Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4827 300532 299926 2026-07-01T01:43:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|189px]]<S>[[Maldives]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |18.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<s'?> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |21.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |24."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Romania]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- <S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. 190/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |29.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- [[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|central|The second President of [[Egyptians]] 1954–1971.jpg: "as" President of [[Greater Arab Republics]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} f66h14pd32a5ubahwzv2mo3x2joacs6 0 6932 300548 293072 2026-07-01T06:33:44Z ~2026-37681-01 46308 /* Juqraafiga */ 300548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = | official_name = Goob Weyn | other_name = | native_name = Goobweyn | nickname = | settlement_type = Tuulo | motto = | image_skyline = Goobweyn 2021.jpg | imagesize = 300 | image_caption = Tuulo qiyaastii 2021 | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = 200 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya. | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jubbada Hoose]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Kismaayo]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = 1 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|00|14|58|N|42|36|08|E|region:SO-LJ|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Goob Weyn''' ({{langx|so| Goobweyn}}) waa tuulo ku taalla gobolka [[Jubbada Hoose]] ee koonfurta [[Soomaaliya]], halka uu [[Webiga Jubba]] ku kulmo Badda Hindiya. ==Juqraafiga== Goobweyn waxa ay dhacdaa jiinka webiga Jubba , waxa ay 3 mitir ka sarraysaa heerka badda. Tuuladan ayaa ugu horrayn waxaa degta beesha Yabarow sacdi oo kanida sheekhaal loobage waxayna ku taallaa dhinaca seeraha qaranka ee magaalada Kismaayo , waxayna magaalada Kismaayo u jirtaa 15 KM oo kaliya . ==Dhoofinta iyo maciishada== Magaalo ugu horrayn beeralayda oo ku taal Dooxada Jubba , dadka deggan Goobweyn waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin dhoofinta beeraha ee magaalada Kismaayo u dhow, sida yaanyada, basasha, iyo qumbaha. [[File:Coconuts_at_Goobweyn.jpg|Geedka Qumbaha oo ku yaal jiinka webiga Jubba ee u dhow Goobweyn]] Sannadkii 1974-tii, waxaa deegaanka lagu arkay qaxoonti ku soo qulqulaya oo daba socda abaartii dabadheeraatay (Somali: Abaartii Dabadheer) ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya iyo deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya.Qoxootiga waxaa loo soo bandhigay habab kalluumaysi iyo beero marka loo eego hab nololeedkii xoolo-dhaqatada. ==Tixraac== [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsYntxmvrpA Kusoo Dhawaaw Goobweyn - Soomaaliya Ku Soo Dhawoow Goobweyn - Somalia] [http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4565336&fid=5778&c=somalia Goob Weyn, Soomaaliya] d4at1o0cywu3vev2l1368tgb5k0ky34 300549 300548 2026-07-01T07:40:16Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu dib u noqay badalkii oo sameeyay [[Special:Diff/300548|300548]] ee sameeyay ([[User talk:~2026-37681-01|wahadal]]) kuna celiyay badalkii ka danbeeyay oo sameeyay [[User:Isma4l|Isma4l]] 300549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = | official_name = Goob Weyn | other_name = | native_name = Goobweyn | nickname = | settlement_type = Tuulo | motto = | image_skyline = Goobweyn 2021.jpg | imagesize = 300 | image_caption = Tuulo qiyaastii 2021 | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = 200 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Soomaaliya. | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jubbada Hoose]] | subdivision_type2 = Degmo | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Kismaayo]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = 1 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|00|14|58|N|42|36|08|E|region:SO-LJ|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 3 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Goob Weyn''' ({{langx|so| Goobweyn}}) waa tuulo ku taalla gobolka [[Jubbada Hoose]] ee koonfurta [[Soomaaliya]], halka uu [[Webiga Jubba]] ku kulmo Badda Hindiya. ==Juqraafiga== Goobweyn waxa ay dhacdaa jiinka webiga Jubba , waxa ay 3 mitir ka sarraysaa heerka badda. Tuuladan ayaa ugu horrayn waxaa degta beesha Biimaal waxayna ku taallaa dhinaca seeraha qaranka ee magaalada Kismaayo , waxayna magaalada Kismaayo u jirtaa 15 KM oo kaliya . ==Dhoofinta iyo maciishada== Magaalo ugu horrayn beeralayda oo ku taal Dooxada Jubba , dadka deggan Goobweyn waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin dhoofinta beeraha ee magaalada Kismaayo u dhow, sida yaanyada, basasha, iyo qumbaha. [[File:Coconuts_at_Goobweyn.jpg|Geedka Qumbaha oo ku yaal jiinka webiga Jubba ee u dhow Goobweyn]] Sannadkii 1974-tii, waxaa deegaanka lagu arkay qaxoonti ku soo qulqulaya oo daba socda abaartii dabadheeraatay (Somali: Abaartii Dabadheer) ee waqooyiga Soomaaliya iyo deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya.Qoxootiga waxaa loo soo bandhigay habab kalluumaysi iyo beero marka loo eego hab nololeedkii xoolo-dhaqatada. ==Tixraac== [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NsYntxmvrpA Kusoo Dhawaaw Goobweyn - Soomaaliya Ku Soo Dhawoow Goobweyn - Somalia] [http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4565336&fid=5778&c=somalia Goob Weyn, Soomaaliya] lgykdl147bnq1svxntes42qaim8ucfe 0 7985 300464 275405 2026-06-30T16:37:42Z ~2026-37474-07 46307 Magacaygu gaar Ayan ku daray 300464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hariin''' waa beel ka mid ah [[Digil iyo Mirifle]]digil, Hariin waana dad si gaar ah ugu dhex muuuqdo guud ahaaan beelaha Raxweyn, Hariin waxa uuwka tirsanyahay mirifle gaar 8. HARIIN WUXUU UKALA BAXAA HOON IYO WARAASILE .Hariin wuxuu ka tir san yahay 8 waana qabiilka ugu taariiqda dheer, waxaana ku xasuusataan wax yaaba badan oo dadka u qabtay hariin waxaana ka dhex muuqdo dad culus oo hal genka dheer ee arlaathii gacan ka geystay alle ha u naxariisee inta dhimatay. Masuuliinti Magaca ku dhex lahaa * Sheikh Madboorow * mustaf Sheikh Hassan * Sheikh omar jiis * Ibrahim boolis * Adan Ibraahim Geray * Maxamed Ali Toosh * Cabdiwali Macalin Cali (Ugaaska) * Dr. Yuusuf Sheikh Abuukar(Yuusuf Omar Jiis) * Dr. Ahmed Issak Hussein Mursal. * Hassan shaati gadud * Mohamed mohamed * Mohamed yusuf mohamed (maxamed macalim) * Mohamuud Maxamed Ibraahim * Malaaq Cumar Masaak GANACSATADA BEESHA * Ja'bil * ibrahhim buurfuule * Aadan Cabdulaahi Isaaq ( xaaji eeneey) * ahmed Macalin isaaq * Xaji ibrahim cabdi nuurow * Sheikh madluun * cabdiasiis Madboorow * cabdulahi maxamed Idriis (Lesto) * cabdulkadir mohamed isak bari * maryan macalin isak * Xabibi cabdi nuur * Manuur Maxamuud * Xasan Isaak * Xasan Ali Aadan XILDHIBAANADA BEESHA * Cabdicaziiz Xasan Maxamed laftagareen * Axmed Maxamed Garweyne * Abdi Ibrahim ( Abdi kuney) * Maryan Macalin Isaaq XILDHIBAANADA BEESHA MKGS * Maxamuud Maxamed Kheyre * Cudbi Cabdiraxman Cabdi * Cabduqadir Dhegacade * Cabdiraxman Ibraahim Aadan Saraakiisha Beesha:- * Abukar cali xasan waar * Mohamed Ismail Mursal * Cali Yuunis * Mahad Abdirahman * Mukhar Macalin “mukhtar yare“ * Aadanow Isak * cali shariif * Mr isaaq dheere * Mahad Lafta-gareen * Cali ibrahim isaq Xabad * Aadan baariyoow * Aadan doodishe * kadil Aroore * Isak moolmadow * Cali isaq ibraahin * Abdulle isaaq ibraahin * Madi war-gali * yarow * Mas'uuliyiintii Burburka ka hor:- * Mustaf Sheekh Xasan * Cumar Sheekh Xasan (Cumar-Jiis) * Sheekh Mad Buurow * Ali toosh * Ibraahim Boolis [[Category:Qabaa'ilada Soomaaliya]] b1ab01ldq8l3hne1ujfa3jvswq5w5hc 0 47965 300547 299490 2026-07-01T02:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webi Tarka | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = Umncumuba | name_etymology = ''Tarka'' oo u badan in ay ka dhigan tahay 'meel ay dumar badan joogaan' afka [[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoe]]. Magaca [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] ee ''Umncumuba'' wuxuu ka dhigan yahay '[[Salix mucronata|geedka willow]]'<ref>{{Cite book |last=P E Raper - HSRC |url=http://archive.org/details/DictionaryOfSouthernAfricanPlaceNames |title=Dictionary of Southern African Place Names}}</ref> <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= Isku darka Webiyada Tarka iyo Great Fish <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dal | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type2 = Gobol | subdivision_name2 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = [[Bamboesberg]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = [[Great Fish River|Webiga Great Fish]] | mouth_location = [[Isku darka]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|32|18|53|S|25|43|30|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|815|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Tarka''' waa webi ku yaalla [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Isaga oo ay weheliyaan Webiga [[Baviaans River|Baviaans]], Webiga [[Grootbrak River|Grootbrak]] iyo Webiga [[Kat River|Kat]], waa mid ka mid ah gacan-biyoodyada bari ee waaweyn ee [[Great Fish River|Webiga Great Fish]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Transactions of the Geological Society of London |publisher=Geological Society of London |year=1856 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transactionsgeo01londgoog/page/n73 57] |url=https://archive.org/details/transactionsgeo01londgoog |quote=tarka river. |accessdate=11 January 2010 }}</ref> [[Lake Arthur Dam|Biyo-xireenka Lake Arthur]] iyo [[Kommandodrif Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kommandodrif]] ayaa ku yaalla webigan. Kan dambe wuxuu ku jiraa [[Commando Drift Nature Reserve|Kaydka Dabeecadda ee Commando Drift]]. Webiga Tarka wuxuu ka mid yahay [[Fish to Tsitsikama]] [[Water Management Area|Aagga Maareynta Biyaha]].<ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA15FishTsitsikamma.jpg Fish to Tsitsikama WMA 15]</ref> ==Taariikhda== Asalka suurtagalka ah ee magaca wuxuu ka yimid afka [[Khoekhoe]] oo leh ereyo ay ka mid yihiin ''taras'' ama ''tra'', oo macnaheedu yahay 'naag' ama 'webiga gabdhaha'.<ref name="Stan01">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/standardencyclop0010unse |title=Standard encyclopaedia of Southern Africa / 10 Sle - Tun |publisher=Nasou |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-625-00326-6 |location=Cape Town |pages=561}}</ref> ==Koorsada== Laga soo bilaabo ilahiisa, wuxuu u qulqulaa dhinaca bari isagoo maraya Willowmore, ka dibna koonfurta wuxuu maraa Toorwaterpoort ee Anysberg ka dibna wuxuu ku biirayaa [[Olifants River (Southern Cape)|Webiga Olifants]].<ref name=Stan01/> ==Ilaha== Webigu wuxuu leeyahay isha uu ka soo burqado oo ah 900 mitir gudaha buuraleyda [[Swartberg]].<ref name=Stan01/> ==Watershed== Wuxuu leeyahay aag weysada oo qiyaastii dhan {{Convert|2000|km2|abbr=on}} iyadoo roobku u dhexeeyo {{Convert|120 and 250|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Stan01/> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://www.dws.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/15/FishSundaysISPFeb05ap.pdf Fish to Sundays: Internal Strategic Perspective] {{Wayback|url=https://www.dws.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/15/FishSundaysISPFeb05ap.pdf |date=20240616200543 }} g5g9rn3thsqbf75g42g20q9sk3xdhxl 0 48183 300531 299923 2026-07-01T01:39:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |official_name = Hola, Kenya |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |settlement_type = Magaalo |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Tana River ferry, Hola, Kenya.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Markabka Wabiga Tana |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Kenya |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Kenya |subdivision_type = Dal |subdivision_name = {{flag|Kenya}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Kenya|Gobol]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Gobolka Xeebta]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Kenya|Degmo]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Tana River]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 1999 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 6932 |population_density_km2 = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Waqtiga Bariga Afrika|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|1|40|S|40|02|E|region:KE|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- accord. to Google Earth--> <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |website = |footnotes = }} [[Image:District Hospital at Hola, Kenya 2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Isbitaalka Degmada, Hola]] '''Hola''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Galole''', waa magaalo yar oo ku taal [[Kenya]] oo ku taal [[Wabiga Tana (Kenya)|Wabiga Tana]] oo leh dad tiradoodu tahay 6,932.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |title=Qiyaasaha saboolnimada magaalooyinka |access-date=2006-03-26 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718022538/http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/html/Urban%20Poverty%20all%20Kenya%20Province%20through%20Location%20Final.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hola waa caasimadda [[Degmada Tana River]]. Waa magaalo ganacsi oo mashquul badan iyo irid laga galo [[Degmada Garissa]] iyo [[Gobolka Waqooyi Bari (Kenya)|Gobolkii hore ee Waqooyi Bari]] iyadoo loo marayo markabka maxalliga ah ee wabiga Tana. Marka laga soo tago qorshaha waraabka beeraha ee Hola, waxaa magaalada dhexdeeda ku yaal Isbitaalka Degmada iyo xarun ka tirsan Xabsiyada Kenya. Ka dib doorashadii 2013-kii, oo keentay maamul-daadejin, oo ku salaysan dastuurkii 2010-kii, magaaladu waxay noqotay xarunta dhexe ee Degmada Tana River. xafiiska guddoomiyaha wuxuu ku yaal magaalada Hola. degmadu waxay leedahay saddex deegaan doorasho, Bura, Galole iyo Garsen. degmadu waxay leedahay tiro saraakiil la soo doortay oo kala ah Guddoomiye, senatar, wakiil haween, guddoomiye ku xigeen iyo saddex xubnood oo baarlamaan ah. Degmadu waxay kaloo leedahay 15 wakiil oo degmo ah. == Taariikh == Hola waxay ahayd goobtii xero lagu xiro dadka, goobtii [[Xasuuqii Hola]] ee 1959-kii. Kown iyo toban qof oo la xiray oo ka tirsan [[Mau Mau Uprising|Mau Mau]] ayaa ay si xun u dileen ilaalada xabsiga oo ay shaqaysanaysay dawladda Ingiriisku. Dhibanayaashu waxay ahaayeen fallaagadii Mau Mau ee lagu hayay xerada iyada oo qayb ka ah [[Operation Anvil (Mau Mau Uprising)|Operation Anvil]]. Xasuuqii Hola ka dib magaca 'Hola' waxaa u beddelay Galole [[dawladdii gumeysiga|dawladdii gumeysiga]] si dhacdadan loo illoobo. Sannadkii 1971-kii, iyada oo isku dayaysa in ay soo noolayso taariikhda Afrika, Madaxweynihii wakhtigaas [[Jomo Kenyatta]] wuxuu amray in Galole lagu soo celiyo magaceedii asalka ahaa. Kenyatta wuxuu amaray amarkan ka dib markii uu la kulmay wafdi ballaaran oo ka socday Tana River. Tan iyo markaas, Galole mar kale waxaa loo yaqaanaa Hola.<ref>The Daily Nation, 24.08.1971: Galole waxay ku soo noqotay Hola.</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} {{coord|1|30|S|40|02|E|region:KE_type:city|display=title}} s90uo7js9hyjfwn4xe8v4bwbdy5wdg2 0 48185 300480 299925 2026-07-01T00:22:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam | name = Biyo-xireenka Nyumba ya Mungu | name_official = Nidaamka Korontada Biyaha ee Pangani | image = Nyumba ya Mungu Reservoir + Kilimandscharo.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Kaydka Biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu | location_map = Tanzania | location_map_size = | location_map_caption = Khariidadda Tanzania oo muujinaysa goobta uu ku yaal Biyo-xireenka Nyumba ya Mungu | coordinates = {{coord|03|49|33.0|S|37|28|9.6|E|type:landmark_region:TZ|display=inline,title}} | location = [[Degmada Mwanga]], [[Gobolka Kilimanjaro]], Tanzania | construction_began = 1967 | opening = 1969 | cost = | owner = [[TANESCO]] | dam_type = | dam_length = | dam_height = 43m | dam_width_base = | dam_width_crest = | dam_volume = | dam_crosses = [[Wabiga Pangani]] | spillway_type = Buuxinta Ciidda iyo Dhagaxa | spillway_capacity = | res_name = | res_capacity_total = {{convert|600|e6m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | res_catchment = {{convert|7668|sqkm|abbr=on}} | res_surface = | res_max_depth = | plant_operator = [[Tanesco]] | plant_turbines = 2x4 | plant_capacity = {{convert|8|MW|abbr=on}} | plant_annual_gen = | plant_commission = 1969 | plant_decommission = | website = {{URL|http://www.tanesco.co.tz/|Tanesco website}} | extra = }} '''Biyo-xireenka Nyumba ya Mungu''' waa [[Tanzania]], [[biyo-xireen korontada biyaha ka dhaliya]] kaas oo ku yaal loona maamulo [[Degmada Mwanga]], [[Gobolka]] [[Kilimanjaro]]. Waxaa la dhisay dabayaaqadii 1960-meeyadii waana xarunta biyaha ee ugu weyn oo dad samaysay ee gobolka Kilimanjaro. '''Kaydka Biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu'''. Kaydkan biyaha waxaa lala wadaagaa [[Degmada Moshi]] ee Gobolka Kilimanjaro iyo [[Degmada Simanjiro]] ee [[Gobolka Manyara]]. Nyumba ya Mungu macneheedu waa 'Gurigii Ilaahay'.<ref name=aa>{{cite news|title=Biyo-xireenka 'Nyumba-Ya-Mungu' miyuu mar dambe 'Gurigii Ilaahay' noqon waayay?|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201206180829.html|accessdate=27 Luulyo 2015|agency=AllAfrica|publisher=Tanzania Daily News|date=18 Juun 2012}}</ref> Awooddiisa rakiban waa {{convert|8|MW}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nidaamka Korontada Biyaha ee Pangani|url=http://www.tanesco.co.tz/index.php/pangani-hydro-system|website=Shirkadda Bixinta Korontada ee Tanzania|accessdate=27 Luulyo 2015}}</ref> == Dulmar == === Kaydka Biyaha === Nyumba ya Mungu waa haro uu bini-aadamku sameeyay oo ku taal [[Gobolka Kilimanjaro|gobolka Kilimanjaro]]. Kaydka biyaha wuxuu ku yaal [[Dooxada Wabiga Pangani|Dooxada Wabiga Pangani]] ee Masai Steppe, qiyaastii 50 km koonfur ka xigta [[Degmada Moshi|Moshi]]. Waxaa quudiya laba marin oo waaweyn, wabiyada Kikuletwa iyo Ruvu kuwaas oo daadiya ilaa {{convert|7500|km2}} oo ka kooban dhul-daaqsimeed kaymo leh, kayn, saxare dhab ah, iyo saxare sare oo buuraley ah.<ref name=PWCBR>{{Cite report|author= IUCN WATER AND NATURE INITIATIVE / PANGANI BASIN WATER BOARD|date= Janaayo 2009|url= https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/hydroelectric_power_modelling_1.pdf|title= Hydroelectric Power Modelling Study. Pangani River Basin Flow Assessment|publisher= Pangani Basin Water Board, Moshi and IUCN Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Programme|accessdate= 27 Luulyo 2015|archive-date= 2016-03-04|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080319/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/hydroelectric_power_modelling_1.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Waxaa loo dhisay ujeedooyin waraabin, koronto biyood iyo in la bilaabo warshad kalluumaysi oo maxalli ah. Kaydka biyaha waxaa la dhammaystiray Diseembar 1965 si kastaba ha ahaatee qorshaha waraabka weli lama horumarin. Qorshuhu wuxuu ahaa in la dhiso biyo-xireen u adeegi lahaa ujeedada kaydinta qulqulka fatahaadda, taas oo suurtagelin lahayd horumarinta qiyaastii 30,000 oo hektar oo beerasho waraab ah iyo dhalinta korontada.<ref name=pdjon>{{cite journal|last1=Denny|first1=Patrick|title=Kaydka biyaha ee Nyumba ya Mungu, Tanzania: Astaamaha guud|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=14 Janaayo 2008|volume=10|issue=1|pages=5–28|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1978.tb00002.x}}</ref> Sannadkii 1970-kii haradu waxay lahayd wax soo saar kalluumaysi oo Tilapia ah oo kobcayay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani wakhti dheer ma socon, warbixinadii xigay ee 1972 iyo 1973 waxay muujiyeen hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid badeecada kalluunka.<ref name=pdjon /> == Sidoo kale eeg == {{stack|{{Portal|Tanzania|Biyo|Tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo}}}} *[[Tanesco|Shirkadda Bixinta Korontada ee Tanzania]] *[[Liiska xarumaha korontada ee Tanzania]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == k4ajhl8jprklasb2umev8hjyn0t031z 0 48188 300483 299929 2026-07-01T00:42:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Chris Hani | official_name = | other_name = | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Degmada maamulka (Koonfur Afrika)|Degmada maamulka]] <!-- images, nickname ---> | image_seal = Chris Hani_CoA.png | seal_size = 150x100px <!-- maps and coordinates ------> | image_map = Map of the Eastern Cape with Chris Hani highlighted (2016).svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal [[Eastern Cape]] |coordinates = {{coord|31|53|S|26|52|E|region:ZA_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> <!-- location ------------------> | subdivision_type = Dal | subdivision_name = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | subdivision_type1 = Gobol | subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Koonfur Afrika|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------> | seat = [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]] | parts_type = [[Degmooyinka hoose (Koonfur Afrika)|Degmooyinka hoose]] |p1 = [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality|Inxuba Yethemba]] |p2 = [[Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality|Enoch Mgijima]] |p3 = [[Intsika Yethu Local Municipality|Intsika Yethu]] |p4 = [[Emalahleni Local Municipality, Eastern Cape|Emalahleni]] |p5 = [[Dr AB Xuma Local Municipality|Dr AB Xuma]] |p6 = [[Sakhisizwe Local Municipality|Sakhisizwe]] |parts = <!-- government leaders --> | government_footnotes = <ref name="muni_mayor">{{cite web |url=http://www.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_list.jsp?id=14&heading=Executive%20Mayors |title=Contact list: Executive Mayors |publisher=Government Communication & Information System |accessdate=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 Bisha Todobaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714013749/http://www.gcis.gov.za/gcis/gcis_list.jsp?id=14&heading=Executive%20Mayors }}</ref> | government_type = [[Golaha degmada]] | leader_party = | leader_title = Duqa magaalada | leader_name = Wongama Gela | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = <!-- area ----------------------> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 36144 <!-- population ----------------> | population_footnotes = <ref name="muni_population">{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=964 |title=Statistics by place |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=27 September 2015}} </ref> | population_total = 795461 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_rank = | population_density_km2 = auto <!-- demographics (section 1) --> | demographics_type1 = Isirka {{nobold|(2011)}} | demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="muni_population"/> | demographics1_title1 = {{nobold|[[Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa|Madowga Afrika]]}} | demographics1_info1 = 93.3% | demographics1_title2 = {{nobold|[[Coloureds|Midab-takoorka]]}} | demographics1_info2 = 4.1% | demographics1_title3 = {{nobold|[[Indian South African|Hindi]]/[[Asian South African|Aasiyaan]]}} | demographics1_info3 = 0.2% | demographics1_title4 = {{nobold|[[White South African|Caddaan]]}} | demographics1_info4 = 2.0% <!-- demographics (section 2) --> | demographics_type2 = [[Luqadda koowaad]] {{nobold|(2011)}} | demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="muni_langs">{{cite web |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=964 |title=Statistics by place |publisher=Statistics South Africa |accessdate=27 September 2015}} </ref> | demographics2_title1 = {{nobold|[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]}} | demographics2_info1 = 88.6% | demographics2_title2 = {{nobold|[[Afrikaans]]}} | demographics2_info2 = 6.1% | demographics2_title3 = {{nobold|[[English language|Ingiriisi]]}} | demographics2_info3 = 2.6% | demographics2_title4 = | demographics2_info4 = % | demographics2_title5 = {{nobold|Kuwo kale}} | demographics2_info5 = 2.7% <!-- time zone(s) --------------> | timezone1 = [[Waqtiga Halbeegga ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset1 = +2 <!-- Municipal code --> | blank_name_sec1 = Koodhka degmada | blank_info_sec1 = DC13 <!-- website, footnotes --> | footnotes = }} '''Degmada maamulka ee Chris Hani''' ({{langx|xh|uMasipala weSithili sase Chris Hani}}) waa [[Degmada maamulka (Koonfur Afrika)|degmo maamul]] oo ku taal bartamaha gobolka [[Eastern Cape]] ee dalka [[Koonfur Afrika]] waxaana ka kooban sideed [[Degmooyinka hoose (Koonfur Afrika)|degmooyin hoose]]. Inta badan bulshada waxay ku nool yihiin aagag miyi ah.<ref name="Case Study">[https://www.salga.org.za/Documents/Municipalities/Guidelines%20for%20Municipalities/CHDM-Case-Study-Report--LOCAL-REGUALTION.pdf Warbixinta Daraasadda Xeerka Maxalliga ah ee Degmada Chris Hani. Ururka Dawladaha Hoose ee Koonfur Afrika. La galay 11 Febraayo 2018.]</ref> Muuqaalka dhulku wuxuu u dhexeeyaa dhul-beereed qoyan iyo buuro [[caws-bireed]] ah ilaa dhul [[oomane]] ah oo [[Karoo]] ah.<ref name="Healthy People">[https://www.sabcoha.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/EC_Business_Sector_Strategy_on_HIV_AIDS_TB_Wellness_2012-2016.pdf 2016. Dad caafimaad qaba - Dhaqaale caafimaad qaba. Isbahaysiga Ganacsiga Koonfur Afrika ee HIV & AIDS. La galay 11 Febraayo 2018.]</ref> Sannadkii 2016, gobolku wuxuu soo sheegay inuu leeyahay dad tiradoodu tahay 840,000 oo qof, taasoo ka dhigan 1.5% dadka guud ee Koonfur Afrika iyo 12% dadka guud ee Eastern Cape.<ref name="IDP">[https://www.chrishanidm.gov.za/download/2017-2022-CHDM-IDP-Draft.pdf 2016. Degmada Maamulka Chris Hani 2017-2022 IDP. La galay 11 Febraayo 2018.]</ref> Inta badan shaqada degmada maamulka waxay ku salaysan tahay shaqo aan xirfad lahayn.<ref name="Healthy People" /> == Degmooyinka Hoose == [[File:Map of the Eastern Cape with municipalities named and districts shaded (2016).svg|200px|thumb|left|Khariidadda Eastern Cape oo ay ku qoran yihiin degmooyinka iyo degmooyinka la hadh-geliyay (2016)]] Bariga waxaa ku yaal [[Emalahleni Local Municipality, Eastern Cape|Emalahleni]], [[Dr AB Xuma Local Municipality|Dr AB Xuma]] (oo horay u ahaan jiray Engcobo),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menzelwa |first=Zolile |title=Engcobo Local Municipality changes name to Dr AB Xuma Local Municipality |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/community-newspaper/mthathaexpress/watch-engcobo-local-municipality-changes-name-to-dr-ab-xuma-local-municipality-20220609 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Intsika Yethu Local Municipality|Intsika Yethu]], [[Sakhisizwe Local Municipality]] iyo qayb ka mid ah [[Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality]]. Degmooyinkan hoose waxay asal ahaan qayb ka ahaayeen [[Transkei]] ama [[Ciskei]], kuwaas oo ahaa dhulal hore oo hoos yimaada [[Apartheid]], kuwaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu kala saaro qowmiyado kala duwan. Aaggan weli waxaa lagu gartaa degsiimooyinkiisa miyiga iyo hawlaha [[beeraha nolol maalmeedka]].<ref name="Case Study" /> [[Inxuba Yethemba Local Municipality]] iyo [[Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality]] waxay ku yaallaan galbeedka. Aagaggani waxay asal ahaan qayb ka ahaayeen Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika intii lagu jiray Apartheid.<ref name="Case Study" /> Warshadaha beeraha ee degmada waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin kuwo laba-geesood ah maadaama ay u qaybsan yihiin dhaqaalaha koowaad ee beeraha ganacsiga iyo dhaqaalaha labaad ee beerashada nolol maalmeedka. In kasta oo ay jiraan wax soo saar beeraha oo muhiim ah, degmooyinku waa kuwa soo dhoofiya cuntooyinka la warshadeeyey.<ref name="Case Study" /> == Bixinta Adeegga == Bixinta adeegyada aasaasiga ah ayaa si gaar ah ugu xaddidan degmooyinka bariga kuwaas oo inta badan ah miyi. Dib-u-dhacyada waxaa ka mid ah bixinta biyaha tuubada iyo [[nadiifinta]] ku filan, [[kaabayaasha]] dugsiga iyo waddooyinka laamiga ah.<ref name="Healthy People" /> === Waddooyinka waaweyn === Degmadu waxay ku taal isgoysyada N6 ee ka yimaada [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]] ilaa [[Aliwal North]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Queenstown, South Africa|Komani]], R61 ee ka yimaada Komani ilaa [[Mthatha]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Cofimvaba]] iyada oo loo marayo Ngcobo iyo N10 ee ka yimaada [[Middelburg, Eastern Cape|Middelburg]] ilaa Aliwal North iyada oo loo marayo [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]].<ref name="IDP" /> Caddaynta waddooyinka laamiga ah ee inta kale ee degmada maamulka ayaa ka hooseeya celceliska gobolka Eastern Cape - taas oo keenta gaadiid dadweyne oo xaddidan iyo helitaanka goobaha [[daryeelka caafimaadka]] ee magaalooyinka waaweyn.<ref name="Healthy People" /> === Biyaha === Degmada maamulka waxay ku taal biyo-mareenka afar hababka wabiga. Kuwan waa [[Wabiga Orange]], [[Wabiga Great Fish]], [[Wabiga Mbashe]] iyo [[Wabiga Great Kei]]. Ilaha biyaha dusha sare waxay siiyaan biyo inta badan magaalooyinka aagga halka qaar yar oo kaliya ay ku tiirsan yihiin sahayda [[biyaha dhulka hoostiisa]].<ref name="Case Study" /> Aagagga miyiga, bulshooyinka waxay isticmaalaan biyo ka yimaada ilo aan la ilaalin, durdurro iyo ceelal. Beeraha ganacsiga ee galbeedka, sahayda biyuhu badiyaa waa biyo dhulka hoostiisa ah oo laga helo ceelal.<ref name="Case Study" /> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.chrishanidm.gov.za Mareegta Rasmiga ah ee Chris Hani DM] q829z97c723dd9kxhp6zzohjprneddd 0 48189 300477 299934 2026-07-01T00:17:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox protected area | name = Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls | image = Augrabie, Waterfalls, South Africa.jpg | image_caption = [[Augrabies Falls]] | image_size = | relief = 1 | map_caption = Goobta beerta | map_width = | location = [[Northern Cape]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | nearest_city = [[Upington]] | coordinates = {{coords|28|35|28|S|20|20|18|E|region:ZA-NC|display=inline, title}} | area_km2 = 820 | established = {{Start date and age|1966}} | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Beeraha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]] | url = https://www.sanparks.org/parks/augrabies-falls | image_map= }} '''Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls''' waa [[beerta qaran]] oo ku taal agagaarka [[Augrabies Falls]], qiyaastii {{cvt|120|km}} galbeed ka xigta [[Upington]]<ref name="PinchuckMcCrea2002">{{cite book|author1=Tony Pinchuck|author2=Barbara McCrea|author3=Donald Reid|title=South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA323|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-853-6|pages=323}}</ref> ee Gobolka Northern Cape, [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls waxay daboolaysaa bed dhan {{cvt|820|km2}}<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls National Park (South African media online)| url =http://sanparks.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/augrabies_falls_national_park| website =sanparks.africamediaonline.com/| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015| archive-date =2016-03-04| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105200/http://sanparks.africamediaonline.com/mmc/gallery/detail/events/augrabies_falls_national_park| url-status =dead}}</ref> waxayna ku fidsan tahay [[Wabiga Orange]]. Aaggu aad buu u oomane yahay. [[Waterfall|Biyo-dhacu]] waa qiyaastii {{cvt|60|metres}} oo dherer ah<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls National Park| url =http://www.places.co.za/accommodation/augrabies-falls-national-park.html| website =SA Places| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015 }}</ref> waana mid cajaa'ib leh marka uu wabigu fataho. [[Canyon|Dooxada]] ka hooseysa biyo-dhaca ayaa celcelis ahaan qoto dheer ilaa {{cvt|240|m}} waxayna socotaa ilaa {{cvt|18|km}}. Dooxadu waxay bixisaa tusaale cajiib ah oo nabaad-guur ah oo ku dhacay dhul [[granite|granitic]] ah. Beertan waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1966-kii.<ref name="Plessis2000">{{cite book |author=Heather Du Plessis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCWM_ht3-KcC&pg=PA76 |title=Tourism Destinations Southern Africa |date=1 Janaayo 2000 |publisher=Juta and Company Ltd |isbn=978-0-7021-5272-6}}</ref> == Dadkii degganaa asalka ahaa == Dadkii asalka ahaa ee [[Khoekhoe]] waxay biyo-dhaca u bixiyeen {{Langx|naq|Ankoerebis|links=|label=none}}, taas oo macnaheedu yahay "meesha buuqa weyn".<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls National Park| url =http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/augrabies/| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015| archive-date =2015-03-20| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20150320180702/http://www.sanparks.co.za/parks/augrabies/| url-status =dead}}</ref> Bulshooyinka [[Khoisan|Khoi]] iyo [[San people|San]] ee ku dhex nool beerta qaranka waxay ku nool yihiin guryo qaab-gubad ah oo loo yaqaan {{Langx|af|matjiehuise|lit=guryaha roogga|label=none}}. Guryahani waxay ku habboon yihiin cimilada kulul iyo qabow labadaba. Inta lagu jiro heerkulka kulul, jirridaha geedaha ee laga sameeyo roogagga ayaa yaraada, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in farqiyo u muuqdaan - taas oo abuuraysa nidaam hawo-qabow. Wax ka duwan ayaa dhaca inta lagu jiro cimilada qabow, maadaama jirridaha ay ballaariyaan si ay qabowga u ilaaliyaan.<ref name="Life">[http://www.siyabona.com/south-africa-info-augrabies-falls-national-park.html Siyabona Africa."Augrabies Falls National Park, Northern Cape. South Africa". Siyabona Africa (Pty)Ltd - Private Tours and Safari. Accessed: 10 Oktoobar 2018]</ref> [[Trekboers]]-kii goor dambe degay aagga ayaa ka soo qaatay magaca Augrabies. Magaca mararka qaarkood waxaa loo qoraa Aughrabies. Waxaa jira dhigaallo badan oo dheeman alluvial ah oo ku teedsan Wabiga Orange waxaana jira halyeey sheegaya in kaydka ugu weyn ee dheeman ee adduunka uu ku yaallo god-wareeg ah oo ku yaal granite-ka ee cagta biyo-dhaca oo ay qodeen biyaha onkodka ah.<ref>{{cite web| title =Encounter South Africa: Augrabies Falls| url =http://www.encounter.co.za/article/89.html| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015| archive-date =2018-01-26| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180126185720/http://www.encounter.co.za/article/89.html| url-status =dead}}</ref> == Nolosha xayawaanka iyo dhirta == [[File:Sociable Weavers nest in Quiver Tree (Aloidendron dichotomum) (51008121987).jpg|left|thumb|Buul [[Sociable weaver]] ah oo ku yaal Geedka Quiver.]] Geedka ugu caansan beerta waa geedka weyn ee aloe (''[[Aloidendron dichotomum]]'') oo loo yaqaan deegaanka ''geedka quiver'' ama {{Langx|af|kokerboom|label=none}}.<ref>{{cite web| title =Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape| url =http://www.southafrica.net/za/en/articles/entry/article-southafrica.net-augrabies-falls-northern-cape| access-date =30 Luulyo 2015 }}</ref> Waxay si dhammaystiran ula qabsatay aagagga dhagaxa ah ee semi-saxaraha ah ee laga helo [[Karoo#Nama Karoo biome|Nama-Karoo]], waxayna awood u leedahay inay u adkaysato heerkulka xad-dhaafka ah iyo ciidda aan bacrin ahayn. Geedkan, oo koraya ilaa shan mitir, wuxuu magaciisa ka helay xaqiiqda ah in Bushmen (San) ay isticmaaleen laamo jilicsan si ay u sameeyaan quiver-roor (galkii fallaarta) fallaarahooda. Silhouette-ka indhaha soo jiidanaya ee [[Aloidendron dichotomum|geedka quiver]] waa mid caadi u ah qaybtan dhulka Northern Cape. Marka geedku ubaxo xilliga jiilaalka, kooxo shimbiro ah ayaa lagu soo jiitaa nectar-kooda, daanyeeradana waxaa lagu arki karaa iyagoo jeexjeexaya ubaxa si ay u helaan cabitaanka macaan. [[Geedka Shepherd's]], geed jirrid leh oo ka baxa kayn-dhaqameed iyo bushveld qalalan, ayaa laga heli karaa aagga. Bulshooyinka Khoi iyo San ee ku xeeran aagaggan waxay geedkan u hayaan xushmad qoto dheer; burburintiisa waa mamnuuc.<ref name="Northern Cape">[http://sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/dassie_trail_brochure_sandy.pdf Dassi Interpretive Trail."Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa". SANPARKS. Accessed: 10 Oktoobar 2018]</ref> Geedkani wuxuu kaloo ka baxaa qayb ka mid ah gobolka [[Free State (province)|Free State]]. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo xayawaan ah oo ku yaal 28,000 hektar ee Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies. Xayawaanada sida [[springbok]], [[gemsbok]] iyo [[south-central black rhinoceros]] oo khatar ku jira ayaa laga heli karaa halkan. Xayawaanada naadirka ah sida [[Cape clawless otter]] ayaa laga arki karaa aagga, iyadoo ay la socdaan [[black-backed jackal]], [[caracal]], [[bat-eared fox]] iyo [[African wildcat]].<ref name="Life" /> [[File:Echo Corner in Augrabies Falls National Park.jpg|left|thumb|Goobta Echo Corner waxaa ku yaal xayawaan faro badan.]] [[Nile monitor]], oo ah xamaaratada ugu weyn Afrika, ayaa laga heli karaa biyaha agtooda.<ref name="Northern Cape" /> [[Double-banded sandgrouse]] ayaa laga heli karaa halkan, iyadoo ay la socdaan [[Namaqua sandgrouse]] oo inta badan la arko.<ref name="Life" /> Kuwan waxaa laga helaa nidaamyada biyaha macaan, harooyinka, iyo badda inta ay biyo macaan oo la cabbi karo ay jiraan. Meel caan ah oo ku taal beerta waa ''Moon Rock'', oo ah [[exfoliation dome]] weyn oo cabbirkeedu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|700|m}} by {{convert|100|m}} iyo {{convert|30|m}} oo dherer ah.<ref name="PinchuckMcCrea2002" /><ref name="koedoe40-2">{{cite journal|author=African Protected Area Conservation and Science|title=Popups on Moon Rock, Augrabies Falls National Park|journal=Koedoe|year=1997|volume=40|issue=2|pages=75–84|url=http://www.koedoe.co.za/index.php/koedoe/issue/view/22|access-date=12 Luulyo 2010|issn=0075-6458|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v40i2.274|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hawlaha == Ka sokow Augrabies Falls, hawlaha muhiimka ah ee beerta waxaa ka mid ah baabuur-wadid habeenkii inta lagu jiro xilliga ugu sarreeya; dariiqa Dassie iyo socodka 3-da maalmood ee Klipspringer.<ref name="Northern Cape" /> Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies waxay qiyaastii 8 saacadood u jirtaa [[Cape Town]], iyo 10 saacadood oo ka timid [[Johannesburg]].<ref name="Northern Cape" />[[File:Hikers_in_Augrabies_Falls_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Laba nin ayaa ku socda Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls, oo u dhow xadka u dhexeeya Koonfur Afrika iyo Namibia]] === Dariiqyada === Waxaa jira laba dariiq oo socod ah, labaduba waa kuwo is-hagaajiya oo leh calaamado [[waymark]] ah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=AUGRABIES FALLS NATIONAL PARK - Dassie Interpretive Trail |url=https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/dassie_trail_brochure_sandy.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=AUGRABIES FALLS NATIONAL PARK - Klipspringer Hiking Trail |url=https://www.sanparks.org/docs/parks_augrabies/tourism/klipspringer_trail_brochure.pdf}}</ref> ==== Dariiqa Dassie ==== Dariiqa Dassie waa {{cvt|5|km}} dhererkiisu.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Dariiqa Klipspringer ==== Dariiqa Klipspringer ee 3-da maalmood ah waa {{cvt|14.4|km}} dhererkiisu.<ref name=":1" /> == Cimilada == Xilliga roobabku wuxuu dhacaa inta badan inta u dhaxaysa bilaha Janaayo ilaa Abriil. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Broadley's Flat Lizard]] * [[Beeraha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]] * [[Yosemite National Park]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{wikivoyage|Augrabies Falls National Park}} * [https://www.sanparks.org/parks/augrabies-falls Mareegta rasmiga ah] *{{commons category-inline}} {{authority control}} h5ru1rrdvk8nlvi9yfdx67c9kuoedvp 0 48190 300478 299937 2026-07-01T00:19:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox waterfall | name = Augrabies Falls | map = | photo = Augrabies Falls, March 2008.jpg | photo_width = | photo_caption = Augrabies Falls | location =[[Kai ǃGarib Local Municipality]], [[Northern Cape]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | coords = {{coord|28|35|29|S|20|20|27|E|type:landmark_region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | elevation = | type = Cascade | height = {{convert|183|ft|order=flip}} | width = | height_longest = | average_width = {{convert|80|ft|order=flip}} | number_drops = | average_flow = {{convert|11050|ft3|order=flip}} | watercourse = [[Wabiga Orange]] | world_rank = }} '''Augrabies Falls''' {{IPAc-en|ɔː|ˈ|x|r|ɑː|b|iː|z}} waa [[biyo-dhac]] ku yaal [[Wabiga Orange]], oo ah wabiga ugu weyn [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Tan iyo 1966-kii biyo-dhaca, oo ku yaal deegaan cidlo iyo qallafsan, waxaa ku wareegsan [[Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls]]. Biyo-dhacu waa qiyaastii {{convert|56|m|}} oo dherer ah.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Augrabies-Falls-116/|title=Augrabies Falls {{!}} World Waterfall Database|website=www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com|access-date=2017-02-21}}</ref> Ilaha qaar ayaa xusaya dherer qiyaas ahaan ah {{convert|146|m|}}; kani waa dhab ahaan dhererka laga bilaabo salka dooxada ilaa sare ee derbiyada, ma aha kan biyo-dhaca laftiisa.<ref name=":0" /> == Sahaminta == Dadkii asalka ahaa ee [[Khoikhoi]] waxay biyo-dhaca u bixiyeen "Ankoerebis" — "meesha buuqa weyn" — oo ay [[Trek Boers]], oo halkan degay markii dambe, ka soo qaateen magaca, "Augrabies".<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=62|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.}}</ref> Hoggaamiyihii ugu dambeeyay ee dadka deegaanka asalka ah wuxuu ahaa Klaas Pofadder oo ku noolaa jasiirad ku taal wabiga dusheeda biyo-dhaca, oo hadda loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Klaas. Yurubiyiinkii ugu horreeyay ee arkay biyo-dhaca wuxuu ahaa askarigii reer Iswiidhan ee fallaagada ahaa [[Hendrik Jakob Wikar]].<ref name="wm"/> Wuxuu yimid biyo-dhaca bishii Oktoobar 1778, ka dib sannado badan oo uu ku wareegayay duurka. Markii safar kale, George Thompson, ay u kaxeeyeen biyo-dhaca hagayaashiisii [[Griqua people|Koranna]] sannadkii 1826, wuxuu u bixiyay [[Boqor George IV]].{{cn|date=Maarso 2026}} Horraantii 1920-yadii askari, sahamiye iyo siyaasi [[Deneys Reitz]] ayaa u dabaashay ilaa barkadda hoose iyo godka ka dambeeya biyo-dhaca, isagoo sheegtay inuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee sidaas sameeya oo noolaada.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Reitz |first1=Deneys |title=Adrift on the Open Veld |date=1999 |publisher=Stormberg |location=Cape Town |isbn=978-0-6202-4380-3 |pages=589-590}}</ref> == Cabbirka == Augrabies Falls waxay diiwaangeliyeen {{convert|7800|m3}} oo biyo ah ilbiriqsi kasta fatahaadihii 1988 (iyo {{convert|6800|m3}} fatahaadihii 2006). Tani waa in ka badan saddex jeer celceliska heerka socodka xilli-roobaadka ee [[Niagara Falls]] oo ah {{convert|2400|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta, in ka badan afar jeer celceliska sanadlaha ah ee Niagara, kana weyn rikoodhkii abid ee Niagara oo ah {{convert|6800|m3}} ilbiriqsi kasta. Dooxada Augrabies Falls waa {{convert|240|m|ft|sigfig=1}} qoto dheer iyo {{convert|18|km|mi|sigfig=1}} dherer ah, waana tusaale cajiib ah oo nabaad-guurka granite-ka ah.{{citation needed|date=Febraayo 2021|reason=IP stated These figures need to be checked against Wikipedia comparisons for world waterfalls. They seem wildly out of line}} == Khataraha == Tan iyo 1966-kii, in ka badan 20 qof ayaa u dhintay iyagoo ku dhacay dooxada, shan kalena waxaa la qaaday biyo-dhaca. Dalxiis u dhashay Scandinavia si kastaba ha ahaatee wuu ka badbaaday dhicitaan ku dhacay dooxada 1979-kii, sidoo kale nin la qaaday biyo-dhaca bishii Oktoobar 1981-kii. Meydadka kuwa kale ayaa lagu xayiray barkadda hoose ee hoos ku taal oo aan waligood la helin. Sidoo kale, xayawaannada ay ku jiraan lo'da iyo qadiibka (hippo) ayaa la qaaday biyo-dhaca.<ref name="wm">{{cite web |title=Augrabies Falls |url=https://www.wondermondo.com/augrabies-falls/ |website=WonderMondo |date=9 Febraayo 2019 |access-date=1 Oktoobar 2019 |archive-date=2024-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622055412/https://www.wondermondo.com/augrabies-falls/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <gallery class="center" caption="Augrabies Falls" heights="155px" widths="155px" mode=packed> File:Augrabies Falls 1.JPG | Biyo-dhaca oo laga eegayo madasha daawashada Image:Augrabies Falls.jpg | Augrabies Falls xilliga jiilaalka File:Augrabie 01.jpg | Biyo-dhaca oo fatahay </gallery> == Sheeko-xariir == Sheeko-xariirta ka dhexaysa kuwa raadinayay macdanta ee Koonfur Afrika horraantii qarnigii labaatanaad waxay ku sifeeyaan barkadda hoosta King George Cataract inay ka buuxaan dheeman, kuwaas oo ay qaadaan hirarka hoos u socda Wabiga Orange. Intaa waxaa dheer, barkadda waxaa kale oo la sheegaa inay tahay godka xayawaan mas u eg oo loo yaqaan [[Grootslang]].<ref name="Dream">{{cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G. |title= Where Men Still Dream |date=1948 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54893 |publisher= Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town |page= 125-126}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[Liiska biyo-dhacyada]] *[[Liiska biyo-dhacyada ee Koonfur Afrika]] *[[Liiska biyo-dhacyada iyadoo loo eegayo heerka socodka]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category|Augrabies Falls}} {{wikivoyage|Augrabies Falls National Park}} *[http://www.sanparks.org/parks/augrabies/ Beerta Qaranka ee Augrabies Falls] *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00105-3 |title=Anabranching in mixed bedrock-alluvial rivers: The example of the Orange River above Augrabies Falls, Northern Cape Province, South Africa |journal=Geomorphology |volume=57 |issue=3–4 |pages=235–62 |year=2004 |last1=Tooth |first1=S |last2=McCarthy |first2=T.S |bibcode=2004Geomo..57..235T }} {{Authority control}} 4w8nos4p2w9cxqcvt8z195plk04jri5 0 48192 300537 299939 2026-07-01T01:51:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian |image = Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg |image_size = |image_alt = |caption = Muuqaal hawada sare ah oo laga soo qaaday [[Kaydka Xayawaanka Okapi]] |map = Ecoregions-of-the-republic-of-the-congo.jpg |map_size = |map_caption = Ecoregions-ka kaymaha roobka ee Congolian: 2. [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]], 6. [[Central Congolian lowland forests]] 7. [[Eastern Congolian swamp forests]], 8. [[Western Congolian swamp forests]], 9. [[Northeastern Congolian lowland forests]], 15. [[Northwestern Congolian lowland forests]] |biogeographic_realm = [[Afrotropical realm|Afrotropical]] |biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] |animals = |bird_species = |mammal_species = |border = |borders = |area = |country = [[Angola]] ([[Gobolka Cabinda|Cabinda]]) |country1 = [[Cameroon]] |country2 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe]] |country3 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] |country4 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] |country5 = [[Equatorial Guinea]] |country6 = [[Gabon]] |state = |region_type = |elevation = |coordinates = |geology = |seas = |rivers = |climate = |soil = |conservation = |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = |protected_ref = }} '''Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts tropicales congolaises'') waa suun ballaaran oo kaymaha roobka ah ee dhulka hoose, kuwaas oo ku fidsan [[Congo Basin|bacaad-haadka]] [[Wabiga Kongo]] iyo tributaries-kiisa ee [[Bartamaha Afrika]]. == Sharaxaadda == [[File:Sapele Tree Congo Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Geedka Sapele oo ku yaal Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] Kaynta roobka ee Congolian waa kaynta labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee [[kaynta kulaylaha]], ka dib [[Amazon rainforest|kaynta roobka ee Amazon]]. Waxay dabooshaa in ka badan {{convert|500000000|acres|km2}} oo ku kala baahsan lix dal waxayna ka kooban tahay rubuc ka mid ah kaymaha roobka ee adduunka ka haray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/cbfp.html|title=Congo Basin Forest Partnership|publisher=USAID|access-date=2008-05-06|archive-date=2008-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080508210051/http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/cbfp.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="congobasin">{{cite web |url= https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/congo-basin|title= Congo Basin|website= World Wildlife Fund|publisher= World Wildlife Fund - WWF|access-date= 20 May 2022}}</ref> Kaymaha Congolian waxay dabooshaa koonfur-bari [[Cameroon]], [[Gabon]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], waqooyiga iyo bartamaha [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], iyo qaybo ka mid ah koonfurta iyo bartamaha Afrika. Kaynta roobka ee Congolian waa hoy u ah tiro aad u badan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah, oo ay ku jiraan in ka badan 10,000 oo nooc oo dhir ah iyo in ka badan 10,000 oo nooc oo xayawaan ah. Waxaa lagu qiyaasay in gobolku uu ka kooban yahay in ka badan rubuc ka mid ah noocyada dhirta adduunka waana hoy u ah mid ka mid ah noocyada prímates-ka ee ugu hanjabaadda badan adduunka, [[western lowland gorilla|gorilla-ha dhulka hoose ee galbeedka]].<ref>{{cite iucn |author=Maisels, F. |author2=Strindberg, S. |author3=Breuer, T. |author4=Greer, D. |author5=Jeffery, K. |author6=Stokes, E. |year=2018 |amends=2016 |title=''Gorilla gorilla'' ssp. ''gorilla'' |article-number=e.T9406A136251508 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T9406A136251508.en}}</ref> Waxaa kale oo jira tiro noocyo kale oo primates ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[chimpanzee]], [[Black colobus|daanyeerka colobus-ka madow]], [[Red colobus|daanyeerka colobus-ka cas]], iyo [[olive baboon|daanyeerka baboon-ka saytuunka]]. Bartamaha Bacaad-haadka Kongo waa hoy u ah mid ka mid ah dhulka-biyo-mareennada (peatlands) ee ugu weyn adduunka, kuwaas oo ku fidsan labada dhinac ee Wabiga Kongo iyo tributaries-kiisa. [[Peat swamp forests|Kaymaha dhulka-biyo-mareenka]] ee Bacaad-haadka Kongo waxay kaydiyaan ku dhawaad 29 bilyan oo tan oo kaarboon ah - taas oo u dhiganta ku dhawaad saddex sano oo qiiqa kaarboonka ee caalamiga ah.<ref name = unep>{{cite web |title=Critical ecosystems: Congo Basin peatlands |url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/critical-ecosystems-congo-basin-peatlands |website=UN Environment Programme |access-date=27 February 2026 |date=27 February 2023}}</ref> Waqooyiga, koonfurta, iyo koonfur-galbeed, kaymuhu waxay u gudbaan [[forest-savanna mosaic|dhul-kayn iyo savana isku dhex-yaal]], oo ah isku-darka kaymo qallalan, [[savanna|savana]], iyo [[grassland|dhul-cawsleed]].<ref>Linder, H. Peter, Helen M. de Klerk Julia Born et al. (2012). "The partitioning of Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub‐Saharan Africa". ''Journal of Biogeography'' Volume 39, Issue 7 May 2012.</ref> Galbeedka, kaymaha Congolian waxay u gudbaan [[Lower Guinean forests|kaymaha xeebaha ee Lower Guinean]], kuwaas oo ka fidsan koonfur-galbeed Cameroon ilaa koonfurta [[Nigeria]] iyo [[Benin]]; aagaggan kaynta waxay wadaagaan waxyaabo badan oo isku mid ah waxaana mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan kaymaha Lower Guinean-Congolian. Bari, kaymaha Congolian ee dhulka hoose waxay u gudbaan [[Albertine Rift montane forests|kaymaha buuraleyda ee Albertine Rift]], kuwaas oo daboosha buuraha safka ugu jira [[Albertine Rift]], oo ah laan ka mid ah nidaamka [[East African Rift|East African Rift]]. === Ecoregions === [[World Wide Fund for Nature|Ururka World Wide Fund for Nature]] wuxuu u qaybiyaa kaymaha Congolian lix [[ecoregion|ecoregion]] oo kala duwan: * [[Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests]] (Angola, Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Kongo, Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo, Equatorial Guinea, iyo Gabon) * [[Central Congolian lowland forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) * [[Eastern Congolian swamp forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) * [[Northeastern Congolian lowland forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) * [[Northwestern Congolian lowland forests]] (Cameroon, Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe, Gabon, iyo Jamhuuriyadda Kongo) * [[Western Congolian swamp forests]] (Jamhuuriyadda Kongo iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo) == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == {{See also|Category:Flora of West-Central Tropical Africa}} [[File:Grooming de Zoé.jpg|thumb|[[Bonobo]]s waxay ku nool yihiin koonfurta [[Wabiga Kongo]]]] Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian waa hoy u ah in ka badan 10,000 oo nooc oo dhir ah kuwaas oo 30% ay yihiin [[endemic|hooyo]] u ah gobolka.<ref name="congobasin" /> Kaymaha roobka ee Congolian waxay leeyihiin kala duwanaansho nooleed oo ka yar kaymaha [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]] iyo [[Southeast Asia|Aasiyada Koonfur-Bari]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhirta iyo xayawaanka ku nool weli waa kuwa ka qaniisan oo ka kala duwan inta badan meelaha kale ee Dunida. Kaymaha Congolian waa [[global 200|global 200]] [[ecoregion|ecoregion]]. Waxaa jira in ka badan 400 oo nooc oo naasley ah oo ku nool kaynta roobka, oo ay ku jiraan [[African forest elephant|maroodiga kaynta Afrika]], [[African bush elephant|maroodiga duurjoogta Afrika]], [[leopard|shabeelka]], [[Bongo (antelope)|bongo]], [[red river hog|doofaarka webiga cas]], [[chimpanzee|chimpanzee]], [[bonobo|bonobo]], [[mountain gorilla|gorilla-ha buurta]], iyo [[lowland gorilla|gorilla-ha dhulka hoose]].<ref name="congobasin" /> [[okapi|Okapi]]-ga ayaa u gaar ah (endemic) kaymaha roobka ee Congolian ee waqooyi-bari. Kaymaha roobka waxay leeyihiin 1,000 nooc oo shimbiro ah oo hooyo u ah kaynta sida [[grey parrot|babeegga cawlan]], [[brown nightjar|nightjar-ka buniga ah]] iyo [[bat hawk|baaska caawada]], iyo 700 oo nooc oo kalluun ah sida [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Nile]], [[Nile perch|perch-ka Nile]] iyo [[giraffe catfish|giraffe catfish-ka]].<ref name = congobasin/> [[File:Rainforest Gabon.jpg|thumb|Kaynta roobka ee Gabon]] == Ilaalinta == [[File:Rainforest - Ituri (20874628148).jpg|thumb|Kaynta roobka oo laga eegayo xagga sare]] Hanjabaadaha ku wajahan kaymaha roobka waxaa ka mid ah burburinta iyo kala-goynta kaymaha ee ay sababaan goynta alwaaxda ee ganacsiga, beeraha [[Elaeis guineensis|timirta saliidda]], iyo macdanta. Ganacsiga [[bushmeat|hilibka duurjoogta]] iyo ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ayaa ka dhimaya kaymaha roobka ee duurjoogta.<ref name="congobasin" /> Iyadoo [[forest loss|luminta kaynta]] sannadlaha ah ay ahayd 0.3% intii lagu jiray 2000-yadii,<ref>{{cite journal|title= State and evolution of the African rainforests between 1990 and 2010|journal= Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume= 368|issue= 1625|article-number= 20120300|year= 2013|last1= Mayaux|first1= P.}}</ref> gobolku wuxuu lahaa heerka ugu hooseeya ee [[deforestation|kayn-baxa]] marka loo eego aag kasta oo kale oo waaweyn oo kaynta kulaylaha ah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/deforestation.html|title=Deforestation in the Congo Rainforest|publisher=Mongabay}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 2015 ilaa 2019, heerka [[deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|kayn-baxa ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] wuu laba-laabmay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49679883|title=World 'losing battle against deforestation'|last=Kinver|first=Mark|date=2019-09-12|work=BBC News}}</ref> Sannadkii 2021, kayn-baxa kaynta Congolian wuu kordhay 5%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/next-amazon-congo-basin-faces-rising-deforestation-threat-2022-11-11/ |work=Reuters |date=11 November 2022}}</ref> 20-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, 17.1 milyan oo hektar oo kayn ah ayaa la gooyay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Analysis: Preventing deforestation in the Congo |url=https://ecologi.com/projects/preventing-deforestation-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/ | work=ecologi |date=14 February 2024}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/congo/ecoregions/congo-basin-ecoregion Congo Basin Ecoregions], Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies * [http://rainforests.mongabay.com/congo/ The Congo Rainforest] * [https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/congo-basin Congo Rainforest and Basin (WWF)] * [https://ecologi.com/projects/preventing-deforestation-in-the-democratic-republic-of-congo] 8g74jjiw5ls4jp27d93rpkwbzj63bmh 0 48193 300536 299940 2026-07-01T01:51:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = Central Congolian lowland forests |image = LukenieRiver.jpg |image_caption = Muuqaal hawada sare ah oo laga soo qaaday [[Wabiga Lukenie]] iyadoo ay u marayso kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Central Congolese ee DRC. |map = Central Congolian Lowland Forests Ecoregion.png |map_caption = Khariidadda Central Congolian Lowland Forests |biogeographic_realm = [[Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] |biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] |animals = |bird_species = |mammal_species = |border = |borders = |area = 414,800 |country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] |countries = |state = |region_type = |elevation = |coordinates = {{coord|-1.5|22.6|display=it}} |geology = |seas = |rivers = |climate = |soil = |conservation = mid aan aad u dhiban |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = |protected_ref = |embedded = }} '''Central Congolian lowland forests''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts de plaine du centre du Congo'') waa [[ecoregion|ecoregion]] ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Tani waa goob fog, oo aan la geli karin oo ka kooban kayn qoyan oo cufan oo dhulka hoose ah, geedo yaryar iyo dhul-biyo-mareen (swamp) oo ku yaal gobolka [[Cuvette Centrale]] ee [[Congo Basin|Bacaad-haadka Kongo]] koonfurta qaansada [[Wabiga Kongo]].<ref>{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=at0104|name=Central Congolian lowland forests}}</ref><ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name='dopa'>{{cite web|title=Central Congolian lowland forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30104|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Central Congolian lowland forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Central_Congolian_lowland_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Fauna == Gobolka si ku filan looguma samayn cilmi-baaris ay sameeyaan khubarada cilmiga xayawaanka laakiin waxaa la og yahay inay hoy u yihiin [[antelopes|antelopes]], [[forest elephants|maroodiga kaynta]], iyo dhowr prímates, oo ay ku jiraan [[bonobo|bonobo-ga]] naadirka ah (''Pan paniscus''), [[De Brazza's monkey|daanyeerka De Brazza]], [[crested mangabey|crested mangabey]] iyo [[lowland gorilla|gorilla-ha dhulka hoose]]. Waxaa jira hal naasley oo si adag u endemic ah, oo ah [[Dryas monkey|daanyeerka Dryas]] (''Cercopithecus dryas''). Naasleyda kale ee u dhow-endemic-ka waxaa ka mid ah [[golden-bellied mangabey|golden-bellied mangabey]] (''Cercocebus chrysogaster''), [[okapi|okapi]] (''Okapia johnstoni''), [[Allen's swamp monkey|Allen's swamp monkey]] (''Allenopithecus nigroviridis''), [[Angolan kusimanse|Angolan kusimanse]] (''Crossarchus ansorgei''), [[Thollon's red colobus|Thollon's red colobus]] (''Procolobus tholloni'') iyo [[Wolf's mona monkey|Wolf's mona monkey]] (''Cercopithecus wolfi''). Waxaa jira laba shimbirood oo u dhow-endemic-ka gobolka: [[Congo peafowl|Congo peafowl]] (''Afropavo congensis'', VU) iyo [[yellow-legged weaver|yellow-legged weaver]] (''Malimbus flavipes''). == Khataraha iyo ilaalinta == Kayntu waxay u badan tahay mid aan la taaban maadaama dadka ku nool ay ku kooban yihiin bulshooyin yaryar oo ugaarsada oo kalluumaysta wabiyada badan ee gooya gobolkan fog, ee dhiiqada leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee xayawaanno badan ayaa u nugul ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah, dhaqdhaqaaqoodana waxaa xaddiday shabakadda waddooyinka biyaha. Dhanka kale [[Salonga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Salonga]] waa aag aad u weyn oo la ilaaliyo oo ku yaal gudaha gobolka, mid ka mid ah beeraha qaranka ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo kaynta roobka ee labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee beerta qaranka. == Aagagga magaalooyinka iyo degsiimooyinka == Cuvette Centrale waa meel fog oo dadku ku yar yihiin, waxaa jira suuqyo iyo tuulooyin wabiga ku teedsan sida [[Ikela]] laakiin gelitaanka aaggan waa adag yahay (doon dug-out ah) iyo/ama qaali (waxaa jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo u dhow Beerta Salonga). == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commons-inline}} [http://www.plexusowls.com/PDFs/congo_marcot_sidle.pdf detailed study of Salonga National Park] * http://www.zoosociety.org/Conservation/Bonobo/BCBI/Salonga.php {{Wayback|url=http://www.zoosociety.org/Conservation/Bonobo/BCBI/Salonga.php |date=20081014000903 }} * http://www.eoearth.org/article/Salonga_National_Park,_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo aud46be8z8c64thrbu8ojrvkeqiezyp 0 48195 300535 299943 2026-07-01T01:50:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion | name = Kaymaha buuraha ee Albertine Rift<br>''Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin'' | image = Bwindi mountains.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = [[Bwindi Impenetrable Forest]] ee [[Uganda]] | country = [[Burundi]] | country1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | country2 = [[Rwanda]] | country3 = [[Tanzania]] | country4 = [[Uganda]] | border = [[Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]] | border1 = [[East Sudanian savanna]] | border2 = [[Victoria Basin forest–savanna mosaic]] | border3 = [[Central Zambezian miombo woodlands]] | border4 = [[Southern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic]] | border5 = [[Northeast Congolian lowland forests]] | border6 = [[Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands]] | bird_species = 732<ref name = "Atlas"> {{cite book |last1 = Hoekstra |first1 = J. M. |last2 = Molnar |first2 = J. L. |last3 = Jennings |first3 = M. |last4 = Revenga |first4 = C. |last5 = Spalding |first5 = M. D. |last6 = Boucher |first6 = T. M. |last7 = Robertson |first7 = J. C. |last8 = Heibel |first8 = T. J. |last9 = Ellison |first9 = K. |title = The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference |publisher = [[University of California Press]] |editor1-last = Molnar |editor1-first = J. L. |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-520-26256-0 }}</ref> | mammal_species = 228<ref name = "Atlas"/> | habitat_loss = 27.433 | habitat_loss_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/> | protected = 12.48 | protected_ref = <ref name = "Atlas"/> | area = 103900 | biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] | coordinates = {{coord|2.75|S|29.14|E|display=title,inline}} | map = Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion.png | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = Khariidadda Albertine Rift Montane Forests }} '''Kaymaha buuraha ee Albertine Rift''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts montagnardes du Rift Albertin'') waa [[kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran|ecoregion kayn qoyan oo kulaylaha ah]] oo ku taal bariga-bartamaha Afrika. Ecoregion-ku wuxuu dabooshaa buuraha waqooyiga [[Albertine Rift]], waana hoy u ah kaymaha [[Afromontane]] ee leh kala duwanaansho nooleed oo sarreeya.<ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name=dopa></ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Albertine Rift montane forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Albertine_Rift_montane_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Kaymaha sare ee buuraleyda ah waxay daboolaan qaybaha galbeed ee [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Burundi]], xadka bari ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], iyo qaybo ka mid ah galbeedka [[Uganda]] iyo [[Tanzania]]. Aaggan wuxuu ku fadhiyaa buuraha isbarbar socda ee [[Albertine Rift Mountains]] kuwaas oo ku hareeraysan laanta galbeed ee [[East African Rift|East African Rift]]. Buuraha waxaa ka mid ah Lendu Plateau ee Uganda (kayntu waxay ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba ka banneeyeen halkan), iyo [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]] iyo [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Rwenzori]] ee [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]], iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Joogga ugu sarreeya ee buuraha Rwenzori iyo Virunga (in ka badan 3000 mitir), kaymuhu waxay u gudbaan [[Afroalpine]] [[Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands|ecoregion-ka Rwenzori–Virunga montane moorlands]], oo ay ku jiraan meelaha ugu sarreeya ee [[Mount Stanley]] iyo [[Mount Karisimbi]]. Meesha ugu sarreysa ee Burundi, [[Mount Heha]] si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay ku taal ecoregion-kan. === Aagagga magaalooyinka iyo degsiimooyinka === Aagagga horumaray iyo kuwa la dejiyey ee gobolka waxaa ka mid ah: * Uganda — magaalada suuqa ee [[Fort Portal]], oo ah saldhigga daawashada chimpanzees-ka ee [[Kibale National Park]], iyo xarun loogu talagalay booqashada buuraha Ruwenzori ee waqooyiga. * Rwanda — [[Ruhengeri]] (oo u dhow [[Volcanoes National Park]]), iyo magaalooyinka [[Lake Kivu|Harada Kivu]] ee [[Gisenyi]], [[Kibuye, Rwanda|Kibuye]] (oo loogu talagalay safarada doonyaha ee [[Napoleon Island]] ee harada dhexdeeda), iyo [[Cyangugu]], oo ah saldhigga daawashada prímates-ka ee [[Nyungwe Forest]]. * Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo — magaalooyinka [[Harada Kivu]] ee [[Goma]], oo ka soo horjeeda Gisenyi iyo saldhigga booqashada Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga) iyo [[Bukavu]], oo ka soo horjeeda Cyangugu iyo u dhow [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]], kaas oo ah hoyga mountain gorillas, laakiin khatar ugu jira colaadda gobolka (eeg [[Second Congo War]]). * Burundi — magaalooyinka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Cibitoke]] iyo [[Bubanza]] oo fatahaaddu burburisay, iyo magaalada koonfureed ee [[Bururi]] halkaas oo [[Bururi Forest Nature Reserve]] ay ilaaliso qaar ka mid ah kaymaha Afromontane. == Dhirta iyo xayawaanka == Kaymaha roobka ee buuraleyda ah ee ecoregion-ku waxay leeyihiin cimilo ka qabow [[Congolian lowland forests|kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Congolian]] ama savana-da Uganda, Rwanda iyo Burundi, sidaas darteedna waa hoy u ah noocyo kala duwan oo dhirta [[Afromontane]] ah iyo gaar ahaan xayawaannada. Kaymaha buuraleyda ah ee Albertine Rift waxaa lagu daray liiska ilaalinta [[Global 200]]. [[File:Albertine Rift, East African Rift (artificial rendering).jpg|alt=Computer generated oblique view from space showing lakes and mountain ranges|thumb|Topographic relief ee Albertine Rift, oo loo eegayo waqooyi laga bilaabo [[Lake Tanganyika]]]] [[Mountain gorilla|Gorilla-ha buurta]] naadirka ah (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') wuxuu ku badbaadaa oo keliya ecoregion-kan sida ay u sameeyaan [[L'Hoest's monkey|daanyeerka L'Hoest]], iyo nooc hoosaad ka mid ah [[Hamlyn's monkey|daanyeerka Hamlyn]] − iyo sidoo kale noocyo badan oo endemic ah oo balanbaalis iyo shimbiro ah oo ay ku jiraan: [[Grauer's warbler|Grauer's warbler]], [[Chapin's flycatcher|Chapin's flycatcher]], iyo [[Rwenzori turaco|Rwenzori turaco]]. [[Lendu Plateau clawed frog|Lendu Plateau clawed frog-ga]] waa [[endemic]] u ah qaab-dhismeedka dhulkaas ee ecoregion-ka. == Ilaalinta == Kaymaha inteeda badan mar hore ayaa loo nadiifiyey beeraha ama goynta alwaaxda, gaar ahaan Rwanda iyo Burundi oo dadku aad ugu badan yihiin, laakiin aagag ballaaran oo kayn ah ayaa weli ku jira kaydka kaynta iyo meelaha sare ee buuraha [[Virunga Mountains|Virunga]], [[Itombwe Mountains|Itombwe]], iyo [[Rwenzori Mountains|Rwenzori]]. Nadiifinta kayntu waa mid socota waana hanjabaad weyn oo ku wajahan deegaanka gobolka, iyo kaymaha sida kaydka kaarboonka oo muhiim ah.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cuni-Sanchez|first1=Aida|last2=Sullivan|first2=Martin J. P.|last3=Platts|first3=Philip J.|last4=Lewis|first4=Simon L.|last5=Marchant|first5=Rob|last6=Imani|first6=Gérard|last7=Hubau|first7=Wannes|last8=Abiem|first8=Iveren|last9=Adhikari|first9=Hari|last10=Albrecht|first10=Tomas|last11=Altman|first11=Jan|date=2021-08-25|title=High aboveground carbon stock of African tropical montane forests|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03728-4.epdf?sharing_token=bEqkRzgN33GRS15EArVbQ9RgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0NrP20v6tBYDXQx4YD3p4C_dUvqpqn22LnJwEyOGgD2loZqhnO_vOkXwECa6hZtic2kTEfvE4_nj7iQ64uteejvRwq0pqhS8_it9sTpvQkmKWDt2Bg7dc2LY7mxcLBuWIlOchgDKxKsdv5F7mynlaeIuV_9AWCL8gS_lLskAY_JW-qswzNp56qzXW3rzv1FI_w=&tracking_referrer=www.derstandard.de|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=536–542|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03728-4|pmid=34433947|s2cid=237307786|issn=0028-0836|access-date=2021-09-07}}</ref> Taariikhda siyaasadeed iyo fallaagada ee rabshadaha wadata ee gobolka waayadii dambe ayaa sidoo kale u geystay dhaawac dheelitirka deegaanka, tusaale ahaan ku dhawaad baabi'inta dadka [[African bush elephant|maroodiga duurjoogta Afrika]] ee Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga ee DRC. === Aagagga la ilaaliyo === 11.93% ee ecoregion-ku waxay ku jiraan aagag la ilaaliyo. Aagagga la ilaaliyo waxaa ka mid ah:<ref name="dopa">"Albertine Rift montane forests". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 22 March 2022. [https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30101]</ref> * [[Bururi Forest Nature Reserve]], Burundi * [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]], Uganda * [[Gishwati-Mukura National Park]], Rwanda * [[Kahuzi-Biéga National Park]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Kazinga Wildlife Sanctuary]], Uganda * [[Kibale National Park]], Uganda * [[Kibira National Park]], Burundi * [[Kisimba Ikobo Primate Nature Reserve]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Kyambura Wildlife Reserve]], Uganda * [[Mahale Mountains National Park]], Tanzania * [[Mgahinga Gorilla National Park]], Uganda * [[Monge Forest Nature Reserve]], Burundi * [[Nyungwe National Park]], Rwanda * [[Rusizi National Park]], Burundi * [[Rwenzori Mountains National Park]], Uganda * [[Queen Elizabeth National Park]], Uganda * [[Semuliki National Park]], Uganda * [[Tayna Nature Reserve]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve]], Uganda * [[Virunga National Park]], Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo * [[Volcanoes National Park]], Rwanda == Dalxiiska == Hawlaha booqdayaasha ee deegaannada ecoregion-ka waxaa ka mid ah: * [[Mountain gorilla|Mountain gorilla]] daawashada ee {{convert|434|km2|mi2}} Virunga Conservation Area (VCA) ee [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]], kaas oo ay ku jiraan: :*[[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]] ee Uganda. :*[[Virunga National Park]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo. :*[[Volcanoes National Park]] ee Rwanda — saldhiggii hore ee saynisyahanka xayawaanka [[Dian Fossey]]. * [[Kibale National Park]] ee Uganda. * Socodka buuraha ee [[Rwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Rwenzori]], iyo gudaha [[Ruwenzori Mountains National Park]]. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * {{commons-inline||Albertine Rift Montane Forests Ecoregion}} *{{WWF ecoregion|name=Albertine Rift montane forests|id=at0101}} *[http://www.albertinerift.org/ Albertinerift.org: Albertine Rift Programme] — ''ee [[Wildlife Conservation Society]]''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100104014918/http://rwandatourism.com/ The Rwanda Tourist Board (ORTPN)] * [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre.org: Volcanoes National Park] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm |date=20070929124424 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100428034457/http://www.footprint-adventures.co.uk/rwanda5.html Footprint Adventures.uk: The Virunga Primates] *[http://projects.bebif.be/enbi/albertinerift/common/ Bebif.be: Albertine Rift Projects] — ''ee [[Royal Museum for Central Africa]] − oo ay ku jiraan shimbiro hooyo, balanbaalis, kalluun, & qoyska [[Rubiaceae]] dhirta''. 2il6lbh0uvqz3mbcp2ksa0f0hn2j3h9 0 48202 300538 299952 2026-07-01T01:53:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage --> <!-- Basic info ---------------->| official_name = Kindamba | other_name = | native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> | nickname = | settlement_type = Tuulo | motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = | shield_size = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = | pushpin_map = Republic of the Congo<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> | pushpin_label_position = top | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Kongo <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = Waddanka | subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Waaxaha Jamhuuriyadda Kongo|Waax]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Pool Department|Pool]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Degmooyinka Jamhuuriyadda Kongo|Degmo]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kindamba District|Kindamba]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> | leader_name1 = | established_title = <!-- Settled --> | established_date = | established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> | established_date2 = | established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> | established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = 2023 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 9,270 | population_density_km2 = | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_blank1_title = Qowmiyadaha | population_blank1 = | population_blank2_title = Diimaha | population_blank2 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> | timezone = | utc_offset = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|3|44|5|S|14|30|35|E|region:CG|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> | elevation_m = 443 | elevation_ft = <!-- accord. to Google Earth--> <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> | postal_code = | area_code = 242 | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Kindamba''' waa tuulo ku taal [[Degmada Kindamba]] ee [[Waaxda Pool]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]]. == Taariikh == Kindamba waxay ahayd magaalo weyn oo ka tirsan Waaxda Pool ilaa bartamihii 1990-meeyadii, iyadoo ay ku noolaayeen qiyaastii 16,000 oo qof. Dadka deggen inta badan way qaxeen intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Jamhuuriyadda Kongo (1993–1994)]], dugsiyadeedii, isbitaalkii iyo kaabayaashii dhaqaalaha ayaana waxyeello gaartay ama la burburiyay, oo ay ku jirto helitaanka korontada iyo isgaarsiinta. Inta badan way qaxeen, oo ay ku jirto xaruntii [[Barnaamijka Cunnada Adduunka]] ee u dhow Kindamba, markii dagaalkuna dhammaaday, 2–3,000 ayaa ku soo noqday iyadoo cuntadu ay yartahay.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bauer |first=Jean-Martin |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_New_Breadline/RwTZEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kindamba&pg=PA116&printsec=frontcover |title=The New Breadline: Hunger and Hope in the Twenty-First Century |date=2024-06-25 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-593-32169-0 |pages=116–117; 123–128 |language=en}}</ref> Marka la gaaro 2000-meeyadii, ganacsiyada kaliya waxay ahaayeen goobaha suuqa, iyadoo qasabkii hilibka ay xireen maamulayaashu sababo la xiriira welwelka [[xatooyada xoolaha]]. Dadaallada bini'aadinimo sida [[Guddiga Caalamiga ah ee Laanqayrta Cas]] ayaa ku deeqay sahay, in kasta oo mararka qaarkood ay boobeen kooxihii hadhay ee [[Ninja (militia)|Ninjas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorier |first=Elisabeth |last2=Kinouani |first2=Rodrigue |last3=Morand |first3=Erwan |last4=Rouquier |first4=Damien |last5=Fleuret |first5=Quentin |date=2012 |title=A landlocked area in a post-confit situation: the district of Kindamba (Pool, Republic of Congo). Territorial diagnosis in preparation for a Community Development Support Project. |url=https://hal.science/hal-01279960/ |website=[[HAL (open archive)|HAL]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-09-16 |title=In the forgotten Pool, Kindamba’s residents have yet to return |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/51375/congo-forgotten-pool-kindamba%E2%80%99s-residents-have-yet-return |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=[[The New Humanitarian]] |language=en}}</ref> Juun 2, 2002, diyaarad helicopter ah oo ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]] ayaa siisay bulshada 7.7 megaton oo sahay ah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-06-04 |title=Congo: UN aircraft delivers aid to beleaguered Kindamba - Congo {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/congo/congo-un-aircraft-delivers-aid-beleaguered-kindamba |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> Gargaarka bini'aadinimo ayaa sii jiray iyadoo ay soo baxeen Ninjas sanadihii 2017 iyo 2018, ilaa 2019-kiina, kala bar qoysaska way nafaqo-xumaysteen. Gargaarku wuu sii socdaa ilaa 2023.<ref name=":0" /> == Gaadiid == Kindamba waxaa u adeega [[Madaarka Kindamba]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=KNJ - Kindamba [Kindamba Airport], 12, CG - Airport - Great Circle Mapper |url=http://www.gcmap.com/airport/KNJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108023610/http://www.gcmap.com/airport/KNJ |archive-date=2021-11-08 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.gcmap.com |url-status=live }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Sannadkii 2020, Kindamba waxay lahayd 254 kiilo-hektar oo kayn ah, in ka badan 35% wadarta guud ee bedkeeda, taas oo hoos u dhacday 23.7 kiilo-hektar ilaa sannadkii 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vizzuality |title=Kindamba, Republic of the Congo, Pool Deforestation Rates & Statistics {{!}} GFW |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/country/COG/11/2/ |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.globalforestwatch.org |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dadka caanka ah == * [[Daniel Ndoundou]] (1911–1986), hoggaamiye kaniisad Protestant ah<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akyeampong |first=Emmanuel Kwaku |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dictionary_of_African_Biography/39JMAgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kindamba&pg=RA3-PA427&printsec=frontcover |title=Dictionary of African Biography |last2=Jr |first2=Professor Henry Louis Gates |date=2012-02-02 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |pages=427 |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}}{{RCongo-geo-stub}} e7nw558vmfg5u210v9opr7x2k7ww52a 0 48204 300539 299956 2026-07-01T02:01:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Magaalada Webiga | settlement_type = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | coordinates = {{Coord|4|19|36|S|15|21|10|E|display=title,inline}} | motto = | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = [[Liiska waddamada madaxabannaan iyo dhulalka ku tiirsan Afrika|Waddan]] | subdivision_name = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|DR Kongo]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobollada Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo|Magaalo-gobol]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kinshasa]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | unit_pref = Mitrig | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 25 | area_metro_km2 = 3,577 | area_land_km2 = 9 | area_water_km2 = 16 | area_urban_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_urban_km2 = | area_code = | population_demonym = | Gini = | Gini_year = | Gini_category = | timezone = [[Waqtiga Galbeedka Afrika|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Magaalada Webiga''' waa horumarin degaan oo ku taal duleedka [[Kinshasa]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]], taas oo laga dhisayo dhul laga soo celiyay [[Wabiga Kongo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-et-finances.com/une-premiere-a-kinshasa-voici-la-cite-du-fleuve|title=Une première à Kinshasa, voici la cité du fleuve|work=Business et Finances|date=8 February 2014|language=fr}}</ref> La Cité du Fleuve waxaa lagu dhawaaqay horraantii 2008. Juun 2009 ayaa shaqada dib-u-soo-celinta dhulka iyo dhismaha la bilaabay. Horumarka ayaa ku yaalla dhul bannaan oo laga soo celiyay bacaadka iyo qoyan-ka wabiga Kongo, oo si toos ah u xiga [[Kinshasa]]. Marka la dhammeeyo, jasiiradda cusub ayaa la filayay inay hoy u noqoto 250,000 oo qof. Noofambar 2015 mashruucan wuxuu ahaa oo kaliya 20% la dhammaystiray, maalgashiguna wuxuu ka badnaa US$100 milyan.<ref name="7sur7.cd">{{cite web|url=http://7sur7.cd/new/le-projet-cite-du-fleuve-connait-une-forte-adhesion-des-congolais/|title=Le projet 'Cité du Fleuve' connaît une forte adhésion des Congolais|work=7sur7.cd|date=5 November 2015|language=fr|access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2026|archive-date=8 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151108012157/http://7sur7.cd/new/le-projet-cite-du-fleuve-connait-une-forte-adhesion-des-congolais/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sannadkii 2021, 500 oo aqal ayaa la dhammaystiray.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congo Hold-up: la Cité du fleuve, l’autre histoire de la «cité merveilleuse» au cœur de Kinshasa|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211205-congo-hold-up-la-cit%C3%A9-du-fleuve-l-autre-histoire-de-la-cit%C3%A9-merveilleuse-au-c%C5%93ur-de-kinshasa|website=RFI|date=2021-12-05|access-date=2025-11-27|language=fr}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, horumarka waxaa saameeyay fatahaado.