |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=e00301 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00301 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=5443967 |pmid=28560355|bibcode=2017Heliy...300301B }}</ref> Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Harada Giulietti''', oo ah magac uu [[Raimondo Franchetti]] u bixiyay ka dib markii sahamiyihii [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] ahaa ee [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]] ay ku dileen dadka [[Afar people|Cifarta]] ah dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee harada.<ref>Jon Kalb, ''Adventures in the Bone Trade'' (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 72</ref> Magaca kale ee jirkan biyaha ah waa '''Harada Egogi''' (ama '''Egogi Bad'''), kaas oo ah magac uu siiyay hagahii reer Afar ee [[L. M. Nesbitt]] markii sahamiyaha Talyaaniga ahaa uu noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee arka sannadkii 1928.<ref>Nesbitt, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935), p. 337</ref> Jasiiradda keliya ee ku taal Harada Afrera, [[Franchetti Island]] (oo kale loo yaqaanno "Deset"), oo ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa jasiiradda ugu hooseysa adduunka.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 314</ref> Si dhow ula mid ah harooyinka kale ee cusbada leh ee Itoobiya (tusaale, Harooyinka [[Lake Abijatta|Abijatta]], [[Lake Shala|Shala]], iyo [[Lake Chitu|Chitu]]), pH-ka Harada Afrera waa mid hooseeya oo ku jira heerka aashitada. In kasta oo wax yar la darsay, dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa ku nool Harada Afrera, oo ay ku jiraan laba [[Endemism|waddani ah]]: ''[[Danakilia franchettii]]'' (nooc [[cichlid]] ah) iyo ''[[Aphaniops stiassnyae]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Lebias stiassnyae''; nooc [[pupfish]] ah).<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 "527: Western Red Sea Drainages"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203746/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 |date=2011-10-05 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> == Soo saarista milixda == [[File:Ethiopie-Lac salé Afdera (8).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cusbo taal xeebta Harada Afrera]] [[Rock salt|Cusbada dhagaxda]] ayaa laga qodi jiray Harada Afrera, iyo qaybta ku xeeran ee [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]], muddo qarniyo ah. Lt. Lefebvre ayaa qoray qaar ka mid ah khataraha hortaagan qodista cusbada ee Hogga, kuwaas oo uu ka maqlay mid ka mid ah miino-baarayaasha laftiisa: <blockquote>Wuxuu sheegay in haradani ay inta badan beddesho qaabkeeda iyo meesheeda, taas oo uu ku sheegay ereyadan: haradu way guurtaa. Inta badan, ayuu raaciyay, marka aad tagto meel fiidkii hore aad u adkayd, waxaad si lama filaan ah u dhex jabi kartaa, oo waxaad ku dhex lumi kartaa moolka dheer. Laakiin waxa ka sii cabsi badan waa buuxdhaafka biyaha: mararka qaarkood haradu waxay u kacdaa jidka buur oo kale, waxayna ku soo dhacdaa dhulka siman sidii daad weyn; safarrada oo dhan, dad iyo duunyo ba waa la dhex liqaa. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, calaamado hordhac ah, kuwaas oo kaliya dadka fardooleyda ah ay ka faa'iidaysan karaan, iyagoo ku cararaya xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee xayawaanka; marmar qaar ka mid ah ayaa sidaas ku baxsaday, waana iyaga kuwa laga helay faahfaahintan xun.<ref>Henry James, ''Routes in Abyssinia; Presented to the house of Commons, in pursuance of their Address dated November 26, 1867'' (London, 1867), p. 200</ref></blockquote> [[File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img114 Afdera.jpg|thumb|right|Wax-soo-saarka cusbada ee Harada Afrera]] Dhowaanahan, [[Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Enterprise|Shirkadda Horumarinta Khayraadka Macdanta ee Itoobiya]] waxay xaqiijisay jiritaanka 290 milyan oo tan oo cusbo ah Harada Afrera kaligeed. Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha maxalliga ah ayaa caado u lahaa inay cusbada ka soo saaraan harada iyagoo ku shubaya [[brine|biyaha cusbada leh]] barkado macmal ah si ay u uumi-baxaan ka dibna ay u weeysoobaan.<ref>[http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html Current Exploration and Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062521/http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html |date=2007-04-22 }}, Geological Survey of Ethiopia Web Page (accessed 26 January 2009)</ref> Ka dib [[2011 Nabro eruption|gullgankii volcano ee Nabro ee 2011]], harada waxaa ku wasaxoobay [[sulfuric acid|asidhka sulfuriigga]], taas oo ka dhigtay cusbada mid aan la cuni karin.<ref name="addisfortune">{{Cite news|title=Eritrean Volcano Erupts Economic Mayhem for Ethiopia|first=Mahlet|last=Mesfin|work=[[Addis Fortune]] |url=http://www.addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|date= June 12, 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623142440/http://addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Hogga ay buuxisay Harada Afdera waxaa sameeyay dillaacyo u jeeda dhowr jiho oo isku xira [[Erta Ale Range|Silsiladda Fulkaanaha ee Erta Ale]], silsiladda fulkaanaha ee [[Tat Ali|Tat'Ali]], iyo silsiladda fulkaanaha ee Alayta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, hog wareegsan oo ku yaal baasinka koonfureed ayaa loo fasiray inay suurtogal tahay inay u taagan tahay [[caldera|god fulkaano]].<ref name=":0" /> == Isha biyaha == Harada Afdera waxaa quudiya ilo biyo kulul oo aad u tiro badan oo ku hareeraysan harada<ref name=":1" /> iyo, suurtogalnimada, ilo ka hooseeya biyaha dhexdiisa. Biyaha harada Afdera waa [[Saline water|kuwo cusbo leh]] laakiin kama yimaadaan [[sea|badda]]. Biyaha qaaradda waxay ku heleen [[salinity|cusbada]] falcelinnada [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] ee ay la galeen [[Evaporite|evaporites]] iyo [[Basalt|basalts]] dhulka hoostiisa.<ref name=":1" /> Heerka haradu wuxuu si weyn isu beddelay tobankii kun ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Intii lagu jiray [[African humid period|Xilligii Qoyaanka ee Afrika]], heerka haradu wuxuu ahaa 50m ka sarreeya kan maanta wuxuuna daboolay aag aad u weyn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasse |first=Françoise |date=January 1974 |title=Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |journal=Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=95–122 |doi=10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |bibcode=1974IRH....59...95G |issn=0020-9309|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tan iyo sannaddadii 1960-aadkii heerka haradu wuxuu si joogto ah u ahaa mid isbedbeddela,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nanis |first1=Hafid |last2=Aly |first2=Mohamed H. |date=2020-07-03 |title=Desegregation of remote sensing and GIS to characterize fluctuations in the surface water area of Afar Lakes, Ethiopia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |journal=Geocarto International |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=976–990 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |bibcode=2020GeoIn..35..976N |issn=1010-6049|url-access=subscription }}</ref> laakiin isbeddelladani waxay u dhowdaan inay ka yaraayeen hal mitir oo dhexroor ah.<ref name=":0" /> Tani waxay muujinaysaa in heerka harada laga maamulo [[climate|cimilada]] iyo [[Precipitation|roobabka]] ka da'a [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] ama [[Danakil Alps|Alps-ka Danakil]]. [[File:Lake Afdera Drone view.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Muuqaalka Drone-ka ee Harada Afdera, oo muujinaya barkadaha cusbada iyo fulkaanaha ku xeeran.]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afrera}} a6li9f53xaba6b56f7qdih47gllkmq8 0 48388 300386 2026-06-30T11:20:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Afambo | image = Afambo NASA.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] | coords = {{coord|11|25|19|N|41|40|21|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{cvt|13|km}} | width = {{cvt|2|km}} | area = {{cvt|1760|ha}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Afambo in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Afambo''' waa mid ka mid ah silsilado harooyin ah oo uu [[Awash River|Webiga Awaash]] ku shubo biyahiisa. Waxay ku taalla darafka bari ee [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. ==Dulmar Guud== Haradu waxay ku fadhidaa dhidib u dhow waqooyi-koonfur, dhererkeedu waa 13 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa laba, iyadoo haysata 1,760 hektar oo biyo furan ah.<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 166</ref> Afambo waxay biyaha ka heshaa [[Lake Gummare|Harada Gummare]] iyadoo soo mareysa kanaal ku yaal bartaadeeda waqooyi, waxayna leedahay meel ay biyuhu uga baxaan oo ku taal dhulal qoyan oo ku yaal xeebaha koonfur-galbeed halkaas oo ay ugu shubanto [[Lake Bario|Harada Bario]]. Qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee booqda Harada Afambo wuxuu ahaa [[Wilfred Thesiger]], kaas oo sahamiyay dhabaha Webiga Awaash ilaa barta uu ku dhamaado sannadkii 1935. Thesiger wuxuu kooxdiisa ku hoggaamiyay dhanka bari iyo koonfur ee haradan.<ref>Thesiger, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1787031 "The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate"], ''[[Geographical Journal]]'', 85 (1935), p. 16</ref> Deegaankani ma arkin booqasho kale oo ka timid qof ka baxsan Itoobiya ilaa Pele Thompson uu dib u raacay raadkii Thesiger intii liyuu u dhaxeysay May iyo June 2001. Waxaa jiray buundo dul saarnayd kanaalka isku xira harooyinka Gummare iyo Afambo ee Ebobe, balse waxay "dumay muddo ka hor." Waxaa intaa dheer, halka Harada Afambo ay ahayd haro biyo macaan leh markii Thesiger uu booqday, waxay tan iyo markaas noqotay mid aad u cusbo badan sababo la xiriira xaddiga biyaha loo weeciyay dhanka sare ee webiga ujeeddooyin waraabin ah darteed.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), pp. 402f</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afambo}} awl8nfrsvy7gvbspqjtt52mot28fd4e 0 48389 300387 2026-06-30T11:22:43Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Abijatta | image = O'a caldera.jpg | caption = Harada Abijatta (midig) iyo [[Lake Shala|Harada Shala]] (bidix) | alt = A satellite image of two lakes | image_bathymetry = Ethiopia_central_lakes.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|7|37|N|38|36|E|region:ET-OR_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|205|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|14|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,573|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Abijatta in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Abijatta''' waa [[alkaline lake|haro alkali ah]] oo ku taalla [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku dhex taal dooxada [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]] dhanka koonfureed ee [[Addis Ababa]], waxayna ku dhex taalla [[Abijatta-Shalla National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Abijatta-Shalla]]. ==Dulmar guud== [[File:Flamingoes on Lake Abiyatta.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Flamingo|Shimbiraha Flamingoes]] ee dusha Harada Abiyatta]] Sida laga soo xigtay ''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68'', haradu waxay dhererkeedu yahay 17 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 15&nbsp;km, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 205 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran. Waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 14 mitir, waxayna ku taal joog dhan 1,573 mitir. Dhinaca koonka waqooyi-bari ee haradan waxaa ku yaal dhowr ilood oo biyo kulul ah, kuwaas oo muhiim u ah dalxiiska iyo dadka deegaankaba. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira hawlo laga qabto xeebta haradan oo laga soo saaro dambaska soodhada (soda ash), kaas oo soo saara 20,000 oo tan oo [[sodium carbonate]] ah. Kaydka la xaqiijiyay ee Harada Abijata, iyo sidoo kale harooyinka deriska la ah ee [[Lake Shala|Shala]] iyo [[Lake Chitu|Chitu]], ayaa ka badan 460 milyan oo tan.<ref>[http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html Current Exploration and Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062521/http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html |date=2007-04-22 }}, Geological Survey of Ethiopia Web Page (accessed 26 January 2009)</ref> [[Flamingo|Shimbiraha Flamingoes]] ayaa sidoo kale laga helaa harada. Daraasado dhinacyo badan leh, oo ay ku jiraan baaritaanka sedimentology, palynology, diatoms iyo maaddooyinka dabiiciga ah ayaa lagu sameeyay muunad carco ah oo dhererkeedu yahay 6 m oo laga soo qaatay Harada Abijata, Itoobiya. Salka muunaddan waxaa la ogaaday inuu jiro 1720 ± BP. Falanqayntu waxay muujisay afar marxaladood oo kala duwan oo ku saabsan isbeddelka harada. Laba marxaladood oo xad-gudub ah (transgressive phases) oo la aqoonsaday ayaa lala xiriirin karaa caddaymaha kale ee heerka harada. Xad-gudubyadani waxay ka dhasheen isbeddelka agabka ka yimaada gobollada dhulka hoose iyo kuwa sare ee ku dhex jira dhulka biyaha qaada. Waxay u dhowdahay inay la xiriiraan isbeddellada hababka roobabka xilliyeedka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bonnefille|first1=R.