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kinshasa : La Cité du fleuve sous les eaux du fleuve depuis plus de deux semaines|url=https://scooprdc.net/2024/01/07/kinshasa-la-cite-du-fleuve-sous-les-eaux-du-fleuve-depuis-plus-de-deux-semaines/|website=Scoop RDC|date=2024-01-07|access-date=2025-11-27|language=fr-FR}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:La cite du Fleuve}} ceqx6ojizqyf9ecwfxdrr1dyikkn4t3 0 48206 300479 299959 2026-07-01T00:20:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox waterfall | name = Yellala Falls | photo = Yellala-Falls-1880.jpg | photo_width = 250px | photo_caption = Yellala Falls oo laga eegayo xeebta bidix, qiyaastii 1880 | map = | relief = 1 | map_width = | coordinates = {{coord|5.725653|S|13.544083|E|type:waterbody_scale:50000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | location = | type = | elevation = | height = | height_longest = | number_drops = | width = | average_width = | watercourse = [[Wabiga Kongo]] | average_flow = | world_rank = }} '''Yellala Falls''' (''Rapides de Yelala'' ama ''Chutes Yelala''; sidoo kale loo higaadiyo ''Ielala'') waa taxane biyo-dhac ah iyo durdurro ku yaalla [[Wabiga Kongo]] oo wax yar u jira dhanka sare ee [[Matadi]] ee [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Biyo-dhacyadu waa kuwa ugu hooseeya ee taxane dheer oo durdurro ah oo ka dhigaya wabiga mid aan la mari karin, taas oo ku qasabtay sahamiyayaashii gumaystaha inay lug ku safraan ilaa [[Stanley Pool]] oo u jira {{convert|350|km|mi}} dhanka sare.{{sfn|Conley|2000|p=57}} Kongo waa wabiga labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego mugga biyaha laga saaro, waana kan ugu qoto dheer adduunka.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oberg|first=Kevin|date=July 2008|title=Discharge and other hydraulic measurements for characterizing the hydraulics of Lower Congo River|url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf|journal=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> Qaybta wabiga ee ku dhammaata Yellala falls waxay leedahay in ka badan 300 oo nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo intooda badan aan meel kale laga helin.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}} ==Goobta== Gobolka uu waraabiyo Wabiga Kongo wuxuu daboolayaa siddeed meelood meel Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan kaymaha roobka ee kulaylaha iyo savanna, intooda badan waxay ku yaallaan baasiin weyn oo gacmeed. Nidaamka hadda jira ee webiyada wuxuu u muuqdaa mid soo bilaabmay qiyaastii shan milyan oo sano ka hor, maaha waqti dheer oo ku saabsan cabbirka waqtiga juquraafi ahaan. Waqtigaas, xadka qaaradda Atlantic waa la qaaday oo wuxuu sameeyay xannibaad u dhaxaysa baasiinka iyo badda. Haro weyn ayaa samaysantay ka hor inta uusan Wabiga Kongo ka jebin xannibaaddan, isagoo dhex maraya kanaal cidhiidhi ah oo dhagax ah oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|350|km|mi}} laga bilaabo [[Kinshasa]] ilaa [[Matadi]]. Wabiga waa mid la mari karo kor iyo hoosba qaybtan, oo loo yaqaan Kongo-ga hoose.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} Qaybta sare ee Kongo-ga Hoose waxay ka bilaabataa [[Livingstone Falls]] oo u dhow Kinshasa waxayna sii socotaa {{convert|133|km|mi}} iyada oo sii maraysa tiro durdurro yaryar ah. Qaybta dhexe ee qiyaastii {{convert|129|km|mi}} waa mid la mari karo, mararka qaarkood waxay u eg tahay haro iyo mararka qaarkood cidhiidhi iyo ilaa {{convert|200|m|ft}} qoto dheer. Qaybta hoose ee qiyaastii {{convert|88|km|mi}} waa tan ugu sarreeya, oo leh durdurro waaweyn oo ku yaalla [[Inga Falls]] iyo mar kale Yellala falls, ka dib taas oo wabigu uu yahay mid la mari karo ilaa badweynta.{{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} Qiyaastii {{convert|1250000|cuft|m3}} oo biyo ah ayaa ku qulqula biyo-dhaca ilbiriqsi kasta.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}} ==Daahfurkii ugu horreeyay ee Yurub== [[File:Matadi, Congo, pedra de Ielala, Diogo Cão.jpg|thumb|250px|Dhagaxa Yellala, oo xambaarsan qoraal 1485 ah oo uu qoray Diogo Cão]] Yellala Falls waxaa gaaray dadka reer Yurub horraantii 1485, markii sahamiyaha reer Portugal [[Diogo Cão]] uu koox rag ah u kaxaystay ilaa biyo-dhaca ka hor intaan lagu qasbin inay dib u noqdaan cudur, malaha [[malaria]].{{sfn|Headrick|2010|p=142}} Goobtaas ayuu ku rakibay [[padrão]], sumad weyn oo iskutallaab u eg, taas oo caado u ahayd intii lagu jiray [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Portugal Age of Discovery]]. Dhagaxa, oo aan la helin ilaa 1911, wuxuu xambaarsan yahay erayada: "Aqui chegaram os navios do esclarecido rei D.João II de Portugal - Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa." ("Halkan yimaadeen maraakiibtii boqorkii caanka ahaa ee Portugal John II – Diogo Cão, Pero Anes, Pero da Costa").{{sfn|Kochnitzky|1948|p=5}} ==Booqdayaashii dambe ee Yurub iyo sharraxaadaha== Kaptan [[James Hingston Tuckey]] wuxuu booqday 1816. Wuxuu sheegay in dadka deegaanka ay u maleeyeen in biyo-dhaca ay yihiin hoyga ruux shar leh, iyo in qof kasta oo arka iyaga uusan waligiis arki doonin.{{sfn|Tuckey|Smith|1818|p=176}} Isagoo booqanaya xilliga abaarta, wuxuu ka niyad jabay biyo-dhaca. Wuxuu ku sifeeyay goobta inay ka kooban tahay buur weyn oo [[syenite]], dhagax adag, oo dhinaca koonfureed ah. Dhinaca waqooyi, oo ka samaysan isla waxyaabo, ma ahayn mid sarreeya, laakiin wuu ka dherer badnaa koonfurta. Wuxuu ku sifeeyay wabiga inuu ku qasbay koorsadiisa oo ku dhex yaal bartamaha wabiga jasiirad slate ah "weli waxay diidaysaa awoodeeda, waxayna u jebisaa durdurka laba kanaal oo cidhiidhi ah; kan u dhow dhinaca koonfureed wuxuu siinayaa hawo biyo badan, kuwaas oo durdurku ku degdego si cadho iyo buuq weyn leh, sida si fudud loo fahmi karo".{{sfn|Tuckey|Smith|1818|p=190}} Tuckey, oo ay maalgelisay [[Royal Geographical Society]] ee London si ay u helaan macluumaad ku saabsan ka ganacsiga addoonta, wuxuu xusay naxariis-darrada ganacsiga addoonta ee Portugal wuxuuna ururiyay macluumaad qiimo leh oo ku saabsan juqraafiga, xayawaanka, dhirta, macdanta iyo dadka gobolka.{{sfn|Kalumvueziko|2009|p=39}} Isagoo ka hadlaya dadka deggan biyo-dhaca korkooda, Tuckey wuxuu sheegay in digaagga, ukunta, [[manioc]] iyo miraha ay ahaayeen hantida haweenka. Waxyaabaha waligood kama aysan shaqayn raga iyadoon lala hadlin xaasaskooda. Dahabka ayaa loo bixiyay hadiyad ahaan ragga.{{sfn|Spencer|1877|p=142}}{{#tag:ref|Jaantuska Kongo oo ku salaysan xisaabta Tuckey wuxuu muujiyay wabiga oo u furan ballac ah {{convert|4|mi|km}} biyo-dhaca korkiisa. Stanley wuxuu ku tilmaamay ereyo xoog leh in tani ay khaldan tahay, isagoo ka hadlaya khariidadda Afrika "Kuma dhacayo inaan qiyaaso in Kaptan Tuckey uu mas'uul ka yahay khaladaadkan ... Waxaan sidoo kale haynaa qayb ka mid ah wabiga oo dhererkiisu yahay afar ama shan mayl oo ballac ah, oo leh jasiirado, dhammaan kuwaas oo aan awoodi doono inaan ku tuso inay tahay wax aan micno lahayn".{{sfn|Stanley's New Discoveries}} Sameeyaha khariidadda ayaa khaldanaa. Tuckey wuxuu gaaray Yellala Falls 14 Ogosto, ka dibna wuxuu u tegey {{convert|40|mi|km}} dheeraad ah [[Inga Falls|Inga]], wuxuuna gaaray wabiga sare 24 Ogosto meel ballaciisu yahay {{convert|300|yard|m}}. Ma ahayn ilaa 6 Sebteembar in kooxda Tuckey ay ku sugnaayeen qayb ku taal {{convert|280|mi|km}} gudaha halkaas oo wabigu ahaa {{convert|4|mi|km}} ilaa {{convert|5|mi|km}} ballac. Cudurka darteed, oo u dhintay Tuckey iyo kuwa kale, duulaanka waxaa lagu qasbay inuu ka soo laabto bartaas.{{sfn|Markham|1875|p=227}}|group=fn}} Sannadkii 1848 Hungarian [[László Magyar]] wuxuu kor u qaaday Kongo ilaa Yellala falls, ka hor inta uusan shan sano ku qaadan sahaminta gobolka dhanka koonfureed. Isagoo aan la xiriirin dunida dibadda, macluumaadkii qiimaha badnaa ee uu ururiyay wuxuu helay wareeg yar.{{sfn|Kalumvueziko|2009|p=39}} [[File:Yellala Falls 1883.png|thumb|250px|Yellala Falls laga bilaabo Sir [[Harry Johnston]] xisaabta 1884]] Sir [[Richard Francis Burton]], oo markii ugu horreysay arkay biyo-dhaca 1863, wuxuu qoray sharraxaad ku saabsan Yellala weyn. Mowjadaha ayaa horumaray koorsada wabiga "mayl iyo badh korkiisa". Ka dib, biyaha ayaa u socda dhanka hoose ee jiirada qiyaastii soddon cagood "oo ku taal 300 yards, spuming, isku dhacaya iyo tuuraya xumbo, taas oo u muuqata caddaan madow oo ka dhan ah huruud-bunni ee kanaalka yar ee dhibsado - dhaqdhaqaaqa waa kan mowjadaha oo ku soo dhacaya meel".{{sfn|Burton|1876|p=284}} Wuxuu sii waday: "Dooxada wabiga hore, oo ay muujisay scarp ee dhagaxyada, waa inay soo bandhigtay muuqaalo weyn, iyo dhererka derbiyada trough, ugu yaraan kun cagood, wuxuu siinayaa Yellala qurux iyo weynaan. Goobtu waxay u muuqataa inay tahay dhidibka ugu sarreeya ee ridge-ka qaybinaya xeebaha badda laga soo bilaabo gudaha plateau".{{sfn|Burton|1876|p=287}} Sahamiyaha [[Henry Morton Stanley]], oo booqday biyo-dhaca Abriil 6, 1880, wuxuu qoray in in ka badan shan ama lix mayl jiirada ay ahayd oo kaliya {{convert|45|ft|m}}, laakiin in "cadhada guud ee biyaha ay sababtay caqabadahaas oo mugga weyn uu kula kulmo sariirta cidhiidhiga ah."{{sfn|Stanley|1885|pp=202–3}} Sir [[Harry Johnston]], oo booqday biyo-dhaca 1883, wuxuu u yeeray wabiga "biyo-dhaca ugu dambeeya ee weyn ee Yellala" wuxuuna faahfaahiyay aragtida iyo dhawaaqyada dareenkiisa biyo-dhaca.{{sfn|Ballard|1887|p=77}} ==Muhiimadda deegaanka== [[File:Steatocranus gibbiceps.jpg|thumb|250px|''[[Steatocranus gibbiceps]]'', nooc ka mid ah cichlid laga helay Kongo-ga hoose]] Yellala Falls iyo biyo-dhacyada kale iyo durdurrada dhanka sare waxay inta badan go'doomiyeen fauna biyaha ee Congo Basin qiyaastii shan milyan oo sano, muddo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan waqtiga horumarinta.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}} [[cichlid]] genera ''[[Steatocranus]]'', ''[[Nanochromis]]'', ''[[Lamprologus]]'' iyo ''[[Teleogramma]]'' waxaa laga helaa oo kaliya Congo basin. Dhowr darsin oo noocyo ah oo ku jira genera-yadan waxaa laga helaa oo kaliya Kongo-ga hoose. ''Steatocranus'' waa [[rheophilic]], macnaheedu waa inay la qabsadeen ku noolaanshaha biyo degdeg ah. Afarta nooc ee ''Teleogramma'' waxaa laga helaa oo kaliya durdurrada Kongo-ga hoose. {{sfn|Schwarzer|Misof|Ifuta|Schliewen|2011}} Dadka genetically kala duwan ayaa laga helay dhinacyada ka soo horjeeda ee wabiga. In kasta oo kaliya {{convert|1|mi|km}} u jira, durdurro awood leh oo laga yaabo inay ka badnaadaan {{convert|30|mph}} ayaa ka hortagay is-dhalashada.{{sfn|Dickman|2009}} ==Qoraal== {{reflist |group="fn"}} ==Tixraac== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Isha== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrc9AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA77 |title=The Swiss cross, Volumes 2-3 |first=Harlan Hoge |last=Ballard |publisher=N.D.C. Hodges |year=1887 }} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/twotripstogoril04burtgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/twotripstogoril04burtgoog/page/n306 284] |title=Two trips to gorilla land and the cataracts of the Congo, Volume 1 |first=Richard Francis |last=Burton |author-link=Richard Francis Burton |publisher=S. Low, Marston, Low, and Searle |year=1876 }} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PmgGyt43-kC&pg=PA52 |title=Drumbeats that changed the world: a history of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union and the West Indies Mission, 1873-1999 |first=Joseph F. |last=Conley |publisher=William Carey Library |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-87808-603-0 }} *{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html?c=y&page=2 |title=Evolution in the Deepest River in the World |first=Kyle |last=Dickman |publisher=Smithsonian |date=November 3, 2009 |access-date=2011-12-25 |archive-date=2013-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019061245/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/Evolution-in-the-Deepest-River-in-the-World.html?c=y&page=2 |url-status=dead }} *{{cite book|title=Power over peoples: technology, environments, and Western imperialism, 1400 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3ECig-_iKAC|last=Headrick|first=Daniel R.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-691-13933-3}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzxgWpHu8KsC&pg=PA39 |language=fr |title=Congo-Zaïre: le destin tragique d'une nation |first=Ngimbi |last=Kalumvueziko |publisher=Editions L'Harmattan |year=2009 |isbn=978-2-296-09607-3 }} *{{cite book|title=Negro art in Belgian Congo|url=https://archive.org/details/NegroArtInTheBelgianCongo|last=Kochnitzky|first=Léon|year=1948|publisher=Belgian Govt. Information Center}} *{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lo7pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA227 |journal=The Geographical Magazine |volume=2 |first=Sir Clements Robert |last=Markham |title=Discovery of the Course of the Congo |publisher=Trübner & Co. |year=1875 }} *{{cite journal |pmc=3140524 |title=Time and Origin of Cichlid Colonization of the Lower Congo Rapids |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=7 |article-number=e22380 |first1=Julia |last1=Schwarzer |first2=Bernhard |last2=Misof |first3=Seraphin N. |last3=Ifuta |first4=Ulrich K. |last4=Schliewen |date=June 20, 2011 |pmid=21799840 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0022380 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...622380S |doi-access=free }} *{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3tXUAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA142 |title=On the Evolution of the Family |first=Herbert |last=Spencer |author-link=Herbert Spencer |journal=The Popular Science Monthly |volume=11 |publisher=Popular Science Pub. Co. |year=1877 }} *{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507030|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507030/page/n238 202]|last=Stanley|first=Henry Morton|author-link=Henry Morton Stanley|title=The Congo, and the founding of its Free State: a story of work and exploration|publisher=Sampson Low|location=London|year=1885|oclc=681372837}} *{{cite journal |ref={{harvid|Stanley's New Discoveries}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_BocAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA386 |journal=The Academy |date=Oct 20, 1877 |title=Stanley's New Discoveries }} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h1cMAAAAYAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_h1cMAAAAYAAJ/page/n189 176] |title=Narrative of an expedition to explore the river Zaire, usually called the Congo: in South Africa, in 1816, under the direction of Captain J.K. Tuckey, R.N. To which is added, the journal of Professor Smith; and some general observations on the country and its inhabitants. |first1=James Hingston |last1=Tuckey |author-link=James Hingston Tuckey |first2=Christen |last2=Smith |author2-link=Christen Smith |publisher=W.B. Gilley |year=1818 }} {{refend}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== *{{cite web |url=http://collections.smvk.se/pls/em/rigby.VisaObjekt?pin_masidn=1461360 |title=Fiskare - Kalluumaysatada biyo-dhaca |year=1915 |access-date=2011-12-25 |publisher=Etnografiska museet Carlotta }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} p3vnuxuy4nppg6thdwth13gcxq6276f 0 48212 300484 299968 2026-07-01T00:48:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | mottoeng = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|1.4061|N|22.1265|E|region:CD_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Waddan | subdivision_name = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] | subdivision_type1 = Gobol | subdivision_name1 = [[Degmada Tshuapa]] | subdivision_type2 = Dhul | subdivision_name2 = [[Dhulka Ikela]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --> | footnotes = }} '''Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape''' (MLW) waa [[muuqaalka deegaanka|muuqaal]] deegaan ahaan xasaasi ah oo ku yaalla [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] gudaha dooxada [[Webiga Maringa]] / [[Webiga Lopori]].{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} Tan iyo 1973 koox Jabaaniis ah ayaa cilmi-baaris ku samaynaysay dadka [[bonobo]] ee u dhow tuulada [[Wamba, Luo Reserve|Wamba]], waxaana la aasaasay [[Luo Scientific Reserve]] sanadkii 1990. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-baarista ayaa la joojiyay ka dib markii uu bilaabmay qas siyaasadeed 1991-kii oo ay ku xigtay dagaal sokeeye 1997-kii, waxaana dib loo bilaabay oo kaliya bartamihii 2000-meeyadii.{{sfn|Kimura|2009|pp=209-225}} ==Goobta== Muuqaalka kaynta Maringa-Lopori-Wamba (MLW) wuxuu daboolayaa {{convert|74000|km2|sqmi}} waqooyiga-dhexe ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} Dadka deggan sanadkii 2007 waxaa lagu qiyaasay 586,732 qof oo leh cufnaan ah 8 qof/km². Waxaa jiray 2-4 qof/km² oo ku nool meelaha la soo jeediyay ama hadda jira ee la ilaaliyo iyo 31.8 qof/km² oo ku nool aagga la soo jeediyay ee Sylvo-Agro-Pastoral.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=331}} ==Taariikh== [[File:Congo concessions.JPG|thumb|Shirkadaha heshiiska ee Gobolka Xorta ah ee Kongo, [[Abir Congo Company|ABIR]] oo lagu muujiyay casaan madow]] {{main|Abir Congo Company}} Dadka deegaanka ee MLW waxay ahaayeen beeralayda [[yam (khudrad)|yam]] iyo [[cassava]] oo ka ganacsan jiray kalluumaysatada wabiga iyo ugaarsatada [[pygmy]].{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=125}} Sanadkii 1885 xoog ka tirsan dadka [[Manyema]], oo ay raaceen [[Tippu Tip]], oo ahaa ganacsade addoon [[dadka Sawaaxiliga|Sawaaxili]]-[[Zanzibar]]i ah, ayaa yimid madaxa Webiga Lopori oo ka yimid [[Webiga Boyoma|Stanley Falls]]. Waxay ka kaxaysteen dad la haystayaal ah tuulooyinka u dhow si ay u madax-furtaan [[fool maroodi]]. Sanadkii 1892 waxay qorteen dadka deegaanka ciidankooda waxayna xakameeyeen dhammaan qaybta bari ee dooxada.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=126}} Maamulka Beljamka ee [[Gobolka Xorta ah ee Kongo]] waxay ka walaacsanaayeen horumarkan, waxaana 1889-kii ay meel mariyeen Sharciga Monopoliga, kaas oo ku dhawaaqay in dhammaan badeecadaha aagga ay ku hoos jiri doonaan maamulkooda oo keliya. Gobolka Xorta ah wuxuu sidoo kale bilaabay olole lagu kaxaynayo addoommada, ganacsatada iyo Manyema ee gobolka, heerka koowaad ee kaas oo ahaa aasaaska boostada sahayda ee [[Basankusu]], bishii May 1890.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=126}} Dhammaan dooxada waxay ahayd mid hoos timaada Gobolka Xorta ah 1898-kii.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=128}} Gobolka Xorta ah wuxuu bilaabay inuu canshuur saaro, oo lagu bixiyo fool maroodi, laakiin taas oo dhawaan u beddeshay cinjirka duurjoogta.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=126}} Bishii Sebtembar 1892, Gobolka Xorta ah wuxuu isticmaalayay ciidamadiisa milatari si ay u weeraraan oo u qabsadaan tuulooyinka dooxooyinka [[Webiga Lulonga|Lulonga]] iyo Maringa si ay u ballaariyaan saldhigooda canshuuraha.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=128}} [[File:ABIR company posts.svg|thumb|ABIR goobaha shirkadda ee gudaha heshiiska]] Heshiiskii lagu beeri lahaa cinjirka waxaa la siiyay [[Abir Congo Company]], oo xarunteeda ka dhistay Basankusu, 1893-kii. Mawqifkeeda isku-darka Maringa iyo Lopori, ayaa u oggolaaday ABIR inay ku ballaariso webiyadan iyo tributaries-kooda, iyagoo dhisaya goobo cusub inta ay jidka ku jiraan.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=79}} Shirkaddu waxay dhistay goobo gobolka oo dhan ah, oo ay shaqaalaysiiyeen wakiilo kuwaas oo inta badan lagu bixiyay komishan oo isticmaalay habab arxan daran si ay ugu qasbaan dadka tuulada inay bixiyaan canshuuraha cinjirka. Dadaalka ururinta cinjirka uma reebin waqti ku filan oo lagu beeray, dadka tuuladuna waxay bilaabeen inay la ildaran yihiin nafaqo-xumo iyo gaajo. Cudurro dilaa ah, sida [[Smallpox]] iyo [[African trypanosomiasis|Cudurka Hurdada]], ayaa sidoo kale ku faafay gobolka. Si ay waqti u badbaadiyaan, goostayaashu waxay u soo jeesteen jarista dhirta cinjirka si ay u helaan casiirkooda. Warbixinnada xadgudubyada ayaa horseeday Gobolka Xorta ah inay baaritaan ku sameeyaan hab-dhaqanka Abir, iyo, 1905, inay dib ula wareegaan heshiiska. Dhowr ka dib, iyada oo aan jirin dhir haray, canshuurta cinjirka ayaa la baabi'iyay.{{sfn|Harms|1983|p=79-88}} ==Khataraha== Muuqaalka MLW wuxuu ku yaallaa mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu horumarsan uguna fog ee [[Dooxada Kongo]]. Dadka deggan waa kuwa ugu saboolsan Afrika, iyagoo ku tiirsan kheyraadka dabiiciga ah si ay u daboolaan baahidooda aasaasiga ah.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} Dadka badankood waxay ku nool yihiin [[beerashada jarista iyo gubista]], waxayna ku tiirsan yihiin [[hilibka duurjoogta]] sida [[porcupine]], [[sitatunga]], iyo [[doofaar-kaymeed]] si ay u helaan borotiin.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=331}} Dalagyada lacagta caddaanka ah waxaa ka mid ah [[hadhuudh]], [[cassava]] iyo [[Bambara groundnut|lows]].{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=332}} Dadka sii kordhaya ayaa culays badan saaraya deegaanka, waxaana jira halis ah dib u soo noolaynta [[qoryaha]] oo dhaawici kara awoodda dhulka si uu u taageero dadka oo khatar gelin kara noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} Hay'adaha maxalliga ah iyo kuwa caalamiga ah ee uu madax u yahay [[African Wildlife Foundation]] (AWF) ayaa dhawaan bilaabay inay horumariyaan qorshe isticmaalka dhulka oo joogto ah oo loogu talagalay MLW. Qorshuhu wuxuu ujeedadiisu tahay in la hubiyo in baahiyaha dhaqaale iyo dhaqameed ee dadka deggan la daboolo iyadoo la ilaalinayo deegaanka. Habka ayaa isku daraya Habka Ilaalinta Wadnaha ee AWF iyo [[Barnaamijka Gobolka Afrika ee Dhexe ee Deegaanka]] (CARPE) Qorshaha Kormeerka Barnaamijka. Agab kala duwan ayaa la isticmaalaa oo ay ku jiraan sahamin, waraysiyo lala yeesho dadka maxalliga ah iyo tarjumaadda sawirka dayax-gacmeedka.{{sfn|Dupain et al. 2008|p=329}} ==Tixraac== {{reflist |colwidth=20em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{cite web |ref={{harvid|Dupain et al. 2008}} |url=http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |title=Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape |first1=Jef |last1=Dupain |first2=Janet |last2=Nackoney |first3=Jean-Paul |last3=Kibambe |first4=Didier |last4=Bokelo |first5=David |last5=Williams |publisher=L'Observatoire des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale |year=2008 |access-date=2011-10-14 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205354/http://www.observatoire-comifac.net/docs/edf2008/EN/SOF_23_Maringa.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{Cite journal |last = Harms |first = Robert |title = The End of Red Rubber: A Reassessment |journal = The Journal of African History |volume = 16 |issue = 1 |pages = 73–88 |year = 1975 |doi = 10.1017/S0021853700014110|jstor = 181099 }} *{{Citation |last=Harms |first=Robert |title=The World Abir Made: The Maringa-Lopori Basin, 1885–1903 |journal=African Economic History |issue=12 |pages=122–139 |year=1983 |doi=10.2307/3601320 |jstor=3601320}} *{{cite journal |url=http://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/30-4/30-4-3LingomoKimura.pdf |journal=African Study Monographs |volume=30 |issue=4 |date=December 2009 |title=TABOO OF EATING BONOBO AMONG THE BONGANDO PEOPLE IN THE WAMBA REGION, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO |first=Daiji |last=Kimura |access-date=2011-10-13}} {{refend}} s7kncvv4wmidkdt53x3vihq0u8y2ysi 0 48225 300482 300023 2026-07-01T00:36:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Cintra | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=es|name1=Bahía de Cintra |tag2=es|name2=Angra de Cintra}} | other_name = Gacanka Cintra<br />Golfo de Cintra <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Saxaraha Galbeed]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|22.951944|N|16.215556|W|scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Gacan]] | etymology = | part_of = [[Badweynta Atlaantik]] | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Western Sahara | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal xeebta Saxaraha Galbeed <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Gacanka Cintra''' ama '''Gacanka Cintra''' waa [[gacan]] weyn oo leh qaab dayax-gacmeed ah<ref>{{cite web|author=Burkhalter M.|year=2011|title=Cintra Bay West Sahara|url=https://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144|page=[[Panoramio]]|access-date=2013-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215647/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/52188144|archive-date=2014-05-12}}</ref> oo ku taal xeebta gobolka [[Río de Oro]], [[Saxaraha Galbeed]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfurta [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]]. Xeebteedu waa mid dadku ku yar yihiin, deegaankuna inta badan waa duurjoog iyo mid aan horumarin. Asal ahaan waxaa loo yaqaanay "Gacanka St. Cyprian", waxaana dib loogu magac daray [[Gonçalo de Sintra|Kabtan Gonçalo de Sintra]], oo ahaa [[Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska|Bortuqiis]] [[List of explorers|sahmiye]] qarnigii 15-aad, kaas oo loo malaynayo inuu ku dhintay gacanka{{efn|Weerarkii dhabta ahaa, oo ay kabtankii iyo 7 ka mid ah raggiisii ku nafwaayeen, ayaa ka dhacay Gacanka Arguin, oo dhanka koonfureed ka sii fog }} intii lagu jiray duullaan addoonsi oo aan la oggolayn oo aan guulaysan.<ref>Cortesão (1931); Diffie & Winius (p.82)</ref> ==Magacaabista== {{see also|Spanish protectorate in Morocco}} Aagga waxaa asal ahaan loo yaqaanay "Gacanka St. Cyprian" laakiin waxaa dib loogu magac daray [[Gonçalo de Sintra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/|title='V' is for Vintage Sahara Maps|first=Chris|last=S|date=27 March 2016|access-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008181957/https://sahara-overland.com/2016/03/27/o-is-for-old-sahara-maps/|archive-date=8 October 2016}}</ref> [[Treaty of Angra de Cintra|Heshiiskii Angra de Cintra]] ee 1958, kaas oo horseeday dhammaadkii [[Ifni War|Dagaalkii Ifni]], waxaa loogu magac daray Gacanka Cintra. ==Juqraafi== {{Climate chart | Gacanka Cintra | 5| 21| 5 | 10| 23| 2 | 13| 29| 2 | 14| 31| 4 | 15| 33| 1 | 14| 28| 1 | 17| 30| 1 | 19| 34| 9 | 19| 33| 12 | 19| 33| 1 | 15| 27| 4 | 11| 26| 8 |float=right |clear=right |source = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |title=Browse datasets &#124; NASA Earth Observations (NEO) |access-date=2020-09-16 |archive-date=2015-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306025403/https://neo.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/dataset_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} Gacanku wuxuu ku fadhiyaa 29 [[nautical mile]] inta u dhaxaysa Punta del Pescador iyo gacanka Lagouira, guud ahaanna waa mid furan oo aad u gacalin ah, qoto-dheerida celceliska qaybta dhexe waa 10 mitir.<ref>http://www.equipement.gov.ma/maritime/PORTS/La%20connaissance-du-milieu/Documents/Annuaire%20des%20cotes_DAKHLA.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040139/http://www.equipement.gov.ma/maritime/PORTS/La%20connaissance-du-milieu/Documents/Annuaire%20des%20cotes_DAKHLA.pdf |date=2016-06-03 }}.</ref><ref name=MoroccoAquaculture>National Agency for Aquaculture Development of Kingdom of Morocco. [http://www.mpm.gov.ma/wps/wcm/connect/2a0e45b4-f68f-48da-ba96-f4bb5483d636/AMI+Dakhla+19+11+V+En.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. Call for Expression of Interest Marine Aquaculture Development Project Ined Dakhla Oued Ed Dahab REgion] (pdf). Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> Waa ku dhowaad {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} dhexroor ahaan, laga bilaabo cirifka woqooyi ee ''Puntilla de las Raimas'', meel u dhow Via Candelaria iyo Hassi Amatai, koonfurta ilaa ''Puntila Negra'' ama ''Punta Negra'', meel u dhow Las Talaitas.<ref>Around Guides. [http://aroundguides.com/17272204 Angra de Cintra]. Retrieved December 27. 2014</ref> Qodobka ugu qoto dheer ee gacanka waa ''Hasi el Beied'', oo u dhow bartamaha Gacanka Cintra. Biyaha gacanku waxay ka kooban yihiin gudaha ''Angra de Citra'' iyo aagagga bannaanka ee Bajo El Tortugo, Bajo Ahogado, iyo Bajo del Medio Golfo. Biyaha pelagic-ka ee ka baxsan Gacanka Cintra waxaa loo yaqaan Bajo Arcila. [[Cliff|Dhagaxyo]] dhaadheer, [[dune|buuro ciid ah]], [[beach|xeebo]], iyo [[lagoon|balliyo]] ayaa ka kooban inta badan muuqaalka xeebta. Balli weyn, ''Bajo Tortugo'' ("Gacankii Yare ee Yaxaas-yare"), ayaa ku yaal dhinaca woqooyi, waxaana jira aag la yiraahdo ''Las Matorrales'' oo ku yaal qaybta koonfureed. Dhowr buurood, oo qaarkood ay leeyihiin dusha sare ama meelaha ugu sarreeya oo fidsan ayaa laga arki karaa gobolka oo dhan. Gacanka Cintra wuxuu leeyahay jasiirad yar (peninsula) labada darafba. Punta de las Raimas oo ku taal woqooyi waa {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}} dherer ahaan waxayna u badan tahay ciid waxayna leedahay dhagaxyo iyo caqabad dhagax ah oo ku taal cirifka, halka buur ciid ah laga heli karo Punta Negra, taas oo leh caqabado dhagax ah oo ku fidsan qiyaastii {{convert|2|mi|km|abbr=on}} agteeda.<ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /> [[Shoal|Gacalin-biyoodka]] ku yaal koonfur-galbeed ee Gacanka Cintra waxaa loo yaqaan Banco de Sylvia. Waxay u dhaxaysaa Dakhla iyo Gacanka Cintra, halka [[Amseisat Saccum]] iyo [[Imlili]] ay ka sii fog yihiin bari gudaha saxaraha gudaha. Dhinaca ka soo horjeeda ee ''Las Taraitas'' iyo Morro de Gorrei waa Gacanka Gorrei ama 'Bahia de Gorrei, oo qaab ahaan u eg laakiin ka yar Gacanka Cintra. Waxaa jira dhowr gacmood ama meelo kale oo qaababkoodu aad ugu eg yihiin Gacanka Cintra ama Gorrei ee gobolka Rio de Oro. ===Bathymetry=== Arrimaha juqraafi iyo bathymetric ee Gacanka Cintra ayaa ka dhigaya mid ku habboon kalluumeysiga iyo beerashada biyaha.<ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /> Gacalkiisa iyo muuqaalkiisa xiran waxay siinayaan heerkulka biyaha ugu sarreeya gobolka. Qulqulka koonfur-waqooyi wuxuu socdaa oo kaliya gudaha gacanka waxaana saameeya hirarka, gaar ahaan aagagga u dhow biyaha furan. Qulqulkani wuxuu sidoo kale keenaa wareeg, ama wareegga badda ee [[Dextrorotation and levorotation|levorotation]], oo ku yaal aagga woqooyi.<ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /> ==Taariikhda dabiiciga ah== {{see also|Dakhla, Western Sahara|Banc d'Arguin National Park|Atlantic coastal desert}} Xeebta gacanka iyo aagagga ku hareeraysan waa qayb ka mid ah galbeedka [[Saxaraha]], iyadoo inta badan ay daboolan yihiin buuro ciid ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa [[vegetation|dhirta]] gacanka Cintra mid aad u liita. Marka loo eego dhulka, biyaha aaggan waa qayb ka mid ah Nidaamka [[Canary Islands|Canary]] Current kaas oo ah [[ocean current|qulqul-biyood]] aad u wax soo saar badan, iyo [[Nouadhibou]] Upwelling. Mid ka mid ah aagagga waaweyn ee [[Upwelling|upwelling]]-ka ayaa ku yaal meel u dhow shelf-ka qaaradda. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa aagga mid ka mid ah meelaha ugu qanisan kalluumeysiga adduunka, Gacanka Cintra laftiisa wuxuu u adeegaa sidii meel kulul oo loogu talagalay zooplankton<ref>{{cite journal |title=Short-term variation of zooplankton community in Cintra Bay (Northwest Africa) |journal=Oceanologia |date=1 July 2019 |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=368–383 |doi=10.1016/j.oceano.2019.02.001 |last1=Berraho |first1=Amina |last2=Abdelouahab |first2=Hinde |last3=Baibai |first3=Tarik |last4=Charib |first4=Said |last5=Larissi |first5=Jamila |last6=Agouzouk |first6=Aziz |last7=Makaoui |first7=Ahmed |doi-access=free }}</ref> iyo goob lagu dhalo [[sardine|sardinnada]].<ref>{{cite web |website=Friend of the Sea |title=Fishery Audit Report Checklist |url=http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |access-date=2014-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720221203/http://www.friendofthesea.org/public/catalogo/checklist_friend_of_the_sea_fishery%20audit%20report%20checklist%202009%20sardina%20pilchardus%20purse%20seine%20morocco%20fao34.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-20}}</ref> [[Cephalaspidea]] ayaa sidoo kale laga heli karaa gudaha gacanka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malaquias |first1=Manuel António E. |last2=Ohnheiser |first2=Lena T. |last3=Oskars |first3=Trond R. |last4=Willassen |first4=Endre |title=Diversity and systematics of philinid snails (Gastropoda: Cephalaspidea) in West Africa with remarks on the biogeography of the region |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12478 |hdl=1956/17026 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Inkasta oo Morocco ay mar ka fikirtay inay abuurto beer qaran oo ay ku jiraan Gacanka Cintra iyo Dakhla,<ref name=Waders /> waxaa la sheegay in deegaanka iyo noolaha Gacanka Cintra ay halis ugu jiraan qorshe socda oo lagu xoojinayo beerashada biyaha ee Morocco iyadoo la kaashanayo EU-da,<ref>[https://www.wsrw.org/a105x3682 EU funding to fish sector in occupied Western Sahara increases]. Retrieved March 30, 2017</ref><ref>The Sahara Question. 2013. [http://sahara-question.com/en/news/spanish-consortium-wins-morocco-tender-develop-aquaculture-dakhla-region Spanish Consortium Wins Morocco Tender to Develop Aquaculture in Dakhla Region]. Retrieved December 26. 2014</ref><ref name=MoroccoAquaculture /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514004801/https://www.anda.gov.ma/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/publications/Plan-aquacole-Oued%20Eddahab-fr-web.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-14 }}</ref> iyo in cilmi-baaris looga baahan yahay aagga, gaar ahaan [[right whale|nibiri-yada midig]],<ref>Reeves R. R.. Leatherwood S..[https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/1994-014.pdf 1994-1998 Action Plan for the Conservation of Cetaceans: Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales] (pdf). The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|lUCN]] Conservation Library. Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> iyo ilaalinta bulshooyinka kalluumeysiga ee deegaanka.<ref>Economic, Social and Environmental Council of Morocco. 2013. [http://www.ces.ma/Documents/PDF/Report-New%20development%20model%20for%20the%20southern%20provinces.pdf New Development Model for the Southern Provinces] (pdf). Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> ===Naasleyda=== ====Cetaceans==== Iyada oo ku saleysan diiwaannada ugaarsiga nibiriyada ee qarnigii 19-aad, xeebta laga bilaabo 10 mayl waqooyi ka xigta Puntilla de las Raimas, oo ay ugaarsatada u bixiyeen Gacanka "Goree", ilaa 20 mayl woqooyi ka xigta [[wikt:sv:Cabo Barbas|Cabo Barbas]]<ref>Randall R. Reeves, 2001, Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa, Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, Special Issue 2, pp.187–192</ref> iyo malaha baaxad ballaaran<ref name=Duke2008>{{cite thesis |last1=Good |first1=Caroline |title=Spatial Ecology of the North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena Glacialis) |date=24 April 2008 |hdl=10161/588 }}</ref> waxay ahayd meesha kaliya ee la yaqaan ee jiilaalka ama dhalmada ee dadka bariga Waqooyi Atlaantik ee [[North Atlantic right whale|nibiri-yada midig ee Waqooyi Atlaantik]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reeves R.R.|year=2001|title=Overview of catch history, historic abundance and distribution of right whales in the western North Atlantic and in Cintra Bay, West Africa.|journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=2|pages=187–192}}</ref> Nibiriyadan hadda waxaa loo malaynayaa inay yihiin kuwo dabar-go'ay ama tiradoodu aad u yar tahay.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silvia A M. |author2=Steiner L. |author3=Cascao I. |author4=Cruz J.M. |author5=Prieto R., Cole T. |author6=Hamilton K.P. |author7=Baumgartner M. |year=2012|title=Winter sighting of a known western North Atlantic right whale in the Azores|journal=Journal of Cetacean Research and Management |volume=12|pages=65–69|url=http://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=124184&pt=2&p=9906|format=PDF|access-date=2013-04-28}}</ref> Qarniyadii 18-aad iyo 19-aad, Gacanka Cintra wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah saddex ama afar goobood oo waaweyn oo loogu talagalay ugaarsiga nibiriyada midig ee Waqooyi Atlaantik, oo ay la socdaan koonfur-bari xeebaha Mareykanka, [[Cape Farewell, Greenland|Cape Farewell]] ee [[Greenland]], iyo malaha gobolka [[Iceland]], sidoo kale waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah laba goobood oo jiilaal-guga ah oo ay la socdaan xeebaha US.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Reeves, R.R. |author2=Mitchell, E.|year=1986|title=American pelagic whaling for right whales in the North Atlantic.|journal=Report of the International Whaling Commission |issue=Special Issue 10|pages=221–254|url=https://archive.iwc.int/pages/search.php?search=%21collection34&k=&offset=0&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&#/pages/view.php?ref=470&search=%21collection34&order_by=relevance&sort=DESC&offset=0&archive=0&k=|format=PDF|access-date=2013-10-09}}</ref> Qiyaastii 92 nibiri ayaa la dilay intii lagu jiray 44 booqasho oo ay sameeyeen ugaarsatada laga bilaabo Noofambar ilaa Abriil sannad kasta, taas oo siinaysa gobolkan cufnaanta ugaarsiga ugu sarreeya qarnigii 19-aad, inkasta oo ugaarsiga aan la fulin xilliyada oo dhan. 82 ka mid ah xayawaankaas ayaa dhab ahaan la qabtay labadii sano ee ugu horreysay ee 1855–56, malaha noocyo kale sida [[Humpback whale|humpbacks]]. Cilmi-baaris saynis oo fidsan ilaa [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]] ayaa la sameeyay 1998 mana jiro wax caddayn ah oo muujinaya in nibiriyada midig ay weli isticmaalayaan aagga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Notarbartolo di Sciara G. |author2=Politi E. |author3=Bayed A. |author4=Beaubrun.P.C. |author5=Knowlton A. |year=1998|title=A Winter Cetacean Survey off Southern Morocco, With a Special Emphasis on Right Whales|journal=The Annual Report of the International Whaling Commission À (SC/49/O 3)|volume=48|pages=547–551|editor=Donovan P.G.|url=http://www.disciara.net/documents/NotarbartolodiSciara_etal_1998.pdf |access-date=2013-04-28|display-editors=etal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002141149/http://www.disciara.net/documents/NotarbartolodiSciara_etal_1998.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-02}}</ref> Waxa kale oo la ogaaday in biyahan xeebta ay si la yaab leh u liiteen noolaha cetacean. Kaliya laba nooc ayaa la helay si joogto ah, labaduba tiro aad u yar, labaduba waxaa la helay oo kaliya gobolka Dakhla Bay: nooc ka weyn [[bottlenose dolphin|dolphinka sanka-dhalada]] iyo [[Atlantic humpback dolphin|dolphinka humpback ee Atlaantik]]. [[Killer whale|Nibiriyada dilaaga ah]] ayaa la ogyahay inay ku dhacaan xeebaha Saxaraha Galbeed maanta<ref>{{cite web|author=Ed Temperley|title=Postcards From The Sahara|url=http://ja.magicseaweed.com/news/postcards-from-the-sahara/4792/?page=13829|work=MSW-Magic Sea Weed|access-date=2013-12-02}}</ref> mararka qaarkoodna tiro aad u badan, sida ku cad diiwaannada ugaarsiga nibiriyada. Cilmi-baarisyo dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa rajada ka dhigay in Cinta Bay laga yaabo in dib loogu dego nibiriyada midig ee ka yimid dadka galbeedka, maadaama labada dadba ay muujiyeen inay aad ugu dhow yihiin midba midka kale sidii hore loo malayn jiray.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.whales.org/blog/nicolahodgins/2014/04/whale-named-pico|page=nicola.hodgins's blog|title=A whale named Pico|date=11 April 2014|work=[[Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society|Whale and Dolphin Conservation]]|access-date=2014-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427222217/http://us.whales.org/blog/nicolahodgins/2014/04/whale-named-pico|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> Iyadoo aan loo eegin cufnaanta deegaanka, nibiriyada baleen, [[fin whale|nibiriyada fin]], [[Bryde's whale|nibiriyada Brydes]], [[sei whale|nibiriyada sei]], iyo [[minke whale|nibiriyada minke]] ayaa la ogyahay inay weli ku dhacaan xeebaha Saxaraha Galbeed. Kuwan, nibiriyada fin iyo nibiriyada Bryde ayaa la xaqiijiyay inay joogaan meelaha Dakhla iyo Cintra - Gorrei. Noocyo kale sida [[Risso's dolphin|Risso's dolphins]],<ref name=PaulWildlifewriter /> [[common dolphin|dolphinka caadiga ah]], [[rough-toothed dolphin|dolphinka ilka-qallafsan]], iyo [[harbor porpoise|harbor porpoise]]s<ref>[http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/document/ScC14_Doc_07_Harbour_porpoise_E_0.pdf Conservation Status of the Northwest African population of the Harbour porpoise]</ref> kuwaas oo la xaqiijiyay inay joogaan aagga [[Bay of Arguin]] ayaa laga yaabaa inay halkan sidoo kale ka dhacaan.<ref>{{citation|author=WalshD.|year=2006|title=SeiWhale|url=http://blather.net/abroad/archives/2006/04/sei_whale.html|page=the DaveWalshPhoto.com|publisher=[[Greenpeace]]|access-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208212030/http://www.blather.net/abroad/archives/2006/04/sei_whale.html|archive-date=2012-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{ citation|author=White R.|year=2013|title=At Sea, from Senegal to Western Sahara - Apr 17, 2013 - National Geographic Explorer|url=https://www.expeditions.com/daily-expedition-reports/155707/west-africa/|publisher=the [[Lindblad Expeditions]] - [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|access-date=2014-12-19}}</ref> <ref>{{ cite journal |author=Waerebeek V.K. |author2=Andrei M. |author3=Sequeirai M. |author4=Martin V. |author5=Robinea D. |author6=Collet A. |author7=Ndiaye E.P.V. |title=Spatial and temporal distribution of the minke Whale,Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépede, 1804), in the southernnortheast Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, With reference to stock identity|journal=J. Cetacean Res. Manag. |volume=l |issue=3|pages=223–237|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/243243.pdf.|format=PDF|access-date=2014-12-20}}</ref> ====Pinnipeds==== Iyadoo ay la socdaan cetaceans, Gacanka Cintra wuxuu bixin karaa deegaan muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay [[Mediterranean monk seal|nibiriyada monk-ga ee Mediterranean]] oo halis ugu jira dabar-go'.<ref name=FootPrintBook>{{ Cite book |author=Tiwari M. |author2=Aksissou M. |author3=Semmoumy S. |author4=Ouakka K. |year=2006|title=Morocco Footprint Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&q=cintra+bay+monk+seal&pg=PA265|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|page=265|access-date=2014-12-27|isbn=978-1-907263-31-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/morocco/agadir-and-the-south/deep-south/south-into-the-sahara|page=South into the Sahara|title=Footprint Travel Guides|access-date=2013-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227013222/http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/africa-middle-east/morocco/agadir-and-the-south/deep-south/south-into-the-sahara|archive-date=2013-12-27}}</ref> Waxaa si ba'an loo ugaarsaday ilaa heer dabar-go' qarnigii 15-aad ee ugaarsatada Yurub iyo qabaa'ilka deegaanka, haddana waxay ku dhow yihiin inay dabar-go'aan [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediterranean]]. Inkasta oo aysan ku jirin Gacanka Cintra, [[Ras Nouadhibou|Cabo Blanco]] oo ku taal Dakhla Peninsula ayaa weli martigelisa mid ka mid ah gumeysiyada ugu waaweyn ee hadhay.<ref>{{citation |author1=Johnson M.W. |author2=Karamanlidis A.A. |author3=Dendrinos P. |author4=Larrinoa D.F.P. |author5=Gazo M. |author6=González M.L. |author7=Güçlüsoy H. |author8=Pires R. |author9=Schnellmann M. |title=Mediterranean Monk Seal Fact Sheet |url=https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm |publisher=The Monachus Guardian |access-date=2014-12-19 |archive-date=2023-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031041324/https://www.monachus-guardian.org/factfiles/medit01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Noocyada dhulka==== Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah noolaha xayawaanka dhulka ee gacanka hareerihiisa ayaan caddayn oo lama baran. [[Camel|Geel]] saaxiibtinimo leh ([[dromedary]]) ayaa ku nool xeebta.<ref>Triptrafic1. 2012. [http://www.trafic-amenage.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=29241 Sur les traces de l'Aéropostale.]. http://www.Trafic-Amenage.com. Retrieved January 1, 2015</ref> ===Xayawaannada badda ee gurguurta=== [[Sea turtle|Qoolleyda badda]] ayaa la ogyahay inay ku buulleydaan xeebta gacanka.<ref name=FootPrintBook /> Waxaa jiray daraasado diiradda saaraya gobolka Dakhla.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tiwari M. |author2=Aksissou M. |author3=Semmoumy S. |author4=Ouakka K. |year=2006|title=Sea Turtle Surveys in Southern Morocco (Plage Blanche – Porto Rico) in July 2006|journal=A Report to the Institut National de Recherche Halieutique, Casablanca, Kingdom of Morocco|url=http://www.rufford.org/files/131.01.04%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf|access-date=2014-12-19|archive-date=2014-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219120446/http://www.rufford.org/files/131.01.04%20Detailed%20Final%20Report.pdf}}</ref> ===Shimbiraha=== Noocyo badan oo shimbiraha muhaajiriinta ah iyo [[Seabird|shimbiraha badda]], sida [[Wader|shimbiraha wader ee Galbeedka Palearctic]], ayaa jiilaalka ku qaata xeebta Saxaraha Galbeed, gobolka Gacanka Cintra iyo [[Banc d'Arguin National Park]], oo ah [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Goobta Dhaxalka Adduunka ee UNESCO]], [[Mauritania]] halkaas oo ku dhowaad 110 nooc oo shimbiraha badda ah la xaqiijiyay.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deserts and xeric shrublands - Atlantic coastal desert|page=WWF-World Wildlife Fund |url=http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/pa1304 |access-date=2013-09-16}}</ref><ref name=Waders>{{cite journal |author=Rufino R. |author2=Neves R. |author3=Pina J.P.|year=1998|title=Wintering waders in Dakhla Bay, Western Sahara|journal=Wader Study Group Bulletin |volume=87|pages=26–29|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/iwsgb/v087/p00026-p00029.pdf |access-date=2014-12-26}}</ref> Iyada oo lagu salaynayo daraasado dabagal-bayooloji ah, [[osprey|osprey-ga]] ayaa sidoo kale ah nooc u muhaajira halkan.<ref>Dailey J. 2014. [https://kielderospreys.wordpress.com/2014/12/14/uv-and-the-gulf-of-cintra/ UV and the Gulf of Cintra]. Retrieved December 26. 2014</ref> == Degsiimooyinka == [[File:Western Sahara, 2007-12-25.jpg|thumb|Mid ka mid ah degsiimooyinka u dhow Gacanka Cintra]] Aaggu aad buu u fog yahay oo ku dhowaad dad la'aan baa, iyadoo kaliya dhowr degsiimo oo kalluumeysi oo yar yar oo guryo ah ay ku kala firirsan yihiin xeebta. Kuwan, ''Puntillas de las Raimas'' oo ku taal Bajo Tortugo, cirifka woqooyi ee gacanka, waa tan ugu weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadku waxay yaraadeen waqtiyadii dhowaa tuuladuna waxay ku dhowaatay inay cidlo noqoto ilaa 2012.<ref name=PaulWildlifewriter>Paul Wildlifewriter. 2014. [https://thewildlifewriter.blogspot.jp/2014/12/ghost-town.html Ghost Town - Geography lessons from Ospreys #437]. Retrieved December 26. 2014</ref> ''Porto Rico'', degsiimo kale oo kalluumeysi oo ku taal waqooyiga gacanka, ayaa sidoo kale lumisay dad aad u badan.<ref>[https://misviaj.es/transa41.htm Viaje Transahariano Enero 2012]</ref> Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]], oo qiyaastii {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} u jirta. == Dalxiiska == Inkasta oo Gacanka Cintra loo tixgeliyey soo jiidasho maxalli ah, duufaannada ciidda (gaar ahaan guga) iyo miinooyinka laga soo ururiyay Cabo Barbas ayaa ka dhigaya aagga mid aan ku habboonayn dalxiisayaasha.<ref>[https://cibio.up.pt/crocodilos/images/saara/15.pdf. Western Sahara (Morocco): Tan-Tan – Fort Guerguerat] {{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (pdf). Retrieved March 28, 2017</ref> ==Qoraalo== {{notelist}} == Sidoo kale eeg == *[[North Atlantic right whale]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 86758ce2uana0smxg1n96c4r6q8jsa0 0 48226 300490 300027 2026-07-01T01:04:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Gacanka Menai |native_name = {{native phrase|sw|Ghuba la Menai}} |image = ISS021-E-5413 - View of Tanzania.jpg |caption = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Gacanka Menai ee Zanzibar |location = {{Flag|Tanzania}},<br/> [[Gobolka Mjini Magharibi]],<br/> [[Golaha Magaalada Tanga, Tanga|Golaha Magaalada Tanga]] |pushpin_map = Tanzania |pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Tanzania |group = [[Zanzibar Channel]] |coords={{coord|6|22|12|S|39|20|43|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} |type = Gacan |etymology = |designation = Gacan biyo-mareen la ilaaliyo |rivers = |settlements = Fumba, [[Unguja Ukuu]] |oceans =[[Badweynta Hindiya]] |length ={{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} |width ={{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} |area = |islands = [[Kwale Island, Zanzibar]], [[Pamunda Island]], [[Sume Island]], [[Miwi Island]], [[Niamembe Island]] & [[Pungume Island]] }} '''Gacanka Menai''' (''Ghuba ya Menai'', af-[[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]) waa [[gacan]] ku yaal [[Degmada Mkinga]] ee [[Gobolka Mjini Magharibi]] ee dalka [[Tanzania]]. Gacanku waa juqraafi ahaan qayb ka mid ah [[Jasiiradaha Zanzibar]]. ==Juqraafi== Waa [[gacan]] 10&nbsp;km ballac ah oo ku yaal [[Zanzibar Channel]] ee galbeedka [[Badweynta Hindiya]].<ref name="GE">[[GoogleEarth]]</ref> Xeebta dheer ee Gacanka Menai waxay leedahay sagaal iyo toban tuulo, iyadoo tirada guud ee dadku ay yihiin qiyaastii 17,000. Tuulooyinku waxay ku dhex yaallaan [[Gobolka Unguja South]] ee [[Zanzibar]]. [[Gacanka Menai Conservation Area]] (MBCA) waa [[marine reserve|kayd badda]] oo ilaaliya deegaannada iyo noolaha aagga gacanka.<ref>[http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/marine/news/stories/index.cfm?uNewsID=2115 WWF: story on Menai Bay Conservation Area]</ref> ==Degitaanka Mangrove-ka== [[Mangrove|Geedaha mangrove-ka]] ee Gacanka Menai ee ugu dhow degsiimooyinka sida [[Unguja Ukuu]], Pete, iyo Uzi ayaa lumaya inta badan xaaladdoodii dabiiciga ahayd. Sidaa darteed, qaybta galbeed ee Menai waxay leedahay mangrove aad u xumaaday marka loo eego qaybta bari. In kasta oo hadda jiraan qaab-dhismeed sharci iyo sharciyeed oo loogu talagalay in lagu yareeyo xumaanshaha mangrove-ka, heerka degitaanka ee Zanzibar waa mid walaac leh. B. gymnorrhiza, R. mucronata, iyo C. tagal ayaa ah noocyada mangrove-ka ee ugu saamaynta badan.<ref>Mohamed, Mohamed Khalfan, Elhadi Adam, and Colbert M. Jackson. "The spatial and temporal distribution of mangrove forest cover from 1973 to 2020 in Chwaka Bay and Menai Bay, Zanzibar." Applied Sciences 13.13 (2023): 7962.</ref> ==Dolphinka== Waxaa jira siddeed nooc oo [[Delphinida|delphinids]] ah oo ku yaal agagaarka Zanzibar; si kastaba ha ahaatee, labada kaliya ee ku nool sannadka oo dhan Gacanka Menai Conservation Area (MBCA), oo ku taal xeebta koonfur-galbeed ee Jasiiradda Unguja, waa [[Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin]] (Tursiops aduncus) iyo [[Indian Ocean humpback dolphin]] (Sousa plumbea). Labada nooc ee dolphin-ka ee MBCA labaduba waxay halis ugu jiraan dalxiiska doomaha iyo kalluumeysiga aan ujeedada ahayn. Jilicsanaantan waxaa iftiiminaya cabbirka dadka oo lagu qiyaasay labada nooc, 35 S. plumbea iyo 136 T. aduncus. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiro wax maamul ah oo u meel yaal noocyadan xilligan la joogo marka la eego kalluumeysiga ama dalxiiska. Waligeed laguma samayn wax cilmi-baaris hore oo aaggan ah oo eegay kala duwanaanshaha qaybinta, dhacdada, ama dabeecadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, aqoonteena ku saabsan saamaynta iyo xaddidaadaha ay arrimaha aadanaha iyo deegaanku ku leeyihiin qaybinta noocyada waa mid xaddidan.<ref>Temple, Andrew J., et al. "Spatial and temporal variations in the occurrence and foraging activity of coastal dolphins in Menai Bay, Zanzibar, Tanzania." PloS one 11.3 (2016): e0148995.</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.jocara.net/PlacesProjects/Zanzibar/zanzibar.html Jocara.net: macluumaad iyo khariidad] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jocara.net/PlacesProjects/Zanzibar/zanzibar.html |date=20160303185853 }} iqo8bpzllhcrwpumwsqndyjndkxtf90 0 48232 300491 300037 2026-07-01T01:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Sodwana | native_name = {{native name|af|Sodwanabaai}} | image = SODWANA BAY Beach (Humpback whale in foreground) - panoramio.jpg | caption = Muuqaalka xeebta gacanka iyadoo [[humpback whale]] uu ka muuqdo dhanka hore | pushpin_map = South Africa | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Koonfur Afrika | coords = {{coord|27|32|S|32|41|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers = | oceans = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | countries = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | length = | width = | area = | frozen = | islands = | cities = | embedded = }} '''Gacanka Sodwana''' waa [[gacan]] ku yaal [[Koonfur Afrika]] oo ku taal xeebta woqooyi ee [[KwaZulu Natal]], inta u dhaxaysa [[Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park|St. Lucia]] iyo [[Harada Sibhayi]]. Waxay ku dhex taal Beerta Qaranka ee Gacanka Sodwana, iyo Kaydka Badda ee Maputaland, waana goob caan ku ah [[quusitaanka madadaalada]]. Magaca waxaa caadi ahaan loo adeegsadaa in lagu tilmaamo labadaba kaydka badda iyo beerta dhulka, iyo sidoo kale gacanka juqraafi ahaan. [[Beerta Qaranka ee Gacanka Sodwana]] waa xariijin cidhiidhi ah oo ah dunes ciid kaymo ah oo ku yaal xeebta bari. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday beerta qaranka 1950-meeyadii, waxaana inta badan booqda kalluumaysato iyo quusayaal.<ref name="Nature reserve" /> Sodwana waxay ku taal [[Aagga Badda ee La Ilaaliyo ee Maputaland]] waana aagga kaliya ee quusitaanka isboortiga ee baaxadda leh ee ku yaal xeebta Greater St Lucia Wetlands Park (oo hadda loo bixiyay iSimangaliso{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}). Waxaa loo kala saaray mid ka mid ah goobaha ugu wanaagsan ee quusitaanka adduunka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top dive sites in the World {{!}} PADI|url=https://travel.padi.com/dive-sites/world/?ordering=-rating,-number_reviews|access-date=2021-04-30|website=PADI Travel|language=en}}</ref> beerta waxaa sanadkii booqda ilaa 35,000 oo quusayaal ah. Gacanku wuxuu u dhow yahay cidhifka koonfureed ee [[marine ecoregion|deegaanka badda]] ee kulaylaha ee galbeedka [[Indo-Pacific]], waxaana ku yaal [[Coral reef|xashiishka coral-ka]]. Xarigga {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} waa hoyga noocyo badan oo deegaan iyo socdaal ah. Dhowr kanaal oo badda hoosteeda ah ayaa gooyay cidhifka shelf-ka qaaradda, kaas oo aad ugu dhow xeebta. Waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah kuwan oo 27 Nofeembar 2000 la ogaaday dad deegaan ah oo [[coelacanth]] ah. [[Sailfish]], [[king mackerel]], [[King mackerel|kingfish]] iyo noocyada kale ee kalluunka ayaa u guura dhanka koonfureed ee xeebta bari ee Afrika, tan iyo markii hawlaha [[Piracy|burcad-badeedda]] ee xeebta woqooyi-bari ee Afrika ay sii bateen, dadka kalluunka ee caafimaadka qaba ayaa mar kale gaaray ilaa koonfurta xeebta Koonfur Afrika, taas oo dib u dhistay Sodwana sidii goob kalluumaysi oo isboorti ah.<ref>{{cn|date=May 2018}}</ref> [[Aagga badda ee la ilaaliyo]] waxaa lagu yaqaan [[megafauna|naasleyda badda]] ee halista ugu jira oo ay ka mid yihiin [[whale shark]], [[great white shark]], [[Bull shark|zambezi sharks]], [[hammerhead shark]], [[blacktip shark]], [[manta rays]], [[orange-spotted grouper]], [[potato cod]], [[leatherback turtle|quraanjada maqaarka]] oo si weyn halis ugu jira,<ref name=Sibonya /> [[loggerhead sea turtle|quraanjada loggerhead]], iyo [[coelacanth]].<ref name="Venter et al 1992" /> Daah-furka Coelacanths ayaa gobolka ka dhigay mid caan ka ah adduunka. Cadadka Maarso 2011 ee ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'', maqaal gaaban oo cinwaankiisu ahaa ''Dabaal-yaqaannadii Hore'' ayaa soo baxay, kaas oo ka hadlayay daahfurka [[coelacanths]] ee moolka Gacanka Sodwana iyo agagaarkeeda. Qayb yar oo ka mid ah maqaalka qoran ayaa sharraxaysa: {{quote|"Tan iyo markii la arkay fursaddan, ''[[Latimeria chalumnae]]'' waxaa laga helay dhowr jeebadood gudaha iyo hareeraha Badweynta Hindiya. Qofna ma garanayo inta ay yihiin - laga yaabee in ay u yar yihiin 1,000 ama ilaa 10,000. Sababo la xiriira qoto-dheerida deegaankooda, waxaa inta badan sawiray submersibles iyo baabuurta laga maamulo meel fog. Quusayaashii ayaa markii ugu horreysay diiwaangeliyay kalluunka [ee Gacanka Sodwana] sannadkii 2000; Janaayo iyo Febraayo 2010, koox si gaar ah loo tababaray ayaa quustay si ay sawirro uga qaadaan [mid kale] gumeysi yar oo ku yaal Gacanka Sodwana, Koonfur Afrika."}} [[Whale watching|Daawashada nibiriga]] ee beegsanaya nibiriyada socdaalka ama deegaanka waa warshad dalxiis oo maxalli ah.<ref name="Sodwana Bay Lodge" /> [[Bottlenose dolphin|Dolphin-ka]] ayaa ku nool agagaarka waxaana la arkay iyagoo la dabaalanaya shark-ka nibiriga. [[Humpback whale|Nibiriyada humpback]] ayaa u guura gacanka inta lagu jiro xilliyada jiilaalka ilaa gu'ga halka [[southern right whale]] iyo noocyada kale ay aad u yar yihiin. [[Orca|Nibiri-dilaha]] ayaa sidoo kale booqan kara biyaha gacanka.{{cn|date=May 2018}} Aagagga dhulka ee [[iSimangaliso Wetland Park]] waa hoyga noocyada xayawaanka waaweyn ee dhulka sida [[libaax]], [[gerraaf]], [[maroodi]], [[hippopotamus|jeer]] iyo [[rhinoceros|wiyil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=William |title=Africa's big five |date=1999 |publisher=Southern |others=Gerald Hinde, R. F. Du Toit |isbn=1-86812-779-6 |location=Johannesburg |oclc=42659355}}</ref> ==Cimilada== Cimiladu waa mid kulaylaha ah iyadoo heerkulka biyuhu inta badan ka sarreeyaan {{convert|20|C|F}}, ilaa {{convert|29|C|F}} xagaaga. ==Deegaanka== ===Dhulka=== [[File:Ecoregions of South Africa.svg|thumb|upright=2|Khariidadda Deegaannada Koonfur Afrika ]] ===Badda=== [[File:Ecoregions of SA EEZ.png|thumb|upright=2|alt=Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone |Sodwana waxay ku taal Delagoa coastal ecoregion]] Biyaha xeebta ee Gacanka Sodwana waxay ku jiraan [[Delagoa|Delagoa coastal marine ecoregion]]. {{expand section|date=May 2018}} ==Dhaqaalaha== Dhaqaalaha maxalliga ah wuxuu ku salaysan yahay dalxiiska. ===Dalxiiska=== Dalxiiska aaggan wuxuu ku salaysan yahay quusitaanka isboortiga, kalluumaysiga isboortiga iyo safarrada beerta ciyaarta. ====Quusitaanka madadaalada==== {{see|iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area#Scuba diving|Scuba diving tourism|Environmental impact of recreational diving}} Ruqsad ayaa looga baahan yahay in lagu quuso wax kasta oo MPA ah gudaha Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan [[goobaha quusitaanka madadaalada]] ee Aagga Badda ee La Ilaaliyo ee iSimangaliso. Ruqsadahani waxay ansax yihiin hal sano waxaana laga heli karaa qaar ka mid ah laamaha Xafiiska Boostada.<ref name="Gazette 39646 I" /> Ruqsadaha ku-meel-gaarka ah, oo ansax ah bil, waxaa laga yaabaa in laga heli karo dukaamada quusitaanka ama hawl-wadeennada doonyaha quusitaanka ee ka shaqeeya MPA. Ruqsadda quusitaanka madadaalada ee shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ansax ku tahay dhammaan MPA-yada Koonfur Afrika halkaas oo quusitaanka madadaalada loo oggol yahay. Ruqsadda ganacsiga ee loogu talagalay in lagu fuliyo hawlaha ganacsiga quusitaanka madadaalada ee MPA waxaa lagu xaddiday MPA gaar ah. Quusitaanka ujeedooyin ganacsi ama saynis sidoo kale wuxuu hoos yimaadaa ruqsad. Dhowr goobood oo lagu dabaasho, iyo tiro badan oo goobaha quusitaanka ah ayaa loo heli karaa quusitaanka madadaalada. Dhowr hawl-wadeennada quusitaanka ayaa ku sugan Sodwana, qalabka iyo buuxinta gaaska waa la heli karaa. Xaaladaha quusitaanka guud ahaan waa kuwo wanaagsan sanadka oo dhan, laakiin aragga ugu wanaagsan ee ilaa 30 mitir ayaa ugu suurtogalsan inta lagu jiro Abriil ilaa Sebteembar. Cimilada ku habboon quusitaanka habeenkii waa la diyaarin karaa.<ref name="Nature reserve" /> Goobaha quusitaanka waxaa lagu ururiyay aagagga soo socda:<ref name="Nature reserve" /> *Two-mile Reef waa aagga ugu caansan ee leh qoto dheer oo u dhaxaysa 9 mitir ilaa in ka badan 30 mitir xagga cidhifka dibadda. *Quarter Mile Reef waxaa inta badan la quustaa Janaayo iyo Febraayo marka [[Ragged-toothed shark|shark-ga ilkaha fiiqan]] ay isugu yimaadaan. *Stringer Reef oo qoto dheer oo 14 mitir ah waa reef yar oo leh noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo ah. *Four and Five Mile Reefs waxay ku saabsan yihiin {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} laga bilaabo Jesser Point. Waxay yihiin kuwo xoogaa qoto dheer, waxayna leeyihiin coral-yo laamo leh, miis iyo saxan. *Seven Mile Reef waa aagga ku saabsan {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} woqooyi ka xigta Jesser Point. Waxaa jira overhangs, drop-offs iyo reef-yo likaha ah. *Nine Mile Reef waa reef-ka ugu woqooyi ee aagagga la heli karo. Qoto dheeridu waxay u dhaxaysaa 6 ilaa 21 mitir. Waxaa jira coral geed cagaaran oo ku taal dhinaca badda ee reef-ka. *Quusitaanka Coelacanth ee kanaalka waxay u baahan yihiin ruqsad gaar ah iyo shahaado iyo karti ku filan quusitaanka trimix ee qoto dheer oo ka badan 100 m. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> File:View over Mgobezeleni Lake towards Sodwana Bay.jpg|Muuqaalka Harada Mgobezeleni ee u jeeda Gacanka Sodwana File:Sodwana Beach.jpg|Xeebta Sodwana File:Sodwana Beach ... (Photo JC PLE) - 52313083832.jpg|alt= </gallery> ==Tixraac== <references> <ref name="Gazette 39646 I" >{{cite journal |url=http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |journal=Regulation Gazette No. 10553 |title=R118. Draft Regulations for the management of the Isimangaliso Marine Protected Area |volume=608 |issue=39646 |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Government Printer |location=Pretoria |access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2026 |archive-date=7 Bisha Labaad 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207182757/http://www.gpwonline.co.za/Gazettes/Gazettes/39646_3-2_EnvAffairs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Nature reserve" >{{cite web|url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park_activities.html |title=Water Based Activities at Sodwana Bay National Park |website=www.nature-reserve.co.za/ |accessdate=19 March 2021 }}</ref> <ref name=Sibonya>{{cite web|website=Siyabona Africa Travel |url=http://www.nature-reserve.co.za/sodwana-bay-national-park.html |title=Sodwana Bay National Park, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa |access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Sodwana Bay Lodge">{{cite web |website=Sodwana Bay Lodge |url=http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |title=Whale watching |access-date=18 December 2014 }}{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103712/http://sodwanabaylodge.com/index.php/whale-watching |date=18 December 2014 }}</ref> <ref name="Venter et al 1992">{{cite web|last1=Venter |first1=Pieter |last2=Timm |first2=Peter |last3=Gunn |first3=Gilbert|last4=le Roux |first4=Etienne |last5=Serfontein |first5=Christo |last6=Smith |first6=Pieter |last7=Smith |first7=Erna |last8=Bensch |first8=Martin |last9=Harding |first9=Dennis |last10=Heemstra |first10=Phillip |date=1992 |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |title=Discovery of a viable population of Coelacanths (Latimeria Chalumnae Smith, 1939) at Sodwana Bay, South Africa] |website= |publisher=Science in Africa |access-date=18 December 2014}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218103600/http://www.scienceinafrica.com/old/index.php?q=coelanew.htm |date=1992 }}</ref> </references> ==Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commonscat inline}} * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/ St Lucia 3974 South Africa Website] * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/knowledgebase/sodwana-bay-info/ Gacanka Sodwana] * [https://sodwanabayinformation.co.za/sodwana-bay-bookings/ Quusitaanka iyo Hoyga Gacanka Sodwana] * [https://sodwanabayskipperstraining.co.za/ Tababarka Kabtanka Xeebta] f4sbewekxtb19eh80fa15vpfhi91t7o 0 48239 300488 300048 2026-07-01T01:04:43Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Gacanka Abu Qir | native_name ={{native name|ar|خليج أبو قير}} | other_name = | image = AbuQirBay.png | alt = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee xeebta Masar | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Abu Qir Bay | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Gobolka Beheira]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|31|18|N|30|10|E|region:EG_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = Gacan | etymology = Abu Qir waa Af-Carabi macnaheedu yahay "[[Cyrus and John|Aabbe Cyrus]]", oo ah shahiid ka tirsan [[Kaniisadda Koobtigga]]. | part_of = [[Badda Mediterranean]] | inflow = [[Rosetta]] afka [[Niil]], [[Harada Idku]] | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = | engineer = | date-flooded = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|500–600|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|10–12|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|18|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|5–6|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = Heerka badda | temperature_high = | temperature_low = | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Abu Qir Bay ee Masar | website = | reference = ''Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control''.<ref name= Eutrophication>{{cite book|title=Eutrophication: causes, consequences and control|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wB70HmdWx9QC|volume=1|first1=Abid A.|last1=Ansari|first2=Gill Sarvajeet|last2=Singh|first3=Guy R.|last3=Lanza|first4=Walter|last4=Rast|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2010|isbn=9789048196258|page=174}}</ref> }} '''Gacanka Abu Qir''' (mararka qaarkood '''Abukir Bay''' ama '''Aboukir Bay'''; {{Langx|ar|خليج أبو قير|Khalīj Abū Qīr}}) waa gacan ballaaran oo ku taal [[Badda Mediterranean]] meel u dhow [[Iskandariya]] ee [[Masar]], oo u dhaxaysa afka [[Rosetta]] ee [[Niil]] iyo magaalada [[Abu Qir]]. Magaalooyinkii qadiimiga ahaa ee [[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]], [[Heracleion]] iyo [[Menouthis]] ayaa ku hoos jira biyaha gacanka. Sannadkii 1798 wuxuu ahaa goobtii [[Battle of the Nile|Dagaalkii Niil]], oo ahaa dagaal badeed u dhexeeyay [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Ingiriiska]] iyo ciidanka badda ee [[French First Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Koowaad ee Faransiiska]]. Gacanku wuxuu ka kooban yahay goob [[natural gas|gaas dabiici ah]], oo la helay 1970-meeyadii. ==Juqraafi== Abu Qir Bay waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii {{convert|20|km}} bari ka xigta Iskandariya, oo ku xaddidan dhinaca koonfur-galbeed ee madaxa Abu Qir, halkaas oo ay ku taal magaalada [[Abu Qir]], iyo dhinaca woqooyi-bari ee afka [[Rosetta]] ee [[Niil]]. Gacanku waa gobol xeebta Masar ah oo aad u bacrin ah laakiin waxaa ku dhaca [[eutrophication]] daran iyo wasakh ka timaada warshadaha iyo qashinka guryaha oo aan la daweyn.<ref name= Eutrophication/> [[ABU QIR Fertilizers and Chemicals Industries Company]], oo ah soo-saare weyn oo ah [[nitrogen fertilizer|bacriminta nitrogen]], ayaa ku taal gacanka. ==Qarqoomi== Ilaha qadiimiga ah ayaa tilmaamaya in laanta Canopic ee [[Nile Delta|Delta-da Niil]] ay mar gashay badda meel u dhow Heracleion ama qaybta bari ee Canopus. Isku-darka qoraallada Islaamiga ah iyo baaritaannada iyadoo la adeegsanayo [[geoarchaeology]] waxay soo jeedinayaan in laantan ay weli jirtay qarnigii sideedaad, markii qarqoomi weyn ay keentay in Canopus-ta bari ay ku degto gacanka. Laantii Canopic ayaa markii dambe hoos u dhacday oo ugu dambayntii xirantay.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ|first=John|last=Cooper|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2014|isbn=9789774166143|pages=30, 58–59, 74}}</ref> Dhulka aagga Canopus wuxuu la kulmay kor u kaca heerka badda, dhulgariirro, [[tsunami|sunamis]], iyo qaybo badan oo ka mid ah waxay u muuqdaan inay horey ugu sujuudeen [[soil liquefaction|dareere-dhuleed]] waqti ka mid ah dhamaadka qarnigii 2aad ee BC,<ref name=LostCities6>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/15/lost-cities-6-thonis-heracleion-egypt-sunken-sea|title=Lost cities #6: how Thonis-Heracleion resurfaced after 1,000 years under water|last=Shenker|first=Jack|date=15 Aug 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=11 Feb 2018}}</ref> oo noqday kuwo qarqoomi ah. ==Qadiimiga== [[File:Canopus menouthis herakleion.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda Delta-da Niil oo muujinaysa [[Canopus (Egypt)|Canopus]], [[Heracleion]], iyo [[Menouthis]]-ta qadiimiga ah]] Waqtiyadii qadiimiga ahaa Abu Qir Bay waxaa ku hareeraysan marshland waxayna lahayd dhowr jasiiradood. Ilaa qarnigii 7aad ee BC, magaalooyinka dekedaha waxaa laga aasaasay gacanka. Gacanku hadda wuxuu ka kooban yahay goobaha qadiimiga ah ee biyaha hoostooda ee saddex magaalo oo ka soo jeeda xilliyadii pre-Hellenistic, Hellenistic iyo Roomaanka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mirsky |first=Steve |date=31 January 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Alexandria Treasures |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/cleopatras-alexandria-treasures-10-01-31/ |newspaper=Scientific American |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Qaybta bari ee magaaladii qadiimiga ahayd ee [[Canopus, Egypt|Canopus]] ayaa ku qarqoomay gacanka,<ref>{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Edward |date=3 June 2010 |title=Cleopatra's Underwater Kingdom |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/arts/design/04cleo.html |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> oo ay la socdaan hadhaagii [[Menouthis]]<ref>{{cite press release |last=Shwartz |first=Mark |date=11 December 2000 |title=Scientists, archaeologists and historians will unravel the mystery of Egypt's sunken cities |url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/agunur110.html |location=California |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622105451/https://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/agunur110.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo magaalada walaasheed [[Heracleion|Herakleion–Thonis]] oo hadda ku taal 7 kiiloomitir xeebta.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lost underwater city explored in documentary |url=http://neoskosmos.com/news/en/Lost-underwater-city-explored-in-documentary |newspaper=Νεος Κοσμος |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=23 July 2015 }}</ref> Waxaa qoday qadiimiga biyaha hoostooda ee Faransiiska [[Franck Goddio]]. Nofeembar 2017, ergada Masar oo kaashanaysa Machadka Yurub ee Qadiimiga Biyaha hoostiisa ayaa ku dhawaaqay helitaanka saddex markab oo qarqoomay oo 2,000 oo sano jir ah oo ku noqday xilligii Roomaanka ee [[Iskandariya]] Abu Qir Bay.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Sunken vessels dating back to Roman era discovered in Alexandria|url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/sunken-vessels-dating-back-roman-era-discovered-alexandria/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-21|title=Remains of 3 ships dating back to Roman era Found in Alex.|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/33550/Remains-of-3-ships-dating-back-to-Roman-era-Found|access-date=2020-12-28|website=EgyptToday}}</ref> Xamuulka qarqoomay waxaa ka mid ahaa madax boqornimo oo kiristaalo ah oo laga yaabo inay lahaayeen taliyihii ciidammada Roomaanka ee "Antonio", saddex lacag oo dahab ah oo ka timid xilligii Emperor Octavius Augustus, looxyo alwaax waaweyn iyo weel dhoobo ah.<ref>{{Cite news|title=2,000-year-old Roman shipwrecks discovered near coast of Alexandria, Egypt|url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204075207/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/roman-shipwrecks-discovered-near-coast-of-alexandria-egypt-1.5467698|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2018|access-date=2020-12-28|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}</ref> Julaay 2019, macbud Giriig ah oo yar iyo tiirar granite ah oo qadiimi ah, maraakiib khasnad leh, oo ay la socdaan lacagta naxaasta ah ee xukunkii [[Ptolemy II]], dhoobada laga soo bilaabo qarniyadii saddexaad iyo afraad ee BC ayaa laga helay magaaladii qarqoomay ee [[Heracleion]], oo loo yaqaan Atlantis ee Masar. Baaritaannada waxaa sameeyay quusayaal Masar iyo Yurub ah oo uu hoggaaminayay qadiimiga biyaha hoostiisa [[Franck Goddio]]. Waxay kaloo soo saareen macbud taariikhi ah oo gebi ahaanba burburay (macbudka ugu weyn ee magaalada) oo ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi ee Masar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://headtopics.com/uk/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/7097571|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Topics|first=Head|website=Head Topics|date=24 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/ancient-egypt-underwater-cities-sunken-cities-temple-coins-jewelry-archaeology-1450695|title=Ancient Egypt: Underwater archaeologists uncover destroyed temple in the sunken city of Heracleion|last=EDT|first=Katherine Hignett On 7/23/19 at 11:06 AM|date=2019-07-23|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|title=Archaeologists discover a sunken ancient settlement underwater|last=Santos|first=Edwin|date=2019-07-28|website=Nosy Media|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817155916/https://nosymedia.info/archaeologists-discover-a-sunken-ancient-settlement-underwater/1410/|archive-date=2019-08-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/66045-underwater-ancient-egypt-city-temple.html|title=Divers Find Remains of Ancient Temple in Sunken Egyptian City|last=History|first=Laura Geggel 2019-07-29T10:37:58Z|website=livescience.com|date=29 July 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-08-17}}</ref> Dhowr maraakiib qarqoomay ayaa laga qoday gacanka, oo ay ku jiraan doon xafladeed ([[Neshmet]] doon) oo loo huray [[Osiris]] iyo dhowr maraakiib [[Roman Empire|Roomaan]] ah.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=23 November 2017 |title=Archeologists discover three Roman-era shipwrecks in Egypt's north coast |newspaper=[[Daily Sabah]] |location=[[Istanbul]] |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/11/24/archeologists-discover-three-roman-era-shipwrecks-in-egypts-north-coast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124155224/https://www.dailysabah.com/life/2017/11/24/archeologists-discover-three-roman-era-shipwrecks-in-egypts-north-coast |archive-date=24 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Khalil |first1=Emad |last2=Mustafa |first2=Mohamed |year=2002 |chapter=Chapter 31: Underwater archaeology in Egypt |editor1-last=Ruppé |editor1-first=Carol V. |editor2-last=Barstad |editor2-first=Janet F. |title=International Handbook of Underwater Archaeology |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic |pages=519–534 |isbn=978-0-306-46345-7}}</ref> ==Dagaalkii Niil== {{Main|Battle of the Nile}} [[File:The Battle of the Nile, 1 August 1798.jpg|thumb|Maraakiibta Ingiriiska oo weeraraya maraakiibta Faransiiska ee Abukir]] 1-dii Agoosto, 1798, [[Horatio Nelson]] wuxuu la dagaallamay dagaalkii badeed ee "Battle of the Nile", oo inta badan loo yaqaan "Battle of Aboukir Bay". (Lama wareerin Dagaalkii Abukir (1799) iyo Dagaalkii Abukir (1801).) 1-dii Maarso 1801, qiyaastii 70 maraakiib dagaal oo Ingiriis ah, oo ay weheliyaan gaadiid siday 16,000 oo askari, ayaa ku soo xirtay Aboukir Bay meel u dhow [[Iskandariya]]. Ujeedadu waxay ahayd in laga adkaado xooggii Faransiiska ee ku haray Masar ka dib markii [[Napoleon]] uu ku laabtay Faransiiska. Cimilada xun ayaa dib u dhigtay bixitaanka muddo toddobaad ah laakiin, 8-dii Maarso, Kabtan [[Alexander Cochrane]] oo ka tirsan [[HMS Ajax (1798)|HMS ''Ajax'']] wuxuu geeyay 320 doonyood, oo laba saf ah, si ay ciidammada u keenaan xeebta. Beteriyada xeebta Faransiiska ayaa ka soo horjeeday soo degitaanka, laakiin Ingiriisku waxay awood u yeesheen inay dib u celiyaan, maalintii xigtayna, dhammaan ciidankii Ingiriiska ee Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] waxay joogeen xeebta. Ingiriisku waxay markaas ka adkaadeen ciidankii Faransiiska ee [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|Dagaalkii Iskandariya]]. [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|Go'doomintii Iskandariya]] ayaa timid, magaaladuna waxay dhacday 2-dii Sebtember 1801. ''[[French ship Orient (1791)|L’Orient]]'', markabkii calanka ee Napoleon, waxaa burburiyay maraakiibtii Nelson wuxuuna ku yaallaa gacanka oo ku yaal gunta badda. Waxay sidday shan milyan oo francs oo dahab ah iyo hal milyan oo lacag ah oo laga soo qaatay [[Knights Hospitaller]] ee [[Malta]]. Intii u dhaxaysay 1998 iyo 1999, qadiimiga Faransiiska Franck Goddio wuxuu hoggaamiyay duullaan sameeyay daraasad qadiimiga ah oo biyaha hoostooda ah oo goobta burburka ah.<ref>{{cite web|title=Napoleon Bonaparte's fleet|url=http://www.franckgoddio.org/projects/others/napoleon-bonapartes-fleet.html|website=Franck Goddio|access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> ==Jasiiradda Nelson== {{Main|Nelson's Island}} Jasiiradda Nelson, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Aboukir, waa jasiirad {{convert|350|m|abbr=on}}-dheer oo ku taal Abu Qir bay oo loo isticmaalo dalxiiska iyo madadaalada. Jasiiraddu waxay hoos u dhacday cabbir ahaan tan iyo qadiimiga iyadoo ay sabab u tahay nabaad-guurka iyo dhagaxaanta dhagaxa. Markii ay qayb ka ahayd [[Ancient Egypt|Masar-tii Qadiimiga ahayd]] waxay u badan tahay inay ku xirnayd dhul-weynaha waxa hadda ah saldhigga ciidanka badda ee Aboukir. Waqtiyadii Fircooniga jasiiraddu waxay ku taallay waddo ganacsi oo aasaasi ah oo loo maro Webiga Niil waxayna noqotay xarun weyn oo diimeed iyo ganacsi. Waxaa jira caddayn qadiimiga ah in necropolis-ka darajo sare leh la dhigay jasiiradda. Intii lagu jiray [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Boqortooyada Ptolemaic]] jasiiradda waa la xoojiyay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Graves Found Shows Women Fought With British in the 1798 Battle of the Nile|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.733462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726205706/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.733462|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 26, 2016|author=Philippe Bohstrom|date=26 July 2016|work=Haaretz}}</ref> Ka dib Dagaalkii Niil ee 1798, dhowr Ingiriis ah oo dhintay ayaa lagu aasay jasiiradda. Qabrigooda waxaa la helay 2000. Maadaama ay halis ugu jireen nabaad-guurka badda, soddon meyd oo dib ayaa loogu aasay Chatby [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Commonwealth War Graves]] Cemetery ee Iskandariya 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reburial for Nelson's comrades|url=http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/1/hi/uk/4455033.stm|date=18 April 2005|work=BBC News}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Harada Burullus]] * [[Harada Mariout]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} pk3sl15hsrv2gwoec4ukxynm9jncclu 0 48240 300541 300050 2026-07-01T02:04:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name= Marinka Tigres | native_name = {{native name|pt|Estreito dos Tigres}} | pushpin_map = Angola | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ku taal Angola | coords= {{coord|16|38|S|11|46|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers= | oceans=[[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] | countries= [[Angola]] | length ={{convert|35|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|9|km|abbr=on}} | area= | frozen= | islands=[[Tigres Island]] | cities= | reference=<ref name="GE">[[GoogleEarth]]</ref> }} '''Marinka Tigres''', oo hore loo yaqaanay '''Tigres Bay''' ama '''Great Fish Bay''', waa marin ku taal [[Angola]], oo ku taal [[Gobolka Namibe]], waxayna u adeegtaa kala qaybinta u dhaxaysa dhul-weynaha Angola iyo [[Tigres Island]].<ref name="mapcartaB">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19037300|title=Baia dos Tigres|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/reportagem/baia_dos_tigres__e_uma_aldeia_fantasma Baía dos Tigres é uma aldeia fantasma] {{Wayback|url=http://jornaldeangola.sapo.ao/reportagem/baia_dos_tigres__e_uma_aldeia_fantasma |date=20200216130623 }}. Jornal de Angola. 10 de janeiro de 2019.</ref> ==Juqraafi== Waxay mar hore lahayd gacan-jasiirad yar oo dhinaca bari ah, iyada oo [[isthmus|luqun-dhuleedkeedu]] uu ku yaal koonfurta iyo tuulo kalluumeysi oo si wanaagsan loo aasaasay oo la magac baxday [[Saint Martin of the Tigers]] (Af-Bortaqiis: ''São Martinho dos Tigres''). Badweynta ayaa jabisay luqun-dhuleedka gacan-jasiiradda 1962-kii, khadkii biyuhuna waa uu go'ay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/a/coolwaterssara.com/www/|title=Cool Waters|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2017-07-13}}</ref> Tigres waxay noqotay jasiirad habeen keliya, [[Tigres Island]], jasiiradda ugu weyn Angola.<ref name="mapcartaI">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19049252|title=Ilha dos Tigres|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=10 October 2016}}</ref> Waqtigan xaadirka ah, inta badan aagga gacankii hore wuxuu noqday [[marin|marin]] u dhexeeya jasiiradda iyo dhul-weynaha. Gacankii asalka ahaa, kaliya [[gacan yar]] oo u furan woqooyi —''Saco dos Tigres''— ayaa ka hartay dhinaca koonfureed.<ref name="mapcartaST">{{cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/19037298|title=Saco dos Tigres|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> ==Taariikh== 6-dii Diseembar 1904 maraakiibta Ruushka ee u socday Pacific-ga si ay ula dagaallamaan [[Battle of Tsushima|Dagaalkii Tsushima]] ayaa ku joogsaday gacanka si ay u qaataan dhuxul.<ref name=Pleshakov140 /> Waxay baxeen galabnimadii ku xigtay.<ref name=Pleshakov140 /> Markabkii Ingiriiska ee [[HMS Barrosa (1889)|HMS Barrosa]] ayaa yimid maalintii xigtay isagoo raadinaya maraakiibta ka hor inta uusan u jihaysan [[Moçâmedes]].<ref name=Pleshakov140>{{cite book |last=Pleshakov |first=Constantine |title=The Tsar's Last Armada |publisher=Basic Books |publication-place=Oxford |date=2002 |isbn=1-903985-31-5 |pages=140-141}}</ref> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Juqraafiga Angola]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} kelqwkfdo123oe0ds2oyma0s7zf8tnw 0 48250 300489 300068 2026-07-01T01:04:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300489 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Betsiboka estuary.jpg|thumb|270px|Badda Webiga Betsiboka iyo Gacanka Bombetoka oo laga arkay hawada. (Waqooyigu waa dhinaca midig.)]] [[Image:Bombetoka bay SPOT 1192.jpg|thumb|270px|Gacanka Bombetoka oo ay aragtay dayax-gacmeedka Spot.]] '''Gacanka Bombetoka''' waa [[gacan]] ku taal xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Madagascar]] agagaarka magaalada [[Mahajanga]], halkaas oo [[Betsiboka River|Webiga Betsiboka]] uu ugu shubo [[Mozambique Channel|Kanaalka Musanbiig]]. Tiro badan oo [[jasiirad]]ood iyo [[sandbar|ciid-xir]] ah ayaa ku samaysmay [[estuary|af-webiga]] laga bilaabo xaddiga badan ee [[sediment|qashinka]] ee uu wado Webiga Betsiboka waxaana qaabeeyay qulqulka webiga iyo riixitaanka iyo jiidashada [[tide|hirarka badda]]. Xeebaha iyo jasiiradaha dusheeda, dhirtu waa inta badan kaymaha [[mangrove|mangrove-ka]]. Dhab ahaantii, Gacanka Bombetoka waa hoy u ah qaar ka mid ah bulshooyinka mangrove-ka ee ugu weyn ee haray ee Madagascar, kuwaas oo bixiya hoy loogu talagalay bulshooyinka kala duwan ee [[mollusk|qolofleyda]] iyo [[crustacean|kalluunka qolofka leh]], iyo sidoo kale deegaan loogu talagalay [[sea turtle|qoolleyda badda]], [[bird|shimbiraha]], iyo [[dugong|dugong-yada]]. Xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee Madagascar, mangroves iyo [[coral reef|shacaabta]] ayaa iska kaashada si ay u abuuraan [[ecosystem|nidaamyo deegaan]] xeebeed firfircoon oo kala duwan. Kaymaha mangrove-ku waxay qabtaan qashinka webiga ee ku soo qulqulaya kaas oo ceejin lahaa shacaabta xeebaha, halka shacaabtuna ay ka ilaaliyaan mangroves-ka [[ocean surface wave|hirarka badda]] xooggan. Biyaha agtooda, beerashada [[shrimp|shrimp-ka]] iyo [[rice|bariiska]] ayaa caadi ah, halka [[coffee|kafeega]] [[plantation|beeraha]] ay ku badan yihiin dhulka ku hareeraysan. Gaadiidka qashinka iyo hakinta ee Gacanka Bombetoka ayaa si weyn isu beddelay intii lagu jiray 30-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, iyadoo koror weyn uu ku yimid xaddiga qashinka ee uu dhaqaajiyo webiga Betsiboka, oo lagu kaydiyay af-webiga iyo qaybaha delta-da ee xeebta ka baxsan. Isbeddelladan ayaa si xun u saameeyay beeraha, kalluumeysiga, iyo gaadiidka mid ka mid ah dekedaha ugu waaweyn ee Madagascar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Environmental monitoring of bombetoka bay and the Betsiboka estuary, Madagascar, using multi-temporal satellite data |author=Tsilavo Raharimahefa and Timothy M. Kusky|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/840677317048r576/?p=0f24a9e9eb5a4d23a4eeb5eb41707548&pi=8 |url-status=dead |date=2010}}</ref> == Tixraac == *{{cite web | url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16818 | title=Bombetoka Bay, Madagascar | publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] | accessdate=2006-05-17 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2006-09-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060930063955/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16818 }} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|15|48|55|S|46|16|13|E|source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} tpdhhuviquiru32ysj42gvxgpjwm236 0 48252 300533 300070 2026-07-01T01:44:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox islands | name = Jasiiradaha Bazaruto | native_name = | native_name_link = | native_name_lang = | sobriquet = | image_name = File:ISS059-E-92404 - View of Mozambique.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee jasiiradaha | image_alt = | image_map = | image_map_alt = | image_map_size = | image_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Mozambique | pushpin_map = Mozambique | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = | etymology = | location = Badweynta Hindiya | waterbody = | total_islands = 6 | major_islands = | area_km2 = | area_footnotes = | rank = | length_km = | length_footnotes = | width_km = | width_footnotes = | coastline_km = | coastline_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_footnotes = | highest_mount = | country = Mozambique | country_admin_divisions_title = | country_admin_divisions = | country_admin_divisions_title_1 = | country_admin_divisions_1 = | country_admin_divisions_title_2 = | country_admin_divisions_2 = | demonym = | population = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_rank = | population_rank_max = | density_km2 = | density_rank = | density_footnotes = | languages = | ethnic_groups = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | website = }} '''Bazaruto Archipelago''' ({{IPA|pt|bazaˈɾutu}}) waa koox ka kooban lix jasiiradood oo ku taal [[Mozambique]], agagaarka magaalada [[Vilankulo]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay jasiiradaha [[Bazaruto Island|Bazaruto]], [[Benguerra Island|Benguerra]], [[Magaruque Island|Magaruque]], [[Santa Carolina]] iyo [[Bangué]]. [[File:Santa Carolina Island Mozambique2.jpg|thumb|Muuqaal hawada sare ah oo jasiiradda Santa Carolina]] == Juqraafi == [[File:A boat on Bazaruto Island Mozambique.jpg|alt=Doony yar oo qoryo duug ah oo ku nasanaysa xeebta ciidda leh ee jasiiradda Bazaruto oo ka hoosaysa cir buluug cad.|left|thumb|Doony kalluumaysi oo qoryo dhaqameed ah oo ku taal xeebta ciidda leh ee jasiiradda Bazaruto, Mozambique]] Kooxdu waxay ka tirsan tahay degmooyinka [[Vilanculos District|Vilanculos]] iyo [[Inhassoro District|Inhassoro]] ee [[Inhambane Province|Gobolka Inhambane]]. Jasiiradaha waxaa laga sameeyay ciid uu dhigay [[Save River (Africa)|Webiga Save]], kaas oo tan iyo markaas beddelay marinkiisii. [[Santa Carolina]] waa jasiirad dhagax dhab ah oo leh kanaallo qoto dheer waana {{convert|3|by|0.5|km}} oo cabbirkeedu yahay. Waxay leedahay saddex xeebood oo qurux badan oo leh [[coral reef|shacaab]] u dhow xeebta. Jasiiradda, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Jasiiradda Jannada, waxaa loo arkaa "dheeman" ka mid ah jasiiradaha samaynta Bazaruto Archipelago, taas oo ah baarkin qaran oo badweyn ah. Goobaha dalxiiska waxaa ka mid ah xeebo ciid leh, shacaab, iyo fursado [[surfing|surfing]] iyo kalluumaysi.<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url=http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Inhassoro.pdf |title=Perfil do Distrito de Inhassoro |publisher=Ministry of State Administration |language=Portuguese |year=2005 |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-date=21 Bisha Tobnaad 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021001334/http://www.inhambane.gov.mz/informacao/perfis-distritais/Inhassoro.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Deegaanka == [[File:View east towards a Bazaruto Archipelago island.JPG|thumb|left|Muuqaal dhanka bari ah oo ku wajahan jasiiradda Bazaruto Archipelago]] Jasiiradaha waxay noqdeen [[Bazaruto National Park|Baarkin Qaran]] sannadkii 1971. Waxaa jira faro badan oo kalluunka shacaabka, [[Acanthuridae|surgeon fishes]], [[Moorish idol]]s, [[parrotfish]]es, [[Pomacanthidae|angelfishes]], iyo [[butterflyfish]]es si aan u magacaabo laakiin dhowr. [[Sea turtle|Qoolleyda badda]], [[game fish]]es iyo [[Mobula|devil rays]] ayaa si joogto ah loo arkaa. Waxaa jira [[megafauna|megafauna]] badda oo khatar ku jira, sida [[whale shark|libaax-badeedka]], [[manta ray|mantas]], [[leatherback sea turtle|qoolleyda haragga leh]], [[cetacea]]ns oo ay ku jiraan [[humpback whale|humpback whale]], iyo [[dugong|dugong-yada]]. Waxaa sidoo kale jira [[flamingo|flamingo-yo]], [[pelican|pelican-yo]] iyo shimbiro kale oo duurjoog ah. Tirada dugong-ga ee Bazaruto waxay tirinaysaa qiyaastii 120 qof, taasoo ka dhigaysa tan ugu weyn ee dadka hadhay ee Mozambique.<ref>Bandeira O.S.. Silva E.P.R.. Paula J.. Macia A.. Hernroth L.. Guissamulo T.A.. Gove Z.D.. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10912543_Marine_biological_research_in_Mozambique_past_present_and_future Marine biological research in Mozambique: past, present and future]. [[Eduardo Mondlane University|University of Eduardo Mondlane]] on [[ResearchGate]]. Retrieved on 19 December. 2014</ref> Bazaruto waxay sidoo kale taageertaa dad badan oo [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]] ah.<ref>M. Horton (2018), "The Swahili Corridor Revisited", ''African Archaeological Review'', 35(2), 341–346. {{doi|10.1007/s10437-018-9294-2}}</ref> Kala duwanaanshaha noolaha ee Cetacean ayaa horey u ahaa mid aad uga qanisan maanta ka hor inta aan la dhimin hawlaha bini'aadamka, oo ay ku jiraan ugaarsiga ballaaran ee sharci darrada ah ee [[Soviet Union|Midowga Soofiyeeti]] iyo [[Japan]] intii lagu jiray 1960-meeyadii ilaa 1970-meeyadii, taas oo keentay baabi'inta ama dhimista noocyo badan sida [[southern right whale|southern right whale]]. Tan iyo markii juqraafiga jasiiradaha uu bixiyo tiro ka mid ah nidaamyo deegaan oo kala duwan, noocyo aan caadi ahayn oo noocyo ah ayaa ka dhaca gudaha meel yar oo yar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marine protection in Mozambique's Bazaruto Archipelago |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_offices/mozambique/wwf_mozambique__our_solutions/projects/?uProjectID=MZ0010 |publisher=WWF |access-date=8 October 2021 }}</ref> Bazaruto iyo Benguerra waa labada jasiiradood ee ugu waaweyn jasiiradaha. Skinks ''[[Scelotes duttoni]]'', ''[[Scelotes insularis]]'', iyo ''[[Lygosoma lanceolatum]]'' ayaa u dhashay Bazaruto Archipelago.<ref>Burgess, N.D., Clarke, G.P., Rodgers, W.A. (1998) "Coastal forests of eastern Africa: status, endemism patterns and their potential causes". ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' (1998), 64: 337–367.</ref> == Taariikh == Waxaa la malaysanayaa in Bazaruto Archipelago laga yaabo inay tahay jasiiradda loo yaqaan Yaxaaska ({{Transliteration|fa|Sūsmār}} af Faaris) oo lagu xusay qarnigii 11-aad ee Masar [[Book of Curiosities]]. Jasiiraddan ayaa ah meeshii ugu dambaysay ee liiska goobaha ku teedsan xeebta Bariga Afrika ee ay yaqaaneen ganacsatada Masar waana joogsigii shanaad ka dib [[Kilwa]]. == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ltv8xh5enhsbcqal5ch3ic24nfvw64c 0 48253 300540 300071 2026-07-01T02:04:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Marinka Mozambique | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = LocationMozambiqueChannel.png | alt = | caption = Goobta Gacanka Musanbiig | pushpin_map = Africa | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|18|S|41|E|region:XI_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = [[Arm (geography)|Gacan]] | part_of = [[Badweynta Hindiya]] | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Madagascar]] iyo [[Mozambique]] | agency = | designation = | length = {{convert|1600|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on}} | min_width = {{convert|419|km|mi|abbr=on}} | area = {{cvt|700,000|km2}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|3292|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | website = | reference = }} '''Marinka Mozambique''' ({{langx|fr|Canal du Mozambique}}, {{langx|mg|Lakandranon'i Mozambika}}, {{langx|pt|Canal de Moçambique}}) waa [[Gacan]] ka mid ah [[Badweynta Hindiya]] oo ku taal inta u dhaxaysa waddamada [[Koonfur-bari Afrika]] ee [[Madagascar]] iyo [[Mozambique]]. Gacanku waa qiyaastii {{convert|1700|km|nmi mi|-2|abbr=on}} dherer ah iyo {{convert|419|km|nmi mi|0|abbr=on}} meesha ugu dhuuban, wuxuuna gaaraa qoto dheer oo dhan {{convert|3292|m|0|abbr=on}} qiyaastii {{convert|230|km|nmi mi|0|abbr=on}} xeebta Musanbiig. [[Warm current|Dheecaan diirran]], [[Mozambique Current|Dheecaanka Musanbiig]], ayaa u qulqula dhanka koonfureed ee gacanka, isagoo u gudba [[Agulhas Current|Dheecaanka Agulhas]] ee ka baxsan xeebta bari ee [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref name="brit"/> == Baaxadda == [[International Hydrographic Organization|Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Hydrographic]] (IHO) wuxuu qeexayaa xuduudaha Gacanka Musanbiig sida soo socota:<ref name="iho"/> ::''Dhanka Waqooyi.'' Khad ka yimid [[estuary|af-webiga]] ee [[Ruvuma River|Webiga Rovuma]] ({{coord|10|28|S|40|26|E}}) ilaa Ras Habu, barta ugu waqooyi ee [[Grande Comore|Ile Grande Comore]], jasiiradda ugu waqooyi ee [[Comoro Islands|Jasiiradaha Komoros]], ilaa Cap d'Ambre (Cape Amber), cirifka waqooyi ee [[Madagascar]] ({{coord|11|57|S|49|17|E}}). ::''Dhanka Bari.'' Xeebta galbeed ee Madagascar. ::''Dhanka Koonfur.'' Khad ka yimid [[Cape Saint Marie|Cap Sainte-Marie]], cirifka koonfureed ee Madagascar ilaa [[Ponta d'Ouro|Ponto do Ouro]] oo ku taal dhulweynaha ({{coord|26|53|S|32|56|E}}). ::''Dhanka Galbeed.'' Xeebta [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]]. == Jasiiradaha gacanka ku yaal == === Komoros === * [[Grande Comore]] * [[Mohéli]] * [[Anjouan]] === Faransiiska === * [[Region of France|Gobolka Faransiiska]]: [[Mayotte]] (oo ay sheegato [[Comoros|Komoros]]) * [[Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean|Jasiiradaha kala firdhiyey ee Badweynta Hindiya]], degmada [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands|Dhulka Koonfurta iyo Antarctic ee Faransiiska]]: ** [[Glorioso Islands]] (oo ay sheegtaan [[Madagascar]] iyo [[Comoros|Komoros]]) ** [[Juan de Nova Island]] (oo ay sheegato [[Madagascar]]) ** [[Europa Island]] (oo ay sheegato [[Madagascar]]) ** [[Bassas da India]] (oo ay sheegato [[Madagascar]]) === Mozambique === * [[Primeiras and Segundas Archipelago]] * [[Ilha do Fogo, Mozambique|Ilha do Fogo]] * [[Quirimbas Islands]] Bangiyada St. Lazarus waa [[seamount|buur badda hoosteeda ah]] oo ku taal qiyaastii 50 ilaa 75 mayl badda ah oo ka baxsan Jasiiradaha Quirimbas ee gacanka. Iyadoo ka soo kacaysa qiyaastii 2,000 m ilaa qoto dheer oo 12 m ah, waxay caan ku yihiin noolaha badda waana goob weyn oo loogu talagalay [[deep-sea fishing|kalluumaysiga badda qoto dheer]]. == Taariikh == 15 Nofembar 1939, iyadoo uu amar ku jiro Kabtan [[Patrick Dove (sea captain)|Patrick (Paddy) Dove]], markabka shidaalka ee Ingiriiska [[MV Africa Shell|''Africa Shell'']] ayaa marayay Gacanka Musanbiig isagoo ka socda [[Quelimane]] ilaa [[Lourenço Marques]]. Subaxdii, meel {{convert|10|nmi}} koonfur-koonfur-galbeed ka xigta laydhka [[Zavora|Cape Zavora]], waxaa arkay markabka dagaalka ee Jarmalka {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Graf Spee||2}}, oo uu amar ku lahaa Kabtan [[Hans Langsdorff]], kaas oo ku jiray hawlgal weerar ah. ''Graf Spee'' ayaa amar ku siisay ''Africa Shell'' inay joogsato iyadoo rasaas lagu riday xaggeeda hore. Ka dib markii ay joojiyeen ''Africa Shell'', [[Cutter (boat)|doon]] ay saaran yihiin koox saaran ayaa laga soo diray ''Graf Spee'' waxayna fuuleen markabka shidaalka, sarkaal mas'uul ka ahaa wuxuu Kabtan Dove kula hadlay Ingiriisi wanaagsan weedha ah, ''"Good morning, captain. Sorry; fortunes of war"''.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Kooxdii saarnayd waxay amartay shaqaalihii markabka inay galaan doonyahooda badbaadada ka hor intaysan ka qaadin ''Africa Shell'' dhammaan cunnada oo ay ku jiraan xaddi yar oo khamri ah. Shaqaalihii ayaa lagu amray inay u rabaan xeebta, marka laga reebo Kabtan Dove oo loo kaxaystay maxbuus ahaan markabka ''Graf Spee''. Dove wuu ka carooday joojinta markabkiisa, wuxuuna si shakhsi ah uga dacwooday Langsdorff, isagoo xusay in ''Africa Shell'' ay ku jirtay biyaha dhuleed ee Portugal iyo in ficilku uu ahaa xadgudub cad oo sharciga caalamiga ah.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?102011|title=MV Africa Shell (1939)|access-date=29 December 2020|website=Wrecksite}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.clydeships.co.uk/view.php?ref=3125|title=Motor Vessel AFRICA SHELL built by George Brown & Co. (Marine) Ltd in 1939 for Shell Company of East Africa Ltd. - Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd., London, Tanker|website=clydeships.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewarillustrated.info/23/our-ships-were-sunk-by-the-graf-spee.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 Bisha Sideedaad 2020|title=I Was There! - Our Ships were Sunk by the 'Graf Spee' - The War Illustrated|website=thewarillustrated.info|access-date=28 Bisha Lixaad 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803211842/https://www.thewarillustrated.info/23/our-ships-were-sunk-by-the-graf-spee.asp}}</ref> Kooxdii fuushay ayaa dejisay [[scuttling charges|qaraxyo]] waxayna ku laabteen ''Graf Spee''. Qarxinta kharashyada ayaa degtay ''Africa Shell''. Sannadkii 1942, Gacanka Musanbiig wuxuu ahaa meel lagu kulmo [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]] intii lagu jiray [[Battle of Madagascar|Dagaalkii Madagascar]]. Faransiisku wuxuu joogaa iyada oo loo marayo Mayotte iyo Jasiiradaha kala firdhiyey, wuxuuna hayaa joogitaan militari iyada oo loo marayo Réunion, oo leh hanti badeed oo si joogto ah u roondoaysa. Jasiiradahan yaryar waxay bixiyaan aagagga dhaqaale ee gaarka ah (EEZs), oo hodan ku ah kheyraadka kalluumeysiga iyo suurtogalnimada hydrocarbons. Faransiiska, caqabadda dhabta ah waa ilaalinta madaxbannaanideeda Mayotte, oo ku wajahan Komoros, iyo gaar ahaan Jasiiradaha kala firdhiyey, oo wajahaya hanjabaadaha Malagasy. Malagasy-gu waxay si sharci ah u diiddan yihiin joogitaanka Faransiiska, iyagoo rumaysan in jasiiradahan yaryar ay ahaayeen kuwo ku tiirsan Madagascar iyo in markii madaxbannaanida la gaaray, ay ahayd inay dib ugu noqdaan Madagascar, ma ahan Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20250423-commerce-mondial-hydrocarbures-p%C3%AAche-pourquoi-le-canal-du-mozambique-est-une-zone-strat%C3%A9gique |title=Commerce mondial, hydrocarbures, pêche: pourquoi le canal du Mozambique est «une zone stratégique» |work=Radio France International|date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 June 2025}}</ref> Gacanka oo dhererkiisu yahay 1800 kiiloomitir ayaa qaada qiyaastii 30% gaadiidka markabka shidaalka ee adduunka. Kacdoonkii Islaamiyiinta ee dhowaan ka dhacay waqooyiga Musanbiig ayaa si isa soo taraysa u horseeday carqaladayn Gacanka Musanbiig; Ciidanka Badda ee Koonfur Afrika ayaa sameeyay roondooyin ka hortagga budhcad-badeednimada oo goos-goos ah oo ka dhacay Gacanka ilaa 2011. == Tixraac == <references> <ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Mozambique Channel | url = http://www.britannica.com/place/Mozambique-Channel | access-date = 2015-09-27 | year = 2015 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.}}</ref> <ref name="iho">{{cite web|url=https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition|year=1953|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref> </references> == Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://stonebooks.com/history/mozam.shtml Japanese Submarines at Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel] * {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Mozambique Channel}} {{Authority control}} 5w6xwbc914d3hriq5y9og0fttdgh5za 0 48256 300492 300079 2026-07-01T01:13:09Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300492 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:La Réunion Trou-de-Fer3.jpg|thumb|right|Biyo-dhaca Trou-de-Fer oo laga arkay meel sare oo ka mid ah goobaha laga daawado]] [[File:Trou-de-Fer-hélico.jpg|thumb|right|Biyo-dhaca ugu weyn ee Webiga Bras de Caverne ee Trou de Fer]] '''Trou de Fer''' ("Godka Birta") waa [[canyon|doox]] ku yaal [[Réunion Island|Jasiiradda Reunion]], oo ka baxsan xeebta [[Madagascar]] ee [[Badweynta Hindiya]]. Webiga ugu weyn ee dhex mara dooxan, kaas oo ilaa {{convert|300|m|abbr=on|-2}} qoto dheer, waa [[Bras de Caverne River|Webiga Bras de Caverne]], oo ah biyo-mareen ka tirsan [[Rivière du Mât]]. Dooxan wuxuu leeyahay laba qaybood oo kala duwan: god weyn oo weyn, kaas oo ay ku quudiyaan lix biyo-dhac oo caan ah, iyo [[slot canyon|doox cidhiidhi ah]] oo ku yaal meesha uu ka baxo, kaas oo ka kooban inta badan dhererka dooxan. Dooxan wuxuu ka bilaabmaa biyo-dhaca durdurka Bras Mazerine ka dibna qiyaastii 1.4 – 1.8 km dhinaca bidix wuxuu ku biirayaa durdurka ugu weyn ee Bras de Caverne.<ref name=wondermondo>{{cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/Af/IndianOcean/Reunion/TroudeFer.htm|title=Trou de Fer canyon and waterfalls|publisher=Wondermondo}}</ref> Webiga Bras de Caverne wuxuu galaa dooxan isagoo leh biyo-dhac qiyaastii {{convert|200|m|abbr=on|-1}} sare ah. Hoos-u-dhacan badiyaa wuu engegan yahay ama wuxuu leeyahay biyo aad u yar,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/ReunionIslandPages/A7.htm|title=The First Drop in the Trou de Fer|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> laakiin inta u dhaxaysa taas iyo tan xigta, {{convert|180|m|adj=on}} hoos-u-dhac, ilo-biyoodyo ayaa quudiya webiga, kaas oo ku dhaca tan ka dibna ku dhaca dhagax-weyn oo hoose oo dhan {{convert|300|m|adj=on|-2}} oo ku dhex jira Trou de Fer oo ah biyo cidhiidhi ah.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173|title=Trou de Fer, Cascades de|publisher=world-waterfalls.com|work=World Waterfall Database|last=Swan|first=Bryan; Goss, Dean|accessdate=2009-07-13|date=13 April 2006|archive-date=2011-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611100543/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/waterfall.php?num=173|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Trou-de-Fer.jpg|thumb|left|Trou de Fer oo laga arkay kor; Biyo-dhaca Bras de Caverne wuxuu ku yaal dhanka midig ee fog.]] Si toos ah dhanka bidix ee biyo-dhacan, durdur kale ayaa ku dhaca dhagax-weyn, kaas oo hoos loo dhigay ilaa inta uu leeyahay in ka badan {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}} oo bannaan oo u dhexeeya isaga iyo sagxadda dooxada, oo qiyaastii isla dherer ah laba kanaal, oo ku dhaca dhagax ka hor inta aanu ku shubin isla barkad la mid ah biyo-dhaca Bras de Caverne. Biyo-dhacan ma aha mid sare, wuxuuna leeyahay biyo socod yar. Waxaa quudiya dhowr biyo-dhac oo kale oo ka soo qulqulaya dhagaxyada korkiisa. Dhanka bidix, qiyaastii laba jeer masaafada u jirta biyo-dhacyadii ugu horreeyay ilaa kii labaad, durdur kale oo weyn ayaa ku dhex dhacaya dooxada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T2.htm|title=The Route from the Second Cascade to the Bottom|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Guud ahaan, waxaa jira ugu yaraan lix biyo-dhac oo quudiya dooxada. Salka dooxada, [[slot canyon|doox cidhiidhi ah]] oo gooni ah, ama "Cidhiidhiga", ayaa bilaabma. Biyaha ka imanaya biyo-dhaca Bras de Caverne iyo biyo-dhaca dhankiisa bidix waxay ku shubmaan dooxada cidhiidhiga ah xagal 90-degree ah, iyada oo loo marayo biyo-dhac si aan rasmi ahayn loogu yaqaan "Mashiinka Dhaqidda".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T5.htm|title=Approaching the Washing Machine|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Magacu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa ceeryaamo uu soo saaro, taas oo qoysa dadka taagan meel u dhow salka biyo-dhaca.<ref name=canyon>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/TroudeFer.htm|title=Canyoneering Reunion Island: The Trou de Fer|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Dooxada cidhiidhiga ah, ama "Waddada", waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}}, waxaana la sheegaa inay inta badan xiraan qashinka si ay u sameeyaan harooyin, oo ay ku jirto "Harada Eelka".<ref name=canyon/> Ilo badan ayaa dhex mara dhagaxii folkaano ee daloolada leh ee darbiyada, iyagoo abuuraya biyo-dhac aan la tirin karin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crystalcanyons.net/Pages/TripReports/ReportImages/TrouDeFer/T11.htm|title=Waterfall in the "Corridor"|publisher=crystalcanyons.net|last=Hart|first=John|date=October 2002|accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Kooxda Pascale Lapoule, Laurent Broisin iyo Pascal Colas ayaa ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay ee fuula/socda dooxada 19–21 Sebtembar 1989.<ref name=wondermondo/> == Tixraac == {{Commons category|Trou de Fer}} {{reflist}} {{Coord|21|2|25|S|55|33|25|E|type:landmark_region:FR|display=title}} kwvg9ti5tlcxvkel26hj4o3wscmhket 0 48280 300518 300146 2026-07-01T01:27:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Mulehe | image = Still on track.jpg | caption = | location = [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]], [[Uganda]] |pushpin_map = Uganda | coordinates = {{coord|1|13|05.0|S|29|43|21.9|E|type:waterbody_region:UG|display=inline,title}} | type = Crater lake | part_of = [[Albertine Rift]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Uganda]] | length = | width = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | islands = | cities = | reference = }} '''Harada Mulehe''' waa haro foolkaano ah oo ku taal [[Kisoro District|Degmada Kisoro]] ee koonfur-galbeed [[Uganda]], una dhow xadka ay la wadaagto Rwanda. Haradan waxay qayb ka tahay [[Albertine Rift]], oo si weyn loogu yaqaanno kala-duwanaanshaheeda noolaha iyo muuqaalkeeda cajiibka ah ee soo jiidashada leh. == Juqraafiga == Harada Mulehe waxay ku taal qiyaastii 1°13'05.0"S 29°43'21.9"E iyo joog qiyaastii ah 1,800 mitir ka sarreeya heerka badda. Waxay ku hareereysan tahay dhir cagaaran iyo buuro sallaanno ah (terraced hills) oo caan ku ah qaab-dhismeedka foolkaanaha ee aagga, waana mid yar, iyadoo ku fadhida aag qiyaastii ah 4.11 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tours |first=Dolphin |date=2022-06-17 |title=Lake Mulehe |url=https://www.ugandagorillatrekkingtrips.com/lake-mulehe/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Dolphin Tours & Travel |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619174029/https://www.ugandagorillatrekkingtrips.com/lake-mulehe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe, Visit Lake Mulehe, Mulehe Lake in Uganda |url=https://www.insidemgahinganationalpark.com/visit-lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Inside Mgahinga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha == Harada iyo hareeraheedu waxay hoy u yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiraha ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa meel loogu jecel yahay [[birdwatching|daawashada shimbiraha]]. Qaar ka mid ah noocyada shimbiraha caanka ah ee laga helo aagga waxaa ka mid ah gorgor-madax-guduudka (grey crowned crane) iyo noocyo kale oo u gaar ah [[Albertine Rift]] sida [[Rwenzori turaco]] iyo [[Rwenzori nightjar]].<ref name=":1" /> Nidaamka deegaanka ee harada wuxuu sidoo kale taageeraa noocyo kala duwan oo noolaha biyaha ah, halka aagga ku xeeranna uu ku faano dhir iyo xayawaanno kala duwan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-03-31 |title=Lake Mulehe Guide {{!}} Luxury Lodges & Experiences in Kisoro |url=https://www.africangorilla.com/information/lake-mulehe/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Gorilla Trekking Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dalxiiska iyo hawlaha == Harada Mulehe, oo ku taal [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]], waxay dhowaan kor u kacday caannnimadeeda dalxiisayaasha dhexdooda sababo la xiriira quruxda muuqaalkeeda, duurjoogta kala duwan, iyo khibradaha dhaqameed. Aaggu wuxuu oferaa hawlo madadaalo oo kala duwan sida [[birdwatching|daawashada shimbiraha]], [[boating|raacista doonyaha]], iyo [[hiking|socodka buuraha]]. Muuqaalka cajiibka ah ee [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Mount Muhabura|Muhabura]], Mgahinga, iyo [[Mount Sabyinyo|Sabinyo]], ayaa sii kordhinaya soo jiidashada bilicda ee gobolka.<ref name=":0" /> Harada Mulehe waxay inta badan qayb ka noqotaa safarrada lagu baarayo deriska la ah ee [[Bwindi Impenetrable National Park]], kaas oo caan ku ah tirada daayeerrada gorillada ee buuraha.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-06 |title=Lake Mulehe Nearby PLaces to Visit {{!}} Mgahinga National Park |url=https://www.mgahinganationalpark.com/places/lake-mulehe.html |access-date=2024-06-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Muhiimadda dhaqanka == Bulshooyinka deegaanka ee ku xeeran Harada Mulehe waxay leeyihiin hanti dhaqameed kala duwan, taas oo lagu yaqaan hab-dhaqameedyo iyo qaab-nololeedyo soo jiidata dalxiiska dhaqanka. Dalxiisayaasha ayaa inta badan la macaamila bulshooyinkan si ay faham uga helaan caadooyinkooda, farsamooyinkooda gacanta, iyo qaab-nololeedkooda. Dadka [[Kiga people|Bakiga]] iyo [[Bafumbira]] ee deggan gobolka, waxaa lagu yaqaannaa dabeecadooda soo dhoweynta leh iyo ciyaaraha dhaqameed ee firfircoon. == Dadaallada dhowrista == Maana ay qayb ka tahay Albertine Rift, dadaallo dhowris oo kala duwan ayaa jira si loo ilaaliyo quruxda dabiiciga ah iyo kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee Harada Mulehe iyo aagga ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Enhancing community conservation around Lake Mulehe Wetland, Kisoro District, Southwestern Uganda |url=http://dissertations.mak.ac.ug/handle/20.500.12281/18061 |publisher=Makerere University |date=2023 |degree=Thesis |language=en |first=Marion |last=Mukanzanira}}</ref> Hindisahani waxay ujeeddoodu tahay in lagu dhiirrigeliyo dalxiiska waara laguna ilaaliyo deegaanka saameynta suurtagalka ah ee hawlaha aadanaha. Dadaallo ayaa loo sameeyaa si loo dheellitirro baahiyaha bulshooyinka maxalliga ah iyo dhowrista nidaamka deegaanka ee harada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plumptre |first=Andrew J. |last2=Ayebare |first2=Sam |last3=Kujirakwinja |first3=Deo |last4=Segan |first4=Dan |date=2021 |title=Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/conservation-planning-for-africas-albertine-rift-conserving-a-biodiverse-region-in-the-face-of-multiple-threats/6A1DD1303BAD007C275A2471F8656D63 |journal=Oryx |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=302–310 |doi=10.1017/S0030605319000218 |issn=0030-6053|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=Lake Mulehe turns green, Kisoro leaders ask govt to intervene |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/lake-mulehe-turns-green-kisoro-leaders-ask-govt-to-intervene-1711372 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mulehe degradation: NEMA intervenes |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/undefined |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} g7gd4dmxm92kxanoeizf6qainyyt999 0 48281 300516 300149 2026-07-01T01:27:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Mburo | image = Canoe on Lake Mburo in Lake Mburo National Park.jpg | caption = Harada Mburo | location = Gobolka Ankole ee Uganda | max-depth = {{Convert|5|m|ft|abbr=off}} | depth = | agency = [[Uganda Wildlife Authority]] (UWA) | basin_countries = [[Uganda]] }} '''Harada Mburo''' waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal galbeedka Uganda, iyadoo dhex taalla [[Lake Mburo National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Mburo]]. Waa astaamaha ugu caansan gobolka, waxaana lagu yaqaannaa quruxda muuqaalkeeda iyo kala-duwanaanshaheeda qaniga ah ee noolaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.lakemburo.com/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Lake Mburo National Park {{!}} Lake Mburo {{!}} wildlife tours |language=en-US}}</ref> == Juqraafiga iyo samaysanka == Harada Mburo waxay ku taal gobolka Ankole ee Uganda, una dhow magaalada Mbarara. Waa haro gacanyar ah oo dhererkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay qiyaastii {{Convert|5|m|ft|abbr=off}}. Haradu waxay ku fadhidaa aag qiyaastii ah 260 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, waxaana ku hareereysan buuro raas ah, dhul daaqsimeed furan, iyo meelo geedo leh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAKE MBURO: A PARK FOR DOMESTIC TOURIST {{!}} Uganda Tourism Board |url=https://utb.go.ug/news-and-views/lake-mburo-park-domestic-tourist |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=utb.go.ug |archive-date=2022-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725130844/https://www.utb.go.ug/news-and-views/lake-mburo-park-domestic-tourist |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxay qiyaastii {{Convert|19|mi|km|abbr=off}} dhanka bari ka xigtaa Mbarara, qiyaastii {{Convert|150|mi|km|abbr=off}} oo dhanka wadada ahna waxay dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa Kampala. Haradu waxay hoy u tahay duurjoogta kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dameer-farowga (zebras), impalas, lo'da duurjoogta ah (buffaloes), twiga (giraffes), doofaarka duurka (warthogs), iyo in ka badan 300 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah. Sidoo kale waa meel caan ku ah daawashada shimbiraha, kalluumaysiga, iyo raacista doonyaha. Harada waxaa markii hore loo aqoonsaday aag ugaarsiga laga xakameeyo sannadkii 1933, waxaana loo dallacsiiyay kaydka ugaarta sannadkii 1963. Waxaa ugu dambeyntii lagu dhawaaqay beerta qaranka sannadkii 1983. Beerta waxaa maamula [[Uganda Wildlife Authority]] (UWA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha == [[File:Laika ac Lake Mburu (6706052861).jpg|alt=Lake Mburo|thumb|Sawirka Harada Mburo]] Harada iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee ku xeeran waxay taageeraan noocyo kala duwan oo dhir iyo xayawaan ah. Harada Mburo waxay caan ku tahay tirada shimbiraheeda, iyadoo in ka badan 300 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah laga diiwaan geliyay aagga. Noocyada naadirka ah sida African finfoot iyo shimbirta shoebill stork ayaa laga heli karaa halkan. Haradu waxay sidoo kale hoy u tahay jerta, yaxaska, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah, taas oo gacan ka geysata muhiimaddeeda deegaanka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Mburo National Park |url=https://www.lakemburoparkuganda.com/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=Lake Mburo National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bulshooyinka maxalliga ah iyo muhiimadda dhaqanka == Harada Mburo waxaa ku hareereysan bulshooyin u badan qowmiyadda [[Banyankole]]. Bulshooyinkan waxay ku hawlan yihiin beerashada, kalluumaysiga, iyo xoolo-dhaqashada oo ah hawlahooda dhaqaale ee ugu weyn. Harada iyo kheyraadkeedu waxay muhiimad dhaqan iyo mid dhaqaale u leeyihiin dadka deegaanka, iyagoo qaabeeya caadooyinkooda iyo qaab-nololeedkooda.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} == Kalluumaysiga iyo hawlaha dhaqaalaha == Kalluumaysigu wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa nolol-maalmeedka bulshooyinka ku xeeran Harada Mburo. Kalluumaysatada maxalliga ah waxay ku tiirsan yihiin harada oo u ah il muhiim u ah masruufka iyo dakhliga. Noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[tilapia]], [[lungfish]], mudfish, iyo [[catfish]], ayaa laga helaa harada. Hababka kalluumaysiga waxay isugu jiraan farsamooyin dhaqameed oo la isticmaalo shabaqyada iyo jillaabyada ilaa hawlgallo ganacsi oo cabbirkiisu yar yahay.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} == Madadaalada iyo dalxiiska == [[File:Hipopótamo común (Hippopotamus amphibius), parque nacional del Lago Mburo, Uganda, 2024-02-01, DD 27.jpg|alt=Sawirka jerta ee Harada Mburo|thumb|Sawirka jerta ee Harada Mburo|210x210px]] Harada Mburo waxay soo jiidataa booqdayaal ka kala yimaada daafaha dunida kuwaas oo u yimaada inay sahamiyaan quruxdeeda dabiiciga ah iyo duurjoogteeda. Haradu waxay oferaa hawlo madadaalo oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan safarrada doonyaha (boat safaris), kalluumaysiga isboortiga, iyo socodka dabiiciga ah ee haggaha leh ([[Nature walk|nature walks]]). Hawlahani waxay fursad u siiyaan dalxiisayaasha inay u bogaan hareeraha quruxda badan dabiiciga ah iyo inay u kuur-galaan duurjoogta kala duwan ee ku nool aagga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=Lake Mburo |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/national-parks/lake-mburo/ |access-date=2023-06-15 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dhowrista iyo caqabadaha == Harada Mburo iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee ku xeeran waxay wajahayaan caqabado dhowris oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan luminta deegaanka dabiiciga ah, iskahorimaadyada dhexmara aadanaha iyo duurjoogta, iyo [[poaching|ugaarsiga sharciga darro ah]]. Dadaallo ayaa loo samaynayaa si wax looga qabto arrimahan iyadoo loo marayo hindisayaal ay ka mid yihiin la-macaamilka bulshada, waxbarashada, iyo fulinta sharciga. Beerta Qaranka ee Harada Mburo waxay door muhiim ah ka ciyaartaa ilaalinta harada iyo kala-duwanaanshaheeda [[biodiversity|noolaha]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} == Eeg barnaamijyada kale == * [[Banyankole]] * [[Lake Wamala]] * [[Lake Kachera]] * [[Lake Nakivale]] == Tixraacyo == <references /> {{coord|0|39|29|S|30|56|00|E|display=title|region:UG_type:waterbody}} 5gjvunfr57vcd1f5bjxartnp6h5z06f 0 48283 300542 300166 2026-07-01T02:35:32Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzanne Jambo''' waa siyaasi, qareen iyo u ololeeyaha xuquuqda aadanaha ee u dhalatay [[South Sudan]]. == Waxbarashada == Suzanne Jambo waxay shahaado ku takhasustay sharciga guud ka qaadatay [[University of Buckingham]] ee Boqortooyada Midowday.<ref name=president/> == Shaqada iyo siyaasadda == Jambo waxay sanado badan ahayd u ololeeye firfircoon oo u doodda xuquuqda aadanaha gudaha [[South Sudan]] (iyo Suudaanta Koonfureed ka hor madaxbannaanida). Waxay ka mid ahayd wada-xaajoodayaashii geeddi-socodkii nabadda ee uu hoggaaminayay [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] intii u dhaxaysay 1998 ilaa 2005, kaas oo horseeday saxiixa [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement]] sanadkii 2005, kuna soo afjaray 21 sano oo dagaal sokeeye ah.<ref name="president">{{cite web|title=Female Candidate To Vie For Presidency In 2018 General Election |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ctl/ArticleView/mid/519/articleId/21012/Female-Candidate-To-Vie-For-Presidency-In-2018-General-Election.aspx|publisher=Gurtong Trust}}</ref> Waxay la shaqeysay ururro badan oo maxalli ah oo aan dowliga ahayn ([[non-governmental organisation|NGO]]-yo) oo ku yaallay Koonfurta Suudaan si loo horumariyo maamulka, waxtarka iyo ballaarinta shaqadooda. Waxay si gaar ah uga shaqeysay ururrada u ololeeya ilaalinta xuquuqda haweenka.<ref name="president" /> Sannadkii 2001, waxay qortay buugga ''Overcoming gender conflict and bias: the case of New Sudan women and girls''.<ref name="sec" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Jambo|first1=Suzanne Samson|last2=Federation|first2=New Sudan Women|title=Overcoming gender conflict and bias: the case of New Sudan women and girls|date=2001|publisher=Jacaranda Designs|isbn=9789966884503|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_i0AAAAIAAJ}}</ref> Waxay aasaastay New Sudanese Indigenous Network (NESI), oo ah urur mideeyay 20 urur oo Suudaani ah si ay uga wada shaqeeyaan arrimo ay ka mid yihiin xuquuqda haweenka, dib-u-dhiska bulshada dagaalka ka dib, xuquuqda aadanaha iyo dimuqraadiyadda.<ref name="president" /> Sannadkii 2007, NESI waxay la shaqaynaysay 67 urur oo kala duwan oo gobolka ka jiray.<ref name="sec">{{cite web|title=Suzanne Jambo|url=https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/experts/suzanne-jambo/|publisher=Inclusive Security|accessdate=12 November 2017}}</ref> Jambo waxaa loo magacaabay guddoomiye ka tirsan Guddiga Qorista Sharciyada ee Koonfurta Suudaan, kaas oo diyaariyay [[Constitution of the interim period, CPA of southern Sudan, 2005-2011]] sanadkii 2005.<ref name="sec" /> Muddo siddeed sano ah, Jambo waxay ahayd Xoghayaha Xiriirka Dibadda ee SPLM iyadoo uu guddoomiye ka ahaa madaxweynaha hadda ee Koonfurta Suudaan [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]], oo ah guddoomiyaha [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] (SPLM). Waxay xilkan haysay intii u dhaxaysay 2008 ilaa 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jopson|first1=Barney|title=South Sudan's road to independence|url=https://www.ft.com/content/de01dc96-30a5-11df-a24b-00144feabdc0|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Financial Times|date=20 March 2010}}</ref> Waxay ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee noqota xoghaye intii lagu jiray xilligii ku-meelgaarka ahaa iyo ilaa Koonfurta Suudaan ay madaxbannaanideeda qaadatay sanadkii 2011.<ref name="Chipato">{{Cite news|url=http://www.allnetafrica.com/2018/08/08/meet-south-sudans-1st-female-presidential-challenger-suzanne-jambo/|title=Meet South Sudan's 1st Female Presidential Challenger, Suzanne Jambo - Allnet Africa|last=Chipato|first=Victor|date=2018-08-08|work=Allnet Africa|access-date=2018-09-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-10-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021080515/https://www.allnetafrica.com/2018/08/08/meet-south-sudans-1st-female-presidential-challenger-suzanne-jambo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Waxay xilkaas sii haysay ugu yaraan ilaa 2013, markaas oo ay dhaliishay nidaam la'aanta iyo dimuqraadiyad la'aanta gudaha SPLM, maadaama uu ahaa xisbiga talada haya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Law|first1=Tom|title=South Sudan declares itself open for business|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/south-sudan-declares-itself-open-business-2013121163038495720.html|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Al Jazeera|issue=12 December 2013}}</ref> Sannadkii 2018, Suzanne waxay ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Mandela Peace Prize, taas oo lagu maamuusay dadaalladeeda ku aaddan horumarinta iyo difaaca xuquuqda haweenka.<ref>https://hotinjuba.com/presidential-aspirant-suzzane-jambo-receives-mandela-ubuntu-price-peace/</ref> Waxay sidoo kale khilaaf kala dhex galay Madaxweyne Mayardit kadib markii uu magacaabay seedigiis [[Gregory Deng Kuac Aduol]] inuu noqdo guddoomiyaha [[Gogrial State]] halkii doorasho laga qaban lahaa. Taas awgeed, Jambo waxay noqotay mucaarad siyaasadeed oo ka soo horjeeda madaxweynaha.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yel Yel|first1=Simon|title=The Question of nepotism in South Sudan|url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article61354|accessdate=12 November 2017|work=Sudan Tribune}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2017, waxay ku dhawaaqday inay isu soo sharxi doonto xilka madaxweynaha doorashada guud ee xigta ee Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mudimu |first1=George T |last2=Chipato |first2=Fadzai |date=2025-01-18 |title=(wl-2435)-Dispossession in the name of climate change? |url=https://doi.org/10.71279/epw.v60i3.40945 |journal=Economic & Political Weekly |volume=60 |issue=3 |doi=10.71279/epw.v60i3.40945 |issn=2349-8846|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Waxay ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee isu soo taagta musharraxnimada madaxweynaha ee Koonfurta Suudaan. == Tixraacyo == dxgzq8ovbz9o703wu6wzwgvu0hnkw6q 0 48284 300534 300177 2026-07-01T01:46:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Mustapha Kutiyote''' waa aasaasaha wadajirka ah iyo agaasimaha fulinta ee Students’ Organization for Liberty and Entrepreneurship (SOLE),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soless.org/|title=SOLE South Sudan Website|access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref> oo ah [[think tank]] ujeeddadiisu tahay horumarinta bulsho xor ah, nabdoon, oo barwaaqo ah gudaha [[South Sudan]]. Kutiyote wuxuu dhashay bishii Diseembar 1982 magaalada [[Yambio]], gobolka [[Western Equatoria]] ee Koonfur Suudaan. == Socdaalkii nolosha == Sannadkii 2014, John wuxuu bilaabay safarkiisa hoggaaminta isbeddelka markii uu ku biiray [[Students for Liberty|Students For Liberty]] (SFL) isagoo arday ka ahaa African International University ee Kenya. Halkaas ayuu ku ogaaday kartidiisa hoggaamineed, wuxuuna ka aasaasay cutub ka tirsan ururka jaamacaddiisa, isagoo sidoo kale muddo ka badan hal sano hoggaaminayay. Markii uu dib ugu soo laabtay [[South Sudan]], wuxuu sii waday faafinta mabaadi'da xorriyadda isagoo adeegsanaya magaca SFL.<ref>https://studentsforliberty.org/success-story/john-mustapha-kutiyote-championing-african-womens-property-rights/</ref> == Shaqada == Kutiyote wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii SOLE, oo ah xarun cilmi-baaris (think tank) si rasmi ah uga diiwaangashan gobolka Western Equatoria, taas oo ujeeddadeedu tahay dhisidda bulsho xor ah, nabdoon, oo barwaaqo ah iyadoo loo marayo waxbarashada bulshada, barnaamijyada ganacsiga iyo u doodista arrimaha bulshada. Bishii Agoosto 2019, wuxuu ku guuleystay abaalmarinta ''Africa Think Tank Shark Tank'' ee ay bixiso [[Atlas Network]], isagoo helay US$5,000 si uu u fuliyo mashruuc kor loogu qaadayo wacyiga ku saabsan takoorka dhaqameed ee haweenka ka hor istaaga lahaanshaha hantida gudaha Koonfur Suudaan. Lacagtaas waxaa lagu maalgeliyay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo, kulammo bulsho iyo barnaamijyo idaacadeed oo laga hirgeliyay deegaanno ay ka mid yihiin [[Yambio]] iyo Nzara. Dhammaadkii 2019, SOLE waxay gaartay ku dhowaad 350 haween ah oo ka qayb galay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada, iyo dad kale oo badan oo laga wacyigeliyay ololayaasha kor u qaadaya aqoonta sharciga iyo xoojinta awoodda dhaqaale. Intii uu hoggaaminayay Kutiyote, SOLE waxay sannadkii 2022 bilowday Barnaamijka Tababarka Daneeyayaasha (Stakeholders Training Program), kaas oo lagu beegsaday dadka xilalka haya si kor loogu qaado xuquuqda sharci ee haweenka ee lahaanshaha hantida. SOLE waxay sidoo kale hirgelisay barnaamijyo waxbarasho oo ay ka mid yihiin barnaamijyo idaacadeed iyo akhris bulsho oo ku saleysan buugaag, iyadoo la adeegsanayo buugaag ay ka mid yihiin ''The Adventures of Jonathan Gullible'', si bulshada loogu baro mabaadi'da suuqa xorta ah iyo xirfadaha ganacsiga. Kutiyote wuxuu sidoo kale xubin ka ahaa guddiga hagidda ee Bastiat Society (oo xiriir la leh [[American Institute for Economic Research]]) ee Koonfur Suudaan, wuxuuna qabtay doorar isku-duwid oo ka tirsan Students for Liberty iyo [[Foundation for Economic Education]]. Waxa kale oo uu ka qayb qaatay dadaallada caalamiga ah ee [[peacebuilding|dhismaha nabadda]] isaga oo la shaqeynayay Mediators Beyond Borders International gudaha Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=jmustafa902 |url=https://hayekcollege.com/john-mustapha |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=hayekcollege.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://studentsforliberty.org/success-story/john-mustapha-kutiyote-championing-african-womens-property-rights/| title =Championing African Women's Property Rights| website =Students for Liberty}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.hayekcollege.com/john-mustapha| title =John Mustapha| website =Hayek Global College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.atlasnetwork.org/articles/kutiyote-wins-the-2019-think-tank-shark-tank-prize| title =Kutiyote wins the 2019 Think Tank Shark Tank prize| website =Atlas Network| date =22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://admin.atlasnetwork.org/assets/documents/financials/AR_2019_Revised.pdf|title=Atlas Network 2019 Annual Report Page 12|access-date=1 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-09 |title=Promotion of liberty ideas from Tuttle Twins Books in South Sudan – Organization for Liberty and Entrepreneurship |url=https://olent.org/2024/09/27/promotion-of-liberty-ideas-from-tuttle-twins-books-in-south-sudan/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=SOLE empowers women to overcome cultural biases in South Sudan |url=https://www.atlasnetwork.org/articles/sole-empowers-women-to-overcome-cultural-biases-in-south-sudan |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Atlas Network |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == fkclqcwezo4n2o5afmk51zx7xffaj3q 0 48285 300513 300181 2026-07-01T01:26:41Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Kyoga | image = ISS-67 A variety of lakes are pictured in Uganda.jpg | caption = Muuqaalka dhulka ee ku xeeran Harada Kyoga | image_bathymetry = Kyoga Lake Complex OSM.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | pushpin_map = Uganda | coords = {{coord|1|30|N|33|0|E|type:waterbody_region:UG|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Polymictic]]<br>[[Basin Lakes]] | inflow = [[Victoria Nile|Niilka Fiktooriya]] | outflow = [[Victoria Nile|Niilka Fiktooriya]] | catchment = {{convert|75,000|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Uganda]] | length = {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} | width = | area = {{convert|1,720|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|5.7|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1033|m|ft|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = [[Soroti, Uganda|Soroti]] | reference = <ref name=WLD>{{cite web |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |title=Lake Kyoga |year=1999 |work=World Lakes Database |accessdate=4 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122325/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 |archivedate=4 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name=Britannica>{{Britannica|325970}}</ref> }} '''Harada Kyoga''' ama '''Harada Kioga''' (macnaheedu waa 'goobtii maydashada' ee luuqadda [[Runyoro]]) waa haro weyn oo gacanyar ah oo ku taal [[Uganda]], baaxaddeeduna waxay tahay qiyaastii {{convert|1,720|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name=WLD/> joogeeduna wuxuu yahay 1,033 mitir.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-13 |title=Govt starts irrigation schemes in Serere |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/govt-starts-irrigation-schemes-in-serere-4621462 |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> [[Victoria Nile|Niilka Fiktooriya]] wuxuu dhex maraa harada isagoo ka imanaya [[Lake Victoria|Harada Fiktooriya]] kuna sii jeeda [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]]. Biyo-qulqulka ugu weyn ee ka yimaada Harada Fiktooriya waxaa nidaamiya [[Nalubaale Power Station|Saldhigga Korontada ee Nalubaale]] ee ku yaal [[Jinja (Uganda)|Jinja]]. Il kale oo biyaha laga helo waa gobolka [[Mount Elgon|Buurta Elgon]] oo ku taal xadka u dhexeeya Uganda iyo [[Kenya]]. Inkasta oo Harada Kyoga ay qayb ka tahay nidaamka Harooyinka Waaweyn ee Afrika, haddana lafteeda looma tixgeliyo haro weyn. Haradu waxay gaartaa doto qiyaastii ah 5.7 mitir, inta badanna hoos ayay ka tahay 4 mitir oo doto ah.<ref name=":0" /> Aagga ka yar 3 mitir ee dotada ah waxaa si buuxda u qariyay [[Nymphaeaceae|ubaxa biyaha]] (water lilies), halka inta badan xeebaha dhiiqada leh ay daboolan yihiin [[Cyperus papyrus|baxar]] (papyrus) iyo dhirta duulaanka ah ee [[water hyacinth]]. Baxarku wuxuu sidoo kale foomiyaa [[Floating island|jasiirado dul fanka]] oo dhex maba dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar oo joogto ah. Dhul qoyan oo ballaaran oo ay quudiyaan nidaam adag oo durdurro iyo webiyo ah ayaa ku hareereysan harooyinka. Kordhinteeda waxaa ka mid ah; [[Lake Kwania|Harada Kwania]], [[Lake Bisina|Harada Bisina]], [[Lake Bugondo|Harada Bugondo]] iyo [[Lake Opeta|Harada Opeta]].<ref name=":0" /> ==Xayawaanka iyo kalluumaysiga== [[Nile crocodile|Yaxasyada Niilka]] aad bay u badan yihiin, sidoo kale xayawaanka biyaha ku noolna waa la mid. Waxaa jira ugu yaraan 60 nooc oo ah kalluunka [[haplochromine]] cichlid, iyo sidoo kale tiro yar oo noocyo kalluun kale ah siday [[Lake Victoria sardine|sardiinka Harada Fiktooriya]] iyo [[marbled lungfish]]. Ramantii haplochromine cichlids ee badankoodu waa kuwo [[Endemism|u gaar ah aagga]], laakiin waxay aad ugu dhow yihiin noocyada Harada Fiktooriya,<ref name=Green2009>{{cite book| author=Green, J. | year=2009 | chapter=The Kyoga Catchment | pages=205–214 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref><ref name=Mwanja2001>{{cite journal| author1=Mwanja, W.W. | author2=A.S. Armoudlian | author3=S.B. Wandera | author4=L. Kaufman | author5=L. Wu | author6=G.C. Booton | author7=P.A. Fuerst | year=2001 | title=The bounty of minor lakes: the role of small satellite water bodies in evolution and conservation of fishes in the Lake Victoria Region, East Africa | journal=Hydrobiologia | volume=458 | issue=1 | pages=55–62 | doi=10.1023/A:1013167725047 | s2cid=6439470 }}</ref> iyagoo muujinaya heer la mid ah oo kala-duwanaansho xagga quudashada ah.<ref name=Mbabazi2004>{{cite journal| author1=Mbabazi, D. | author2=R. Ogutu-Ohwayo | author3=S.B. Wandera | author4=Y. Kiziito | year=2004 | title=Fish species and trophic diversity of haplochromine cichlids in the Kyoga satellite lakes (Uganda) | journal=African Journal of Ecology | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=59–68 | doi=10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00492.x }}</ref> Cichlids-ka Kyoga waxaa ka mid ah noocyada la sharraxay siday ''[[Haplochromis latifasciatus]]'' iyo ''[[Haplochromis worthingtoni|H. worthingtoni]]'', iyo kuwa [[Undescribed taxon|aan weli la sharrixin]] siday [[Haplochromis sp. 'Kyoga flameback'|''H.'' sp. "Kyoga flameback"]] iyo [[Haplochromis sp. 'ruby'|''H.'' sp. "ruby"]].<ref>{{cite web | author=Bauman, K. | title=African Cichlids from the Lake Victoria basin | url=http://www.african-cichlid.com/Lake_Victoria.htm | accessdate=25 September 2019 | archive-date=14 Bisha Todobaad 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714054245/http://african-cichlid.com/Lake_Victoria.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> Sida ka dhacday Harada Fiktooriya, cichlids-ka Kyoga waxaa dabar-gooyay [[Nile perch|borta weyn]] ee la keenay, noocyada qaar-na mar horeba way dabar-go'een. Sababtoo ah Kyoga guud ahaan waa mid gacanyar oo dhiiqo leh, qaybaha hoose qaarkood—"harooyinka weheliya" (satellite lakes)—ayaa heerar kala duwan uga go'an harada weyn. Tirada badbaadday ee haplochromine cichlids ee qayb kasta waxay si toos ah ula xiriirtaa xaaladda borta weyn ee Niilka. In kasta oo ay tahay tan ugu weyn, wax ka yar 50 nooc oo haplochromine ah ayaa ku badbaaday qaybta weyn halkaas oo borta weyn ay ku badan tahay. Marka la barbardhigo, harooyinka weheliya ee aadka u yar siday Lemwa, Nyaguo iyo Nawampasa kuma jirto borta weyn, laakiin ugu yaraan 50 nooc oo haplochromine ah ayaa ku badbaaday labada hore mid kasta, ugu yaraan 60-na goobta ugu dambaysa. Taa beddelkeeda, harooyinka yaryar ee weheliya siday Nakuwa iyo Nyasala oo ay ku badan tahay borta weyn waxay leeyihiin wax ka yar 30 iyo 5 haplochromines ah oo badbaaday siday u kala horreeyaan.<ref name=Green2009/><ref name=Mwanja2001/> Tani waxay sidoo kale ka dhigan tahay in kalluumaysiga ka jira nidaamka Harada Kyoga uu si tartiib tartiib ah uga beddelmady mid markii hore la ranti lahaa noocyo badan oo u dhashay deegaanka, loona beddelay hadda mid inta ugu weyn lagu ranto sardiinka u dhashay Harada Fiktooriya, borta weyn ee la keenay iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ta Niilka]] ee la keenay<ref name=Witte2009>{{cite book| author1=Witte, F.| author2=M. de Graaf | author3=O.C. Mkumbo | author4=A.I. El-Moghraby | author5=F.A. Sibbing | year=2009 | chapter=Fisheries in the Nile System | pages=723–748 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> (labada nooc ee tilapia ee u dhashay deegaanka, kala ah [[Oreochromis esculentus|Singida]] iyo [[Oreochromis variabilis|Fiktooriya]], waxay noqdeen kuwo aad u naadir ah, marka laga reebo harooyinka weheliya qaarkood).<ref name=Mwanja2001/> Sannadkii 2006, kaliya 4% kalluunka la qabtay ayaa ahaa haplochromine cichlids.<ref name=Witte2009/> == Dhirta == [[File:Lake Kyoga Papyrus.jpg|alt=Lake Kyoga Papyrus|thumb|Baxarka Harada Kyoga]] Harada Kyoga waxay leedahay dhir ay ka mid yihiin ''[[Pistia stratiotes]]'' (saladhka biyaha), ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'', ''[[Vossia cuspidata]]'' (geedka jerta) iyo ubaxa biyaha (''[[Nymphaea]]'' spp.).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNF - Lake Kyoga |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=www.globalnature.org |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521070219/https://www.globalnature.org/35625/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kyoga/resindex.aspx#:~:text=Lake%20Kyoga%20has%20a%20rich,also%20found%20in%20the%20lake. |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3596|title=Lake Kyoga|website=World Lake Database|publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation|access-date=2025-10-27}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} * DWD (2002) ''El Niño preparedness for Lake Kyoga and other flood prone areas of Uganda.'' Directorate of Water Development. Ministry of Water, Lands and Environment, Entebbe, Uganda. * ILM (2004) ''Support to the Management of Sudd Blockage on Lake Kyoga.'' Produced for the Integrated Lake Management Project by Environmental Impact Assessment Centre of Finland, EIA Ltd. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20050512231017/http://www.eia.fi/kyoga/report/Kyoga_Model_report-EIA_Ltd.pdf online PDF version]) * Twongo, T. (2001) ''The Fisheries and environment of Kyoga Lakes.'' Fisheries Resources Research Institute (FIRRI), Jinja, Uganda. ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} *[http://www.photius.com/countries/uganda/geography/uganda_geography_lakes_and_rivers.html Harooyinka iyo webiyada ku yaal Uganda] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204122325/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake.asp?LakeID=AFR-15 Harada Kyoga] (World Lakes Database) bvg45w65htyj0su1mjeiwq92vldqwvq 0 48289 300512 300189 2026-07-01T01:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Kibwera | location = [[Queen Elizabeth National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Queen Elizabeth]], [[Rubirizi District|Degmada Rubirizi]], [[Western Region, Uganda|Galbeedka Uganda]] | type = Haro foolkaano ah (Crater lake) | basin_countries = [[Uganda]] | coordinates = {{coord|0|09|16|S|30|08|32|E|region:UG|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Uganda | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Kibwera in Uganda }} '''Harada Kibwera''' waa [[Uganda|haro foolkaano ah oo ku taal Uganda]] dhexdeeda [[Queen Elizabeth National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Queen Elizabeth]] ee [[Western Region, Uganda|Galbeedka Uganda]]. Haradu waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah kuwaas oo ay doorbidaan bulshada ku xeeran.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=UWA maps out crocodile areas |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uwa-maps-out-crocodile-areas-1613974 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> Harada waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa deegaan loogu talagalay yaxasyada laga soo raray harooyinka u dhow sida [[Lake George (Uganda)|Harada George]] maadaama ay khatar ku yihiin nolosha aadanaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makanga |first=Samuel |date=2015-06-10 |title=Residents around Lake George relieved following the relocation of a man eating crocodile – Uganda safari news |url=https://www.primeugandasafaris.com/residents-around-lake-george-relieved-following-the-relocation-of-a-man-eating-crocodile-uganda-safari-news/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Prime Uganda Safaris |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-09 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority maps Crocodile territory |url=https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/uganda-wildlife-authority-maps-crocodile-territory.html |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=93.3 KFM |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626091953/https://www.kfm.co.ug/news/uganda-wildlife-authority-maps-crocodile-territory.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Harada Kibwera waa [[protected area|aag la ilaaliyo]] oo ay maamulaan [[Uganda Wildlife Authority|Maamulka Duurjoogta Uganda]] (UWA) iyo [[Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife and Antiquities (Uganda)|Wasaaradda Dalxiiska, Duurjoogta iyo Waxyaabihii Hore]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tourism Uganda {{!}} Ministry of Tourism Wildlife and Antiquities {{!}} Kampala |url=https://www.tourism.go.ug/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=tourismuganda |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Uganda Wildlife Authority - UWA |url=https://ugandawildlife.org/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=ugandawildlife.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Eeg barnaamijyada kale == * [[Lake Kyema|Harada Kyema]] * [[Lake Nyamusingire|Harada Nyamusingire]] * [[Lake Bujuku|Harada Bujuku]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} 757qgsecc2umm8ywbskns8pr49ysf5k 0 48297 300527 300286 2026-07-01T01:36:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Complexe Lac de Tunis | designation1_date = 23 January 2013 | designation1_number = 2096<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complexe Lac de Tunis|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2096|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} [[File:Tunis satellite.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Tunis]] [[File:Lac de Tunis 1.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Harada Tunis]] '''Harada Tunis''' ({{Langx|ar|بحيرة تونس}} ''Buḥayra Tūnis''; {{Langx|fr|Lac de Tunis}}) waa [[lagoon]] dabiici ah oo ku taal inta u dhaxaysa caasimadda [[Tunisia]] ee [[Tunis]] iyo [[Gulf of Tunis|Gacanka Tunis]] ([[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Mediteraaniyanka]]). Haradu waxay ku fidsan tahay bed dhan 37 kiilo mitir oo labajibbaaran, marka la barbar dhigo baaxaddeeda dhowrkeedu waa mid aad u gabaabsig ah. Waxay ahaan jirtay dekedda dabiiciga ah ee Tunis. == Taariikhda == [[File:La Vera descrittione del sito della citta di Tunisi et della Goleta sua fortezza, con il novo forte fatto dalli Turchi nell'assedio di essa nel mese d'Agosto 1574.jpg|thumb|left|Tunis sanadkii 1574, iyadoo wadata harada, kanaalka iyo La Goulette.]] Xiriirka Tunis iyo [[Carthage]] wuxux aad ugu muhiimsanaa [[Roman Empire|Xukunkii Roomaanka]], maadaama ay la macno ahayd xakameynta dhulka barwaaqada ah ee gudaha ku yaal. Harada waqooyi waxay ku dartay jasiiradda [[Chikly]], oo beri hoy u ahayd qalcaddii Roomaanka iyo [[Spain|Isbaanishka]], haddana (tan iyo 1993) ah meel dabiici ah oo la ilaaliyo. Haradu waxay ku xirantay badda kanaal ku yaal [[La Goulette]]. Sida uu sheegay taariikhyahan [[Prudencio de Sandoval]], haradu waxay qaadi jirtay qashinka Tunis waxayna ahayd mid gabaabsig ah oo nin dheer uu lug ku dhex mari karay. Kaliya maraakiibta yaryar ayaa geli karay, iyagoo ka faa'iidaysanaya kanaal ka qoto dheer oo laga qoday La Goulette ilaa xeebta ka soo horjeedda kaas oo lagu calaamadeeyay tiirar alwaax ah. Doonyaha dagaalka ee galyada ah waa ay geli kareen harada, laakiin kaliya iyadoo ay rag jiidayaan. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|qabsashadii Tunis]], admiraalkii Cusmaaniyiinta [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] wuxuu inta badan gogoshiisa u dhigay gudaha harada, isagoo ka caawinaya qalcaddii Goulette madaafiicdooda, inkastoo ugu dambeyntii dhamaantood la qabsaday.<ref>[[Prudencio de Sandoval]], ''[https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-la-vida-y-hechos-del-emperador-carlos-v--2/html/feecfcca-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_41.htm Historia de la vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V] {{Wayback|url=https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-de-la-vida-y-hechos-del-emperador-carlos-v--2/html/feecfcca-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_41.htm |date=20140823024017 }}''</ref> Haradu waxay sii wadday inay [[aggradation|buuxsanto dhoobo]] (kor u kaca heerka dhulka, xaaladdan oo ah salka harada, sababo la xiriira dhoobada iyo ciidda fadhiisata) intii lagu jiray qarnigii 19-aad. Ciidamadii gumeysiga [[France|Faransiiska]] ayaa harada ka gooyay kanaal dhererkiisu yahay 10 kiilo mitir, ballaciisuna yahay 450 mitir, qotadiisuna tahay 6 mitir. Boodhkeeda waxaa maanta loo isticmaalaa jidka weyn ee baabuurta iyo jidka tareenka ee isku xira Tunis iyo dekedda, La Goulette, iyo magaalooyinka xeebta ah ee Carthage, [[Sidi Bou Said]], iyo [[La Marsa]]. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{Coord|36|49|N|10|15|E|type:waterbody|display=title}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Of Tunis}} fsiy79tvnu9vkda6pju046zfth2g0xm 0 48298 300526 300206 2026-07-01T01:36:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Tritonis | type = Haro biyo macaan oo qadiimi ah | location = Libya-dii Qadiimiga ahayd (Waqooyiga Afrika) | basin_countries = Tunisia | reference = Herodotus; Diodorus Siculus; Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax | islands = Phla, Mene }} '''Harada Tritonis''' ({{langx|el|Τριτωνίδα λίμνην}}) waxay ahayd aag ballaran oo biyo macaan ah oo ku yaallay [[North Africa|Waqooyiga Afrika]] ama lagu sharaxay qoraallo badan oo qadiimi ah. Qorayaashii Giriigga ee xilligii hererka caadiga ah waxay haradan dhigeen [[Ancient Libya|Libya-dii Qadiimiga ahayd]]. Faahfaahinta khuraafaadkii dambe iyo u kuur-galkii shakhsiyadeed ee ay akhriyeen taariikhyahannadan, waxaa la sheegay in harada loogu magac daray [[Triton (mythology)|Triton]]. Sida uu sheegay Herodotus waxay lahayd laba jasiiradood, [[Phla (island)|Phla]], oo ay ahaan jirtay in [[Laconia (ancient region)|Lacedaemonians]]-ku ay gumeystaan, marka loo eego tixraac wax sii sheegid ah, iyo [[Mene (island)|Mene]]. ==Goobta== Goobta ay ku taallay ma cdda. Harada waxaa lagu xusay inay ku taal [[Ancient Libya|Libya]], dhul ay Giriigga qadiimiga ahi aaminsanaayeen inuu ku xeeran yahay adduunka, "oo ay baddii ka dhaqday dhinac kasta", Herodotus ayaa yiri,<ref>Herodotus, iv. 42 ([http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/herod-libya1.html on-line text]).</ref> "marka laga reebo meesha ay ku xiran tahay Aasiya". "Aqoontooda, Libya waxay ka fidsanayd [[Ancient Egypt|Masartii Qadiimiga ahayd]], [[Nile Valley|Dooxada Niil]] iyo biyo-qabatinkeeda, Aljeeriya iyo agagaarka koonfurta Masartii Qadiimiga ahayd." Labadaba [[Herodotus]]<ref name=":0">"Herodotus, iv. 179."</ref> qarnigii shanaad C.H. iyo [[Diodorus]]<ref name=":1">"Diodorus, iii,55."</ref> qarnigii koobaad C.D. ayaa sharaxay harada. Gudaha ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'', oo loo malaynayo inay taariikhdeedu dib u dhacdo bartamihii qarnigii 4-aad C.H., waxaa lagu sheegay inay leedahay wareeg dhan 1000 stades, taasoo siinaysa aag dhan qiyaastii 2,300&nbsp;km² (900&nbsp;mi²), ama, kala badh baaxadda gobolka casriga ah ee Rhode Island ee dalka Mareykanka.<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/102 ''Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax'' § 110.]</ref> Herodotus wuxulu u qaatay inay jiri doonto webi weyn oo ku qulqula, kaas oo uu ugu yeeray Triton.<ref>Herodotus, iv. 179; "he supposed it to be a lake like any other, and that a lake of such extent should have a large river as its feeder was but a natural assumption" remarked Edward Herbert Bunbury, ''A History of Ancient Geography among the Greeks and Romans'' vol. I (1883) note S, p. 315.</ref> ==Taariikhda== Magaca harada wuxuu ka muuqdaa doodaha ku saabsan juqraafiga la xiriira [[Greek mythology|khuraafaadka Giriigga]]. Marka [[Athena]] loogu yeero ''Athene Tritogeneia'' ("ku dhalatay Trito"),<ref>As when [[Diomedes]] addresses her in prayer, ''[[Iliad]]'' x; see also ''Iliad'' iv. 515, viii. 839.</ref> magac-sharafta qadiimiga ah waxaa lagu sharaxay dhacdadii, markii ay si buuxda u samaysan uga soo boodday madaxa&mdash;ama bawdada&mdash;[[Zeus]]&mdash;kaas oo liqay hooyadeed oo uur leh si uu uga hortago inuu ka dhaco xukunka hadda ee ilaahyada Giriigga sababo la xiriira dhalanteedkeeda, sidii la pro saadaaliyey&mdash;ilaahadda waxaa loo gelbiyey '''Harada Trito''' waxaana daryeelay nymphs (hablo-ilaahyo qadiimi ah).<ref>Some authors of antiquity explain the ancient epithet in other ways, [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] for one relating it both to a torrent in [[Boeotia]] or to a spring in [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]; there are other explanations (Liddell-Scott-Jones ref).</ref> Fasiraad ka duwan, iyadoo la tixgelinayo khuraafaadkii aad u horreeyey ee Giriigga iyo Minoan, waxay u horseedday turjumaan [[Robert Graves]] inuu soo jeediyo in jihada beddelka ah ee saameynta diimeed ay dhacday, iyadoo [[Neith]] ay ahayd ilaahadda saameynta ku yeelatay horumarka fekerka Giriigga ee ku saabsan ilaahadda Athene. Neith waxay ahayd ilaah qadiimi ah markii ugu horreysay ee ay ka muuqato nidaamkii ugu horreeyey ee ilaahyada Masar.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} Sheekada [[Argonauts]] waxay dhigeysaa guriga Triton xeebta [[Mediterranean coast|Badda Dhexe]] ee Libya. Kahor epiga ''Argonautika'' ee Apollonius, Herodotus wuxuu ogaa dhaqankan Jason, kaas oo dabayshu <blockquote>"ay ka qaadday wadadiisii oo ay u gaysay xeebta Libya; halkaas oo, ka hor intaanu dhulka helin, uu dhex galay meelaha gacmeedka ah ee Harada Tritonis. Markii uu maskaxda ku hayey sida uu ku heli lahaa waddo uu kaga baxo, Triton (waxay dhahaan) ayaa u muuqday, wuxuuna u soo jeediyay inuu u muujiyo marinka, oo uu u sugo dib u gurasho ammaan ah, haddii uu siinayo saddex-lugoodka (tripod). Jason oo u hoggaansamay, waxaa Triton u muujiyey marinka dhex mara meelaha gacmeedka ah; ka dib markay taasi dhacday ilaahii wuxuu qaatay saddex-lugoodkii, wuxuuna u qaaday macbadkiisa, wuxuu ku fadhiistay korkiisa, isagoo ka buuxa cadho wax sii sheegid ah, wuxuu u sheegay Jason iyo saaxiibbadiis saadaal dheer. "Markii farac", ayuu yiri, "oo ka mid ah shaqaalaha Argo uu qabsan doono oo uu qaadi doono saddex-lugoodka naxaasta ah, markaas masiirka aan laga baaqsan karin wuxuu keeni doonaa in boqol magaalo oo Giriig ah laga dhiso hareeraha Harada Tritonis". Dadkii reer Libya ee gobolkaas, markay ngheereen erayada wax sii sheegidda, waxay la tageen saddex-lugoodkii waana qariyeen. " <ref>''Histories'', iv. 179.</ref></blockquote> Sida uu [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] u sheegay, markii Argo lagu kaxeeyey xeebta Lesser Syrtes duufaan xooggan awgeed iyadoo ka soo laabanaysa [[Colchis]], Argonauts-ku waxay isku arkeen "aag ay ku hareeraysan yihiin ciid". Waxay [[portage|xambaareen]] markabkooda laba iyo toban maalmood ilaa Harada Tritonis, laakiin biyaha harada waxay ahaayeen kuwo cusbo leh oo aan la cabbi karin. Maadaama ay waayeen wax laga baxo oo ka geeya Harada Tritonis ilaa badda, waxba ma ay qaban karin. Markaasay ilaahyadii raalli-geliyeen iyagoo dhigay saddex-lugood dahab ah oo [[sacrificial tripod|allabari ah]] xeebta, Triton oo ahaa ilaahii deegaanka ayaa u muuqday iyaga oo u eg nin dhallinyaro ah, si uu u muujiyo marin qarsoon oo badda u baxa.<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], iv. 1552.</ref> Khuraafaadkan dambe wuxuu sheegay in [[nymphs|nymph haro]] oo magaceeda la yiraahdo Tritonis ay harada ka dhigatay gurigeeda, marka loo eego dhaqan qadiimi ah, waxay ahayd hooyadii Athena oo uu dhalay [[Poseidon]]. ([[Herodotus]], iv. 180; [[Pindar]]. Pytli. iv. 20.) Iyada oo loo marayo [[Amphithemis]], waxay noqotay hooyadii [[Nasamon]] iyo [[Cephalion (mythology)|Caphaurus]].<ref>Apollonius of Rhodes, iv. 1495.</ref> ==Xitaa== <references/> ==Xigashooyin== *[http://www.asu.cas.cz/%7Ejklokocn/AJG_2017_Sahara.pdf A support for the existence of paleolakes and paleorivers buried under Saharan sand by means of Bgravitational signal from EIGEN 6C4] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051217025109/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/3509.html Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, p. 1175]}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171207203139/http://www.metrum.org/mapping/argo.htm Mapping argo] (la kaydiyey) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20051205094959/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Cyrene.html Cyrene] *[http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/argonauts.html#Libya Libya] {{Wayback|url=http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/argonauts.html#Libya |date=20110607103514 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607103514/http://www.timelessmyths.com/classical/argonauts.html#Libya |date=7 June 2011 }} *[https://www.amazon.com/gp/phrase?phrase=Lake%20Tritonis Amazon.com: Phrase: "Lake Tritonis"] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060524002233/http://www.net4you.net/user/poellauerg/Amazons/Tun2005e.html Southern Tunisia - research campaign 2005] *[http://lexicorient.com/tunisia/chott_el_jerid.htm CHOTT EL JERID: Dry salt lake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803095327/http://www.lexicorient.com/tunisia/chott_el_jerid.htm |date=3 August 2020 }} *[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/lexindex?entry=*tritoge/neia Liddell-Scott-Jones ''Lexicon of Classical Greek''] *[http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/sabkha.htm Geology of Wessex Coast] *[http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_28.pdf Chapter 28] {{Wayback|url=http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_28.pdf |date=20160304074607 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074607/http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_28.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} *[http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_27.pdf Chapter 27] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093632/http://www.finelinesciencepress.com/chap_27.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Tritonis}} sye424wmzbl0aj1blzqx3lj2c3t2kv2 0 48309 300521 300239 2026-07-01T01:27:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Natron (Harada Medusa ) | image = Lake Natron (Tanzania) – 2017-03-06 (very early in rainy season) – satellite image (cropped).jpg | alt = Satellite image of lake. | caption = Harada oo ku taariikhaysan 6 March 2017 (sawirka dayax-gacmeedka) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location =[[Ngorongoro District]], [[Arusha Region|Gobolka Arusha]], [[Tanzania]], <br>[[Kajiado County]], [[Narok County]], [[Kenya]] | coords = {{Coord|02|25|S|36|00|E|region:TZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Tanzania | pushpin_map_alt = Located in Northern Tanzania near Kenya border. | lake_type = [[saline lake|saline (cusbo leh)]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Tanzania]] | length = | width = | area = {{cvt|850|-|1,040|km2}}<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite : DNews|url = http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm|website = DNews|access-date = 2016-01-05|archive-date = 2016-03-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309044253/http://news.discovery.com/earth/photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron-131003.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beachsafari.com/en/kb/lake-natron|title=Lake Natron|website=Beach Safari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6994|title=Key Biodiversity Areas|website=www.keybiodiversityareas.org}}</ref> | depth = | max-depth = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|600|m}}<ref name="WWF"/> | islands = | cities = | frozen = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = ''Lake Natron Basin'' | designation1_date = 4 July 2001 | designation1_number = 1080<ref name=ramsar>{{Cite web |title=Lake Natron Basin |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1080 |access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} [[File:LakeNatron satellite labelled.jpg|thumb|right|Kala badhka koonfureed ee Harada Natron (sare). [[Fault scarp]]s iyo [[Gelai Volcano]] sidoo kale waa la arki karaa. "Doonyo" badan oo qolof-cusbo ah oo u dhow caddaan ayaa daxalaystay qaybaha ugu gabaabsiga ah ee harada (inset).]] '''Harada Natron''' waa haro cusbo leh oo aad u [[soda lake|alkaline]] ah oo ku taal woqooyiga [[Ngorongoro District]] ee [[Arusha Region|Gobolka Arusha]] ee [[Tanzania]] iyadoo cidhifkeeda fog ee woqooyi uu u gudbo [[Kajiado County]] iyo [[Narok County]] ee [[Kenya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Gregory Rift]], oo ah laanta bari ee [[Rift-ka Bariga Afrika]].<ref name="WWF">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0901|title=Eastern Africa: Northern Tanzania, on the border with Kenya|work=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku dhex jirtaa [[Lake Natron Basin]], oo ah dhul qoyan oo [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ah oo muhiimad caalami ah leh.<ref name=ramsar/> == Sharaxaad == Haradan waxaa inta badan ku shubma Webiga [[Southern Ewaso Ng'iro]], oo ka soo bilaabma badhtamaha [[Kenya]], iyo ilo biyo kulul oo qani ku ah macdanta.<ref name="WWF"/> Waa mid aad u gabaabsi ah, moolkeedu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|3|m|ft|spell=in}}, ballaceeduna wuxuu u isbedbelaa hadba heerka biyaheeda. Haradu dhererkeeda ugu sarreeya waa {{convert|57|km}} ballaceeduna waa {{convert|22|km}}.<ref name="WWF"/> Deegaanka ku xeeran wuxuu helaa roob xilliyeed aan joogto ahayn, inta badanna u dhaxeeya Diseembar iyo May oo wadartoodu tahay {{convert|800|mm|in}} sannadkii.<ref name="WWF"/> Heerkulka harada wuxuu inta badan ka sarreeyaa {{convert|40|°C|°F}}.<ref name="WWF"/> Heerka sare ee uumi-baxa wuxuu ka tagey [[natron]] (sodium carbonate decahydrate) iyo [[trona]] (sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate). Alkalinity-ga harada wuxuu gaari karaa pH ka sarreeya 12. Sida laga soo xigtay Live Science, alkalinity-ga sare ee harada waxaa sababa sodium carbonate iyo macdano kale oo biyo dhex mara oo ka yimaada deegaanka ku xeeran. Dhagaxa hoose ee ku xeeran wuxuu ka kooban yahay lofaha [[trachyte]] ee alkaline-ka ah ee ay ku badan tahay sodium-ta oo la dhigay xilligii Pleistocene. Lofahan waxay leeyihiin xaddi badan oo kaarboonayt ah laakiin waxay leeyihiin xaddi hoose oo calcium iyo magnesium ah, taas oo u oggolaatay harada inay isu beddesho biyo-cusbo oo alkaline ah oo guba. Xaaladahan kiimiko ee ba'an waxay abuuraan deegaan adag oo ay ku noolaan karaan oo keliya noolaha ku takhasusay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Marc Lallanilla published in |date=2013-10-02 |title=Lake That Turns Animals to Stone? Not Quite |url=https://www.livescience.com/40135-photographer-rick-brandt-lake-natron.html |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Live Science |language=en}}</ref> Astaamaha kiimiko ee biyaha ayaa la ogaaday inay [[calcification|shubaan oo dhagaxaan ka dhigaan]] haraaga jirka ee wax kasta oo nool oo dhex dhiman harada.<ref>{{cite magazine| title=This Alkaline African Lake Turns Animals into Stone |author=Joseph Stromberg |date=2 October 2013 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/this-alkaline-african-lake-turns-animals-into-stone-445359/ |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref> ==Dhirta== Midabka haradu waa mid caado u ah meelaha ay ka dhacaan heerarka [[evaporation|uumi-baxa]] ee aadka u sarreeya. Marka biyuhu uumi-baxaan xilliga abaarta, heerka cusbadu wuxuu kor u kacaa ilaa meel ay noolaha [[microorganism|yaryar]] ee cusbada jecel ay bilaabaan inay ku barwaaqoobaan. Noolahaas [[halophile]]-ka ah waxaa ka mid ah qaar ka mid ah [[cyanobacteria]] kuwaas oo samaysta cuntadooda iyagoo isticmaalaya [[photosynthesis]] sids dhirtu ay samayso. Midabka cas ee caawiyaha u ah photosynthesis-ka ee ku jira cyanobacteria wuxuu soo saaraa casaan mool ah oo ku yaal biyaha furan ee harada iyo midabada liimiga ah ee qaybaha gabaabsiga ah ee harada. Qolofka alkali-ga cusbada ah ee dusha harada ayaa sidoo kale inta badan u midabaysan casaan ama casaan-khafiif ah sababtoo ah noolaha halophilic-ka ah ee halkaas ku nool. [[Salt marsh|Dhoobada cusbada leh]] iyo dhulalka qoyan ee biyaha macaan ee hareeraha harada waxay taageeraan dhir kala duwan. ==Duur-joogta== Inta badan xayawaanku waxay u arkaan heerkulka sare ee harada (ilaa {{convert|60|C|F|disp=sqbr}}) iyo xaddiga cusbada ee sarreeya ee isbedbeddela mid aan lagu noolaan karin.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swancer |first=Brent |title=The Bizarre Medusa Lake of Africa |url=https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/04/the-bizarre-medusa-lake-of-africa/ |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Harada Natron waxay hoy u tahay qaar ka mid ah [[Endemism|ajbalka]] [[algae]], [[invertebrates]] (xayawaanka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn), iyo [[bird|shimbiraha]]. Biyaha cusbadoodu yarayso ee hareeraha, qaar ka mid ah kalluunka ayaa sidoo kale ku noolaan kara. Haradu waa goobta qudhah ee xilliyada caadiga ah ay ku taran karaan Bariga Afrika shimbiraha 2.5&nbsp;milyan ee [[lesser flamingo]]es ah, kuwaas oo xaaladdooda "ku dhow khatarta" ay ka dhalatay ku tiirsanaantooda goobtan keliya. Marka [[salinity|cusbadu]] kor u kacdo, waxaa sidoo kale kordha [[cyanobacteria]], haraduna waxay sidoo kale taageeri kartaa buulal badan. Flamingo-yaashan, oo ah rhaankooda weyn ee keliya ee Bariga Afrika, waxay isugu yimaadaan harooyinka cusbada leh ee dhow si ay u quutaan ''[[Spirulina (genus)|Spirulina]]'' (algae buluug-cagaar ah oo leh midabyo casaan ah). Harada Natron waa goob taran oo ammaan ah sababtoo ah deegaankeeda [[Corrosive substance|guba]] waxyaabaha wuxuu caqabad ku yahay [[Predation|ugaadhsadayaasha]] isku daya inay gaaraan buulashooda ku yaal jasiiradaha [[evaporite]] ee samaysma xilliyada qaarkood. [[Greater flamingo]]es-ka ayaa iyaguna ku tarma [[mud flats|dhulka dhoobada ah]]. Haradu waxay dhiirigelisay filimka documentary-ga dabeecadda ah ee ''[[The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]]'' ee ay sameysay [[Disneynature]], sababtoo ah xiriirka dhow ee ay la leedahay [[Lesser flamingo]]es oo ah goobta qudhah ee ay xilliyada caadiga ah ku tarmaan. Laba nooc oo kalluun ah oo deegaanka u gaar ah, oo ah [[Alcolapia|alkaline tilapias]] ''[[Alcolapia latilabris]]'' iyo ''[[Alcolapia ndalalani|A. ndalalani]]'', ayaa iyaguna ku barwaaqooba biyaha ku yaal geesaha meelaha ay ka soo galaan ilaha kulul. ''[[Alcolapia alcalica|A. alcalica]]'' iyaduna waxay ku jirtaa harada, laakiin deegaanka ku mool ma aha oo keliya. ==Khataraha iyo dhowrista== Aagga ku xeeran [[salt lake|harada cusbada leh]] ma ahan mid dadku deggen yihiin laakiin waxaa jira xoogaa xoolo dhaqasho ah iyo beerasho xilliyeed ah. Khataraha ku wajahan dheelitirka cusbada ee ka dhasha kordhinta qulqulka dhoobada ayaa ka imaan doona jaridda dhirta badan ee la saadaaliyay ee ka dhici doonta meelaha biyaha Natron iyo [[hydroelectric|warshadda korontada]] oo laga qorsheeyay [[Ewaso Ng'iro]] oo ku taal xadka dhanka [[Kenya]]. In kasta oo qorshayaasha horumarineed ay ku jiraan dhisidda dharbaaxo dhanka woqooyi ee harada si loo xaddido biyaha macaan, khatarta ah in lagu milmo goobtan taranka ayaa weli noqon karta mid halis ah. Ma jiro difaac rasmi ah. Khatar cusub oo ku wajahan Harada Natron waa soo jeedinta horumarinta warshadda [[soda ash]] ee ku taal xeebteeda. Warshaddu waxay biyaha ka soo bammi doontaa harada waxayna ka soo saari doontaa sodium carbonate si loogu beddelo budada dharka lagu dhaqo si loo dhoofiyo. Waxaa wehelin doona warshadda guryo loogu talagalay in ka badan 1000 shaqaale ah, iyo saldhig koronto oo dhuxusha ku shaqeeya si uu u bixiyo tamarta adsummary-ga warshadda. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira suurtogal nimo ah in horumariyayaashu ay keenaan hybrid [[brine shrimp]] si loo kordhiyo waxtarka soo saarista. Sida uu sheegay Chris Magin, oo ah sarkaalka caalamiga ah ee Afrika ee [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|RSPB]], "Fursadda ay lesser flamingoes ku sii wadi karaan taranka marka ay wajahayaan qas caynkaas ah waa mid ku dhow eber. Horumarkani wuxuu ka tagi doonaa lesser flamingoes-ka Bariga Afrika iyagoo wajahaya dabar-goynta". Toddobaetan iyo shan boqolkiiba lesser flamingoes-ka adduunka waxay ku dhashaan Harada Natron.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Billock|first1=Jennifer|title=The Deadly Lake Where 75 Percent of the World's Lesser Flamingoes Are Born|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/flamingos-find-life-among-death-180959265/|access-date=17 June 2016|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=14 June 2016}}</ref> Hadda koox ka kooban wax ka badan konton hay'adood oo dhowrista iyo deegaanka Bariga Afrika ah ayaa wada olole caalami ah si loo joojiyo dhismaha la qorsheeyay ee warshadda soda ash oo ay rabeen shirkadda Tata Chemicals Ltd ee Mumbai, India, iyo National Development Corporation ee Tanzania. Kooxda hoos shaqaynaysa magaca dalladda Lake Natron Consultative Group waxaa isku dubariday [[Ken Mwathe]], Maareeyaha Barnaamijka Dhowrista ee Xoghaynta Afrika ee [[BirdLife International]]. Sida lagu sheegay xiriir la sameeyay Juun 2008, Tata Chemicals ma sii wadi doonto Mashruuca Natron, dib u eegista dambena ee mashruucan waxay ku xirnaan doontaa qorshaha Ramsar Wetlands, kaas oo hadda diyaarinta lagu jiro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf |title=Position Statement on the Lake Natron Project |date=13 June 2008 |access-date=7 October 2013 |publisher=Tata Chemicals |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005011839/http://www.tatachemicals.com/downloads/Position%20Statement%20on%20the%20Lake%20Natron%20Project-13-06-08.