|last2=Robert|first2=C.|last3=Lezine|first3=A. M.|last4=Perinet|first4=G.|last5=Delibrias|first5=G.|last6=Elenga|first6=C.|last7=Herbin|first7=J. P.|last8=Tiercelin|first8=J. J.|date=1986|title=Palaeoenvironment of Lake Abijata, Ethiopia, during the past 2000 years|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=25|issue=1|pages=253–265|doi=10.1144/gsl.sp.1986.025.01.21|s2cid=128780442|issn=0305-8719}}</ref> ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305213243/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=SAFR-003 ILEC database entry for Lake Abijatta] {{DEFAULTSORT:Abijatta}} 5db8ps2qhb5ubbcdd5nfihdyfzgh36b 0 48390 300388 2026-06-30T11:27:20Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Abaya | image =Lake Abaya, Arba Minch (6194081486).jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = Chamomap.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|6|26|N|37|53|E|region:ET|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Bilate River|Webiga Bilaate]]<br />[[Gidabo River|Webiga Gidabo]]<br />[[Gelana River|Webiga Gelaana]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|1162|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|7.1|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|13.1|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|8.2|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1175|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = [[Arba Minch]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Abaya in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} [[File:Lake Abaya.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Harada Abaya oo laga arkay tuulada Dorze. Dhanka midig ee fog waxaa laga arki karaa [[Arba Minch]] iyo [[Lake Chamo|Harada Chamo]]. Labada haro inta u dhaxeysa waa [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]].]] '''Harada Abaya''' ([[Amharic]]: አባያ ሐይቅ) waa haro ku taalla [[South Ethiopia Regional State|Dawlad Deegaanka Koonfurta Itoobiya]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhacdaa [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]], dhanka bari ee [[Guge (mountain)|Buurta Guge]]. Magaalada [[Arba Minch]] waxay ku taal xeebteeda koonfur-galbeed, xeebaha koonfureedna waxay qayb ka yihiin [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]]. Si sax ah dhanka koonfureed waxaa ku taal [[Lake Chamo|Harada Chamo]]. Dhul-daaqsimeedka [[Savanna]], oo u caan ah [[wildlife|duurjoogta]] iyo [[birdlife|shimbiraha]], ayaa ku xeeran harada, taas oo sidoo kale ay ka kalluumaystaan dadka deegaanka. Sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumaysiga iyo Tacliinta Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 412 [[tonne|tan]] oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo saaraa sannad kasta, taas oo waaxdu ay ku qiyaastay inay tahay 69% qaddarkeeda waara.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=2008-02-28 }} (report dated January, 2003)</ref> Harada Abaya waxay dhererkeedu yahay 60 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 20,<ref>''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68''</ref> iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 1,162 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="baxter">Baxter, R. M. ''Lake Morphology and Chemistry.'' in Taylor, W.D. and Tudorancea, C., eds. '''Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes.''' Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 2002.</ref> Waxaa jira dhowr jasiiradood oo ku dhex yaal haradan, iyadoo tan ugu weyni ay tahay [[Aruro Island|Aruro]];<ref>[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTARG.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023043/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTARG.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 5 November 2007)</ref> kuwo kale waxaa ka mid ah Gidicho, Welege, Galmaka, iyo Alkali. Haradu waxay leedahay midab casaan-gari ah sababo la xiriira qashinka iyo ciidda hufan ee dhex fadhida darteed.<ref>A. T. Grove; F. A. Street; A. S. Goudie, 1975: "Former Lake Levels and Climatic Change in the Rift Valley of Southern Ethiopia," ''Geographical Journal'' 141, 177–194</ref> Harada waxaa quudiya saddex webi oo dhex-dhexaad ah. Marka hore waxaa jira [[Bilate River|Bilaate]] oo ka soo baxa jilifyada koonfureed ee [[Mount Gurage|Buurta Gurage]], ka dibna inta badan u socda dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu shubmo Harada Abaya xeebteeda waqooyi. Midda labaad waa [[Gidabo River|Gidabo]], oo ka soo baxa jilifyada galbeed ee [[Bale Mountains|Buuraha Bale]], ka dibna isna inta badan u socda dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu shubmo Harada Abaya darafkeeda waqooyi-bari ka dib markii uu soo maro dhulalka daadka ee Gidabo. Webiga saddexaad waa [[Gelana River|Gelaana]], oo ka soo baxa jararka galbeed ee Dooxada Riftiga ee waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Bule Hora Town|Magaalada Bule Hora]]. Durdurro deeqsinimo leh ayaa sidoo kale ka soo baxa jilifyada bari iyo waqooyi ee [[Amaro Mountains|Buuraha Amaro]]. Gelaana wuxuu markaas u socdaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo sii maraya ''Gelana Graben'' oo u dhaxeeya labada silsiladood ee buuraha ka hor inta uusan gelin dhiiqada Bore, ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu dhanka bari uga shubmaa harada. Meesha keliya ee ay biyuhu uga baxaan harada waa qaybaha hoose ee [[Kulfo River|Webiga Kulfo]] oo si toos ah uga hooseeya [[alluvial fan|marinka carada]] joog dhan 1,190 m (halkas oo ah {{coord|6.0109|N|37.5854|E|region:ET-SN|display=inline}}). Marinka webigu wuxuu u shaqeeyaa jid-bax ahaan marka ay heerarka haradu sare u kacaan, wuxuuna biyaha dheeraadka ah ku daadiyaa [[Lake Chamo|Harada Chamo]]. Sida caadiga ah, heerka haradu wuxuu muujiyaa isbedbeddel xoogaa ah, sannadkii 2017 wuxuu ahaa 1,175 m, oo 15 m ka hooseeya heerka buuxdhaafka.<ref>Google Earth</ref> 50-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, heerka haradu wuxuu isbedbeddelay kaliya ±1.5&nbsp;m agagaarka qiimaha dhexe, kaas oo si fiican uga hooseeya heerka buuxdhaafka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0405/teklemariam.pdf|title=Water Quality monitoring within the Abaya-Chamo Drainage Basin|author=Ababu Teklemariam, Bernd Wenclawia|date=2004|access-date=2018-02-06|archive-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063107/https://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0405/teklemariam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sidaa darteed, moolka ugu sarreeya ee haradu wuxuu isbeddelaa wax yar oo kaliya sannad kasta, sannadkii 2002 haradu waxay lahayd moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 13.1 mitir.<ref name="baxter"/> Sannadkii 1896 Harada Abaya waxaa magaca loo beddelay "Lake Margherita" iyadoo loogu magac daray Boorayadii [[Margherita of Savoy]], oo ahayd xaaska King [[Humbert I of Italy|Humbert I ee Talyaaniga]] waxaana magacaas u bixiyay sahamiyihii Talyaaniga ahaa ee [[Vittorio Bottego]] oo horta sahamiyay gobolka. Magaca "Lake Margherita" (Lago Margherita) weli waxaa loo isticmaalaa dalka Talyaaniga.<ref>Mack Smith, Denis. Mussolini’s Roman Empire. New York: Viking, 1976.</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714183220/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr001.html ILEC database entry for Lake Abaya] {{Authority control}} p6ujnwgtvoms6pfi3vwvqivsx4ykrau 0 48391 300389 2026-06-30T11:32:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harooyinka Toshka | image = File:ISS066-E-91633 - View of Egypt.jpg | caption = Harooyinka Toshka iyo [[Lake Nasser|Harada Nasser]] sannadkii 2021 | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[New Valley Governorate|Gudoomiyaha Dooxada Cusub]] | coords = {{coord|23.1|30.9|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Endorheic lake|Haro endorheic ah]] | inflow = [[Nile|Webiga Niil]]-[[Lake Nasser|Harada Nasser]] iyada oo loo marayo Kanaalka Sadat | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Egypt | length = | width = | area = {{convert|1450|km2|abbr=on}} (2000)<br />{{convert|307|km2|abbr=on}} (Ugu hooseysay, 2012)<ref name=toshei2000>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-16 |title=Toshka Lakes, Southern Egypt |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/78531/toshka-lakes-southern-egypt |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303063123/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/78531/toshka-lakes-southern-egypt |url-status=live }}</ref><br /> {{convert|2321|km2|abbr=on}}(2022)<ref>https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EgJAR..49....1A/abstract</ref> | depth = | max-depth = | volume = {{convert|25.26|km3|cumi|-1|abbr= on}} (2000)<ref name="toshei2000"/> | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Toshka Lakes in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} [[Image:Lake Nasser location.png|thumb|right|Goobta ay ku yaallan Harooyinka Toshka iyo [[Lake Nasser|Harada Nasser]] ee Masar.]][[Image:Toshka Lakes (satellite view).jpg|thumb|right|Sawirka Harooyinka Toshka oo laga soo qaaday bishii Disembar 2002 [[International Space Station|Saldhigga Hawada Sare ee Caalamiga ah]] iyadoo loo eegayo dhanka waqooyi-bari. Harada Nasser waa harada aadka u dheer ee dhacda bariga harooyinka. Dooxada Toshka (Wadi Toshka) waa gacanka weyn ee ku yaal Harada Nasser si toos ah bariga harooyinka Toshka. Lama-degaanka Galbeed ee Masar waxaa laga arki karaa galbeedka Harada Nasser]] '''Harooyinka Toshka''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرات توشكى}}, {{IPA|arz|boħeˈɾæːt ˈtoʃkæ}}) waa magaca loo bixiyay harooyin [[endorheic]] ah oo dhowaan ku dhex samaysmay [[Sahara Desert|Lama-degaanka Saxaraha]] ee [[Egypt|Masar]].<ref name="toshka">{{cite book |last=El-Shabrawy |first=Gamal M |title=The Nile |author2=Henri J. Dumont |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=157–162 |chapter=The Toshka Lakes |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_8}}</ref> Jiritaankooda waxaa sababay buux-dhaaf xilliyeed ka yimaada [[Lake Nasser|Harada Nasser]]. Jiritaanka godkan dhulka ah wuxuu gacan ka geystay dhisidda [[New Valley Project|Mashruuca Dooxada Cusub]] ee Toshka, kaas oo suurtogal ka dhigay [[Sheikh Zayed Canal|Kanaalka Sheekh Zayed]], kaas oo ka bilaabma saldhigga bamka ee Mubarak si biyaha looga soo qaado marinka Harada Nasser loona wareejiyo kanaalka, ujeeddadiisuna tahay in la horumariyo aagga dooxada koonfureed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=مشروعى توشكى ونرعة السلام وقضية المياه وحق مصر التاريخى |url=http://atef.helals.net/mental_responses/water_resources/page3.htm |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=atef.helals.net |language=ar |archive-date=2017-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414172342/http://atef.helals.net/mental_responses/water_resources/page3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> == Erey-bixin == Waxaa jira laba fikradood oo ku saabsan asalka magaca "Toshka". Midda koowaad waxay tahay in ereyga "toshka" uu ka kooban yahay laba dhawaaq: "''toshi''" ama "''tosho''", iyo "''ki''", "''ke''", oo ah ama "''ka''". "''Toshi''" waa magaca dhirta Ghubeira, oo ah nooc ka mid ah dhirta daawada ee ka baxda dooxada, "''ki''" ereygana wuxuu u taagan yahay "meesha", "guriga", ama "waddanka" marka loo eego lahjada Nubian-ka ee gobolka. Toshka guud ahaan markaas waxay ka dhigan tahay "gurigii dhirta Ghubeira."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Fathi Al-Turkmani |first=Gouda |date=1999 |title=The Geomorphology of the Toshka Region and Development Potential |journal=Egyptian Geographical Society |edition=1999}}</ref> Fikrada labaad, oo ah tan aadka loo aqbalay, ayaa ah in harooyinka loogu magac daray tuulo [[Nubians|Nubian]] ah ([[Old Nubian]]: ⲧⲱϣⲕⲉⲁ<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |author=Pierce |first=Richard Holton |title=Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320799637 |journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies |date=2017 |language=en |volume=4 |doi=10.5070/D64110024|doi-access=free }}</ref>) oo ka jirtay gobolka ilaa ay ka daadantay ka dib dhismihii [[Aswan Dam|Xidheenka Weyn ee Aswan]].<ref name=":2" /> Ereyga "toshka" wuxoo ka kooban yahay laba dhawaaq.<ref name=":3" /> Waagii hore, gobolka Toshka wuxuu ka koobnaa laba tuulo, mid bari ka xigta Niilka, oo ah "Toshka East" iyo mid kale oo galbeed ka xigta Niilka, oo ah "Toshka West." Dadka deegaanka waxay u isticmaali jireen [[Nile boats|doonyaha Niilka]] inay isaga kala gooshaan labada tuulo. Labada cusubna waxay wataan isku magac "Toshka East" iyo "Toshka West".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Salih Al-Nimr |first=Huda |date=2006 |title=The South Valley Development Project (Tushka) between objectives and achievements |journal=Institute of National Planning |language=Egyptian Arabic |edition=2006 |no-pp=}}</ref> Magaalada cusub ayaa loo dhisay si loo xasuusto tuulada.