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> Sababtoo ah kala duwanaanshaheeda dabiiciga ah ee gaarka ah, Tanzania waxay u magacawday Lake Natron Basin [[Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance]] 4 July 2001. Haradu sidoo kale waa gobolka dabiiciga ah ee halophytics-ka Bariga Afrika ee [[World Wildlife Fund]]. ==Booqashada aagga== Waxaa jira dhowr goobood oo teendhooyinka laga dhisto oo u dhow harada, taas oo sidoo kale aasaas u ah fuulidda [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]]. Harada Natron waxay leedahay awoodo soo jiidasho dalxiis oo muhiim u ah horumarinta [[ecotourism]] (dalxiiska deegaanka). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qorshe maamul oo guud oo la'aan ah, maalgelin aan ku filnayn heerka hawlgalka, habab la'aan lagu sugo qayb cadaalad ah oo ka mid ah faa'iidooyinka ecotourism-ka, iyo tas-hiilaadka kaabayaasha dalxiiska oo si liidata u horumaray si ay u taageeraan qaybaha kala duwan ee dalxiisayaasha ayaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin caqabadaha ugu waaweyn ee la xiriira maamulka ecotourism-ka ee aagga. Harada waxaa sidoo kale laga geli karaa Shompole Conservancy [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Shoo|first=Rehema Abeli|chapter=Ecotourism Potential and Challenges at Lake Natron Ramsar Site, Tanzania|date=2020|title=Protected Areas in Northern Tanzania|series=Geotechnologies and the Environment|volume=22|pages=75–90|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-43302-4_6|isbn=978-3-030-43301-7}}</ref> {{Gallery|align=center |File:Lake Natron satellite.JPG|Harada Natron sida lagu arko barnaamijka NASA ee [[World Wind]] |File:NatronSouthSide.jpg|Harada oo ay la socdaan [[flamingo]]s |File:Lengai from Natron.jpg|[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] oo laga arkayo Harada Natron }} ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Rift Valley lakes]] * [[The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Lake Natron}} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031024103822/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=9099 LakeNet Profile]}} *[http://www.birdlife.org/action/campaigns/lake_natron_flamingos/index.html Think Pink – Save Africa's Flamingos] *[http://www.nbcnews.com/science/bird-mummies-natron-lakes-toxic-waters-petrify-animals-fall-8C11322626 NBC article about Nick Brandt's photos of petrified animals at Natron lake] *{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17239 |title=Lake Natron, Tanzania |work=[[NASA Earth Observatory|Earth Observatory Newsroom]] |access-date=17 April 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001020850/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17239 |archive-date=1 October 2006 }} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Natron, Lake}} 2q2nkg08dxwpl76eyhv8izj7dmf9l85 0 48319 300485 300262 2026-07-01T00:54:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edmund Yakani''' waa u ololeeye bulshada rayidka ah oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]] isla markaana ah [[Human rights defender|u doode xuquuqda aadanaha]]. Waa Agaasimaha Fulinta ee Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO), oo ah urur fadhigiisu yahay [[Juba]], [[South Sudan]], kana shaqeeya arrimaha nabad-dhisidda, [[human rights|xuquuqda aadanaha]], iyo maamul dimuqraadi ah. Waxa uu caan ku yahay doorkiisa ku aaddan hindisayaasha bulshada rayidka intii lagu jiray iyo ka dib dagaalkii sokeeye ee Koonfurta Suudaan. == Noloshii hore iyo waxbarashada == Yakani wuxuu cilmiga siyaasadda iyo sharciga ku bartay [[University of Juba]]. Waxa kale oo uu haystaa dibloomo ku saabsan daraasaadka jinsiga iyo kaaliyaha sharciga (paralegal studies). Kahor inta uusan noqon u ololeeye waqti-buuxa ah, wuxuu ka shaqayn jiray cilmi-baaris iyo u doodista siyaasadaha la xiriira maamulka, ku dhaqanka sharciga, iyo dib-u-habaynta waaxda amniga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr. Edmund Yakani Berizilious |url=https://cepo-southsudan.org/team/mr-edmund-yakani-berizilious |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Community Empowerment for Progress Organization}}</ref> == Shaqada iyo u ololeynta == Yakani wuxuu door muuqda ka qaatay bulshada rayidka ee Koonfurta Suudaan, gaar ahaan intii lagu jiray wada-hadalladii nabadda iyo dadaalladii dib-u-dhiska dalka dagaalka ka dib. Isagoo ah Agaasimaha Fulinta ee CEPO,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Empowerment for Progress Organization (CEPO) |url=https://uncaccoalition.org/anti-corruption-platforms/africa/south-sudan/community-empowerment-for-progress-organization/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=UNCAC Coalition |language=en-US}}</ref> wuxuu ka qayb qaatay wada-hadallada qaran, kormeerka doorashooyinka, doodaha ku saabsan caddaaladda ku-meel-gaarka ah, iyo u doodista maamul loo dhan yahay.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=March 8, 2024 |title=CEPO's Yakani embarks on global lobby for peaceful transition in South Sudan |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/cepos-yakani-embarks-on-global-lobby-for-peaceful-transition-in-south-sudan |access-date=June 28, 2025 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team |url=https://cepo-southsudan.org/team |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Community Empowerment for Progress Organization}}</ref> Waxa kale oo uu ka soo shaqeeyay madallo goboleed oo bulshada rayidka ah, waxaana sannadkii 2023 loo doortay Madaxweynaha Golaha Ururrada Bulshada Rayidka ee Bariga Afrika (EACSOF). Yakani wuxuu si joogto ah uga qayb qaatay hawlaha u doodista heer qaran iyo heer caalami, isagoo la shaqeeyay dejiyeyaasha siyaasadda iyo hay'adaha caalamiga ah ee arrimaha saameeya Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2023-05-05 |title=Edmund Yakani named new EAC Civil Society leader |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/edmund-yakani-elected-head-of-eac-civil-society/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-05-09 |title=CEPO's Yakani elected president of regional civil society forum |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/cepos-yakani-elected-president-of-regional-civil-society-forum |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannadkii 2024, Yakani wuxuu booqday [[Washington, D.C.]], halkaas oo uu kula kulmay saraakiil ka tirsan dowladda Mareykanka, ururrada bulshada rayidka ah, iyo hay'ado caalami ah si uu ugu ololeeyo isbeddel dimuqraadi ah iyo ixtiraamka xuquuqda aadanaha ee Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-03-07 |title=Civil society leader Yakani in Washington to advocate for democratic transition |url=https://www.sudanspost.com/south-sudan-civil-society-leader-yakani-in-washington-to-advocate-for-democratic-transition/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Sudans Post |language=en-US}}</ref> Mararka qaar, hawlaha u ololeynta ee Yakani waxay keeneen hanjabaado. Wuxuu si cad u sheegay inuu helay hanjabaado dil iyo inuu bartilmaameed u noqday dhaleeceyntiisa ku wajahan siyaasiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu sii waday inuu si cad uga hadlo arrimaha xuquuqda aadanaha, bannaanka bulshada rayidka, iyo isla xisaabtanka dowladda.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-02-14 |title=South Sudanese human rights defender Edmund Yakani Receives Death Threats |url=https://crd.org/2020/02/14/south-sudanese-hrd-edmund-yakani-receives-death-threats/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Civil Rights Defenders |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2024-07-05 |title=Yakani reports receiving death threats over NSS bill comments |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/yakani-reports-receiving-death-threats-over-nss-bill-comments/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> == Abaalmarinno iyo aqoonsi == Sannadkii 2017, wuxuu helay Abaalmarinta Civil Rights Defender of the Year oo ay bixiso hay'adda Civil Rights Defenders ee fadhigeedu yahay Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-04-04 |title=Civil Rights Defender of the Year 2017 – Edmund Yakani |url=https://crd.org/2017/04/04/civil-rights-defender-of-the-year-award-2017-edmund-yakani/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Civil Rights Defenders |language=en-US}}</ref> Sannadkii 2022, waxaa lagu sharfay abaalmarin heer qaaradeed ah oo lagu aqoonsaday kaalintiisa nabad-dhisidda iyo u ololeynta bulshada rayidka ee Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grandolfo |first=Francesca |date=2020-05-31 |title=Human Rights Defender of the Month: Edmund Yakani |url=https://defenddefenders.org/human-rights-defender-of-the-month-edmund-yakani/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=DefendDefenders |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-01-24 |title=South Sudan civil society leader wins civil rights award |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/south-sudan-civil-society-leader-wins-civil-rights-award |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ninrew |first=Chany |date=2022-11-05 |title=CEPO leader Edmund Yakani wins continental award |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/cepo-leader-edmund-yakani-wins-continental-award/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} etiiwhy1f4uj1rny9mn1dmondpla8ev 0 48324 300481 300290 2026-07-01T00:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox dam |name = Biyo-xireenka Roseires |location =[[Ad Damazin]], [[Sudan]] |image =Roseires Dam.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|11|47|53|N|34|23|15|E|type:landmark_region:SD|display=inline,title}} |construction_began =1961 |opening =1966 |dam_height ={{convert|78|m|ft|abbr=on}} |dam_length ={{convert|24410|m|ft|abbr=on}} |res_capacity_total ={{convert|7.4|km3|acre feet|abbr=on|0}} |res_surface ={{convert|29000|ha|acre|abbr=on|0}} |plant_turbines = |plant_capacity =280 MW<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/january/sudan-completes-expansion-of-1800-mw-roseiris-hydropower-project.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301022652/http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/january/sudan-completes-expansion-of-1800-mw-roseiris-hydropower-project.html | archive-date=2014-03-01 | title=The Latest in Hydroelectric Power News }}</ref> }} '''Biyo-xireenka Roseires''' ({{langx|ar|خزان الروصيرص}}) waa biyo-xireen ku yaal [[Blue Nile|Nila Buluugga ah]] ee [[Ad Damazin]], wax yar kor uga xiga magaalada [[Er Roseires]], ee [[Sudan]]. Wuxuu ka kooban yahay biyo-xireen taageero shub ah (concrete buttress dam) oo dhexroorkiisu yahay 1&nbsp;km dhererkiisa ugu sarreeyana yahay 68&nbsp;m, iyo biyo-xireen carro ah (earth dam) oo labada dhinacba ah. Biyo-xireenka carrada ah ee ku yaal xeebta bari dhererkiisu waa 4&nbsp;km, kan xeebta galbeedna dhererkiisu waa 8.5&nbsp;km. Kaydka biyaha wuxuu leeyahay baaxad bedkeedu yahay qiyaastii 290&nbsp;km². [[File:Roseires Reservoir.jpg|thumb|Harada kaydka biyaha ee Roseires]] Biyo-xireenka waxaa la dhameystiray 1966-dii, markii hore waxaana loo dhisay ujeeddooyin waraabin ah. Warshad dhalisa korontada, oo leh awoodda ugu sarreysa ee 280 megawatts, ayaa lagu daray 1971-dii.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=217795 |title=Sudan Vision Daily - Details |access-date=2013-08-16 |archive-date=2013-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105119/http://news.sudanvisiondaily.com/details.html?rsnpid=217795 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heightening of the Roseires Dam Rehabilitation Project - OPEC Fund for International Development |url=https://opecfund.org/operations/list/heightening-of-the-roseires-dam-rehabilitation-project |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=opecfund.org |language=en}}</ref> Ka dib marka la dhameystiro mashruuca korontada biyaha ee [[Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam|Hidase]] ee [[Ethiopia]] ee ka sarreeya, Biyo-xireenka Roseires wuxuu u noqday saldhig isku dheelitira korontada. '''Mashruuca weynaynba''' Dhererkii ugu sarreeyay ee asalka ahaa ee biyo-xireenka wuxuu ahaa 68&nbsp;m, kaas oo kor loogu qaaday 78&nbsp;m sanadkii 2013-kii, haddana biyo-xireenku wuxuu dhererkiisu yahay 25&nbsp;km. Biyo-xireenka wuxuu dhexda ku leeyahay shan iridood oo ah kuwa daadadka iyo dhoobada lagu sii daayo (sluice gates) oo cabirkoodu yahay 3&nbsp;m&nbsp;×&nbsp;5&nbsp;m. Biyo-xireenka wuxuu leeyahay marin daad-bax ah (gated ogre spillway) oo awood u leh inuu sii daayo 694&nbsp;m³/s. Intaa waxaa dheer, biyo-xireenka waxaa loo dhisay shan meelood oo hoose oo biyo-bax ah oo leh awood sii deyn ah 5,208&nbsp;m³/s si looga gudbiyo daadadka iyo dhoobada fariisata kaydka dhexdiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan - Roseires |url=https://www.hydropower.org/sediment-management-case-studies/sudan-roseires |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=www.hydropower.org |language=en}}</ref> Weenayntan waxay oggolaatay in awoodda kaydka biyaha kor loogu qaado 3 km³ ilaa 7.4 km³, taaoo kor u qaadday faa'iidada biyo-xireenka ee xakameynta daadadka. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} * [http://diu.gov.sd/roseires/en/about_rosirs.htm Sudan Government: Dams Implementation Unit] {{Wayback|url=http://diu.gov.sd/roseires/en/about_rosirs.htm |date=20110411233924 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411233924/http://diu.gov.sd/roseires/en/about_rosirs.htm |date=2011-04-11 }} * [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+sd0089) Sudan, Electric power. Library of Congress] * [http://www.internationalrivers.org/files/AfrDamsBriefingJune2010.pdf Africa Dams Briefing 2010 - International Rivers] p.&nbsp;54 * [https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faseeffe.it%2F0012.html Vintage Project Management - The tamers of rivers 1966] {{Authority control}} qwx7odxtpmzbyhsfum7q724cvw0f2ea 0 48326 300530 300292 2026-07-01T01:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada No | image = Sudd swamp.jpg | caption = Qayb ka mid ah dhiatada Sudd iyadoo Harada No ay ku taal (kore). | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | type = | inflow = [[Bahr al Jabal (river)|Bahr al Jabal]], [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]] | outflow = [[White Nile]] | catchment = |pushpin_map=South Sudan | basin_countries = South Sudan | length = | width = | area = {{convert|100|km2|abbr=on}} (max) | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = | coordinates = {{coord|9|29|50|N|30|27|20|E|region:SD-22_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 11 }} '''Harada No'''<ref name="Pease1909">{{cite book |last=Pease |first=A. E. |author-link=Alfred Edward Pease |title=The Book of the Lion |publisher=Ravenio Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XHyIDQAAQBAJ&q=Lake+No |date=1909-10-16}}</ref> waa [[lake|harada]] ugu weyn [[South Sudan]], taas oo deegaan ahaanna loogu yaqaanno Harada Dhoo bulshada [[Ruweng Administrative Area|Ruweng]] [[Pariang|Panaruu]]. Waxay ku taal waqooyiga dhiatada weyn ee [[Sudd]], meesha ay ku kulmaan webiyada [[Bahr al Jabal (river)|Bahr al Jabal]] iyo [[Bahr el Ghazal River|Bahr el Ghazal]], waxayna calaamad u tahay isbeddelka u dhexeeya Bahr al Jabal iyo [[White Nile|Nila Cad]]. Harada No waxay qiyaastii 1,156&nbsp;km hoos uga xigtaa [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]] ee [[Uganda]], oo ah harada weyn ee Nila Cad ee ka horreysa Harada No.<ref name=Baker>[http://american_almanac.tripod.com/sudan.htm The Potential of the Nile River Basin, And The Economic Development of Sudan] {{Wayback|url=http://american_almanac.tripod.com/sudan.htm |date=20080122062136 }} by Marcia Merry Baker, ''The American Almanac'', 1997</ref> Harada waxaa loo arkaa xarunta [[Ruweng people|dadka Ruweng]] ee qaybta Panaruu ee [[Dinka people|dadka Dinka]].<ref>[http://strategyleader.org/profiles/nuer.html The Nuer of Sudan and Ethiopia] by Orville Boyd Jenkins, March 1997.(hosted by strategyleader.org)</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 8h2nyr7fr9cvuvi3mgwg74alhyja97r 0 48328 300529 300294 2026-07-01T01:37:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Zoo | other_name = | image = Zoo Lake, Johannesburg 2.jpg | image_size = | alt = Zoo Lake, Johannesburg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Johannesburg]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | coords = {{coord|26|09|31|S|28|01|43|E|region:SA_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Parktown Spruit]] | outflow = [[Parktown Spruit]] | catchment = | basin_countries = | date-built = | date-flooded = 1908 | agency = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|9|ha|km2}}<ref name="dwa-registered-sep2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/Documents/ListofRegisteredDamsSep2009.xls|title=List of Registered Dams - September 2009|date=September 2009|publisher=[[Department of Water Affairs (South Africa)]]|access-date=5 January 2010|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717221712/http://www.dwa.gov.za/DSO/Documents/ListofRegisteredDamsSep2009.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = | pushpin_map = South Africa#South Africa Gauteng | pushpin_map_alt = Location of lake in South Africa | reference = }} '''Harta Zoo''' (Zoo Lake) waa haro caan ah iyo beer dadweyne oo ku taal [[Johannesburg]], [[Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxay ka mid tahay ''Beerta [[Hermann Eckstein]]'' waxayna ka hor jeeddaa [[Beerta Xayawaanka ee Johannesburg]]. Harta Zoo waxay ka kooban tahay labo biyo-xireen, biyo-xireen sare oo biyaha keena, iyo biyo-xireen hoose oo ka weyn, kuwaas oo labadaba laga dhisay dhul dhoobogoal ah oo ay biyuhu u soo mareen [[Parktown Spruit]]. ==Taariikh== Dhulkan wuxuu markii hore ka tirsanaan jiray beerta Braamfontein, waxaana iibsaday bangiga iyo maalqabeenka macdanta [[Hermann Eckstein]] si looga faa'iidaysto macdanta suurtagalka ah ee ku jiri karta.<ref name=Saxon/> Markii ujeeddadaas la waayay, Eckstein wuxuu ka dhigay [[beer dhirta qoryaha]] wuxuuna u bixiyay Sachsenwald, isagoo ugu magac daray hantidii [[Otto von Bismarck]] ee Jarmalka.<ref name="Saxon">{{cite web | url=http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 | title=SAPRA History: Origins of Saxonwold & Parkwood | work=Saxonwold & Parkwood Residents Association of Johannesburg | access-date=19 September 2015 | archive-date=23 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123021634/http://www.sapra.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=225 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Beeridda dhirta waxaa la bilaabay 1891, waxaana deegaanka lagu beeray qiyaastii saddex milyan oo geed. Kayntu waxay noqotay goob ay aad u jecelyihin inay u soo dalxiisaan dadka hodanka ah ee [[Randlord]]s iyo qoysaskooda. Qiyaastii 10 sano ka dib geeridii Eckstein, bishii Ogosto 1903, Duqa magaalada Johannesburg, W. St. John Carr, ayaa warqad ka helay la-hawgalayaashiisa ganacsiga (shirkadda Messrs. Wernher Beit & Co iyo Max Michaelis) iyadoo ay la socoto deeq dhul ah oo dhan 200 oo acre oo bilaash ah si Golaha Magaalada Johannesburg uu ugu dhiso Beerta Xayawaanka ee Johannesburg iyo Beerta Herman Eckstein.<ref name=Shorten/>{{rp|124}} Deeqda dhulka waxaa ku jiray Ururin yar oo Xayawaan ah. 20 acre oo ka mid ah dhulka deeqda ah waxaa loo isticmaalay guutada Imperial Light Horse Regiment, haddana waa goobta ay ku yaallaan [[Matxafka Qaranka ee Taariikhda Ciidanka ee Koonfur Afrika|Matxafka Dagaalka]] iyo [[Xusuusta Guutooyinka Rand]].<ref name="Shorten">{{cite book | title=The Johannesburg Saga | publisher=John R. Shorten Pty Ltd | author=Shorten, John R. | year=1970 | location=Johannesburg | pages=1159}}</ref>{{rp|650}} Dhulkii Sachsenwald ee haray waxaa loo dhisay xaafadaha maanta ee Johannesburg ee [[Saxonwold, Gauteng|Saxonwold]] iyo [[Forest Town, Gauteng|Forest Town]]. Haro gacan-ku-samis ah ayaa lagu kordhiyay Beerta sannadkii 1908. Waxay sidoo kale ku faantaa Isha Biyaha ee Coronation (Coronation Fountain), oo ah "gili-gili muusig ah" iyo astaan hiddaha Johannesburg ah, taas oo la dhisay 1937 si loogu xuso [[caleemo-saarkii Boqor George VI iyo Boqorad Elizabeth]].<ref name="zooLakeUsersCommittee1">[http://www.footprint.co.za/zoolake.htm Zoo Lake Users Committee] {{Wayback|url=http://www.footprint.co.za/zoolake.htm |date=20100625023025 }} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625023025/http://www.footprint.co.za/zoolake.htm |date=June 25, 2010 }} ''footprint.co.za''</ref> Markii ay Johannesburg u dabbaaldegaysay dhalashadeeda 70-aad sannadkii 1956, qayb ka mid ah dabbaaldegga magaalada [[Margot Fonteyn]] waxay ku ciyaartay ciyaarta [[Swan Lake]] iyadoo haradu ay tahay asalka dambe. Deeqda dhulka waxaa lagu bixiyay shardi ah in tas-hiilaadku ay u furnaadaan dadka jinsiyad kasta leh, taas oo ahayd wax aan caadi ahayn xilligii gumeysiga ee Koonfur Afrika. Dabeecadda midabada kala duwan leh ee Beerta ayaa jirtay intii lagu guda jiray xilligii [[Apartheid]].<ref name="Joburg01">{{cite web | url=http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 | title=Finding a green heaven in Joburg | work=City of Johannesburg | access-date=30 January 2016 | archive-date=5 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205043118/http://www.joburg.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2038&Itemid=168 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=53&Itemid=28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208225249/http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/2015-04-29-12-30-27/find-a-park-contents-64?task=view&id=53|archive-date=2016-02-08|title=Johannesburg City Parks and Zoo}}</ref><ref name = "joburgNewsZooLake2002"/> Ka dib Wernher, Beit iyo Shirkaddoodu waxay ugu deeqeen dhul dheeraad ah jidka gaari-farasku maro ee ku wareegsan beerta, si loogu dhex socdo ama loogu dhex lugeeyo, jidadkaasna waxaa loo yaqaan Upper iyo Lower Park Drives.<ref name="Shorten"/>{{rp|650}} ==Tas-hiilaadka== Harta Zoo waa meel caan ku ah tamashlaha (picnicking), dhex-socodka eeyaha, jimicsiga iyo doomaha gacanta. Waxaa kale oo jira doomo yaryar oo la kireysan karo.<ref name = "joburgNewsZooLake2002"/> Harta Zoo waxay leedahay [[gogor|gogorro]] (ducks) iyo [[shimbiraha biyaha]] kale, kuwaas oo ku dega jasiirad ku taal badhtamaha harada, quudinta shimbirahaasna (inkastoo si rasmi ah loo niyad-jabiyo) waa hawl caan ah oo qoysasku sameeyaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, biyuhu waxay soo galaan Harada ka dib markay soo maraan dhulka Beerta Xayawaanka ee dariska la ah, haddana aad ayay u [[wasakhaynta biyaha|wasakhaysan yihiin]] si loo oggolaado kalluumeysiga ama dabbaasha. Waxaa socda dadaallo lagu hirgelinayo nidaam sifayn oo waara oo deegaanka u saaxiib ah. Beertu waxay leedahay maqaayado, waana goobta lagu qabto dabbaaldegga sannadlaha ah ee Jazz on the Lake, munaasabadaha Carols by Candlelight iyo bandhigga fanka ee bannaanka ee Artists under the Sun.<ref>[http://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsga/zoo-lake.htm Zoo Lake] Gauteng tourist attractions</ref> Deegaanka waxaa ku yaal Naadiga Bowling-ka ee Zoo Lake, Barkadda Dabbaasha ee Zoo Lake iyo Naadiga Isbortiga ee Zoo Lake, wuxuuna u dhow yahay [[Matxafka Qaranka ee Taariikhda Ciidanka ee Koonfur Afrika]].<ref name = "joburgNewsZooLake2002">[http://www.joburgnews.co.za/nov_2002/nov4_zoolake.stm Zoo Lake: The park that defied apartheid] {{Wayback|url=http://www.joburgnews.co.za/nov_2002/nov4_zoolake.stm |date=20240518042906 }} ''Joburg News Archives 2001-2007''</ref><ref name="myParksZooLake2008">[http://www.myparks.co.za/content/history-zoo-lake-%28hermann-eckstein-park%29 A history of Zoo Lake (Hermann Eckstein Park)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210174329/http://www.myparks.co.za/content/history-zoo-lake-%28hermann-eckstein-park%29 |date=February 10, 2012 }} ''myparks.co.za''</ref> ==Eeg sidoo kale== * [[Liiska kaydadka biyaha iyo biyo-xireenada Koonfur Afrika]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/zoo_lake/ Zoo Lake] {{Wayback|url=https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/zoo_lake/ |date=20180716224051 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716224051/https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/zoo_lake/ |date=2018-07-16 }} ee Maamulka Dalxiiska Gauteng * [http://www.jhbcityparks.com/index.php/list-of-parks-mainmenu-39/53-zoo-lake Zoo Lake] ee Beeraha Magaalada Johannesburg gpps7p83rkh8ig2oe8pota5ynni7e4o 0 48331 300524 300300 2026-07-01T01:35:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Sonfon | other_name = Lake Confon | location = [[Diang, Sierra Leone|Diang]] <br/> [[Koinadugu District]] | image = Lake Sonfon.jpg | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | coords = {{coord|09|15|N|11|30|W|type:waterbody_region:CH|display =inline,title}} | outflow = Pampana River | inflow = ''7 streams oo yar yar'' | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Sierra Leone]] | length = |pushpin_map=Sierra Leone | width = | area = {{convert|8.2|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|549|m|ft|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | islands = | islands_category = | cities = }} '''Harta Sonfon''' , oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harta Confon''', waa haro biyo macaan ah oo ku taal buurayda [[Diang, Sierra Leone|Diang]] ee dalka [[Sierra Leone]], taas oo leh muhiimad diimeed iyo mid dhaqan.<ref name="visit">{{Cite web | title = Lake Sonfon and Environs | publisher = Visit Sierra Leone | year = 2011 | url = http://www.visitsierraleone.org/Attractions/Nature-and-Wildlife/Lake-Sonfon-and-Environs.html | accessdate = 27 February 2011 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110109223745/http://visitsierraleone.org/Attractions/Nature-and-Wildlife/Lake-Sonfon-and-Environs.html | archivedate = 9 January 2011 }}</ref> ==Juqraafi== Magaalooyinka ugu dhow waa [[Kabala, Sierra Leone|Kabala]] oo 60&nbsp;km dhanka waqooyi ka xigta iyo [[Bendugu, Sierra Leone|Bendugu]] oo 40&nbsp;km dhanka koonfureed ka xigta. Waxay ku taal dhowrka buurood ee [[Buuraha Sula]] iyadoo jooggeedu yahay {{convert|549|m|ft|abbr=on}} ka sarreeya heerka badda. Biyaha Sonfon waxay ka bahaan dhanka dhammaadka koonfureed, halkaas oo sameysa bilowga [[Webiga Pampana]],<ref>{{Cite web | title =LOCATION AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TONKOLILI DISTRICT | publisher = Tonkoli District Council | url =http://tonkolili.com/ourlocation.php# | accessdate = 27 February 2011}}</ref> waxaana ku shuba toddoba ilood oo yaryar iyadoo heerka biyaheedu ay aad isu bedbeddalaan inta lagu guda jiro sannadka.<ref name =direct/> Haradu waxay leedahay moolka ugu sarreeya oo gaaraya {{convert|8|m|ft|abbr=on}} iyadoo baaxaddeeduna tahay {{convert|8.2|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, waana harada ugu weyn ee gudaha ee Sierra Leone.<ref name =direct>{{Cite book | last =Hughes | first =R. H. |author2=J. S. Hughes |title = A directory of African wetlands | publisher =IUCN | year = 1992| pages= 439–440 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA439&dq=lake+sonfon#q=lake%20sonfon|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last =Hudgens| first =Jim |author2=Richard Trillo |title =The rough guide to West Africa| publisher = Rough Guides| year = 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/roughguidetowest0000hudg/page/642 642] | url =https://archive.org/details/roughguidetowest0000hudg| url-access =registration| quote =lake sonfon.|isbn=978-1-84353-118-0}}</ref> ===Deegaanka=== Haradu waa aag muhiim u ah dhowrista deegaanka, waxaana la soo jeediyay inay noqoto [[aag la ilaaliyo]] laakiin ilaa iyo sannadkii 2011 ma jiro wax ilaalin ah oo ka jira goobta.<ref>{{Cite web |title =Biodiversity Resource Endowment and Conservation| publisher = World Wildlife Fund | url =http://www.worldwildlife.org/bsp/publications/africa/176/biodiv.htm| accessdate = 2 March 2011}}</ref> Xilliga jiilaalka (abaarta) harada waxaa si buuxda u qariya dhirta.<ref name =direct/> Deegaanka buuraha ee ku xeeran harada wuxuu ka kooban yahay kaymo, [[safana]] dhir leh, dhul daaqsin ah iyo dhul beereed gar madow ah.<ref name = "birdlife" /> Baaxad dhul oo dhan 8,000&nbsp;ha oo ay ku jirto harada, iyo sidoo kale hareeraheeda dhirta leh, waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay [[Aagga Shimbiraha Muhiimka ah]] (IBA) ee [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay hoy u tahay tiro muhiim ah oo ka mid ah noocyo badan oo shimbirro ah.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-sonfon-and-environs-iba-sierra-leone|title= Lake Sonfon and environs|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-11-06}}</ref> Inkastoo aan harada si fiican loo baarin, haddana waxaa lagu aqoonsaday 105 nooc oo shimbirro ah, oo ay ku jiraan shimbirta iris glossy-starling, Dybowski's twinspot, splendid sunbird, red-faced pytilia iyo pied-winged swallow. Naasleyda ku nool harada waxaa ka mid ah diidinka yar (pygmy hippopotamus) ee halista ku jira, iyo nocyada deersha ee kala ah black iyo Maxwell's duikers.<ref name = "birdlife">{{Cite web |title = Lake Sonfon and environs| publisher = BirdLife International| year = 2001| url =http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=6831| accessdate = 2 March 2011}}</ref> ==Taariikh== Harta Sonfon waxaa loo arkaa inay tahay meel barakaysan marka loo eego [[Diinta asalka ah ee Afrika|aaminsanaanta hiddaha]] iyadoo dadka deegaanku ay munaasabadaha dhaqanka ku qabsadaan xeebteeda.<ref name = "visit" /><ref name = "lonely">{{Cite book | last = Ham| first =Anthony|author2=James Bainbridge |title =West Africa | publisher =Lonely Planet| year = 2006| page=[https://archive.org/details/westafrica00hama/page/753 753] |url = https://archive.org/details/westafrica00hama| url-access = registration| quote = lake sonfon sacred.|isbn=978-1-74059-771-5}}</ref> Waxyaabaha bixinta ah, oo ay ku jiraan bariis iyo cunto, ayaa lagu dhex ridaa harada iyadoo la saarayo [[giri-giri|giri-giriyo]] (calabashes).<ref name = "belief" /> Sida aaminsanaanta hiddaha ah, haradu waa mid astaan ahaan isbedbeddasha, iyo sidoo kale inay tahay mid biyaheedu yaraadaan xilliga abaarta, iyadoo la aaminsan yahay inuu harada dhex degan yahay [[Jinni]] awood badan.<ref name = "belief">{{Cite book | last =Jackson| first =Michael |title = Life Within Limits:Well-being in a World of Want| publisher =Duke University Press| year = 2011| pages=120–121 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vWKQaEdv0CQC&pg=PA120&dq=lake+sonfon#q=lake%20sonfon |isbn=978-0-8223-4915-0}}</ref> Kaydad [[Dahab]] ah ayaa laga helaa dhagaxyada Harta Sonfon iyo [[kaydadka daadka (alluvial)]] ee deegaanka. Kaliya kaydadka daadka ayaa la kaashadaa, waxaana harada agagaarkeeda ka shaqeeya 15,000 oo qof oo macdan qodato ah.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Greg|last=Valerio|title=The authentic voice of the Fairmined Gold pioneer in Sierra Leone|publisher=EchoChic Magazine|url=http://www.ecochiccollection.co.uk/magazine/eco-fashion-expo/fairtrade-matters/the-authentic-voice-of-the-fairmined-gold-pioneer-in-sierra-leone|accessdate=2 March 2011}}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = AN OVERVIEW OF KEY MINERALS| publisher = Ministry of Mineral Resources| date = 21 January 2010| url = http://www.slminerals.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=9| accessdate = 2 March 2011| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110728030648/http://www.slminerals.org/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5&Itemid=9| archivedate = 28 July 2011}}</ref> Macdan qodistan waxay keenaysaa in heerka biyaha harada uu hoos u dhaco.<ref name = "lonely"/> ==Eeg sidoo kale== *[[Meelaha la ilaaliyo ee Sierra Leone]] *[[Duurjoogta Sierra Leone]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sonfon}} mx44x91esh8nzy3x1izgysirsiaphfz 0 48339 300520 300311 2026-07-01T01:27:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Nasho | image = File:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg | caption = Muuqaalka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harta Nasho, Cyambwe iyo Mpanga | location = [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]], Rwanda | coords = {{coord|-2.04472|30.7306|type:waterbody_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | elevation = {{convert|1286|m|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|3.5|km2|acre|abbr=on}} }} '''Harta Nasho''' waa haro ku taal [[Rwanda]], waxayna dhacdaa [[Gobolka Bari, Rwanda|Gobolka Bari]]. Jooggeeda sare waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 1,286 mitir.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Nasho, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_nasho,201721 |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lac Nasho (Nasho Lake) Carte (Plan), Photos et la meteo - (Rwanda): lac - Latitude:-2.04472 and Longitude:30.7306 |url=https://fr.getamap.net/cartes/rwanda/kibungo/_nasho_lac/ |website=fr.getamap.net |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Waxay ku taal tuulada Akagera, ee [[Degmada Kayonza]], Gobolka Bari, Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Nasho, Rwanda - ALL You Need To Know |url=https://sandee.com/rwanda/eastern-province/akagera-village/lake-nasho |website=sandee.com |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Haradu waxay dhacdaa qaybta koonfureed ee gobolka [[Akagera National Park|Akagera]]. Harta Nasho waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo qiyaastii la eg 3.5 km².<ref>{{cite web |title=Lake Nasho – World Lakes Database |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee (ILEC) |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> Harta Nasho waa mid ka mid ah dhowr harood oo ku yaal Gobolka Bari kuwaas oo tayada biyahooda ay la socoto Hay'adda Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Rwanda iyada oo loo marayo Bogga Biyaha Rwanda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rwanda Water Portal – Lake Water Quality Monitoring |url=https://www.rwandawater.gov.rw/ |publisher=Rwanda Water Resources Board |access-date=6 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Haradu waxay qayb ka tahay nidaamka ballaran ee dhulka qoyan ee Akagera, oo ah silsilad isugu jirta harooyin, dhoobor iyo webiyo ku yaal bariga Rwanda kuwaas oo masruufa noocyo badan oo noole dabiici ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nasho lake, Eastern Province, Rwanda |url=https://rw.geoview.info/lac_nasho,201721 |website=rw.geoview.info |access-date=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} h4iyt30m8wx14bmu2pzqcdlmgfyy0q8 0 48349 300509 300326 2026-07-01T01:24:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ifni | native_name = {{Native name|ary|ضاية إفني}} | image = Lake Ifni in the Toubkal commune, High Atlas, Morocco.jpg | location = [[Taroudant Province]] | basin_countries = {{Flag|Morocco}} | type = [[Lake|Haro]] | coordinates = | area = | depth = | elevation = }} '''Harada Ifni''' (Carabi: Dayet Ifni) waa haro cagaaran oo ku taal dhulka [[Toubkal National Park]], ee ku dhex taal [[Toubkal (commune)]] ee Morocco, gudaheeda fog ee silsiladda buuraha [[High Atlas]], lehna cimilo qaaradeed, waxaana si toos ah u soo eegaya meesha ugu sarreysa [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]], oo ah madaxa Buurta [[Toubkal]]. Harada waxaa lagu gartaa jiirar dhaadheer, booska ay kaga taal dhammaadka dooxada, hoos u dhaceeda weyn, iyo dhererka ay ka sarreyso heerka badda, oo ah qiyaastii 2,500 mitir. Sidaa darteed waxay ka mid tahay harooyinka ugu sarreeya adduunka. Baaxaddeedu waa qiyaastii 26 hektar, dhererkeeda waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 870 mitir, ballarkeeduna waa qiyaastii 490 mitir, iyadoo leh heerka biyaha ka baxa oo ah 300 mitir sekan kasta, iyo mool dheereyn dhaafaysa 30 mitir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-26 |title=Ifni lake - Toubkal national park |url=https://explore-agadirsoussmassa.com/en/ifni-lake-toubkal-massif/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=Explore Agadir Souss Massa |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-11-04 |title=Toubkal Circuit Via Lake Ifni & High Atlas Mountains (6 Days) {{!}} Trekking In Morocco – Holidays In The High Atlas Mountains |url=https://atlas-mountain-trekking.com/toubkal-circuit-via-lake-ifni-high-atlas-mountains-6-days/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625203318/https://atlas-mountain-trekking.com/toubkal-circuit-via-lake-ifni-high-atlas-mountains-6-days/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Qaab-dhismeedka == Taariikhda juqraafiyeed ee gobolka waxay dib u dhacaysaa xilligii koowaad ee juqraafiyeed, in ka badan 245 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=التاريخ الجيولوجي |url=https://earth104.tripod.com/geo%20content.htm |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=earth104.tripod.com |archive-date=2024-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602154833/https://earth104.tripod.com/geo%20content.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Goobta == Harada Ifni waxay ku dhex taal Toubkal National Park, ee qaybta galbeed ee Muuqaalka Wayn, gaar ahaan dhulka bulshada Toubkal, [[Taroudant Province|gobolka Taroudant]], qaybta [[Souss-Massa]], agagaarka isgoyska Amsousart.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=بحيرة إفني - جبل توبقال - Explore Agadir Souss Massa |url=https://explore-agadirsoussmassa.com/ar/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8if/ |access-date=2024-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903091316/https://explore-agadirsoussmassa.com/ar/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%81%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8if/ |archive-date=2022-09-03 }}</ref> Harada Ifni waxay ku taal dhammaadka dooxada xiran, ee aag buuraley ah oo qallafsan oo dhismaheedu dib u dhacayo in ka badan 245 milyan oo sano. Waxaa ku hareereysan jiirar dhaadheer dhinac kasta, marka laga reebo galbeedka, halkaas oo ay uga furanto dooxada iyada oo loo marayo dhul ballaran oo ka samaysan quruurux iyo dhagaxaan, waxaana si toos ah u soo eegaya meesha ugu sarreysa Waqooyiga Afrika, oo ah madaxa Buurta Toubkal, 4167 mitir, marka lagu daro madaxa Ouanokarim iyo kuwo kale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climbing to Toubkal (4167 m) through Lake Ifni |url=https://extremetour.pro/en/climb-mt-toubkal-lake-ifni |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=extremetour.pro}}</ref> [[File:Lake Ifni.jpg|thumb|Harada Ifni oo xagga sare laga eegayo]] == Cimilo == Haradu waxay leedahay cimilo qaaradeed, iyadoo heerkulka ugu sarreeya uu gaaro 45 digrii xilliga xagaaga, iyo ka hooseeya eber xilliga qaboobaha, taas oo keenta in biyaha haradu ay fariistaan (barafobaan). == Dadka == Harada Ifni waxaa loo tixgeliyaa biyo-xireen dabiici ah oo dadka deegaanku u isticmaalaan waxqabadyada beeraha. In ka badan toban tuulo oo gobolka ah ayaa ka faa'iidaysta biyaha Harada Ifni, Maadaama dhulka gobolku uu yahay mid adag, dalagyada waxaa lagu beeraa jiirarka qaabka jaranjarada beeraha ah. Dadka deegaanadan deggan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin kuwa ka yimid qabaa'ilka Berberka ee Atlaantikada. Luuqada ugu weyn ee gobolka waa [[Berber languages|Amazigh]]. Beeraha sokooda, dadka deegaanku waxay ku tiirsan yihiin daaqsinta oo ah isha koowaad ee dakhliga ee [[livelihood|nolol maalmeedkooda]], gaar ahaan riyaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CLIMATE VARIABILITY, DROUGHT, AND DROUGHT MANAGEMENT IN MOROCCO'S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/353801538414553978/pdf/130404-WP-P159851-Morocco-WEB.pdf}}</ref> == Dalxiiska == Haradu waa meel ay jecelyihiin dadka xiiseeya ciyaaraha buuraha heer qaran iyo heer caalami kaba. In kasta oo uu dhulkeedu adag yahay, dhammaantiis loo ma isticmaalo daaqsinta xoolaha. Dhinaca galbeed ee harada wuxuu leeyahay aag furan wuxuuna ku yaal dhismooyin yaryar oo loogu talagalay isticmaalka dalxiisayaasha. Dad badan ayaa sidoo kale jecel xersiga (kaambaynta) iyo madaddaalada. Sannad gudihiis waxaa laga dhisay waddo dhexmarta tuulada Imsuzart taas oo u oggolaanaysa dalxiisayaasha inay xeebta ku gaaraan baabuur. Haradan waxaa kale oo loo tixgeliyaa meel laga nasto oo loogu talagalay fuulista Madaxa Toubkal ee dhinaca bari, joogitaankeeduna wuxuu firfircooni u yeelaa dhaqaalaha maxaliga ah ee dadka deegaanka, gaar ahaan xilliga barafka uu da'ayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coming Together for Lake Ifni — High Atlas Foundation |url=https://highatlasfoundation.org/en/insights/coming-together-for-lake-ifni |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=highatlasfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ifni - Toubkal Summit {{!}} TrekAtlas.com |url=https://trekatlas.com/treks/toubkal-region/lake-ifni-toubkal-summit |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=trekatlas.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=صادق |first=نسرين |date=2021-01-11 |title="قافلة شتاء" تدفيء 144 طفلاً بقرية امسوزارت |url=https://www.akhbaralaan.net/news/arab-world/2021/01/11/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A1-144-%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=أخبار الآن |language=ar}}</ref> Dabaasha laga dabaasho Harada Ifni waa mid adag oo khatar ah. Aaggan wuxuu markhaati ka noqday kiisas badan oo maanshood (gariir) ah, gaar ahaan dadka dalxiisayaasha ah dhexdiisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=تارودانت .. "بحيرة الموت" تخطف روح شاب في العشرينيات من عمره – العمق المغربي |url=https://al3omk.com/668681.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923054238/https://al3omk.com/668681.html |archive-date=2021-09-23 }}</ref> Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, buuraha High Atlas waxay soo jiiteen tiro fiican oo dalxiisayaal ah kuwaas oo marar badan sameeya fuulista Buurta Tubqal oo booqda harada. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira shirkado kale oo bixiya kaliya booqashada harada, iyadoo ah hawl qaadata labo maalmood,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alto Atlas Página 1 SENDEROS DEL ALTO ATLAS |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/datasheets-alventus/datasheets/2017-03-28-19-46-22-1297-VE-017%20MARRUECOS%20TREK%20ATLAS.pdf}}</ref> == Dhaqanka == Filimka dukumentiga ah ee reer Morocco ee Amouddou wuxuu duubay qaybtiisii toddobaad isagoo ku sugan Atlas-ka weyn iyo gaar ahaan Harada Ifni. == Sawiro== <gallery> file:Ifni Lake-01-notcreative123.jpg|[[File:Ifni Lake-02-notcreative123.jpg|thumb]] File:Ifni Lake-321-notcreative123.jpg|[[File:Yassine3.jpg|thumb]] </gallery> [[File:Mountain around lac d'ifni.jpg|thumb]] == Tixraacyo == <references /> {{Authority control | qid=Q3215341}} 9miwctfgxe32f7gtnx3zr4xpaeqe4pq 0 48352 300495 300332 2026-07-01T01:15:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Harada Aguelmam Azegza | image_skyline = Aguelmam-azegza-LAke-1.jpg | pushpin_map = Morocco | coordinates = {{coord|33|37|37|N|5|44|45|E}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Morocco}} | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[Khénifra Province]] | subdivision_type2 = Region | subdivision_name2 = [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]] | elevation_m = 1500 }} '''Harada Aguelmam Azegza''' (oo ah {{langx|tzm-MA|ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰَم ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰ}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmedlaoui |first=Mohamed |date=2022-06-01 |title=Moroccan toponymy and onomastics in the light of the Berber and Arabic sociolinguistic interaction: |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-etudes-et-documents-berberes-2022-1-page-77.htm?ref=doi |journal=Études et Documents Berbères |volume=47 |issue=1 |page=95 |doi=10.3917/edb.047.0077 |issn=0295-5245|url-access=subscription }}</ref>) waa haro dabiici ah oo ku taal Morocco taas oo ku fadhida baaxad dhan 40 hektar moolkeeduna uu gaaro {{convert|25|m}}. Waxay ku taal tuulada Aguelmam Azegza iyadoo ku taal joog sare oo ah {{convert|1500|m}} ka sarreeya heerka badda.<ref>Zakaria Mahrer (2022). Natural heritage as a pillar of development and diversification of the tourism product in the region of Khenifra, Morocco. Journal of Science and Horizons of Knowledge. Pp. 227-229.</ref> Bulshadu waxay magaceeda ka qaadataa harada, oo loogu magac daray dadka [[Amazigh]] waxuuna magacu u tarjumayaa harada cagaaran. Haradu waxay ku taal [[Khénifra Province|Gobolka Khénifra]] ee gobolka [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]], qiyaastii {{convert|30|km}} magaalo-madaxda [[Khénifra Province|Khénifra]] ee ku taal galbeedka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]].<ref>[https://www.geonames.org/2556576/aguelmane-azigza.html "Information about Aguelmam Azegza on geonames.org". geonames.org]. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13.</ref> Haradu waxay caan ku tahay qulqulka ballaran ee dalxiisayaasha inta lagu jiro bilaha xagaaga.<ref>"Lake Aguelmam Azegza... Unfinished Rehabilitation (Reportage)". 2M.ma. Archived from the original on 2022-10-15. Accessed on 2023-07-05.</ref> == Juqraafiyada == Harada Aguelmam Azegza waxay ku taal gobolka [[Béni Mellal-Khénifra]] ee [[Morocco]], gudaheeda silsiladda buuraha ee galbeedka [[Middle Atlas|Atlas-ka Dhexe]]. Waa haro dabiici ah, oo lagu garto midabkeeda cagaaran, waxaana ku hareeraysan kayn qoni ku ah geedaha [[Cedrus atlantica|cedar-ka]] Atlaantikada iyo [[Quercus ilex|geedka oofka ee cagaaran]]. Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale ee ugu weyn gobolka waa xoolo-dhaqatada, iyadoo [[tourism|dalxiiskuna]] uu sidoo kale ka ciyaaro door muhiim ah.<ref>[https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=665221 "Saidi Mouloudi - The project for the development of the Aglamam Azaghza site in the Middle Atlas. Notes in passing". Civilized Dialogue.] Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref> Haradu waxay leedahay mool ka badan 25 mitir waxayna dabooshaa baaxad qiyaastii ah 40 hektar.<ref>Zakaria Mahrer (2022). Natural heritage as a pillar of development and diversification of the tourism product in the region of Khenifra, Morocco. Journal of Science and Horizons of Knowledge. Pp. 227-229.</ref> Waxaa quudiya ilo biyo ah waxaana ku xeeran jarar dhaadheer oo dhagaxaan jilicsan ah. In kasta oo haradu aysan ahayn meel ay aad u jecelyihiin shimbiruhu, haddana waxay hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun iyo [[Crustacean|qolofley]] ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay u adeegtaa sidii deegaan muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay nooca daanyeerka ee [[Barbary macaque]].<ref>[https://www.hespress.com/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%Dblock%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%8A-22688.html "Aguelmam Azegza. A favorite destination for visitors to Ziane Metropolis". Hespress - Hespress is a Moroccan online newspaper.] October 7, 2009. Archived from the original on 2023-07-06. Accessed on 2023-07-05.</ref> == Dalxiiska == Sanadkii 2020, goobta Harada Aguelmam Azegza waxaa loo horumariyay sidii goob dalxiis oo loogu talagalay faa'iidada dadka deegaanka ee ku hawlan dhaqdhaqaaqa dalxiiska oo ku fadhida baaxad dhan 3 hektar. Horumarintu waxay ku kacday qiyaastii 4.18 milyan oo dirham, iyadoo loo raacay habka dhismaha dabiiciga ah, waxaana ku jiray kharashka dib u dhiska waddooyinka geeya harada.<ref>[https://www.mapbenimellal.ma/%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%83%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%83%d8%b2%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%ae%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%87/ "The development of Lake Aguelmam Azegza in Khenifra. A valuable contribution to the National Initiative for Human Development". MapBéniMellal.] {{Wayback|url=https://www.mapbenimellal.ma/%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%83%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%83%d8%b2%d8%a7-%d8%a8%d8%ae%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%87/ |date=20230130212417 }} August 7, 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref> Horumarintan waxaa ku jiray diyaarinta waddooyinka iyo dhisidda koox dukaamo ah oo u qaabaysan sidii teendhooyin alwaax ah oo Amazigh ah.<ref>[https://alittihad.info/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/ "In connection with the development of Lake Aguelmam Azegza: Betting on boosting mountain tourism in the region and creating jobs for the local population". AL ITIHAD] {{Wayback|url=https://alittihad.info/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85/ |date=20210921205126 }}. August 2, 2021. Archived from the original on 2021-09-21. Retrieved 2023-07-05.</ref><ref>"[https://ar.le360.ma/economie/185267/ Video: Amazigh kiosks adorn Aguelmam Azegza lake in Khenifra". Le 360 Arabe]. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref> Harada Aguelmam Azegza waxay martigelisaa tartanka caalamiga ah ee sanadlaha ah ee "Ice Swim Morocco", oo ah dhacdo caalami ah oo dabaasha biyaha qabow taas oo la qabto xilliga jiilaalka ee Harada Aguelmam Azegza.<ref>[https://alyaoum24.com/1767560.html "Khenifra hosts the 6th edition of the cold water swimming competition at Lake Aguelmam Azegza". Youm24 - Today's news around the clock.] Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Accessed on 2023-01-30.</ref><ref>[https://sadatv.ma/2022/01/23/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a8%d8%ad%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%83%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%83%d8%b2%d8%a7-%d8%ae%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%81%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%aa%d8%b6/ "In pictures... Lake Aguelmam Azegza Khenifra hosts the fifth edition of cold water swimming". Sada Tivi.] January 23, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-05-23. Accessed on 2023-07-05.</ref> == Sawiro == <gallery> File:Cedrus libani subsp. atlantica in Aguelmam Azegza commune, Morocco.jpg”.jpg File:Agelmam Azagza.jpg File:Aguelmam Azegza lake.jpg File:Lac aguelmam azegza,KHENIFRA.jpg File:Parc national Aguelmam Azegza, Khenifra.jpg File:Aglmam Azegza khenifra.JPG File:Aguelmam Azegza.jpg File:Pormoenneuses dos d' moulet ⴰⴳⵍⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵣ隔ⵣⴰ.jpg </gallery> == Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal bar|Morocco|Lakes}} * [[Harada Dayet Iffer]] * [[Akalamm Abkhane]] == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 92l9grndh853x94d6vpjkkpzjumsei0 0 48356 300507 300336 2026-07-01T01:22:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Faguibine | image = Faguibine mali.jpg | caption =Harada Faguibine (oo u qaabaysan sidii waran) oo laga soo qaaday hawada sare, Abriil 1991. Webiga Niger wuxuu ka muuqdaa geeska hoose ee midig, Harada Oro waxay ku taal hoosta bidix halka Harada Fati ay ku taal hoosta midig | location = [[Mali]] | group = | coords = {{coord|16|45|N|4|0|W|type:waterbody_scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow= [[Niger River]] | pushpin_map=Mali }} '''Harada Faguibine''' waxay ahayd haro ku taal [[Mali]] oo ku taal darafka koonfureed ee Saxaraha Weyn, waxayna 80&nbsp;km dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa [[Timbuktu]] iyo 75&nbsp;km dhanka waqooyi ee [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] oo ay ku xiran tahay nidaam harooyin yaryar iyo kanaalo ah. Sanadaha uu dhererka fatahaadda sannadlaha ah ee webigu ku filan yahay, biyuhu waxay ka soo qulqulaan webiga oo ay galaan harada. Tan iyo [[Sahel drought|abaartii Sahel]] ee 1970-yadii iyo 1980-yadii haradu inta badan waxay ahayd mid qallalan. Biyuhu si dhif ah ayay u gaari jireen harada, xitaa markay gaaraanna, harada waxaa ka buuxsami jiray biyo qayb ahaan oo kaliya. Tani waxay sababtay burbur qayb ka ah nidaamka deegaanka ee deegaanka. Sanadkii 2021, Harada Figuibine gabi ahaanba waxay ahayd mid qallalan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Changement climatique au Mali : le désert engloutit le lac Faguibine, la population poussée à l’exode|url=https://www.icrcnewsroom.org/story/fr/1968/mali-climate-change-transforms-lake-faguibine-into-desert-exiling-population|website=Multimedia Newsroom of the International Committee of the Red Cross|language=en|date=2021-09-28|access-date=2021-09-29|publication-date=}}</ref> == Nidaamka Harada Faguibine == Haradu waxay qayb ka tahay nidaam ka kooban shan [[Depression (geology)|godod]] oo isku xiran oo hooseeya kuwaas oo u buuxsama moolal kala duwan iyadoo ku xiran baaxadda fatahaadda sannadlaha ah ee Webiga Niger. Harada Faguibine waa tan ugu weyn gododkan iyadoo leh baaxad dhan 590&nbsp;km².<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=2}}</ref><ref>{{citation | year=2005 | title= Map at a scale of 1: 500,000 that includes the Lake Faguibine system | publisher=Mali-Nord Programme | url=http://home.snafu.de/straub/pmn/karten/plots_v10/500000_mini_sat_150i.pdf }}.</ref> Roobka yar ee sannadlaha ah ee ka da'a aagga (ka yar 200&nbsp;mm) wuxuu saameyn yar oo keliya ku leeyahay heerarka biyaha ee gododka. Gododkan waxay ku xiran yihiin Webiga Niger laba kanaal. Kanaalka koonfureed ee Kondi (oo dhererkiisu yahay 64&nbsp;km) wuxuu ka laama gantaa Niger dhowr kiiloomitir dhanka hoose ee [[Diré]]<ref>{{citation |year=2007| title= Map at a scale of 1: 100,000 showing the Kondi and Tassakane channels | publisher=Mali-Nord Programme | url=http://home.snafu.de/straub/pmn/karten/plots_v10/100000_kessou_dire_150i.pdf}}.</ref> wuxuuna markaas dhex maraa dhulka daadadka ee Killi. Kanaalka weyn ee waqooyiga xiga ee Tassakane (oo dhererkiisu yahay 104&nbsp;km) wuxuu ka laama gantaa Niger meel u dhow Korioumé wuxuuna markaas dhex maraa dhulka daadadka ee Kessou. Labada kanaal waxay ku midoobaan si ay u dhisiyaan kanaal keliya dhanka bari ee [[Goundam]] kaas oo 20&nbsp;km oo kale ka dib ku qulqula cidhifka koonfureed ee Harada Télé.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=14}}</ref> Harada Télé waxay cidhifkeeda waqooyi uga xiran tahay Harada Takara. Biyuhu waxay ka soo baxaan cidhifka waqooyi ee Harada Takara, iyagoo sii mara dhagaxaan salka ah oo ku yaal Kamaïna, ka dibna waxay u leexdaan dhanka galbeed iyagoo sii mara tuulada [[Bintagoungou]] si ay u gaaraan Harada Faguibine. Labada haro ee Télé iyo Takara waxay u baahan yihiin inay si buuxda u buuxsamaan ka hor intaysan biyuhu ku kor qulqulin dhagaxaanta salka ee Kamaïna oo ay bilaabaan inay biyo u fidiyaan Harada Faguibine. Si la mid ah, laba godod oo dhanka bari ka xiga Harada Faguibine (Harada Kamango uba Harada Gouber) waxay bilaabaan inay buuxsamaan marka ay Harada Faguibine buuxsanto.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=18}}</ref> Si si buuxda loogu buuxiyo 590&nbsp;km² ee Harada Faguibine waxay u baahan tahay qiyaastii 4&nbsp;km³ oo biyo ah. Tani waxay u dhigantaa qiyaastii 17 boosolkiiba celceliska qulqulka Niger (1970-1998) ee Diré.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=20}}</ref> Salka haradu waa mid aad u bacrin ah, xaaladda ugu habboon ee beeralayda deegaankana waa marka haradu ay qayb ahaan uun buuxsanto. Tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa in dalagyada lagu abuuro hareeraha harada iyo koritaanka cawska ''[[Echinochloa stagnina]]'' ("bourgou") ee aagga hoose si ay u bixiyaan daaq xilliga qallalan. Nidaamkani wuxuu u baahan yahay biyo aad u yar – qiyaastii 0.5&nbsp;km³ oo kaliya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=20}}</ref> == Webiga Niger iyo Fatahaadda Sannadlaha ah == {{Infobox | title = Niger River at Diré | image = <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #>Data from http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134700.html <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) ImageSize = width:280 height:200 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:15 top:5 right:5 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:2000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:400 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:200 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:12 align:left bar:Jan from:0 till: 1634 bar:Feb from:0 till: 1153 bar:Mar from:0 till: 662 bar:Apr from:0 till: 273 bar:May from:0 till: 86 bar:Jun from:0 till: 52 bar:Jul from:0 till: 248 bar:Aug from:0 till: 807 bar:Sep from:0 till: 1427 bar:Oct from:0 till: 1783 bar:Nov from:0 till: 1967 bar:Dec from:0 till: 1947 </timeline> | caption = Celceliska qulqulka bishii (m³/s) ee xarunta cabbiraadda biyaha ee Diré intii lagu jiray xilligii 1924-1992<ref>{{citation|title=Composite Runoff Fields V 1.0: Diré |url=http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1134700.html | publisher=University of New Hampshire/Global Runoff Data Center | accessdate=15 Jan 2011}}.</ref> }} Buuxinta Harada Faguibine ee biyaha ka yimaada Webiga Niger waxay ku xiran tahay dhererka fatahaadda sannadlaha ah iyo qulqulka xorta ah ee biyaha ee maraya jidka adag ee dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|170|km|mi}} ee ku xira harada iyo webiga. Fatahaadda sannadlaha ah ee Webiga Niger waa natiijada roobabka waaweyn ee ka da'a [[Guinea]] iyo lammaaniisa muhiimka ah, [[Bani River|Webiga Bani]], kaas oo ku yaal waqooyiga [[Côte d'Ivoire]] iyo koonfur-galbeed Mali. Dhammaan aaggaas roobabku waxay ugu sarreeyaan bisha Agoosto.{{sfn|Zwarts|Cissé|Diallo|2005|pp=18–19}} Inta ay la eg tahay roobka, iyo sidaas darteed dhererka fatahaadda, way ku kala duwan yihiin sannad ka sannad. Sannadaha leh heerar fatahaad sare ah sida intii u dhaxeysay 1924-1930 iyo 1951-1955 haradu si buuxda ayay u buuxsantay. Sannadaha roobka yar, haradu gabi ahaanba way qallali kartaa. Qarnigii 20-aad tani waxay dhacday 1914, 1924 iyo 1944 waxayna noqotay dhacdo caadi ah ka dib abaartii daran ee bilaabatay dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=21}}{{sfn|Zwarts|Bakary|2005|p=85}} Heerarka fatahaadda hoose waxaa sii xumeeyay dhismaha xidheenno laga dhisay webiga Niger ama lammaaneyaashiisa kuwaas oo ceshada biyaha fatahaadda, sidaas darteedna yareeya dhererka ugu sarreeya ee fatahaadda ee dhanka hoose. Xidheenno jira, kan ugu muhiimsan waa [[Selingue Dam|Xidheenka Sélingué]] ee ku yaal [[Sankarani River|Webiga Sankarani]] ee koonfur-galbeed Mali kaas oo kaydin kara 2.2&nbsp;km³ oo biyo ah.{{sfn|Zwarts|Cissé|Diallo|2005|pp=22–23}} Waxaa jira qorshayaal lagu dhisayo xidheen cusub oo weyn, xidheenka Fomi, oo laga dhisayo lammaanaha Niandan ee Guinea kaas oo kaydin doona ku dhowaad 3 laab oo ka mid ah biyaha uu kaydiyo xidheenka Sélingué. Haddii la dhiso xidheenkan wuxuu sii yarayn doonaa xoogga fatahaadda sannadlaha ah.{{sfn|Zwarts|Cissé|Diallo|2005|pp=27–28}} Mid ka mid ah ujeedooyinka ugu waaweyn ee mashruucii Xafiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee Sudano-Sahelian (UNSO) (1986-1990) wuxuu ahaa in la hagaajiyo xiriirka Niger iyo Harada Faguibine iyo in la jaro qaar ka mid ah qalloocyada kanaalka Kondi. Mashruuca waxaa carqaladeeyay [[Tuareg Rebellion (1990–1995)|Kacsankii Tuareg-ta (1990–1995)]]. Intii lagu jiray 1980-yadii, dhererka hoose ee fatahaadaha sannadlaha ah wuxuu abuuray tartan adag oo dhanka biyaha ah, dadka deegaankana waxay xireen qulqulkii kanaalada iyagoo dhigtay dabinno kalluun. Tan iyo 2003, hay'ad gargaar oo Jarmal ah, Mali-Nord, waxay maalgelisay dhismaha aagag waraab ah oo u oggolaanaya qulqulka biyaha ee kanaalada si aan caqabad lahayn.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|pp=15–16}} Sannadkii 2006, Dawladda Mali waxay abuurtay "''Office pour la Mise en Valeur du système Faguibine''" (OMVF) si loo ilaaliyo kanaalada loona xasiliyo tuulmooyinka ciidda iyadoo la beerayo ''[[Euphorbia balsamifera]]'' iyo [[eucalyptus]].{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=34}} Inta badan dhirtii xasilinaysay tuulmooyinka ciidda waxay ku dhimatay abaartii bilaabatay dabayaaqadii 1970-yadii. Sidaas darteed, ciidda ayaa ku dhex afuufmaysa oo ku dhex maydhmeysa kanaalada. Dhagaxaanta salka ee Kamaïna waxay ku dhow yihiin tuulmooyin ciid ah oo waaweyn waxayna si gaar ah ugu nugul yihiin ururidda ciidda. Laga bilaabo 2002, tuulooyinka deegaanka ayaa iska kaashaday ka saarista ciidda, tan iyo 2006-diina dedaallada waxaa isku dubariday OMVF iyadoo ay taageerayso Hay'adda Cuntada Adduunka.<ref>{{citation | year=2009 | title=Mali: Restoring Lake In Desert, Farmers Keep Hunger Away | publisher=World Food Program | url=http://www.wfp.org/stories/mali-restoring-lake-desert-farmers-keep-hunger-away | access-date=2009-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226215641/http://www.wfp.org/stories/mali-restoring-lake-desert-farmers-keep-hunger-away | archive-date=2009-12-26 | url-status=dead }}.</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2008, qiyaastii 1000 qof ayaa shaqaynayay 6 maalmood si ay ciidda u nadiifiyaan.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=18}} Mashruuc ay maalgelisay dawladda [[Norway]], [[United Nations Environment Program|Barnaamijka Deegaanka ee Qaramada Midoobay]] ayaa baranaya nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Faquibine wuxuuna eegayaa qaababka lagu horumarin karo maareynta dhulka iyo wareegga biyaha.<ref>{{citation | title=Rehabilitating Lake Faguibine Ecosystem: Project factsheet | publisher=United Nations Environment Program | url=http://www.unep.org/Themes/freshwater/PDF/Factsheet_LakeFaguibine.pdf | accessdate=2009-12-21 | archive-date=2009-12-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222030247/http://www.unep.org/Themes/freshwater/PDF/Factsheet_LakeFaguibine.pdf | url-status=dead }}.</ref> Mashruuca waxaa la qorsheeyay inuu socdo inta u dhaxaysa 2008 iyo 2015 iyadoo miisaaniyadda bilowga ahi ay tahay 1 milyan oo USD.{{sfn|Hamerlynck|Chiramba|Pardo|2009|p=5}} {{clear}} <div class="center"> '''Dhererka ugu sarreeya sannadlaha ah (mitir ahaan) ee Webiga Niger ee xarunta cabbiraadda biyaha ee Diré'''<ref>{{Citation |title= Hydrological Information System, Diré |publisher= Centre Régional du Projet NIGER-HYCOS |url= http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/ |accessdate= 19 June 2015 |archive-date= 3 Bisha Saddexaad 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221501/http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/ |url-status= dead }}.</ref> <timeline> #>Documentation at http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:EasyTimeline/syntax <# #> Data from http://nigerhycos.abn.ne {{Wayback|url=http://nigerhycos.abn.ne/ |date=20160303221501 }} - unable to download numbers - height estimated from curves. Maximum in Dec - early Jan for higher floods <# Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.8) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.3) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9) id:darkblue value:rgb(0.1,0.1,0.9) ImageSize = width:800 height:280 PlotArea = left:40 bottom:40 top:10 right:20 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:6.5 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:1 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= #>Define bars with labels under <# bar:24 bar:25 bar:26 bar:27 bar:28 bar:29 bar:30 text: 1930 bar:31 bar:32 bar:33 bar:34 bar:35 bar:36 bar:37 bar:38 bar:39 bar:40 text: 1940 bar:41 bar:42 bar:43 bar:44 bar:45 bar:46 bar:47 bar:48 bar:49 bar:50 text: 1950 bar:51 bar:52 bar:53 bar:54 bar:55 bar:56 bar:57 bar:58 bar:59 bar:60 text:1960 bar:61 bar:62 bar:63 bar:64 bar:65 bar:66 bar:67 bar:68 bar:69 bar:70 text:1970 bar:71 bar:72 bar:73 bar:74 bar:75 bar:76 bar:77 bar:78 bar:79 bar:80 text:1980 bar:81 bar:82 bar:83 bar:84 bar:85 bar:86 bar:87 bar:88 bar:89 bar:90 text:1990 bar:91 bar:92 bar:93 bar:94 bar:95 bar:96 bar:97 bar:98 bar:99 bar:00 text:2000 bar:01 bar:03 bar:04 bar:05 bar:06 bar:07 bar:08 bar:09 bar:10 text: 2010 bar:11 bar:12 bar:13 bar:14 PlotData= #>Draw bars <# color:barra width:6 align:left bar:24 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:25 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:26 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:27 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:28 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:29 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:30 from:0 till: 5.9 color:darkblue bar:31 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:32 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:33 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:34 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:35 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:36 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:37 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:38 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:39 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:40 from:0 till: 5.2 color:darkblue bar:41 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:42 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:43 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:44 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:45 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:46 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:47 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:48 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:49 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:50 from:0 till: 5.8 color:darkblue bar:51 from:0 till: 6 bar:52 from:0 till: 6 bar:53 from:0 till: 6 bar:54 from:0 till: 6.1 bar:55 from:0 till: 6.1 bar:56 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:57 from:0 till: 6.1 bar:58 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:59 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:60 from:0 till: 5.8 color:darkblue bar:61 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:62 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:63 from:0 till: 5.6 bar:64 from:0 till: 5.8 bar:65 from:0 till: 5.7 bar:66 from:0 till: 5.5 bar:67 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:68 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:69 from:0 till: 5.9 bar:70 from:0 till: 5.3 color:darkblue bar:71 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:72 from:0 till: 4.8 bar:73 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:74 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:75 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:76 from:0 till: 5.4 bar:77 from:0 till: 4.7 bar:78 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:79 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:80 from:0 till: 4.6 color:darkblue bar:81 from:0 till: 4.9 bar:82 from:0 till: 4.5 bar:83 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:84 from:0 till: 3.7 bar:85 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:86 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:87 from:0 till: 4.0 bar:88 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:89 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:90 from:0 till: 4.1 color:darkblue bar:91 from:0 till: 4.3 bar:92 from:0 till: 4.2 bar:93 from:0 till: 4.1 bar:94 from:0 till: 5.3 bar:95 from:0 till: 5 bar:96 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:97 from:0 till: 4.6 bar:98 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:99 from:0 till: 5.2 bar:00 from:0 till: 4.9 color:darkblue bar:01 from:0 till: 4.9 bar:03 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:04 from:0 till: 4.5 bar:05 from:0 till: 4.7 bar:06 from:0 till: 4.9 bar:07 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:08 from:0 till: 5.1 bar:09 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:10 from:0 till: 5.3 color:darkblue bar:11 from:0 till: 4.4 bar:12 from:0 till: 5.2 bar:13 from:0 till: 5.0 bar:14 from:0 till: 4.7 </timeline> </div> == Qoraalo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Tixraacyo == * {{citation | last1=Hamerlynck | first1=O. | last2=Chiramba | first2=T. | last3=Pardo | first3=M. | year=2009 | title=Gestion des écosystèmes du Faguibine (Mali) pour le bien‐être humain : adaptation aux changements climatiques et apaisement des conflits. Version 5 April 2009 | publisher=[[United Nations Environment Program]] | url=http://www.dialoguebarrages.org/dialoguebarrages/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25&Itemid=39 | accessdate=2009-12-20 | language=French | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725232922/http://www.dialoguebarrages.org/dialoguebarrages/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=25&Itemid=39 | archivedate=25 July 2011 }}. * {{citation | last1=Zwarts | first1=Leo | last2=Cissé | first2=Navon | last3=Diallo | first3=Mori | chapter=Hydrology of the Upper Niger | pages=15–39 | editor1-last=Zwarts | editor1-first=Leo | editor2-last=van Beukering | editor2-first=Pieter | editor3-last=Kone | editor3-first=Bakary | display-editors=3 | editor4-last=Wymenga | editor4-first=Eddy | year=2005 | title=The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin | publisher=Altenburg & Wymenga | place=Veenwouden, the Netherlands | isbn=90-807150-6-9 | url=http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | access-date=2011-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143543/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-24 | url-status=dead }}. Also published in French with the title [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143656/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/388_1294300622.pdf ''Le Niger: une Artère vitale. Gestion efficace de l’eau dans le bassin du Haut Niger'']. * {{citation | last1=Zwarts | first1=Leo | last2=Bakary | first2=Kone | chapter=People in the Inner Niger Delta | pages=79–86 | editor1-last=Zwarts | editor1-first=Leo | editor2-last=van Beukering | editor2-first=Pieter | editor3-last=Kone | editor3-first=Bakary | display-editors=3 | editor4-last=Wymenga | editor4-first=Eddy | year=2005 | title=The Niger, a lifeline: Effective water management in the Upper Niger Basin | publisher=Altenburg & Wymenga | place=Veenwouden, the Netherlands | isbn=90-807150-6-9 | url=http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | access-date=2011-01-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143543/http://www.altwym.nl/uploads/file/361_1289481552.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-24 | url-status=dead }}. == Akhris dheeraad ah == *{{citation | last=Chudeau | first= René | year=1918 | title=La dépression du Faguibine | journal= [[Annales de Géographie]] | volume=27 | issue=145 | pages=43–60 | url= http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1918_num_27_145_4154 | doi= 10.3406/geo.1918.4154 | language=French | ref=none }}. == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080810180452/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=18115 Drying of Lake Faguibine] at [[NASA Earth Observatory]] * {{citation | title=Ecosystem Management for improved Human Well-Being in the Lake Faguibine System: conflict mitigation and adaptation to climate change | publisher=United Nations Environment Program | url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/Lake-Faguibine.pdf | accessdate=2009-12-20 | archive-date=2012-09-15 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915075559/http://www.unep.org/pdf/Lake-Faguibine.pdf | url-status=dead }}. An incomplete draft dated 02-10-2008 of an English version of the Hamerlynck UNEP document. *[http://www.mali-nord.de Mali-Nord]: a German foreign aid program funded by [[Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit]] (GTZ) and [[Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau]] (KfW) that has been operating in northern Mali since 1994. Mostly in German but a few files in French and one in English by Andrew Dillon: [http://www.mali-nord.de/download/pdf/2007_08_poverty_study.pdf Measuring the Programme Mali-Nord’s Impact]. 9edq6jujpsr1yio8tfpc20tq7zs01cc 0 48357 300504 300337 2026-07-01T01:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Débo | image = Niger River Center Island.jpg | caption = Guryo dhoobo ah oo ku yaal jasiiradda dhexe ee Harada Débo | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|15|19|0|N|4|6|0|W|type:waterbody_region:ML|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Mali | type = | inflow = [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] | outflow = [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Mali]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|160|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} '''Harada Débo''' waa [[haro]] ku taal qaybta dhexe ee [[Mali]], iyadoo ka dhalata fatahaadda xilliyeed ee weelka [[Niger River|Webiga Niger]]. Waxay ku taal [[Inner Niger Delta|Gohada Gudaha ee Niger]] ee Webiga Niger. Xilliyada ay biyaha webigu sarreeyaan, gohada ay sameeyaan harooyinka, maryafeexyada, iyo biyaha fadhiista waxay qayb ka noqdaan Harada Débo. Gohada gudaha waxay leedahay kanaalo badan oo ballaaran, kuwaas oo ah dhulal qoyan oo gacmo-gacmo ah oo daadadku qaadaan; gohadani waxay ku fidsan tahay dherer dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=off}} iyo ballac dhan {{convert|50|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}}. Harada Débo xilliga qulqulka sarreeyo, waxay masaafad dhan {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} u jirtaa Mopti dhanka kor u kaca ee cidhifka koonfureed, iyo {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} [[Timbuktu]] dhanka hoos u dhaca ee cidhifka waqooyi-bari. Waa tan ugu weyn dhulal badan oo qoyan iyo harooyin xilliyeed oo caynkaas ah oo sameeya Gohada Gudaha ee Niger, waana harada ugu weyn dhexdeeda Mali. Baaxaddeeda aad ayay u yaraataa xilliga qallalan ee Sebtembar ilaa Maarso. Jiritaanka haradan oo loo yaqaan "Harada Weyn" ee ku taal gohada gudaha ee Webiga Niger ee u dhaxeysa [[Djenné|Jenne]] iyo Timbuktu ee Mali waxaa la xaqiijiyay ka dib daraasad ballaaran oo lagu sameeyay khariidadaha gobolka oo socotay muddo u dhaxeysay 1000 ilaa 1900 AD; 400 oo khariidado ah ayaa loo darasadeeyay muddadaas. ==Taariikhda== [[Image:Lake Debo NASA.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Harada Débo oo laga soo qabtay hawada sare]] Haradan, oo loo yaqaan "Harada Weyn" ee ku taal gohada gudaha ee Webiga Niger ee u dhaxeysa Jenne iyo Timbuktu ee Mali, waxay u ahayd reer Yurub mid la yaqaan tan iyo xilliyadii hore. Warbixintii ugu horreysay ee la yaqaan oo ku saabsan waxay ahayd kun guroodkii ugu horreeyay BC. [[Ptolemy]] wuxuu ku sifeeyay inay leedahay qaabka miisaanka jimicsiga (barbell). Daraasad lagu sameeyay in ka badan 400 oo khariidado ah oo gobolka ah oo la sameeyay muddo u dhaxeysay 1000 ilaa 1900 AD ayaa lagu ogaaday in haradu ay ka muuqatay 95 boosolkiiba; astaanta keliya ee lagu sawiray khariidado ka badan waxay ahayd [[Nile|Webiga Niil]].<ref name=Maps>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Connection|accessdate=18 March 2013|publisher=Afriterra.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609232900/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta.html|archive-date=9 June 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Beacon>{{cite web |url=http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm |title=The Inland Niger Delta: A Cartographic Beacon |author=Gerald J. Rizzo |publisher=Afriterra Foundation |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223241/http://www.afriterra.org/Research/InlandNigerDelta/InlandNigerDelta_files/v3_document.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Patterns and Meaning of a Great Lake in West Africa |author=Gerald J. Rizzo|pages=80–89 |doi= 10.1080/03085690500362439 |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=58 (Part 1) |year=2006 }}</ref> Harada waxaa loo yaqaanay magacyo kala duwan oo dhowr ah sida Nigrite Palus, Lake Sigisma, Lake Guber, Lake Guarda, Bog/Morais of Guarda, Lake Maberia, Bahar Seafeena, Lake Dibbie, laakiin hadda waxaa loo yaqaanaa Harada Débo.<ref name=Maps/><ref name=Beacon/> Webiga Niger waxaa loo qiimeeyaa inuu yahay webi yar oo da'diisu tahay 2000 sano isla markaana aan weli fariisan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kanaalada dabiiciga ah waxay mareen isbeddello badan oo qalloocan ah.<ref name =wetland/> ==Juqraafiga== [[File:AT0903 map.png|right|thumb|Khariidada gobolka deegaanka ee sawankii daadadka qaaday ee Gohada Gudaha ee Niger, oo ay ku jirto Harada Debo]] Haradu waxay ka samaysantaa dhanka sare ee isku imaatinka webiyada Niger iyo [[Bani River|Bani]]. Waa harada ugu caansan ee nooca [[Lacustrine delta|harada gohada]] ah ee Mali, oo leh dhexroor dhan {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} iyo joog hoose, sidaas darteedna maraakiibta waaweyn ma dhex mari karaan harada.<ref name="Velton2004">{{cite book|author=Ross Velton|title=Mali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLs1WaRmXBQC&pg=PA172|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=1 December 2004|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-077-0|pages=172–}}</ref> Dhulka joogga dheer ee sare ee webiyadan, jiirada dhulka joogga dheer waa mid aad u tartiib ah taas oo keenta dib u dhac ku yimaada qulqulka iyo abuuritaanka haradan. Jiirada la sheegay kahor abuuritaanka harada waa {{convert|5|ft|m|1|order=flip|abbr=on}} halkii {{Convert|100|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} kasta.<ref name=Maps/> Haradu waxay u qaybsantaa caqabad laba aag, midda sare iyo midda hoose. Caqabaddu waxay dhowr kiiloomitir u fidsan tahay dhanka koonfureed. Ka shaqaynta caqabadda ka dib, haradu waa mid cidhiidhi ah oo dheer, bixideedana ma muuqato.<ref name="Caillie2013">{{cite book|author=Caillie|title=Travels Through Central Africa to Timbuctoo and Across the Great Desert to Morocco 1824-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1CL4YQkApkC&pg=PA21|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-42792-0|pages=21–}}</ref> Webiga Bara Lisa wuxuu ku dhiismaa Niger meel ka sarreysa [[Diré, Mali|Dire]]. Wuxuu ka baxaa gohooyinka isagoo ka ambaqaada xeebaha waqooyi ee Harada Debo wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka bari. [[Issa Baris]], oo ah cududda ugu weyn ee harada, wuxuu ka baxaa harada isagoo u weecanaya dhanka galbeed wuxuuna u leexdaa waqooyi-bari si uu ugu biiro Bara Lisa.<ref name="Shahin2002">{{cite book|author=M. Shahin|title=Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmdYFTlcSgEC&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=30 November 2002|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-0866-5|pages=307–}}</ref> Aasaaska dhagaxeed ee laga diiwaangeliyay salka harada waa "ka yimid dhagax [[crystalline rock|kiriishtaal ah]] oo cufan oo ah [[sandstone|asgari]] [[Precambrian]] ah oo ku dhex fariistay Taoudeni [[Syncline]] oo ballaaran sidii [[alluvial fan|marawaxad dhoobo ah]] uuna daboolay lakab adag oo [[laterite]] la simay ah." Jiirada fidsan iyo joomariirka salka ayaa sababay abuurista nidaam qulqulatooyin qalloocan iyo kanaalo badan leh, kaas oo keenay dhisidda gohada gudaha ee Niger. Gohada gudaha sidaas darteed waxay leedahay kanaalo badan oo ballaaran, kuwaas oo ah dhulal qoyan oo gacmo-gacmo ah oo daadadku qaadaan; gohadani waxay ku fidsan tay dherer dhan {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} iyo ballac dhan {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}}. Waxaa laga soo dhex saaray daraasadda ku dhowaad 400 oo khariidado ah inay tahay gohada cidda asal ahaan keentay harada iyo in haradu tahay tan ugu weyn gohada dhexdeeda.<ref name=Maps/> Waxay muhiim u tahay kanaalka ballaaran ee webiga iyadoo baaxaddeedu ay isbeddesho marka uu isbeddelo heerka biyaha ee harada.<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book|author1=Ralph H. Hughes|author2=Jane S. Hughes|author3=G. M. Bernacsek|title=Iucn Directory of African Wetlands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA394|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-88032-949-5|pages=394–}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale bixisaa xaqiijinta dabeecadda biyaha xanniban waxayna sidoo kale ku jirta gobolka [[Erg of Bara]].<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{cite book|author=Roderick J. McIntosh|title=Ancient Middle Niger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i72Q2e35P6kC&pg=PA68|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=29 September 2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81300-6|pages=68–}}</ref> Daadka ugu sarreeya ee harada iyo gohada wuxuu dhacaa inta lagu jiro Noofambar iyo Diisambar.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005">{{cite book|author1=Michele L. Thieme|author2=Robin Abell|author3=Neil Burgess |author4=Bernhard Lehner |author5=Eric Dinerstein |author6=David Olson |author7=Guy Teugels |author8=Andre Kamdem-Toham |author9=Melanie L. J. S. Stiassny |author10=Paul Skelton|title=Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nkL9NqqlscC&pg=PA187|accessdate=20 March 2013|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-791-5|pages=187–}}</ref> Hoos u dhaca Harada Debo, dooxada Niger waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay tiro badan oo harooyin ah, kuwaas oo ka hooseeya heerka webiga.<ref name="West Africa">{{cite book|title=West Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOMNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA253|accessdate=20 March 2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=253–|id=GGKEY:XNB450PQT77|year=1957}}</ref> Iyadoo qayb ka ah gohada dhexe, haradu waa tan ugu weyn. Maadaama ay qayb ka tahay Webiga Niger, baaxaddeedu waxay ku xiran tahay isbeddelka heerka biyaha.<ref name="HughesHughes1992"/> iyadoo daadka ugu sarreeya uu webiga ku dhaco inta lagu jiro Noofambar iyo Diisambar.<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005"/> Haradu waxay leedahay baaxad weyn oo biyo ah oo ku fidsan dhammaan dhinacyada. Webiga ka samaysma bixidda harada wuxuu leedahay ballac dhan {{convert|6|mi|km|order=flip|0|abbr=on}} dherer dhan {{convert|6|mi|km|order=flip|0|abbr=on}} dhanka hoose, halkaas oo ka dib uu ku cidhiidhyamo, kuna kala fanto kanaalo badan; jasiirado dhoobo ah ayaa samaysma dhererka jidka biyuhuna wuxuu ku jiraa qiyaasta {{convert|8|-|10|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|1}}. Foolahs, oo ah [[reer guuraa]] halkan ku nool, waxay u isticmaalaan dhulalkan dhoobada ah daaq xilliga qallalan ka dibna waxay dib ugu laabtaan deegaanadooda ku yaal gudaha weelka webiga.<ref name="GreatheedParken1830">{{cite book|author1=Samuel Greatheed|author2=Daniel Parken|author3=Theophilus Williams |author4=Thomas Price |author5=Josiah Conder |author6=William Hendry Stowell |author7=Jonathan Edwards Ryland |author8=Edwin Paxton Hood |title=The Eclectic Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkcwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA307|accessdate=20 March 2013|year=1830|pages=307–}}</ref> Xilliga daadka sarreeyo, biyaha daadka ee soo gaara harada waxaa la sheegay inay yihiin {{convert|12400|m3/s|abbr=on}}. Tan waxaa lagu nuugay harada baaxadda weyn, sidii kayd ahaan, qulqulka ka baxa haradana waxaa loo dhexdhexaadiyay oo kaliya {{convert|2400|m3/s|abbr=on}} marka uu gaaro [[Niamey]], magaalada caasimadda ah ee Niger. Tan iyo 1962, xitaa {{convert|1000|m3/s|abbr=on}} oo qulqul dheeri ah oo ka yimaada harada wuxuu hadda keeni karaa koror ku yimaada heerka biyaha ee aagga Niamey oo gaaraya {{convert|2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, isagoo u kacaya heerka {{convert|181.51|m|ftin}}.