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Home - New Toshka City |url=https://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=[[New Urban Communities Authority]] |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063957/http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx }}</ref> ==Taariikhda== === Dagaalkii Toski === {{See also|Mahdist War|Battle of Toski}} Sannadkii 1889, dagaal caan ah ayaa ka dhacay gobolka Toshka oo dhexmaray ololihii Ingiriiska iyo ciidankii [[Mahdist State|Dawladdii Mahdist]]. Kacaanyahannadii Mahdist ayaa ka soo kicitimay dalka Suudaan iyagoo hoos tana wehel weyn u ahaa hoggaanka Abd al-Rahman al-Nujumi, iyagoo ku dhawaaqayay inay ka sifeynayaan Dooxada Niilka laaluushka iyo musuqmaasaqa taliyayaashii Turkiga iyo Ingiriiska, kuna fidinayay caqiidada Mahdist ee Masar,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Churchill |first=Winston Spencer |url=https://archive.org/stream/1899RiverWarVol1/1899%20River%20War%20Vol%201#page/n169 |title=The River War |date=1899 |publisher=Longmans. |volume=1 |pages=140–141 |language=en}}</ref> iyo si ay xabsiga uga siidayyaan [[Ahmed Urabi|Ahmed Orabi]].<ref name=":0" /> === Xidheenka Weyn ee Aswan === {{See also|Aswan Dam}} Xidheenka Weyn ee Aswan, oo laga dhisay Masar sannadihii 1964–1968, wuxuu abuuray [[Lake Nasser|Harada Nasser]]. Waxaa loo qaabeeyay heerka ugu sarreeya ee biyaha oo ah {{convert|183|m|ft}} ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]]. Sida ka hortag looga dhigayo wax kasta oo kor u kac aan la filayn ah oo ku yimaada heerka biyaha Harada Nasser, jid-bax iyo kanaal ayaa la dhisay sannadkii 1978. Kanaalku wuxuu awood u leeyahay inuu biyaha ka leexiyo kaydka una wareejiyo dooxada Toshka, taas oo ku taal bannaanka dooxada Niilka. Naqshaddani waxay fududaynaysaa cadaadiska xidheenka waxayna ka ilaalinaysaa aagga hoose daadad baaxad leh. Kanaalka waxaa lagu sameeyay marin [[spillway|jid-bax]] ah oo la qoday laga bilaabo ''Khor Toshka'' oo ka laanta Harada Nasser soona marta Dooxada Toshka ee [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Lama-degaanka Galbeed]] ilaa ay ku xiranto godka dhulka ah. === Samaysanka === [[File:Toshka Lakes, Southern Egypt (1008 - sts088-719-2 lrg).jpg|thumb|left|Samaysanka Harooyinka Toshka (Noofambar 1998).]] Sannadkii 1998, Itoobiya waxay la kulantay daadad waaweyn oo degdeg ah iyo daadad webiyaal ah.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Extreme hydrology and climate variability: monitoring, modelling, adaptation, and mitigation |date=2019 |others=Assefa M. Melesse, Wossenu Abtew, Gabriel Senay |isbn=978-0-12-815999-6 |edition=First |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |oclc=1107667172}}</ref> Biyaha dheeraadka ah ee ka imanayay [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] ayaa culays saaray webiga Niil waxayna tijaabiyeen qorshihii xakamaynta daadka ee Xidheenka Weyn ee Aswan. Markii ugu horreysay, kaydka baaxadda leh wuxuu gaaray heerkiisii ugu sarreeyay oo ah 183 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda bishii Sebtembar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rain-fed Nile swamps Egypt's dam and villages - Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/rain-fed-nile-swamps-egypts-dam-and-villages |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=reliefweb.int |date=25 September 1998 |language=en}}</ref> Biyaha dheeraadka ah ayaa bilaabay in laga sii daayo Harada Nasser iyada oo loo marinayo buux-dhaaf loo weeciyay [[valley#Hollows|god ka mid ah dooxada]] ku taal dhamaadka koonfureed ee taagga [[limestone|nuuradda]] ee [[Eocene]]. Intii lagu jiray bilaha Sebtembar iyo Oktoobar, dooxadu waxay maalin kasta helaysay intara u dhaxaysa 32 ilaa 98 milyan oo miko kuyuubik oo biyo ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lakes Form {{!}} EROS |url=https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/earthshot/the-lakes-form |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=eros.usgs.gov |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303071635/https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/earthshot/the-lakes-form |url-status=live }}</ref> Cidhib-bixiyayaasha hawada sare ee joogay [[International Space Station|ISS]] waxay bilaabeen inay dareemaan koritaanka harada ugu horreysa, ee ugu xigta dhanka bari bishii Noofambar 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-02 |title=New Lakes in the Egyptian Desert |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/975/new-lakes-in-the-egyptian-desert |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303063125/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/975/new-lakes-in-the-egyptian-desert |url-status=live }}</ref> Markay dhammaadkii 1999 ahayd, saddex haro oo dheeraad ah ayaa si xiriir ah ugu samaysmay dhanka galbeed, harada ugu xigta dhanka galbeedna waxay bilaabay inay samaysanto intii u dhaxaysay Sebtembar 2000 iyo Maarso 2001. Harooyinkan weli looma bixin magacyo u gaar ah si gaar-gaar ah. [[File:ToshkaLandsat.jpg|thumb|right|Muuqaalka moosayg ee [[Landsat]] ee Harooyinka Toshka (Abriil 2003). Sawir midab-khaldan ah, oo leh guutooyinka 7-4-2 ee loo qoondeeyay R-G-B.]] Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in guud ahaan, Harooyinka Toshka ay daboolaan ku dhowaad 1,300 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran (502&nbsp;mi²). Heerarka harooyinka marka la joogo {{As of|2006|lc=on}} waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka hooseeya kii 2001, aagag [[wetland|dhul qoyan]] ah iyo [[sand dune|bacaadyo]] ayaana ka samaysmay dhulalka u dhaxeeya xeebaha hore iyo kuwa hadda. Haro yar oo ku taal dhanka hoose ee saddexda haro ee ugu waaweyn ayaa gabi ahaanba qallashay. Joogga dusha harada wuxuu u dhaxeeyaa {{convert|175|m|ft}} harada ugu dhow Harada Nasser ilaa {{convert|144|m|ft}} harada ugu fog dhanka hoose. === Hoos u dhaca === {{Expand section|date=March 2023}} Dhammadyadii 2000-meeyadii, gobolka Toshka wuxuu la kulmay koror xagga waxqabadka beeraha ah, iyadoo beeralaydu ay u isticmaalayeen biyaha Harada Toshka iyo bamyada laga soo qaado Harada Nasser ujeeddooyin beereed. Gobolku wuxuu arkay xoogaa koritaan dhaqaale ah taas oo ka dhalatay kororka waxqabadka beeraha, magaalada cusubna waxaa loo dhisay si ay u taageerto Mashruuca Beeraha ee Toshka oo ku yaal waqooyi-bari ee Kanaalka Sheikh Zayed. Magaalada [[New Toshka]] waxaa lagu aasaasay Wareegto Madaxweyne No. 199 ee sannadkii 2000, goobteedana waxaa wax ka beddelay Wareegto Madaxweyne No. 268 ee sannadkii 2006 iyada oo ujeedadu tahay in la abuuro bulsho magaalo oo isku dhafan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-12 |title=تعديل موقع مدينة توشكى الجديدة |url=https://manshurat.org/node/37070 |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=منشورات قانونية |language=ar |archive-date=2020-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215135/https://manshurat.org/node/37070 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Markay ahayd 2006, heerarka biyaha Harada Toshka waxay bilaabeen inay hoos u dhacaan si degdeg ah, iyagoo kashifay aagag waaweyn oo dhul qallalan ah. Qaddarkii biyaha kaydsanaa ayaa hoos u dhacay 50%. Markay ahayd Juun 2012, biyuhu waxay buuxiyeen oo keliya qaybaha ugu hooseeya ee dooxooyinka waaweyn ee galbeed iyo bari, iyagoo daboolay baaxad dusha sare ah oo ah 307 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, taas oo ah 80% hoos u dhac marka la barbardhigo sannadkii 2002. Dooxada dhexe gabi ahaanba way ka madhnayd biyo, harooyinka kalena intooda badan way qallaleen sababo la xiriira socodka hooseeya ee webiga. Markay ahayd 2017 iyo 2018, harooyinku waxay ahaayeen kuwo ku dhowaad gabi ahaanba qallalan, iyagoo reebay oo keliya haraaga yar ee biyaha ee dooxooyinka galbeed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes |website=The Earth Observatory |date=18 January 2022 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> === Daadadkii Suudaan === Roobabkii xagaaga ee 2019 ee ka da'ay Suudaan iyo Koonfurta Suudaan waxay ahaayeen kuwo muhiim u ah in kor loo qaado heerka biyaha ee Harada Nasser, taas oo u oggolaatay dooxada bari ee Toshka inay bilowdo inay dib u buuxsanto. Tani waxaa xigay [[2020 Sudan floods|daadadkii thariikhiga ahaa]] ee ka dhacay Suudaan sannadkii 2020. Daadadkani waxay keeneen heerka biyaha ugu sarreeya ee abid laga diwaan geliyo Harada Nasser. Sannadkii xigay, ee 2021, daad kale ayaa ka dhacay Suudaan. Ka dibna, sababo la xiriira [[2022 Sudan floods|daadadkii Suudaan ee 2022]], Harada Nasser waxay mar kale u dhowaatay heerarka taariikhiga ah, taas oo sababtay in Harooyinka Toshka ay si degdeg ah u buuxsamaan.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303193807/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes |url-status=live }}</ref> Buuxinta Harooyinka Toshka ee 2022 waxay keentay heerarka biyaha ugu sarreeya ee abid laga diwaan geliyo aagga, waxayna sidoo kale sababtay samaysanka harooyin cusub oo ku yaal godadka dhulka ah ee ku yaal waqooyiga iyo koonfurta dooxada bari. Aagga ay daboolaan harooyinkii hore wuxuu kordhay si weyn oo ka sarreeya heerarkii la arkay sannadkii 2001, isagoo helay 3 haro oo kale dhanka bari. Kororarkan ku yimid heerarka biyaha wuxuu saameyn weyn ku yeeshay aagagga beeraha ee gobolka, kuwaas oo u koray si weyn sababo la xiriira tirada badan ee biyaha. Natiijo ahaan, mashruuca beeraha ee Toshka wuxuu faa'iido weyn ka helay sahayda biyaha ee kordhay, dhaqaalaha gobolkuna wuxuu u fiicnaaday si weyn sababo la xiriira koritaanka warshadaha beeraha.<ref name=":4" /> ==Juqraafiga== Nidaamka harada cusub waa [[endorheic]], taas oo macnaheedu yahay in biyuhu marnaba uma socdaan dhanka badda.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sparavigna |first=Amelia Carolina |date=2013 |title=The Shrinking Toshka Lakes in the Google Earth Images |url=https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2512690 |journal=International Journal of Sciences}}</ref> Biyaha laga soo qaado Niilka ayaa abuuraya harooyinka waxayna gacan ka geystaan dib u buuxinta [[aquifer|lakabka biyaha ee dhulka hoose]]; si kastaba ha ahaatee, heushada kulul ee lama-degaanka waxay sababtaa heer aad u sarreeya oo [[evaporation|biyo-bax]] ah. In kasta oo harooyinka cusub ay mar horeba ka buuxaan tiro la yaab leh oo kalluun ah, heerarkan sare ee biyo-baxa waxay ka dhigi doonaan biyaha kuwo cusbo badan muddo ka dib, taas oo yareynaysa kaydka kalluunka dhawraysana dhirta iyo xayawaanka cusub ee halkan ka samaysmay.<ref>{{Citation |last=El-Shabrawy |first=Gamal M. |chapter=The Toshka Lakes |date=2009 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |pages=157–162 |editor-last=Dumont |editor-first=Henri J. |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_8 |access-date=2026-05-19 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_8 |isbn=978-1-4020-9726-3 |last2=Dumont |first2=Henri J.|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> Godka Toshka (Toshka Hollow) wuxuu ku dhex yaal aagga firfircoon ee dhulgariirka ee [[Nubian Swell]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thurmond |first=Allison K. |last2=Stern |first2=Robert J. |last3=Abdelsalam |first3=Mohamed G. |last4=Nielsen |first4=Kent C. |last5=Abdeen |first5=Mamdouh M. |last6=Hinz |first6=Emily |date=2004-09-22 |title=The Nubian Swell |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0899536204001186 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=39 |issue=3-5 |pages=401–407 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.07.027|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dawladda Masar waxay horumarisay gobolka ku xeeran, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno "[[Toshka Project|Mashruuca Toshka]]" ama "[[New Valley Project|Mashruuca Dooxada Cusub]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wahby |first=Wafeek S. |date=2004-10-01 |title=Technologies Applied in the Toshka Project of Egypt |url=https://account.jotsjournal.org/index.php/vt-j-jts/article/view/207 |journal=Journal of Technology Studies |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=86–91 |doi=10.21061/jots.v30i4.a.13 |issn=1541-9258|doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Akhris dheeraad ah== *{{cite journal |first= J. W |last= Chipman |author2=T. M. Lillesand |title= Satellite-based assessment of the dynamics of new lakes in southern Egypt |journal= International Journal of Remote Sensing |volume=28|issue=19|pages=4365–4379|date=2007 |doi=10.1080/01431160701241787|bibcode= 2007IJRS...28.4365C |s2cid= 129442621 }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{cite web|url-status=dead|date=August 2016|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4495|quote=Astronaut photography of Sara Lake formation 1998-1999.|title=EO Newsroom: New Images - Toshka Lakes, Southern Egypt|access-date=2005-05-28|archive-date=2008-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007090716/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=4495}} *{{cite web|url-status=dead|date=August 2016|url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?vev1id=16059|quote=March 2002 [[MODIS]] 'true color' image of Toshka Lakes and vicinity.|title=Visible Earth: Lake Nasser and Toshka Lakes, Egypt|access-date=2005-05-28|archive-date=2011-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608070144/http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?vev1id=16059}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060324014438/http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/gallery/?2003026-0126%2FEgypt.A2003026.1110.721.500m.jpg Jan. 2003 MODIS false color image of the Toshka Lakes.] *{{cite web|url-status=dead|date=August 2016|url=http://www.gesource.ac.uk/worldguide/html/image_469.html|quote=Astronaut photography documenting the formation of the westernmost lake in 2001.|title=World Guide - Satellite Image - Another new lake in Egypt|access-date=2005-05-29|archive-date=2005-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051110111623/http://www.gesource.ac.uk/worldguide/html/image_469.html}} *{{cite web|url-status=dead|date=August 2016|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17147|quote=Astronaut photography documenting shrinking of the lakes in late 2005.|title=EO Newsroom: New Images - Decreasing Water Levels in Egypt's Toshka Lakes|access-date=2006-01-10|archive-date=2008-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924212256/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17147}} bo1827okkkeyxy0j7sglqs2pbtreubs 0 48392 300390 2026-06-30T11:35:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Harada Timsah |image = Nile_Delta_Surrounding.jpg |caption = Khariidadda [[Nile Delta|Dhararka Niilka]] oo muujinaysa Harada Timsah oo ku taal bartamaha midig. |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|30.56667|32.28333|display=inline,title|name=Lake Timsah}} |lake_type =[[hydrography|Aqoonta Biyaha]] |inflow = |outflow = |basin_countries = |location = [[Al Isma'iliyah Governorate|Ismaaciiliya]], [[Egypt|Masar]] |length = |width = |area = {{convert|14|km2|abbr=on}} |depth = |max-depth = |volume = {{convert|80000000|m3|abbr=on}} |residence_time= |shore = |elevation = |islands = |cities = |frozen = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Timsah in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Timsah''', Carabi ahaan loo yaqaan '''Harada Yaxaaska''' ({{langx|ar|بُحَيْرة التِّمْسَاح}}), waa haro ku taal [[Egypt|Masar]] oo ku dhex taal [[Nile Delta|Dhararka Niilka]]. Waxay dhacdaa dooxo ku samaysantay khadka jidinka dillaaca dhulka ([[Fault (geology)|jidinka dillaaca]]) oo ka soo bilaabma [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] ilaa [[Gulf of Suez|Gacanka Suweys]] isagoo sii maraya gobolka [[Bitter Lakes|Harooyinka Qadhaadh]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus|first=Russell E.|last=Gmirkin|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=0-567-02592-6|pages=231}}</ref> Sannadkii 1800, daad ayaa buuxiyay [[Wadi Tumilat|Dooxada Tumilat]], taas oo sababtay in xeebaha Timsah ay buux-dhaafaan oo ay biyuhu u dhaqaaqaan dhanka koonfureed ee Harooyinka Qadhaadh oo qiyaastii {{convert|9|mi|km|spell=in}} u jira.<ref>Hoffmeier, p.43</ref> Sannadkii 1862, harada waxaa lagu buuxiyay biyo ka yimid [[Red Sea|Badda Cas]], waxayna qayb ka noqotay [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suweys]].<ref>Stanley, p.32</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada Timsah waxay ku dhex taal god dhulka ah oo fidsan [[isthmus|luqunta dhulka]] u dhaxaysa [[Red Sea|Badda Cas]] iyo Badda Cad.<ref name="rogers">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFGHnqSKENIC&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=PA124|author=Jerry R. Rogers, Glenn Owen|title=Water Resources and Environmental History|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=2004| pages=124|isbn=9780784475508}}</ref> Qodobbada ugu hooseeya ee godkaas waxay sameeyaan harooyin dabiici ah oo gacna ah, kuwaas oo ay Timsah ka mid tahay.<ref name="rogers" /> Baaxadda dusha sare ee Harada Timsah waxay daboolaysaa 5.4 mayl oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="Ismailia">{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/ismailia.htm|title=Ismailia|access-date=2009-04-09}}</ref> Harada inta badan waa dhiiqo, moolkeeduna si dhif ah ayuu u dhaafaa {{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=off}}.<ref name="gollasch">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdJCAAAAIAAJ&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=PA192|author=Stephan Gollasch, Andrew N. Cohen|title=Bridging Divides: Maritime Canals as Invasion Corridors|publisher=Springer|year=2006| pages=229}}</ref> Waxaa la sheegay in, [[Ancient history|waagii hore]], Harada Timsah ay ahayd dhammaadka waqooyi ee Badda Cas.<ref name="Columbia">''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition, s.v. [http://www.bartleby.com/65/su/SuezCana.html "Suez Canal"]. Accessed 14 May 2008.</ref><ref name="Naville">[[Édouard Naville|Naville, Édouard]]. "Map of the Wadi Tumilat" (plate image), in ''The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus'' (1885). London: Trubner and Company.</ref> March 4, 1863, magaalada [[Ismailia|Ismaaciiliya]], oo loogu magac daray ku-xigeenkii boqorka ee [[Isma'il Pasha|Ismaaciil Baasha]], ayaa ka dhalatay xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Timsah.<ref>Nourse, p.54</ref> Dhowr xeebood ayaa ku jeeda harada, oo ay ku jiraan Moslem Youth, Fayrouz, Melaha, [[Bahary]], Taawen, iyo dhowr xeebood oo ay leedahay [[Suez Canal Authority|Hiddaha Kanaalka Suweys]].<ref name="Ismailia"/></ref> ==Kanaalada== === Kanaalkii Fircoon weyn === [[File:Canal of the Pharaohs Map-en.svg|thumb|Goobta qiyaasta ah ee Kanaalkii Fircoon weyn]] {{Main|Canal of the Pharaohs}} Harada Timsah waxaa suurtogal ah inay markii ugu horreysay noqotay meel isku xirta dhismaha kanaalka qiyaastii 4,000 oo sano ka hor intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe ee Masar]],<ref>Shea, William H. "A Date for the Recently Discovered Eastern Canal of Egypt" ''Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research'', No. 226 (Apr., 1977), pp. 31-38</ref> waxaana ballaariyay [[Darius I]].<ref>Paice, Patricia "Persians" in [[Kathryn A. Bard]] and Steven Blake Shubert, eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt''(New York: Routledge, 1999),</ref> === Kanaalka Suweys === [[File:Suez Canal Ismailia2.jpg|thumb|right|Kanaalka Suweys ee [[Ismailia|Ismaaciiliya]] agteeda xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Timsah, qiyaastii 1860. Dhameystirka qaybtaas wuxuu biyo ka keenay Harada Manzaleh ilaa Harada Timsah.]] Dhismaha Kanaalka Suweys ee u dhow Harada Timsah wuxuu bilowday sannadkii 1861 qaybta waqooyi ka xigta harada.<ref name="royal">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YhQ2AAAAMAAJ&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=RA1-PA504|author= Royal Statistical Society (Great Britain), Statistical Society (Great Britain).|title= Journal of the Royal Statistical Society|publisher= Royal Statistical Society|year=1887| pages=503–509}}</ref> Diyaargarowgii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ka koobnaa dhisidda xeryo la dejiyo 10,000 oo shaqaale ah, miinshaarrada uumiga ku shaqeeya, iyo keenista tiro weyn oo gaari-gacanno iyo looxaan alwaax ah.<ref name="royal" /> 3,000 oo shaqaale ah ayaa qoday marin ([[Ismailia Canal|Kanaalka Ismaaciiliya]]) oo ka yimaada [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] ilaa Harada Timsah sannadihii 1861 iyo 1862, taas oo keentay sahay biyo macaan ah aaggaas.<ref name="royal" /><ref name="henderson">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVOlHv6P68IC&dq=Ismailia+Suez+Canal+construction&pg=PA149|author=W.O. Henderson|title=The Industrial Revolution on the Continent: Germany, France, Russia 1800-1914|publisher=W.O. Henderson|year=2006| pages=151|isbn = 9780415382021}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay in dhexda laga dhiso deked ku taal darta kanaalka.<ref>{{cite book|title=Water Resources and Environmental History|pages=124|first1=Jerry R.|last1=Rogers|first2=Glenn Owen|last2=Brown|first3=Jürgen|last3=Garbrecht|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-7844-0738-X}}</ref> Qaybta [[Ismailia|Ismaaciiliya]] ee [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suweys]], oo isku xiriirisa [[Lake Manzala|Harada Manzala]] iyo Harada Timsah, waxaa la dhameystiray bishii Noofambar 1862.<ref name="henderson" /> Dhismaha qaybtaas waxaa lagu dhameystiray [[forced labor|shaqada qasabka ah]], taas oo kor u qaadday shaqaalaha ilaa 18,000 oo nin.<ref name="royal" /><ref name="henderson"/> Godka la qoday wuxuu lahaa ballac dhan {{convert|50|ft|m}} iyo mool dhex-dhexaad ah oo afar ilaa lix fuudh ah, wuxuuna isku xiray Harada Timsah iyo Badda Cad.<ref name="royal" /> Shaqadu waxay ka bilaabatay koonfurta Harada Timsah sannadihii 1862–1863 iyadoo ballaarintu ay ka sii socotay qaybta waqooyi.<ref name="royal" /> Shaqada qasabka ah waxaa loo isticmaali jiray dhismaha kanaalka xilligii u dhexeeyay Maarso 1862 ilaa Ismaaciil Baasha uu sharciga ka mamnuucay ficilkaas sannadkii 1864.<ref name="henderson"/> Kanaalka dartiis, biyaha ka yimid Harada Manzaleh waxay ku shubmeen Harada Timsah.<ref name="henderson"/> Ballaarinta waxay ka sii socotay qaybta waqooyi ilaa 1867 iyo qaybta koonfureed ilaa 1876.<ref name="royal" /> ==Deegaanka== === Cusbada Biyaha === Harada Timsah waa haro [[brackish|biyo-dhanaan ah]] oo ay ku dhacaan isbeddelo waaweyn oo dhanka heerka cusbada ah.<ref name="gollasch" /> Mashruucyada injineernimada ee bini'aadamka ayaa saameyn ku yeeshay cusbada, taas oo keentay isbeddel ku yimaada noolaha harada.<ref name="gollasch" /> Hoos u dhac ku yimid cusbada waxaa la ogaaday horaantii 1871 ka dib dhismihii Kanaalka Suweys, iyo weyneyntii dambe ee marinka ka yimaada Niilka iyo mashruucyo kale oo dhismo ayaa kordhiyay qulqulka biyaha macaan ee harada.<ref name="gollasch" /> [[El-Gamil outlet|Marinka El-Gamil]] wuxuu u shaqeeyaa bixiyaha ugu weyn ee biyaha cusbada leh ee Harada Timsah.<ref name="gollasch" /> Isha ugu weyn ee Timsah ee biyaha macaan waxay ahayd daadadka sanadlaha ah ee Niilka ilaa [[Aswan High Dam|Xidheenka Weyn ee Aswan]] uu ka joojiyay qulqulkaas sannadkii 1966, inkasta oo [[groundwater|biyaha dhulka hoose]] ay sidoo kale xisaabiyaan inta badan sahayda biyaha macaan ee harada.<ref name="gollasch" /> Harada Timsah waxay leedahay isbeddello lakabyada ah iyo isbeddello xilliyeed ee dusha sare ee cusbada biyaha, tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafayna noocyada biyaha macaan ayaa ka adkaanayay noocyada biyaha dhanaanka ah.<ref name="gollasch" /> === Wasakhaynta === Sannadkii 2002, daraasad ayaa la sameeyay si loo hubiyo u fiirsashada unugyada [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] (PAHs) ee ku jira noocyada kalluunka iyo qolofta leh ee ay dadka deegaanku ka cunaan harada.<ref name="EPA"/> Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ahaa [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], carsaanyada, [[bivalves|argoosatada laba-qolofka leh]], xisidda iyo [[gastropods|noocyada calool-ku-gurguurta ah]].<ref name="EPA"/> Natiijooyinku waxay muujiyeen in carsaanyadu ay ku jireen "u fiirsasho aad u sarreysa oo ah labadaba wadarta iyo unugyada kansarka keena ee PAHs marka loo eego noocyada kale, halka xisiddu ay ku jireen heerar si weyn u hooseeya oo PAHs ah."<ref name="EPA"/> Sannadkii 2003, dhowr kooxood ayaa isku dayay inay harada ka yareeyaan wasakhda.<ref name="AlAhram"/> Waxay ahayd dhacdo muhiim u ah bulshada deegaanka, maadaama haradu ay muhiimad dhaqaale u leedahay magaalada iyo kalluumaysatadeeda.