<ref name="Bloise2000">{{cite book|author=Remo Capra Bloise|title=Bridge Over Niger: The True Story of the J. F. Kennedy Bridge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mtq16YfSI_MC&pg=PA7|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=11 August 2000|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4697-7432-9|pages=7–}}</ref> ===Cimilada=== Harada ku taal [[Sahel]], ee u dhow koonfurta saxaraha Sahara, waxay leedahay xaalado cimilo oo la sheegay inay yihiin aag kala-guur ah oo u dhaxeeya cimilada qoyan ee Guinean ee koonfurta ilaa cimilo qallalan oo ku taal xadka Sahara. Xilliga roobka ee koonfurta wuxuu socdaa kuraasta Luulyo ilaa Oktoobar, iyadoo celceliska roobka sannadkii uu yahay {{convert|750|mm|abbr=on}}. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xilliga roobka ee waqooyiga wuxuu socdaa Luulyo ilaa Sebtembar, iyadoo celceliska da'aadda sannadlaha ah laga diiwaangeliyay {{convert|250|mm|abbr=on}}. Heerka kulka wuxuu isbeddelaa iyadoo diiradda la saarayo xilliyeedka xooggan. Celceliska kulka ugu sarreeya ee laga diiwaangeliyay Maajo magaalada [[Tombouctou Region|Tombouctou]] waa {{convert|43|C}} halka [[Mopti]] uu yahay {{convert|40|C}}. Xilliga cimilada qaboobaha ah waa inta u dhaxeysa Diisambar ilaa Janaayo iyadoo heerkulku uu hoos ugu dhacayo celcelis ugu yar oo ah {{convert|3|C}} ilaa {{convert|6|C}} qaybta waqooyi ee gohada.<ref name=ASC>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/down...|title=Case of Flooded Pasture in Lake Débo and Walado Débo, ''Journal Computer and Information Science'', Vol. 4, No. 3|date=May 2011|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Science Journal}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Harada Débo xilliga qulqulka sarreeyo marka ay leedahay baaxadda ugu weyn ee fiditaanka biyaha, waxay {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} u jirtaa Mopti dhanka sare, cidhifka koonfureed, iyo {{convert|240|km|abbr=on}} Timbuktu dhanka hoose, cidhifka waqooyi-bari. Waa tan ugu weyn dhulal badan oo qoyan iyo harooyin xilliyeed oo caynkaas ah oo sameeya Gohada Gudaha ee Niger, waana harada ugu weyn dhexdeeda Mali. Baaxaddeeda aad ayay u yaraataa xilliga qallalan ee Sebtembar ilaa Maarso.<ref name=Brit>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/154733/Lac-Debo|title=Lac Débo|accessdate=21 March 2013|work=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name=world>{{Cite web|url=http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|title=Africa adventure 4|work=Update 019 April 24th, Debo Lake --Sunny Water World|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Jinfeibao8844.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624055402/http://jinfeibao8844.com/Africa_Adventure_4.htm|archive-date=24 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Dhirtu== [[File:Cynodon dactylon.jpg|right|thumb|''[[Cynodon dactylon]]'', dhirta cawska [[dūrvā gras]]]] Harada daadku qaaday ee Débo iyo [[Walado Débo]] (Gohada Gudaha ee Niger ee Mali) waxay sameeyaan dhulal daaqsin ah oo guud ahaan loo yaqaan sawanka kaynta daadadka leh oo leh cawska biyaha iyo laba nooc oo caan ah oo [[acacia|gome]] ah. Daaqsiyadan waxaa deegaanka looga yaqaan cawska ''[[Echinochloa stagnina|bourgou]]''.<ref name=Science>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|title=Applied GIS for Managing Flooded Pastures of Lake Debo and Walado Debo/Mali|accessdate=21 March 2013|publisher=Journal of GIS Trends|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016211627/http://www.asciencejournal.net/asj/index.php/GIST/article/view/132/KONE|archive-date=16 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Geedaha timirta ah sida ''[[Hyphaene thebaica]]'', iyo ''[[Borassus aethiopum]]'' waxaa kale oo laga sheegay hareeraha harada. Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo dhulal daaqsin ah, oo lagu qeexay iyadoo lagu salaynayo maareyntooda. Kuwani waa: Daaqsinta dadka deegaanka ee Fulani oo uu xukumo [[Amiro]] (madaxa Joro); "Harima" (oo la macno ah: heshiis deegaan) iyadoo madaxa tuulada iyo xubnaha kale ay mas'uul ka yihiin isticmaalkeeda; iyo dhowr hanti yaryar ah (oo ku dhex jira ''bourgou'') oo loo qaybiyay shakhsiyaad gaar ah. Cawska weligiis jira ee baxa waa mid la cuni karo isla markaana si dhib yar loo dheefshiidi karo iyadoo magacyada cilmigu ay yihiin ''[[Echinochloa stagnina]]'' (geed weligiis jira) iyo ''[[Vossia (plant)|Vossia cuspidata]]'', kuwaas oo ka baxa moolal kala duwan oo biyo ah ({{convert|3|-|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}). Noocyada dalagyada, oo ah kuwo ballaaran, waa nooc [[wild rice|bariiska duurjoogta ah]] ([[Oryza longistaminata]] iyo [[bartti]]). Nooc kale oo geed ah oo u dhaqma si uu u xannibo ururrada ciidda waa ''[[Chrysopogon zizanioides|Vetiveria nigritiana]],'' marka ay heerarka biyaha ee harada iyo gohada sarreeyaan. Geedaha biyaha ku baxa waxay xajiyaan heerarka biyaha ee kala duwan ee harada iyo noocyada carradu waxay hageen [[ecology|deegaanka]] gobolka.<ref name=Science/> Hanti-dhameedyada janjeera ee harada waxay leeyihiin geed gaab dhexda kaga jira caws iyo dhulal banaan, iyo noocyo qoryo leh, guud ahaan ah noocyada gomeha.<ref name=Science/> Akkagoun iyo Dentaka waa aagagga kaynta ah ee ku hareeraysan harada iyo gohada, kuwaas oo hoy u ah shimbiro badan oo biyaha ku nool. [[Algal bloom|Ubaxa ajada]] ayaa sidoo kale laga sheegay harada taas oo keeni karta hoos u dhac ku yimaada hufnaanta biyaha.<ref name=ASC/> ==Xayawaanka== [[File:Hippopotamus - 04.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hippopotamus|Jeer]]]] [[West African manatee|Lo'da baddan ee Galbeedka Afrika]] waa nooca ugu caansan xayawaanka ee harada dhexdeeda kaas oo la sheegay inuu yahay deegaankeedii ugu dambeeyay ee aduunka.<ref name=Fishes/> [[Hippopotamuses|Jeerayaal]] ayaa sidoo kale laga sheegay harada (tirada jeerta waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 40 ilaoo 60 shakhsi). [[Nile crocodile|Yaxaaska Niil]] ayaa isna laga sheegay dhulka daadadka. Gudaha aagga weelka harada iyo gohada noocyada naasleyda ah ee laga sheegay waxaa ka mid ah: [[roan antelope|Antelope roan]], [[dorcas gazelle|Cawl dorcas]], [[dama gazelle|Cawl dama]], [[red-fronted gazelle|Cawl weji-gaduud]], halka noocyada xamaaratada ah ay ka mid yihiin [[Nile monitor|Shiddo Niil]] iyo [[African rock python|Libaax-gorgor Afrikaan ah]].<ref name=Fishes/> [[File:Artis black crowned crane1.jpg|right|thumb|Artis [[black-crowned crane]].]] [[Avifauna|Shimbiraha]] laga helo gudaha aagga harada, oo sameysa mid ka mid ah dhulalka qoyan ee ugu waaweyn [[Sahel]], waxaa matala noocyo ka kala yimid labada aag deegaan ee [[Palearctic]] iyo [[Afrotropic]]. In ka badan hal milyan oo shimbirood ayaa la diiwaangeliyay inay isticmaalaan harada;,<ref name="ThiemeAbell2005"/> oo ay ku jiraan tiro badan oo noocyo guura iyo kuwo deegaan ah, sida [[sand martin]] iyo [[Western yellow wagtail|Xabaal-gorof jaalle ah]], [[reed cormorant]], [[glossy ibis]], [[spoonbill]], [[great white egret]], [[purple heron]], [[ferruginous duck]], [[white-winged black tern]], [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]] iyo [[black-tailed godwit]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tiro ka mid ah noocyada Afrotropical-ka ah sida shimbirta naadirka ah ee [[black crowned crane]] ayaa sii yaraanaya.<ref name=Fishes>{{Cite web|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|title=Ecoregion Description:Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2013|publisher=Fresh Water Ecoregions of the World, FWEO Organization|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183644/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=508|archive-date=29 Bisha Tobnaad 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dareen la mid ah kan xeebaha badda ayaa laga dareemaa hareeraha harada iyo gohada, maadaama hawada ay ka buuxaan dhawaaqyada shimbiraha biyaha iyo [[gull|shimbiraha baddan]].<ref name="Narayan2012">{{cite book|author=Kirin Narayan |authorlink=Kirin Narayan |title=Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdFFyWmehRoC&pg=PA32|accessdate=10 March 2013|date=26 January 2012|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-56792-1|pages=32–}}</ref> Maadaama haradu ay tahay goob muhiim ah oo ay ku natsaan [[migratory birds|shimbiraha guura]], [[UNESCO]] waxay u kala saartay inay tahay aag [[Ramsar site|Ramsar]] ah iyadoo hoos timaada cinwaanka guud ee [[Lake Walado Débo]], oo qayb ka ah gohada gudaha iyadoo ay ku jiraan 350 nooc oo shimbirood, oo ay ku jiraan 118 nooc oo guura.<ref name =wetland>{{Cite web|url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|title=Support Project for Wetland Management In the Inner Niger Delta|accessdate=22 March 2012|publisher=Cmsdata.iucn.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024042541/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/inner_niger_delta_report.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Narayan2012"/> [[File:Giant Barb.jpg|right|thumb|Kalluunka [[giant barb]]]] Kalluunka ''[[Synodontis gobroni]]'' iyo ''[[Gobiocichla]] wonderi'' waa laba nooc oo u gaar ah (endemic) kalluunka harada kaas oo qayb ka ah gohada gudaha.<ref name=Fishes/> Xayawaanka biyaha ee gohada guud ahaan, kaas oo ka tarjumaya harada sidoo kale, wuxuu koobanyahay 130 nooc badankooduna waa noocyada ku jira qoysaska [[Mormyridae]], [[Mochokidae]], iyo [[Cyprinidae]]. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo kalluunka guura ah kuwaas oo u soo guura dhanka webiga ilaa gobolkan; noocyadan kalluunka guura dhexdiisa [[African tetras]] ''[[Brycinus]] leuciscus'' wuxuu u safraa masaafado dheer ilaa gohada iyo sidoo kale ilaa salka [[Markala Dam|Xidheenka Markala]].<ref name=Fishes/> ==Dhaqanka== Marka ay webiyada [[Niger River|Niger]] iyo [[Bani River|Bani]] ku jiraan [[flood|fatahaad]], hawlaha kalluumeysiga waxaa laga fuliyaa harada dhexdeeda iyadoo la isticmaalayo doonyaha jillaaba. Kalluumeysatada qowmiyadda [[Bozo people|Bozo]], ee degan xeebaha harada ayaa ku lug leh hawlahan. Xilliga qallalan, reer guuraa badan oo ka tirsan qowmiyadda [[Fula people|Fula]] ayaa yimaada aagga haradan iyadoo u ah goobta ugu dambaysa ee ay u socdaan inta lagu jiro guuritaanka xilliyeedka ee [[transhumance|daaqsinta]] iyaga iyo xoolahooda oo ka yimaada dhanka waqooyi.<ref name=world/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Debo}} qv7yfidbqvy1iww40ig4vjanwfhzyo2 0 48360 300502 300340 2026-07-01T01:17:14Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Chilwa | image = Lake Chilwa NASA.jpg | caption = Laga soo qabtay hawada sare (midab been ah) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = |pushpin_map=Malawi | location = [[Zomba District|Degmada Zomba]] | coords = {{Coord|15|18|S|35|42|E|region:MW_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = Naisi, Thondwe, Phalombe, Songani, Domasi | outflow = maleh | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Malawi]] | length = {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = Chisi | cities = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 14 November 1996 | designation1_number = 869<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Chilwa|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/869|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Chilwa''' waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn [[Malawi]] marka laga reebo [[Lake Malawi|Harada Malawi]]. Waxay ku taal bariga [[Zomba District|Degmada Zomba]], meel u dhow xadka ay la leedahay [[Mozambique]]. Qiyaastii 60&nbsp;km oo dherer ah iyo 40&nbsp;km oo ballac ah, harada waxaa ku hareeraysan dhulal qoyan oo ballaaran oo ah [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|sawanka daadadka ee Zambezian]]. Waxaa jira jasiirad ku taal dhexda harada oo loo yaqaan [[Chisi Island|Jasiiradda Chisi]]. Haradu [[Endorheic basin|ma laha meel ay u fanto (baxdo)]], heerka biyuhuna waxaa si weyn u saameeya roobabka xilliyeedka iyo uumi-baxa xagaaga. Sannadkii 1968, haradu waxay dabar-gashay intii lagu jiray cimilo qallalan oo aan caadi ahayn. Markii uu [[David Livingstone]] booqday harada sannadkii 1859,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chilwa |volume=6 |page=164}}</ref> wuxuu sheegay in xadka koonfureed uu gaaray ilaa [[Mulanje Massif]], taas oo ka dhigi lahayd harada ugu yaraan {{convert|20|mi|km|order=flip}} ka dherer badan inta ay tahay maanta. [[Danish International Development Agency|Wakaaladda Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Denmark]], iyadoo kaashanaysa Dawladda Malawi waxay ka shaqaynaysay sidii loo xaqiijin lahaa ilaalinta harada iyo dhulkeeda qoyan. Barnaamijka La-qabsiga Isbeddelka Cimilada ee Weelka Harada Chilwa (LCBCCAP) ayaa la horkeenay si loo dhowro aaggan xasaasiga ah, kaas oo aan ahayn oo kaliya dhul qoyan oo muhiim u ah xayawaanka deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale ah il weyn oo loo tixgeliyo waxsoosaarka kalluunka ee gobolka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lakechilwaproject.mw/ |title=Lake Chilwa Basin Climate Change Adaptation Programme |access-date=2015-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305173627/http://www.lakechilwaproject.mw/ |archive-date=2016-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Duurjoogta== Noocyada kalluunka ee ugu caansan Harada Chilwa waa ''[[Barbus paludinosus]]'', ''[[Oreochromis]] shiranus chilwae'', ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'', ''[[Brycinus imberi]]'' iyo ''[[Gnathonemus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Njaya|first1=Friday J.|title=Management options for Lake Chilwa, Malawi|url=http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/fridayprf.pdf|website=UNU Fisheries Training Programme|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=2001|access-date=2026-06-29|archive-date=2017-11-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117231905/http://www.unuftp.is/static/fellows/document/fridayprf.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haradu waxay masruuftaa tiro shimbiraha biyaha ah oo gaaraya ilaa 1.5 milyan oo ka kooban qiyaastii 160 nooc oo kala duwan. Qaar ka mid ah kuwan waxay sannad kasta ka soo guuraan Siberia iyagoo raacaya [[Asian - East African Flyway|Dhabaha Duulimaadka ee Aasiya - Bariga Afrika]]. Iyadoo ay jiraan laba iyo toban nooc oo shimbirood, tiradaasi waxay ka badan tahay 1% wadarta guud ee tirada dadka ee dhabaha duulimaadkaas. Dadka ku xeeran waa kuwo cufan oo sii kordhaya, shimbiraha baddana waxaa loo ugaarsadaa cunto ahaan marka uu heerka biyuhu hooseeyo oo ay adagtahay kalluumeysigu. Dadaallo ayaa loo samaynayaa si loo xaqiijiyo in ugaarsiga loo fuliyo si waara.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4htx09cb-6gC&pg=PA255 |page=255 |title=Waterbirds around the world: a global overview of the conservation, management and research of the world's waterbird flyways |first1=G. C. |last1=Boere |first2=Colin A. |last2=Galbraith |first3=David A. |last3=Stroud |publisher=The Stationery Office |year=2006 |isbn=0-11-497333-4}}</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha== [[File:Lakechilwa.jpg|thumb|Xeebta galbeed ee Harada Chilwa, Jasiiradda Chisi oo meel fog ka muuqata.]] Qiyaastii 335 tuulo oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 60,000 oo danyar ah<ref>{{Cite book|title = Historical Dictionary of Malawi|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FuXPkCVjzasC|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield|date = 2012-01-01|isbn = 9780810859616|language = en|first = Owen J. M.|last = Kalinga |authorlink=Owen J. M. Kalinga}}</ref> ayaa ku lug leh [[fishing|kalluumeysiga]] harada, waxayna soo saaraan in ka badan 17,000 oo tan oo metric ah sannad kasta, taas oo ah 20% dhammaan kalluunka lagu qabto Malawi.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Livelihoods Drying Up on Malawi's Lake Chilwa {{!}} Inter Press Service|url = https://www.ipsnews.net/2012/08/livelihoods-drying-up-on-malawis-lake-chilwa/|website = www.ipsnews.net| date=17 August 2012 |access-date = 2015-09-14}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} dseexrvz5cnjoqqbszoiz0kvowo76ik 0 48362 300497 300342 2026-07-01T01:15:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Alaotra <br> Lac Alaotra | image = Lake Alaotra NASA.jpg | caption = Laga soo qabtay hawada sare | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Madagascar]] | coords = {{coord|17.5|S|48.5|E|type:waterbody_region:MG|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Madagascar | type = | inflow = [[Ambato River (Madagascar)|Webiga Ambato]] | outflow = [[Maningory River|Webiga Maningory]] | catchment = | basin_countries = Madagascar | length = | width = | area = {{convert|900|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|0.60|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|1.5|m|abbr=on}} | volume = app. {{convert|0.945|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|750|m|abbr=on}}<ref>R. Battistini, G. Richard-Vindard (1972). Biogeography and Ecology in Madagascar, pp. 268–270. {{isbn|978-94-015-7161-6}}</ref> | islands = | cities = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Le Lac Alaotra: Les Zones Humides et Bassins Versants | designation1_date = 9 September 2003 | designation1_number = 1312<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le Lac Alaotra: Les Zones Humides et Bassins Versants|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1312|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Alaotra''' ({{langx|mg|farihin' Alaotra}}, {{IPA|mg|faˈrihin ˈaloʈʂə̥|}}; {{langx|fr|Lac Alaotra}}) waa harada ugu weyn [[Madagascar]], waxay ku taal [[Alaotra-Mangoro|Gobolka Alaotra-Mangoro]] iyo dhulka sare ee bartamaha waqooyi ee jasiiradda. Weelkeedu wuxuu ka kooban yahay harooyin biyo macaan oo joog hoose ah iyo maryafeexyo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin aagag leh dhir cufan.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm |title = Aythya innotata - Range & Habitat |accessdate = 2006-12-24 |url-status = dead |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm |archivedate = 2007-09-30 }}</ref> Waxay samaysaa bartamaha gobolka ugu muhiimsan jasiiradda ee bariiska laga soo saaro. Waa deegaan qani ku ah duurjoogta, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah oo halis ugu jira dabar-go', iyo sidoo kale goob muhiim ah oo kalluumeysi. Harada Alaotra iyo dhulkeeda qoyan ee ku xeeran waxay daboolaan {{convert|7223|km2}}, waxaana ku jira deegaano kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan biyo furan, caws-biyood, maryafeexyo, iyo beero [[bariis]] ah. Harada lafteedu waxay daboolaysaa {{convert|900|km2|abbr=on}}. Harada Alaotra waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance|dhul qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh]] iyadoo hoos timaada heshiiska caalamiga ah ee [[Ramsar Convention]] bishii Febraayo 2, 2003. Kalluunka tilapia ee baalka dheer (''Oreochromis macrochir'') waxaa laga soo mastaafuriyay dhulka weyn lagana soo dhex saaray Harada Alaotra sannadkii 1954 wuxuuna u tarmay si degdeg ah. Sannadkii 1957, wuxuu bixiyay 46% qabsashada kalluunka, laga yaabee sababtoo ah wuxuu u guuray meel deegaan oo bannaan isagoo ah nooc [[phytophagous|dhirtu qubata]] ah.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C_ABrmnsKY4C&pg=PA322 |page=322 |title=Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa |author=C. Lévêque |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |ISBN=0-521-57033-6}}</ref> Dhulka fidsan ee bacrin ah ee ku xeeran Harada Alaotra waa gobolka ugu muhiimsan Madagascar ee bariiska laga soo saaro. Buuraha ku xeeran harada waxay ahaan jireen kuwo kaymo ah laakiin badankooda waxaa loo xaalufiyay dhul beereed tobannaankii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Nabaad-guurka daran ee ka dhacay jiirada buuraha ee nugul wuxuu sababay [[sedimentation|ururka dhoobada]] ee weyn ee harada, taas oo si degdeg ah u sii dabar-gaysa; haradu hadda moolkeedu waa uun {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}} inta lagu jiro xilliga qallalan. Cadaadiska lagu abuurayo beero bariis oo horleh ayaa sidoo kale ku riixay dadka deegaanka inay gubaan caws-biyoodka ku xeeran harada. Caws-biyoodkan ayaa bixiya deegaanka keliya ee uu ku nool yahay [[endemic (ecology)|lemur-ka u gaarka ah]] ee [[Lac Alaotra gentle lemur|Lemur-ka deggan ee Alaotra]] (''Hapalemur griseus alaotrensis''). Lemur-ka deggan ee Alaotra wuxuu hadda ku xaddidan yahay oo uun ku haray {{convert|220|km2|abbr=on}} oo caws-biyood ah, sannadaha hantida ahna, tiradoodu waxay hoos u dhacday si degdeg ah oo gaaraysa 60%, iyadoo ka soo degtay qiyaastii 7,500 shakhsi sannadkii 1994 lana ogaaday 3,000 sannadkii 2001, inta badanna waxaa sababay lumitaanka deegaanka, iyo sidoo kale ugaarsiga dadka tuulooyinka deegaanka. Haradu waa goobtii nooca ee laga helay balanbaalistada ''[[Artitropa alaotrana]]'' iyo deegaan muhiim ah laakiin aad u sii khatar galaya oo ay leeyihiin [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]], oo ay ku jirto shimbirta halista ugu jirta dabar-go'a ee [[Meller's duck|gandada Meller]] (''Anas melleri''). Laba nooc oo shimbiraha biyaha ah ayaa u gaar ahaa waqooyiga Madagascar, kuwaas oo kala ah [[Madagascar pochard|banyeerka Madagascar]] (''Aythya innotata'') iyo [[Alaotra grebe|banyeerka Alaotra]] (''Tachybaptus rufolavatus''). Banyeerka Madagascar hadda aad ayuu u halis ugu jiraa dabar-go' walina lagama helo harada, inkastoo tiro aad u yar ay ka jiraan meelo kale. Banyeerka Alaotra waxaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu dabar-go'ay sannadkii 2010. Aagga harada ayaa laga yaabaa inuu ahaa deegaankiisa keliya.<ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&sid=6567&m=0 Lake Alaotra] at ''[[BirdLife International]]''</ref> [[Ambato River (Madagascar)|Webiga Ambato]] wuxuu harada siiyaa biyo, sidoo kale waa uu ka bixiyaa. Ka dib 381&nbsp;km, webigu wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Dhulka la ilaaliyo ee isku-dheelitiran ee Harada Alaotra waxaa maamula ururka Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust.<ref>Decret no. 2015-756 portant création de l’Aire Protégée dénommée « LAC ALAOTRA»</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 The GRAP-Lake Alaotra project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 |date=20210828005211 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828005211/http://www.avsf.org/uk/article.php?rub_id=110&art_id=188 |date=2021-08-28 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155141/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/madagascarpochard.htm Madagascar Pochard is endemic to Madagascar, where it was found historically in the Lake Alaotra basin] * [http://www.mwc-info.net Project Alaotra by Madagascar Wildlife Conservation] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alaotra, Lake}} 71qt65befa15tsaawgze8r89lyppbx9 0 48363 300522 300343 2026-07-01T01:31:36Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Sare | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-0.042|34.059 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Sare''' waa haro ku taal galbeedka Kenya oo u dhaxaysa [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] iyo [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. Waxay leedahay karti ay ku noqon karto goob dib loogu soo celiyo noocyada kalluunka ee haliska ugu jira dabar-go'a gudaha Harada Victoria, laakiin maamul la'aan darteed deegaanka harada ayaa si joogto ah u sii xumaanaya. ==Goobta== Harada Sare asal ahaan waxay ahaan jirtay gacanka Harada Victoria oo ku yaal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] meeshii uu ka baxayay Dhoobada Yala. Gacanka waxaa ka go'ay harada tuubo weyn (culvert), taas oo dhalisay dib-u-fatahaad abuurtay Harada Sare oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|500|ha}}.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Biyaha webigu waxay ka galaan Harada Victoria dhanka Harada Sare iyagoo maraya kanaal ay ku dul taal biriij qaada jidka weyn ee xeebta ee C27 ee dhererka jidka Goye.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}} Harada Sare waxaa ku xeeran maryafeexyo [[papyrus|baxaro]] ah, kuwaas oo ku milma Dhoobada Yala.{{sfn|Lake Sare ... Siaya County}} Haradu ma taageerto jillaabashada ganacsiga maamul la'aan darteed, inkastoo taasi ay isbeddeli karto.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} Xiriirka tooska ah ee ay la leedahay Harada Victoria, waxay muhiim u tahay dhowrista xayawaanka kalluunka [[cichlid]] ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} Waxay leedahay karti ay ku noqoto goob ay ku koraan noocyada yaryar ee kalluunka ee haliska ugu jira dabar-go'a ka hor inta aysan u guurin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} ==Deegaanka== Warbixin soo baxday 1991-kii ayaa sheegtay in biyaha ku qulqula Harada Sare ay soo sifeeyeen dhoobadu, ayna xajistaan nafaqooyin yar iyo waxyaabo yar oo biyaha ku dhex jira oo lalalabo. Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin conductivity dhan 120–130μS/cm iyo pH dhan 7.6, iyadoo leh 7–9 mg oo ogsajiin ah halkii liitar ee xilliga maalintii. Aagga hoose waxaa ka buuxay haraaga baxarada, iyadoo ay yar yihiin aagagga carrada ama quruuruxa ah. Waxay hoy u ahayd [[nematode]]s godod samaysta, unugyada [[mayfly]], unugyada [[dragonfly]] iyo maryafeexyada ''[[oligochaeta]]'', gaar ahaan noocyada ''[[Alma emini]]'' iyo ''[[Limnodrilus]]''.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=31}} Haradu aad uguma ficanayn dhanka [[limnology]], iyadoo leh cufnaan aad u hoosaysa oo ah [[phytoplankton]] iyo [[zooplankton]] ee tiirka biyaha xorta ah marka la barbardhigo Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=32}} Haradu ma lahayn noocyo kala duwan oo qani ah oo kalluunka ah. Kuwa ugu caansan waxay ahaayeen [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''), ''[[Oreochromis leucostictus]]'' iyo noocyada ''[[Haplochromis]]''. Dhoobada ku xeeran harada waxaa ku jiray [[marbled lungfish|kalluunka sanbabka leh]] (Protopterus aethiopicus), [[Lake Victoria squeaker|kalluunka dhawaaqa sameeya ee Harada Victoria]] (''Synodontis victoriae''), ''[[Synodontis afrofischeri]]'' iyo ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]''. Kalluunka hilibka cuna ee [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ayaa qabsaday harada. Iyadoo ay sabab u tahay qayb ahaan biciidka Niil iyo qayb ahaan jillaabashada xad-dhaafka ah ee dadka deegaanka, ma jirin ''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'' ama ''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'' oo ku dhex jiray harada.{{sfn|Njuguna|Howard|1992|p=32}} Warbixin soo baxday 2005-tii ayaa xustay isbeddelo ka dhacay Harada Sare kuwaas oo khatar ku ah nidaamka deegaanka iyada oo loo marayo [[eutrophication]] iyo wasakhayn. Waxay ku talisay qorshe maamul oo loo dhan yahay oo loogu talagalay dhammaan isku-darka dhoobada Yala si looga hortago xumaansho dheeraad ah oo ku yimaada nidaamka deegaanka.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005||p=347}} Warbixin soo baxday 2014-kii ayaa xustay xumaansho weyn oo ku yimid deegaanka harada 24-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Gidisha dhibta leh ee [[macrophytes]] ayaa qabsatay harada iyadoo bilowday isbeddel gaabis ah oo sababi kara inay aakhirka qallasho.{{sfn|Maithya|Abila|2014}} Wixii ka dambeeyay 2019-kii BirdLife International waxay u qiimeysay khatarta ku wajahan dhammaan isku-darka dhoobada inay tahay mid sarreysa, waxayna ahayd mid rajo xumo ka muujisay tallaabo la qaado.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qoraallo== {{notes}}{{reflist|30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503 |access-date=2021-03-07 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}} *{{citation |chapter-url=https://siaya.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Lakes-bklet-A6.pdf |access-date=2021-03-08 |chapter=Lake Sare |title=The County of Diverse Lakes |publisher=Siaya County |ref={{harvid|Lake Sare ... Siaya County}} |archive-date=2022-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720103001/https://siaya.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Lakes-bklet-A6.pdf |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=http://41.89.101.166:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/3995 |access-date=2021-03-08 |publisher=Maasai Mara University |last1=Maithya|first1=Jacob |last2=Abila |first2=R. |year=2014 |title=Ecological Evolution of Lake Sare: The Need to Develop and Manage Fisheries Resources of the Small Water Bodies In Kenya}} *{{citation |type=Proceedings of the KWWG Seminar on Wetlands of Kenya, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya, 3-5 July 1991 |last1=Njuguna|first1=Steven G.|last2=Howard|first2=Geoffrey W.|title=Wetlands of Kenya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq_Rz4s-uJQC&pg=PA31|year=1992|publisher=IUCN|isbn=978-2-8317-0127-1}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8873639#map=12/-0.0290/34.0623 |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Relation: Yala (8873639) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Yala (8873639)}} }} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} 6e0asma8rsemd0trbqzjxoo75a9ckbt 0 48366 300511 300346 2026-07-01T01:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kenyatta | other_name = Lake Mukunganya | image = | caption = | coords = {{coord|02|24|45|S|40|40|53|E|type:waterbody_scale:1500000|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = [[Fresh water|Biyo macaan]] | inflow = | outflow = [[Evaporation|Uumi-bax]] | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = {{convert|12|km|mi|0}} | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = [[Mpeketoni]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Kenyatta in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Kenyatta''', oo sidoo kale ah '''Harada Mukunganya''', waa haro ku taal [[Lamu County|Gobolka Lamu]], oo ku yaal koonfur-bari [[Kenya]]. ==Location== Haradu waxay ku taal Gobolka Lamu, qiyaastii {{convert|2.5|km|0}},<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 April 2016|date=9 April 2016|last=GFC |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Mpeketoni%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Lake%20Mukunganya%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJ_xuU3pL-FhgRxcrtFhFTOzU&dt2=ChIJiQ6Y6Cv5FhgRKfbCBgRLiLU| title=Distance between Mpeketoni, Lamu, Kenya and Lake Mukunganya, Lamu, Kenya| publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC)}}</ref> dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee magaalada [[Mpeketoni]]. (dadka ku nool waxaa lagu qiyaasay 50,000 sannadkii 2015).<ref>{{cite web|access-date=9 April 2016|url=http://allbajuni.com/2015/06/bajuni-modern-history-mpeketoni-history-of-the-settlement/|title=Bajuni Modern History: Mpeketoni - The History of the Settlement|date=9 April 2016|last=Kayomani|publisher=Allbajuni.com|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423015030/http://allbajuni.com/2015/06/bajuni-modern-history-mpeketoni-history-of-the-settlement/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tani waa qiyaastii {{convert|50|km|0}}, dhanka jidka, koonfur-galbeed ee magaalada dekedda leh ee [[Lamu]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Globefeed.com (GFC) |last=GFC |url=http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Lake%20Mukunganya%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Kikoni%20Landing%20Site%2C%20C112%2C%20Lamu%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJiQ6Y6Cv5FhgRKfbCBgRLiLU&dt2=ChIJgSNu-iQaFxgR0BQ2jyapuTQ |title=Distance between Lake Mukunganya, Lamu, Kenya and Kikoni Landing Site, C112, Lamu, Kenya|access-date=9 April 2016 |date=9 April 2016}}</ref> Isku-duwayaasha harada waa: 2°24'45.0"S, 40°40'53.0"E (Latitude:-2.412494; Longitude:40.681396).<ref>{{google maps |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/2%C2%B024'45.0%22S+40%C2%B040'53.0%22E/@-2.4124886,40.6792127,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0|title=Location of Lake Kenyatta (Lake Mukunganya), Lamu County, Kenya|accessdate=9 April 2016}}</ref> ==Fauna== Haradu waxay masruufta tiro adhi ah oo [[hippopotami|jeer]] ah, [[zebra|fardowaraa]], [[monkey|daayeerro]], [[waterbuck|bocor]], [[African buffalo|lo' weyn]] iyo [[warthog|doofaar-duureed]]. Sidoo kale, tiro badan oo shimbiraha duurka ah ayaa laga helaa halkan.<ref name="Die"/> ==Nabaad-guurka== Sababo la xiriira faragelinta ka dhalatay tirada dadka ee si degdeg ah ugu kordhaya Mpeketoni, haradu waa ay sii yaraanaysaa taas oo ka dhalatay (b) ururka dhoobada (t) bini'aadanka oo qabsaday dhulkeeda qoyan (j) qodidda ceelal badan oo tubooyin ah oo ku yaal aagga weelka iyo (X) duulaanka ay ku hayaan adhi waaweyn oo lo'da guri-joogta ah.<ref name="Die">{{cite web |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201501091401.html |title=Kenya: Lake Kenyatta in Mpeketoni Is Dying, Experts Warn |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=9 April 2016 | first=Cheti|last= Praxides |location=Nairobi | newspaper=[[The Star (Kenya)]] via [[AllAfrica.com]]}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/How-squatters-became-land-owners-in-Lamu/-/1950946/2366012/-/format/xhtml/-/15rvcdez/-/index.html How squatters became land owners in Lamu] {{Wayback|url=http://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/How-squatters-became-land-owners-in-Lamu/-/1950946/2366012/-/format/xhtml/-/15rvcdez/-/index.html |date=20160603165854 }} {{Authority control}} 76iwb4r9t1tkih9nwo22j5p9u2qtvee 0 48367 300510 300352 2026-07-01T01:24:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanyaboli | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = File:Kenyaboli1.JPG | alt = Lake Kanyaboli from the north shore | caption = Harada Kanyaboli oo laga qabtay xeebta waqooyi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]], [[Kenya]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|0.059 |34.16 |region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]], [[Nzoia River|Webiga Nzoia]] | outflow = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Kenya, Uganda | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = }} '''Harada Kanyaboli''' waa harada ugu weyn ee nooca [[oxbow lake|gohad-guriyaad]] ah ee ku taal Kenya, ahna tan labaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, taas oo samaysantay ka dib markii uu [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] ka go'ay majarihiisa xilligii uu weecashada samaynayay, isagoo reebay haro u qaabaysan sanka fardaha (U-shaped). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Siaya County|Gobolka Siaya]] ee galbeedka Kenya, waxayna hoy u tahay noocyo kala duwan oo kalluun ah oo ku dhowaad ka dabar-go'ay [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]], oo ah harada ugu weyn ee biyo macaan ee dalkaas. ==Goobta== [[Yala Swamp|Dhoobada Yala]] ee ku taal afka [[Yala River|Webiga Yala]] waxay daboolaysaa qiyaastii {{convert|175|km2}} oo ku dhereran xeebta waqooyi ee Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Dhoobadu waxay ka kooban tahay {{convert|1500|ha}} oo ah Harada Kanyaboli, oo ah dhul qoyan oo looxan ah oo biyo macaan leh isla markaana moolkeedu celcelis ahaan yahay {{convert|3|m}}, taas oo lagu quudiyo biyaha fatahaadda ee webiyada [[Nzoia River|Nzoia]] iyo Yala iyo dib-u-socodka biyaha ka yimaada Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Waagii hore Webiga Yala wuxuu dhex mari jiray 20% dhanka bari ee Dhoobada Yala isagoo geli jiray Harada Kanyaboli, ka dibna dhoobada weyn, ka dibna wuxuu gacan yar ka geli jiray Harada Victoria. Maanta qaybta bari ee dhoobada waa la qallajiyay, webiguna wuxuu si toos ah u qulqulaa dhoobada weyn ee baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|8000|ha}}. Waxaa ka gooyay Harada Kanyaboli xidheen dhoobo iyo dhoobo-adag ah (silt-clay dyke). Harada Kanyaboli hadda waxay biyaha ka heshaa aagga weelka ee ku xeeran iyo dib-u-soo-baxidda biyaha ka imaanaya dhoobada.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} ==Qiimaha deegaanka== Harada Kanyaboli waxay gabbaad u tahay dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood aan hadda lagu arkin Harada Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} Soo bandhigidda kalluunka [[Nile perch|biciidka Niil]] (''Lates niloticus'') ee Harada Victoria waxay sababtay musiibo deegaan oo khatar ku ah inay burburiso nidaamka deegaanka harada. Waagii hore jillaabtada haradu waxay soo qaban jireen boqolaal nooc oo kalluun ah, kuwaas oo badankoodu u gaar ahaa deegaanka. Maanta waxay ku tiirsan yihiin [[Silver cyprinid|kalluunka lacagta ah]] (''Rastrineobola argentea'') oo deegaan ahaan loogu yaqaanno "Omena" ama "Dagaa" dhexdeeda bulshooyinka Bariga Afrika, biciidka Niil iyo [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niil]] (''Oreochromis niloticus''). Sannadkii 1988 [[World Conservation Union]] waxay liis gashay boqolaal ka mid ah noocyada kalluunka ee u gaarka ah deegaanka inay yihiin kuwo halis ugu jira dabar-go'. Qaar ka mid ah kalluunkan ayaa weli ku barwaaqoobaya gudaha Harada Kanyaboli, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr nooc oo aan la aqoon oo ''[[Haplochromis]]'' ah, Singida tilapia (''[[Oreochromis esculentus]]'') iyo Victoria tilapia (''[[Oreochromis variabilis]]'').{{sfn|Maithya |1998|p=54}} ==Hanjabaadyo iyo ilaalin== Harada Kanyaboli waxay ka mid tahay boqolaal nidaam deegaan oo wajahaya khataro dabar-go' oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Sida harada ay ilma-adeerka yihiin ee gohad-guriyaadka ah ee ku taal Dooxada Riftiga, [[Lake Kamnarok|Harada Kamnarok]], oo ah dhowrsan duurjoogta ah oo hadda qarka u saaran inay lumiso qiimaheedii, Harada Kanyaboli iyaduna waxay ku sii socotaa inay noqoto taariikh. Horraantii bishii May, 2023, haradu waxay jebisay dhammaan xidheennadeeda ka dib roobab lixaad leh oo ka da'ay gobolka, waxayna lumisay biyaheeda xawaare naxdin leh muddo ka badan hal toddobaad. Biyuhu waxay qaadeen kasta oo wadadooda ku soo laabtay, iyagoo burburiyay kumanaan acre oo beero ah, boqolaal qoysna ka tagay hoy la'aan. Sida lagu sheegay warbixinta [[Nation Media Group|Nation Media]], haradu waxay lumisay wax ka badan 50% muggeeda, haddii aan tallaabo degdeg ah la qaadin, markaas nolosha bulshooyinka ku tiirsan ayaa si daran u saameysmi doonta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adinasi |first=Kassim |date=2023-05-15 |title=Tragedy unfolding in Siaya after lake breaks dykes and flows to farmland |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/siaya/tragedy-unfolding-in-siaya-after-lake-breaks-dykes-and-flows-to-farmland-4235554 |access-date=2023-06-07 |website=Nation |language=en}}</ref> {{notelist}} == Qoraalo == {{reflist|30em}} {{commons category|Lake Kanyaboli}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |accessdate=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya }} *{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054119/https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }} *{{citation |url=http://pubs.iclarm.net/Naga/na_2311.pdf |accessdate=2021-03-07 |year=1998 |journal=NAGA |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=54–56 |last=Maithya |first=Jacob |title=A survey of ichthyofauna of Lake Kanyaboli and other small waterbodies in Kenya: alternative refugia for endangered fish species }} *{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |accessdate=2021-03-07 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }} {{refend}} {{authority control}} ok0cgo8pyqyrhhd3m585p6m2kr6wxpm 0 48369 300506 300357 2026-07-01T01:17:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Elementaita | image = Elementaita2.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|27|S|36|15|E|region:KE_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|18|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,670|m|abbr=on}} ASL | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Elmenteita in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 5 September 2005 | designation1_number = 1498<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Elmenteita|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1498|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | Official_name = Kenyan Lake System of the Great Rift Valley | Criteria = Natural: vii, ix, x | ID = 1060 | Year = 2011 }} }} '''Harada Elmenteita''' waa [[soda lake|haro soodhada leh]], oo ku taal [[Great Rift Valley, Kenya|Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya]], qiyaastii 120&nbsp;km dhanka waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Scoon|first=Roger N.|chapter=Lakes of the Gregory Rift Valley: Baringo, Bogoria, Nakuru, Elmenteita, Magadi, Manyara and Eyasi|date=2018|title=Geology of National Parks of Central/Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania|pages=167–180|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73785-0_15|isbn=978-3-319-73784-3}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == [[File:Elementaita1.jpg|thumb|350px|left|Harada Elmenteita oo laga qabtay jidka weyn ee Nairobi-Nakuru]] Elmenteita waxaa laga soo qaatay ereyga [[Maasai language|Maasai-ga]] ah ee {{lang|mas|muteita}}, oo la halkan ah "meel boodh ah", iyadoo loola jeedo engegnaanta iyo boodhka deegaanka, gaar ahaan laga bilaabo Jannaayo ilaa Maarso. Magaalada [[Gilgil]] waxay u dhowdahay harada. Taxanaha koonfur-ilaa-waqooyi ee [[Rift Valley lakes|harooyinka Dooxada Riftiga]], Elmenteita waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Lake Naivasha|Harada Naivasha]] iyo [[Lake Nakuru|Harada Nakuru]]. Dhererka [[escarpment|jararka]] u dhow, jidka weyn ee isku xira [[Nairobi]] iyo [[Nakuru]] (Ilaalada [[A104 road (Kenya)|A104]]) wuxuu siiyaa wadayaasha baabuurta muuqaal aad u qurux badan oo harada ah. Maanta haradu waa aag la ilaaliyo sababo la xiriira nolosha shimbiraheeda, waxaana loo magacaabay [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|Goob Hadafka Dhaxalka Dunida ee UNESCO]] iyada iyo [[Lake Nakuru|Harada Nakuru]] iyo [[Lake Bogoria|Harada Bogoria]]. Qiyaastii 10,000 oo sano ka hor, Harada Elementaita, iyada iyo harooyinka dariska la ah ee Nakuru iyo Bogoria, waxay dhisneen hal haro oo biyo macaan ah oo mool dheer, taas oo aakhirkii engegtay, iyadoo reebtay saddexdan haro inay noqdaan haraaga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lake Nakuru {{!}} Lake Nakuru {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3588 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> Cidhifka koonfureed ee harada waxaa ku yaal ilaha biyaha kulul ee "Kekopey", kuwaas oo uu ku tarmo nooc kalluun ah oo [[Introduced species|lagu soo kordhiyay]] deegaanka, oo ah [[Lake Magadi tilapia|tilapia-ha Harada Magadi]]. Dhirta cawska maryafeexya ah ee u dhow waa goobaha ay ku jillaabtaan [[night heron|korgatada habeenkii]] iyo [[pelican|haddayda]]. Waa [[soda lake|haro soodhada leh]] (alkali sare leh, kala duwanaansho noole sare leh).<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Duckworth |first1= Alexander W. |last2= Grant |first2= William D. |last3= Jones |first3= Bryan E. |last4= Van Steenbergen |first4= Robert |date= 1996 |title= Phylogenetic diversity of soda lake alkaliphiles |journal= FEMS Microbiology Ecology |volume= 19 |issue= 3 |pages= 181–191 |bibcode= 1996FEMME..19..181D |doi= 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00211.x }}</ref> [[File:Lake Elmenteita satellite image.png|thumb|250px|right|Harada Elmenteita, sida laga arko hawada sare.]] == Taariikhda== Aagga Harada Elmenteita wuxuu arkay degitaankiisii ugu horreeyay ee dadka caddanka ah markii [[Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere]] (1879−1931) uu ka dhisay [[Soysambu Conservancy|beerta xoolaha ee Soysambu]] dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|48000|acre|km2|adj=on|disp=flip}} oo ku yaal dhanka galbeed ee harada. Wuxyy dhul dhanka kale ee harada ah hadiyad u siiyay dumaashigiis, [[Galbraith Lowry Egerton Cole]] (1881−1929), qayb ka mid ah beertiisa xoolaha ee Kekopey, halkaas oo lagu aasay, laguna ilaaliyo maanta oo ah Lake Elementaita Lodge. Beerta xoolaha ee Soysambu, oo weli ay leedahay [[Baron Delamere|qoyska Delamere]], waxay daboolaysaa laba-meelood saddex meelood ee xeebta waxayna hoy u tahay wax ka badan 12,000 oo duurjoog ah. Harada lafteedu waxay ahayd [[Ramsar Convention|goob Ramsar]] tan iyo sannadkii 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.kenya_elmenteita.htm |title=Lake Elmenteita added to the Ramsar List |last=Peck |first=Dwight |date=17 September 2005 |publisher=The [[Ramsar Convention]] on Wetlands |accessdate=2009-04-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114201824/http://www.ramsar.org/wn/w.n.kenya_elmenteita.htm |archivedate=November 14, 2008 }}</ref> == Deegaanka == Waqi ahaan wax ka badan 400 oo nooc oo shimbiraha ah ayaa lagu diiwaangeliyay weelka Harada Nakuru/Harada Elmenteita. Elmenteita waxay soo jiidataa shimbiraha [[flamingo|flamingo-ga]] ee soo booqda, labadaba noocyada [[Greater flamingo|waaweyn]] iyo kuwa [[Lesser flamingo|yaryar]], kuwaas oo quuta crustaceans-ka harada iyo dirxiga cayayaanka iyo algae-da [[blue-green algae|buluugga-cagaarka ah]] ee dhex lulan, siday u kala horreeyaan. [[Lake Magadi tilapia|Tilapia-ha Harada Magadi]] ayaa harada lagu soo kordhiyay iyadoo laga keenay [[Lake Magadi]] sannadkii 1962, tan iyo xilligaas tirada flamingo-ga ayaa hoos u dhacday si weyn. Tilapia-du waxay soo jiidataa shimbiraha badan ee kalluunka cuna kuwaas oo sidoo kale quuta ugxaanta iyo dhalada flamingo-ga. Wax ka badan hal milyan oo shimbirrood oo markii hore ku tarmi jiray Elmenteita ayaa hadda la sheegay inay gabbaad u raadsadeen [[Lake Natron|Harada Natron]] ee [[Tanzania]]. Xeebaha harada waxaa daaqa [[zebra|fardowaraa]], [[gazelle|deerada]], [[Common Eland|bocorka]] iyo qoysas [[warthog|doofaar-duureed]] ah. Haradu inta badan waa mid aad u gacmeed (moolkeedu waa ka yar yahay 1 m) waxaana ku hareeraysan dhoobo qolof [[trona]] leh leh xilliyada qallalan. Dhammaadkii [[Pleistocene]] iyo horraantii [[Holocene]], Harada Elmenteita waxay mararka qaar ku dhex darsami jirtay Harada Nakuru oo ballaaratay, iyagoo dhisayay haro aad u weyn oo dhuuban. Haraaga haradii hore ee ku midoobay waxay u kaydsan yihiin dhoobo ahaan meelo kala duwan oo hareeraha weelka harada ah, oo ay ku jiraan xeebahoodii hore. Dhowaanahan heerka harada iyo tirada flamingo-ga ayaa hoos u dhacay iyadoo kordhinta waxqabadka bini'aadanka ay engegisay aagagga weelka biyaha.<ref>''Daily Nation'', December 8, 2009: [http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/819794/-/item/1/-/fvmhvq/-/index.html A lake lies on its deathbed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/819794/-/item/1/-/fvmhvq/-/index.html |date=20120915191006 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915191006/http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/819794/-/item/1/-/fvmhvq/-/index.html |date=2012-09-15 }}</ref> == Goobaha la xiriira == Waxaa u dhow Matxafka Kariandusi, oo ah goob muhiim ah oo taariikhda ka horreysay halkaas oo masacyo dhagax ah iyo miishaarro laga helay sannadkii 1928-kii oo uu helay [[Louis Leakey]]. [[Elmenteita Badlands]] waa qulqul lava ah oo dhanka koonfureed ka xiga harada, kaas oo daboolan duur laguna yaqaan qaar ka mid ah madax-buureedyada muuqaalka quruxda badan leh. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Elmenteita}} 4d7dxjlv6gn5571erx28d1djdw6mumg 0 48370 300499 300358 2026-07-01T01:17:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Baringo | image = LakeBaringo.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|38|N|36|05|E|region:KE_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Molo River|Molo]], [[Ol Arabel]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Kenya | length = | width = | area = {{convert|130|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Kenya#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Baringo in Kenya. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 10 January 2002 | designation1_number = 1159<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Baringo|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1159|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Baringo''' waa, marka laga reebo [[Lake Turkana|Harada Turkana]], harada ugu xigta dhanka waqooyi ee harooyinka [[Kenyan Rift Valley|Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya]], iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo gaaraya {{convert|130|km2}} iyo dherer dusha sare ah oo ah {{convert|970|m}}. Harada waxaa quudiya dhowr webi: [[Molo River|Molo]], [[Perkerra River|Perkerra]] iyo [[Ol Arabel]]. Ma laha meel ay si muuqata uga dhiqi lahayd; waxaa loo qaataa in biyaheedu ay dhex maraan dhoobada harada iyagoo galaya galka foolkaanaha ee [[Fault (geology)|dillaacsan]]. Waa mid ka mid ah labada haro ee [[Fresh water|biyaha macaan]] leh ee ku yaal Dooxada Riftiga ee Kenya, iyadoo ta kale ay tahay [[Lake Naivasha|Harada Naivasha]].<ref name="ramsar"> Eeg "Kenya designates freshwater lake in Great Rift Valley," ee [http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-87^22874_4000_0__ Ramsar 2009 - 2002].</ref> Haradu waxay ku taal aag fog oo kulul isla markaana boodh badani jiro oo ay ku nool yihiin in ka badan 470 nooc oo shimbirrood ah, mararka qaarna waxaa ku jira shimbiraha [[flamingo|flamingo-ga]] ee guuraya. Goob ey dhasho [[Goliath heron|haaddu]] waxay ku taal jasiirad yar oo dhagax ah oo ku dhex taal harada dhexdeeda oo loo yaqaan Gibraltar. Jiritaanka Harada Baringo waxaa markii ugu horreysay Yurub uga sheegay Ludwig Krapf iyo J. Rebmann, oo ahaa adeegayaal diimeed Jarmal ah oo fadhiyay Mombasa, qiyaastii sannadkii 1850; khariidaddii J. H. Speke ee ilaha Niilka (1863) Baringo waxaa lagu dhex khalday Gacanka Kavirondo ee Victoria Nyanza; waxay ku sawiran tahay khariidaddii Sir H. M. Stanley (1877) iyadoo ah gogol weyn oo biyo ah oo Waqooyi-Bari ka xigta Victoria Nyanza. Joseph Thomson, intii uu ku guda jiray safarkiisii dhexmaray dhulka Maasayga sannadkii 1883, wuxuu ahaa qofkii reer Yurub ahaa ee arkay harada isla markaana saxay fikradihii buunbuuninta ahaa ee ku saabsanaa baaxaddeeda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, hiddaha dadka deegaanka ayaa sheegaya in haradu markii hore dabooli jirtay aag aad u weyn.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}} ==Sharaxaad== Haradu waa qayb ka mid ah nidaamka [[East African Rift|Riftiga Bariga Afrika]]. [[Tugen Hills|Buuraleyda Tugen]], oo ah aag kor u kacay oo dillaac ah oo ka samaysan dhagaxaan [[Volcanic rock|foolkaano]] iyo [[metamorphic rock|isbeddelay]] ah, ayaa dhanka galbeed ka xiga harada. Jararka Laikipia wuxuu xigaa dhanka bari. Biyuhu waxay harada uga soo qulqulaan [[Mau Hills|Buuraleyda Mau]] iyo Buuraleyda Tugen. Waa deegaan muhiim ah iyo gabbaad u ah wax ka badan 500 oo nooc oo shimbirrood iyo duunyada ah, iyadoo qaar ka mid ah noocyada shimbiraha biyaha ee guura ay muhiim u yihiin heer gobol iyo heer caalami. Haradu waxay sidoo kale deegaan siisaa toddoba nooc oo kalluunka biyaha macaan ah. Mid ka mid ah, ''Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis'' (nooc hoos yimaada [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niilka]]), ayaa [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] harada. Jillaabashada harada waxay muhiim u tahay horumarka bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha deegaanka. Intaa waxaa dheer, aaggu waa deegaan ay ku nool yihiin noocyo badan oo xayawaan ah oo ay ku jiraan [[hippopotamus|jeerta]] (''Hippopotamus amphibius''), [[Nile crocodile|yayaanka Niilka]] (''Crocodylus niloticus'') iyo naasley kale oo badan, kuwa dhulka iyo biyaha ku nool, xamaaratada iyo bulshooyinka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn.<ref name="ramsar" /><ref name="kenyabirds">{{cite web | url = http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm | title = Kenya Birds - baringo | publisher = www.kenyabirds.org.uk | access-date = 2008-03-17 | archive-date = 2008-03-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302021900/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/baringo.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> In kasta oo kaydka tilapia-ha Niilka ee harada dhexdeeda uu hadda hooseeyo, hoos u dhaca noocan ah waxaa garab istaagay guusha nooc kale, oo ah [[marbled lungfish|kalluunka sanbabada leh ee marmarka ah]] (''Protopterus aethiopicus'') kaas oo harada [[Introduced species|lagu soo kordhiyay]] sannadkii 1974, kaas oo hadda bixiya badankooda kalluunka laga soo qabto harada. Heerka biyaha waxaa dhimay abaaro iyo waraab xad-dhaaf ah. Haradu inta badan waa mid dhoobo leh oo ay ka buuxdo carro, qayb ahaan sababtoo ah nabaad-guur xooggan oo carada ah oo ka jira aagga weelka biyaha, gaar ahaan Bannaanka Loboi ee koonfurta harada.<ref name=":0" /> Waxyaabaha lagu garto dalka ee agagaarka harada ku yaal waa "tuumooyinka" [[termite|aboor-ka]] (quraanjada cad). Waa tiirar godan oo dhererkoodu yahay 10 ilaa 12 ft. halka ballacoodu yahay 1 ft. ilaa 18 in. [[greater kudu|Kudu-ga weyn]], oo ku dhowaad aan laga aqoon meelo kale oo ka mid ah Bariga Afrika, ayaa deggan dhabacyada jararka Laikipia ee dhanka bari ka xiga harada wuxuuna yimaadaa buuraha hoose ee ku xeeran Baringo si uu u daaqo.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=418}} Caddayn dhowaan la sameeyay ayaa muujisay inay jireen xiriirro togan iyo kuwo taban oo u dhaxeeya qaar ka mid ah xuduudaha tayada biyaha iyo baahsanaanta dulinno soo kabanaya. ''O. niloticus baringoensis'' oo laga helay Harada Baringo ayaa sidoo kale laga diiwaangeliyay baahsanaanta sare ee dulin-ka, tanina waxay u baahan tahay in bulshada lagu baraarujiyo khataraha ka dhalan kara cunista kalluunka qaba dulinka ee aan si fiican u karsanayn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Adamba|first1=Stephanie Wangare Kamau|last2=Otachi|first2=Elick Onyango|last3=Ong’ondo|first3=Geoffrey Odhiambo|date=2020-02-19|title=Parasite Communities of Oreochromis niloticus baringoensis (Trewavas, 1983) in Relation to Selected Water Quality Parameters in the Springs of Lorwai Swamp and Lake Baringo, Kenya|journal=Acta Parasitologica|volume=65|issue=2|pages=441–451|doi=10.2478/s11686-020-00178-2|pmid=32077035|s2cid=211171158|issn=1230-2821}}</ref> Haradu waxay leedahay dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar, iyadoo tan ugu weyn ay tahay [[Ol Kokwe Island|Jasiiradda Ol Kokwe]]. Ol Kokwe, oo ah xarun foolkaano damisay oo xiriir la leh foolkaanada [[Korosi]] ee waqooyiga harada, waxay leedahay dhowr [[hot spring|ilo biyo kulul]] ah iyo [[fumarole|godad uumi ah]], kuwaas oo qaarkood ay soo daayeen kayd [[sulfur|m सल्फर]] ah. Koox ilo biyo kulul ah ayaa ka soo baxa xeebta dhererkeeda ee Soro oo u dhow geeska waqooyi-bari ee jasiiradda. Dhowr goobood oo muhiim ah oo dhanka qadiimiga iyo paleontology ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga helay lafo haraaga ah oo [[hominoid|daayeerro u eg bini'aadamka]] iyo [[hominin|bini'aadamkii hore]] ah, ayaa ku jira taxanaha dhoobada ee [[Miocene]] ilaa [[Pleistocene]] ee Buuraleyda Tugen.<ref name=Ward&Hill1987>{{citation |author=Ward, Steven |author2=Hill, Andrew|year=1987 |title=Pliocene Hominid Partial Mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=21–37 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330720104 |pmid=3103460}} [http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 Koorbitaanka baaritaanka internetka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 |date=20140416180350 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180350/http://www.library.nhs.uk/booksandjournals/details.aspx?t=Pliocene+Hominid&stfo=True&sc=bnj.ovi.amed,bnj.ovi.bnia,bnj.ebs.cinahl,bnj.ovi.emez,bnj.ebs.heh,bnj.ovi.hmic,bnj.pub.MED,bnj.ovi.psyh&p=1&sf=srt.publicationdate&sfld=fld.title&sr=bnj.pub&did=3103460&pc=2&id=10 |date=2014-04-16 }}</ref><ref name=SmithsonianExamples>{{citation|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/search/google-appliance/Tugen%20Hills|title=Tugen Hills examples from Smithsonian website|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History|access-date=1 May 2010}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Wood1999>{{citation|year=1999|chapter=Plio-Pleistocene hominins from the Baringo Region, Kenya|author=Wood, Bernard |editor=Andrews, P.|editor2=Banham, P. |title=Late Cenozoic Environments and Hominid Evolution: a Tribute to Bill Bishop|pages=113–122|location=London|publisher=Geological Society|isbn=9781862390362|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVF8EzWfX2EC&q=%22Baringo+Region%22&pg=PA113|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref> Magaalada ugu weyn ee u dhow harada waa Marigat, halka deegaannada ka yar ay ka mid yihiin [[Kampi ya Samaki]] iyo [[Loruk]]. Aagga waxaa sii kordhaya booqashada dalxiisayaasha wuxuuna ku yaal cidhifka koonfureed ee gobol ka mid ah Kenya oo ay inta badan degaan kooxaha qowmiyadaha [[pastoralism|xoolo-dhaqatada]] ah oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Il Chamus]], [[Rendille people|Rendille]], [[Turkana people|Turkana]] iyo [[Kalenjin people|Kalenjin]]. Hoyga (hudheelo, aqallo iskiis u adeegaya iyo goobaha kaambada) iyo sidoo kale adeegyada doomaha ayaa laga heli karaa Kampi-Ya-Samaki iyo agagaarkeeda oo ku yaal xeebta galbeed, iyo sidoo kale dhowr jasiiradood oo harada ku dhex yaal.<ref name="Lake Baringo"> {{cite web |url = http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |title = Lake Baringo |publisher = www.lake-baringo.com |access-date = 2012-02-16 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120115084108/http://www.lake-baringo.com/rift/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14&Itemid=10 |archive-date = 2012-01-15 }}</ref> Warbixin ka soo baxday Dowladda Kenya sannadkii 2021 ayaa lagu qiyaasay in baaxadda dusha sare ee Harada Baringo ay kor u kacday in ka badan 100% iyadoo gaartay 268 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran intii u dhaxeysay sannadihii 2010–2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=2022-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tuulooyinka xeebta ku yaal ayaa bandoogay dadkiina waa la barakiciyay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Waxaa sidoo kale jirtay koror ku yimid tirada xayawaanka sida yayaanka, oo ay weheliso isdhexgalka xayawaankaas iyo dadka deegaanka.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-06 |title=Kenya's Lake Baringo: Surviving hippo and crocodile attacks |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66707507 |access-date=2023-10-08}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} '''Attribution''' *{{EB1911|wstitle=Baringo|volume=3|page=418}} {{Commons category-inline|Lake Baringo}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Baringo}} o9w6rakbaymykoybcia9t51psj4kqes 0 48371 300517 300359 2026-07-01T01:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mim | image = File:Mim lake1.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]] ee [[Ahafo Region|Gobolka Ahafo]], [[Ghana]]. | coords ={{coord|6.91886|-2.55275|type:waterbody_region:GH|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Reservoir|God Biyo]] | inflow = rainfall | outflow = [[Endorheic basin|none]] | catchment = {{convert|1.2|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Ghana | length = {{convert|0.45|km|ft|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|0.15|km|ft|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|0.1|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|3.1|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|4.8|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = GMT | shore = | elevation = {{convert|220|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim, Ahafo]]<!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ghana | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> }} '''Harada Mim''', oo markii hore loo ogaa '''Harada Anwomasu''', waa [[Man-made lake|haro barriga ku taal]] oo ku taalla dacallada [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]] ee dhexdeeda [[Asunafo North Municipal District|Degmada Dawladda Hoose ee Asunafo Waqooyi]] ee [[Ahafo Region|Gobolka Ahafo]] ee [[Ghana]]. Haradu waa goob dalxiis oo qarsoon, waxayna leedahay awood ay ku noqoto goob dalxiis oo xeebta harada ku taal. Damaashaad doonka ayaa inta badan u soo booqda firaaqada. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahafonews.com/south-african-high-commission-counselor-of-economic-embarks-on-two-2-days-visit-to-ahafo-region/|title=South African High Commission Counselor of Economic Embarks On Two (2) Days Visit To Ahafo Region.|date=June 8, 2021|access-date=Bisha Lixaad 29, 2026|archive-date=Bisha Sideedaad 2, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250802233210/https://ahafonews.com/south-african-high-commission-counselor-of-economic-embarks-on-two-2-days-visit-to-ahafo-region/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ASUNAFO North Municipal Assembly |url=http://asunafonorth.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/ |access-date=2021-11-05 |website=ASUNAFO North Municipal Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soireenews.com/ahafo-regional-minister-woos-south-africans-on-potential-investment|title=Ahafo Regional Minister Woos South Africans on potential Investment|first=Owusu|last=Dennis|date=June 10, 2021|website=SoireeNews|access-date=Bisha Lixaad 29, 2026|archive-date=Bisha Tobnaad 30, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251030161526/https://soireenews.com/ahafo-regional-minister-woos-south-africans-on-potential-investment|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada Mim oo ku taal {{coord|6.91873|-2.55269}} waxay ku dhowdahay dhabaddada isku xirta [[Mim (Ghana)|Mim]] iyo [[kenyasi]], qiyaastii {{cvt|1|km|mi}} dhanka waqooyi ee [[Mim (Ghana)|magaalada Mim]]. Bulshooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ku xeeran haradan waa agagaarka garoonkii hore ee Mim, Asukese, iyo Nkensere. ==Taariikhda & Dadka== [[File:Hon Boadu @ Mim Bour.jpg|thumb|Mudane Boadu, oo ah qof damaashaad u yimid Harada Mim]] [[lake|Haradan]] waa ballaarin lagu sameeyay webigii hore ee Anwomasu kaas oo ahaa [[natural lake|haro dabiici ah]]. Ballaarintu waxay [[natural lake|haradii dabiiciga ahayd]] u beddeshay [[artificial lake|haro gacan ku samis ah]] oo markii hore u adeegi jirtay ujeeddooyin warshadeed iyo kuwo guriba. Ka dib tobanaan sano oo la isticmaalayay, [[Artificial dam|Harada]] oo wadata muuqaalo dabiici ah oo kala duwan ayaa loo dhowray sidii goob dalxiis oo soo jiidasho leh. Haradu waxay leedahay noocyo kala duwan oo dhir iyo duunyo ah. Noocyada kalluunka ee harada ku jira waxaa ka mid ah cichlid-ka [[Endemism|u gaarka ah]] ee loogu yeero ''[[hemichromis frempongi]]'', iyo cichlids-ka ku dhow inay u gaar noqdaan ee ''[[tilapia busumana]]'' iyo ''[[tilapia discolor|T. discolor]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=anwomasu lake - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=anwomasu+lake |website=Google.}}</ref> Haradan waxay ku xiran tahay tuubo horseedda [[Dam|Biya-xireen]] ku yaal {{coord|6.9105600|-2.5605000}}, dhowr mitir oo kaliya u jira shirkadda Ayum Forest Products Ltd. Biya-xireenkan wuxuu u adeegaa ujeeddooyin warshadeed iyo kuwo guriba. ==Dhacdooyin== Waxaa jiray dhowr dhacdo oo kala duwan markii ay laba qof, oo da'doodu tahay 57 iyo 31 sano, ay waqtiyo kala duwan ku dhex dhegteen harada dhexdeeda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rejoicefmonline.com/2021/03/26/sad-story-as-57-year-old-man-drown-3-days-after-missing-at-mim/|title=SAD STORY AS 57-YEAR-OLD MAN DROWN 3 DAYS AFTER MISSING AT MIM – Rejoicefmonline.com|access-date=2026-06-29|archive-date=2022-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120214453/https://rejoicefmonline.com/2021/03/26/sad-story-as-57-year-old-man-drown-3-days-after-missing-at-mim/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myrepubliconline.com/ahafo-region-man-57-drowns-in-mim-dam/|title=AHAFO REGION: Man, 57, drowns in Mim Dam|date=March 26, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Man-found-dead-in-a-river-1234051|title=Man found dead in a river|date=April 15, 2021|website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} tmzuejza4gpn0hvm6qq2x9c3319ik0u 0 48373 300525 300361 2026-07-01T01:35:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Tana | image = lake tana.jpg | caption = Sawirka Harada Tana oo dhanka galbeed laga qaaday isagoo hawada sare laga soo sawiray (Abriil 1991) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[East Africa|Bariga Afrika]] | coords = {{Coord|12|0|N|37|15|E|type:waterbody_region:ET|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Gilgel Abay]], Webiga Kilti, [[Magech River|Webiga Megech]], [[Reb River|Webiga Reb]], [[Gumara River|Webiga Gumara]] | outflow = [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] | length = {{convert|84|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|66|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|3200|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1788|m|abbr=on}} | islands = Kuwa ugu muhiimsan waa [[Tana Qirqos]], [[Daga Island|Jasiiradda Daga]], [[Dek Island|Jasiiradda Dek]], iyo [[Mitraha Island|Mitraha]] | cities = [[Bahir Dar]], [[Gorgora]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Tana''' ({{langx|am|ጣና ሐይቅ|T’ana ḥāyik’i}}; markii hore loo qori jiray '''Tsana'''{{sfn|Garstin|Cana|1911}}) waa [[lake|harada]] ugu weyn [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] isla markaana ah isha uu ka yimaado [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]]. Waxay ku taallaa [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]] ee waqooyiga-galbeed ee [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]], haradu waxay dhererkeedu gaaraa qiyaastii {{convert|84|km|mi|abbr=off}} halka ballaceeduna yahay {{convert|66|km|mi|abbr=off}}, iyadoo moolkeeda ugu sarreeya uu yahay {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=off}},<ref>{{cite book |title=Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia|year=1967–1968}}</ref> jooggeeduna yahay {{convert|1788|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Lake_Tana_source_of_the_Blue_Nile |title=Lake Tana, source of the Blue Nile |date=5 November 2004 |work=Observing the Earth |publisher=European Space Agency |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> Harada Tana waxaa quudiya webiyada [[Gilgel Abay]], [[Reb River|Reb]] iyo [[Gumara River|Gumara]]. Baaxadda dusha sare ee haradu waxay u dhaxeysaa {{convert|3000|to|3500|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, iyadoo taasi ay ku xiran tahay xilliga iyo da'itaanka roobka. Heerka biyaha harada waxaa la maamulayay tan iyo markii la dhisay [[weir|biya-xireenka]] koontaroolka ah ee goobta ay haradu uga shubanto Niilka Buluugga ah. Tani waxay koontarooshay qulqulka taga [[Blue Nile Falls|Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah]] (Tis Abbai) iyo saldhigga tamarta korontada ee biyaha laga dhaliyo. Sannadkii 2015, gobolka Harada Tana waxaa loo magacaabay [[UNESCO Biosphere Reserve]] (Kaydka Biosphere ee UNESCO) iyadoo loo aqoonsaday muhiimaddeeda dabiiciga ah iyo midda dhaqameed ee heer qaran iyo heer caalami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve |url=https://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=www.laketana-biosphere.com}}</ref> ==Dulmar Guud== [[File:Lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Muuqaallo laga dushay Harada Tana]] [[File:Island Church (2401612298).jpg|thumb|left|Kaniisadda Jasiiradda ee ku taal Harada Tana]] [[File:Zege Peninsula Tour Guide.jpg|thumb|left|Hage dalxiis oo deegaanka ah oo muujinaya sida loo garaaco dhagax si loogu muujiyo xilliyada cuntada ee kaniisad ku taal Jasiirad-yarada Zege]] [[File:Blue Nile.jpg|thumb|left|Bilowga webiga [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]] ee meesha uu ka baxo Harada Tana]] [[File:BahirDarResort.jpg|thumb|left|Huteel loo dalxiis tago oo ku yaal xeebta Harada Tana ee [[Bahir Dar]]]] Harada Tana waxay ku samaysantay hawlo foolkaano, kuwaas oo xannibay qulqulka webiyadii ku shubmi jiray bilowgii xilligii [[Pleistocene]], qiyaastii 5 milyan oo sano ka hor.<ref name="springer">{{Cite book |last1=Vijverberg |first1=Jacobus |title=The Nile |last2=Sibbing |first2=Ferdinand A. |last3=Dejen |first3=Eshete |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=163–192 |chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_9}}</ref> Haradu markii hore aad ayay uga weynayd sida ay maanta tahay. Toddoba webi oo waaweyn oo joogto ah ayaa quudiya harada iyo sidoo kale 40 webi oo yaryar oo xilliyeed ah. Webiyada ugu muhiimsan ee ku shubma harada waa Gilgel Abbay (Webiga Niilka Yar), iyo webiyada Megech, Gumara, iyo Rib.<ref name="springer"/> Harada Tana waxay leedahay dhowr jasiiradood, kuwaas oo tiradoodu ay isbeddesho iyadoo ku xiran heerka biyaha harada. Waxay hoos u dhacday qiyaastii {{convert|6|ft|m}} 400-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Sida laga soo xigtay [[Manuel de Almeida]], oo ahaa adeegayaal diimeed u dhashay [[Portugal]] bilowgii qarnigii 17-aad, waxaa jiray 21 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo todoba ama siddeed ka mid ah ay ku yaalleen kaniisado "markii hore waaweynaa, laakiin hadda aad u yaraaday."<ref name="Beckham"/> Markii [[James Bruce]] uu booqday aagga sannadkii 1771, wuxuu xusay in dadka deegaanka ay xisbiyeen 45 jasiiradood oo dad deggan yihiin, laakiin wuxuu sheegay inuu aaminsan yahay in "tiradu ay noqon karto qiyaastii kow iyo toban."<ref name="Beckham"/> Anton Stecker, sannadkii 1881, wuxuu sameeyay baaritaan faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan harada, isagoo awood u yeeshay inuu sameeyo khariidado si weyn u saxan,{{sfn |Garstin |Cana |1911}} wuxuuna xisbiyay 44 jasiiradood.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hayes |first=A.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h742AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 |title=The Source of the Blue Nile: A Record of a Journey Through the Soudan to Lake Tsana in Western Abyssinia, and of the Return to Egypt by the Valley of the Atbara |publisher=Smith, Elder & Company |year=1905 |page=73 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref> Juqraafi-yahan u dhashay qarnigii 20-aad ayaa magacaabay 37 jasiiradood, kuwaas oo uu aaminsanaa in 19 ka mid ah ay leeyihiin ama ku yaalleen kaniisado.<ref name="Beckham">{{cite book |last1=Beckham |first1=C. F. |title=Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593-1646 |last2=Huntingford |first2=G. W. B. |publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]] |year=1954 |series=Series 2 |location=London |page=35 and note |number=107}}</ref> Haraaga boqorradii hore ee [[List of emperors of Ethiopia|Itoobiya]] iyo hantida [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Masiixiyadda Ortodokska ee Itoobiya]] ayaa lagu keeydiyaa kaniisadaha jasiiradaha go'doonsan (ay ku jiraan [[Kebran Gabriel]], [[Ura Kidane Mehret]], [[Narga Selassie]], [[Daga Estifanos]], [[Medhane Alem]] ee [[Rema Island|Jasiiradda Rema]], Kota Maryam, iyo Mertola Maryam). Jasiiradda [[Tana Qirqos]] waxaa ku yaal dhagax loo muujiyay [[Paul B. Henze]], kaas oo loo sheegay inay [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Maryam]], oo ahayd hooyadii Ciise, ay ku nastay safarkeedii ay kaga soo laabatay [[Egypt|Masar]]; waxaa kale oo loo sheegay in [[Frumentius]], oo [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]] keenay Itoobiya, "la rabo in lagu aasay Tana Cherqos."<ref>{{cite book |last=Henze |first=Paul B. |author-link=Paul B. Henze |title=Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia |publisher=Palgrave |year=2000 |isbn=978-0312227197 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref> Maydka [[Yekuno Amlak]] waxaa lagu aasay kaniisadda St. Stephen ee ku taal [[Daga Island|Jasiiradda Daga]]. Boqorrada xabaalahoodu ay sidoo kale ku yaallaan Daga waxaa ka mid ah [[Dawit I]], [[Zara Yaqob]], [[Za Dengel]], iyo [[Fasilides]]. Jasiiradaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee ku yaal Harada Tana waxaa ka mid ah [[Dek Island|Dek]], [[Mitraha Island|Mitraha]], [[Gelila Zakarias]], [[Halimun]] iyo [[Briguida]]. Kaniisadaha waxaa la aaminsan yahay in la dhisay intii lagu guda jiray Waayadii Dhexe iyadoo laga dhisay goobo diimeed oo ka horreeyay. Waxaa ka mid ah kaniisaddii qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad ee [[Debre Maryam]], iyo tii qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad ee Narga Selassie, Tana Qirqos, oo la sheego inay ku jirtay [[Ark of the Covenant|Sanduuqa Axdiga]] ka hor intaan loo rarin [[Axum]], iyo Ura Kidane Mehret, oo loo yaqaan astaanteeda boqortooyo. Adeegga doonta wuxuu isku xiraa [[Bahir Dar]] iyo [[Gorgora]] iyadoo loo marayo Dek iyo tuulooyin dhowr ah oo xeebta harada ku yaal. Waxaa kale oo jira [[Zege Peninsula|Jasiirad-yarada Zege]] oo ku taal qaybta koonfur-galbeed ee harada. Zege waa goobta ay ku taallaa kaniisadda [[Azwa Maryam]]. Harada Tana waxay sidoo kale ahayd goob ay udub-dhexaad u ahayd bulshada [[Beta Israel]], iyadoo leh kaniisadaha kaliya ee Yuhuudda ee adduunka ku yaal,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kribus |first1=Bar |last2=Krebs |first2=Verena |date=2018 |title=Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) Monastic Sites North of Lake Tana Preliminary Results of an Exploratory Field Trip to Ethiopia in December 2015 |journal=Entangled Religion |volume=6 |pages=309–344 |doi=10.13154/er.v6.2018.309-344}}</ref> ka hor intaanay u [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|guurin dhanka Israa'iil]]. ==Astaamaha biyaha iyo daadadka== Marka la barbardhigo harooyinka kale ee kuleylaha ah, biyaha Harada Tana waa kuwo qabow, badanaana waxay u dhaxeeyaan qiyaastii {{cvt|20|to(-)|27|C|F}}. Biyuhu waxay leeyihiin [[pH]] dhexdhexaad ah ilaa mid xoogaa [[alkaline|asid daciif ah]] ah, sadiicaddooduna aad ayay u hoosaysaa.<ref name=Vijverberg2009>{{cite book| author1=Vijverberg, J. | author2=F.A. Sibbing | author3=E. Dejen | year=2009 | chapter=Lake Tana: Source of the Blue Nile | pages=163–193 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}</ref> Sababtoo ah isbeddelada xilliyeed ee waaweyn ee qulqulka webiyada ku shubma, roobka iyo uumi-baxa, heerarka biyaha Harada Tana caadi ahaan waxay isbeddelaan {{cvt|2-2.5|m|ft}} sannadkii, iyagoo gaara meeshii ugu sarreysay bishana Sebtembar–Oktoobar waxyar uun ka dib xilliga weyn ee roobka. Marka ay heerarka biyuhu sarreeyaan, bannaanka ku xeeran harada badanaa waa ay dadmaan, dhoobooyinka kale ee joogtada ah ee gobolkana waxay ku xidmaan harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ==Dhirta xayawaanka== [[File:Lily pads, Lake Tana.jpg|thumb|Dhirta lily-ga oo sabaynaysa u dhow xeebta Harada Tana]] Maadaama aysan jirin qulqulo biyo oo isku xira harada iyo marinada kale ee waaweyn, iyo meesha ugu weyn ee ay biyuhu uga baxaan, oo ah [[Blue Nile|Niilka Buluugga ah]], uu xannibay [[Blue Nile Falls|Shubanka Niilka Buluugga ah]], haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaanka biyaha ku nool oo aad u gaar ah, kaas oo guud ahaan la xiriira noocyada ka yimaada [[Nile Basin|Dooxada Niilka]].<ref name=FEOW>{{cite web |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |year=2008 |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |title=Lake Tana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203717/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=526 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> Heerarka nafaqada ee haradu waa kuwo hooseeya.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Kalluun=== Waxaa jira 27 nooc oo kalluun ah oo ku dhex jira Harada Tana, 20 ka mid ahna waa kuwo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Tani waxaa ku jira mid ka mid ah labada kooxood ee kaliya ee la yaqaan ee noocyada [[cyprinid]] (midka kale, oo ka yimid [[Lake Lanao]] ee Filibiin, waxaa baabi'iyay noocyo kale oo lagu soo kordhiyay). Waxay ka kooban tahay 15 nooc oo dhererkoodu weyn yahay oo gaaraya ilaa {{convert|1|m|abbr=on}}, kuwaas oo ah kalluunka loogu yeero ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' barbs oo markii hore lagu dari jiray ''[[Barbus]]''.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name="barbs1">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Dejen |first2=Eshete |last3=Sibbing |first3=Ferdinand A. |last4=Osse |first4=Jan W. M. |year=2000 |title=''Barbus tanapelagius'', A New Species from Lake Tana (Ethiopia): its Morphology and Ecology |journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1023/A:1007608208630 |bibcode=2000EnvBF..59....1D }}</ref> Waxaa ka mid ah, ''[[Labeobarbus acutirostris|L. acutirostris]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus longissimus|L. longissimus]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus megastoma|L. megastoma]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus truttiformis|L. truttiformis]]'' oo ah kuwo si adag [[piscivorous|kalluunka u cuna]], halka ''[[Labeobarbus dainellii|L. dainellii]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus gorguari|L. gorguari]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus macrophtalmus|L. macrophtalmus]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus platydorsus|L. platydorsus]]'' ay inta badan yihiin kuwa kalluunka cuna.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Ugaadhkooda ugu muhiimsan waa noocyada yaryar ee ''[[Enteromius]]'' iyo ''[[Garra]]''.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=barbs1/><ref name="barbs2">{{cite journal |last1=de Graaf |first1=Martin |last2=Megens |first2=Hendrik-Jan |last3=Samallo |first3=Johannis |last4=Sibbing |first4=Ferdinand |year=2007 |title=Evolutionary origin of Lake Tana's (Ethiopia) small Barbus species: indications of rapid ecological divergence and speciation |journal=Animal Biology |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=39–48 |doi=10.1163/157075607780002069}}</ref> Noocyada kale ee ''Labeobarbus'' ee ku jira Harada Tana waxay leeyihiin caadooyin kale oo quudin oo gaar ah: ''[[African scraping feeder|L. beso]]'' (ma aha mid u gaar ah harada, si dhowona uma xirna kuwa kale) wuxuu ku quustaa [[algae|ajyad]], ''[[Labeobarbus surkis|L. surkis]]'' wuxuu inta badan quustaa [[macrophytes|dhirtada biyaha]], ''[[Labeobarbus gorgorensis|L. gorgorensis]]'' dhirtada biyaha iyo [[mollusc|argoosatada]], ''[[Labeobarbus brevicephalus|L. brevicephalus]]'' wuxuu quustaa [[zooplankton]] (si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhalada dhammaan xubnaha kooxdan waxay ku quustaan zooplankton), ''[[Labeobarbus osseensis|L. osseensis]]'' dhirtada biyaha iyo cayayaanka waaweyn, iyo ''[[Labeobarbus crassibarbis|L. crassibarbis]]'', ''[[Labeobarbus intermedius|L. intermedius]]'' (ma aha mid u gaar ah laakiin si dhow ayay u xiriiraan kuwa kale), ''[[Labeobarbus nedgia|L. nedgia]]'' iyo ''[[Labeobarbus tsanensis|L. tsanensis]]'' waxay ku quustaan xayawaanka aan laf-dhabarta lahayn ee gunta degan sida dirxiga [[chironomid]]. Noocyada u gaarka ah ee ''Labeobarbus'', siddeed nooc ayaa ku tarma dhoobada harada, kuwa harayna waxay xilliyeed ugu guuraan webiyada ku shubma halkaas oo ay ku tarmaan.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Nidaamka noocyada ''Labeobarbus'' sokow, noocyada u gaarka ah harada waxaa ka mid ah ''[[Enteromius pleurogramma]]'', ''[[Enteromius tanapelagius|E. tanapelagius]]'', ''[[Garra regressus]]'' iyo ''[[Afronemacheilus abyssinicus]]'' (oo ah mid ka mid ah labada nooc ee kaliya ee Afrikaanka ah ee [[Nemacheilidae|loach-ka dhagaxa]]). Noocyada kale ee aan u gaarka ahayn waxaa ka mid ah [[Nile tilapia|tilapia-ha Niilka]] (oo ku baahsan Afrika, laakiin leh nooc hoos yimaada oo u gaar ah harada oo loogu yeero ''tana''), ''[[Enteromius humilis|E. humilis]]'', ''[[Garra dembecha|G. dembecha]]'', ''[[Garra dembeensis|G. dembeensis]]'' iyo kalluunka weyn ee [[African sharptooth catfish|kalluunka shamiitada ee Afrika]].<ref name=Vijverberg2009/><ref name=FEOW/> ===Kalluumeysiga iyo hanjabaadaha=== [[File:ET Amhara asv2018-02 img063 Lake Tana at Gorgora.jpg|thumb|Noocyo kala duwan oo ''[[Labeobarbus]]'' iyo [[African sharptooth catfish]] ah oo laga soo qabtay harada]] Harada Tana waxay taageertaa warshad weyn oo [[Fishing in Ethiopia|kalluumeysi]], taas oo inta badan ku salaysan kalluunka ''Labeobarbus'', tilapia-ha Niilka iyo kalluunka shamiitada. Sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumeysiga iyo Beeraha Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 1,454 tan oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo dejiyay sannadkii 2011 magaalada [[Bahir Dar]], taas oo ay waaxdu ku qiyaastay inay tahay 15% tirada la waari karo.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=20080228033847 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=28 February 2008 }}, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), January 2003</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay oo lagu barbardhigay qabashada sannadkii 2001 iyo tii toban sano ka hor, waxaa la ogaaday in baaxadda caadiga ah ee labada nooc ee tilapia iyo kalluunka shamiitada ay si weyn hoos ugu dhacday, tirada ''Labeobarbus'' ee ku taran jiray webiyada ku shubma haradana ay si weyn u yaraatay.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Kalluunka u gaarka ah harada, inta badan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay halis ku jiraan ([[Endangered species|halis ku jira]] ama [[Vulnerable species|u nugul halis]]) ama [[data deficient|xogtoodu ay dhiman tahay]] (xogta la heli karo aysan ku filnayn in lagu qiimeeyo xaaladdooda) marka loo eego [[IUCN]].<ref>{{cite web | year=2019 | title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/ | publisher=IUCN | access-date=18 November 2019 }}</ref> Bilowgii sannadihii 2000, dawladda deegaanka ayaa markii ugu horreysay soo bandhigtay sharciyada kalluumeysiga waxaana rajaynayaa inay taasi saameyn togan ku yeelan doonto tirada kalluunka.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Halisaha kale ee halista ah waa burburinta deegaanka iyo wasakhaynta. [[Bahir Dar]] waxay noqotay magaalo weyn waxayna u koreysaa si degdeg ah; [[wastewater|biyahooda wasakhda ah]] guud ahaan waxaa si toos ah loogu sii daayaa harada.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Dhirta ku taal dhoobada harada, oo ah meel muhiim u ah dhalmada ''Labeobarbus'' iyo kalluunka kale, waxaa lagu nadiifinayaa xawaare sare. Khatarta weyn ee ku tasi karta nidaamka deegaanka ee gaarka ah waxay noqon kartaa [[Introduced species|soo kordhinta]] nooc ugaarsi weyn oo waxtar leh sida [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Biyaha Niilka]], kaas oo sababay dabar-goyn dhowr nooc ah oo ka dhacday [[Lake Victoria|Harada Victoria]]. Kalluunka ''Labeobarbus'' ee cuna kalluunka kale ee ku jira Harada Tana waa kuwo aan waxtar weyn u lahayn ugaadhsiga kuwaas oo kaliya cuni kara kalluunka gaaraya ilaa 15% dhererka ugaadhsadaha laftiisa.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ===Other fauna=== [[File: Pelicans on the lake Tana, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|[[Great white pelican|Shimbiraha pelican-ka]] oo jooga Harada Tana]] Xayawaanka kale ee deegaanka ka midka ah, haradu waxay taageertaa xayawaan aan laf-dhabar lahayn oo aad u yar: Waxaa jira shan iyo toban nooc oo [[mollusk|argoosato]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan mid u gaar ah harada, iyo sidoo kale [[sponge|isbuunyo]] biyaha macaan ah oo u gaar ah harada.