<ref name="AlAhram"/> ==Qoraallo== {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== * {{cite book|last=Hoffmeier|first=James Karl|title=Ancient Israel in Sinai|publisher=Oxford University Press US|year=2005|isbn=0-19-515546-7}} * {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|title=My Early Travels and Adventures in America and Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/myearlytravelsad00stan|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last=Nourse|first=Joseph Everett|title=The Maritime Canal of Suez|url=https://archive.org/details/maritimecanalsu00nourgoog}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596353/Lake-Timsah Encyclopædia Britannica Online] {{Authority control}} amezwp07dn7ton75q232ch4zz32kge6 0 48393 300391 2026-06-30T11:38:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Qarun | image = Satellite image of the Faiyum Oasis.jpg | caption = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Marinka Faiyum, oo ay Harada Qarun ku dhex taaal | alt = | location = Faiyum Governorate, Masar | inflow = Webiga Niil (isagoo sii maraya Bahr Yussef) | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Masar | length = | width = | area = 202 km² (78 mi²) – baaxaddii hore waxaa lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa 1,270&nbsp;km² (490 mi²) iyo 1,700&nbsp;km² (660 mi²) | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = 43 m (141 ft) ka hooseeya heerka badda | islands = | cities = Qaahira, Faiyum | reference = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | frozen = No | module = {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lake Qarun Protected Area | designation1_date = 4 June 2012 | designation1_number = 2040<ref name=RSIS>{{cite web |title=Lake Qarun Protected Area |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2040 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | other_name = Harada Moeris }} '''Harada Moeris''' ({{langx|grc|Μοῖρις}}), waa haro hore oo [[endorheic lake|qoor-go'an]] ah oo [[Fresh water|biyo macaan]] lahayd, waxayna ku taal [[Faiyum Oasis|Marinka Faiyum]], {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Cairo|Qaahira]], [[Egypt|Masar]], taasi oo maanta u taagan si ka yar baaxaddeedii hore iyadoo ah haro [[hypersaline lake|biyo aad u dhanaan leh]] oo loo yaqaan '''Harada Qarun''' ([[Arabic|Carabi]]: بركة قارون). [[Prehistory|Taariikhda ka hor]] waxaa si goos-goos ah biyo u siin jiray [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] iyadoo loo marayo Marinka qadiimiga ah ee Hawara, heerka biyeedkeeduna wuxuu isbedbeddelayay intii lagu jiray xilliyadii [[Paleolithic]] iyo [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=William C. |date=1964 |title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73–114 |doi=10.1086/371762 |jstor=543676 |issn=0022-2968|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Haradii hore ee Moeris waxay dabooli jirtay inta badan aagga Marinka Faiyum ee casriga ah, iyadoo baaxaddeeda guud lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa {{cvt|1,270|km2|sqmi}} iyo {{cvt|1,700|km2|sqmi}}. Intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe]], qodidda Marinka Hawara si loo sameeyo kanaalka hadda loo yaqaan [[Bahr Yussef]] waxay kordhisay mugga biyaha ku qulqulaya Harada Moeris, mashaariicda isku xigta ee [[drainage|biyo-bixinta]] iyo [[land reclamation|dhul-soo-celinta]] ayaana sababay in harada loo isticmaalo ujeedooyin beereed.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book |last=Van de Mieroop |first=Marc |title=A history of ancient Egypt |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4 |edition=1. publ |series=Blackwell history of the ancient world |location=Chichester}}</ref> Biyo-bixin iyo dhul-soo-celin kale oo dhacay bilowgii [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic]] ayaa si hufan u jaray xiriirkii tooska ahaa ee Harada Moeris ay la lahayd Niilka, waxayna billowday isbeddel tartiib-tartiib ah oo dib-u-gurasho ah oo sii socday xilliyadii [[Roman Egypt|Masartii Roomaanka]], [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]] iyo [[Early modern period|Casrigii Hore]], taasi oo dhalisay Harada Qarun ee maanta jirta.<ref name="Brown University">{{cite web |title=Lake Moeris |publisher=[[Brown University]] |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html |access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Dusha sare ee harada casriga ah waa {{cvt|43|m|ft}} ka hooseeya heerka badda, waxayna daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{cvt|202|km2|sqmi}}. Dhowr nooc oo ah [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]] ee [[Eurasia]] kuwaas oo ka [[Bird migration|soo guura]] loolalka waqooyi ee fog waxay u isticmaalaan Harada Qarun sidii meel ay [[Overwintering|jiilaalka ku qaataan]],<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009">{{Citation |last1=El-Shabrawy |first1=Gamal M. |chapter=The Fayum Depression and Its Lakes |date=2009 |title=The Nile |volume=89 |pages=95–124 |editor-last=Dumont |editor-first=Henri J. |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6 |access-date=2024-03-01 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |last2=Dumont |first2=Henri J.|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> sidaas darteed harada iyo agagaarkeedu waxay ka dhigan yihiis [[Egyptian Protectorates|deegaan la ilaaliyo]] marka loo eego sharciga Masar. Cusbadeeda badan waxay keentay in inta badan noocyada [[freshwater fish|kalluunka biyaha macaan]] ee Niilka ay ka lumaan harada, inkastoo dhowr nooc oo biyaha dhanaan ah ama u dulqaadan kara cusbada [[Fish stocking|lagu soo daayay biyaheeda]] si loo xoojiyo dhaqaalaha kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka; goobaha ugu waaweyn ee kalluumeysiga ee aaggaas waxaa ka mid ah [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], [[Mullet (fish)|mulleet]] iyo [[Sole (fish)|sool]].<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=El-Serafy |first1=Sabry S. |last2=El-Haweet |first2=Alaa El-Din A. |last3=El-Ganiny |first3=Azza A. |last4=El-Far |first4=Alaa M. |date=April 2014 |title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort |url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429 |journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=39–49 |doi=10.12816/0011075|doi-access=free }}</ref> Harada Qarun waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar site]] sannadkii 2012.<ref name="RSIS" /> Harada Moeris waxay magaceeda amaahisay [[Extinction|naasleydii dabar-go'day]] ee [[proboscidea]] ee ''[[Moeritherium]]'', oo ah qaraabo fog oo ka mid ah [[elephant|maroodiga]] casriga ah oo markii ugu horreysay lagu sharraxay agagaarka [[Qasr el Sagha Formation]]. == Etymology == {{Hiero | ''mer-wer'' (Moeris) | <hiero>N36:wr-n:n:n</hiero> | align=right | era=egypt}} Magaca "Harada Moeris" wuxuu ka yimid tarjumaadda [[Greek language|Giriigga]] (''[[:wiktionary:Μοῖρῐς|Μοῖρῐς]] [[:wiktionary:λίμνη|λίμνη]]'' ''Limne Moeris'') ee magaca goobta ee [[Egyptian language|Masariga qadiimiga ah]] ''[[:wiktionary:mr-wr|mr-wr]]'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "Kanaalka Weyn").<ref name=ucla-book>{{cite book |last1=Wendrich |first1=Willeke |last2=Holdaway |first2=Simon J. |year=2017 |chapter=Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum |editor1-last=Holdaway |editor1-first=Simon J. |editor2-last=Wendrich |editor2-first=Willeke |title=The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt |publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press |location=Los Angeles, CA |isbn=9781938770500 |page=1 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49t6s1b9 |access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> Magacan waxay u dhowdahay inuu tilmaam u yahay [[Bahr Yussef]], maadaama fircoonkii mas'uulka ka ahaa dhismihiisa ee Amenemhat&nbsp;III ay Giriiggu u yaqaaneen "Boqor Moeris".<ref name=ucla-book/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Negm |editor1-first=Abdelazim M. |editor2-last=Abdel-Fattah |editor2-first=Sommer |year=2018 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |page=361}}</ref> [[Late Egyptian|Masarigii Dambe]], harada waxaa loo tixraaci jiray ''[[Faiyum#Etymology|Piôm]]'', magacaas oo ka yimid odhaahda Masariga ah ee ''[[:wiktionary:pꜣ|pꜣ]]-[[:wiktionary:ym#Egyptian|ym]]'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "Badda");<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Moeris, Lake of|volume=18|page=643|first=Francis Llewellyn|last=Griffith|author-link=Francis Llewellyn Griffith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Lesko, L. H.|editor2=Lesko, B. S.|title=A Dictionary of Late Egyptian|volume=1|pages=28, 145|publisher=B.C. Scribe Publications|location=[[Providence, RI]]|date=2002|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Piôm'' waxaa dhowrjeer loo beddelay luuqadda Coptic-ga sidii [[wiktionary:ⲫⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ]]/[[wiktionary:ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ]] (''epʰiom''/''peiom''), halkaas oo magaca casriga ah ee [[Arabic|Carabiga]] الفيوم (''el-Fayyūm'') (iyo sidoo kale ''Faiyum'') uu ka soo jeedo. == Taariikhda == === Taariikhda ka hor === Intii lagu jiray [[Messinian Salinity Crisis]] ee dabayaaqadii [[Miocene]], [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] wuxuu soo maray marinka madaal ee Faiyum isagoo jooga salka [[canyon|dooxo qoto dheer]] oo gaaraysa ilaa {{Convert|2.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} moolkeedu halka ay magaalada [[Cairo|Qaahira]] maanta ku taal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=Ahmed |last2=Gabr |first2=Amir |date=February 2009 |title=Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |bibcode=2009ArJG....2...53E |issn=1866-7511|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Inkasta oo habka dhalashada marinka Faiyum uu ahaa mawduuc dood cilmiyeed ah oo dhexmaray [[geologist| khubarada cilmiyaysan ee dhulka]] bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, aragtida laysku raacsan yahay ayaa weli ah in marinka laftiisu uu u dhashay inta badan si ka dhalatay [[Aeolian processes|nabaad-guurka dabaysha]].<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardner |first=Elinor W. |date=1929 |title=The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784253 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=371–383 |doi=10.2307/1784253 |jstor=1784253 |bibcode=1929GeogJ..74..371G |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ka dib markii [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] ay dib u buuxsantay dhammaadkii xilligii Miocene, dooxada Niilka wuxuu noqday gacanka badda oo fidsan ilaa gudaha goobta maanta loo yaqaan [[Kom Ombo]].<ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-07051-5 |edition=3. ed., repr |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray waqtiga cilmiga dhulka, marinkan Badda Cad wuxuu tartiib-tartiib ku buuxsamay dhoobo wuxuuna noqday [[Nile valley|dooxada Niilka]]. Waqti ka horreeyay [[Middle Paleolithic|Boqortooyadii Dhexe ee Paleolithic]], dhoobada dooxada Niilka ayaa ku ururtay si ku filan oo daadadka Niilka ay ugu buux-dhaafaan marinka Faiyum iyagoo sii maraya Marinka Hawara, iyagoo abuuraya Harada qadiimiga ah ee Moeris; meertadii ugu horreysay ee harada waxaa kaliya lagu quudin jiray daadadkii dambe ee goos-gooska ahaa ee Niilka, waxaana loo maleynayaa inay gabi ahaanba engegtay dhammaadkii xilligii [[Paleolithic]] ka hor intaysan dib u soo muuqan bilowgii xilligii [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Hayes-1964" /> Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga helay hareeraha marinka Faiyum ee u dhigma kuwa lagu sameeyay tignoolajiyada [[Levallois technique]] ayaa muujinaya in xeebaha Harada Moeris ay deggenayeen bini'aadamka tan iyo xilligii Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005" /> Shaqooyin kale oo qadiimiga ah oo laga sameeyay marinka Faiyum, gaar ahaan tii [[Gertrude Caton Thompson|Gertrude Caton-Thompson]] iyo [[Elinor Wight Gardner]], waxay soo heleen cadaymo muujinaya deegaano badan oo [[Epipalaeolithic]] iyo Neolithic ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Caton-Thompson |first1=Gertrude |title=The Desert Fayum |last2=Gardner |first2=Elinor |date=1934 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London}}</ref> === Horumarkii Hore: Boqortooyooyinkii Hore iyo Dhexe === Harada Moeris waxaa markii ugu horreysay la diwaangeliyay qiyaastii 3000&nbsp;[[BCE]], qiyaastii waqtigii [[Narmer]] ([[Menes]]). Bilowgii [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Hore ee Masar]] deegaan joogto ah, oo la yiraahdo Shedet, ayaa laga dhisay dhulka sare ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee harada; Shedet wuxuu sii ahaan lahaa xarunta weyn ee caabudaadda [[Ancient Egyptian deities|ilaaha Masariga]] ee [[Sobek]], xiriirkaas oo horseedi lahaa in magaaladu ay hesho magaca Giriigga ee ''Krokodeilópolis'' (Κροκοδειλόπολις, oo macnaheedu yahay "Magaalada Yaxaaska"), markii dambena loogu qoray [[Latin|Laatiinka]] ''Crocodīlopolis''. Magaalada casriga ah ee [[Faiyum]] ayaa hadda ku taal goobtaas. Isbeddeladii ugu horreeyay ee weyn ee bini'aadamku sameeyo ee ku saabsan Harada Moeris waxay dhaceen intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe]] iyadoo ay hoggaaminayeen boqorradii [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad]], kuwaas oo ka xukumayay gobolka Faiyum ka dib markii loo guuray caasimadda cusub ee boqortooyada ee [[Itjtawy]]. [[Senusret II]] wuxuu bilaabay mashaariicda [[irrigation|waraabka]] iyo [[land reclamation|dhul-soo-celinta]] si loo xoreeyo qaybo ka mid ah gudaha harada si loogu isticmaalo beeraha, isagoo geeska harada ka riixaya Shedet.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /> Wiilka uu awowgii u yahay ee [[Amenemhat III]] wuxuu sii waday inuu u xilsaaro qodis ballaaran oo marinka Hawara ah, isagoo abuuray kanaalka maanta loo yaqaan [[Bahr Yussef]]. Kanaalkan wuxuu kordhiyay mugga biyaha ka imaanaya Niilka ee ku qulqulaya Harada Moeris si si hufan loogu waraabiyo marinka Faiyum, isagoo u beddelay xarun weyn oo beeraha ah, taas darteedna, Amenemhat III waxaa dambe loogu ogaaday Giriigga sidii "Boqor Moeris".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viollet |first1=Pierre-Louis |title=Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history |last2=Holly |first2=Forrest M. |date=2007 |publisher=IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research |isbn=978-90-78046-05-9 |series=IAHR monograph series |location=Madrid}}</ref> Marka laga soo tago doorkeeda sidii kayd biyo macaan, harada waxaa kale oo loo isticmaali jiray qayb ka mid ah habka gaadiidka xamuulka; blocks basalt ah oo laga qoday meel u dhow ayaa loo qaaday harada iyadoo la marayo [[Lake Moeris Quarry Road]], wadadii ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee laami ah adduunka. Harada dhexdeeda, blocks-ka waxaa loogu rari karaa [[Giza Necropolis]] si loogu isticmaalo dhismaha macbadyada iyo taallooyinka. [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] waxay gelisay Wadada Quarry liiskeeda [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Astaamaha Taariikhda Injineernimada Madaniga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Moeris Quarry Road |website=asce.org |publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] |url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/lake-moeris-quarry-road |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wilford |first=John Noble |date=8 May 1994 |title=World's oldest paved road found in Egypt |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html |access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> <imagemap> File:Lake Moeris.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Khariidadda sawirka ee taallooyinka xusidda mudan ee agagaarka Harada Moeris ee hore. Aagga xariijimaha leh wuxuu muujinayaa dhulkii ay soo celiyeen boqorradii Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad. rect 718 628 871 711 [[Abgig obelisk]] rect 936 453 1207 509 [[Pedestals of Biahmu]] rect 858 548 1148 607 [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]] rect 999 699 1260 744 [[Amenemhat_III#Hawara|Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara]] rect 1108 755 1397 833 [[Pyramid of Senusret II]] rect 1398 476 1620 1122 [[Nile River]] desc none </imagemap>[[File:Biahmu 05.JPG|left|thumb|Burburka mid ka mid ah [[Pedestals of Biahmu]]]] Buuggiisa ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', taariikhyahankii Giriigga ahaa ee [[Herodotus]] wuxuu sheegay inuu booqday Harada Moeris, isagoo dhigay meel ka hoosaysa [[Labyrinth of Egypt]] iyo ka soo horjeedka magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Crocodilopolis]] (ie, magaalada casriga ah ee Faiyum).<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Herodotus]] |title=[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] |at=2.148–150}}</ref> Herodotus wuxuu kaloo sheegay in laba "ahraam" (oo loo turjumay inay yihiin [[Pedestals of Biahmu]]) ay taagnaayeen bartamaha harada,<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Alan B. |year=1975 |title=Herodotus: Book&nbsp;II Commentary 99–182 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-07737-9 |place=[[Leiden]], NL |page=126}}</ref> sheegashadaas oo keentay in khabiirka Ingiriiska ee [[Egyptology|barashada qadiimiga Masar]] [[Flinders Petrie]] uu falanqeeyo in harada ay buuxsantay markii Herodotus uu booqday aaggaas.<ref name=petrie>{{cite book |last=Petrie |first=W.M.F. |author-link=Flinders Petrie |year=1889 |title=Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe |publisher=[[Leadenhall Press|Field & Tuer]] |place=London, UK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0kXAAAAYAAJ |access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Hawlaha baaxadda weyn ee biyaha ee ay fuliyeen boqorradii [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad ee Masar]] si harada loogu beddelo kayd biyo macaan ayaa reebtay juqraafiyaystayaashii caadiga ahaa ee dambe sida Herodotus aragtida ah in harada lafteedu ay ahayd qodis bini'aadam lagu sameeyay<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009" /><ref>{{cite CE1913|last=Hyvernat|first=Eugène Xavier Louis Henri|wstitle=Egypt}}</ref> – tafsiir aan ku dhisnayn cadaymaha casriga ah. === Horumarkii Dambe: Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic iyo Masartii Roomaanka === Ka dib dhimashadii [[Alexander the Great|Alexander kii Weynaa]], Masar waxay gashay gacanta janaraalkiisii hore ee [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], kaas oo noqon lahaa boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee [[Ptolemaic dynasty|maamulka Ptolemaic]]. Maamulkan cusub iyo qulqulka isku xiga ee dadka deegaanka Giriigga iyo Makedoniya ee soo galay Masar, marinka Faiyum iyo Harada Moeris ayaa sii horumaray si loo kordhiyo awooddeeda xarun beereed. Injineerada boqortooyada ee [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] waxay dhex-dhiseen kanaalo iyo deyrar dheeri ah, iyo sidoo kale xidheen ku yaal Bahr Yussef si loo xakameeyo qulqulka Niilka, taas oo oggolaatay deegaan dheeri ah oo marinka ah iyo korodhka wax-soo-saarka firileyda iyadoo biyaha harada ay dib u gurteen oo ay muujiyeen carro cusub oo barwaaqo ah.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /><ref name="Brown University" /> [[Papyrus|Waraaqo papyri]] badan oo laga soo kabsaday goobihii xilligii Ptolemaic ee Faiyum (inta badan laga helay qashinka papyrus ee loo isticmaali jiray [[cartonnage]]) waxay keydiyeen isgaarsiinta dhexmartay injineerada iyo maamulayaasha intii lagu jiray xilligan horumarinta, oo ay ku jirto kaydka [[Zenon of Kaunos]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Dorothy |title=Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-726183-5 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=Alan K. |series=Proceedings of the British Academy |location=Oxford |pages=107–122 |editor-last2=Rogan |editor-first2=Eugene L. |editor-last3=British Academy}}</ref> Caqabadda ku timid qulqulka Niilka ee ku shubmayay Harada Moeris ka dib dhismihii xidheenka waxay calaamadsatay bilowgii hoos u dhaca uumi-baxa tartiib-tartiib ah ee harada, nidaamkaas oo aakhirkii dhalin doona Harada Qarun ee yaraatay ee xilligan casriga ah. Dhammaadkii [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic]], dayactirkii caadiga ahaa ee habkan waraabka waa la dayacay khilaaf gudaha ah dartiis, taas oo keentay in dhulalka dalagyada ee Faiyum dhexdiisa ay engegaan ama ay gabi ahaanba biyo hafiyaan. [[Roman Egypt|Ku-daridda Masar sidii gobol Roomaan ah]] waxay markhaati ka ahayd dib-u-habaynta hawlaha hadidda biyaha ee Harada Moeris oo ay sameeyeen ciidammada Roomaanka ee hoos yimaada [[Augustus]], si ay gacan uga geystaan maqaamka Masar ee ah [[breadbasket|shinnida cuntada]] ee bilowgii [[Roman Empire|Boqortooyadii Roomaanka]]. Dib-u-nooleynta beeraha ee dhexdeeda Faiyum waxaa lagula kulmay mawjad kale oo deegaan ah, aaggana wuxuu arkay wax-soo-saar joogto ah ilaa xilligii [[Crisis of the Third Century|Xiisaddii Qarnigii Saddexaad]], markii dagaal sokeeye oo kale uu xasillooni-darro ku keenay gobolka, nidaamka waraabkana uu mar kale xumaaday. Ka dib xilligan qalalaasaha, boqor [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]], si la mid ah Augustus, wuxuu shaqaaleeyay askartii Roomaanka si ay dib u habayn ugu sameeyaan kanaalada iyo hareeraha, aaggana wuxuu noqday mid wax-soo-saar leh mar kale, inkastoo waqti ka dib nidaamyada haddana la dayacay, deegaanadii Roomaankana ay noqdeen kuwo fashilmay; aagga waxaa loo maleynayaa in inta badan laga tagay qarnigii 5-aad, iyadoo kaliya aag yar oo ku yaal gudaha marinka Faiyum uu ahaa mid la beeray oo la deggen yahay inta ka dhiman [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boak |first=A. E. R. |date=1926 |title=Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/208706 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=353–364 |doi=10.2307/208706 |jstor=208706 |bibcode=1926GeoRv..16..353B |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Deegaanka iyo kalluumeysiga == [[File:Egretta garzetta at Fayoum by Hatem Moushir 6.JPG|left|thumb|[[Little egret|Horeeyada yaryar]] iyo shimbiraha kale ee biyaha ee Eurasia waxay u guuraan Harada Qarun xilliga jiilaalka.]] Maanta, Harada Qarun waxay u shaqeysaa sidii meel ay jiilaalka ku qaataan ama ku ukun-dhigaan dhowr nooc oo ku dhow 88 oo kala duwan oo ah [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]]. [[Collared pratincole]]s, [[Kentish plover]]s, [[Kittlitz's plover]]s iyo [[little tern]]s dhamaantood waxay isugu yumaadaan harada si ay u tarmaan, halka shimbiraha ka soo guura Eurasia xilliga jiilaalka ay ka mid yihiin [[Black-necked grebe]]s, [[great crested grebe]]s, [[Great egret]]s, [[little egret]]s, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo shinbiro weyddo ah ama noocyada haansada ah sida [[common shelduck]]s, [[Eurasian teal]]s, [[Eurasian wigeon]]s, [[northern pintail]]s, [[northern shoveler]]s iyo [[tufted duck]]s.<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009"/><ref name="Fouda-2012">{{Cite web|last=Fouda|first=Mostafa|date=March 26, 2012|title=Lake Qarun Protected Area|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/EG2040RIS.pdf|access-date=March 18, 2024|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Maqaamka Harada Qarun ee ah deegaan muhiim u ah shimbiraha ayaa horseeday in loo aqoonsado labadaba [[Egyptian Protectorates|deegaan la ilaaliyo oo Masar ah]] iyo [[Ramsar site]].<ref name="Fouda-2012"/> [[File:Lake qarun protected area by Hatem Moushir 1.JPG|thumb|Harada Qarun oo laga arko Deegaanka la Ilaaliyo ee Harada Qarun]] Kordhinta [[salinity|cusbada]] iyo [[turbidity|madoobaadka biyaha]] ee Harada Qarun ayaa loo tixgeliyay inay sabab u tahay [[Local extinction|dabar-goynta deegaanka]] ee inta badan noocyada kalluunka Niilka ee markii hore joogay harada, sida [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Niilka]] iyo [[Nile tilapia]]; dhowr nooc oo kale sida [[redbelly tilapia]] ayaa u muuqda inay u adkaysteen isbeddelkan. Si looga hortago burburka dhaqaalaha kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka ka dib isbeddelka xaaladaha deegaanka, noocyo kala duwan oo kalluunka badda ah iyo kuwa u dulqaadan kara cusbada iyo noocyada qolofta leh ayaa lagu beeray harada tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, oo ay ku jiraan [[big-scale sand smelt]], [[Egyptian sole]], [[European seabass]] iyo [[gilt-head bream]], iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo ah [[Mullet (fish)|mulleet]] iyo [[prawn|isiri]].<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009"/> Mulleets-ka iyo sool-ka la soo hordhigay, oo ay la socdaan tilapia-ga u dhashay deegaanka, ayaa weli ah goobaha ugu waaweyn ee kalluumeysiga ganacsiga ee Harada Qarun,<ref name="El-Serafy-2014"/> laakiin arrimo ay ka mid yihiis uumi-baxa joogtada ah ee harada, kordhinta wasakhda ka timaada qulqulka beeraha iyo noocyada duulaanka ah ee [[Cymothoidae|isopods cymothoid]] ayaa sababay in qabsashada kalluunka ay si aad ah hoos ugu dhacdo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abdelmageed|first1=Adel Ali.|last2=Khalifa|first2=Usama|last3=Elsaied|first3=Hosam E.|last4=Hamouda|first4=Amr Z.|last5=El Gelani|first5=Safaa S.|date=December 2022|title=Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001|issn=1687-4285|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== * {{cite web |title=Fayum Project |website=trismegistos.org |publisher=[[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]] |url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/ }} * {{cite book |first=Hubert |last=Chanson |year=1999 |section=Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris |title=The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction |edition=1st |id=Major Problem&nbsp;2 |type=textbook |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business |section-url=http://www.bh.com/companions/0340740671/exercises/prob2.htm |via=bh.com |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113220455/http://www.bh.com/companions/0340740671/exercises/prob2.htm |archive-date=2008-01-13 }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Mœris |short=x}} * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Mœris |short=x}} {{authority control}} 26k8j8d7n3e7a4kimlkru08rg2xo1x7 300392 300391 2026-06-30T11:39:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* Asal magaca */ 300392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Qarun | image = Satellite image of the Faiyum Oasis.jpg | caption = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Marinka Faiyum, oo ay Harada Qarun ku dhex taaal | alt = | location = Faiyum Governorate, Masar | inflow = Webiga Niil (isagoo sii maraya Bahr Yussef) | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Masar | length = | width = | area = 202 km² (78 mi²) – baaxaddii hore waxaa lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa 1,270&nbsp;km² (490 mi²) iyo 1,700&nbsp;km² (660 mi²) | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = 43 m (141 ft) ka hooseeya heerka badda | islands = | cities = Qaahira, Faiyum | reference = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | frozen = No | module = {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lake Qarun Protected Area | designation1_date = 4 June 2012 | designation1_number = 2040<ref name=RSIS>{{cite web |title=Lake Qarun Protected Area |publisher=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2040 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | other_name = Harada Moeris }} '''Harada Moeris''' ({{langx|grc|Μοῖρις}}), waa haro hore oo [[endorheic lake|qoor-go'an]] ah oo [[Fresh water|biyo macaan]] lahayd, waxayna ku taal [[Faiyum Oasis|Marinka Faiyum]], {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Cairo|Qaahira]], [[Egypt|Masar]], taasi oo maanta u taagan si ka yar baaxaddeedii hore iyadoo ah haro [[hypersaline lake|biyo aad u dhanaan leh]] oo loo yaqaan '''Harada Qarun''' ([[Arabic|Carabi]]: بركة قارون). [[Prehistory|Taariikhda ka hor]] waxaa si goos-goos ah biyo u siin jiray [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] iyadoo loo marayo Marinka qadiimiga ah ee Hawara, heerka biyeedkeeduna wuxuu isbedbeddelayay intii lagu jiray xilliyadii [[Paleolithic]] iyo [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Hayes-1964">{{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=William C. |date=1964 |title=Most Ancient Egypt: Chapter I. The Formation of the Land |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/543676 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73–114 |doi=10.1086/371762 |jstor=543676 |issn=0022-2968|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Haradii hore ee Moeris waxay dabooli jirtay inta badan aagga Marinka Faiyum ee casriga ah, iyadoo baaxaddeeda guud lagu qiyaasay inta u dhaxaysa {{cvt|1,270|km2|sqmi}} iyo {{cvt|1,700|km2|sqmi}}. Intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe]], qodidda Marinka Hawara si loo sameeyo kanaalka hadda loo yaqaan [[Bahr Yussef]] waxay kordhisay mugga biyaha ku qulqulaya Harada Moeris, mashaariicda isku xigta ee [[drainage|biyo-bixinta]] iyo [[land reclamation|dhul-soo-celinta]] ayaana sababay in harada loo isticmaalo ujeedooyin beereed.