<ref name=FEOW/> Qiyaastii 230 nooc ooshimbirrood ah, oo ay ku jiraan wax ka badan 80 shimbiraha dhoobada ah sida [[great white pelican|pelican-ka cad ee weyn]], [[African darter]], [[hamerkop]], [[stork|shimbiraha hawaalraaca]], [[African spoonbill]], [[ibis]], [[duck|banaas]], [[kingfisher|shimbiraha kalluunbiyadka]] iyo [[African fish eagle|gorgorka kalluunka Afrika]], ayaa laga yaqaan Harada Tana.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> Waa goob muhiim u ah nasashada iyo quudinta shimbiraha biyaha ee ka soo guura deegaanka [[Palearctic]].<ref name=FEOW/> Ma jiraan [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]], laakiin [[African softshell turtle|diinka qolofka jilicsan ee Afrika]] iyo [[Nile monitor|goodirka Niilka]] ayaa laga diiwaangeliyay meel u dhow meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah uga baxo harada.<ref>Largen and Spawls (2010). ''The Amphibians and Reptiles of Ethiopia and Eritrea.'' {{ISBN|978-3-89973-466-9}}</ref> [[Hippo|Jeerta]] waa ay joogtaa, inta badanna waxay ku dhowdahay meesha uu Niilka Buluugga ah ka baxo.<ref name=Vijverberg2009/> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ===Shaqooyinka la soo xigtay=== * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tsana|volume=27|pages=347-348|first1=William Edmund|last1=Garstin|first2=Frank Richardson|last2=Cana}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|Lake Tana}} *[http://www.laketana-biosphere.com/ Homepage of Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve] *[https://en.nabu.de/projects/ethiopia/tana/index.html Lake Tana project webpage of The Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU e.V.)] *[http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ Lake Tana project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ |date=20160303223747 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223747/http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/iges/research-groups/quaternary/palaeoecology-laboratory/lake-tana/ |date=3 March 2016 }} at [[Aberystwyth University]] *[http://www.galenfrysinger.com/blue_nile_ethiopia.htm Photographs of the lake] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040913205524/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D2511%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Unesco plan for Lake T'ana] *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20031127223905/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8568 LakeNet Profile]}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090701031152/http://www.impetusinmundum.de/documentation/Album.html?Bildliste=5a0c198f-5a0c19cc&Region=Lake+Tana Pictures from Lake Tana and the Monasteries] {{Authority control}} fertdb5yso1gpux1u04x5qws7enqcir 0 48376 300514 300364 2026-07-01T01:26:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Langano | image = Ethiopia - Lake Langano.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = Ethiopia_central_lakes.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|7|36|N|38|43|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|230|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|46|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1,585|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Langano in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Langano''' ([[Oromo language|Oromo]]: ''Hora Langaanoo'', [[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ላንጋኖ ሐይቅ) waa haro ku taal [[Oromia Region|Gobolka Oromia]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]], qiyaastii 200 oo kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed ee caasimadda [[Addis Ababa]] marka loo maro jidka weyn, waxayna ku taal xadka u dhexeeya [[East Shewa Zone|Aagga Bari ee Shewa]] iyo [[Arsi Zone|Aagga Arsi]].<ref>Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopia to the Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', '''20''' (October 1902), pp. 373–398</ref> Waxay dhanka bari ka xigtaa [[Lake Abijatta|Harada Abijatta]] ee ku taal [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]] iyadoo jooggeedu yahay 1,585 mitir. ==Dulmar Guud== [[File:Sunrise over Langano, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|left|Qorrax ka soo baxa Harada Langano.]] [[File:Lake Langano in Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|263px|Harada Langano]] Sida laga soo xigtay tirokoobyada ay daabacday [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Wakaaladda Dhexe ee Tirokoobka]], Harada Langano waxay dhererkeedu yahay 18 kiiloomitir halka ballaceeduna yahay 16&nbsp;km, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 230 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 46 mitir.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm CSA 2005 National Statistics] {{Wayback|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm |date=20081008012742 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731152750/http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm |date=2008-07-31 }}, Table A.2</ref> Aagga qabashada biyaha ee haradu waa 1,600 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, waxaana biyaha ka qaada webiga Hora Kallo oo ku shubma harada ku dhow ee [[Lake Abijatta]].<ref>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 159</ref> Maadaama ay ka madax banaan tahay xanuunka [[Schistosomiasis|Bilharzia]] (schistosomiasis), marka loo barbardhigo dhammaan harooyinka kale ee biyaha macaan ee Itoobiya, Harada Langano waxay caan ku tahay dalxiisayaasha iyo dadka magaalada deggan. Haradu waxay leedahay midab bunni ah, marka hore ee aad aragto waxaad u malayn kartaa inaysan nadiif ahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrintu saas ma aha, sababta midabkan keentay waa badnaanta macdanta ay ka mid tahay salferta sare, taas oo dad badan ku dhalisay inay aaminaan in biyaha haradu ay leeyihiin sifooyin caafimaad. Waxaa ku xeeran harada dhowr goobood oo loo dalxiis tago, ciyaaraha biyaha na waa kuwo caan ah. Waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo duurjoog ah oo jooga hareeraha harada, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin [[Hippopotamus|jeerta]] (naadir ah), [[monkey|daayeerrada]], [[baboon|ganyada]], [[warthog|doofaarka duurka]], iyo shimbiro aad u tiro badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aagga ku xeeran harada waxaa si weyn looga jaray dhirtii, waxaana deegaanka ku dhow deggan xoolo-dhaqato badan. Laba dhulgariir ayaa xorun-dhexe u ahaa haradan, kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu dhacay 1906 (isagoo cabbirkiisu ahaa 6.8 cabbirka Richter), kii labaadna wuxuu dhacay 1985 (cabbirkiisuna wuxuu ahaa 6.2).<ref>[http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/EarthquakeHazard_ET.htm "Earthquake Risks in Addis Ababa and other Major Ethiopian Cities – Will the Country be Caught Off-guarded?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/EarthquakeHazard_ET.htm |date=20100225123630 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225123630/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/EarthquakeHazard_ET.htm |date=2010-02-25 }} by Dr. Samuel Kinde, published March 2002 (accessed 4 June 2008)</ref> Dhulgariirkii 1906 ka dib, waxaa jasiiradda Edo Laki oo ku taal qaybta waqooyi ee harada ka samaysmay ilo-biyood kulul oo dhererkiisu yahay 25–30&nbsp;m (geyser). Ilo-biyoodkaas wuxuu dabar-go'ay qiyaastii 1966 – 1970, wuxuuna ka tagay ilo biyo kulul oo caadi ah. ==Cimilada== {{Weather box|width=auto |metric first=y |single line=y |collapsed = Y |location = Harada Langano, joogga {{convert|1600|m|ft|abbr=on}} |Jan high C = 26.3 |Feb high C = 27.2 |Mar high C = 28.5 |Apr high C = 28.7 |May high C = 27.2 |Jun high C = 26.6 |Jul high C = 24.6 |Aug high C = 25.7 |Sep high C = 26.0 |Oct high C = 26.5 |Nov high C = 26.2 |Dec high C = 25.8 | year high C = |Jan mean C = 20.0 |Feb mean C = 19.8 |Mar mean C = 20.7 |Apr mean C = 21.7 |May mean C = 21.2 |Jun mean C = 20.7 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 20.1 |Sep mean C = 20.1 |Oct mean C = 19.6 |Nov mean C = 18.7 |Dec mean C = 18.2 | year mean C = |Jan low C = 13.6 |Feb low C = 12.5 |Mar low C = 13.1 |Apr low C = 14.8 |May low C = 15.1 |Jun low C = 14.8 |Jul low C = 14.5 |Aug low C = 14.5 |Sep low C = 14.1 |Oct low C = 12.6 |Nov low C = 11.1 |Dec low C = 10.6 | year low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 25 |Feb precipitation mm = 12 |Mar precipitation mm = 35 |Apr precipitation mm = 26 |May precipitation mm = 53 |Jun precipitation mm = 87 |Jul precipitation mm = 113 |Aug precipitation mm = 75 |Sep precipitation mm = 58 |Oct precipitation mm = 13 |Nov precipitation mm = 8 |Dec precipitation mm = 5 |year precipitation mm = | Jan humidity = 50 | Feb humidity = 48 | Mar humidity = 50 | Apr humidity = 58 | May humidity = 62 | Jun humidity = 64 | Jul humidity = 68 | Aug humidity = 67 | Sep humidity = 68 | Oct humidity = 65 | Nov humidity = 60 | Dec humidity = 54 | year humidity = | source 1 = [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]<ref name=FAO>{{cite web | url = https://www.fao.org/land-water/land/land-governance/land-resources-planning-toolbox/category/details/fr/c/1028000/ | title = World-wide Agroclimatic Data of FAO (FAOCLIM) | publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations | access-date = 22 June 2025}}</ref> }} ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://www.naturesoundmap.com/listing/evening-lake-langano/ Late Evening on Lake Langano Nature Soundscape] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Langano}} 77jrfetoqm8jg1hvbrrxw2b7x3gd3mc 0 48382 300501 300377 2026-07-01T01:17:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Chamo | image = Lake Chamo 01.jpg | caption = Harada Chamo oo laga arkay [[Arba Minch]] | image_bathymetry = Chamomap.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|5|50|N|37|33|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|317|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|14|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1110|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Chamo in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Chamo''' ([[Amharic language|Amharic]]: ቻሞ ሐይቅ) waa [[lake|haro]] ku taalla [[South Ethiopia Regional State|Dawlad Deegaanka Koonfurta Itoobiya]] ee koonfurta [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taalla [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]], jooggeeduna wuxuu yahay 1,110 mitir. Harada Chamo waxay si sax ah dhanka koonfureed kaga beegan tahay [[Lake Abaya|Harada Abaya]] iyo magaalada [[Arba Minch]], dhanka bari ee [[Guge Mountains|Buuraha Guge]], iyo dhanka galbeed ee [[Amaro Mountains|Buuraha Amaro]]. ==Dulmar Guud== Darafka waqooyi ee Harada Chamo wuxuu ku dhex yaal [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]]. Sida laga soo xigtay tirokoobyada ay daabacday [[Central Statistical Agency (Ethiopia)|Wakaaladda Dhexe ee Tirokoobka]], waxay dhererkeedu yahay 32 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 13, iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 317 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 14 mitir, iyadoo baaxadda dhulka biyaha qaada uu yahay qiyaastii 18,757 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref>[http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf "Water Resources and Irrigation Development in Ethiopia - IWMI"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf |date=20110718023957 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023957/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/publications/Working_Papers/working/WP123.pdf |date=18 July 2011 }}, Table 3. Basic hydrological data of lakes and reservoirs of Ethiopia. (accessed 2 July 2011)</ref><ref>Google Earth</ref> Illo kale ayaa sheegaya inay ku taal joog dhan 1,235 mitir, dhererkeedu yahay 26&nbsp;km, ballaceeduna yahay 22&nbsp;km, baaxaddeeduna tahay 551 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, iyadoo dhulka biyaha qaada uu yahay 2,220 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran, moolka ugu sarreeyana uu yahay 10 mitir.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 |date=13 November 2010 }}, Table A.2. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> Harada waxaa ku xeeran dhul-bageed ay ku baxdo dhirta ''[[Typha]]'', iyo sidoo kale dhulal qoyan. Waxaa quudiya [[Kulfo River|Webiga Kulfo]] iyo dhowr durdurro oo yaryar, iyo sidoo kale biyaha ka dhasha buuxdhaafka [[Lake Abaya|Harada Abaya]] ee uu u soo gudbiyo Webiga Ualo.<ref name=directory>Robert Mepham, R. H. Hughes, and J. S. Hughes, [https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PP1 ''A directory of African wetlands''], (Cambridge: IUCN, UNEP and WCMC, 1992), p. 163</ref> [[Oscar Rudolph Neumann|Oscar Neumann]], oo sahamiyay aaggan sannadkii 1901, wuxuu helay kanaal engegan oo ku xira Harada Chamo iyo [[Sagan River|Webiga Sagan]], taas oo ku dhalisay inuu gunaanado in haradu ay ku darsanto Webiga Sagan sannadaha ay roobabka waaweyn da'aan.<ref>Oscar Neumann, "From the Somali Coast through Southern Ethiopian to the Sudan", ''Geographical Journal'', '''20''' (October 1902), pp. 373–398</ref> Duurjoogta waxaa ka mid ah malaayda sida kuluunka [[Bagrus docmak]] iyo [[Nile perch|kalluunka Nile perch]], iyo sidoo kale [[hippopotamus|jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodile|yaxaaska Niilka]].<ref name=directory/> == Sawiro == <gallery> File:Lake Chamo 03.jpg|Dusha harada File:Crocodylus niloticus in Lake Chamo 01.jpg|[[Nile crocodile|Yaxaaska Niilka]] File:Hippopotamus amphibius in Lake Chamo 05.jpg|[[Hippopotamus|Jeer]] File:LakeChamoPelicans.jpg|[[Pelicans|Shimbiraha xeebta (Pelicans)]] </gallery> ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713194759/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr007.html ILEC Database entry for Lake Chamo] 7ktg89haiw0in0xkjuocn1d6qxqykjt 0 48386 300498 300381 2026-07-01T01:15:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Ardibbo | image = 39.75382E 11.29257 HaykseeN.png | caption = Harada Ardibbo (hoos) iyo Harada Hayq (kore) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Tehuledere]], [[Debub Wollo Zone|Aagga Koonfurta Wollo]], [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]] | coords = {{coord|11|14|N|39|45|E|region:ET_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ardibbo in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Ardibbo''' waa [[lake|haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taalla [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhanka waqooyi ka xigtaa [[Dessie]], iyadoo ku taal [[Debub Wollo Zone|Aagga Koonfurta Wollo]] ee [[Amhara Region|Gobolka Amhara]]. Waxay qiyaastii shan kiiloomitir dhanka koonfur-bari ka xigtaa [[Lake Hayq|Harada Hayq]]; labada haro na waxay ku yaallaan [[Tehuledere]] [[woreda]]. Haradan baaxaddeedu waxay ka yar tahay Harada Hayq, waxayna ku dhex shubantaa Hayq iyadoo sii marta [[Anchercah River|Webiga Anchercah]].<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=525 "525: Ethiopian Highlands"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=525 |date=20110726054232 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726054232/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=525 |date=2011-07-26 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} 2ycvcgpd129kju926a2qhi70rhqlxw7 0 48387 300494 300385 2026-07-01T01:15:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Afrera | image = ET Afar asv2018-01 img113 Afdera.jpg | alt = Photograph of the lake with a beach in the foreground | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]] | coords = {{coord|13|17|N|40|55|E|region:ET_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Eritrea, Ethiopia | length = | width = | area = {{convert|114.8|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|20.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|2.4|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{Convert|-112|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Franchetti Island]] | cities = | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} '''Harada Afrera''' (Af-Talyaaniga '''Lake Giuletti''') waa [[hypersaline lake|haro aad u cusbo badan]] oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay ku taal [[Kilbet Rasu]], [[Afar Region|Gobolka Afar]], waana mid ka mid ah harooyinka [[Danakil Depression|Hogga Danakil]]. Waxay leedahay baaxad dusha sare ah oo dhan {{Convert|117|km2|mi2|0|abbr=on}} waxayna haysaa 2.4 km³ oo [[brine|biyo cusbo leh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schaegis |first1=Jean-Charles |last2=Rime |first2=Valentin |last3=Kidane |first3=Tesfaye |last4=Mosar |first4=Jon |last5=Gebru |first5=Ermias Filfilu |last6=Atnafu |first6=Balemwal |last7=Foubert |first7=Anneleen |date=2021-07-01 |title=Novel Bathymetry of Lake Afdera Reveals Fault Structures and Volcano-Tectonic Features of an Incipient Transform Zone (Afar, Ethiopia) |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |language=English |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/feart.2021.706643 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021FrEaS...9..530S |issn=2296-6463}}</ref> Moolka ugu sarreeya ee Harada Afdera waa 80 m dhanka baasinka waqooyi iyo 76 m dhanka baasinka koonfureed.<ref name=":0" /> Ma jiro webi weyn oo biyaha ka qaada harada. Waxaa quudiya [[Hot spring|Isha biyo kulul]] oo ku yaal hareeraha xeebaha harada.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonatti |first1=Enrico |last2=Gasperini |first2=Elia |last3=Vigliotti |first3=Luigi |last4=Lupi |first4=Luca |last5=Vaselli |first5=Orlando |last6=Polonia |first6=Alina |last7=Gasperini |first7=Luca |date=2017-05-01 |title=Lake Afrera, a structural depression in the Northern Afar Rift (Red Sea) |journal=Heliyon |language=English |volume=3 |issue=5 |article-number=e00301 |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00301 |doi-access=free |issn=2405-8440 |pmc=5443967 |pmid=28560355|bibcode=2017Heliy...300301B }}</ref> Waxaa kale oo loo yaqaannaa '''Harada Giulietti''', oo ah magac uu [[Raimondo Franchetti]] u bixiyay ka dib markii sahamiyihii [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] ahaa ee [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]] ay ku dileen dadka [[Afar people|Cifarta]] ah dhanka koonfur-galbeed ee harada.<ref>Jon Kalb, ''Adventures in the Bone Trade'' (New York: Copernicus Books, 2001), p. 72</ref> Magaca kale ee jirkan biyaha ah waa '''Harada Egogi''' (ama '''Egogi Bad'''), kaas oo ah magac uu siiyay hagahii reer Afar ee [[L. M. Nesbitt]] markii sahamiyaha Talyaaniga ahaa uu noqday qofkii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub ah ee arka sannadkii 1928.<ref>Nesbitt, ''Hell-Hole of Creation: The Exploration of Abyssinian Danakil'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1935), p. 337</ref> Jasiiradda keliya ee ku taal Harada Afrera, [[Franchetti Island]] (oo kale loo yaqaanno "Deset"), oo ku taal qaybta koonfureed ee harada, waxaa loo tixgeliyaa jasiiradda ugu hooseysa adduunka.<ref>Philip Briggs, ''Ethiopia: The Bradt Travel Guide'', 5th edition (Chalfont St Peters: Bradt, 2009), p. 314</ref> Si dhow ula mid ah harooyinka kale ee cusbada leh ee Itoobiya (tusaale, Harooyinka [[Lake Abijatta|Abijatta]], [[Lake Shala|Shala]], iyo [[Lake Chitu|Chitu]]), pH-ka Harada Afrera waa mid hooseeya oo ku jira heerka aashitada. In kasta oo wax yar la darsay, dhowr nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa ku nool Harada Afrera, oo ay ku jiraan laba [[Endemism|waddani ah]]: ''[[Danakilia franchettii]]'' (nooc [[cichlid]] ah) iyo ''[[Aphaniops stiassnyae]]'' ([[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Lebias stiassnyae''; nooc [[pupfish]] ah).<ref>[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 "527: Western Red Sea Drainages"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 |date=20111005203746 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005203746/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=527 |date=2011-10-05 }}, Freshwater ecosystems of the world website (accessed 11 November 2009)</ref> == Soo saarista milixda == [[File:Ethiopie-Lac salé Afdera (8).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cusbo taal xeebta Harada Afrera]] [[Rock salt|Cusbada dhagaxda]] ayaa laga qodi jiray Harada Afrera, iyo qaybta ku xeeran ee [[Afar Depression|Hogga Afar]], muddo qarniyo ah. Lt. Lefebvre ayaa qoray qaar ka mid ah khataraha hortaagan qodista cusbada ee Hogga, kuwaas oo uu ka maqlay mid ka mid ah miino-baarayaasha laftiisa: <blockquote>Wuxuu sheegay in haradani ay inta badan beddesho qaabkeeda iyo meesheeda, taas oo uu ku sheegay ereyadan: haradu way guurtaa. Inta badan, ayuu raaciyay, marka aad tagto meel fiidkii hore aad u adkayd, waxaad si lama filaan ah u dhex jabi kartaa, oo waxaad ku dhex lumi kartaa moolka dheer. Laakiin waxa ka sii cabsi badan waa buuxdhaafka biyaha: mararka qaarkood haradu waxay u kacdaa jidka buur oo kale, waxayna ku soo dhacdaa dhulka siman sidii daad weyn; safarrada oo dhan, dad iyo duunyo ba waa la dhex liqaa. Waxaa jira, si kastaba ha ahaatee, calaamado hordhac ah, kuwaas oo kaliya dadka fardooleyda ah ay ka faa'iidaysan karaan, iyagoo ku cararaya xawaaraha ugu sarreeya ee xayawaanka; marmar qaar ka mid ah ayaa sidaas ku baxsaday, waana iyaga kuwa laga helay faahfaahintan xun.<ref>Henry James, ''Routes in Abyssinia; Presented to the house of Commons, in pursuance of their Address dated November 26, 1867'' (London, 1867), p. 200</ref></blockquote> [[File:ET Afar asv2018-01 img114 Afdera.jpg|thumb|right|Wax-soo-saarka cusbada ee Harada Afrera]] Dhowaanahan, [[Ethiopian Mineral Resources Development Enterprise|Shirkadda Horumarinta Khayraadka Macdanta ee Itoobiya]] waxay xaqiijisay jiritaanka 290 milyan oo tan oo cusbo ah Harada Afrera kaligeed. Qaar ka mid ah shirkadaha maxalliga ah ayaa caado u lahaa inay cusbada ka soo saaraan harada iyagoo ku shubaya [[brine|biyaha cusbada leh]] barkado macmal ah si ay u uumi-baxaan ka dibna ay u weeysoobaan.<ref>[http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html Current Exploration and Mining] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422062521/http://www.geology.gov.et/current%20exploration%20and%20mining.html |date=2007-04-22 }}, Geological Survey of Ethiopia Web Page (accessed 26 January 2009)</ref> Ka dib [[2011 Nabro eruption|gullgankii volcano ee Nabro ee 2011]], harada waxaa ku wasaxoobay [[sulfuric acid|asidhka sulfuriigga]], taas oo ka dhigtay cusbada mid aan la cuni karin.<ref name="addisfortune">{{Cite news|title=Eritrean Volcano Erupts Economic Mayhem for Ethiopia|first=Mahlet|last=Mesfin|work=[[Addis Fortune]] |url=http://www.addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|date= June 12, 2011|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623142440/http://addisfortune.com/Eritrean%20Volcano%20Erupts%20Economic%20Mayhem%20for%20Ethiopia.htm|archive-date=June 23, 2011}}</ref> == Juqraafiga == Hogga ay buuxisay Harada Afdera waxaa sameeyay dillaacyo u jeeda dhowr jiho oo isku xira [[Erta Ale Range|Silsiladda Fulkaanaha ee Erta Ale]], silsiladda fulkaanaha ee [[Tat Ali|Tat'Ali]], iyo silsiladda fulkaanaha ee Alayta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, hog wareegsan oo ku yaal baasinka koonfureed ayaa loo fasiray inay suurtogal tahay inay u taagan tahay [[caldera|god fulkaano]].<ref name=":0" /> == Isha biyaha == Harada Afdera waxaa quudiya ilo biyo kulul oo aad u tiro badan oo ku hareeraysan harada<ref name=":1" /> iyo, suurtogalnimada, ilo ka hooseeya biyaha dhexdiisa. Biyaha harada Afdera waa [[Saline water|kuwo cusbo leh]] laakiin kama yimaadaan [[sea|badda]]. Biyaha qaaradda waxay ku heleen [[salinity|cusbada]] falcelinnada [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal]] ee ay la galeen [[Evaporite|evaporites]] iyo [[Basalt|basalts]] dhulka hoostiisa.<ref name=":1" /> Heerka haradu wuxuu si weyn isu beddelay tobankii kun ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Intii lagu jiray [[African humid period|Xilligii Qoyaanka ee Afrika]], heerka haradu wuxuu ahaa 50m ka sarreeya kan maanta wuxuuna daboolay aag aad u weyn.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gasse |first=Françoise |date=January 1974 |title=Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |journal=Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=95–122 |doi=10.1002/iroh.19740590112 |bibcode=1974IRH....59...95G |issn=0020-9309|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Tan iyo sannaddadii 1960-aadkii heerka haradu wuxuu si joogto ah u ahaa mid isbedbeddela,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nanis |first1=Hafid |last2=Aly |first2=Mohamed H. |date=2020-07-03 |title=Desegregation of remote sensing and GIS to characterize fluctuations in the surface water area of Afar Lakes, Ethiopia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |journal=Geocarto International |language=en |volume=35 |issue=9 |pages=976–990 |doi=10.1080/10106049.2018.1559884 |bibcode=2020GeoIn..35..976N |issn=1010-6049|url-access=subscription }}</ref> laakiin isbeddelladani waxay u dhowdaan inay ka yaraayeen hal mitir oo dhexroor ah.<ref name=":0" /> Tani waxay muujinaysaa in heerka harada laga maamulo [[climate|cimilada]] iyo [[Precipitation|roobabka]] ka da'a [[Ethiopian Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Itoobiya]] ama [[Danakil Alps|Alps-ka Danakil]]. [[File:Lake Afdera Drone view.jpg|center|thumb|700x700px|Muuqaalka Drone-ka ee Harada Afdera, oo muujinaya barkadaha cusbada iyo fulkaanaha ku xeeran.]] ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist|25em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Afrera}} 4yj3fxg2dmfbfiwjnal0slwoo0bs6ev 0 48390 300493 300388 2026-07-01T01:15:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Abaya | image =Lake Abaya, Arba Minch (6194081486).jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = Chamomap.jpg | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|6|26|N|37|53|E|region:ET|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Bilate River|Webiga Bilaate]]<br />[[Gidabo River|Webiga Gidabo]]<br />[[Gelana River|Webiga Gelaana]] | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Ethiopia | length = {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|1162|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|7.1|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|13.1|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|8.2|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1175|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = [[Arba Minch]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Ethiopia | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Abaya in Ethiopia. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} [[File:Lake Abaya.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Harada Abaya oo laga arkay tuulada Dorze. Dhanka midig ee fog waxaa laga arki karaa [[Arba Minch]] iyo [[Lake Chamo|Harada Chamo]]. Labada haro inta u dhaxeysa waa [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]].]] '''Harada Abaya''' ([[Amharic]]: አባያ ሐይቅ) waa haro ku taalla [[South Ethiopia Regional State|Dawlad Deegaanka Koonfurta Itoobiya]] ee [[Ethiopia|Itoobiya]]. Waxay dhacdaa [[Main Ethiopian Rift|Riftiga Weyn ee Itoobiya]], dhanka bari ee [[Guge (mountain)|Buurta Guge]]. Magaalada [[Arba Minch]] waxay ku taal xeebteeda koonfur-galbeed, xeebaha koonfureedna waxay qayb ka yihiin [[Nechisar National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nechisar]]. Si sax ah dhanka koonfureed waxaa ku taal [[Lake Chamo|Harada Chamo]]. Dhul-daaqsimeedka [[Savanna]], oo u caan ah [[wildlife|duurjoogta]] iyo [[birdlife|shimbiraha]], ayaa ku xeeran harada, taas oo sidoo kale ay ka kalluumaystaan dadka deegaanka. Sida laga soo xigtay Waaxda Kalluumaysiga iyo Tacliinta Biyaha ee Itoobiya, 412 [[tonne|tan]] oo kalluun ah ayaa la soo saaraa sannad kasta, taas oo waaxdu ay ku qiyaastay inay tahay 69% qaddarkeeda waara.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm "Information on Fisheries Management in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=20080228033847 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228033847/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/ETH/body.htm |date=2008-02-28 }} (report dated January, 2003)</ref> Harada Abaya waxay dhererkeedu yahay 60 kiiloomitir ballaceeduna waa 20,<ref>''Statistical Abstract of Ethiopia for 1967/68''</ref> iyadoo leh baaxad dusha sare ah oo isku wareeggeedu yahay 1,162 kiiloomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="baxter">Baxter, R. M. ''Lake Morphology and Chemistry.'' in Taylor, W.D. and Tudorancea, C., eds. '''Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes.''' Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 2002.</ref> Waxaa jira dhowr jasiiradood oo ku dhex yaal haradan, iyadoo tan ugu weyni ay tahay [[Aruro Island|Aruro]];<ref>[http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTARG.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927023043/http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/A/ORTARG.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }} The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 5 November 2007)</ref> kuwo kale waxaa ka mid ah Gidicho, Welege, Galmaka, iyo Alkali. Haradu waxay leedahay midab casaan-gari ah sababo la xiriira qashinka iyo ciidda hufan ee dhex fadhida darteed.<ref>A. T. Grove; F. A. Street; A. S. Goudie, 1975: "Former Lake Levels and Climatic Change in the Rift Valley of Southern Ethiopia," ''Geographical Journal'' 141, 177–194</ref> Harada waxaa quudiya saddex webi oo dhex-dhexaad ah. Marka hore waxaa jira [[Bilate River|Bilaate]] oo ka soo baxa jilifyada koonfureed ee [[Mount Gurage|Buurta Gurage]], ka dibna inta badan u socda dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu shubmo Harada Abaya xeebteeda waqooyi. Midda labaad waa [[Gidabo River|Gidabo]], oo ka soo baxa jilifyada galbeed ee [[Bale Mountains|Buuraha Bale]], ka dibna isna inta badan u socda dhanka koonfureed si uu ugu shubmo Harada Abaya darafkeeda waqooyi-bari ka dib markii uu soo maro dhulalka daadka ee Gidabo. Webiga saddexaad waa [[Gelana River|Gelaana]], oo ka soo baxa jararka galbeed ee Dooxada Riftiga ee waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Bule Hora Town|Magaalada Bule Hora]]. Durdurro deeqsinimo leh ayaa sidoo kale ka soo baxa jilifyada bari iyo waqooyi ee [[Amaro Mountains|Buuraha Amaro]]. Gelaana wuxuu markaas u socdaa dhanka waqooyi isagoo sii maraya ''Gelana Graben'' oo u dhaxeeya labada silsiladood ee buuraha ka hor inta uusan gelin dhiiqada Bore, ugu dambeyntiina wuxuu dhanka bari uga shubmaa harada. Meesha keliya ee ay biyuhu uga baxaan harada waa qaybaha hoose ee [[Kulfo River|Webiga Kulfo]] oo si toos ah uga hooseeya [[alluvial fan|marinka carada]] joog dhan 1,190 m (halkas oo ah {{coord|6.0109|N|37.5854|E|region:ET-SN|display=inline}}). Marinka webigu wuxuu u shaqeeyaa jid-bax ahaan marka ay heerarka haradu sare u kacaan, wuxuuna biyaha dheeraadka ah ku daadiyaa [[Lake Chamo|Harada Chamo]]. Sida caadiga ah, heerka haradu wuxuu muujiyaa isbedbeddel xoogaa ah, sannadkii 2017 wuxuu ahaa 1,175 m, oo 15 m ka hooseeya heerka buuxdhaafka.<ref>Google Earth</ref> 50-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, heerka haradu wuxuu isbedbeddelay kaliya ±1.5&nbsp;m agagaarka qiimaha dhexe, kaas oo si fiican uga hooseeya heerka buuxdhaafka.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0405/teklemariam.pdf|title=Water Quality monitoring within the Abaya-Chamo Drainage Basin|author=Ababu Teklemariam, Bernd Wenclawia|date=2004|access-date=2018-02-06|archive-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063107/https://www.uni-siegen.de/zew/publikationen/volume0405/teklemariam.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sidaa darteed, moolka ugu sarreeya ee haradu wuxuu isbeddelaa wax yar oo kaliya sannad kasta, sannadkii 2002 haradu waxay lahayd moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 13.1 mitir.<ref name="baxter"/> Sannadkii 1896 Harada Abaya waxaa magaca loo beddelay "Lake Margherita" iyadoo loogu magac daray Boorayadii [[Margherita of Savoy]], oo ahayd xaaska King [[Humbert I of Italy|Humbert I ee Talyaaniga]] waxaana magacaas u bixiyay sahamiyihii Talyaaniga ahaa ee [[Vittorio Bottego]] oo horta sahamiyay gobolka. Magaca "Lake Margherita" (Lago Margherita) weli waxaa loo isticmaalaa dalka Talyaaniga.<ref>Mack Smith, Denis. Mussolini’s Roman Empire. New York: Viking, 1976.</ref> == Qoraallo == {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070714183220/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr001.html ILEC database entry for Lake Abaya] {{Authority control}} 7jzw0ue99imgow1un0xliebuzoe4zl4 0 48398 300397 2026-06-30T12:03:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mariout | image = بحيرة مريوط (Mariout lake).jpg | native_name = {{lang|ar|بحيرة مريوط}} | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|31.153056|29.898611|type:city_region:EG_source:itwiki|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = [[Brackish|Biyo-dhanaan]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Masar | length = | width = | area = {{convert|50|km2}} qiyaastii. | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] | other_name = {{lang|ar|بحيرة مريوط}} <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Mariout in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Mariout''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة مريوط}} ''{{transliteration|arz|Boḥēret Maryūṭ}}'', {{IPA|arz|boˈħeːɾet mɑɾˤˈjuːtˤ|IPA}}, sidoo kale loo qoro '''Maryut''' ama '''Mariut'''), waa haro [[Brackish|biyo-dhanaan]] ah oo ku taal waqooyiga [[Egypt|Masar]] oo u dhow magaalada [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]]. Baaxadda harada waxay dabooli jirtay {{convert|200|km2}} waxayna lahayd kanaal la mari karo bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad,<ref name="Karl Baedeker" /> laakiin bilowgii qarnigii 21-aad, waxay daboolaysaa oo qura qiyaastii {{convert|50|km2}}.<ref name="Nile Perch" /> == Magaca weynta == Magaca Harada Mariout wuxuu ka yimid magaca Giriigga ee '''Mareotis''' ({{langx|grc|Μαρεῶτις}}) ama '''Marea''', kaasi oo loogu aqoon jiray [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Xilligii Ptolemaic]].<ref name="Karl Baedeker">{{cite book|last1=Baedeker|first1=Karl|title=Egypt: Handbook for Travellers : Part First, Lower Egypt, with the Fayum and the Peninsula of Sinai|date=1885|publisher=Karl Baedeker (Firm)|url=https://archive.org/details/egypthand00karl|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> == Guud ahaan == [[File:Alex-mariut.jpg|thumb|Harada Mariout sannadkii 2010]] [[File:Salt refining-Lake Mariout.JPG|thumb|Safeynta cusbada, Harada Mariout]] Waagii hore, harada waxay ahayd mid aad uga weyn inta ay hadda tahay, iyadoo u sii fidsan dhanka koonfureed iyo galbeedka una fidsan qiyaastii {{convert|700|km2}}. Ma lahayn wax af ah oo ku xira Badda Cad, waxaana biyaha ka heli jirtay [[Nile|Webiga Niil]] iyadoo loo marayo dhowr kanaal. Qarnigii labatanaad harada waxay u dhimatay urur [[salt lake|harooyin cusbo leh]] iyo [[Salt pan (geology)|bannaanno cusbo ah]] waxayna engegtay [[Late Middle Ages|Dabayaaqadii Aamihii Dhexe]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ|first=John|last=Cooper|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2014|isbn=9789774166143|pages=69–70}}</ref><ref name=Life1941>{{cite magazine|magazine=Life|date=28 Apr 1941|issn=0024-3019|publisher=Time|title=Egypt: Key to the East – British Base at Alexandria Holds Eastern Mediterranean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkwEAAAAMBAJ|page=94}}</ref> Ilaa qarnigii 18-aad harada waxay ahayd biyo macaan, inkastoo inta badan ay engegi jirtay sannad kasta inta lagu jiro muddada yar ka hor inta uusan Niilku dib u soo buuxin. Duufaan dhacday 1770 ayaa jabisay gidaarka badda ee [[Abu Qir]], iyadoo abuurta haro biyo baddood ah oo loo yaqaan Harada Abu Qir. Biyaha cusbada leh waxaa laga fogeeyay Harada Mariout kanaal u oggolaanaya biyaha macaan inay ka yimaadaan Niilka ilaa [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]]. Sida qayb ka mid ah [[Siege of Alexandria (1801)|Go'doomintii Iskandariya]], 13 March 1801, Ingiriisku waxay jareen kanaalka, iyagoo oggolaaday qulqul weyn oo biyo badeed ah oo ka yimid Harada Abu Qir una gudbay Harada Mariout. Harada Abu Qir waxay joogsatay inay jirto, Harada Mariout-na waxay noqotay biyo-dhanaan halkii ay biyo macaan ka ahaan lahayd.<ref name="Piers Mackesy">{{cite book|last1=Mackesy|first1=Piers|title=British Victory in Egypt: The End of Napoleon's Conquest|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsj8RStBgjwC|isbn=9781134953578}}</ref> Daadadka biyaha cusbada leh waxay sidoo kale burburiyeen 150 tuulo<ref name=Life1941/> iyagoo dib u buuxinaya Harada Mariout si ay si lama filaan ah dib ugu hesho baaxaddeedii hore oo ay u noqoto mid aad u gacna oo aan la dhex mari karin. Helitaankii Iskandariya ee Niilka waa la waayay, taas oo lagama maarmaan ka dhigtay furitaanka [[Mahmoudiyah Canal|Kanaalka Mahmoudiyah]] oo ka yimaada Iskandariya ilaa Niilka sannadkii 1820.<ref>{{cite book|title=Alexandria: A History and Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SraAgAAQBAJ|first=E.M.|last=Forster|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|year=2014|isbn=9781780763576|page=112}}</ref> Harada Mariout waxaa laga gooyay [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] iyadoo loo marayo [[isthmus|luqunta dhulka]] ee dhuuban oo magaalada [[Alexandria|Iskandariya]] laga dhisay. Xeebta harada waxay hoy u tahay goobaha kalluumeysiga iyo [[Salt evaporation pond|goobaha cusbada]]. Sida fog ee bilowgii 1900-aadkii, waxaa la diwaangeliyay in cusbada laga sifeyn jiray qaybta galbeed ee harada.<ref name="salt refining">{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Louisiana Geological Survey|date=1908|publisher=Louisiana Geological Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZk_AQAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah diiwaanka, [[nome (Egypt)|nome]] isku magac ah ayaa ku yaallay xeebaha haradan.<ref name="nome">{{cite book|last1=Cooper|first1=William Ricketts|title=An Archaic Dictionary: Biographical, Historical, and Mythological: From the Egyptian, Assyrian, and Etruscan Monuments and Papyri|date=1876|publisher=S. Bagster and Sons, 1876|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ |page=317|isbn=9789774166143|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> ==Abusir== {{main article|Abusir (Lake Mariout)}} Magaalada xeebeedka ah ee Abusir, oo loo yaqaano xilligii Graeco-Roman sidii [[Taposiris Magna]], waxay ku taal xeebta Harada Mariout. Burburka macbad qadiimi ah iyo nuqul qadiimi ah oo ah [[Lighthouse of Alexandria|Laydhka Iskandariya]] ayaa halkaas lagu arki kahaa. Ilaa sannadkii 2009, waxaa soo kale laga shakisan yahay inay tahay goobtii lagu aasay [[Cleopatra VII]] iyo [[Mark Antony]].<ref name="B">{{Cite news | agency = SAPA-AFP | title = Cleopatra dalk na slangpik hier begrawe, sê argeoloë | newspaper = Beeld | date = 2009-04-21 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Researchers may have found Cleopatra's final resting place | publisher = CNN | date = 2009-04-17 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/04/17/cleopatra.tomb/index.html | accessdate = 2009-06-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8000978.stm |title=Dig 'may reveal' Cleopatra's tomb |work=BBC News |date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref> == Taariikhda Falsafada iyo Kaniisadda == ===Therapeutae=== [[Philo's works#De Vita Contemplativa|De Vita Contemplativa]], oo ah sharraxaad ku saabsan bulshada suufiyada ah oo la qoray qarnigii kowaad ee miilaadiga, waxay sheegaysaa in bulshada [[Cenobitic monasticism|rahibiinta ah]] ee loo yaqaan [[Therapeutae]] si weyn loogu qaybiyay adduunka qadiimiga ah, laakiin "dalkoodu" wuxuu ahaa "ka shisheeya harada Maereotic".<ref>{{cite web|author=Philo Judaeus|website=Fordham University|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/philo-ascetics.html|title=Ancient History Sourcebook: On Ascetics [another name for the De Vita Contemplativa] Section III|quote=Now this class of persons may be met with in many places, for it was fitting that both Greece and the country of the barbarians should partake of whatever is perfectly good; and there is the greatest number of such men in Egypt, in every one of the districts, or nomes, as they are called, and especially around Alexandria; and from all quarters those who are the best of these therapeutae proceed on their pilgrimage to some most suitable place as if it were their country, which is beyond the Maereotic lake.}}</ref> Qaar waxay u turjumaan Therapeutae inay ahaayeen rahibiintii hore ee Masiixiyiinta. === Kaniisadda Masiixiga === [[File:Basilica at Marea (IX).jpg|thumb|Basilica ku taal Marea.]] Waxaa jiray usqoofiyad Mareotes ah, oo ku taal [[Roman province|gobolka Roomaanka]] ee [[Aegyptus Primus]], taasi oo ahayd [[suffragan]] ka tirsan Arkiusqufka weyn ee [[Patriarchate of Alexandria|Waddada Iskandariya]]. Way dhalanteedday sida kuwa kale ee ku yaallay [[Roman Egypt|Masartii Roomaanka]], malaha markii uu Islaamku yimid. Laba usquf ayaa taariikhda lagu diwaangeliyay: * Ischiras (la xusay qiyaastii 335) * Pistos (la xusay 337) Usqoofiyadda waxaa magac ahaan dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1933 sidii [[titular bishop|usqoofiyadda magaca uun ah]] ee Mareotes. Inkasta oo farsamo ahaan ay tahay usqoofiyad Laatiinka ah oo magac uun ah, waxay lahayd dhowr mas'uul oo [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Katooliga Bariga]] ah, gaar ahaan kuwa ka tirsan [[Coptic Catholic Church|Kaniisadda Katooliga ee Coptic]] ee u dhalatay Masar ''sui iuris'' ([[Alexandrian Rite]]). Waxay lahayd mas'uuliyiinta soo socda, kuwaas oo ilaa hadda jooga darajada ku habboon ee usqoofiyadda (ugu hoosaysa):<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1083.htm |title=Titular Episcopal See of Mareotes, Egypt|accessdate=2017-03-08 |website=GCatholic}}</ref> * [[Antonios Aziz Mina]] (21 December 2002 – 3 January 2006) as Bishop of Curia of the [[Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria]] (Egypt) ([19 December 2002] 21 December 2002 – 3 January 2006), followed by Eparch (Bishop) of [[Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Giza|Guizeh of the Copts]] (Egypt) (3 January 2006 – 23 January 2017) * [[Botros Fahim Hanna]] (6 September 2006 – 8 April 2013) of the [[Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria]] as Bishop of Curia of Egypt of the Copts ([31 August 2006] 6 September 2006 – 8 April 2013), followed by [[Coptic Catholic Eparchy of Minya|Eparch (Bishop) of Minya of the Copts]] (Egypt) ([25 March 2013] 8 April 2013 – ...) * Cesar Essayan, [[Order of Friars Minor Conventual]] (O.F.M. Conv.) (2 August 2016 – ...) as [[Apostolic Vicariate of Beirut|Apostolic Vicar of Beirut]] ([[Lebanon]]). == Helitaanno qadiimi ah == Sannadkii 2015 [[stele|tiir dhagax ah]], oo u eg [[Rosetta Stone|Dhagaxa Rosetta]] oo taariikhdiisu dib u laabanayso qiyaastii 2200 oo sano, ayaa laga helay [[Taposiris Magna#The temple and the tower|Goobta Macbadka Taposiris Magna]] ee Harada Mariout. Isagoo cabirkiisu yahay {{convert|41|by|25.6|by|7|in|cm}}, fariintiisu waxay xuseysaa laba [[Ptolemaic dynasty|fircoon oo Ptolemaic ah]] iyo Boorqaddii la dhalatay ee [[Cleopatra I Syra]]. Waxaa jira xabaalo qadiimi ah oo ku yaal xeebaha harada.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} == Noocyada kalluunka == Nooca kalluunka ee [[Nile perch|kalluunka caanka ah ee Niilka]] ayaa ku nool harada inkastoo deegaankiisa ugu weyn uu yahay biyo macaan, haradana ay ku jirto xoogaa cusbo ah. Sannadkii 1939, haro yar, oo loo yaqaan Nozha Hydrodrome ayaa "laga gooyay Harada Mariout" Tani waxayna u oggolaatay kalluunka Niilka inuu halkaas ku tarmo.<ref name="Nile Perch">{{cite book|last1=Close|first1=Angela E.|last2=Schild|first2=Ramuald|last3=Wendorf|first3=Fred|title=Egypt During the Last Interglacial: The Middle Paleolithic of Bir Tarfawi and Bir Sahara East|date=2012|publisher=Springer US|isbn=9781461529088|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZXTBwAAQBAJ|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> == Dhanka suugaanta == *[[W. B. Yeats]] wuxuu tixraacayaa harada sidii Harada Mareotic ee gabaygiisa "[[Under Ben Bulben]]". *[[Lawrence Durrell]] wuxuu wax ka qoray harada isagoo isticmaalaya magaceeda qadiimiga ah ee Harada Mareotis ee afar-kooxoodka buugaagtiisa ee ''[[The Alexandria Quartet]]'', halkaas oo ay tahay goobta toogashada shinbiraha.<ref>{{cite news|title=BOOKS / Classic Thoughts: A four part snail: Peter Guttridge on a flawed masterwork, Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/books-classic-thoughts-a-four-part-snail-peter-guttridge-on-a-flawed-masterwork-lawrence-durrells-1374680.html|author=Peter Guttridge|date=6 August 1994|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> * [[Jasper Maskelyne]] wuxuu ku sheegay ''Magic: Top Secret'' (1949) inuu ku lug lahaa dhismaha goob been abuur ah oo ku xigta harada si looga fogeeyo diyaaradaha qaraniimada ee garabka Axis inay weeraraan [[Alexandria Port|Dekedda Iskandariya]] intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka. == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} ==Buug-qoraal== * Pius Bonifacius Gams, ''Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae'', Leipzig 1931, p.&nbsp;460 * Michel Lequien, ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus'', Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 529-530 * [[Klaas Worp|Klaas A. Worp]], ''A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325 - c. 750)'', in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' 100 (1994) 283-318 == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t1083.htm GCatholic (Titular) Bishopric of Mareotes] j9poszs4kcuz4qfakvbxikflcjhxaxb 0 48399 300398 2026-06-30T12:06:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Manzala | image = Niledelta 33.svg | caption = Marinka Niilka | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|31|16|N|32|12|E|region:EG_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Brackish|Biyo-dhanaan]] | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Masar | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Manzala in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Manzala''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة المنزلة}} ''baḥīrat manzala''), sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Manzaleh''', waa haro [[Brackish water|biyo-dhanaan]] ah, mararka qaarkoodna loogu yeero [[lagoon|haro-gacmeed]], waxayna ku taal waqooyi-bari Masar ee [[Nile Delta|Marinka Niilka]] meel u dhow [[Port Said]] iyo dhowr mayl u jirta burburka qadiimiga ah ee [[Tanis, Egypt|Tanis]].<ref name="DINAR">Dinar, p.51</ref><ref name="drower">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TCLb4DJRLwC&dq=Lake+Manzala+Suez+Canal&pg=PA72|author= Margaret S. Drower|title= Flinders Petrie: a life in archaeology|publisher=ASCE Publications|year=1995| pages=72 |isbn=978-0-299-14624-5| edition=Second }}</ref> Waa harada ugu weyn harooyinka waqooyi ee marinka Masar.<ref name="ZAHRAN" /> Sannadkii 2008 baaxaddeedu waxay ahayd {{Convert|47|km|abbr=on}} dherer ahaan iyo {{Convert|30|km|abbr=on}} ballac ahaan.<ref name="ZAHRAN">Zahran, p.283</ref> == Magaca weynta == Magaca harada wuxuu ka soo jeedaa {{Langx|ar|نزل|lit=soo deg, istaag, daggas|translit=nazala}}. [[Middle Ages|Aamihii Dhexe]] waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaanay '''pi-Manjōili''' ({{Langx|cop|ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲛϫⲱⲓⲗⲓ|lit=guri, hooy}}), taasi oo loo turjumay Giriigga sidii '''Xenedokhou''' ({{Langx|grc|Ξενεδόχου}}), taas oo ka dhigaysa magaca Carabiga ee casriga ah mid laga turjumay kii Coptic-ga, iyadoo isu-ekaanshaha dhawaaqu uu yahay mid iska dhacay oo qura.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Peust |first=Carsten |title=Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten |url=http://www.peust.de/ortsnamen_original.pdf |page=60}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== Harada Manzala waa mid dheer laakiin aad u gacna. Inkasta oo moolka asalka ah ee Harada Manzala uu yahay oo qura {{Convert|4 to 5|ft|spell=in}}, waxaan wax ka beddel lagu sameeyay moolka intii lagu jiray dhismihii [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suez]] si loo oggolaado in Kanaalku uu dherer ahaan u fidsan karo {{Convert|29|mi}} dhanka harada ah. Salka harada waa dhoobo jilicsan.<ref name="rogers">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jFGHnqSKENIC&dq=Lake+Timsah&pg=PA124|author=Rogers, J. R. and G. Owen |title=Water Resources and Environmental History |publisher=ASCE Publications |year=2004| pages=124 |isbn=978-0-7844-0738-7}}</ref> Ka hor dhismihii Kanaalka Suez, Harada Manzala waxaa laga gooyay [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] xariijin ciid ah oo ballaceedu yahay {{Convert|200 to 300|yd}}. Port Said waxaa la aasasay meel ku dhow Harada Manzala intii lagu jiray qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad si loo taageero dhismaha kanaalka iyo socdaalka la xiriira. Goobta harada oo ku taal si toos ah koonfurta [[Port Said Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Port Said]] waxay xaddidaysaa awoodda magaalada ee dhanka ballaarashada.<ref name="melady">{{cite book |access-date=2009-04-10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwSR4FsUOdMC&dq=Lake+Manzala+Suez+Canal&pg=PA116 |author= Melady, J. |title=Pearson's prize: Canada and the Suez Crisis |publisher=Dundurn Press Ltd. |year=2006|location=Toronto, Lancaster, New York |pages=207 |isbn=978-1-55002-611-5}}</ref> ==Kanaalka Suez== Harada Manzala waa harada ugu waqooyisey saddexda haro ee dabiiciga ah oo uu dhexmaro [[Suez Canal|Kanaalka Suez]], labada kale waa [[Lake Timsah|Harada Timsah]] iyo [[Great Bitter Lake|Harada Weyn ee Qadhaadh]]. Dhismaha kanaalka wuxuu ka billowday waqooyi ilaa koonfur, isagoo markii ugu horreysay gaaray Manzala. Sababtoo ah harada oo aad u gacna, waxay lagama maarmaan noqotay in la qodo kanaal hareeraysan oo ay maraakiibtu mari karaan. ==Deegaanka== [[File:Fishermen in Egypt.jpg|thumb|Kalluumeysato joogta Harada Manzala]] Harada Manzala waxay u adeegi jirtay il muhiim ah oo laga helo kalluun jaban oo ay quutaan dadka ku nool Masar, laakiin wasakhda iyo biyo-bixinta harada ayaa hoos u dhigay wax-soo-saarkii harada. Sannadkii 1985, goobta kalluumeysiga harada waxay ahayd aag furan oo gaaraya {{Convert|89,000|ha|abbr=on}} waxayna shaqaalaysiisay qiyaastii 17,000 oo shaqaale ah.<ref name="DINAR"/> Xukuumadda Masar waxay biyo-bixin ku sameeyay qaybo badan oo harada ah si ay isku daydo inay kaydkeeda qaniga ah ee Niilka ugu beddesho dhul beereed. Mashruucu wuxuu noqday mid aan faa'iido lahayn: dalagyadu si fiican uguma bixin carada cusbada leh, qiimaha wax-soo-saarka ka dhashayna wuxuu ka yaraaday qiimihii suuqyada ee kalluunka uu dhulka la soo celiyay markii hore soo saari jiray. Markay ahayd 2001, Harada Manzala waxay weysay qiyaastii 80 boqolkiiba baaxaddeedii hore sababo la xiriira saamaynta dadaallada biyo-bixinta.<ref>Ibrahim, p.145</ref> ==Qoraallo== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} ==Tixraacyo== * {{cite book|last=Dinar|first=Ariel|title=Restoring and protecting the world's lakes and reservoirs|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=1995|isbn=0-8213-3321-6}} * {{cite book|title=Egypt: an economic geography|first=Barbara|last=Ibrahim|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2003|isbn=1-86064-548-8}} * {{cite book|last=Penn|first=James R.|title=Rivers of the world|url=https://archive.org/details/riversofworldsoc00penn|url-access=registration|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=1-57607-042-5}} * {{cite book|last=Zahran|first=M.A.|title=The Vegetation of Egypt|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4020-8755-4}} {{Authority control}} nt84e9b7tglbiz7vm8vcfa6howm4xsp 0 48400 300399 2026-06-30T12:08:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada El Rayan | basin_countries = {{Flag|Egypt}} | type = Haro | location = [[Faiyum Governorate|Gudoomiyaha Faiyum]] | coordinates = {{Coord|29|11|50|N|30|24|30|E|type:waterbody_region:EG|display=inline,title}} }} '''Harada El Rayan''' waa haro ku taal dhexdeeda Deegaanka La Ilaaliyo ee [[Wadi El Rayan]] ee [[Egypt|Masar]]. Waxay daboolaysaa aag baaxadiisu tahay 52.9 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, waxayna ka kooban tahay laba haro oo ku xiran aag [[waterfall|biyo-dhac]] ah. Haradan waxay muhiim u tahay ilaha kheyraadka kalluunka.<ref>[https://egyresmag.com/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86/ Wadi al-Rayan Lakes]</ref> == Juqraafiga == [[File:WadiRaiyanSouthernWaterfall.jpg|thumb|Biyo-dhacyada El Rayan]] Harada El Rayan waxay ku taal gobolka koonfur-galbeed ee [[Faiyum Governorate|Gudoomiyaha Fayoum]], iyadoo ku dhex taal [[Western Desert|Lamadegaanka Galbeed]]. Waxay qiyaastii 25 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed ka xigtaa magaalada. Mashruuca [[Wadi El Rayan]] wuxuu billowday Oktoobar 1968, ka dib markii uu kordhay heerka biyaha ee [[Lake Moeris|Harada Qarun]], taasi oo halis gelisay kaabayaasha laga dhisay hareeraheeda.<ref>[https://egyptencyclopedia.com/m/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 Discover Wadi al-Rayyan, Egypt - Encyclopædia Egyptica.]</ref> Kaabayaashan waxaa loogu talagalay inay u adeegaan sidii kayd loogu talagalay biyaha wasakhda beeraha ee [[Faiyum|Fayoum]]. Mashruuca waxaa la soo gabagabeeyay Janaayo 1973, iyadoo markii ugu horreysay loo wareejiyay biyaha wasakhda beeraha.<ref>[https://sis.gov.eg/Story/115458?lang=ar Wadi El-Rayan Reserve]</ref><ref>[https://gate.ahram.org.eg/daily/News/203119/3/725270/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA---%C2%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%C2%BB-%D9%88%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%C2%BB-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF.aspx Saving lakes. Qarun and Rayan in the grip of overfishing and pollution]</ref> Mashruucu wuxuu koobayaa dhismaha kanaal dhererkiisu yahay 5.9 kiiloomitir oo ka bilaabma hareeraha gudoomiyaha ilaa xadka lamadegaanka. Tani waxaa ku xiga dhismaha kanaal daboolan oo dhererkiisu yahay 5 kiiloomitir, ballaciisuna yahay 3 mitir oo ku yaal Buqayrat Plateau, kaasi oo ugu dambayn ku shubma harada. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in qiyaastii 200 oo milyan oo mitir kuyuubik oo biyaha wasakhda beeraha ah ay sannad kasta galaan niyad-jabka Rayan.<ref>[https://www.elbalad.news/4403902#goog_rewarded A story with a history Wadi al-Rayyan in Fayoum Muhammad Ali Pasha was the first to think of utilizing its waters]</ref><ref>[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]</ref> Harada waxay u qaybsantaa laba qaybood: haro sare oo leh baaxad oogu dhow 50.90 kiiloomitir oo laba jibbaaran, dhanaan qiyaastii ah 5.1 garaam litirkii, iyo moolka ugu sarreeya oo ah 22 mitir; iyo haro hoose oo leh baaxad ah 6,200 oo hektar. Labada haro waxaa isku xira aagga biyo-dhacyada,<ref>[https://www.albayan.ae/editors-choice/asfar/2015-12-27-1.2537888 “Wadi al-Rayan, Egypt's only waterfall]</ref> halkaas oo heerka biyuhu uu gaaro ilaa 20 mitir. Gobolkan waxaa caan ku yahay cufnaanta sare ee kalluunka.<ref>[https://www.fayoum.8k.com/invest.htm/ Fayoum Governorate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505065519/http://www.fayoum.8k.com:80/invest.htm/ Archived] May 5, 2010, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Warshadaha Kalluumeysiga == Biyaha niyad-jabka Rayan waxaa loo kala saaraa inay yihiin kuwo badh-macaan, iyadoo inta badan wax-soo-saarka kalluunka uu yahay kalluunka Niilka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qoysaska mullet iyo bass waxaa loo wareejiyaa harooyinka sidii dillaac ahaan (fry) oo laga keeno aagga xeebaha Masar. Noocyada ugu muhiimsan ee kalluunka lagu arko niyad-jabka El-Rayan waxaa ka mid ah [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]], [[tilapia|tilapia-da]] cad, [[Zander]], iyo carp [[Bass (fish)|bass]].<ref>[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]</ref> Waxaa jira shan xarunood oo kalluunka lagu ururiyo oo ku yaal dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan, saddex ka mid ah waxay ku yaallaan niyad-jabka koowaad, labana waxay ku yaallaan kii saddexaad. Xilliga kalluumeysiga ee dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan waa qiyaastii 200 oo maalmood dherer ahaan. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa in wax-soo-saarka xilliyeedka ee dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan uu yahay qiyaastii 1,100 ilaa 1,200 oo tan oo kalluun ah. Deegaanka waxaa ku yaal warshad barafka soo saarta oo ku shaqeysa tamarta qorraxda oo ku taal Wadi El Rayan, taasi oo ku shaqeysa unugyada sawir-qaadista (photovoltaic cells). Warshaddan waxay shaqaysaa oo qura inta lagu jiro xilliga kalluumeysiga ee dhulal-qoyan ee Rayan, waxayna u phụcaysaa mashruuca suuq-geynta kalluunka ee gudoomiyaha, iyo sidoo kale ururada Rayan iyo Qarun.<ref>[http://www.fayoum.gov.eg/rayan.htm/ Official website of Fayoum Governorate] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081017103249/http://www.fayoum.gov.eg/rayan.htm Archived] October 17, 2008, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Dalxiiska == Nadiifinta ka sokow hawsheeda sida kanaal loogu talagalay daadinta biyaha wasakhda beeraha, Harada El Rayan, oo ku taal dhexdeeda dooxada cagaaran kuna hareeraysan [[Waterfall|biyo-dhacyo]] isdaba-joog ah, waxay u taagan tahay goob dalxiis oo caan ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee gobolka, waxaa tusaale u ah jiritaanka duur-joog dhif ah oo ku taal weynta Mount Rayan.<ref>[http://egyptian1.com/archives/6225 Wadi El-Rayan Reserve in Fayoum]</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} 458ad12yuprahto4d7wgs6i0pwxz03x 0 48401 300400 2026-06-30T12:10:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Edko | native_name ={{native name|ar|بحيرة إدكو}} | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = Lake idku.jpg | alt = | caption = Muqaalka harada | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = | group = | coordinates = {{coord|31|15|03|N|30|12|41|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = [[Egypt|Masar]] | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = {{convert|62.78|km2}} | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = 488 [[per mille]]<ref>{{cite web |title=برنامج الرصد البيئي للبحيرات المصرية |url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/water/reportNov16/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%88.pdf |accessdate=31 March 2020}}</ref> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = [[Edku|Edko]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Idku in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Idku''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة إدكو}}) waa mid ka mid ah [[List of lakes of Egypt|harooyinka ku yaal Masar]]. Baaxadda biyadeeda macaan waa {{convert|62.78|km2}} waxayna ku xidhaa [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]]. Haradan waxay dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa magaalada [[Edku|Edko]]. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{commons category|Idku lake}} 6sn6w1q7uc6cc4msdaviacc8ww2kudj 300508 300400 2026-07-01T01:24:06Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Edko | native_name ={{native name|ar|بحيرة إدكو}} | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = Lake idku.jpg | alt = | caption = Muqaalka harada | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = | group = | coordinates = {{coord|31|15|03|N|30|12|41|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = [[Egypt|Masar]] | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = {{convert|62.78|km2}} | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = 488 [[per mille]]<ref>{{cite web |title=برنامج الرصد البيئي للبحيرات المصرية |url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/water/reportNov16/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%88.pdf |accessdate=31 March 2020 |archive-date=9 Bisha Todobaad 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184722/http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/water/reportNov16/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%83%D9%88.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = [[Edku|Edko]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Idku in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Idku''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة إدكو}}) waa mid ka mid ah [[List of lakes of Egypt|harooyinka ku yaal Masar]]. Baaxadda biyadeeda macaan waa {{convert|62.78|km2}} waxayna ku xidhaa [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]]. Haradan waxay dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa magaalada [[Edku|Edko]]. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{commons category|Idku lake}} hfe3wv7sos6drx3i6ef2wr4hufwyza5 0 48402 300401 2026-06-30T12:13:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Burullus | image = Rosette, Lac Burlos.jpg | caption = Khariidadda Harada Burullus oo laga soo qaatay bilowgii qarnigii 19-aad | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|31|29|N|30|52|E|display=inline,title|region:EG_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = | length = c. {{convert|54|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Finkl-Makowski>{{cite book|title=Coastal Wetlands: Alteration and Remediation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG0tDwAAQBAJ|first1=Charles W.|last1=Finkl|first2=Christopher|last2=Makowski|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319561790|page=418}}</ref> | width = {{convert|6–21|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> | area = {{convert|46200|ha|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|75–100|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Burullus in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 9 September 1988 | designation1_number = 408<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahía de Samborombón|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/408|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Burullus''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة البرلس|Buḥayrat al-Burullus}}; {{langx|grc|λίμνη Σεβεννυτική|limnē Sebennytikē}})<ref>{{Cite DGRG|title=Sebennytus|volume=2|page=946}}</ref> waa haro [[brackish water|biyo-dhanaan]] ah oo ku taal [[Nile Delta|Marinka Niilka]] ee [[Egypt|Masar]], magacuna wuxuu ka yimid magaalada Burullus ({{langx|cop|Ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲗⲓⲁ}},<ref>{{cite web|website=St-Takla.org|url=https://st-takla.org/books/pauline-todary/coptic-language/egyptian.html|title=21- أسماء بعض البلاد المصرية بالقبطية|language=arabic|trans-title=The names of some Egyptian countries in Coptic -21|author=Pauline Todry}}</ref> oo laga qaatay [[Ancient Greek|Giriiggii Qadiimiga ahaa]] {{Lang|grc|παράλιος}}, "''xeeb, dhinaca badda''" ama ⲛⲓⲕⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ''Nikejow''). Waxay ku taal [[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Gobolka Kafr el-Sheikh]] dhanka bari ee [[Rosetta]], waxaana waqooyiga ka xigta [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] halka koonfurtana ay ka xigto dhul beereed. ==Taariikhda== Xilligii hore ee Islaamka, dekedda Burullus waxay ku taallay meel u dhow afka harada (goobta ay haradu kula xirto badda marin yar). Dekedda Burullus waxay u adeegi jirtay sidii mid ka mid ah dhowrsanaanta xudduudaha difaaca ee xeebta Marinka Niilka. Degmo jasiirad ah oo ku dhex taal harada oo la yiraahdo Nastaru ayaa magaceeda siisay harada oo dhan. Kanaalo ayaa harada ku xiri jiray laanta Rosetta ee webiga Niilka. Xilligaas haradu waxay u fidsaysay oo ay ugu ballaaranaysay dhanka koonfureed sababo la xiriira isbeddellada ku dhacay [[fluvial|biyo-dhigidda]] [[deposition (geology)|webiyada]] iyo [[Stratum|hoos-u-dhaca]] guud ee [[subsidence|carada hoose]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ|first=John|last=Cooper|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2014|isbn=9789774166143|pages=72–73}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Escapism.webm|thumb|left|Jasiirad yar oo ku taal Harada Burullus]] Harada waxaa badda ka goysa xariijin dhul ah oo ballaceedu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|5.5|km|abbr=on}}. Waxay u furan tahay Badda Cad iyada oo sii marta marinka Burullus, oo ah kanaal ballaciisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|250|m|abbr=on}} moolkiisuna yahay {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}}. Waxaa harada ku dhex yaal qiyaastii 50 jasiiradood oo leh baaxad guud oo ah {{convert|0.7|km2|abbr=on}}. Xeebta waqooyi ee harada waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay [[salt marsh|dhoobada cusbada leh]] iyo [[mudflat|dhulka dhiatada ah]], halka koonfurtana ay u badan tahay [[reed bed|dhul-cawsed]]. Dhirta u badan harada waa ''[[Potamogeton]]''.<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> ==Hidurfoolojiyada== Harada waxay biyo-bixin ka heshaa dhulka beeraha ee ku hareeraysan iyo biyo macaan oo ka yimaada Kanaalka Brembal.<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay haro iyo goob [[wetlands|dhul-qoyan]] ah oo muhiimad caalami ah u leh shimbiraha marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]]. Biyaha ka yimaada biyo-bixinta beeraha waxay ka kooban yihiin 97% guud ahaan biyaha soo gala harada (3.9 bilyan m³ sannadkii), waxaan ku xiga biyaha roobka (2%) iyo biyaha dhulka hoose (1%). 16% biyaha harada way uumi-baxaan halka 84% ay ku shubmaan badda. ==Duur-joogta== [[File:Fishermen Buddies.webm|thumb|Kalluumeysato joogta Harada Burullus]] Sida ku cad Warbixinta Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha ee Hay'adda Arrimaha Deegaanka ee Masar, 33 nooc oo kalluun ah, 23 nooc oo xamaarato ah, 112 nooc oo shimbirro ah, iyo 18 nooc oo naaslay ah ayaa ku nool dhexda iyo hareeraha harada. Noocyada kalluunka ayaa hoos u dhacay marka loo eego 52 nooc oo la diwangeliyay bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, inta badanna waxaa ugu wacan biyaha beeraha ee ku shubmaya harada taas oo keentay in dhanaanka haradu uu hoos u dhaco.<ref>Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency:[http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/reports/SoE2008En/Part%203%20Land/Chapter%207%20Biodiversity.pdf Egypt State of the Environment Report 2007], Chapter on Biodiversity, 2008, accessed on November 8, 2009</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Burlos|short=x}} * [http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx Ministry of Environment Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency - Natural Protectorates Description] {{authority control}} lx4zr2qry7t4fdy3c7m2c9w2zag44t8 300500 300401 2026-07-01T01:17:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Burullus | image = Rosette, Lac Burlos.jpg | caption = Khariidadda Harada Burullus oo laga soo qaatay bilowgii qarnigii 19-aad | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|31|29|N|30|52|E|display=inline,title|region:EG_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = | length = c. {{convert|54|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Finkl-Makowski>{{cite book|title=Coastal Wetlands: Alteration and Remediation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YG0tDwAAQBAJ|first1=Charles W.|last1=Finkl|first2=Christopher|last2=Makowski|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319561790|page=418}}</ref> | width = {{convert|6–21|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> | area = {{convert|46200|ha|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|75–100|cm|abbr=on}}<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | sections = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Burullus in Egypt. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | extra = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 9 September 1988 | designation1_number = 408<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bahía de Samborombón|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/408|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Burullus''' ({{langx|ar|بحيرة البرلس|Buḥayrat al-Burullus}}; {{langx|grc|λίμνη Σεβεννυτική|limnē Sebennytikē}})<ref>{{Cite DGRG|title=Sebennytus|volume=2|page=946}}</ref> waa haro [[brackish water|biyo-dhanaan]] ah oo ku taal [[Nile Delta|Marinka Niilka]] ee [[Egypt|Masar]], magacuna wuxuu ka yimid magaalada Burullus ({{langx|cop|Ϯⲡⲁⲣⲁⲗⲓⲁ}},<ref>{{cite web|website=St-Takla.org|url=https://st-takla.org/books/pauline-todary/coptic-language/egyptian.html|title=21- أسماء بعض البلاد المصرية بالقبطية|language=arabic|trans-title=The names of some Egyptian countries in Coptic -21|author=Pauline Todry}}</ref> oo laga qaatay [[Ancient Greek|Giriiggii Qadiimiga ahaa]] {{Lang|grc|παράλιος}}, "''xeeb, dhinaca badda''" ama ⲛⲓⲕⲉϫⲱⲟⲩ ''Nikejow''). Waxay ku taal [[Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate|Gobolka Kafr el-Sheikh]] dhanka bari ee [[Rosetta]], waxaana waqooyiga ka xigta [[Mediterranean Sea|Badda Cad]] halka koonfurtana ay ka xigto dhul beereed. ==Taariikhda== Xilligii hore ee Islaamka, dekedda Burullus waxay ku taallay meel u dhow afka harada (goobta ay haradu kula xirto badda marin yar). Dekedda Burullus waxay u adeegi jirtay sidii mid ka mid ah dhowrsanaanta xudduudaha difaaca ee xeebta Marinka Niilka. Degmo jasiirad ah oo ku dhex taal harada oo la yiraahdo Nastaru ayaa magaceeda siisay harada oo dhan. Kanaalo ayaa harada ku xiri jiray laanta Rosetta ee webiga Niilka. Xilligaas haradu waxay u fidsaysay oo ay ugu ballaaranaysay dhanka koonfureed sababo la xiriira isbeddellada ku dhacay [[fluvial|biyo-dhigidda]] [[deposition (geology)|webiyada]] iyo [[Stratum|hoos-u-dhaca]] guud ee [[subsidence|carada hoose]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Medieval Nile: Route, Navigation, and Landscape in Islamic Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYWlBAAAQBAJ|first=John|last=Cooper|publisher=The American University in Cairo Press|year=2014|isbn=9789774166143|pages=72–73}}</ref> ==Juqraafiga== [[File:Escapism.webm|thumb|left|Jasiirad yar oo ku taal Harada Burullus]] Harada waxaa badda ka goysa xariijin dhul ah oo ballaceedu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|5.5|km|abbr=on}}. Waxay u furan tahay Badda Cad iyada oo sii marta marinka Burullus, oo ah kanaal ballaciisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|250|m|abbr=on}} moolkiisuna yahay {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}}. Waxaa harada ku dhex yaal qiyaastii 50 jasiiradood oo leh baaxad guud oo ah {{convert|0.7|km2|abbr=on}}. Xeebta waqooyi ee harada waxay inta badan ka kooban tahay [[salt marsh|dhoobada cusbada leh]] iyo [[mudflat|dhulka dhiatada ah]], halka koonfurtana ay u badan tahay [[reed bed|dhul-cawsed]]. Dhirta u badan harada waa ''[[Potamogeton]]''.<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> ==Hidurfoolojiyada== Harada waxay biyo-bixin ka heshaa dhulka beeraha ee ku hareeraysan iyo biyo macaan oo ka yimaada Kanaalka Brembal.<ref name=Finkl-Makowski/> Waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay haro iyo goob [[wetlands|dhul-qoyan]] ah oo muhiimad caalami ah u leh shimbiraha marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]]. Biyaha ka yimaada biyo-bixinta beeraha waxay ka kooban yihiin 97% guud ahaan biyaha soo gala harada (3.9 bilyan m³ sannadkii), waxaan ku xiga biyaha roobka (2%) iyo biyaha dhulka hoose (1%). 16% biyaha harada way uumi-baxaan halka 84% ay ku shubmaan badda. ==Duur-joogta== [[File:Fishermen Buddies.webm|thumb|Kalluumeysato joogta Harada Burullus]] Sida ku cad Warbixinta Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha ee Hay'adda Arrimaha Deegaanka ee Masar, 33 nooc oo kalluun ah, 23 nooc oo xamaarato ah, 112 nooc oo shimbirro ah, iyo 18 nooc oo naaslay ah ayaa ku nool dhexda iyo hareeraha harada. Noocyada kalluunka ayaa hoos u dhacay marka loo eego 52 nooc oo la diwangeliyay bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad, inta badanna waxaa ugu wacan biyaha beeraha ee ku shubmaya harada taas oo keentay in dhanaanka haradu uu hoos u dhaco.<ref>Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency:[http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/reports/SoE2008En/Part%203%20Land/Chapter%207%20Biodiversity.pdf Egypt State of the Environment Report 2007] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/reports/SoE2008En/Part%203%20Land/Chapter%207%20Biodiversity.pdf |date=20170517102323 }}, Chapter on Biodiversity, 2008, accessed on November 8, 2009</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Burlos|short=x}} * [http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx Ministry of Environment Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency - Natural Protectorates Description] {{Wayback|url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx |date=20190829071334 }} {{authority control}} htbtscmmrrwutu53xc3jn4cnqcia1ol 0 48403 300402 2026-06-30T12:16:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Ngezi''' waa webi ku yaal bartamaha [[Zimbabwe]] gaar ahaan gobolka Midlands.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-10 |title=Zimbabwe warns of flooding following heavy rains |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/zimbabwe-warns-of-flooding-following-heavy-rains/ |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Waa laan ku shubanta [[Sanyati River|Webiga Sanyati]], ee ku dhex taal dooxada [[Zambezi River|Webiga Zambezi]]. Wuxuu biyaha siiyaa [[Munyati|Rugta korontada ee Munyati]]. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} kleynavzrw6m2jni32quy68wubfit0q 0 48404 300403 2026-06-30T12:18:32Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mzingwane | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mzingwane above Fultons Drift 02 03 07.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Mzingwane oo ka sarreeya Fulton's [[Ford (crossing)|Drift]] (waddo-biyood), u dhow [[Beitbridge]], [[Zimbabwe]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|22.30|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Koonfurta [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], [[South Africa–Zimbabwe border|Xadka Koonfur Afrika–Zimbabwe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|11|13|S|29|55|32|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|452|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 15695 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref name=Boroto>{{cite conference|author=Görgens, A.H.M.|author2=Boroto, R.A. |date=1997 |title=Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management|conference=Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium|location=Pretoria}}</ref> }} {{Location map |Zimbabwe |label=Mzingwane |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=22|lat_min=11 |lon_deg=29|lon_min=55 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mzingwane }} '''Webiga Mzingwane''', oo hore loo oran jiray '''Webiga Umzingwane''' ama '''Webiga Umzingwani''', waa laan weyn oo dhanka bidix uga dhuumata [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] ee gudaha [[Zimbabwe]]. Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa u dhow [[Fort Usher]], [[Matobo District|Degmada Matobo]], koonfurta [[Bulawayo]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa Webiga Limpopo u dhow [[Beitbridge]], hoos uga dhacda afka [[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]] iyo kor uga kacda afka [[Bubye River|Webiga Bubye]]. == Hidurfoolojiyada == Webiga Mzingwane waa webi xilliyeed (ephemeral river) oo socodkiisu inta badan ku kooban yahay mieeyaha uu roobku da'o (Nofeembar ilaa Maarso), iyadoo inta badan socodka la diwangeliyo inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Feabraayo, marka laga reebo meelaha wax laga beddelay hawlgallada biyo-xireenka.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm]</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku darsadaa 9.3% celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Dooxada Limpopo, taasi oo ka dhigaysa laanta saddexaad ee ugu weyn dooxada Limpopo.<ref name=Boroto/> Laamaha waaweyn ee Webiga Mzingwane waxaa ka mid ah Webiyada [[Insiza River|Insiza]], [[Inyankuni River|Inyankuni]], [[Ncema River|Ncema]], [[Umchabezi River|Umchabezi]] (Yaan loo khaldin [[Mtshabezi River|Mtshabezi]]) iyo [[Mtetengwe River|Mtetengwe]]. Qaybta hoose ee Webiga Mzingwane waa marin ciid laga buuxiyay, oo leh kaydad biyo-dhulka hoose ah ([[aquifer]]) oo ballaaran oo ku yaal marinka webiga iyo ka hooseeya bannaanka dhoobada ah. Isku-darka kheyraadka biyaha ee la qiyaasay ee kaydadkan ayaa u dhaxeeya {{convert|175000|and|5430000|m3}} ee marinnada dhexdiisa iyo mid u dhaxeeya {{convert|80000|and|6920000|m3}} bannaanka dhexdiisa. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, qaar ka mid ah kaydadkan biyo-dhulka hoose ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu bixiyo biyo loogu talagalay isticmaalka rasmiga ah, waraabinta xoolaha iyo barkadaha daryeelka xoolaha, waraabka ganacsiga iyo beerashada suuqa.<ref>Moyce, W., Mangeya, P., Owen, R. and Love, D. 2006. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 988–994. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.013]</ref> == Degmooyinka == Degmooyinka hoos ku qoran waxaa loo habeeyay bilowga webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa: * Tuulada [[Mbalabala]] * Magaalada [[Gwanda]] * Tuulada [[West Nicholson]] * Magaalada [[Beitbridge]] waxay ku taal qiyaastii 6&nbsp;km bari-koonfur-bari ee barta ay ku kulmaan Webiga Bubye iyo Limpopo oo ku taal xadka ay la wadaagto [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/zimbei.html |title=Beitbridge |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106111813/http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/zimbei.html |archive-date=2016-11-06 }}</ref> == Buundooyinka iyo Isgoysyada == [[File:Bertie Knott Bridge.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Buundada Bertie Knott oo ku taal Webiga Mzingwane u dhow [[Beitbridge]].]] Waxaa jiri afar buundo oo waaweyn oo ka sarreeya Webiga Mzingwane: * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Bulawayo]] - [[Beitbridge]], ee u dhaxaysa [[Esigodini]] iyo [[Mbalabala]], hoos uga dhacda [[Mzingwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mzingwane]]. Waxaa kale oo jira buundo tareen. * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Mbalabala]] - [[Masvingo]]. * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Bulawayo]] - [[Beitbridge]] ee joogta [[West Nicholson]], hoos uga dhacda barta ay ku kulmaan [[Insiza River|Webiga Insiza]]. Waxaa kale oo jira buundo tareen. * Buundada Bertie Knott, oo ku taal wadada ka timaada [[Beitbridge]] ee aada Qorshaha Waraabka Shashe, u dhow afka webiga. Waxaa kale oo jira tiro waddo-biyoodyo (fords) ah, oo ay ku jiraan: * Labo waddo-biyood oo kor uga xiga [[West Nicholson]] oo ku yaal waddooyinka Silalabuhwa iyo Mosholomoshe. * Waddo-biyoodka Doddieburn, hoos uga dhaca [[West Nicholson]]. * Gems Drift, u dhow [[Beitbridge]]. * Fulton's Drift, u dhow [[Beitbridge]]. == Horumarinta == [[File:Zhovhe spillway.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Maro-biyoodka (spillway) ee [[Zhovhe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Zhovhe]], u dhow [[Beitbridge]].]] Nidaamyo yaryar oo xireenno ah (weirs) ka sokow, waxaa jira laba biyo-xireen oo waaweyn oo ku yaal Webiga Mzingwane: * [[Mzingwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mzingwane]], oo la dhisay 1962, lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 42 MCM ([[million cubic metre|milyan mitir kuyuubik]]). Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow isha webiga wuxuuna biyaha siiyaa magaalada [[Bulawayo]]. * [[Zhovhe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Zhovhe]], oo la dhisay 1995, lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 136 MCM. Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow barta uu kula kulmo [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] wuxuuna biyaha waraabka siiyaa [[Beitbridge]]. Goobo biyo-xireen oo dheeri ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday [[Glassblock Dam|Glassblock]] iyo [[Oakley Block Dam|Oakley Block]], laakiin horumarintooda hadda looma qorsheeyay.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chibi, T. |author2=Kandori, C. |author3=Makone, B.F. |year=2005 |title=Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan |publisher=Zimbabwe National Water Authority|location=Bulawayo}}</ref> Mashruuc ayaa socda si loo dhiso dhuun biyaha ka soo qaada qaybta sare ee [[Mtshabezi River|Webiga Mtshabezi]] (yaan loo khaldin [[Umchabezi River|Webiga Umchabezi]]) ilaa [[Mzingwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mzingwane]]. == Tixraacyo == {{commons category}} {{reflist}} d4u87rmi00kqew3lsqz0dd195gwbfbt 300546 300403 2026-07-01T02:41:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mzingwane | native_name = | native_name_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = Mzingwane above Fultons Drift 02 03 07.JPG | image_size = | image_caption = Webiga Mzingwane oo ka sarreeya Fulton's [[Ford (crossing)|Drift]] (waddo-biyood), u dhow [[Beitbridge]], [[Zimbabwe]] | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|22.30|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = Koonfurta [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]], [[South Africa–Zimbabwe border|Xadka Koonfur Afrika–Zimbabwe]] | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22|11|13|S|29|55|32|E|display=inline,title}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|452|m|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size_km2 = 15695 | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = <ref name=Boroto>{{cite conference|author=Görgens, A.H.M.|author2=Boroto, R.A. |date=1997 |title=Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management|conference=Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium|location=Pretoria}}</ref> }} {{Location map |Zimbabwe |label=Mzingwane |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=22|lat_min=11 |lon_deg=29|lon_min=55 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg |marksize=20 |caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mzingwane }} '''Webiga Mzingwane''', oo hore loo oran jiray '''Webiga Umzingwane''' ama '''Webiga Umzingwani''', waa laan weyn oo dhanka bidix uga dhuumata [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] ee gudaha [[Zimbabwe]]. Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa u dhow [[Fort Usher]], [[Matobo District|Degmada Matobo]], koonfurta [[Bulawayo]] wuxuuna ku shubmaa Webiga Limpopo u dhow [[Beitbridge]], hoos uga dhacda afka [[Shashe River|Webiga Shashe]] iyo kor uga kacda afka [[Bubye River|Webiga Bubye]]. == Hidurfoolojiyada == Webiga Mzingwane waa webi xilliyeed (ephemeral river) oo socodkiisu inta badan ku kooban yahay mieeyaha uu roobku da'o (Nofeembar ilaa Maarso), iyadoo inta badan socodka la diwangeliyo inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Feabraayo, marka laga reebo meelaha wax laga beddelay hawlgallada biyo-xireenka.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm |date=20180617084831 }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku darsadaa 9.3% celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Dooxada Limpopo, taasi oo ka dhigaysa laanta saddexaad ee ugu weyn dooxada Limpopo.