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011">{{Cite book |last=Van de Mieroop |first=Marc |title=A history of ancient Egypt |date=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-6070-4 |edition=1. publ |series=Blackwell history of the ancient world |location=Chichester}}</ref> Biyo-bixin iyo dhul-soo-celin kale oo dhacay bilowgii [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic]] ayaa si hufan u jaray xiriirkii tooska ahaa ee Harada Moeris ay la lahayd Niilka, waxayna billowday isbeddel tartiib-tartiib ah oo dib-u-gurasho ah oo sii socday xilliyadii [[Roman Egypt|Masartii Roomaanka]], [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]] iyo [[Early modern period|Casrigii Hore]], taasi oo dhalisay Harada Qarun ee maanta jirta.<ref name="Brown University">{{cite web |title=Lake Moeris |publisher=[[Brown University]] |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/afterpharaohs2010/13390.html |access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Dusha sare ee harada casriga ah waa {{cvt|43|m|ft}} ka hooseeya heerka badda, waxayna daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{cvt|202|km2|sqmi}}. Dhowr nooc oo ah [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]] ee [[Eurasia]] kuwaas oo ka [[Bird migration|soo guura]] loolalka waqooyi ee fog waxay u isticmaalaan Harada Qarun sidii meel ay [[Overwintering|jiilaalka ku qaataan]],<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009">{{Citation |last1=El-Shabrawy |first1=Gamal M. |chapter=The Fayum Depression and Its Lakes |date=2009 |title=The Nile |volume=89 |pages=95–124 |editor-last=Dumont |editor-first=Henri J. |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6 |access-date=2024-03-01 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_6 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |last2=Dumont |first2=Henri J.|chapter-url-access=subscription }}</ref> sidaas darteed harada iyo agagaarkeedu waxay ka dhigan yihiis [[Egyptian Protectorates|deegaan la ilaaliyo]] marka loo eego sharciga Masar. Cusbadeeda badan waxay keentay in inta badan noocyada [[freshwater fish|kalluunka biyaha macaan]] ee Niilka ay ka lumaan harada, inkastoo dhowr nooc oo biyaha dhanaan ah ama u dulqaadan kara cusbada [[Fish stocking|lagu soo daayay biyaheeda]] si loo xoojiyo dhaqaalaha kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka; goobaha ugu waaweyn ee kalluumeysiga ee aaggaas waxaa ka mid ah [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], [[Mullet (fish)|mulleet]] iyo [[Sole (fish)|sool]].<ref name="El-Serafy-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=El-Serafy |first1=Sabry S. |last2=El-Haweet |first2=Alaa El-Din A. |last3=El-Ganiny |first3=Azza A. |last4=El-Far |first4=Alaa M. |date=April 2014 |title=Qarun Lake Fisheries : Fishing Gears, Species Composition and Catch per Unit Effort |url=http://platform.almanhal.com/CrossRef/Preview/?ID=2-63429 |journal=Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=39–49 |doi=10.12816/0011075|doi-access=free }}</ref> Harada Qarun waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar site]] sannadkii 2012.<ref name="RSIS" /> Harada Moeris waxay magaceeda amaahisay [[Extinction|naasleydii dabar-go'day]] ee [[proboscidea]] ee ''[[Moeritherium]]'', oo ah qaraabo fog oo ka mid ah [[elephant|maroodiga]] casriga ah oo markii ugu horreysay lagu sharraxay agagaarka [[Qasr el Sagha Formation]]. == Asal magaca == {{Hiero | ''mer-wer'' (Moeris) | <hiero>N36:wr-n:n:n</hiero> | align=right | era=egypt}} Magaca "Harada Moeris" wuxuu ka yimid tarjumaadda [[Greek language|Giriigga]] (''[[:wiktionary:Μοῖρῐς|Μοῖρῐς]] [[:wiktionary:λίμνη|λίμνη]]'' ''Limne Moeris'') ee magaca goobta ee [[Egyptian language|Masariga qadiimiga ah]] ''[[:wiktionary:mr-wr|mr-wr]]'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "Kanaalka Weyn").<ref name=ucla-book>{{cite book |last1=Wendrich |first1=Willeke |last2=Holdaway |first2=Simon J. |year=2017 |chapter=Landscape archaeology of the desert Fayum |editor1-last=Holdaway |editor1-first=Simon J. |editor2-last=Wendrich |editor2-first=Willeke |title=The Desert Fayum Reinvestigated: The early to mid-Holocene landscape archaeology of the Fayum north shore, Egypt |publisher=The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press |location=Los Angeles, CA |isbn=9781938770500 |page=1 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49t6s1b9 |access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> Magacan waxay u dhowdahay inuu tilmaam u yahay [[Bahr Yussef]], maadaama fircoonkii mas'uulka ka ahaa dhismihiisa ee Amenemhat&nbsp;III ay Giriiggu u yaqaaneen "Boqor Moeris".<ref name=ucla-book/><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Negm |editor1-first=Abdelazim M. |editor2-last=Abdel-Fattah |editor2-first=Sommer |year=2018 |title=Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Versus Aswan High Dam: A view from Egypt |publisher=[[Springer Nature|Springer]] |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |page=361}}</ref> [[Late Egyptian|Masarigii Dambe]], harada waxaa loo tixraaci jiray ''[[Faiyum#Etymology|Piôm]]'', magacaas oo ka yimid odhaahda Masariga ah ee ''[[:wiktionary:pꜣ|pꜣ]]-[[:wiktionary:ym#Egyptian|ym]]'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "Badda");<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Moeris, Lake of|volume=18|page=643|first=Francis Llewellyn|last=Griffith|author-link=Francis Llewellyn Griffith}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Lesko, L. H.|editor2=Lesko, B. S.|title=A Dictionary of Late Egyptian|volume=1|pages=28, 145|publisher=B.C. Scribe Publications|location=[[Providence, RI]]|date=2002|edition=2nd}}</ref> ''Piôm'' waxaa dhowrjeer loo beddelay luuqadda Coptic-ga sidii [[wiktionary:ⲫⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲫⲓⲟⲙ]]/[[wiktionary:ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ|Ⲡⲉⲓⲟⲙ]] (''epʰiom''/''peiom''), halkaas oo magaca casriga ah ee [[Arabic|Carabiga]] الفيوم (''el-Fayyūm'') (iyo sidoo kale ''Faiyum'') uu ka soo jeedo. == Taariikhda == === Taariikhda ka hor === Intii lagu jiray [[Messinian Salinity Crisis]] ee dabayaaqadii [[Miocene]], [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] wuxuu soo maray marinka madaal ee Faiyum isagoo jooga salka [[canyon|dooxo qoto dheer]] oo gaaraysa ilaa {{Convert|2.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} moolkeedu halka ay magaalada [[Cairo|Qaahira]] maanta ku taal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El Mahmoudi |first1=Ahmed |last2=Gabr |first2=Amir |date=February 2009 |title=Geophysical surveys to investigate the relation between the Quaternary Nile channels and the Messinian Nile canyon at East Nile Delta, Egypt |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=53–67 |doi=10.1007/s12517-008-0018-9 |bibcode=2009ArJG....2...53E |issn=1866-7511|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Inkasta oo habka dhalashada marinka Faiyum uu ahaa mawduuc dood cilmiyeed ah oo dhexmaray [[geologist| khubarada cilmiyaysan ee dhulka]] bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, aragtida laysku raacsan yahay ayaa weli ah in marinka laftiisu uu u dhashay inta badan si ka dhalatay [[Aeolian processes|nabaad-guurka dabaysha]].<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gardner |first=Elinor W. |date=1929 |title=The Origin of the Faiyum Depression: A Critical Commentary on a New View of Its Origin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1784253 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=371–383 |doi=10.2307/1784253 |jstor=1784253 |bibcode=1929GeogJ..74..371G |issn=0016-7398|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ka dib markii [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] ay dib u buuxsantay dhammaadkii xilligii Miocene, dooxada Niilka wuxuu noqday gacanka badda oo fidsan ilaa gudaha goobta maanta loo yaqaan [[Kom Ombo]].<ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005">{{Cite book |title=The Cambridge ancient history. Volume 1, pt. 1: Prolegomena and prehistory |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-521-07051-5 |edition=3. ed., repr |location=Cambridge}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray waqtiga cilmiga dhulka, marinkan Badda Cad wuxuu tartiib-tartiib ku buuxsamay dhoobo wuxuuna noqday [[Nile valley|dooxada Niilka]]. Waqti ka horreeyay [[Middle Paleolithic|Boqortooyadii Dhexe ee Paleolithic]], dhoobada dooxada Niilka ayaa ku ururtay si ku filan oo daadadka Niilka ay ugu buux-dhaafaan marinka Faiyum iyagoo sii maraya Marinka Hawara, iyagoo abuuraya Harada qadiimiga ah ee Moeris; meertadii ugu horreysay ee harada waxaa kaliya lagu quudin jiray daadadkii dambe ee goos-gooska ahaa ee Niilka, waxaana loo maleynayaa inay gabi ahaanba engegtay dhammaadkii xilligii [[Paleolithic]] ka hor intaysan dib u soo muuqan bilowgii xilligii [[Neolithic]].<ref name="Hayes-1964" /> Qalabka dhagaxa ah ee laga helay hareeraha marinka Faiyum ee u dhigma kuwa lagu sameeyay tignoolajiyada [[Levallois technique]] ayaa muujinaya in xeebaha Harada Moeris ay deggenayeen bini'aadamka tan iyo xilligii Middle Paleolithic.<ref name="Hayes-1964" /><ref name="Cambridge Univ. Press-2005" /> Shaqooyin kale oo qadiimiga ah oo laga sameeyay marinka Faiyum, gaar ahaan tii [[Gertrude Caton Thompson|Gertrude Caton-Thompson]] iyo [[Elinor Wight Gardner]], waxay soo heleen cadaymo muujinaya deegaano badan oo [[Epipalaeolithic]] iyo Neolithic ah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Caton-Thompson |first1=Gertrude |title=The Desert Fayum |last2=Gardner |first2=Elinor |date=1934 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London}}</ref> === Horumarkii Hore: Boqortooyooyinkii Hore iyo Dhexe === Harada Moeris waxaa markii ugu horreysay la diwaangeliyay qiyaastii 3000&nbsp;[[BCE]], qiyaastii waqtigii [[Narmer]] ([[Menes]]). Bilowgii [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Hore ee Masar]] deegaan joogto ah, oo la yiraahdo Shedet, ayaa laga dhisay dhulka sare ee xeebta koonfur-bari ee harada; Shedet wuxuu sii ahaan lahaa xarunta weyn ee caabudaadda [[Ancient Egyptian deities|ilaaha Masariga]] ee [[Sobek]], xiriirkaas oo horseedi lahaa in magaaladu ay hesho magaca Giriigga ee ''Krokodeilópolis'' (Κροκοδειλόπολις, oo macnaheedu yahay "Magaalada Yaxaaska"), markii dambena loogu qoray [[Latin|Laatiinka]] ''Crocodīlopolis''. Magaalada casriga ah ee [[Faiyum]] ayaa hadda ku taal goobtaas. Isbeddeladii ugu horreeyay ee weyn ee bini'aadamku sameeyo ee ku saabsan Harada Moeris waxay dhaceen intii lagu jiray [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Dhexe]] iyadoo ay hoggaaminayeen boqorradii [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad]], kuwaas oo ka xukumayay gobolka Faiyum ka dib markii loo guuray caasimadda cusub ee boqortooyada ee [[Itjtawy]]. [[Senusret II]] wuxuu bilaabay mashaariicda [[irrigation|waraabka]] iyo [[land reclamation|dhul-soo-celinta]] si loo xoreeyo qaybo ka mid ah gudaha harada si loogu isticmaalo beeraha, isagoo geeska harada ka riixaya Shedet.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /> Wiilka uu awowgii u yahay ee [[Amenemhat III]] wuxuu sii waday inuu u xilsaaro qodis ballaaran oo marinka Hawara ah, isagoo abuuray kanaalka maanta loo yaqaan [[Bahr Yussef]]. Kanaalkan wuxuu kordhiyay mugga biyaha ka imaanaya Niilka ee ku qulqulaya Harada Moeris si si hufan loogu waraabiyo marinka Faiyum, isagoo u beddelay xarun weyn oo beeraha ah, taas darteedna, Amenemhat III waxaa dambe loogu ogaaday Giriigga sidii "Boqor Moeris".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Viollet |first1=Pierre-Louis |title=Water engineering in ancient civilizations: 5.000 years of history |last2=Holly |first2=Forrest M. |date=2007 |publisher=IAHR International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research |isbn=978-90-78046-05-9 |series=IAHR monograph series |location=Madrid}}</ref> Marka laga soo tago doorkeeda sidii kayd biyo macaan, harada waxaa kale oo loo isticmaali jiray qayb ka mid ah habka gaadiidka xamuulka; blocks basalt ah oo laga qoday meel u dhow ayaa loo qaaday harada iyadoo la marayo [[Lake Moeris Quarry Road]], wadadii ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan ee laami ah adduunka. Harada dhexdeeda, blocks-ka waxaa loogu rari karaa [[Giza Necropolis]] si loogu isticmaalo dhismaha macbadyada iyo taallooyinka. [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]] waxay gelisay Wadada Quarry liiskeeda [[List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks|Astaamaha Taariikhda Injineernimada Madaniga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Moeris Quarry Road |website=asce.org |publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]] |url=https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/lake-moeris-quarry-road |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wilford |first=John Noble |date=8 May 1994 |title=World's oldest paved road found in Egypt |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/08/world/world-s-oldest-paved-road-found-in-egypt.html |access-date=2018-08-29}}</ref> <imagemap> File:Lake Moeris.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Khariidadda sawirka ee taallooyinka xusidda mudan ee agagaarka Harada Moeris ee hore. Aagga xariijimaha leh wuxuu muujinayaa dhulkii ay soo celiyeen boqorradii Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad. rect 718 628 871 711 [[Abgig obelisk]] rect 936 453 1207 509 [[Pedestals of Biahmu]] rect 858 548 1148 607 [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]] rect 999 699 1260 744 [[Amenemhat_III#Hawara|Pyramid of Amenemhat III at Hawara]] rect 1108 755 1397 833 [[Pyramid of Senusret II]] rect 1398 476 1620 1122 [[Nile River]] desc none </imagemap>[[File:Biahmu 05.JPG|left|thumb|Burburka mid ka mid ah [[Pedestals of Biahmu]]]] Buuggiisa ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', taariikhyahankii Giriigga ahaa ee [[Herodotus]] wuxuu sheegay inuu booqday Harada Moeris, isagoo dhigay meel ka hoosaysa [[Labyrinth of Egypt]] iyo ka soo horjeedka magaalada qadiimiga ah ee [[Crocodilopolis]] (ie, magaalada casriga ah ee Faiyum).<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Herodotus]] |title=[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]] |at=2.148–150}}</ref> Herodotus wuxuu kaloo sheegay in laba "ahraam" (oo loo turjumay inay yihiin [[Pedestals of Biahmu]]) ay taagnaayeen bartamaha harada,<ref>{{cite book |last=Lloyd |first=Alan B. |year=1975 |title=Herodotus: Book&nbsp;II Commentary 99–182 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-07737-9 |place=[[Leiden]], NL |page=126}}</ref> sheegashadaas oo keentay in khabiirka Ingiriiska ee [[Egyptology|barashada qadiimiga Masar]] [[Flinders Petrie]] uu falanqeeyo in harada ay buuxsantay markii Herodotus uu booqday aaggaas.<ref name=petrie>{{cite book |last=Petrie |first=W.M.F. |author-link=Flinders Petrie |year=1889 |title=Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe |publisher=[[Leadenhall Press|Field & Tuer]] |place=London, UK |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0kXAAAAYAAJ |access-date=October 4, 2022}}</ref> Hawlaha baaxadda weyn ee biyaha ee ay fuliyeen boqorradii [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Boqortooyadii Laba iyo Tobnaad ee Masar]] si harada loogu beddelo kayd biyo macaan ayaa reebtay juqraafiyaystayaashii caadiga ahaa ee dambe sida Herodotus aragtida ah in harada lafteedu ay ahayd qodis bini'aadam lagu sameeyay<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009" /><ref>{{cite CE1913|last=Hyvernat|first=Eugène Xavier Louis Henri|wstitle=Egypt}}</ref> – tafsiir aan ku dhisnayn cadaymaha casriga ah. === Horumarkii Dambe: Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic iyo Masartii Roomaanka === Ka dib dhimashadii [[Alexander the Great|Alexander kii Weynaa]], Masar waxay gashay gacanta janaraalkiisii hore ee [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], kaas oo noqon lahaa boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee [[Ptolemaic dynasty|maamulka Ptolemaic]]. Maamulkan cusub iyo qulqulka isku xiga ee dadka deegaanka Giriigga iyo Makedoniya ee soo galay Masar, marinka Faiyum iyo Harada Moeris ayaa sii horumaray si loo kordhiyo awooddeeda xarun beereed. Injineerada boqortooyada ee [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus]] waxay dhex-dhiseen kanaalo iyo deyrar dheeri ah, iyo sidoo kale xidheen ku yaal Bahr Yussef si loo xakameeyo qulqulka Niilka, taas oo oggolaatay deegaan dheeri ah oo marinka ah iyo korodhka wax-soo-saarka firileyda iyadoo biyaha harada ay dib u gurteen oo ay muujiyeen carro cusub oo barwaaqo ah.<ref name="Van de Mieroop-2011" /><ref name="Brown University" /> [[Papyrus|Waraaqo papyri]] badan oo laga soo kabsaday goobihii xilligii Ptolemaic ee Faiyum (inta badan laga helay qashinka papyrus ee loo isticmaali jiray [[cartonnage]]) waxay keydiyeen isgaarsiinta dhexmartay injineerada iyo maamulayaasha intii lagu jiray xilligan horumarinta, oo ay ku jirto kaydka [[Zenon of Kaunos]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thompson |first=Dorothy |title=Agriculture in Egypt: from pharaonic to modern times |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-726183-5 |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=Alan K. |series=Proceedings of the British Academy |location=Oxford |pages=107–122 |editor-last2=Rogan |editor-first2=Eugene L. |editor-last3=British Academy}}</ref> Caqabadda ku timid qulqulka Niilka ee ku shubmayay Harada Moeris ka dib dhismihii xidheenka waxay calaamadsatay bilowgii hoos u dhaca uumi-baxa tartiib-tartiib ah ee harada, nidaamkaas oo aakhirkii dhalin doona Harada Qarun ee yaraatay ee xilligan casriga ah. Dhammaadkii [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyadii Ptolemaic]], dayactirkii caadiga ahaa ee habkan waraabka waa la dayacay khilaaf gudaha ah dartiis, taas oo keentay in dhulalka dalagyada ee Faiyum dhexdiisa ay engegaan ama ay gabi ahaanba biyo hafiyaan. [[Roman Egypt|Ku-daridda Masar sidii gobol Roomaan ah]] waxay markhaati ka ahayd dib-u-habaynta hawlaha hadidda biyaha ee Harada Moeris oo ay sameeyeen ciidammada Roomaanka ee hoos yimaada [[Augustus]], si ay gacan uga geystaan maqaamka Masar ee ah [[breadbasket|shinnida cuntada]] ee bilowgii [[Roman Empire|Boqortooyadii Roomaanka]]. Dib-u-nooleynta beeraha ee dhexdeeda Faiyum waxaa lagula kulmay mawjad kale oo deegaan ah, aaggana wuxuu arkay wax-soo-saar joogto ah ilaa xilligii [[Crisis of the Third Century|Xiisaddii Qarnigii Saddexaad]], markii dagaal sokeeye oo kale uu xasillooni-darro ku keenay gobolka, nidaamka waraabkana uu mar kale xumaaday. Ka dib xilligan qalalaasaha, boqor [[Probus (emperor)|Probus]], si la mid ah Augustus, wuxuu shaqaaleeyay askartii Roomaanka si ay dib u habayn ugu sameeyaan kanaalada iyo hareeraha, aaggana wuxuu noqday mid wax-soo-saar leh mar kale, inkastoo waqti ka dib nidaamyada haddana la dayacay, deegaanadii Roomaankana ay noqdeen kuwo fashilmay; aagga waxaa loo maleynayaa in inta badan laga tagay qarnigii 5-aad, iyadoo kaliya aag yar oo ku yaal gudaha marinka Faiyum uu ahaa mid la beeray oo la deggen yahay inta ka dhiman [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boak |first=A. E. R. |date=1926 |title=Irrigation and Population in the Faiyum, the Garden of Egypt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/208706 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=353–364 |doi=10.2307/208706 |jstor=208706 |bibcode=1926GeoRv..16..353B |issn=0016-7428|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Deegaanka iyo kalluumeysiga == [[File:Egretta garzetta at Fayoum by Hatem Moushir 6.JPG|left|thumb|[[Little egret|Horeeyada yaryar]] iyo shimbiraha kale ee biyaha ee Eurasia waxay u guuraan Harada Qarun xilliga jiilaalka.]] Maanta, Harada Qarun waxay u shaqeysaa sidii meel ay jiilaalka ku qaataan ama ku ukun-dhigaan dhowr nooc oo ku dhow 88 oo kala duwan oo ah [[water bird|shimbiraha biyaha]]. [[Collared pratincole]]s, [[Kentish plover]]s, [[Kittlitz's plover]]s iyo [[little tern]]s dhamaantood waxay isugu yumaadaan harada si ay u tarmaan, halka shimbiraha ka soo guura Eurasia xilliga jiilaalka ay ka mid yihiin [[Black-necked grebe]]s, [[great crested grebe]]s, [[Great egret]]s, [[little egret]]s, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo shinbiro weyddo ah ama noocyada haansada ah sida [[common shelduck]]s, [[Eurasian teal]]s, [[Eurasian wigeon]]s, [[northern pintail]]s, [[northern shoveler]]s iyo [[tufted duck]]s.<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009"/><ref name="Fouda-2012">{{Cite web|last=Fouda|first=Mostafa|date=March 26, 2012|title=Lake Qarun Protected Area|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/EG2040RIS.pdf|access-date=March 18, 2024|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service}}</ref> Maqaamka Harada Qarun ee ah deegaan muhiim u ah shimbiraha ayaa horseeday in loo aqoonsado labadaba [[Egyptian Protectorates|deegaan la ilaaliyo oo Masar ah]] iyo [[Ramsar site]].<ref name="Fouda-2012"/> [[File:Lake qarun protected area by Hatem Moushir 1.JPG|thumb|Harada Qarun oo laga arko Deegaanka la Ilaaliyo ee Harada Qarun]] Kordhinta [[salinity|cusbada]] iyo [[turbidity|madoobaadka biyaha]] ee Harada Qarun ayaa loo tixgeliyay inay sabab u tahay [[Local extinction|dabar-goynta deegaanka]] ee inta badan noocyada kalluunka Niilka ee markii hore joogay harada, sida [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Niilka]] iyo [[Nile tilapia]]; dhowr nooc oo kale sida [[redbelly tilapia]] ayaa u muuqda inay u adkaysteen isbeddelkan. Si looga hortago burburka dhaqaalaha kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka ka dib isbeddelka xaaladaha deegaanka, noocyo kala duwan oo kalluunka badda ah iyo kuwa u dulqaadan kara cusbada iyo noocyada qolofta leh ayaa lagu beeray harada tan iyo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, oo ay ku jiraan [[big-scale sand smelt]], [[Egyptian sole]], [[European seabass]] iyo [[gilt-head bream]], iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo ah [[Mullet (fish)|mulleet]] iyo [[prawn|isiri]].<ref name="El-Shabrawy-2009"/> Mulleets-ka iyo sool-ka la soo hordhigay, oo ay la socdaan tilapia-ga u dhashay deegaanka, ayaa weli ah goobaha ugu waaweyn ee kalluumeysiga ganacsiga ee Harada Qarun,<ref name="El-Serafy-2014"/> laakiin arrimo ay ka mid yihiis uumi-baxa joogtada ah ee harada, kordhinta wasakhda ka timaada qulqulka beeraha iyo noocyada duulaanka ah ee [[Cymothoidae|isopods cymothoid]] ayaa sababay in qabsashada kalluunka ay si aad ah hoos ugu dhacdo tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abdelmageed|first1=Adel Ali.|last2=Khalifa|first2=Usama|last3=Elsaied|first3=Hosam E.|last4=Hamouda|first4=Amr Z.|last5=El Gelani|first5=Safaa S.|date=December 2022|title=Lake Qarun between entangled history and blurred future: Retrospectives and prospective|journal=The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research|volume=48|issue=4|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.ejar.2022.11.001|issn=1687-4285|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== * {{cite web |title=Fayum Project |website=trismegistos.org |publisher=[[KU Leuven|University of Leuven]] |url=http://www.trismegistos.org/fayum/ }} * {{cite book |first=Hubert |last=Chanson |year=1999 |section=Study of the Moeris reservoir, the Ha-Uar Dam and the canal connecting the Nile River and Lake Moeris |title=The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An introduction |edition=1st |id=Major Problem&nbsp;2 |type=textbook |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann / Elsevier Science, Technology, & Business |section-url=http://www.bh.com/companions/0340740671/exercises/prob2.htm |via=bh.com |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113220455/http://www.bh.com/companions/0340740671/exercises/prob2.htm |archive-date=2008-01-13 }} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Mœris |short=x}} * {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Mœris |short=x}} {{authority control}} ri8onthdr2o1h0epzib858hqxvagrz9 10 48394 300393 2026-06-30T11:40:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300393 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid {{hiero/{{#ifexist:Template:hiero/{{{era|default}}}/bordercolour|{{{era|default}}}|default}}/bordercolour}}; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; {{#switch:{{{align}}} | #default | left = clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0; | center = margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; <!-- this probably needs to be deprecated --> | right = clear: right; float: right; margin-right: 0; }} {{{style|}}}" |- | style="padding:0.75em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var( --color-base ); text-align: center" | {{trim|1={{{image|{{{2|}}}}}}}} |- ! 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