<ref name=Boroto/> Laamaha waaweyn ee Webiga Mzingwane waxaa ka mid ah Webiyada [[Insiza River|Insiza]], [[Inyankuni River|Inyankuni]], [[Ncema River|Ncema]], [[Umchabezi River|Umchabezi]] (Yaan loo khaldin [[Mtshabezi River|Mtshabezi]]) iyo [[Mtetengwe River|Mtetengwe]]. Qaybta hoose ee Webiga Mzingwane waa marin ciid laga buuxiyay, oo leh kaydad biyo-dhulka hoose ah ([[aquifer]]) oo ballaaran oo ku yaal marinka webiga iyo ka hooseeya bannaanka dhoobada ah. Isku-darka kheyraadka biyaha ee la qiyaasay ee kaydadkan ayaa u dhaxeeya {{convert|175000|and|5430000|m3}} ee marinnada dhexdiisa iyo mid u dhaxeeya {{convert|80000|and|6920000|m3}} bannaanka dhexdiisa. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, qaar ka mid ah kaydadkan biyo-dhulka hoose ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu bixiyo biyo loogu talagalay isticmaalka rasmiga ah, waraabinta xoolaha iyo barkadaha daryeelka xoolaha, waraabka ganacsiga iyo beerashada suuqa.<ref>Moyce, W., Mangeya, P., Owen, R. and Love, D. 2006. Alluvial aquifers in the Mzingwane Catchment: their distribution, properties, current usage and potential expansion. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 988–994. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.013]</ref> == Degmooyinka == Degmooyinka hoos ku qoran waxaa loo habeeyay bilowga webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa: * Tuulada [[Mbalabala]] * Magaalada [[Gwanda]] * Tuulada [[West Nicholson]] * Magaalada [[Beitbridge]] waxay ku taal qiyaastii 6&nbsp;km bari-koonfur-bari ee barta ay ku kulmaan Webiga Bubye iyo Limpopo oo ku taal xadka ay la wadaagto [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Waxaa la aasaasay 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/zimbei.html |title=Beitbridge |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106111813/http://www.zimbabwe.8m.com/zimbei.html |archive-date=2016-11-06 }}</ref> == Buundooyinka iyo Isgoysyada == [[File:Bertie Knott Bridge.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Buundada Bertie Knott oo ku taal Webiga Mzingwane u dhow [[Beitbridge]].]] Waxaa jiri afar buundo oo waaweyn oo ka sarreeya Webiga Mzingwane: * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Bulawayo]] - [[Beitbridge]], ee u dhaxaysa [[Esigodini]] iyo [[Mbalabala]], hoos uga dhacda [[Mzingwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mzingwane]]. Waxaa kale oo jira buundo tareen. * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Mbalabala]] - [[Masvingo]]. * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Bulawayo]] - [[Beitbridge]] ee joogta [[West Nicholson]], hoos uga dhacda barta ay ku kulmaan [[Insiza River|Webiga Insiza]]. Waxaa kale oo jira buundo tareen. * Buundada Bertie Knott, oo ku taal wadada ka timaada [[Beitbridge]] ee aada Qorshaha Waraabka Shashe, u dhow afka webiga. Waxaa kale oo jira tiro waddo-biyoodyo (fords) ah, oo ay ku jiraan: * Labo waddo-biyood oo kor uga xiga [[West Nicholson]] oo ku yaal waddooyinka Silalabuhwa iyo Mosholomoshe. * Waddo-biyoodka Doddieburn, hoos uga dhaca [[West Nicholson]]. * Gems Drift, u dhow [[Beitbridge]]. * Fulton's Drift, u dhow [[Beitbridge]]. == Horumarinta == [[File:Zhovhe spillway.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Maro-biyoodka (spillway) ee [[Zhovhe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Zhovhe]], u dhow [[Beitbridge]].]] Nidaamyo yaryar oo xireenno ah (weirs) ka sokow, waxaa jira laba biyo-xireen oo waaweyn oo ku yaal Webiga Mzingwane: * [[Mzingwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mzingwane]], oo la dhisay 1962, lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 42 MCM ([[million cubic metre|milyan mitir kuyuubik]]). Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow isha webiga wuxuuna biyaha siiyaa magaalada [[Bulawayo]]. * [[Zhovhe Dam|Biyo-xireenka Zhovhe]], oo la dhisay 1995, lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 136 MCM. Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow barta uu kula kulmo [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] wuxuuna biyaha waraabka siiyaa [[Beitbridge]]. Goobo biyo-xireen oo dheeri ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday [[Glassblock Dam|Glassblock]] iyo [[Oakley Block Dam|Oakley Block]], laakiin horumarintooda hadda looma qorsheeyay.<ref>{{cite book|author=Chibi, T. |author2=Kandori, C. |author3=Makone, B.F. |year=2005 |title=Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan |publisher=Zimbabwe National Water Authority|location=Bulawayo}}</ref> Mashruuc ayaa socda si loo dhiso dhuun biyaha ka soo qaada qaybta sare ee [[Mtshabezi River|Webiga Mtshabezi]] (yaan loo khaldin [[Umchabezi River|Webiga Umchabezi]]) ilaa [[Mzingwane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Mzingwane]]. == Tixraacyo == {{commons category}} {{reflist}} nfk8krilfufr1cp0h0up1q6fc4sl89w 0 48405 300404 2026-06-30T12:21:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mwenezi | other_name = Webiga Nuanetsi | image = Mwenezi River.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Webiga Mwenezi oo ku yaal lowveld-ka [[Zimbabwe]] | map = {{Location map|Mozambique|float=center|border=infobox|label=Mwenezi|lon_dir=E|lat_dir=S|lat_deg= 22|lat_min= 38|lon_deg= 31|lon_min= 48|position=right|width= 250|mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg|marksize= 20|caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mwenezi}} | source1_location = Degmada [[Insiza]], Koonfurta Bartamaha Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|149|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1195|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>Height of river in Insiza District, quoted as per Cebuano wiki-article</ref> | discharge1_avg = {{convert|14.34|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} (unit flow)<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> | basin_size = {{convert|14759|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} }} '''Webiga Mwenezi''', oo markii hore loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Nuanetsi''', waa laan weyn oo ku shubanta [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Webiga Mwenezi wuxuu ka bilaawdaa koonfurta bartamaha [[Zimbabwe]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-bari raac weynta loo yaqaanno Dooxada Webiga Mwenezi taasi oo u qaybisa degmada laba qaybood.<ref>[http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg Mwenezi River & tributaries in Mwenezi (District)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318115321/http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg |date=18 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940](accessed 20 February 2008)</ref> Webiga waxaa laga helaa labada dalka ee Zimbabwe iyo [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]. Gudaha Zimbabwe waxaa hore loogu yaqaannay ''Nuanetsi'' ama ''Webiga Nuanetzi'', magacaas oo uu weli ku sii haysto Musambiig.<ref>Ministério da Administração Estatal 2005. Perfil do Distrito de Chicualacuala, Província de Gaza, page 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120103720/http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf |archivedate=20 November 2008 }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa [[Gonarezhou National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gonarezhou]] asagoo ku sii jeeda inuu ku biiro Webiga weyn ee Limpopo. Webiga Mwenezi waa laan weyn wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi–koonfur. Kuma kulmaan gudaha Zimbabwe, laakiin waxay isugu yimaadaan masaafo ah {{convert|20|km}} hoos uga dhacda gudaha [[Chicualacuala District|Degmada Chicualacuala]] ee Musambiig. Inta u dhaxaysa waa [[Sengwe Communal Land]] oo ku taal [[Chiredzi District|Degmada Chiredzi]] ee [[Masvingo Province|Gobolka Masvingo]], taasi oo u badan dhul fidsan oo ruxruxa oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|300|m}}. == Hidurfoolojiyada == [[File:Mwenezi at Mwenezi centre.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Muqaalka kor looga eegayo buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Masvingo]] - [[Beitbridge]], u dhow [[Rutenga]].]] Webiga Mwenezi waa webi leh qulqul xilliyeed (intermittent flow) kaasi oo guud ahaan ku kooban mieeyaha uu roobku da'o (Nofeembar ilaa Abriil), iyadoo inta badan qulqulka la diwangeliyo inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Feabraayo, marka laga reebo meelaha wax laga beddelay hawlgallada biyo-xireenka.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p 31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm]</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku darsadaa 6.7% celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Dooxada Limpopo, taasi oo ka dhigaysa laanta saddexaad ee ugu weyn dooxada Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Laamaha waaweyn ee uu leeyahay waa webiyada [[Dinhe]], [[Manyoshi]], [[Mtedzi]], [[Mhondi]], [[Makugwe]], [[Sosonye]], [[Sovoleli]], [[Malole]], [[Mwele River|Mwele]] iyo [[Mushawe]]. == Degmooyinka == Magaalooyinka iyo degmooyinka hoos ku qoran waxaa loo habeeyay bilowga webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa: * Hadafka [[Chegato]] * Tuulada [[Mwenezi]] * Xerada [[Mabalauta]], [[Gonarezhou National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gonarezhou]] * Tuulada [[Malipati]] == Buundooyinka iyo Isgoysyada == [[File:Mwenezi at Mazetese.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ford (crossing)|Waddo-biyood]] ku taal Webiga Mwenezi oo joogta Mazetese, kor uga dhacda [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]].]] Waxaa jira afar buundo oo waaweyn oo ku teedsan Webiga Mwenezi: * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Masvingo]] - [[Beitbridge]], u dhow [[Rutenga]], oo sidoo kale ah buundo tareen. * Buundada ku taal wadada [[Chegato]] - [[Mataga]] * Buundada ku taal wadada Dinhe - [[Neshuro]] * Buundo u dhow [[Malipati]] oo ku taal wadada ka timaada [[Chikombedzi]] Waxaa kale oo jira tiro [[ford (crossing)|waddo-biyoodyo]] ah. == Horumarinta == [[File:Manyuchi release.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Biyaha laga soo daayay [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]], [[Mwenezi]].]] Nidaamyo yaryar oo xireenno ah (weirs) ka sokow, waxaa jira hal biyo-xireen oo weyn oo ku yaal Webiga Mwenezi: [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]] oo ku yaal [[Mwenezi (District)|Degmada Mwenezi]], kaasi oo biyaha siiya [[Rutenga]] iyo waraabka sonkorta. Biyaha laga soo daayo [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]] waxaa loogu talagalay isticmaalayaashan marka ay joogaan Rinette Weir. Laba goobood oo biyo-xireen oo dheeri ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday inta u dhaxaysa Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi iyo tuulada [[Mwenezi]], laakiin horumarintooda hadda looma qorsheeyay.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Duur-joogta == [[File:Heron Kondo Mwenezi.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Shimbirta [[hamerkop]] ee joogta hareeraha webiga. Dadka deegaanku waxay u yaqaannaan 'Kondo' waxaana jira heeso laga tiriyay. 2006]] Webigu wuxuu caawiyaa noocyo kala duwan oo duur-joog ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin [[heron|haad-goofka]], [[hippo|jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodiles|yaxaaska Niilka]]. Tiro dad ah ayaa noloshooda ku waaya yaxaasyadan, iyo sidoo kale xoolo badan oo gurijoog ah oo aan la tiris karin sida riyaha, weylaha iyo dameeraha.<ref>Crocodile Attack [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704260289.html] (accessed 19 February 2008)</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} * Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940] {{MweneziDistrict}} {{coord|22|38|36|S|31|48|52|E|source:kolossus-ltwiki|display=title}} rs5n2hylzdm3hrt41tr30p1uu2e1u5p 300405 300404 2026-06-30T12:22:56Z Isma4l 41797 300405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mwenezi | other_name = Webiga Nuanetsi | image = Mwenezi River.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Webiga Mwenezi oo ku yaal lowveld-ka [[Zimbabwe]] | map = {{Location map|Mozambique|float=center|border=infobox|label=Mwenezi|lon_dir=E|lat_dir=S|lat_deg= 22|lat_min= 38|lon_deg= 31|lon_min= 48|position=right|width= 250|mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg|marksize= 20|caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mwenezi}} | source1_location = Degmada [[Insiza]], Koonfurta Bartamaha Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|149|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1195|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>Height of river in Insiza District, quoted as per Cebuano wiki-article</ref> | discharge1_avg = {{convert|14.34|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} (unit flow)<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> | basin_size = {{convert|14759|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} }} '''Webiga Mwenezi''', oo markii hore loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Nuanetsi''', waa laan weyn oo ku shubanta [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Webiga Mwenezi wuxuu ka bilaawdaa koonfurta bartamaha [[Zimbabwe]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-bari raac weynta loo yaqaanno Dooxada Webiga Mwenezi taasi oo u qaybisa degmada laba qaybood.<ref>[http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg Mwenezi River & tributaries in Mwenezi (District)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318115321/http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg |date=18 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940](accessed 20 February 2008)</ref> Webiga waxaa laga helaa labada dalka ee Zimbabwe iyo [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]. Gudaha Zimbabwe waxaa hore loogu yaqaannay ''Nuanetsi'' ama ''Webiga Nuanetzi'', magacaas oo uu weli ku sii haysto Musambiig.<ref>Ministério da Administração Estatal 2005. Perfil do Distrito de Chicualacuala, Província de Gaza, page 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120103720/http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf |archivedate=20 November 2008 }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa [[Gonarezhou National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gonarezhou]] asagoo ku sii jeeda inuu ku biiro Webiga weyn ee Limpopo. Webiga Mwenezi waa laan weyn wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi–koonfur. Kuma kulmaan gudaha Zimbabwe, laakiin waxay isugu yimaadaan masaafo ah {{convert|20|km}} hoos uga dhacda gudaha [[Chicualacuala District|Degmada Chicualacuala]] ee Musambiig. Inta u dhaxaysa waa [[Sengwe Communal Land]] oo ku taal [[Chiredzi District|Degmada Chiredzi]] ee [[Masvingo Province|Gobolka Masvingo]], taasi oo u badan dhul fidsan oo ruxruxa oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|300|m}}. == Biyaha == [[File:Mwenezi at Mwenezi centre.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Muqaalka kor looga eegayo buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Masvingo]] - [[Beitbridge]], u dhow [[Rutenga]].]] Webiga Mwenezi waa webi leh qulqul xilliyeed (intermittent flow) kaasi oo guud ahaan ku kooban mieeyaha uu roobku da'o (Nofeembar ilaa Abriil), iyadoo inta badan qulqulka la diwangeliyo inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Feabraayo, marka laga reebo meelaha wax laga beddelay hawlgallada biyo-xireenka.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p 31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm]</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku darsadaa 6.7% celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Dooxada Limpopo, taasi oo ka dhigaysa laanta saddexaad ee ugu weyn dooxada Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Laamaha waaweyn ee uu leeyahay waa webiyada [[Dinhe]], [[Manyoshi]], [[Mtedzi]], [[Mhondi]], [[Makugwe]], [[Sosonye]], [[Sovoleli]], [[Malole]], [[Mwele River|Mwele]] iyo [[Mushawe]]. == Degmooyinka == Magaalooyinka iyo degmooyinka hoos ku qoran waxaa loo habeeyay bilowga webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa: * Hadafka [[Chegato]] * Tuulada [[Mwenezi]] * Xerada [[Mabalauta]], [[Gonarezhou National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gonarezhou]] * Tuulada [[Malipati]] == Buundooyinka iyo Isgoysyada == [[File:Mwenezi at Mazetese.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ford (crossing)|Waddo-biyood]] ku taal Webiga Mwenezi oo joogta Mazetese, kor uga dhacda [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]].]] Waxaa jira afar buundo oo waaweyn oo ku teedsan Webiga Mwenezi: * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Masvingo]] - [[Beitbridge]], u dhow [[Rutenga]], oo sidoo kale ah buundo tareen. * Buundada ku taal wadada [[Chegato]] - [[Mataga]] * Buundada ku taal wadada Dinhe - [[Neshuro]] * Buundo u dhow [[Malipati]] oo ku taal wadada ka timaada [[Chikombedzi]] Waxaa kale oo jira tiro [[ford (crossing)|waddo-biyoodyo]] ah. == Horumarinta == [[File:Manyuchi release.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Biyaha laga soo daayay [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]], [[Mwenezi]].]] Nidaamyo yaryar oo xireenno ah (weirs) ka sokow, waxaa jira hal biyo-xireen oo weyn oo ku yaal Webiga Mwenezi: [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]] oo ku yaal [[Mwenezi (District)|Degmada Mwenezi]], kaasi oo biyaha siiya [[Rutenga]] iyo waraabka sonkorta. Biyaha laga soo daayo [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]] waxaa loogu talagalay isticmaalayaashan marka ay joogaan Rinette Weir. Laba goobood oo biyo-xireen oo dheeri ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday inta u dhaxaysa Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi iyo tuulada [[Mwenezi]], laakiin horumarintooda hadda looma qorsheeyay.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Duur-joogta == [[File:Heron Kondo Mwenezi.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Shimbirta [[hamerkop]] ee joogta hareeraha webiga. Dadka deegaanku waxay u yaqaannaan 'Kondo' waxaana jira heeso laga tiriyay. 2006]] Webigu wuxuu caawiyaa noocyo kala duwan oo duur-joog ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin [[heron|haad-goofka]], [[hippo|jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodiles|yaxaaska Niilka]]. Tiro dad ah ayaa noloshooda ku waaya yaxaasyadan, iyo sidoo kale xoolo badan oo gurijoog ah oo aan la tiris karin sida riyaha, weylaha iyo dameeraha.<ref>Crocodile Attack [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704260289.html] (accessed 19 February 2008)</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} * Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940] {{MweneziDistrict}} {{coord|22|38|36|S|31|48|52|E|source:kolossus-ltwiki|display=title}} tqiuuqargzf2r6scwzas0xnxcd9z2yw 300545 300405 2026-07-01T02:41:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Mwenezi | other_name = Webiga Nuanetsi | image = Mwenezi River.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Webiga Mwenezi oo ku yaal lowveld-ka [[Zimbabwe]] | map = {{Location map|Mozambique|float=center|border=infobox|label=Mwenezi|lon_dir=E|lat_dir=S|lat_deg= 22|lat_min= 38|lon_deg= 31|lon_min= 48|position=right|width= 250|mark=Cercle rouge 100%.svg|marksize= 20|caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Mwenezi}} | source1_location = Degmada [[Insiza]], Koonfurta Bartamaha Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|149|m|ft|abbr=on}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|1195|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref>Height of river in Insiza District, quoted as per Cebuano wiki-article</ref> | discharge1_avg = {{convert|14.34|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} (unit flow)<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> | basin_size = {{convert|14759|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} }} '''Webiga Mwenezi''', oo markii hore loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Nuanetsi''', waa laan weyn oo ku shubanta [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]]. Webiga Mwenezi wuxuu ka bilaawdaa koonfurta bartamaha [[Zimbabwe]] wuxuuna u qulqulaa dhanka koonfur-bari raac weynta loo yaqaanno Dooxada Webiga Mwenezi taasi oo u qaybisa degmada laba qaybood.<ref>[http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg Mwenezi River & tributaries in Mwenezi (District)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318115321/http://eusoils.jrc.it/esdb_archive/EuDASM/africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw3003_8to.jpg |date=18 March 2007 }}</ref><ref>Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940](accessed 20 February 2008)</ref> Webiga waxaa laga helaa labada dalka ee Zimbabwe iyo [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]. Gudaha Zimbabwe waxaa hore loogu yaqaannay ''Nuanetsi'' ama ''Webiga Nuanetzi'', magacaas oo uu weli ku sii haysto Musambiig.<ref>Ministério da Administração Estatal 2005. Perfil do Distrito de Chicualacuala, Província de Gaza, page 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=8 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120103720/http://www.undp.org.mz/en/content/download/539/2473/file/Chicualacuala.pdf |archivedate=20 November 2008 }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu dhex maraa [[Gonarezhou National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gonarezhou]] asagoo ku sii jeeda inuu ku biiro Webiga weyn ee Limpopo. Webiga Mwenezi waa laan weyn wuxuuna u qulqulaa waqooyi–koonfur. Kuma kulmaan gudaha Zimbabwe, laakiin waxay isugu yimaadaan masaafo ah {{convert|20|km}} hoos uga dhacda gudaha [[Chicualacuala District|Degmada Chicualacuala]] ee Musambiig. Inta u dhaxaysa waa [[Sengwe Communal Land]] oo ku taal [[Chiredzi District|Degmada Chiredzi]] ee [[Masvingo Province|Gobolka Masvingo]], taasi oo u badan dhul fidsan oo ruxruxa oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|300|m}}. == Biyaha == [[File:Mwenezi at Mwenezi centre.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Muqaalka kor looga eegayo buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Masvingo]] - [[Beitbridge]], u dhow [[Rutenga]].]] Webiga Mwenezi waa webi leh qulqul xilliyeed (intermittent flow) kaasi oo guud ahaan ku kooban mieeyaha uu roobku da'o (Nofeembar ilaa Abriil), iyadoo inta badan qulqulka la diwangeliyo inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo Feabraayo, marka laga reebo meelaha wax laga beddelay hawlgallada biyo-xireenka.<ref>Love, D., Uhlenbrook, S., Nyabeze, W., Owen, R.J.S., Twomlow, S., Savenije, H., Woltering, L. and van der Zaag, P. 2005. Modelling of hydrological change for IWRM planning: case study of the Mzingwane River, Limpopo Basin, Zimbabwe. In: Abstract Volume, 6th WaterNet/WARFSA/GWP-SA Symposium, Ezulwini, Swaziland, November 2005, p 31.[http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uniswa.sz/water2005/papers.htm |date=20180617084831 }}</ref> Webigu wuxuu ku darsadaa 6.7% celceliska qulqulka sannadlaha ah ee Dooxada Limpopo, taasi oo ka dhigaysa laanta saddexaad ee ugu weyn dooxada Limpopo.<ref>Görgens, A.H.M. and Boroto, R.A. 1997. Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management. In: Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium, Pretoria, South Africa.</ref> Laamaha waaweyn ee uu leeyahay waa webiyada [[Dinhe]], [[Manyoshi]], [[Mtedzi]], [[Mhondi]], [[Makugwe]], [[Sosonye]], [[Sovoleli]], [[Malole]], [[Mwele River|Mwele]] iyo [[Mushawe]]. == Degmooyinka == Magaalooyinka iyo degmooyinka hoos ku qoran waxaa loo habeeyay bilowga webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa: * Hadafka [[Chegato]] * Tuulada [[Mwenezi]] * Xerada [[Mabalauta]], [[Gonarezhou National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Gonarezhou]] * Tuulada [[Malipati]] == Buundooyinka iyo Isgoysyada == [[File:Mwenezi at Mazetese.jpg|200px|thumb|right|[[Ford (crossing)|Waddo-biyood]] ku taal Webiga Mwenezi oo joogta Mazetese, kor uga dhacda [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]].]] Waxaa jira afar buundo oo waaweyn oo ku teedsan Webiga Mwenezi: * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Masvingo]] - [[Beitbridge]], u dhow [[Rutenga]], oo sidoo kale ah buundo tareen. * Buundada ku taal wadada [[Chegato]] - [[Mataga]] * Buundada ku taal wadada Dinhe - [[Neshuro]] * Buundo u dhow [[Malipati]] oo ku taal wadada ka timaada [[Chikombedzi]] Waxaa kale oo jira tiro [[ford (crossing)|waddo-biyoodyo]] ah. == Horumarinta == [[File:Manyuchi release.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Biyaha laga soo daayay [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]], [[Mwenezi]].]] Nidaamyo yaryar oo xireenno ah (weirs) ka sokow, waxaa jira hal biyo-xireen oo weyn oo ku yaal Webiga Mwenezi: [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]] oo ku yaal [[Mwenezi (District)|Degmada Mwenezi]], kaasi oo biyaha siiya [[Rutenga]] iyo waraabka sonkorta. Biyaha laga soo daayo [[Manyuchi Dam|Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi]] waxaa loogu talagalay isticmaalayaashan marka ay joogaan Rinette Weir. Laba goobood oo biyo-xireen oo dheeri ah ayaa laga aqoonsaday inta u dhaxaysa Biyo-xireenka Manyuchi iyo tuulada [[Mwenezi]], laakiin horumarintooda hadda looma qorsheeyay.<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Duur-joogta == [[File:Heron Kondo Mwenezi.jpg|200px|thumb|right| Shimbirta [[hamerkop]] ee joogta hareeraha webiga. Dadka deegaanku waxay u yaqaannaan 'Kondo' waxaana jira heeso laga tiriyay. 2006]] Webigu wuxuu caawiyaa noocyo kala duwan oo duur-joog ah, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin [[heron|haad-goofka]], [[hippo|jeerta]] iyo [[Nile crocodiles|yaxaaska Niilka]]. Tiro dad ah ayaa noloshooda ku waaya yaxaasyadan, iyo sidoo kale xoolo badan oo gurijoog ah oo aan la tiris karin sida riyaha, weylaha iyo dameeraha.<ref>Crocodile Attack [http://allafrica.com/stories/200704260289.html] (accessed 19 February 2008)</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist|30em}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} * Flora of Zimbabwe [http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=102940] {{MweneziDistrict}} {{coord|22|38|36|S|31|48|52|E|source:kolossus-ltwiki|display=title}} 9ougvqso80hsbz3kganhuqymmikohwu 0 48406 300406 2026-06-30T12:25:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Mupfure ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Sanyati (bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Mupfure''' waa [[river|webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]] kaasi oo ishiisu tahay [[Mashonaland East Province|Gobolka Mashonaland East]] kuna gudba [[Mashonaland West Province|Gobolka Mashonaland West]]. Wuxuu ku biiraa webiga Sanyati oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi kuna shubma [[Zambezi river|webiga Zambezi]]. Webigu waa goob laga qodo dahabka saasidda ah (alluvial gold).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-12 |title=Alluvial gold miners cause massive environmental damage along major rivers; Province escalates fight against plunder |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/alluvial-gold-miners-cause-massive-environmental-damage-along-major-rivers-province-escalates-fight-against-plunder/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Webiga Mupfure wuxuu ahaa goob ay ka dhaceen dhowr shil iyo masiibooyin dhimasho ah. Bishii Agoosto 2022, laba gaari oo ku safrayay wadada weyn ee Harare-Masvingo ayaa galay shil waxayna ku dhaceen webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Police Retrieve Mupfure River Accident Victims |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/08/03/police-retrieve-mupfure-river-accident-victims/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}</ref> Shan qof oo baabuurta dhexda kaga jiray ayaa ku qarkamay ka dib markii ay ku dhaceen webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Machaya |first=Prince |date=2022-07-31 |title=5 drown after haulage truck, excavator collide on bridge and plunge into river |url=https://www.zimlive.com/5-drown-after-haulage-truck-excavator-collide-on-bridge-and-plunge-into-river/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Zimbabwe News Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2024, nin ka cararayay booliska ayaa ku booday webiga si uu u baxsado. Waxaa dhowr casho ka dib helay dadka deegaanka asaga oo qarkamay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zibowa |first=Theresa |date=2024-04-16 |title=Harare man drowns while escaping arrest » |url=https://masvingomirror.com/harare-man-drowns-while-escaping-arrest/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Masvingo Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{coord|17|30|20|S|29|23|18|E|region:ZW-MC_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} 0jk63mydvhm9q5reln4zdfo7zajebi1 300544 300406 2026-07-01T02:41:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300544 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sanyati Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Mupfure ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Sanyati (bartamaha)]] '''Webiga Mupfure''' waa [[river|webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]] kaasi oo ishiisu tahay [[Mashonaland East Province|Gobolka Mashonaland East]] kuna gudba [[Mashonaland West Province|Gobolka Mashonaland West]]. Wuxuu ku biiraa webiga Sanyati oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi kuna shubma [[Zambezi river|webiga Zambezi]]. Webigu waa goob laga qodo dahabka saasidda ah (alluvial gold).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-12 |title=Alluvial gold miners cause massive environmental damage along major rivers; Province escalates fight against plunder |url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/alluvial-gold-miners-cause-massive-environmental-damage-along-major-rivers-province-escalates-fight-against-plunder/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=NewZimbabwe.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Webiga Mupfure wuxuu ahaa goob ay ka dhaceen dhowr shil iyo masiibooyin dhimasho ah. Bishii Agoosto 2022, laba gaari oo ku safrayay wadada weyn ee Harare-Masvingo ayaa galay shil waxayna ku dhaceen webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Police Retrieve Mupfure River Accident Victims |url=https://www.zimeye.net/2022/08/03/police-retrieve-mupfure-river-accident-victims/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=ZimEye |language=en-US}}</ref> Shan qof oo baabuurta dhexda kaga jiray ayaa ku qarkamay ka dib markii ay ku dhaceen webiga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Machaya |first=Prince |date=2022-07-31 |title=5 drown after haulage truck, excavator collide on bridge and plunge into river |url=https://www.zimlive.com/5-drown-after-haulage-truck-excavator-collide-on-bridge-and-plunge-into-river/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Zimbabwe News Now |language=en-US}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2024, nin ka cararayay booliska ayaa ku booday webiga si uu u baxsado. Waxaa dhowr casho ka dib helay dadka deegaanka asaga oo qarkamay.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zibowa |first=Theresa |date=2024-04-16 |title=Harare man drowns while escaping arrest » |url=https://masvingomirror.com/harare-man-drowns-while-escaping-arrest/ |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=Masvingo Mirror |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219210559/https://masvingomirror.com/harare-man-drowns-while-escaping-arrest/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} {{coord|17|30|20|S|29|23|18|E|region:ZW-MC_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}} ksaecbb0msw3bp9jt2q8yevhzj26igk 0 48407 300407 2026-06-30T12:27:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Munyati | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = Umniati<ref name="Cambridge2011Selous"/> | name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --> | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | map = Sanyati Basin OSM.svg | map_size = | map_caption = Dooxada Sanyati | pushpin_map = | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_caption= <!---------------------- LOCATION --> | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = <!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --> | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = <!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --> | source1 = | source1_location = | source1_coordinates= | source1_elevation = | mouth = | mouth_location = | mouth_coordinates = | mouth_elevation = | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} '''Webiga Munyati''' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno '''Webiga Umniati''',<ref name="Cambridge2011Selous">{{cite book |last=Selous |first=Frederick Courtney |author-link=Frederick Selous |title=Travel and Adventure in South-East Africa |chapter=XXV |page=445 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CdWemHZX4BQC |location=New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1108031165 |date=2011-05-19}}</ref> iyo sidii '''Webiga Sanyati''' qayb ka mid ah dhererkiisa) waa [[river|webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]]. Markii ay jirtay maamulkii [[Rhodesia]], waxaa si rasmi ah loogu magacaabay '''Umniati''', laakiin hiteeynta qoraalkiisa waxaa la beddelay 1983 si uu ugu dhowaado ku dhawaaqista saxda ah ee [[Shona language|luuqadda Shona]]. Webigu wuxuu ka bilaawdaa [[Mashonaland East]], meel waqooyi ka xigta [[Chivhu]], iyo qiyaastii {{convert|100|km|mile|abbr=on}} koonfur ka xigta [[Harare]]. Wuxuu u qulqulaa qiyaastii dhanka waqooyi-bari, inta badan dhererkiisana markii hore wuxuu samayn jiray xadka koonfureed ee gobolka Mashonaland, maantana inta badan waa xadka koonfureed ee Mashonaland West. Webiga waxaa ku biira [[Mupfure River|Webiga Mupfure]] (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Umfuli). Hoos uga dhacda bartaas, webiga waxaa inta badan loo tixgeliyaa Sanyati. Kadib dherer guud oo dhan {{convert|500|km|mile|abbr=on}} webigu wuxuu ku shubmaa [[Lake Kariba|Harada Kariba]] (qaybta [[Zambezi]] ee u dhaxaysa [[Kariba Dam|Biyo-xireenka Kariba]] iyo Batoka Gorge), taasi oo ka dhigaysa qayb ka mid ah [[Zambezi River#Zambezi Basin|Dooxada Zambezi]]. Qulqulka webiga waa mid aad isu bedbeddela, taasi oo ka tarjumaysa faraqa weyn ee u dhexeeya xilliyada qallalan iyo xilliyada roobka ee cimilada deegaanka. Inta u dhaxaysa Diseembar iyo May wuxuu u qulqulaa si xooggan wuxuuna dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} oo mool ah marka uu joogo dhulka sare, iyo {{convert|80|to|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} oo ballac ah (inkastoo uu ka mool yar yahay) marka uu joogo qaybihiisa hoose. Inta ka dhiman sannadka, aad ayuu u yaraadaa qulqulkiisuna wuu gaabiyaa, badiyaa wuxuu noqdaa kaliya {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=on}} oo mool ah, wuxuuna ku dhowaadaa inuu gabi ahaanba engego xilliyada dhifka ah ee ay jiraan abaaro ba'an; sidii ugu dambaysay 1984. ==Biyo-dhaca Gandavaroyi== Biyo-dhaca ugu weyn ee webiga ku yaal waa Biyo-dhaca Gandavaroyi (Biyo-dhaca Ganderowe). Sida luuqadda [[Shona language|Shona]] ku tahay, ''ganda'' (''kanda'') waxay ka dhigan tahay "in la tuuro", ''varoyi''-na waxay ka dhigan tahay "sixiroolayaal", "iyagoo adeegsanaya gabayga iyo saxsanaanta caadiga ah, [[Shona people|dadka deegaanka]] waxay biyo-dhaca ugu magac dareen dhaqankii quruxda badnaa ee ay lahaayeen ee ahaa inay sixiroolayaasha caanka ah ka tuuraan biyo-dhaca."<ref name="Edwards1974">{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Stephen John |year=1974 |title=Zambezi Odyssey: A Record of Adventure on a Great River of Africa |location=[[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] |publisher=T. V. Bulpin |page=72 |isbn=978-0-949956-08-8}}</ref> Goobta waxaa loo aaminsanaa inay tahay meel muqaddas ah, xitaa maanta, dad yar oo deegaanka ah ayaa doorbida inay booqdaan meeshan. Biyo-dhacan ka dib, laanta weyn ee ku biirta waa webiga Mvumvudze oo dhex mara Vashe. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda == * [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/zimbabwe_rel_2002.pdf Khariidadda Zimbabwe oo laga soo qaatay Jaamacadda Texas oo muujinaysa webiga]. {{Authority control}} o4y4re7r0o9xehtssrgkfbbzadftssr 0 48408 300408 2026-06-30T12:29:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Inyankuni | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | source1_location = | mouth_location = | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = Zimbabwe | length = | source1_elevation = | mouth_elevation = | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = }} '''Webiga Inyankuni''' waa [[river|webi]] ku yaal [[Zimbabwe]]. Waa laan ku shubanta [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]]. Webiga waxaa saameyn ku yeeshay hawlo macdan qodis sharci-darro ah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-12-10 |title=Illegal mining a health and environmental crisis |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2003/12/10/illegal-mining-health-and-environmental-crisis |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{Reference list}}{{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} 256lfic2xfco3kjkpci5vb45s0zv0xi 0 48409 300409 2026-06-30T12:31:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Insiza | image = ekusileni.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Ekusileni [[Ferry#Pontoon ferry|doon-boodhka xadhigga ah]], ee ku yaal Webiga Insiza hoos uga dhacda [[Filabusi]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = [[Fort Rixon]], Zimbabwe | mouth_location = [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]] | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = | discharge1_avg = {{convert|25.9|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} unit runoff<ref name=KOdams>Kileshye-Onema, J.-M., Mazvimavi, D., Love, D. and Mul, M.L. 2006. Effects of selected dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 870–875. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.022]</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 3,401 | basin_size_ref = <ref>Kileshye Onema, J.-M. and van Rooyen, A. 2007. Landuse dynamics in a small watershed of the semi-arid Zimbabwe. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2007, abstract #B41B-0460 [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AGUFM.B41B0460K]</ref> }} '''Webiga Insiza''' waa laanta ugu weyn ee [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]] ee gudaha [[Zimbabwe]]. Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa u dhow [[Fort Rixon]], [[Insiza|Degmada Insiza]], wuxuuna ku shubmaa [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]] u dhow [[West Nicholson]]. == Hidurfoolojiyada == Qaybaha sare ee Insiza waa kuwo xilliyeed ah, laakiin hoos uga dhacda [[Silalabuhwa Dam|Biyo-xireenka Silalabuhwa]], webigu wuxuu qulqulaa laba meelood oo saddex meelood ahaan sannadka.<ref name=KOdams/> Laamaha waaweyn ee Webiga Insiza waxaa ka mid ah webiyada [[Inkankezi River|Inkankezi]] iyo [[Siwaze River|Siwaze]]. == Magaalooyinka, tuulooyinka iyo degmooyinka ku teedsan webiga == Degmooyinka hoos ku qoran waxaa loo habeeyay bilowga webiga ilaa dhammaadkiisa: * Tuulada [[Fort Rixon]] * Tuulada [[Filabusi]] == Buundooyinka iyo Isgoysyada == [[File:croft bridge.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Buundada Croft oo ku taal Webiga Insiza u dhow [[Filabusi]].]] Waxaa jira afar buundo oo waaweyn oo ka sarreeya Webiga Insiza: * Buundada ku taal wadada weyn ee [[Mbalabala]] - [[Masvingo]], u dhow [[Filabusi]]. * Buundada ku taal wadada [[Filabusi]] - [[Mataga]]. * Buundada ku taal wadada [[Filabusi]] - [[West Nicholson]]. * Buundada Croft, oo ku taal wadada ka timaada [[Filabusi]] aaddana miinada Croft. Waxaa kale oo jira tiro goobo isgoysyo ah, oo ay ku jiraan: * Doon-boodhka Ekusileni (eeg sawirka kore ee bogga). == Horumarinta == [[File:Silalabuhwa Dam.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Biyo-xireenka Silalabuhwa.]] Nidaamyo yaryar oo xireenno ah (weirs) ka sokow, waxaa jira afar biyo-xireen oo ku yaal Webiga Insiza: * [[Upper Insiza Dam|Biyo-xireenka Sare ee Insiza]], u dhow [[Fort Rixon]], oo la dhisay 1967 lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 8,829 MCM ([[million cubic metre|milyan mitir kuyuubik]]). * [[Insiza Dam|Biyo-xireenka Insiza]], oo hore loo oran jiray Biyo-xireenka Mayfair iyo Harada Cunningham, oo la dhisay 1973, lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 173,491 MCM. Wuxuu biyaha siiyaa magaalada [[Bulawayo]]. * [[Pangani Dam|Biyo-xireenka Pangani]], u dhow [[Filabusi]], kaasi oo loo dhisay inuu biyaha siiyo miinada Pangani (oo hadda xiran ahna goob machad tababar dhalinyaro). * [[Silalabuhwa Dam|Biyo-xireenka Silalabuhwa]], oo la dhisay 1966, lehna awood sahay dhowrsan oo dhan 23,454 MCM. Wuxuu ku yaal u dhow barta uu kula kulmo [[Mzingwane River|Webiga Mzingwane]] wuxuuna biyaha waraabka siiyaa Qorshaha Waraabka Silalatshani <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moyo |first1=M. |last2=van Rooyen |first2=A. |last3=Moyo |first3=M. |last4=Chivenge |first4=P. |last5=Bjornlund |first5=H. |title=Irrigation development in Zimbabwe: understanding productivity barriers and opportunities at Mkoba and Silalatshani irrigation schemes |journal=International Journal of Water Resources Development |date=2017 |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=740–754 |doi=10.1080/07900627.2016.1175339|doi-access=free |hdl=10568/96629 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> iyo [[Colleen Bawn]].<ref>Chibi, T., Kandori, C. and Makone, B.F. 2005. Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan. Zimbabwe National Water Authority, Bulawayo.</ref> == Tixraacyo == <references/> {{commons category}} kjdlnh0wg67uenp8fh73o2aduylwc9w 0 48410 300410 2026-06-30T12:34:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300410 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Webiga Inkankezi''' waa [[river|webi]] ku yaal [[Matebeleland South]], [[Insiza District|Degmada Insiza]], Mtshingwe, ee gudaha [[Zimbabwe]]. Webigu mar walba waa engegan yahay xilliga qaboobaha sababo la xiriira baaxaddiisa yar iyo goobta uu dhul ahaan ku yaal oo ah dhul lama-degaan-xigeen ah. Dugsiyada hoose iyo sare ee Nkankezi oo ku yaal dhanka bari ee webiga ee ku teedsan Wadada Bulawayo-Masvingo ayaa magacyadooda ka qaatay webiga. Tuulooyinka kale ee u dhow webiga Nkankezi waa 18A, 18B, 18C, 20 iyo 21. Inkankezi waa laanta ugu weyn ee dhanka bidix uga dhuumata [[Insiza River|Webiga Insiza]].<ref name="KOdams">Kileshye-Onema, J.-M., Mazvimavi, D., Love, D. and Mul, M.L. 2006. Effects of selected dams on river flows of Insiza River, Zimbabwe . Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 31, 870–875. [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.022]</ref> Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa waqooyi-bari ee [[Filabusi]], afkiisuna wuxuu ku yaal [[Insiza River#Development|Biyo-xireenka Silalabuhwa]]. == Tixraacyo == <references/> envodt5hfpfndh9rdm0lsdl99d1ahrq 0 48411 300411 2026-06-30T12:36:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300411 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gwayi Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Gweru ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Gwayi (midig)]] '''Webiga Gweru''' (oo loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Gwelo''' ilaa 1982) waa webi ku yaal Gobolka [[Midlands (Zimbabwe)|Midlands]] ee gudaha [[Zimbabwe]]. ==Taariikhda== Magaca Gweru waa qalloocin dambe oo laga sameeyay magaca Gwelo, kaasi oo isna ahaa qalloocin laga sameeyay magaca '''Ikwelo''' oo la dhigo meel aad u dheer oo qofku caadi ahaan u isticmaali lahaa jaranjaro si uu kor ugu kaco ama hoos ugu soo dego. Isagoo naftiisa ah qalloocin laga sameeyay magaca asalka ah ee Kalanga ee Gwelu oo ah soo gaabinta Gwelumatjena oo la dhigo webiga dhagaxyada cad cad leh. Sheekooyinka hiddaha ah waxay sheegayaan in markii dadka Ndebele ay markii ugu horreysay degeen aagga, haweenkoodu ay aad ugu adkaatay inay biyo ka dhaansadaan webiga sababo la xiriira hareerihiisa oo si dhoobo leh u dheeraa.<ref>Division of Native Affairs|1960 [http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl/2010/01/rhodesian-lore-and-legend.html?m=1|Our Rhodesian Heritage: Rhodesian Lore and Legend|GWELO The late Col. Carbutt wrote, “Gwelo township was originally known to Africans as Senka after the kopje of that name. This was at lease indicative of a fixed spot, unlike the name of Gwelo which is applicable to anywhere along the course of a river one hundred miles in length.” The Gwelo River near its source and down to almost where it joins the Shangani, has carved steep slippery banks in the plain over the years. When the AmaNdebele first settled in the area, the woman are said to have found it very difficult to draw water, in fact they could never find an easy place to climb up from the river bed with their full vessels. Accordingly, they often spoke of “the steep place” (ikwelo), and the river came to be known as iKwelo, eventually becoming Gwelo.] Rhodesian Lore and Legend LORE AND LEGEND SOUTHERN RHODESIA PLACE NAMES| Published by; The Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960]rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl|2010|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref><ref>Isibindi|1970 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm|Colourful Place Names of Rhodesia|GWELO. When the Matabele settled in the district, the women found it difficult to draw water from the river because of the steep banks. It became known as iKwelo - "the steep place".]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.rhodesia.me.uk|Retrieved 18 February tmrh</ref> Webiga waxaa markaas loo bixiyay 'Ikwelo' sababtoo ah inta ugu badan webigan oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|100|mi|km}} wuxuu leeyahay hareero dhoobo leh oo dheer ilaa uu ka gaaro afkiisa ku yaal [[Shangani River|Webiga Shangani]]. Haweenku waxay markaas isticmaali jireen ''ukwelo'' (jaranjaro) si ay uga caawiso inay biyo ka dhaansadaan webiga. [[Gweru|Magaalada Gweru]] waxaa loogu magac daray Webiga Ikwelo. Dadkii deegaanka u soo guuray ee reer Yurub waxay ugu dhawaaqi jireen ''iGwelo'' oo loo soo gaabiyay ''Gwelo'' ka dib madaxbannaanidana reer Zimbabwe waxay u beddeleen qaabka [[ChiShona|luuqadda Shona]] oo ay ka dhigeen [[Gweru]], sidaas darteedna [[Gweru River|Webiga Gweru]].<ref>The community in the heart of the Nation [http://www.mygweru.com/|Gweru - The City of Progress|Gweru is the capital of Midlands Province. Built along the Gweru river, the original Ndebele name was iKwelo (''The Steep Place''), after the river's high banks, where umkwelo (a ladder) was used by those who fetched water from it.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} MyGweru.com|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref> ==Hawlgallada== Webiga Gweru wuxuu leeyahay Qorshaha Waraabka ee Mabangeni oo ah 100 hektar kana yaal [[Lower Gweru]] iyo Qorshaha Waraabka ee Exchange oo ah 165 hektar kana yaal [[Zhombe]] kuwaas oo biyaha ka hela [[Insukamini Dam|Biyo-xireenka Insukamini]] iyo [[Exchange Block Dam|Biyo-xireenka Exchange Block]] siday u kala horreeyaan. Qorshaha Waraabka ee Mabangeni wuxoo biyaha ka soo qaadaa Biyo-xireenka Insukamini isagoo sii maraya xireen-biyood yar oo ku yaal Webiga Gweru. ==Carcooridda iyo wasakhaynta== Abaaraha bulaacadaha ee qabyada ah ayaa wasakhaynayay Webiga Gweru sannadihii la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Midlands Correspondent | date=3 March 2015 | url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-20942-Gweru+admits+to+environment+pollution/news.aspx | title=Gweru admits to environment pollution | quote=GWERU City Council is discharging partially treated effluent into the environment owing to the repeated breakdown of the two sewage treatment plants, a senior official has revealed. Acting director for engineering services Praymore Mhlanga said lack of resources to repair the treatment plants has seen the local authority being taken to court by the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) and at times fined. Over the years, the council has been slammed for discharging raw sewage into Gweru River posing a health hazard to humans, animals and plants. | website=newzimbabwe.com | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-date=8 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708120127/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-20942-Gweru%20admits%20to%20environment%20pollution/news.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> laakiin Hay'adda Maareynta Deegaanka (EMA) ayaa qaadaysa tillaabooyin lagu xakameynayo wasakhaynta biyaha ee webigan iyo webiyada kale ee dalka oo dhan.<ref>Stephen Chadenga|4 March 2015 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2015/03/04/gweru-requires-7-million-refurbish-sewage-treatment-plants/|Gweru requires $7 million to refurbish sewage treatment plants|The council’s acting director of engineering services, Praymore Mhlanga, said the local authority had applied to the government and was granted permission to borrow money to refurbish the plants. Over the years, council has been at logger heads with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) over the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. At one time, council had to pay a $5 000 fine to EMA for discharging effluent into the Gweru River.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Southern Eye Website|Gweru City|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref> Dedaal kale oo lagula dagaallamayo wasakhaynta biyaha ee Webiga Gweru, arday ka tirsan Jaamacadda Midlalands State ayaa u doodu dacyar u sameynta wacyigelin ardayda dugsiyada sare ee hoose ee ku saabsan wasakhaynta iyo carcooridda Webiga Gweru. Ololahan waxaa soo dhaweeyay ururro iyo dugsiyo badan oo ku yaal [[Gweru]], oo ah meesha ugu weyn ee [[Sewage#Pollutants|wasakhda]] ay uga shubanto [[drainage basin|dooxada qulqulka]] Webiga Gweru. ==Laamaha== Kuwaani waa magacyadii asalka ahaa ee salka ku hayay Khariidado ay soo saartay xukuumaddii [[Rhodesia|Rhodesia, oo hadda ah Zimbabwe]].<ref>Gweru Map [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg (Sheet SE35-16 Gwelo edition 2) Gweru District map showing Gweru River course from Senga, Gweru through Lower Gweru to Silobela Communal Land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922083331/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg |date=2015-09-22 }} www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref><ref>Kwekwe Map [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg (Sheet SE35-12 QueQue edition 2) Kwekwe District map showing Gweru River through Silobela, Zhombe and finally meeting with Shangani River in Nkai Communal land] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301084919/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg |date=2016-03-01 }} www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 2016</ref> * Webiga Kenyana (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Ngamo (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Matega (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Chakawa (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Mandingo (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Kalulani (Lower Gweru_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Shagari) * Webiga Batitswa (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Bembe (Lower Gweru_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Museyamwa) * Webiga Ingwenya (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Ntabemhlope (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Damba (Silobela_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Damba) * Webiga Zvanyanya (Silobela) * Webiga Semkulu (_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Totololo) * Webiga Summer (Silobela Purchase Area) * Webiga Mavhunatsvimbo (Silobela) * Webiga Ndhlamatuli (Silobela) * Webiga Marirangwe (Zhombe) * Webiga Gwembezi (Silobela) * Webiga Sangeni (Silobela) * Webiga Sehnga * Webiga Umhlafuto (Silobela) * Webiga Donsa * Webiga Nyauswe (Zhombe) * Webiga Semizi (Zhombe) * Webiga Mangwizi (Zhombe) * Webiga Setshanke (Nkai) * Webiga Gwelutshena (Nkayi_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Gwelutshena) * Webiga Ngenungenu (Nkayi) laantii ugu dambeysay ka hor inta uusan la kulmin [[Shangani River|Webiga Shangani]]. * Webiga Tohwe (Nkayi) ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} tvsgzbg897voga5e2lohqrvo35o5ifn 300543 300411 2026-07-01T02:41:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gwayi Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Gweru ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Gwayi (midig)]] '''Webiga Gweru''' (oo loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Gwelo''' ilaa 1982) waa webi ku yaal Gobolka [[Midlands (Zimbabwe)|Midlands]] ee gudaha [[Zimbabwe]]. ==Taariikhda== Magaca Gweru waa qalloocin dambe oo laga sameeyay magaca Gwelo, kaasi oo isna ahaa qalloocin laga sameeyay magaca '''Ikwelo''' oo la dhigo meel aad u dheer oo qofku caadi ahaan u isticmaali lahaa jaranjaro si uu kor ugu kaco ama hoos ugu soo dego. Isagoo naftiisa ah qalloocin laga sameeyay magaca asalka ah ee Kalanga ee Gwelu oo ah soo gaabinta Gwelumatjena oo la dhigo webiga dhagaxyada cad cad leh. Sheekooyinka hiddaha ah waxay sheegayaan in markii dadka Ndebele ay markii ugu horreysay degeen aagga, haweenkoodu ay aad ugu adkaatay inay biyo ka dhaansadaan webiga sababo la xiriira hareerihiisa oo si dhoobo leh u dheeraa.<ref>Division of Native Affairs|1960 [http://rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl/2010/01/rhodesian-lore-and-legend.html?m=1|Our Rhodesian Heritage: Rhodesian Lore and Legend|GWELO The late Col. Carbutt wrote, “Gwelo township was originally known to Africans as Senka after the kopje of that name. This was at lease indicative of a fixed spot, unlike the name of Gwelo which is applicable to anywhere along the course of a river one hundred miles in length.” The Gwelo River near its source and down to almost where it joins the Shangani, has carved steep slippery banks in the plain over the years. When the AmaNdebele first settled in the area, the woman are said to have found it very difficult to draw water, in fact they could never find an easy place to climb up from the river bed with their full vessels. Accordingly, they often spoke of “the steep place” (ikwelo), and the river came to be known as iKwelo, eventually becoming Gwelo.] Rhodesian Lore and Legend LORE AND LEGEND SOUTHERN RHODESIA PLACE NAMES| Published by; The Chief Information Officer, Information Services Branch. Division of Native Affairs, Salisbury September, 1960]rhodesianheritage.blogspot.nl|2010|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref><ref>Isibindi|1970 [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/ColourfulPlaceNamesofRhodesia.htm|Colourful Place Names of Rhodesia|GWELO. When the Matabele settled in the district, the women found it difficult to draw water from the river because of the steep banks. It became known as iKwelo - "the steep place".]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} www.rhodesia.me.uk|Retrieved 18 February tmrh</ref> Webiga waxaa markaas loo bixiyay 'Ikwelo' sababtoo ah inta ugu badan webigan oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|100|mi|km}} wuxuu leeyahay hareero dhoobo leh oo dheer ilaa uu ka gaaro afkiisa ku yaal [[Shangani River|Webiga Shangani]]. Haweenku waxay markaas isticmaali jireen ''ukwelo'' (jaranjaro) si ay uga caawiso inay biyo ka dhaansadaan webiga. [[Gweru|Magaalada Gweru]] waxaa loogu magac daray Webiga Ikwelo. Dadkii deegaanka u soo guuray ee reer Yurub waxay ugu dhawaaqi jireen ''iGwelo'' oo loo soo gaabiyay ''Gwelo'' ka dib madaxbannaanidana reer Zimbabwe waxay u beddeleen qaabka [[ChiShona|luuqadda Shona]] oo ay ka dhigeen [[Gweru]], sidaas darteedna [[Gweru River|Webiga Gweru]].<ref>The community in the heart of the Nation [http://www.mygweru.com/|Gweru - The City of Progress|Gweru is the capital of Midlands Province. Built along the Gweru river, the original Ndebele name was iKwelo (''The Steep Place''), after the river's high banks, where umkwelo (a ladder) was used by those who fetched water from it.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} MyGweru.com|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref> ==Hawlgallada== Webiga Gweru wuxuu leeyahay Qorshaha Waraabka ee Mabangeni oo ah 100 hektar kana yaal [[Lower Gweru]] iyo Qorshaha Waraabka ee Exchange oo ah 165 hektar kana yaal [[Zhombe]] kuwaas oo biyaha ka hela [[Insukamini Dam|Biyo-xireenka Insukamini]] iyo [[Exchange Block Dam|Biyo-xireenka Exchange Block]] siday u kala horreeyaan. Qorshaha Waraabka ee Mabangeni wuxoo biyaha ka soo qaadaa Biyo-xireenka Insukamini isagoo sii maraya xireen-biyood yar oo ku yaal Webiga Gweru. ==Carcooridda iyo wasakhaynta== Abaaraha bulaacadaha ee qabyada ah ayaa wasakhaynayay Webiga Gweru sannadihii la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite web | author=Midlands Correspondent | date=3 March 2015 | url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-20942-Gweru+admits+to+environment+pollution/news.aspx | title=Gweru admits to environment pollution | quote=GWERU City Council is discharging partially treated effluent into the environment owing to the repeated breakdown of the two sewage treatment plants, a senior official has revealed. Acting director for engineering services Praymore Mhlanga said lack of resources to repair the treatment plants has seen the local authority being taken to court by the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) and at times fined. Over the years, the council has been slammed for discharging raw sewage into Gweru River posing a health hazard to humans, animals and plants. | website=newzimbabwe.com | access-date=18 February 2016 | archive-date=8 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708120127/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-20942-Gweru%20admits%20to%20environment%20pollution/news.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> laakiin Hay'adda Maareynta Deegaanka (EMA) ayaa qaadaysa tillaabooyin lagu xakameynayo wasakhaynta biyaha ee webigan iyo webiyada kale ee dalka oo dhan.<ref>Stephen Chadenga|4 March 2015 [http://www.southerneye.co.zw/2015/03/04/gweru-requires-7-million-refurbish-sewage-treatment-plants/|Gweru requires $7 million to refurbish sewage treatment plants|The council’s acting director of engineering services, Praymore Mhlanga, said the local authority had applied to the government and was granted permission to borrow money to refurbish the plants. Over the years, council has been at logger heads with the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) over the discharge of raw sewage into the environment. At one time, council had to pay a $5 000 fine to EMA for discharging effluent into the Gweru River.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Southern Eye Website|Gweru City|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref> Dedaal kale oo lagula dagaallamayo wasakhaynta biyaha ee Webiga Gweru, arday ka tirsan Jaamacadda Midlalands State ayaa u doodu dacyar u sameynta wacyigelin ardayda dugsiyada sare ee hoose ee ku saabsan wasakhaynta iyo carcooridda Webiga Gweru. Ololahan waxaa soo dhaweeyay ururro iyo dugsiyo badan oo ku yaal [[Gweru]], oo ah meesha ugu weyn ee [[Sewage#Pollutants|wasakhda]] ay uga shubanto [[drainage basin|dooxada qulqulka]] Webiga Gweru. ==Laamaha== Kuwaani waa magacyadii asalka ahaa ee salka ku hayay Khariidado ay soo saartay xukuumaddii [[Rhodesia|Rhodesia, oo hadda ah Zimbabwe]].<ref>Gweru Map [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg (Sheet SE35-16 Gwelo edition 2) Gweru District map showing Gweru River course from Senga, Gweru through Lower Gweru to Silobela Communal Land] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg |date=20150922083331 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922083331/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/Gwelo_final.jpg |date=2015-09-22 }} www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 February 2016</ref><ref>Kwekwe Map [http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg (Sheet SE35-12 QueQue edition 2) Kwekwe District map showing Gweru River through Silobela, Zhombe and finally meeting with Shangani River in Nkai Communal land] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg |date=20160301084919 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301084919/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/images/QueQue_final.jpg |date=2016-03-01 }} www.rhodesia.me.uk|SHEETFALL-1:250 000 SERIES|Retrieved 18 2016</ref> * Webiga Kenyana (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Ngamo (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Matega (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Chakawa (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Mandingo (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Kalulani (Lower Gweru_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Shagari) * Webiga Batitswa (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Bembe (Lower Gweru_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Museyamwa) * Webiga Ingwenya (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Ntabemhlope (Lower Gweru) * Webiga Damba (Silobela_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Damba) * Webiga Zvanyanya (Silobela) * Webiga Semkulu (_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Totololo) * Webiga Summer (Silobela Purchase Area) * Webiga Mavhunatsvimbo (Silobela) * Webiga Ndhlamatuli (Silobela) * Webiga Marirangwe (Zhombe) * Webiga Gwembezi (Silobela) * Webiga Sangeni (Silobela) * Webiga Sehnga * Webiga Umhlafuto (Silobela) * Webiga Donsa * Webiga Nyauswe (Zhombe) * Webiga Semizi (Zhombe) * Webiga Mangwizi (Zhombe) * Webiga Setshanke (Nkai) * Webiga Gwelutshena (Nkayi_ kana baxa Biyo-xireenka Gwelutshena) * Webiga Ngenungenu (Nkayi) laantii ugu dambeysay ka hor inta uusan la kulmin [[Shangani River|Webiga Shangani]]. * Webiga Tohwe (Nkayi) ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} tpitl9newpc92hpwsdlefkbmudwk8dd 0 48412 300412 2026-06-30T12:39:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|-18.48470|32.85234|display=title}} [[File:Pungwe Basin OSM.svg|right|thumb|330px|Dooxada Webiga Pungwe oo ay weheliso Honde (bartamaha bidix)]] '''Webiga Honde''' oo loogu dhawaaqo ''Horn-de'' waa webi ku yaal [[Eastern Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Bari]] ee [[Zimbabwe]] kaasi oo dhex mara [[Honde Valley|Dooxada Honde]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority |url=http://www.zimparks.com/html/nyanga.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104121154/http://www.zimparks.com/html/nyanga.html |archive-date=January 4, 2010}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo dhex bahaa [[Mount Inyangani|Buurta Inyangani]] ee ku taal cidhifyada galbeed ee Dooxada Honde halkaas oo ay ku biiraan dhowr ka mid ah laamihiisa waaweyn: webiyada Mupenga, Buu, Mtarazi iyo Ngarura. Wuxuu biyihiisa ku daadiyaa [[Pungwe River|Webiga Pungwe]], oo horeyba ugu dhex jiray Musambiig, kaasi oo isna haddana ku shubma Badweynta Hindiya. [[Mtarazi Falls|Biyo-dhaca Mtarazi]], oo ah kan ugu dheer Zimbabwe joog dhan {{convert|762|m}} wuxuu ku shubmaa Honde koonfurta [[Pungwe Gorge|Dooxada qoto dheer ee Pungwe]] ee ku taal dooxada Webiga Honde meel ka baxsan [[Nyanga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Nyanga]]. Qaybo ka mid ah Honde oo ku yaal koonfurta Nyanga waxay caawiyaan dhir aad u tixan, taasi oo ah deegaanka ugu dhow ee Zimbabwe ay ku leedahay Dhungel (Jungle).<ref>{{Cite web |title=British Airways - Information Page |url=http://www.britishairways.com/travel/131153-eventdetail/public/en_gb?eventID=31655 |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.britishairways.com}}</ref> Dhanka koonfureed, Honde wuxuu biyo u fidiyaa waraabka bulshada ee aag kale oo engegan ahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Zimbabwe Situation |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/old/aug20a_2005.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=www.zimbabwesituation.com}}</ref> Baaxadda {{convert|500|km2}} ee Dooxada Honde ee Zimbabwe si weyn ayaa loo beeraa, inta badanna waxaa lagu caawiyaa marinnada waraabka ee ku shaqeeya jiidashada cufisjiidka. Isticmaalka ballaaran waxaa loo sameeyaa laamo badan oo yaryar oo ku shubma webiga qaybtan ka mid ah Dooxada Honde.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sign in |url=https://websignon.warwick.ac.uk/origin/slogin?shire=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Fsitebuilder2%2Fshire-read&providerId=urn%3Awarwick.ac.uk%3Asitebuilder2%3Aread%3Aservice&target=https%3A%2F%2Fwarwick.ac.uk%2Ffac%2Fsci%2Feng%2Fresearch%2Fcivil%2Fcrg%2Fdtu-old%2Fpubs%2Fwp%2Fwp32%2Fwp32.pdf&status=notloggedin |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=websignon.warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> Webiga Honde wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]-Zimbabwe ka hor inta uusan ku shubmin webiga Pungwe kaasi oo aakhirkii ku shubma Badweynta Hindiya marka uu joogo [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1988 Flood Archive |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1988sum.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013164339/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1988sum.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2012}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Rivers of Zimbabwe}} hrr6d8vp5oaewdav5abm4gbflp3pk89 0 48413 300413 2026-06-30T12:41:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300413 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Luenha Mazowe OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Webiga Gairezi ee ku dhex jira dooxada Webiga Luenha (hoos midig)]] == Dulmar == '''Webiga Gairezi''' wuxuu ka bilaawdaa jiirada buurta ugu dheer [[Zimbabwe]], oo ah {{convert|2592|m|adj=on}} [[Mount Nyangani|Buurta Nyangani]], wuxuuna ku yaal bariga Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nyanga Rural District Council|url=http://www.nyangardc.org/tourism.php|access-date=2021-02-15|website=nyangardc.org}}</ref> Sida uu ugu qulqulo dhanka waqooyi asaga oo ka gelaya [[Eastern Highlands|Dhulka Sare ee Bari]], uuna dhererkiisu ka badan yahay {{convert|60|km}}, wuxuu intaa ka dib samaynayaa xadka u dhexeeya Zimbabwe iyo [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Webiyada [[Mazowe River|Mazowe]] iyo [[Zambezi]]—iyo sidoo kale Webiga Luenha, oo ah laan ka mid ah Zambezi—qiyaastii {{convert|160|km}} koraan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-13|title=The Gairezi River area, Nyanga|url=https://patchzimbabwe.wordpress.com/articles/homes-magazine/the-gairezi-river-area-nyanga/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Patch's personal Blog|language=en}}</ref> Gairezi wuxuu dhex maraa [[Nyanga, Zimbabwe|Nyanga]], oo ah magaalo ku taal Gobolka [[Manicaland Province|Manicaland]] ee Zimbabwe. == Tixraacyo == <references /> i8m1tu3cwpsmq45bdk8o00u9ho3dnzw 0 48414 300414 2026-06-30T12:43:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox river | name = Webiga Bubye<br>''(Webiga Bubi)'' | image = Bubye River.jpg | image_size = 200px | image_caption = Webiga Bubye oo laga arkayo wadada [[A1 road (Zimbabwe)|A1]], [[Zimbabwe]] | source1_location = bariga [[West Nicholson]], Zimbabwe | mouth = [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] | mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|-22.3364|31.1167|format=dms|display=inline,title|region:ZW_type:river}} | subdivision_type1 = Dalka | subdivision_name1 = [[Zimbabwe]] | length = | source1_elevation = {{convert|235|m|ft|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|6.51|mm/yr|in/yr|abbr=on}} (unit flow)<ref name="Boroto">{{cite conference | author = Görgens, A.H.M. | author2=Boroto, R.A. | date = 1997 | title = Limpopo River: flow balance anomalies, surprises and implications for integrated water resources management | conference = Proceedings of the 8th South African National Hydrology Symposium | location = Pretoria}}</ref> | basin_size_km2 = 8,140 }} {{Location map |Zimbabwe |label=Bubye |lon_dir=E |lat_dir=S |lat_deg=22|lat_min=20 |lon_deg=31|lon_min=7 |position=right |width=250 |float=right |mark=Red pog.svg |caption=Goobta uu ku yaal afka Webiga Bubye }} '''Webiga Bubye''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaannay '''Webiga Bubi''', waa laan ku shubanta [[Limpopo River|Webiga Limpopo]] ee ku taal [[Beitbridge District|Degmada Beitbridge]] iyo [[Gwanda District|Degmada Gwanda]], [[Zimbabwe]]. Wuxuu ka bilaawdaa qiyaastii {{convert|40|km|mi}} waqooyi-bari ee [[West Nicholson]] ee gudaha [[Matabeleland South]], halkaas oo uu uga qulqulo dhanka koonfur-bari ka hor inta uusan ku biirin Limpopo {{convert|25|km|mi}} galbeed ka xigta xadka [[Mozambique|Musambiig]]. Marinkiisa wuxuu qayb ka yahay xadka u dhexeeya degmooyinka [[Mberengwa District|Mberengwa]] iyo [[Mwenezi District|Mwenezi]].<ref name="HistDict">{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of Zimbabwe|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc.|location=Lanham, MD|date=2001|isbn=0-8108-3471-5}}</ref> Kalluunka [[Tigerfish]] ayaa si dabiici ah looga helaa webigan.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.herald.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25507%3Atiger-fishing-karibas-greatest-fame&catid=57%3Aisdore&Itemid=159 |title=Tiger Fishing: Kariba’s greatest fame |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521143633/https://www.herald.co.zw/?option=com_content&view=article&id=25507%3Atiger-fishing-karibas-greatest-fame&catid=57%3Aisdore&Itemid=159 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Biyo-xireennada== Ma aysan jirin wax biyo-xireenno waaweyn ah oo ku yaallay webiga<ref> {{cite book | author = Chibi, T. | author2 = Kandori, C. | author3 = Makone, B.F. | name-list-style = amp | date = 2005 | title = Mzingwane Catchment Outline Plan | publisher = Zimbabwe National Water Authority | location = Bulawayo }}</ref> ilaa laga dhisay [[Bubi-Lupane Dam|Biyo-xireenka Bubi-Lupane]] sannadkii 2010 si biyaha loogu fidiyo [[Lupane District|Degmada Lupane]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2010-09-28-work-on-bubilupane-dam-resumes|title=Work on Bubi-Lupane Dam resumes|date=28 September 2010|work=NewsDay|location=Zimbabwe|accessdate=14 November 2016|archive-date=19 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519101005/https://www.newsday.co.zw/article/2010-09-28-work-on-bubilupane-dam-resumes|url-status=live}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[http://www.idbz.co.zw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=87&Itemid=121 IDBZ - Water] L i7ur568xf1ph69ixue91q97o5q3odnx 0 48415 300415 2026-06-30T12:45:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Zimbambo | image = Lake Upemba STS057-104-62.jpg | alt = | caption = Harooyinka [[Upemba Depression]]. Zimbambo oo ku taal cidhifka fog ee waqooyi-bari | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|8.09662|S|26.861401|E|region:CD_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | agency = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|150|km2|sqmi}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1200|m|ft}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Zimbambo in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Zimbambo''' waa haro ku taal [[Malemba-Nkulu Territory|Dhulka Malemba-Nkulu]] ee Gobolka [[Haut-Lomami]], ee koonfurta [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Waa mid ka mid ah harooyinka ku yaal [[Upemba Depression]], oo ah aag dhoobo iyo qooq weyn leh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/upemba-depression/ |title=Marshlands of the Upemba Depression, Democratic Republic of the Congo |date=March 27, 2009 |work=Eosnap |accessdate=2011-12-03 |archive-date=2011-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106133216/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/upemba-depression/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Webiga Lualaba wuxuu soo galaa niyad-jabka qiyaastii {{convert|40|km|mi}} ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo [[Lake Delcommune|Harada Delcommune]]. Niyad-jabku waa dhul [[graben|gudan oo fidsan]] oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|400|km|mi}} ballaciisuna yahay {{convert|100|km|mi}}, kaasi oo ka bilaawda koonfur-galbeed kuna aada waqooyi-bari. Dhulkan hooseeya wuxuu qiyaastii {{convert|1000|m|ft}} ka sarreeyaa heerka badda marka uu joogo dhammaadka koonfur-galbeed, wuxuuna si joog ah ugu soo dhacdaa hoos ilaa joog dhan {{convert|610|m|ft}}, halkaas oo uu ku fidsanaado kuna buuxsamo harooyin iyo dhoobbooyin dherer dhan {{convert|225|km|mi}} oo ku dhex jira suun ballaciisu yahay {{convert|37|km|mi}} celcelis ahaan. Webigu wuxuu guud ahaan dhex maraa dhoobbooyinka u dhexeeya harooyinka, kuwaas oo uu ku xiran yahay marOption-no cidhiidhi ah.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA543 |page=543 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} nwqkyrimqz7r9b5p3tamsq65gzbrihi 0 48416 300416 2026-06-30T12:54:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Upemba<br>''Lac Upemba''<br>''Upembameer'' | image = Lake Upemba STS057-104-62.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Bukama]], [[Haut-Lomami Province|Gobolka Haut-Lomami]] | coords = {{coord|8.6|S|26.44|E|type:waterbody_region:CD|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = (''[[floating island|jasiiradaha dushooda sabbaynaya]]'', [[Mitala Island]]) | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Upemba in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Upemba''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Lac Upemba''; [[Dutch language|Hawaandis]]: ''Upembameer'') waa [[lake|haro]] ku taal [[Bukama]], [[Haut-Lomami Province|Gobolka Haut-Lomami]], ee [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Ayada iyo [[Lake Kisale|Harada Kisale]] ee u dhow, waxaa ku wareegsan [[Upemba Depression]] oo ku dhex taal [[Upemba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Upemba]]. Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Nyonga, Congo|Nyonga]], cisbitaalka ugu dhowona wuxuu afar saacadood u jiraa meesha la yiraahdo [[Kikondja]]. [[floating island|Jasiiradaha sabbaynaya]] ee harada ku dhex yaal, sida [[Mitala Island]], waa goob ay ku yaallan degsiimooyin qaxooti oo aan rasmigi ahayn kuwaas oo ka dhashay dagaalladii dhex maray fallaagada [[Mai-Mai]] iyo ciidammada dawladda tan iyo sannadkii 2006.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5222182 ''Congo Refugees Find Shelter on Islands''] - NPR</ref><ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58122 DRC: The peculiar terror that is northern Katanga] - IRINnews</ref><ref>[http://www.msf.org.au/stories/twfeature/2006/110-twf.shtml DRC/Katanga: The Stranded people of Lake Upemba]</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} 98ldkfw5dx4s7gevxhw28nv3ckwgpi7 300528 300416 2026-07-01T01:37:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Upemba<br>''Lac Upemba''<br>''Upembameer'' | image = Lake Upemba STS057-104-62.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Bukama]], [[Haut-Lomami Province|Gobolka Haut-Lomami]] | coords = {{coord|8.6|S|26.44|E|type:waterbody_region:CD|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = (''[[floating island|jasiiradaha dushooda sabbaynaya]]'', [[Mitala Island]]) | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Upemba in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Upemba''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Lac Upemba''; [[Dutch language|Hawaandis]]: ''Upembameer'') waa [[lake|haro]] ku taal [[Bukama]], [[Haut-Lomami Province|Gobolka Haut-Lomami]], ee [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Ayada iyo [[Lake Kisale|Harada Kisale]] ee u dhow, waxaa ku wareegsan [[Upemba Depression]] oo ku dhex taal [[Upemba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Upemba]]. Magaalada ugu dhow waa [[Nyonga, Congo|Nyonga]], cisbitaalka ugu dhowona wuxuu afar saacadood u jiraa meesha la yiraahdo [[Kikondja]]. [[floating island|Jasiiradaha sabbaynaya]] ee harada ku dhex yaal, sida [[Mitala Island]], waa goob ay ku yaallan degsiimooyin qaxooti oo aan rasmigi ahayn kuwaas oo ka dhashay dagaalladii dhex maray fallaagada [[Mai-Mai]] iyo ciidammada dawladda tan iyo sannadkii 2006.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5222182 ''Congo Refugees Find Shelter on Islands''] - NPR</ref><ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58122 DRC: The peculiar terror that is northern Katanga] - IRINnews</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DRC/Katanga: The Stranded people of Lake Upemba |url=http://www.msf.org.au/stories/twfeature/2006/110-twf.shtml |access-date=2026-06-30 |archive-date=2008-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727031530/http://www.msf.org.au/stories/twfeature/2006/110-twf.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} 36zie9flmbpelyuhskyy1upx6gl6mjd 0 48417 300417 2026-06-30T12:56:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Boya | image = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | coords = {{Coord|7.36667|S|25.65|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Boya in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Boya''' waa haro yar oo qiyaastii {{convert|5|km|mi}} dhanka bari ka xigta [[Kabongo, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Kabongo]] ee ku taal [[Katanga (province)|Gobolka Katanga]] ee Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo. Harada waxaa ku wareegsan cawsduur dhaadheer, waxayna leedahay dhowr nooc oo shimbirro ah oo aad ugu tarma.{{sfn|Rorison|2008|p=150}} Xilligii ka horreeyay gumeysiga, goobta ku wareegsan Harada Boya waxay ahayd xarun ganacsi oo gobollada dhexdeeda ah, taasi oo ahayd il muhiim ah oo dakhli u soo xiri jirtay [[Kingdom of Luba|Boqortooyadii Luba]].{{sfn|Malu-Malu|2002|p=81}} Boqorkii iyo qabsadihii [[Kongolo Mwamba|Kongolo]] wuxuu caasimaddiisa ka dhisay u dhow Harada Boya meesha la yiraahdo [[Mwimbele]] bilowgii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad.{{sfn|Malu-Malu|2002|p=79}} ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist |colwidth=30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BQNtgjs8WVQC&pg=PA81 |title=Le Congo-Kinshasa |first=Jean-Jacques Arthur |last=Malu-Malu |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |year=2002 |isbn=2-84586-233-4}} *{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXJyOKBqJZwC&pg=PA150 |title=Bradt Congo: Democratic Republic - Republic |first=Sean |last=Rorison |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-233-0}} {{refend}} [[Category:Lakes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Nzilo]] 3pey7qax92ccsozssgktzc7mq163kzk 0 48418 300418 2026-06-30T13:00:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mweru<br>''Ziwa Mweru'' | image = Lake Mweru Sentinel-2.png | alt = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Mweru | caption = Harada Mweru markay ahayd 8 May 2025 | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | coords = {{Coord|9|00|S|28|43|E|type:waterbody_dim:100000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes|Harooyinka Dooxada Rift]] | inflow = [[Luapula River|Webiga Luapula]]<br>[[Kalungwishi River|Webiga Kalungwishi]] | outflow = [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[DR Congo]] iyo [[Zambia]] | length = {{convert|131|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|5120|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|7.5|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|27|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|38.2|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | shore = {{convert|436|km|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|917|m|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Kilwa Island, Lake Mweru|Jasiiradda Kilwa]]<br>[[Isokwe Island|Jasiiradda Isokwe]] | cities = [[Nchelenge]], [[Kashikishi]], [[Chiengi]], [[Pweto]], [[Kilwa (Katanga)|Kilwa]], [[Lukonzolwa]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Mweru in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Mweru''' (sidoo kale loo qoro ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') ({{langx|fr|Lac Moero}}, {{langx|sw|Ziwa Mweru}}) waa [[freshwater|haro]] [[freshwater|biyo macaan]] leh oo ku taal laanta ugu dheer webiga labaad ee ugu dhererka badan [[Africa|Afrika]], oo ah [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]]. Waxay ku taal xadka u dhexeeya [[Zambia]] iyo [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]], waxayna samaysaa {{convert|110|km}} oo ka mid ah dhererka guud ee Kongo, waxayna u dhexaysaa qaybaha [[Luapula River|Webiga Luapula]] (koraan) iyo [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]] (hoos uga dhacda).<ref name="Google">[[Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.</ref> '''Mweru''' macnaheedu waa 'haro' marka loo eego dhowr ka mid ah [[Bantu languages|luuqadaha Bantu]], sidaas darteed inta badan waxaa loogu yeeraa uun 'Mweru'.<ref name="Anderson">The ''[[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: "Kilwa Island and the Luapula." Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)</ref> ==Juqraafi jireed== Mweru waxaa inta badan biyo u keena [[Luapula River|Webiga Luapula]], kaasi oo ka soo gala dhoobbooyinka dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Kalungwishi River|Webiga Kalungwishi]] oo ka yimaada dhanka bari. Cidhifkeeda waqooyi harada waxaa ka baxa [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]], kaasi oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi-galbeed si uu ugu biiro [[Lualaba River|Webiga Lualaba]] ka dibna [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]]. Waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn [[drainage basin|dooxada qulqulka]] Kongo waxayna {{convert|150|km}} dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa cidhifka koonfureed ee harada ugu weyn, oo ah [[Lake Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name="Google"/> Luapula wuxuu sameeyaa [[river delta|delta]] dhoobbo leh oo ku dhowaad u ballaran si la mid ah cidhifka koonfureed ee harada. Dhowr dhinac oo loo eego, webiga hoose iyo harada waxaa loo tixgelin karaa hal unug. Haro ku taal gobol leh xilli-roobaad iyo xilli-abaareed aad u calaamadsan, Mweru wax weyn kama beddelmo heerka iyo baaxadda biyaheeda. Isbeddelka sanadlaha ah ee heerka biyuhu waa {{convert|1.7|m}}, iyadoo joogga ugu sarreeya ee xilliyeedka uu yahay bisha May halka kan ugu hooseeyana uu yahay bisha Janaayo.<ref name="BKZ">{{cite journal |author= AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title= Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 }}</ref> Tani waxay qayb ahaan tahay sababtoo ah Luapula wuxuu ka soo dhex bahaa [[Bangweulu Swamps|Dhoobbooyinka Bangweulu]] iyo dhulka daadadka ah kuwaas oo u janjeera inay nidaamiyaan qulqulka biyaha, iyagoo nuuga daadadka sanadlaha ah ka dibna si tartiib ah u siidaaya, iyo qayb ahaan sababtoo ah meesha Mweru ay biyaha ka siidayso, oo ah Luvua, waxay hoos ugu dhacdaa si degdeg ah waxayna u qulqushaa si xoog leh, ayadoo aanay jirin dhir xannibta.<ref name="Google"/> Kor u kaca ku yimaada Mweru si dhakhso ah ayaa loogu miisaamaa qulqul ka dheereeya oo hoos ugu dhaca Luvua. Celcelis dhererka Mweru waa {{convert|118|km}} celcelis ballaceeduna waa {{convert|45|km}}, iyadoo dhidibkeeda dheer uu u jeedo waqooyi-bari–koonfur-galbeed. Jooggeedu waa {{convert|917|m}}, kaas oo aad uga sarreeya Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).<ref name="Google"/> Waa [[Rift Valley lakes|haro ku taal dooxada rift]] oo dhex dhalata [[graben|dhulka gudan]] ee Harada Mweru-Luapula, kaasi oo ah laan ka mid ah [[East African Rift|Dooxada Rift ee Bariga Afrika]].<ref name="Master"> [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: "Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure"]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Xefta galbeed ee harada ee ku taal DR Kongo waxay muujineysaa [[escarpment|jiirada dhabarka dheer]] ee caadiga u ah harada dooxada rift, iyadoo u gasha dhanka [[Kundelungu Mountains|Buuraha Kundelungu]] ee ka dambeeya, laakiin jiirada dooxada rift aad ugama muuqato xefta bari. Mweru way gacantay xagga koonfureed waxayna ka qotodheer tahay xagga waqooyi, iyadoo leh laba meelood oo niyad-jab ah oo ku yaal qaybta waqooyi-bari kuwaas oo qoto-dheeridooda ugu sarreysa ay tahay {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.<ref name="BKZ"/> Haro ka yar oo aad u dhoobbo badan oo la yiraahdo [[Lake Mweru Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Dhoobbooyinka Mweru) waxay dhanka bari u jirtaa qiyaastii {{convert|50|km}}, waxayna waqooyi ka xigtaa Kalungwishi. Inta badan waa [[endorheic|haro xiran]] waxayna dhab ahaantii inta badan biyaha ka qaadataa Kalungwishi iyadoo sii mareysa dhul dhoobo ah oo [[dambo]] loo yaqaan, laakiin waqtiyada daadadka waaweyn ay jiraan waxay ku fatihi kartaa Kalungwishi iyo Harada Mweru.<ref>See the [[Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.</ref> ==Juqraafi bini'aadam== ===Sahan=== Harada waxaa garanayay ganacsatadii [[Arab|Carabta]] iyo [[Swahili people|Sawaaxiliga]] (ee ganacsan jiray [[ivory|fool-maroodiga]], [[copper|naxaasta]] iyo [[slaves|addoomaha]]) kuwaas oo isticmaali jiray [[Kilwa Island, Zambia|Jasiiradda Kilwa]] ee harada ku taal si ay saldhig uga dhigtaan mar dambe. Waxay isticmaali jireen marinnada ganacsiga ee ka bilaawda [[Zanzibar]] ee ku taal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ilaa [[Ujiji]] ee ku taal Harada Tanganyika ilaa Mweru ka dibna u gudba boqortooyooyinka [[Lunda Kingdom|Lunda]], [[Luba Empire|Luba]], [[Msiri|Yeke]] ama [[Kazembe]], iyadoo tan dambe ay ku taallay xeebaha koonfureed ee Mweru. Marinnada ganacsiga ee galbeed waxay ka baxayeen boqortooyooyinkaas iyagoo aadi jiray dhanka [[Atlantic|Badweynta Atlaantikada]], sidaas darteed Mweru waxay ku taallay marin ganacsi oo qaaradaha isaga gudba.<ref name="Watson">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: "The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6"]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).</ref> Intii u dhaxaysay 1796 iyo 1831 ganacsatadii/sahamiyayaashii [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska]] ee Pereira, [[Francisco de Lacerda]] iyo kuwo kale ayaa ka yimid [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] si ay u booqdaan Kazembe si ay u helaan heshiisyo lagu isticmaalo marinka ganacsiga ee u dhexeeya dhulalkooda Musambiig iyo [[Angola]]. Boortaqiisku waa inay ogaayeen harada, booqdayaashuna waxay kaliya u baahnaayeen inay u lugeeyaan dhul ka sarreeya oo qiyaastii {{convert|5|km}} waqooyi ka xiga caasimadda Kazembe ee [[Kanyembo]] si ay u arkaan harada oo {{convert|10|km}} u jirta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay aad u xiisaynayeen marinnada ganacsiga marka loo eego helitaanka wax cusub, waxay ka soo dhawaadeen dhanka koonfureed dhaqdhaqaaqyadoodana waxaa xaddiday Mwata Kazembe, mana aysan bixin xog ku saabsan keeda.<ref name="Paine">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: "Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry."] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. "Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru," p7. Greek fishermen: p8.</ref> Sahamiyihii iyo mishonari [[David Livingstone]], oo ugu yeeri jiray 'Moero', ayaa loo aqoonsan yahay inuu helay harada intii uu ku guda jiray safaradiisii ee 1867-'8.<ref>[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.</ref> Livingstone wuxuu marshati ka ahaa burburka iyo dhibaatada ay keentay ganacsiga addoomaha ee aagga waqooyi iyo bari ee Mweru, xogtiisuna waxay gacan ka geysatay isku dubaridka mucaaradnimada ka dhanka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsigii ugu dambeeyay ee [[slave|addoomaha]] ee aagga wuxuu ahaa mid dambe oo dhacay 1890-meeyadii. Dhanka kale, intii u dhaxaysay 1870 iyo 1891, iska horimaadyo iyo dagaallo dhex maray boqorkii [[Yeke Kingdom|Yeke]] ee [[Msiri]] iyo madaxda deegaanka iyo ganacsatada deriska la ah ayaa khalkhal geliyay aagga. Dad yar oo reer Yurub ah ayaa booqday Mweru tan iyo Livingstone, ilaa [[Alfred Sharpe]] uu yimid 1890–1 iyo [[Stairs Expedition|Safaradii Stairs]] ee 1892 kuwaas oo labadubaba soo maray iyagoo u socda inay heshiisyo la galaan Msiri. Safaradii Stairs waxay dileen Msiri waxayna u qabsadeen Katanga Boqor [[Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe wuxuu ka tagay mid ka mid ah saraakiishiisa si uu u dhisid saldhigii ugu horreeyay ee gumeysiga ee dooxada Luapula-Mweru, kaasi oo ahaa [[British Empire|boma]] [[British Empire|Ingiriis]] ah oo ku yaal [[Chiengi]] sannadkii 1891. ===Horumarka taariikhda=== [[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Harada Mweru iyo laamaheeda ugu weyn, qaybta hoose ee Webiga Luapula iyo dhoobbooyinkiisa, iyo Kalungwishi. Sidoo kale waxaa la muujiyay meesha Mweru ay biyaha ka siidayso, oo ah Webiga Luvua oo u aada waqooyiga dhanka webiyada Lualaba iyo Kongo. Biyuhu waxay u muuqdaan madow sawirkan been-midabka ah ee dayax-gacmeedka NASA. Baaxadda dhoobbooyinka waxaa muujinaya xariiqda buluugga ah ee adag, baaxadda dhulka daadadka ahna waxaa loo muujiyay xariiq dhibco leh. Magaalooyinka ku yaal Zambia waa: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; ee DR Congo: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Waxyaabaha kale: 9: Jasiiradda Chisenga, 10 jasiiradda dhoobada ugu weyn (gudaha DR Congo), 11 dhulka daadadka ugu weyn.]] Xeebta galbeed ee Luapula-Mweru waxay qayb ka noqotay [[Belgian Congo|Kongada Beljimka]] xeebta barina waxay qayb ka noqotay [[Northern Rhodesia|Rhodesia Waqooyi]], oo ahayd dhul [[British Empire|Ingiriisku]] [[protectorate|gacanta ku hayo]]. '''Harada Mweru''' ilaa Tanganyika waa aag u muuqday saamaynta reer Yurub xilli aad u horeeyay, marka harooyinku ay ahaayeen albaabka ugu weyn ee laga galo Rhodesia Waqooyi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=R. J.|date=April 1937|title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru|journal=Africa|volume=10|issue=2|pages=137–158|doi=10.2307/1155780|jstor=1155780|s2cid=143768444 |issn=0001-9720}}</ref> In kasta oo Jasiiradda Kilwa ay u dhow dahay xeebta galbeed, waxaa loo qoondeeyay Rhodesia Waqooyi, sidaas darteedna Zambia waxay leedahay 58% biyaheeda harada, DR Kongo-na waxay leedahay 42%. Saldhigyadii ugu horreeyay ee Beljimka ee harada ku yaal waxaa laga dhisay Lukonzolwa iyo Pweto kuwaas oo waqtiyo kala duwan ahaa xarunta maamulkooda ee Katanga. Waxay tirtireen ganacsiga addoomaha ee aadayay dhanka waqooyi-bari ee ku wareegsanaa harada. Saldhiggii ugu horreeyay ee mishonari ee harada ku yaal waxaa dhisay 1892 mishonari u dhashay dalka Iskootland oo la oron jiray [[Dan Crawford (missionary)|Dan Crawford]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Plymouth Brethren]] wuxuuna ka dhisay Luanza oo ku taal dhanka Beljimka ee harada. Ingiriisku waxay ka soo rarreen [[boma (enclosure)|boma-doodii]] [[Chiengi]] iyagoo u raray Kalungwishi, iyadoo ay weheliyaan hal ama laba saraakiil oo Ingiriis ah (sida [[Blair Watson]]), iyo ciidan boolis Afrikaan ah. Marka la isku daro hawlgalladii ka socday agagaarka [[Mbala, Zambia|Abercorn]] ee hoos ugu dhacay marinka ganacsiga, tani waxay ku filnaatay inay joojiso ganacsiga addoomaha ee bari uga baxayay Mweru, laakiin kuma filnayn inay Mwata Kazembe keento xukuumadda Ingiriiska hoosteeda, safar milatari oo haddana ahna waa in laga soo diro 1899 dhanka [[British Central Africa]] ([[Malawi|Nyasaland]]) si loo qabto shaqadaas (eeg qoraalka ku saabsan [[Alfred Sharpe]] si aad u hesho xog dheeraad ah). U raridda boma-da ee laga raray Chiengi loona raray Kalungwishi waxay saameyn ku yeelatay inay u reebto boma-da Beljimka ee Pweto fursad xor ah oo ay ku maamusho cidhifka waqooyi ee harada, taasi oo horseedday boqol sano ka dib in qiyaastii {{convert|33|km2}} oo ka mid ah dhulka Zambia oo ku dhow Pweto lagu wareejiyo DR Congo (markaas loo yaqaanay Zaire). Eeg [[Luapula Province border dispute|khilaafka xadka ee Gobolka Luapula]] si aad u hesho xog dheeraad ah iyo tixraacyo. Sannadkii 1900 ka dib, gobolka Kongada Beljimka ee [[Katanga Province|Katanga]] ee ku yaal xeebaha galbeed ee harada wuxuu u horumaray si ka dhaqso badan dhanka Rhodesia Waqooyi, [[Luapula Province|Gobolka Luapula]] iyo magaalada Kasenga oo dhowr saacadood doon looga raaco Webiga Luapula waxay noqdeen kuwa ugu horumarsan dooxada Luapula-Mweru, ilaa 1960-meeyadii waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga ee ugu weyn ee leh adeegyo iyo kaabayaal dhaqaale oo ka wanaagsan meelaha kale. Miinooyinka [[Lubumbashi|Elisabethville]] waxay ku bilowdeen si ka dhaqso badan kuwa [[Copperbelt]], Kasenga-na waxay shaqaalaheeda u fidin jirtay kalluun. Sannadkii 1960 ka dib, dhibaatooyinka siyaasadeed, dayacaadda dawladda iyo dagaallada ka dhacay dhanka Kongo waxay keeneen iney kaabayaasha dhaqaaluhu ka sii daraan, halka nabadda dhanka Zambia ay keentay koror xagga dadka iyo adeegyada ah, taasi oo keentay in isku-dheelitirku isbeddelo. ===Xarumaha dadka=== Tuulooyin badan oo kalluumeysi ayaa ku teedsan xeebaha Mweru. Tiro ka mid ah waa xeryo xilliyeed ah. Magaalooyinka ugu weyn dhanka Zambia waa [[Nchelenge]], [[Kashikishi]] iyo [[Chiengi]], dhanka DR Congo-na waa [[Kilwa (Katanga)|Kilwa]] (magaalada ka soo horjeedda jasiiradda), [[Lukonzolwa]] iyo [[Pweto]]. N sokow [[Kilwa Island, Zambia|Jasiiradda Kilwa]], waxaa harada ku yaal laba jasiiradood oo kale oo la deggan yahay: Jasiiradda Isokwe ee Zambia oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|3|km2}}, iyo jasiirad Kongo leedahay oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|2|km2}} oo ku dhow afka Luapula. (Laba jasiiradood oo kale oo ku yaal dhoobbooyinka Luapula waxay xeebo ku leeyihiin harada). Dhanka Kongo ee harada waxaa saameeyay [[Second Congo War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Kongo]] ee 1999–2003, kaas oo ay weli ka soo kabanayso. Qaxooti badan ayaa ka soo galay Zambia dhanka Pweto waxaana la dejiyay xeryo ku yaal degmooyinka [[Mporokoso]] iyo [[Kawambwa]]. ===Gaadiidka=== [[Belgian Congo|Belgiums-ku]] waxay maamuli jireen adeeg joogto ah oo ay ku isticmaali jireen [[paddle steamer|markab uumi ku shaqeeya oo baal leh]], kaasi oo la oron jiray ''Charles Lemaire'', wuxuuna isku xiri jiray [[Kasenga]] oo ku taal Luapula iyo [[Pweto]] oo ku taal meesha uu ka baxo Webiga Luvua, iyadoo dhererka safarku uu ku dhow yahay {{convert|300|km}} haddii la raadiyo joogsi laga sameeyo Kilwa. Doonyuhu weli waxay maraan marinkaas maanta. Gaadiidka biyaha aad looma isticmaalo dhanka Zambia, marka laga reebo aadaanka Jasiiradda Kilwa, Jasiiradda Isokwe iyo Jasiiradda Chisenga (ee ku taal dhoobbooyinka Luapula). Aagga Mweru waxaa u adeegi jiray oo keliya waddooyin dhoobo ah ilaa wadada weyn ee [[Luapula Province|Gobolka Luapula]] ee dhanka Zambia laga dhigay laami ilaa Nchelenge sannadkii 1987; tirada dadka ku wareegsan harada waa ay korortay, badankooduna waxay ka faa'iidaystaan kalluumeysiga qaniga ah ee harada. Markii miinooyinka [[Copperbelt]] ay shaqaalaha ka cayriyeen 1980-meeyadii iyo 1990-meeyadii, shaqaale badan oo hore oo miinooyinka ka shaqayn jiray ayaa u soo guuray xeebaha harada, gaar ahaan agagaarka Nchelenge-Kashikishi. Waddooyinka dhoobada ah ee dhanka Kongo waa la dayacay waxayna ku jiraan xaalad xun, dad badanona waxay u gudbaan Zambia si ay waddooyinka u isticmaalaan. Eeg [[Congo Pedicle road]] si aad u hesho xog dheeraad ah. ===Kalluumeysiga=== [[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Sawirka nooc ka mid ah ''[[Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), oo ah kalluun cichlid haplochromine ah oo laga helay Harada Mweru]] Mweru waxaa mar walba lagu yaqaannay kalluunkeeda [[longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), oo loo yaqaan ''pale'' ('pa-lay') ee [[Chibemba|luuqadda Chibemba]], kaasi oo hiddaha ahaan lagu qallajin jiray khaanado ama masiino qorraxda hoosteeda ah laguna ridi jiray dambiilo si suuqa loo geeyo. ([[Smoking (cooking technique)|Sigaar-cabidda/Aqlidda]] iyo [[Salting (food)|cusbada]] kalluunka waa habab dhowaan ku soo kordhay aagga). Kalluunka weyn ee shabaaxda (catfish) (nooc ka mid ah wuxuu dhererkiisu gaaraa ilaa {{convert|2|m}}), nooc ka mid ah bargo (carp), [[Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[Mormyridae|elephantfish]] iyo kalluunka u eg sardiinka ayaa sidoo kale la jillaabaa. Kalluumeysiga ganacsiga ee Harada Mweru iyo Webiga Luapula waxaa horseeday kalluumeysato reer [[Greece|Giriig]] ah oo ka yimid [[Dodecanese islands|jasiiradaha Dodecanese]] kuwaas oo degey Kasenga, DR Congo, oo ku taal banka galbeed ee Luapula {{convert|150|km}} koraan ka xigta harada qarnigii weyn ee qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19-aad. Waxay isticmaali jireen doonyo lagu dhisay qaabka Giriigga oo ku shaqaynayay [[charcoal|dhuxusha]] [[steam engine|mishiinnada uumiga]], kuwaas oo mar dambena lagu beddelay [[Diesel engine|naaftada]]. Waxay shaqaalaha miinooyinka [[Copper extraction|soo saarista naxaasta]] ee [[Lubumbashi]] (hadana dambena dhammaan [[Copperbelt]]) u fidin jireen kalluun lagu riday baraf oo joogay Kasenga laguna qaadi jiray baabuur waaweyn oo halkaas ka bixi jiray. Waxaa la qiyaasay sannadkii 1950 inay jireen 50 doonyood oo Giriig ah oo jillaabi jiray {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} oo kalluun cusub ah sannad kasta. Waxay qaadan lahayd toddobaad in doon ay safar wareeg ah ku tagto harada oo ay soo buuxiso meesha kaydka ah, taasi oo lagu xiri jiray baraf doonta lagu siday.<ref name="Paine"/><ref name="Peters">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: "Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm".] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay jillaabashadu waa ay yaraatay sababo la xiriira jillaabashada xad-dhaafka ah waxaana la qiyaasaa {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} oo tan ah in laga jillaabo 4,500 oo doonyood oo yaryar, badankooduna ah doonyo looxaan ah. Kalluumeysatada Kongo ayaa jillaaba inta ugu badan inkastoo ay leeyihiin qayb yar oo ka mid ah biyaha harada.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=14 March 2008 }} accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Tilapia-da waxaa lagu jillaabaa [[gillnets|shabaqyada gill net]], mana gaaraan baaxaddii ay lahaan jireen waqti hore. Tan iyo 1980-meeyadii, kalluumeysiga 'chisense' waa uu kordhay. Habkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu jillaabo kalluunka yar ee [[pelagic fish|badda dhexdeeda ku nool]] oo loo yaqaan [[kapenta]], marka hore xeebaha ayaa laga jillaabi jiray laakiin hadda waxaa la isticmaalaa nalalka doonyaha saaran habeenkii si loo soo jiito kalluunka ka dibna lagu soo qaado shabaqyo yaryar oo khafiif ah.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: "Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia."] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> ===Macdanta=== [[Dikulushi|Miinada Naxaasta ee Dikulushi]] waa [[open-cast mine|miino dusha furan]] oo {{convert|50|km|mi}} waqooyi ka xigta Kilwa ee gudaha DR Congo iyadoo la raacayo waddo dhoobo ah, una jirta {{convert|23|km|mi}} galbeedka harada. Miinada waxaa ka iibsaday [[Anvil Mining]] shirkadda [[Mawson West]], oo ah shirkad weyn oo laga leeyahay dalka Australia, bishii Maarso 2010.<ref name=BusSpec>[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010</ref> Marka miinadu ay shaqaynayso, baabuurta waaweyn ee rida dhoobada macdanta ee [[concentrate|xooggan]] waxay Mweru ka talaabaan ayagoo isticmaalaya doon weyn oo [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] ah oo mishiin ku shaqeysa taasi oo ka baxda Kilwa kuna aada Nchelenge, dherer dhan {{convert|44|km|mi}}, ka dibna waxay wadaan {{convert|2500|km|mi}} si ay u geeyaan meesha [[smelter|shubista macdanta]] naxaasta ee ku taal [[Tsumeb]], [[Namibia]].<ref>[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: "Dikulushi Operation".] Website accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> ===Dalxiiska=== Harada Mweru uma horumarin [[tourism|dalxiiska]] inkastoo loo tixgeliyo inay tahay mid "runtii qurux badan".<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> Helitaan la'aanta waddooyinka ee waqtiyadii hore, la'aanta [[wildlife conservation|ilaalinta duurjoogta]], iyo dagaalladii ka dhacay DR Congo intii u dhaxaysay 1996 iyo 2003 ayaan gacan ka geysan. 60 sano ka hor xeebaha galbeed iyo waqooyi ee harada waxay hoy u ahaayeen guutooyin waaweyn oo maroodi ah, dhulka Luapula ee daadadka ah wuxuu caawin jiray guutooyin kalluunka [[lechwe]] ah, [[Lusenga Plain National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Lusenga Plain]] iyo [[Mweru Wantipa National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Mweru Wantipa]] waxaa lagu yaqaannay [[Cape buffalo|gofis]], dhowr nooc oo [[antelope|ugaar ah]] iyo [[lion|libaaxyo]]. Inta badan tirada xoolaha waa ay yaraadeen sababo la xiriira ugaarsiga, luminta deegaanka, iyo ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah. Dhanka Zambia laga yaabee in kaliya Beerta Qaranka ee Mweru Wantipa ay leedahay awood dalxiis. Dhanka Kongo, [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Beerta Qaranka ee Kundelungu]] oo ku taal buuraha {{convert|75|km}} koonfur-galbeed ee harada waxay ku jiri kartaa xaalad ka wanaagsan. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} :'''General references''' :* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: "Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations".] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007. :* For distances: Google Earth. :*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru] == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info with picture] * [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?] * [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mweru}} nosago4jmuw96woiuumr4fq3ftr2p0y 300519 300418 2026-07-01T01:27:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mweru<br>''Ziwa Mweru'' | image = Lake Mweru Sentinel-2.png | alt = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Mweru | caption = Harada Mweru markay ahayd 8 May 2025 | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | coords = {{Coord|9|00|S|28|43|E|type:waterbody_dim:100000|display=inline,title}} | type = [[Rift Valley lakes|Harooyinka Dooxada Rift]] | inflow = [[Luapula River|Webiga Luapula]]<br>[[Kalungwishi River|Webiga Kalungwishi]] | outflow = [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[DR Congo]] iyo [[Zambia]] | length = {{convert|131|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|56|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|5120|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|7.5|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|27|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|38.2|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} | shore = {{convert|436|km|abbr=on}} | elevation = {{convert|917|m|abbr=on}} | islands = [[Kilwa Island, Lake Mweru|Jasiiradda Kilwa]]<br>[[Isokwe Island|Jasiiradda Isokwe]] | cities = [[Nchelenge]], [[Kashikishi]], [[Chiengi]], [[Pweto]], [[Kilwa (Katanga)|Kilwa]], [[Lukonzolwa]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Mweru in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Mweru''' (sidoo kale loo qoro ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') ({{langx|fr|Lac Moero}}, {{langx|sw|Ziwa Mweru}}) waa [[freshwater|haro]] [[freshwater|biyo macaan]] leh oo ku taal laanta ugu dheer webiga labaad ee ugu dhererka badan [[Africa|Afrika]], oo ah [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]]. Waxay ku taal xadka u dhexeeya [[Zambia]] iyo [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]], waxayna samaysaa {{convert|110|km}} oo ka mid ah dhererka guud ee Kongo, waxayna u dhexaysaa qaybaha [[Luapula River|Webiga Luapula]] (koraan) iyo [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]] (hoos uga dhacda).<ref name="Google">[[Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.</ref> '''Mweru''' macnaheedu waa 'haro' marka loo eego dhowr ka mid ah [[Bantu languages|luuqadaha Bantu]], sidaas darteed inta badan waxaa loogu yeeraa uun 'Mweru'.<ref name="Anderson">The ''[[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: "Kilwa Island and the Luapula." Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)</ref> ==Juqraafi jireed== Mweru waxaa inta badan biyo u keena [[Luapula River|Webiga Luapula]], kaasi oo ka soo gala dhoobbooyinka dhanka koonfureed, iyo [[Kalungwishi River|Webiga Kalungwishi]] oo ka yimaada dhanka bari. Cidhifkeeda waqooyi harada waxaa ka baxa [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]], kaasi oo u qulqula dhanka waqooyi-galbeed si uu ugu biiro [[Lualaba River|Webiga Lualaba]] ka dibna [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]]. Waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn [[drainage basin|dooxada qulqulka]] Kongo waxayna {{convert|150|km}} dhanka galbeed ka xigtaa cidhifka koonfureed ee harada ugu weyn, oo ah [[Lake Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]].<ref name="Google"/> Luapula wuxuu sameeyaa [[river delta|delta]] dhoobbo leh oo ku dhowaad u ballaran si la mid ah cidhifka koonfureed ee harada. Dhowr dhinac oo loo eego, webiga hoose iyo harada waxaa loo tixgelin karaa hal unug. Haro ku taal gobol leh xilli-roobaad iyo xilli-abaareed aad u calaamadsan, Mweru wax weyn kama beddelmo heerka iyo baaxadda biyaheeda. Isbeddelka sanadlaha ah ee heerka biyuhu waa {{convert|1.7|m}}, iyadoo joogga ugu sarreeya ee xilliyeedka uu yahay bisha May halka kan ugu hooseeyana uu yahay bisha Janaayo.<ref name="BKZ">{{cite journal |author= AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title= Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 }}</ref> Tani waxay qayb ahaan tahay sababtoo ah Luapula wuxuu ka soo dhex bahaa [[Bangweulu Swamps|Dhoobbooyinka Bangweulu]] iyo dhulka daadadka ah kuwaas oo u janjeera inay nidaamiyaan qulqulka biyaha, iyagoo nuuga daadadka sanadlaha ah ka dibna si tartiib ah u siidaaya, iyo qayb ahaan sababtoo ah meesha Mweru ay biyaha ka siidayso, oo ah Luvua, waxay hoos ugu dhacdaa si degdeg ah waxayna u qulqushaa si xoog leh, ayadoo aanay jirin dhir xannibta.<ref name="Google"/> Kor u kaca ku yimaada Mweru si dhakhso ah ayaa loogu miisaamaa qulqul ka dheereeya oo hoos ugu dhaca Luvua. Celcelis dhererka Mweru waa {{convert|118|km}} celcelis ballaceeduna waa {{convert|45|km}}, iyadoo dhidibkeeda dheer uu u jeedo waqooyi-bari–koonfur-galbeed. Jooggeedu waa {{convert|917|m}}, kaas oo aad uga sarreeya Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).<ref name="Google"/> Waa [[Rift Valley lakes|haro ku taal dooxada rift]] oo dhex dhalata [[graben|dhulka gudan]] ee Harada Mweru-Luapula, kaasi oo ah laan ka mid ah [[East African Rift|Dooxada Rift ee Bariga Afrika]].<ref name="Master"> [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: "Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure"]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Xefta galbeed ee harada ee ku taal DR Kongo waxay muujineysaa [[escarpment|jiirada dhabarka dheer]] ee caadiga u ah harada dooxada rift, iyadoo u gasha dhanka [[Kundelungu Mountains|Buuraha Kundelungu]] ee ka dambeeya, laakiin jiirada dooxada rift aad ugama muuqato xefta bari. Mweru way gacantay xagga koonfureed waxayna ka qotodheer tahay xagga waqooyi, iyadoo leh laba meelood oo niyad-jab ah oo ku yaal qaybta waqooyi-bari kuwaas oo qoto-dheeridooda ugu sarreysa ay tahay {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.<ref name="BKZ"/> Haro ka yar oo aad u dhoobbo badan oo la yiraahdo [[Lake Mweru Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Dhoobbooyinka Mweru) waxay dhanka bari u jirtaa qiyaastii {{convert|50|km}}, waxayna waqooyi ka xigtaa Kalungwishi. Inta badan waa [[endorheic|haro xiran]] waxayna dhab ahaantii inta badan biyaha ka qaadataa Kalungwishi iyadoo sii mareysa dhul dhoobo ah oo [[dambo]] loo yaqaan, laakiin waqtiyada daadadka waaweyn ay jiraan waxay ku fatihi kartaa Kalungwishi iyo Harada Mweru.<ref>See the [[Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.</ref> ==Juqraafi bini'aadam== ===Sahan=== Harada waxaa garanayay ganacsatadii [[Arab|Carabta]] iyo [[Swahili people|Sawaaxiliga]] (ee ganacsan jiray [[ivory|fool-maroodiga]], [[copper|naxaasta]] iyo [[slaves|addoomaha]]) kuwaas oo isticmaali jiray [[Kilwa Island, Zambia|Jasiiradda Kilwa]] ee harada ku taal si ay saldhig uga dhigtaan mar dambe. Waxay isticmaali jireen marinnada ganacsiga ee ka bilaawda [[Zanzibar]] ee ku taal [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]] ilaa [[Ujiji]] ee ku taal Harada Tanganyika ilaa Mweru ka dibna u gudba boqortooyooyinka [[Lunda Kingdom|Lunda]], [[Luba Empire|Luba]], [[Msiri|Yeke]] ama [[Kazembe]], iyadoo tan dambe ay ku taallay xeebaha koonfureed ee Mweru. Marinnada ganacsiga ee galbeed waxay ka baxayeen boqortooyooyinkaas iyagoo aadi jiray dhanka [[Atlantic|Badweynta Atlaantikada]], sidaas darteed Mweru waxay ku taallay marin ganacsi oo qaaradaha isaga gudba.<ref name="Watson">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Dr Blair Watson: "The Occupation of Kilwa Island - Extracts from District Notebook No. 6"]. Vol III No. 1 pp70-74, (1956).</ref> Intii u dhaxaysay 1796 iyo 1831 ganacsatadii/sahamiyayaashii [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Boortaqiiska]] ee Pereira, [[Francisco de Lacerda]] iyo kuwo kale ayaa ka yimid [[Mozambique|Musambiig]] si ay u booqdaan Kazembe si ay u helaan heshiisyo lagu isticmaalo marinka ganacsiga ee u dhexeeya dhulalkooda Musambiig iyo [[Angola]]. Boortaqiisku waa inay ogaayeen harada, booqdayaashuna waxay kaliya u baahnaayeen inay u lugeeyaan dhul ka sarreeya oo qiyaastii {{convert|5|km}} waqooyi ka xiga caasimadda Kazembe ee [[Kanyembo]] si ay u arkaan harada oo {{convert|10|km}} u jirta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay aad u xiisaynayeen marinnada ganacsiga marka loo eego helitaanka wax cusub, waxay ka soo dhawaadeen dhanka koonfureed dhaqdhaqaaqyadoodana waxaa xaddiday Mwata Kazembe, mana aysan bixin xog ku saabsan keeda.<ref name="Paine">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V1N2/V1N2.htm The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: Denis Paine: "Lake Mweru - Its Fish and Fishing Industry."] Vol I, No. 2 pp7-13 (1950). Accessed 2 April 2007. "Lacerda was probably the first European to see Lake Mweru," p7. Greek fishermen: p8.</ref> Sahamiyihii iyo mishonari [[David Livingstone]], oo ugu yeeri jiray 'Moero', ayaa loo aqoonsan yahay inuu helay harada intii uu ku guda jiray safaradiisii ee 1867-'8.<ref>[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''. Two volumes, John Murray, London, 1874.</ref> Livingstone wuxuu marshati ka ahaa burburka iyo dhibaatada ay keentay ganacsiga addoomaha ee aagga waqooyi iyo bari ee Mweru, xogtiisuna waxay gacan ka geysatay isku dubaridka mucaaradnimada ka dhanka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ganacsigii ugu dambeeyay ee [[slave|addoomaha]] ee aagga wuxuu ahaa mid dambe oo dhacay 1890-meeyadii. Dhanka kale, intii u dhaxaysay 1870 iyo 1891, iska horimaadyo iyo dagaallo dhex maray boqorkii [[Yeke Kingdom|Yeke]] ee [[Msiri]] iyo madaxda deegaanka iyo ganacsatada deriska la ah ayaa khalkhal geliyay aagga. Dad yar oo reer Yurub ah ayaa booqday Mweru tan iyo Livingstone, ilaa [[Alfred Sharpe]] uu yimid 1890–1 iyo [[Stairs Expedition|Safaradii Stairs]] ee 1892 kuwaas oo labadubaba soo maray iyagoo u socda inay heshiisyo la galaan Msiri. Safaradii Stairs waxay dileen Msiri waxayna u qabsadeen Katanga Boqor [[Leopold II of Belgium]]. Sharpe wuxuu ka tagay mid ka mid ah saraakiishiisa si uu u dhisid saldhigii ugu horreeyay ee gumeysiga ee dooxada Luapula-Mweru, kaasi oo ahaa [[British Empire|boma]] [[British Empire|Ingiriis]] ah oo ku yaal [[Chiengi]] sannadkii 1891. ===Horumarka taariikhda=== [[File:Mweru-Luapula.jpg|thumb|Harada Mweru iyo laamaheeda ugu weyn, qaybta hoose ee Webiga Luapula iyo dhoobbooyinkiisa, iyo Kalungwishi. Sidoo kale waxaa la muujiyay meesha Mweru ay biyaha ka siidayso, oo ah Webiga Luvua oo u aada waqooyiga dhanka webiyada Lualaba iyo Kongo. Biyuhu waxay u muuqdaan madow sawirkan been-midabka ah ee dayax-gacmeedka NASA. Baaxadda dhoobbooyinka waxaa muujinaya xariiqda buluugga ah ee adag, baaxadda dhulka daadadka ahna waxaa loo muujiyay xariiq dhibco leh. Magaalooyinka ku yaal Zambia waa: 1 Chiengi, 2 Kashikishi, 3 Nchelenge, 4 Mwansabombwe, 5 Mwense; ee DR Congo: 6 Pweto, 7 Kilwa, 8 Kasenga. Waxyaabaha kale: 9: Jasiiradda Chisenga, 10 jasiiradda dhoobada ugu weyn (gudaha DR Congo), 11 dhulka daadadka ugu weyn.]] Xeebta galbeed ee Luapula-Mweru waxay qayb ka noqotay [[Belgian Congo|Kongada Beljimka]] xeebta barina waxay qayb ka noqotay [[Northern Rhodesia|Rhodesia Waqooyi]], oo ahayd dhul [[British Empire|Ingiriisku]] [[protectorate|gacanta ku hayo]]. '''Harada Mweru''' ilaa Tanganyika waa aag u muuqday saamaynta reer Yurub xilli aad u horeeyay, marka harooyinku ay ahaayeen albaabka ugu weyn ee laga galo Rhodesia Waqooyi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=R. J.|date=April 1937|title=Industry and Trade on the Shores of Lake Mweru|journal=Africa|volume=10|issue=2|pages=137–158|doi=10.2307/1155780|jstor=1155780|s2cid=143768444 |issn=0001-9720}}</ref> In kasta oo Jasiiradda Kilwa ay u dhow dahay xeebta galbeed, waxaa loo qoondeeyay Rhodesia Waqooyi, sidaas darteedna Zambia waxay leedahay 58% biyaheeda harada, DR Kongo-na waxay leedahay 42%. Saldhigyadii ugu horreeyay ee Beljimka ee harada ku yaal waxaa laga dhisay Lukonzolwa iyo Pweto kuwaas oo waqtiyo kala duwan ahaa xarunta maamulkooda ee Katanga. Waxay tirtireen ganacsiga addoomaha ee aadayay dhanka waqooyi-bari ee ku wareegsanaa harada. Saldhiggii ugu horreeyay ee mishonari ee harada ku yaal waxaa dhisay 1892 mishonari u dhashay dalka Iskootland oo la oron jiray [[Dan Crawford (missionary)|Dan Crawford]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Plymouth Brethren]] wuxuuna ka dhisay Luanza oo ku taal dhanka Beljimka ee harada. Ingiriisku waxay ka soo rarreen [[boma (enclosure)|boma-doodii]] [[Chiengi]] iyagoo u raray Kalungwishi, iyadoo ay weheliyaan hal ama laba saraakiil oo Ingiriis ah (sida [[Blair Watson]]), iyo ciidan boolis Afrikaan ah. Marka la isku daro hawlgalladii ka socday agagaarka [[Mbala, Zambia|Abercorn]] ee hoos ugu dhacay marinka ganacsiga, tani waxay ku filnaatay inay joojiso ganacsiga addoomaha ee bari uga baxayay Mweru, laakiin kuma filnayn inay Mwata Kazembe keento xukuumadda Ingiriiska hoosteeda, safar milatari oo haddana ahna waa in laga soo diro 1899 dhanka [[British Central Africa]] ([[Malawi|Nyasaland]]) si loo qabto shaqadaas (eeg qoraalka ku saabsan [[Alfred Sharpe]] si aad u hesho xog dheeraad ah). U raridda boma-da ee laga raray Chiengi loona raray Kalungwishi waxay saameyn ku yeelatay inay u reebto boma-da Beljimka ee Pweto fursad xor ah oo ay ku maamusho cidhifka waqooyi ee harada, taasi oo horseedday boqol sano ka dib in qiyaastii {{convert|33|km2}} oo ka mid ah dhulka Zambia oo ku dhow Pweto lagu wareejiyo DR Congo (markaas loo yaqaanay Zaire). Eeg [[Luapula Province border dispute|khilaafka xadka ee Gobolka Luapula]] si aad u hesho xog dheeraad ah iyo tixraacyo. Sannadkii 1900 ka dib, gobolka Kongada Beljimka ee [[Katanga Province|Katanga]] ee ku yaal xeebaha galbeed ee harada wuxuu u horumaray si ka dhaqso badan dhanka Rhodesia Waqooyi, [[Luapula Province|Gobolka Luapula]] iyo magaalada Kasenga oo dhowr saacadood doon looga raaco Webiga Luapula waxay noqdeen kuwa ugu horumarsan dooxada Luapula-Mweru, ilaa 1960-meeyadii waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga ee ugu weyn ee leh adeegyo iyo kaabayaal dhaqaale oo ka wanaagsan meelaha kale. Miinooyinka [[Lubumbashi|Elisabethville]] waxay ku bilowdeen si ka dhaqso badan kuwa [[Copperbelt]], Kasenga-na waxay shaqaalaheeda u fidin jirtay kalluun. Sannadkii 1960 ka dib, dhibaatooyinka siyaasadeed, dayacaadda dawladda iyo dagaallada ka dhacay dhanka Kongo waxay keeneen iney kaabayaasha dhaqaaluhu ka sii daraan, halka nabadda dhanka Zambia ay keentay koror xagga dadka iyo adeegyada ah, taasi oo keentay in isku-dheelitirku isbeddelo. ===Xarumaha dadka=== Tuulooyin badan oo kalluumeysi ayaa ku teedsan xeebaha Mweru. Tiro ka mid ah waa xeryo xilliyeed ah. Magaalooyinka ugu weyn dhanka Zambia waa [[Nchelenge]], [[Kashikishi]] iyo [[Chiengi]], dhanka DR Congo-na waa [[Kilwa (Katanga)|Kilwa]] (magaalada ka soo horjeedda jasiiradda), [[Lukonzolwa]] iyo [[Pweto]]. N sokow [[Kilwa Island, Zambia|Jasiiradda Kilwa]], waxaa harada ku yaal laba jasiiradood oo kale oo la deggan yahay: Jasiiradda Isokwe ee Zambia oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|3|km2}}, iyo jasiirad Kongo leedahay oo baaxaddeedu tahay {{convert|2|km2}} oo ku dhow afka Luapula. (Laba jasiiradood oo kale oo ku yaal dhoobbooyinka Luapula waxay xeebo ku leeyihiin harada). Dhanka Kongo ee harada waxaa saameeyay [[Second Congo War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Kongo]] ee 1999–2003, kaas oo ay weli ka soo kabanayso. Qaxooti badan ayaa ka soo galay Zambia dhanka Pweto waxaana la dejiyay xeryo ku yaal degmooyinka [[Mporokoso]] iyo [[Kawambwa]]. ===Gaadiidka=== [[Belgian Congo|Belgiums-ku]] waxay maamuli jireen adeeg joogto ah oo ay ku isticmaali jireen [[paddle steamer|markab uumi ku shaqeeya oo baal leh]], kaasi oo la oron jiray ''Charles Lemaire'', wuxuuna isku xiri jiray [[Kasenga]] oo ku taal Luapula iyo [[Pweto]] oo ku taal meesha uu ka baxo Webiga Luvua, iyadoo dhererka safarku uu ku dhow yahay {{convert|300|km}} haddii la raadiyo joogsi laga sameeyo Kilwa. Doonyuhu weli waxay maraan marinkaas maanta. Gaadiidka biyaha aad looma isticmaalo dhanka Zambia, marka laga reebo aadaanka Jasiiradda Kilwa, Jasiiradda Isokwe iyo Jasiiradda Chisenga (ee ku taal dhoobbooyinka Luapula). Aagga Mweru waxaa u adeegi jiray oo keliya waddooyin dhoobo ah ilaa wadada weyn ee [[Luapula Province|Gobolka Luapula]] ee dhanka Zambia laga dhigay laami ilaa Nchelenge sannadkii 1987; tirada dadka ku wareegsan harada waa ay korortay, badankooduna waxay ka faa'iidaystaan kalluumeysiga qaniga ah ee harada. Markii miinooyinka [[Copperbelt]] ay shaqaalaha ka cayriyeen 1980-meeyadii iyo 1990-meeyadii, shaqaale badan oo hore oo miinooyinka ka shaqayn jiray ayaa u soo guuray xeebaha harada, gaar ahaan agagaarka Nchelenge-Kashikishi. Waddooyinka dhoobada ah ee dhanka Kongo waa la dayacay waxayna ku jiraan xaalad xun, dad badanona waxay u gudbaan Zambia si ay waddooyinka u isticmaalaan. Eeg [[Congo Pedicle road]] si aad u hesho xog dheeraad ah. ===Kalluumeysiga=== [[File:Haplochromis moeruensis.gif|thumb|Sawirka nooc ka mid ah ''[[Thoracochromis]] moeruensis'' (Boulenger, 1899), oo ah kalluun cichlid haplochromine ah oo laga helay Harada Mweru]] Mweru waxaa mar walba lagu yaqaannay kalluunkeeda [[longfin tilapia]], (''Oreochromis macrochir''), oo loo yaqaan ''pale'' ('pa-lay') ee [[Chibemba|luuqadda Chibemba]], kaasi oo hiddaha ahaan lagu qallajin jiray khaanado ama masiino qorraxda hoosteeda ah laguna ridi jiray dambiilo si suuqa loo geeyo. ([[Smoking (cooking technique)|Sigaar-cabidda/Aqlidda]] iyo [[Salting (food)|cusbada]] kalluunka waa habab dhowaan ku soo kordhay aagga). Kalluunka weyn ee shabaaxda (catfish) (nooc ka mid ah wuxuu dhererkiisu gaaraa ilaa {{convert|2|m}}), nooc ka mid ah bargo (carp), [[Hydrocynus|tigerfish]], [[Mormyridae|elephantfish]] iyo kalluunka u eg sardiinka ayaa sidoo kale la jillaabaa. Kalluumeysiga ganacsiga ee Harada Mweru iyo Webiga Luapula waxaa horseeday kalluumeysato reer [[Greece|Giriig]] ah oo ka yimid [[Dodecanese islands|jasiiradaha Dodecanese]] kuwaas oo degey Kasenga, DR Congo, oo ku taal banka galbeed ee Luapula {{convert|150|km}} koraan ka xigta harada qarnigii weyn ee qeybtii hore ee qarnigii 19-aad. Waxay isticmaali jireen doonyo lagu dhisay qaabka Giriigga oo ku shaqaynayay [[charcoal|dhuxusha]] [[steam engine|mishiinnada uumiga]], kuwaas oo mar dambena lagu beddelay [[Diesel engine|naaftada]]. Waxay shaqaalaha miinooyinka [[Copper extraction|soo saarista naxaasta]] ee [[Lubumbashi]] (hadana dambena dhammaan [[Copperbelt]]) u fidin jireen kalluun lagu riday baraf oo joogay Kasenga laguna qaadi jiray baabuur waaweyn oo halkaas ka bixi jiray. Waxaa la qiyaasay sannadkii 1950 inay jireen 50 doonyood oo Giriig ah oo jillaabi jiray {{convert|4000|ST|MT}} oo kalluun cusub ah sannad kasta. Waxay qaadan lahayd toddobaad in doon ay safar wareeg ah ku tagto harada oo ay soo buuxiso meesha kaydka ah, taasi oo lagu xiri jiray baraf doonta lagu siday.<ref name="Paine"/><ref name="Peters">[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N1/V2N1.html The ''Northern Rhodesia Journal'' online at NRZAM.org: D U Peters: "Visit to Kilwa Island and the African Palm".] Vol II, No. 1 pp 9−23 (1953). Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay jillaabashadu waa ay yaraatay sababo la xiriira jillaabashada xad-dhaafka ah waxaana la qiyaasaa {{convert|13,000|LT|MT}} oo tan ah in laga jillaabo 4,500 oo doonyood oo yaryar, badankooduna ah doonyo looxaan ah. Kalluumeysatada Kongo ayaa jillaaba inta ugu badan inkastoo ay leeyihiin qayb yar oo ka mid ah biyaha harada.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations website] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=20080314015746 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=14 March 2008 }} accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> Tilapia-da waxaa lagu jillaabaa [[gillnets|shabaqyada gill net]], mana gaaraan baaxaddii ay lahaan jireen waqti hore. Tan iyo 1980-meeyadii, kalluumeysiga 'chisense' waa uu kordhay. Habkan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu jillaabo kalluunka yar ee [[pelagic fish|badda dhexdeeda ku nool]] oo loo yaqaan [[kapenta]], marka hore xeebaha ayaa laga jillaabi jiray laakiin hadda waxaa la isticmaalaa nalalka doonyaha saaran habeenkii si loo soo jiito kalluunka ka dibna lagu soo qaado shabaqyo yaryar oo khafiif ah.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AD008E/AD008E00.htm#TOC FAO website: Tilleke Kiewied: "Socio-Economic Study of Fishing Communities along Lake Mweru, Luapula Province, Zambia."] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare, 1994. Accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> ===Macdanta=== [[Dikulushi|Miinada Naxaasta ee Dikulushi]] waa [[open-cast mine|miino dusha furan]] oo {{convert|50|km|mi}} waqooyi ka xigta Kilwa ee gudaha DR Congo iyadoo la raacayo waddo dhoobo ah, una jirta {{convert|23|km|mi}} galbeedka harada. Miinada waxaa ka iibsaday [[Anvil Mining]] shirkadda [[Mawson West]], oo ah shirkad weyn oo laga leeyahay dalka Australia, bishii Maarso 2010.<ref name=BusSpec>[http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Anvil-sells-its-90-stake-in-Dikulushi-mine-in-DRC--3574B?OpenDocument Anvil sells its 90% stake in Dikulushi mine in DRC for 28% of MWE in scrip] ''Business Spectator'', published: 1 March 2010, accessed: 29 December 2010</ref> Marka miinadu ay shaqaynayso, baabuurta waaweyn ee rida dhoobada macdanta ee [[concentrate|xooggan]] waxay Mweru ka talaabaan ayagoo isticmaalaya doon weyn oo [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoon]] ah oo mishiin ku shaqeysa taasi oo ka baxda Kilwa kuna aada Nchelenge, dherer dhan {{convert|44|km|mi}}, ka dibna waxay wadaan {{convert|2500|km|mi}} si ay u geeyaan meesha [[smelter|shubista macdanta]] naxaasta ee ku taal [[Tsumeb]], [[Namibia]].<ref>[http://www.anvilmining.com/prj_dikulushi2.shtml Anvil Mining: "Dikulushi Operation".] Website accessed 30 March 2007.</ref> ===Dalxiiska=== Harada Mweru uma horumarin [[tourism|dalxiiska]] inkastoo loo tixgeliyo inay tahay mid "runtii qurux badan".<ref name="Spectrum">Camerapix: "Spectrum Guide to Zambia." Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996.</ref> Helitaan la'aanta waddooyinka ee waqtiyadii hore, la'aanta [[wildlife conservation|ilaalinta duurjoogta]], iyo dagaalladii ka dhacay DR Congo intii u dhaxaysay 1996 iyo 2003 ayaan gacan ka geysan. 60 sano ka hor xeebaha galbeed iyo waqooyi ee harada waxay hoy u ahaayeen guutooyin waaweyn oo maroodi ah, dhulka Luapula ee daadadka ah wuxuu caawin jiray guutooyin kalluunka [[lechwe]] ah, [[Lusenga Plain National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Lusenga Plain]] iyo [[Mweru Wantipa National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Mweru Wantipa]] waxaa lagu yaqaannay [[Cape buffalo|gofis]], dhowr nooc oo [[antelope|ugaar ah]] iyo [[lion|libaaxyo]]. Inta badan tirada xoolaha waa ay yaraadeen sababo la xiriira ugaarsiga, luminta deegaanka, iyo ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah. Dhanka Zambia laga yaabee in kaliya Beerta Qaranka ee Mweru Wantipa ay leedahay awood dalxiis. Dhanka Kongo, [[:fr:Parc national de Kundelungu|Beerta Qaranka ee Kundelungu]] oo ku taal buuraha {{convert|75|km}} koonfur-galbeed ee harada waxay ku jiri kartaa xaalad ka wanaagsan. ==Tixraacyo== {{reflist}} :'''General references''' :* For area, depth and volume data: [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577_Update_on_the_bathymetry_of_Lake_Mweru_with_notes_on_water_level_fluctuations AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten: "Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations".] ''African Journal of Aquatic Science'', 31 (1) : 145–150 (2006). Accessed 4 March 2007. :* For distances: Google Earth. :*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312203551/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr026.html World Lakes Database entry for Lake Mweru] == Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons}} * [http://www.zambiatourism.com/travel/places/lakmweru.htm Zambia tourism info with picture] * [https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-trans-africa-inland-waterway-system A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?] * [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+Democratic+Republic+of+Congo+Waterways+Assessment Democratic Republic of Congo Waterways Assessment] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mweru}} 0szni3imzax0yosmzynrl3xlxujpncj 0 48419 300419 2026-06-30T13:03:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mai-Ndombe | image = Lake Mai-Ndombe NASA.jpg | caption = Laga arkay hawada sare (midab been ah) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Gobolka Mai-Ndombe]], [[DR Congo]] | coords = {{coord|2|S|18.33|E|type:waterbody_region:CD|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | type = | inflow = | outflow = [[Fimi River|Webiga Fimi]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[DR Congo]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|2300|sqkm|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} [[File:Lake Mai-Ndombe and Fimi River DRC.svg|thumb|Harada Mai-Ndombe iyo Webiga Fimi, oo guduud ah]] '''Harada Mai-Ndombe''' ({{langx|fr|Lac Mai-Ndombe}}, {{langx|nl|Mai-Ndombemeer}}) waa haro biyo macaan leh oo weyn oo ku taal [[Mai-Ndombe Province|gobolka Mai-Ndombe]] ee galbeedka [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Haradu waxay ku dhex taal aagga [[Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]], oo ah dhulka dhoobada ah ee ugu weyn ee Muhiimadda Caalamiga ah leh ee ay aqoonsatay [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ee adkaanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf |title=Logging concession different periods |publisher=Institute for Environmental Security |accessdate=2012-01-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Hagaagga== Haradu waxay u baxdaa dhanka koonfureed iyadoo sii mareysa [[Fimi River|Webiga Fimi]] una xigta webiyada [[Kwah River|Kwah]] iyo [[Congo River|Kongo]]. Waxaa ilaa 1972 loo yaqaannay '''Harada Leopold II''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Lac Léopold II''; [[Dutch language|Hoolandees]]: ''Leopold II-meer'') ka dib [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], [[King of the Belgians|Boqorkii Beljimka]]. ''Mai-Ndombe'' macnaheedu waa "biyo madow" iyada oo la raacayo [[Kongo language|luuqadda Kikongo]]. Haradu waxay leedahay qaab aan joogto ahayn waxayna qoto-dheerideedu u dhaxeysaa 5 mitir (celcelis) ilaa 10 mitir (ugu sarreeya). Waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 890 mayl laba jibaaran (2,300 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran), waxaana la ogyahay inay labanlaabanto ama saddexlaabanto baaxaddeeda xilliga roobka. Biyaheedu waa kuwa ay ka buuxaan ogsajiin dhammaan qoto-dheeridooda iyadoo pH-goodu uu u dhaxeeyo 4.2 ilaa 5.5. Waxaa ku hareeraysan xeebo hoose oo dhir leh oo ay ku badan yihiin kaymo kulul oo qoyan oo dhanka waqooyi ah iyo isku-dhaf kaymo iyo [[savanna|sabaaxad]] ah oo dhanka koonfureed ah.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} ==Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta== Sahanno la sameeyay ayaa muujiyay kala duwanaansho weyn oo dhanka noolaha ah ee ka dhex jira iyo agagaarka harada, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin xayawaanno ay ka mid yihiin laba nooc oo [[otter|muraayad-biyood ah]], [[marsh mongoose|shariifka dhoobada]], [[giant otter shrew]], [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]] oo fara badan, [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]] iyo [[turtle|diinka biyaha]].<ref name=FEOW>Peck, E. (2013, updated 2015). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/mai_ndombe Mai Ndombe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162721/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Mai_Ndombe |date=2017-01-16 }}. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> Mai-Ndombe waxay ka kooban tahay [[Blackwater river|biyo madow]] oo aashito leh oo hodan ku ah [[humic|walxaha humus-ka]], guud ahaan kalluunka haradan si liidata ayaa loo diiwaangeliyay, xitaa marka la barbardhigo gobollada kale ee dooxada Webiga Kongo.<ref name=FEOW/> Inkastoo ay xagga deegaanka u eg tahay [[Lake Tumba|Harada Tumba]] mararka qaarkoodna ay si toos ah isugu xiraan kanaalo ama dhoobbooyin, waxaa jira isbeddelo muhiim ah oo u dhaxeeya noocyada kalluunka ee ku nool labada haro, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ay wadaagaan.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name=Hardman2008/> Sahannadii ugu horreeyay waxaa sameeyay [[George Albert Boulenger]] wax ka badan qarni ka hor, waxaana jiray daraasado dambe oo yaraa oo lagu sameeyay kalluunka harada.<ref name=FEOW/> Tusaale ahaan, daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee qaybteeda waqooyi waxaa la sameeyay oo keliya sannadkii 2002.<ref name=Schliewen2006/> In ka badan 30 nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa la yaqaan, laakiin tirada dhabta ah waxaa loo malaynayaa inay aad uga sarreyso.<ref name=FEOW/> Waxaa jira shan nooc oo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] oo la yaqaan: kalluunka [[catfish|shabaaxda]] ee ''[[Amphilius]] opisthophthalmus'' iyo kalluunka [[cichlid]] ee ''[[Hemichromis]] cerasogaster'' waxaa si cilmiyaysan u sharraxay Boulenger.<ref name=FEOW/> Kuwa kale waa helitaano dhowaan ah oo la sharraxay dhowrkii toban sano ee la soo dhaafay oo keliya: Sannadkii 1984, nooc cusub oo cichlid ah, ''[[Nanochromis transvestitus]]'', oo loogu magac daray xaqiiqda ah inay muujiso midab-kala-duwanaansho galmo oo rogan ([[sexual dichromatism]]), ayaa si cilmiyaysan looga sharraxay harada.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1445037|author=Donald J. Stewart|author2= Tyson R. Roberts|title=A New Species of Dwarf Cichilid Fish with Reversed Sexual Dichromatism from Lac Mai-Ndombe, Zaïre|journal=Copeia |volume=1984|issue=1|date=February 23, 1984|pages=82–86|doi=10.2307/1445037 |jstor=1445037 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sannadkii 2006, nooc kale oo cusub oo cichlid ah, ''Nanochromis wickleri'', ayaa la sharraxay,<ref name=Schliewen2006>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267699287 |author=Ulrich K. Schliewen|author2=Melanie L. J. Stiassny|title=A new species of ''Nanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1169 |issue=33|date=April 10, 2006|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> sannadkii 2008-na, nooc cusub o kalluunka shabaaxda ah, ''[[Chrysichthys]] praecox'', ayaa la diiwaangeliyay.<ref name=Hardman2008>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282762727|author=Michael Hardman |author2=Melanie L.J. Stiassny|title=A sexually dimorphic species of ''Chrysichthys'' (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) from Lac Mai-Ndombe, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters |volume= 19|issue=2|pages=175–184|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> ==Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dhaqaalaha== Qaar ka mid ah aagga tanaasulka ugu weyn ee shirkadda jarista dhirta ee [[Sodefor]] waxay ku yaallaan waqooyiga iyo koonfurta Harada Mai-Ndombe.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |title = Carte Illustrative Actions Sociales |publisher = SODEFOR |accessdate = 2012-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Taariikhdu markay ahayd 28 Noofambar 2009, laba doonyood oo dhir siday ayaa degey iyagoo sababay geerida 73 qof. Doonta looma oggolayn inay qaaddo rakaab, laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay saarnaayeen qiyaastii 270 qof xilligaas.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8384441.stm BBC News article reporting the boat sinking]</ref> Harada Mai-Ndombe iyo nidaamka webiga waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa gaadiid ahaan guud ahaan dalka sababtoo ah nidaamka waddooyinka dhulka ee aaggaas ma ahan mid ku filan. Doonyo badan oo rakaab ah ayaa qaada boqolaal qof maalin kasta. Doonyahan badankoodu waa kuwo duug ah oo aan la dayactirin. Maalintii Sabtida, May 25, 2019, doon rakaab ah oo siday wax ka badan 350 rakaab ah ayaa ku degtay dabaylo xooggan dhexdeeda. Wax ka badan 45 rakaab ah ayaa la xaqiijiyay inay dhinteen maalintii ugu horreysay, wax ka badanna boqol qofna wali waxaa loo tixgeliyay inay la'yahay yihiin. Jawaab ahaan, dawladdu waxay sheegtay inay mamnuuci doonto doonyaha rakaabka ee looxa ka samaysan oo ka weyn 5 sano inay maraan harada.<ref>{{cite web |title=30 dead, more than 150 missing after boat sinks on Congo lake |date=2019-05-27 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712203935/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/africa/congo-lake-accident-intl/index.html |archive-date=2019-07-12 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/africa/congo-lake-accident-intl/index.html}}</ref> ==Buug qoraal== * Mapping the vegetation cover of the Mai-Ndombe region (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Regional School of Integrated Forest and Land Management. [[University of Kinshasa]], July 2003 * Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa, Vol. 1. J.-P. Vanden Bossche & G.M. Bernacsek {{ISBN|92-5-102983-0}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|2}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001204200500/http://www.worldlakes.org/ Article title]}} {{Authority control}} h584rkpjyyynl3kyppz0jzoynlk22y5 300515 300419 2026-07-01T01:26:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mai-Ndombe | image = Lake Mai-Ndombe NASA.jpg | caption = Laga arkay hawada sare (midab been ah) | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Mai-Ndombe Province|Gobolka Mai-Ndombe]], [[DR Congo]] | coords = {{coord|2|S|18.33|E|type:waterbody_region:CD|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | type = | inflow = | outflow = [[Fimi River|Webiga Fimi]] | catchment = | basin_countries = [[DR Congo]] | length = | width = | area = {{convert|2300|sqkm|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = }} [[File:Lake Mai-Ndombe and Fimi River DRC.svg|thumb|Harada Mai-Ndombe iyo Webiga Fimi, oo guduud ah]] '''Harada Mai-Ndombe''' ({{langx|fr|Lac Mai-Ndombe}}, {{langx|nl|Mai-Ndombemeer}}) waa haro biyo macaan leh oo weyn oo ku taal [[Mai-Ndombe Province|gobolka Mai-Ndombe]] ee galbeedka [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Haradu waxay ku dhex taal aagga [[Tumba-Ngiri-Maindombe]], oo ah dhulka dhoobada ah ee ugu weyn ee Muhiimadda Caalamiga ah leh ee ay aqoonsatay [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ee adkaanka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf |title=Logging concession different periods |publisher=Institute for Environmental Security |accessdate=2012-01-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030639/http://www.envirosecurity.org/espa/PDF/DRC_Logging_concessions_different_periods.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Hagaagga== Haradu waxay u baxdaa dhanka koonfureed iyadoo sii mareysa [[Fimi River|Webiga Fimi]] una xigta webiyada [[Kwah River|Kwah]] iyo [[Congo River|Kongo]]. Waxaa ilaa 1972 loo yaqaannay '''Harada Leopold II''' ([[French language|Faransiis]]: ''Lac Léopold II''; [[Dutch language|Hoolandees]]: ''Leopold II-meer'') ka dib [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], [[King of the Belgians|Boqorkii Beljimka]]. ''Mai-Ndombe'' macnaheedu waa "biyo madow" iyada oo la raacayo [[Kongo language|luuqadda Kikongo]]. Haradu waxay leedahay qaab aan joogto ahayn waxayna qoto-dheerideedu u dhaxeysaa 5 mitir (celcelis) ilaa 10 mitir (ugu sarreeya). Waxay ku fidsan tahay qiyaastii 890 mayl laba jibaaran (2,300 kiiloomitir laba jibaaran), waxaana la ogyahay inay labanlaabanto ama saddexlaabanto baaxaddeeda xilliga roobka. Biyaheedu waa kuwa ay ka buuxaan ogsajiin dhammaan qoto-dheeridooda iyadoo pH-goodu uu u dhaxeeyo 4.2 ilaa 5.5. Waxaa ku hareeraysan xeebo hoose oo dhir leh oo ay ku badan yihiin kaymo kulul oo qoyan oo dhanka waqooyi ah iyo isku-dhaf kaymo iyo [[savanna|sabaaxad]] ah oo dhanka koonfureed ah.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} ==Kalluunka iyo Duurjoogta== Sahanno la sameeyay ayaa muujiyay kala duwanaansho weyn oo dhanka noolaha ah ee ka dhex jira iyo agagaarka harada, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin xayawaanno ay ka mid yihiin laba nooc oo [[otter|muraayad-biyood ah]], [[marsh mongoose|shariifka dhoobada]], [[giant otter shrew]], [[waterbird|shimbiraha biyaha]] oo fara badan, [[crocodile|yaxaasyo]] iyo [[turtle|diinka biyaha]].<ref name=FEOW>Peck, E. (2013, updated 2015). [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/mai_ndombe Mai Ndombe] {{Wayback|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/mai_ndombe |date=20170116162721 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116162721/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Mai_Ndombe |date=2017-01-16 }}. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. Retrieved 11 October 2019.</ref> Mai-Ndombe waxay ka kooban tahay [[Blackwater river|biyo madow]] oo aashito leh oo hodan ku ah [[humic|walxaha humus-ka]], guud ahaan kalluunka haradan si liidata ayaa loo diiwaangeliyay, xitaa marka la barbardhigo gobollada kale ee dooxada Webiga Kongo.<ref name=FEOW/> Inkastoo ay xagga deegaanka u eg tahay [[Lake Tumba|Harada Tumba]] mararka qaarkoodna ay si toos ah isugu xiraan kanaalo ama dhoobbooyin, waxaa jira isbeddelo muhiim ah oo u dhaxeeya noocyada kalluunka ee ku nool labada haro, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ay wadaagaan.<ref name=FEOW/><ref name=Hardman2008/> Sahannadii ugu horreeyay waxaa sameeyay [[George Albert Boulenger]] wax ka badan qarni ka hor, waxaana jiray daraasado dambe oo yaraa oo lagu sameeyay kalluunka harada.<ref name=FEOW/> Tusaale ahaan, daraasaddii ugu horreysay ee qaybteeda waqooyi waxaa la sameeyay oo keliya sannadkii 2002.<ref name=Schliewen2006/> In ka badan 30 nooc oo kalluun ah ayaa la yaqaan, laakiin tirada dhabta ah waxaa loo malaynayaa inay aad uga sarreyso.<ref name=FEOW/> Waxaa jira shan nooc oo [[Endemism|u gaar ah]] oo la yaqaan: kalluunka [[catfish|shabaaxda]] ee ''[[Amphilius]] opisthophthalmus'' iyo kalluunka [[cichlid]] ee ''[[Hemichromis]] cerasogaster'' waxaa si cilmiyaysan u sharraxay Boulenger.<ref name=FEOW/> Kuwa kale waa helitaano dhowaan ah oo la sharraxay dhowrkii toban sano ee la soo dhaafay oo keliya: Sannadkii 1984, nooc cusub oo cichlid ah, ''[[Nanochromis transvestitus]]'', oo loogu magac daray xaqiiqda ah inay muujiso midab-kala-duwanaansho galmo oo rogan ([[sexual dichromatism]]), ayaa si cilmiyaysan looga sharraxay harada.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/pss/1445037|author=Donald J. Stewart|author2= Tyson R. Roberts|title=A New Species of Dwarf Cichilid Fish with Reversed Sexual Dichromatism from Lac Mai-Ndombe, Zaïre|journal=Copeia |volume=1984|issue=1|date=February 23, 1984|pages=82–86|doi=10.2307/1445037 |jstor=1445037 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sannadkii 2006, nooc kale oo cusub oo cichlid ah, ''Nanochromis wickleri'', ayaa la sharraxay,<ref name=Schliewen2006>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267699287 |author=Ulrich K. Schliewen|author2=Melanie L. J. Stiassny|title=A new species of ''Nanochromis'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Mai Ndombe, central Congo Basin, Democratic Republic of Congo|journal=Zootaxa|volume=1169 |issue=33|date=April 10, 2006|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> sannadkii 2008-na, nooc cusub o kalluunka shabaaxda ah, ''[[Chrysichthys]] praecox'', ayaa la diiwaangeliyay.<ref name=Hardman2008>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282762727|author=Michael Hardman |author2=Melanie L.J. Stiassny|title=A sexually dimorphic species of ''Chrysichthys'' (Siluriformes: Claroteidae) from Lac Mai-Ndombe, Democratic Republic of the Congo|journal=Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters |volume= 19|issue=2|pages=175–184|via=ResearchGate}}</ref> ==Dhaqdhaqaaqa Dhaqaalaha== Qaar ka mid ah aagga tanaasulka ugu weyn ee shirkadda jarista dhirta ee [[Sodefor]] waxay ku yaallaan waqooyiga iyo koonfurta Harada Mai-Ndombe.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |title = Carte Illustrative Actions Sociales |publisher = SODEFOR |accessdate = 2012-02-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030926/http://www.sodefor.net/garantiesdf-social.php |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Taariikhdu markay ahayd 28 Noofambar 2009, laba doonyood oo dhir siday ayaa degey iyagoo sababay geerida 73 qof. Doonta looma oggolayn inay qaaddo rakaab, laakiin waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay saarnaayeen qiyaastii 270 qof xilligaas.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8384441.stm BBC News article reporting the boat sinking]</ref> Harada Mai-Ndombe iyo nidaamka webiga waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa gaadiid ahaan guud ahaan dalka sababtoo ah nidaamka waddooyinka dhulka ee aaggaas ma ahan mid ku filan. Doonyo badan oo rakaab ah ayaa qaada boqolaal qof maalin kasta. Doonyahan badankoodu waa kuwo duug ah oo aan la dayactirin. Maalintii Sabtida, May 25, 2019, doon rakaab ah oo siday wax ka badan 350 rakaab ah ayaa ku degtay dabaylo xooggan dhexdeeda. Wax ka badan 45 rakaab ah ayaa la xaqiijiyay inay dhinteen maalintii ugu horreysay, wax ka badanna boqol qofna wali waxaa loo tixgeliyay inay la'yahay yihiin. Jawaab ahaan, dawladdu waxay sheegtay inay mamnuuci doonto doonyaha rakaabka ee looxa ka samaysan oo ka weyn 5 sano inay maraan harada.<ref>{{cite web |title=30 dead, more than 150 missing after boat sinks on Congo lake |date=2019-05-27 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712203935/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/africa/congo-lake-accident-intl/index.html |archive-date=2019-07-12 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/27/africa/congo-lake-accident-intl/index.html}}</ref> ==Buug qoraal== * Mapping the vegetation cover of the Mai-Ndombe region (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Regional School of Integrated Forest and Land Management. [[University of Kinshasa]], July 2003 * Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa, Vol. 1. J.-P. Vanden Bossche & G.M. Bernacsek {{ISBN|92-5-102983-0}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist|2}} == Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001204200500/http://www.worldlakes.org/ Article title]}} {{Authority control}} n9f1xjloa59swkh33j7inkytvbhb84p 0 48420 300420 2026-06-30T13:06:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Kisale | image = Lake Kisale May 2026.jpg | alt = Sawirka dayax-gacmeedka ee Harada Kisale | caption = Harada Kasale bishii Maajo 2026. [[Lualaba River|Webiga Lualaba]] oo qalloocan ayaa harada ka baxa dhanka bari. | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|8.257701|S|26.50383|E|region:CD_type:waterbody|format=dms|display =inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | agency = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|300|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = [[Kikondja]], [[Buya Bwa Dalamba]] <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Kisale ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Kisale''' waa haro ku taal [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] (DRC), dhexdeeda [[Bukama Territory|Dhulka Bukama]], [[Haut-Lomami District|Degmada Haut-Lomami]]. Baaxaddeeda oo ah qiyaastii {{convert|300|km2|sqmi}}, waa harada labaad ee ugu weyn harada ku yaal [[Upemba Depression|Godka Upemami]] (Godka Kamolondo), oo ah aag dhoobo ah oo ballaaran oo qayb ahaan ku dhex yaal [[Upemba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Upemba]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eosnap.com/tag/upemba-depression/ |title=Marshlands of the Upemba Depression, Democratic Republic of the Congo |date=March 27, 2009 |work=Eosnap |accessdate=2011-12-03 |archive-date=2011-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106133216/http://www.eosnap.com/tag/upemba-depression/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Juqraafi== [[Lualaba River|Webiga Lualaba]] wuxuu soo galaa Godka Upemba qiyaastii {{convert|40|km|mi}} ka dib marka uu ka soo baxo [[Lake Nzilo|Harada Nzilo]] (kaydka Delcommune). Godkani waa [[graben|gof]] u eg dhuun oo dhererkiisu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|400|km|mi}} ballaciisuna yahay {{convert|100|km|mi}}, wuxuuna ka dhashay koonfur-galbeed ilaa waqooyi-bari. Gofkani wuxuu qiyaastii {{convert|1000|m|ft}} ka sarreeyaa heerka badda cidhifkiisa koonfur-galbeed, isagoo si aad ah ugu foorara hoos ilaa joog weyn oo ah {{convert|610|m|ft}}, halkaas oo uu ku fidsan yahay oo ay ka buuxaan harooyin iyo dhoobbooyin fogaan ah {{convert|225|km|mi}} oo ku dhex jira suun ballaciisu yahay {{convert|37|km|mi}} celcelis ahaan. Webiga guud ahaan wuxuu dhex maraa dhoobbooyinka u dhaxeeya harada, kuwaas oo uu ku xiran yahay kanaalo cidhiidhi ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka uu dhex maro harooyinka [[Lake Kabwe|Harada Kabwe]] iyo Harada Kisale, kuwan waxaa loo arki karaa inay yihiin ballaarinta sariirta webiga.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA543 |page=543 |title=A directory of African wetlands |first1=R. H. |last1=Hughes |first2=J. S. |last2=Hughes |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=2-88032-949-3}}</ref> ==Taariikh== Sannadkii 1957 alaabo dhoobo iyo bir ah ayaa laga qoday xabaalo ka tirsan Xilliga Birta oo laga helay Sanga oo ku taal xeebta waqooyi ee harada.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=6D04349F58AF0543BA005F8F33347331.journals?fromPage=online&aid=2832640 |journal=The Journal of African History |year=1963 |volume=4 |pages=19–32 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0021853700003686 |title=Notes on some early pottery cultures in Northern Katanga1 |author=Jacques Nenquin |s2cid=162445358 |accessdate=2011-12-03|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Goobtu waxay bixinaysaa caddaymo ku saabsan asalka [[Luba people|dadka Luba]] ee dalka Zambia ee maanta iyo DRC, kuwaas oo loo malaynayo inay yihiin mid ka mid ah kooxaha ugu horreeyay ee birta ka shaqeeya Bartamaha Afrika. Markay ahayd 800 CE waxay deganaayeen deegaanno rasmi ah oo ku yaal agagaarka harada, dhoobbooyinka iyo webiyada gobolka. Carradu waa mid barwaaqo ah, waxayna taageertaa beeraha wax soo saarka leh ee dalagyada sida masago iyo garowga, halka kalluunka iyo ugaadhsiguna ay bixiyeen ilo borotiin ah. Dadku way kordheen bulshaduna waxay noqotay mid aad u adag. Agabka xabaalaha waxaa ka mid ah farshaxanno naxas ah kuwaas oo ay khasab ahayd in lagu helo ganacsi lala yeesho dadka deggan suunka naxaasta ee ka sii xiga dhanka koonfureed.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PZcX2jQFTRcC&pg=PA144 |page=144 |title=A history of Sub-Saharan Africa |first1=Robert O. |last1=Collins |first2=James McDonald |last2=Burns |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86746-7}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} ahmspyaqihuzaqg00b0csq1fm0pqazx 0 48421 300421 2026-06-30T13:10:01Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Edward | image = Lake edward sentinel-2.jpg | caption = Sawirka Sentinel-2 ee Harada Edward | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|20|S|29|36|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Nyamugasani River|Nyamugasani]]<br>[[Ishasha River|Ishasha]]<br>[[Rutshuru River|Rutshuru]]<br>[[Rwindi River|Rwindi]]<br>[[Ntungwe River|Ntungwe]]<br>[[Lubilia River|Lubilia]] | outflow = [[Semliki River|Webiga Semliki]] | catchment = {{convert|12,096|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]<br>[[Uganda]] | length = {{convert|77|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|2,325|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|112|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|39.5|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|912|m|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Uganda#Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Edward ku taal Uganda.##Goobta Harada Edward ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Edward''' (maxalli ahaan '''Rwitanzigye''' ama '''Rweru''') waa mid ka mid ah [[African Great Lakes|Harooyinka Waaweyn ee Afrika]] kuwooda ugu yar yar. Waxay ku taal [[Albertine Rift|Gofka Albertine]], oo ah laanta galbeed ee [[East African Rift|Gofka Bari ee Afrika]], ee xadka u dhexeeya [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] (DRC) iyo [[Uganda]], iyadoo xeebteeda waqooyi ay dhowr kiiloomitir koonfur ka xigto [[equator|dhul-baraha]]. ==Taariikh== Sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Welsh ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] ayaa markii ugu horreysay arkay harada sannadkii 1888, intii uu socday [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition|Sohan Gurmadka Emin Pasha]]. Harada waxaa loogu magac daray [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward, Amiirka Wales]], oo ahaa wiilka boqoraddii xilligaas ee dalka Ingiriiska [[Queen Victoria|Boqorad Victoria]], kaas oo haday dambe noqday Boqor Edward VII. Sannadkii 1973, [[Uganda]] iyo dalkii xilligaas la oran jiray [[Zaire]] (DRC) ayaa magaca u beddelay oo u bixiyey '''Harada Idi Amin''' ka dib markii loogu magac daray digtatoorkii reer Uganda ee [[Idi Amin]]. Ka dib markii xilka laga tuuray sannadkii 1979, waxay dib u baratay magaceedii hore. Sannadkii 2014, haradu waxay noqotay xuddunta muran dhanka saliidda ah. Shirkadda [[SOCO International]] ayaa gashay dhismaha [[Virunga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]] halkaas oo haradu ku taal si ay saliid uga baarto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka tuulada iyo shaqaalaha isku dayey inay joojiyaan shirkadda saliidda si aysan u gelin aagga ayaa la garaacay, qaarkoodna xitaa waa la afduubay oo la jirdilay. Qorshayaal lagu dib-u-habaynayo xuduudaha Virunga loona saarayo harada ayaa la tixgeliyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama beertu tahay goob dhaxal caalami ah haraduna ay qayb ka tahay, qorshayaashaas waxay si dabiici ah uga horimanayaan [[World Heritage Site|Heshiiska Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== ===Topografi iyo qulqulka biyaha=== Harada Edward waxay ku taal joog ah {{convert|920|m|ft}}, dhererkeedu waa {{convert|77|km|mi}} ballaceeduna waa {{convert|40|km|mi}} meelaha ugu ballaaran, waxayna daboolaysaa baaxad guud oo ah {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, taasoo ka dhigaysa harada 15-aad ee ugu weyn qaaradda.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Harada waxaa biyo u keena Webiga Nyamugasani, Webiga Ishasha, [[Rutshuru River|Webiga Rutshuru]], Webiga Ntungwe, iyo Webiga Rwindi.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Lake George (Uganda)|Harada George]] ee dhanka waqooyi-bari waxay ku dhex shubantaa iyada oo sii mareysa [[Kazinga Channel|Kanaalka Kazinga]]. Harada Edward waxay u baxdaa dhanka waqooyi iyadoo sii mareysa [[Semliki River|Webiga Semliki]] kuna dhex shubanta [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]], halkaas oo ay kula dhex biirto [[White Nile|Niisha Cad]], ugu dambeyntiina waxay u qulqushaa dhanka [[Nile|Webiga Niil]]. [[escarpment|Hingilka]] galbeed ee Dooxada Gofka Weyn wuxuu kor u dhaafeysaa ilaa {{convert|2000|m|ft}} ka sarreeya xeebta galbeed ee harada. Xeebaha koonfureed iyo kuwa bari waa bannaano siman oo [[lava|laafa]] ah. [[Ruwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Ruwenzori]] waxay {{convert|20|km|mi}} waqooyi ka xigaan harada.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Khariidadda Nidaamka Qulqulka Harada Edward. Aag baaxaddiisu tahay 27,000 km² oo ku hareeraysan harada ayaa ka qayb qaata qulqulka dhulka Uganda iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo.|Khariidadda barkada qulqulka Harada Edward. Khariidad is-dhexgal ah]] ===Fulkaanaha=== Gobolku wuxuu muujinayaa caddaymo badan oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa fulkaanaha shandii 5000 ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Goobaha fulkaanaha ee Katwe-Kikorongo iyo Bunyaruguru, oo leh koonisyo iyo kireetaro ballaaran, waxay ku yaallaan labada dhinac ee [[Kazinga Channel|Kanaalka Kazinga]] ee xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee harada. Waxaa loo malaynayaa in Harada George iyo Edward ay ahaan jireen hal haro oo weyn, laakiin laafada ka timaada goobahan ayaa soo gashay oo qaybisay, iyadoo reebtay oo keliya Kanaalka Kazinga oo ah haraaga midowgii hore. Dhanka koonfureed waxaa ku yaal fulkaanaha firfircoon ee May-ya-Moto oo {{convert|30|km|mi}} u jira, iyo fulkaanaha [[Nyamuragira]] ee ku yaal galbeedka [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]] wuxuu jiraa {{convert|80|km|mi}} koonfur, laakiin qulqulka laafadiisa ayaa gaaray harada waqtiyo hore.<ref name="Google"/> Goobta Katwe-Kikorongo waxay leedahay daraasiin kireetaro iyo koonisyo waaweyn ah oo daboolaya aag baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|30|km|mi}} iyo {{convert|15|km|mi}} oo u dhaxeeya harooyinka Edward iyo George, waxaana ku jira toddoba haro kireetar ah. Tan ugu weyn kuwan, oo ah Harada Katwe oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|2.5|km|mi}}, waxay ku dhex jirtaa kireetar ballaciisu yahay {{convert|4|km|mi}} waxaana laga soo saaraa Harada Edward oo kaliya {{convert|30|m|ft}} oo dhul ah. Kireetarku wuxuu qoto-dheer yahay qiyaastii {{convert|100|m|ft}}, dusha Harada Katwe-na waxay qiyaastii {{convert|40|m|ft}} ka hooseysaa dusha Harada Edward. G. F. Scott Elliot ayaa sheegay sannadkii 1894 in asalka fulkaanaha ee aaggan koonfur-bari ee Ruwenzoris aan la aqoon ilaa markaas. Stanley ayaa booqday [[Lake Katwe|Harada Katwe]] sannadkii 1889 wuxuuna xusay godka dheer, cusbada harada, iyo il biyood oo [[sulphurous water|biyo baaruud ah]] oo u dhow, laakiin wuu ku guuldareystay inuu xiriir la sameeyo fulkaanaha.<ref> Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&ndash;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> Baaritaanno heer sare ah oo lagu sameeyay qaabka curiyeyaasha kalsaytka iyo nuxurka silika biogenic (BSi) ee ku jira muunadaha laga soo qoday Harada Edward, ee badhtamaha Afrika, waxay diiwaangelinayaan is-dhexgal adag oo u dhaxeeya isbeddelka cimilada iyo jiyookemistariga harada 5400 ee sano ee la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Russell|first1=James M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Thomas C.|date=July 2005|title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=24|issue=12–13|pages=1375–1389|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003|bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> Goobta le'eg ee [[Bunyaruguru]] ee dhanka kale ee Kanaalka Kazinga waxay ku dhex jirtaa qiyaastii 30 haro kireetar ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay ka weyn yihiin Harada Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ===Deegaannada dadka=== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Harada Edward oo laga arkay Mweya ee Beerta Qaranka Queen Elizabeth]] Harada Edward waxay gabi ahaanba ku dhex taal Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga (DRC) iyo [[Queen Elizabeth National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Queen Elizabeth]] (Uganda) mana laha deegaan bini-aadam oo ballaaran oo ku yaal xeebaha, marka laga reebo [[Ishango]] (DRC) ee dhanka waqooyi, oo ah guriga goobta tababarka ilaalada beerta. Qiyaastii laba meelood oo saddex meelood biyaheedu waxay ku jiraan DRC halka qaybta kalena ay ku jirto Uganda. Marka laga reebo Ishango, deegaanka ugu weyn ee Kongo ee dhanka koonfureed waa Vitshumbi, halka deegaannada Uganda ay yihiin Mweya iyo Katwe ee dhanka waqooyi-bari, meel u dhow harada kireetarka ah ee magacaas leh, taas oo ah tan ugu weyn ee soo saarta cusbada dalka Uganda. Magaalooyinka ugu dhow waa [[Kasese]] oo ku taal Uganda dhanka waqooyi-bari iyo [[Butembo]] oo ku taal DRC dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, kuwaas oo kala jira qiyaastii {{convert|50|km|mi}} iyo {{convert|150|km|mi}} xagga wadada.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> ==Deegaanka dabiiciga ah== Harada Edward waa guriga noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan xididada ''[[Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', iyo in ka badan 50 nooc oo ah ''[[Haplochromis]]'' iyo noocyo kale oo [[haplochromine]] ah, kuwaas oo kaliya 25 ka mid ah si rasmi ah loo sharraxay. Kalluumeysigu waa dhaqdhaqaaq muhiim ah oo ka dhex jira dadka deegaanka. Duurjoogta ku nool xeebaha harada &ndash; oo ay ku jiraan chimpanzees, maroodiyaal, yaxaasyo, iyo libaaxyo &ndash; waxaa ilaaliya beeraha qaranka. Aaggan wuxuu sidoo kale guri u yahay noocyo badan oo shimbiro deegaan ah iyo kuwa guura ah. === Hoos u dhaca jirooyinka iyo tilaabiya === [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|alt=Goobta soo degista ee Lake Edward Katwe|thumb|Sawirka goobta soo degista ee Lake Edward Katwe]] Sannadkii 1970-yadii, Harada Edward waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu gaarayso qiyaastii 29,000 oo [[hippo|jeer ah]] ee dhexdeeda iyo hareeraheeda ah. Laakiin sababtoo ah korodhka ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ee sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jirtay hoos u dhac 95% ah oo ku yimid tiradaas, iyadoo tirada dadku ay hoos ugu dhacday dhowr boqol oo keliya dhamaadkii sannadkii 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Schrank|first=Delphine|date=2009-06-01|title=As Go the Hippos …|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Sahan dhulka ah oo la sameeyay sannadkii 2019 ayaa lagu qiyaasay in tirada dadku ay hadda tahay 1,500 oo neef.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park|url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Jeerta waxaa inta badan loo ugaarsadaa hilibkeeda badan iyo foolka maroodiga ee laga helo ilkaheeda. Sababo la xiriira qiimaha sarreeya ee hilibka jeerta iyo foolka laga helo, ugaarsatada sharci-darrada ah waxay si joogto ah u ugaarsanayaan xayawaankan, taas oo keenta saameyn xun oo aan ku koobnayn oo keliya tirada jeerta, laakiin nidaamka deegaanka Harada Edward iyo kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ee ku tiirsan harada si ay u noolaadaan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-22|title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies|access-date=2021-11-04|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Tirada jeerta ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Edward sababtoo ah waa nooc aasaasi ah. Jeertu waxay soo saartaa digada, taas oo qubata [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], oo ah nooc kalluun ah oo mar aad uga buuxay Harada Edward. Hal jeer waxay soo saari kartaa qiyaastii 25 kiiloogaraam ama 55 boond oo digada ah maalintii, taas oo quudin karta pockolaal tilaabiya ah ee nidaamka deegaanka dhexdiisa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-04-08|title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Global Press Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Iyadoo tirada jeerta ay hoos u dhacayso ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah darteed, cuntada ay siiyaan kalluunka tilaabiya waxay bilowday inay meesha ka baxdo sidoo kale. Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid tirada tilaabiya, maadaama tirada yar ee jeerta ah aysan taageeri karin isku midka tirada kalluunka tilaabiya sidii hore, taasoo keentay dhibaato sii kordheysa oo aan ku koobnayn deegaanka oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ee tuulooyinka ku hareeraysan Harada Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|alt=Kalluumeysatada ku sugan Harada Edward|thumb|Kalluumeysatada ku sugan Harada Edward]] Ahaanshaha mid aad u dhow Harada Edward, tuulooyinka ku yaal aaggaas waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin kalluunka, gaar ahaan tilaabiya, si ay qoysaskooda ugu kaalmeeyaan cunto iyo lacag. Waagii hore, Harada Edward waxay taageeri kartay baahida kalluunka ee dhammaan bariga DRC. Haradu waxay lahayd awood wax-soo-saar oo u dhaxeysa 15,000 iyo 20,000 metric tons oo tilaabiya ah sannadkii, iyadoo la qiyaasayay inay harada ku jiraan qiyaastii 700 oo doonyood oo kalluumeysi ah. Sababtoo ah hoos u dhaca jeerta ee aagga ugaarsiga darteed, tani waxay saameyn ku yeelatay xaddiga tilaabiya ee harada, taas oo keentay in kalluumeysatada tuulooyinka dhow ay dhibaatoodaan, iyo sidoo kale inta kale ee bariga DRC. Suuqyo badan ayaa awoodi waayay inay sii waaraan kalluunka u gaarka ah, haddana waxay u baahan yihiin inay kalluun ka soo dejiyaan aagagga kale si ay u sii wadaan ganacsiyadooda.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In kastoo, tirada jeerta ee hoos u dhacaysa aysan ahayn khatarta keliya ee ku wajahan tilaabiya ee Harada Edward. Sababtoo ha hoos u dhaca tirada tilaabiya, aagga dhalmada iyo goobaha kalluumeysiga ee kalluunka waa kuwa laga mamnuucay kalluumeysatada. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah kooxaha fallaagada ah iyo sidoo kale tuugada ama kalluumeysatada sharciga darro ah ayaa isku dayaya nasiibkooda aaggan, badanaa waxay keenaan dhibaatooyin ka sii weyn marka la isku dayayo in la ilaaliyo lana kordhiyo tirada tilaabiya ee aagga.<ref name=":1" /> Sababtaas darteed, tuulooyin badan oo ku hareeraysan Harada Edward iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Edward ayaa dhibaataysan. == Iska horimaadkii Harada Edward ee 2018 == Taariikhdu markay ahayd Luulyo 6, 2018, waxaa jiray [[Naval warfare|iska horimaad dhanka badda ah]] oo dhex maray labada qaran ee Uganda iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo ee ku saabsan Harada Edward. Iska horimaadkani wuxuu ku bilowday natiijada ka dhalatay markii [[Naval ship|maraakiibta badda]] ee Kongo loo diray inay baaraan warbixinnada sheegaya in ciidanka badda ee Uganda ay qabteen dhowr maraakiib kalluumeysi oo Kongo ah, iyo dad rayid ah. Iska horimaadkan wuxuu sababay dhimashada hal qof, iyo dhaawaca saddex kale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |date=July 7, 2018 |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Warbixinnadii ugu horreyay ee ay soo saareen saraakiisha maxalliga ah ee Kongo waxay sheegeen in toddoba qof lagu dilay iska horimaadka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aysan taageerin midkoodna dawladaha qaranka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |agency=BBC |date=July 6, 2018 |website=Club of Mozambique }}</ref> Markay ahayd Luulyo 9, sarkaalka [[North Kivu|Kivu Waqooyi]] Muhindo Kyakwa ayaa sheegay in laba iyo toban kalluumeysato Kongo ah lagu dilay iska horimaadyada.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu. |title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute |date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Lake Edward}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Albert Edward Nyanza | volume= 1 |last2= Garstin |first2= William Edmund |author2-link= William Edmund Garstin |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson |author1-link= |page = 502 |short= 1 }} * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }} * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database] 8vhhm4w47l4mnl5wbhz8viywo27rtsg 300505 300421 2026-07-01T01:17:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Edward | image = Lake edward sentinel-2.jpg | caption = Sawirka Sentinel-2 ee Harada Edward | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|0|20|S|29|36|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | lake_type = | inflow = [[Nyamugasani River|Nyamugasani]]<br>[[Ishasha River|Ishasha]]<br>[[Rutshuru River|Rutshuru]]<br>[[Rwindi River|Rwindi]]<br>[[Ntungwe River|Ntungwe]]<br>[[Lubilia River|Lubilia]] | outflow = [[Semliki River|Webiga Semliki]] | catchment = {{convert|12,096|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]<br>[[Uganda]] | length = {{convert|77|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|2,325|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|112|m|abbr=on}} | volume = {{convert|39.5|km3|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|912|m|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Uganda#Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Edward ku taal Uganda.##Goobta Harada Edward ku taal Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Edward''' (maxalli ahaan '''Rwitanzigye''' ama '''Rweru''') waa mid ka mid ah [[African Great Lakes|Harooyinka Waaweyn ee Afrika]] kuwooda ugu yar yar. Waxay ku taal [[Albertine Rift|Gofka Albertine]], oo ah laanta galbeed ee [[East African Rift|Gofka Bari ee Afrika]], ee xadka u dhexeeya [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] (DRC) iyo [[Uganda]], iyadoo xeebteeda waqooyi ay dhowr kiiloomitir koonfur ka xigto [[equator|dhul-baraha]]. ==Taariikh== Sahamiyihii u dhashay dalka Welsh ee [[Henry Morton Stanley]] ayaa markii ugu horreysay arkay harada sannadkii 1888, intii uu socday [[Emin Pasha Relief Expedition|Sohan Gurmadka Emin Pasha]]. Harada waxaa loogu magac daray [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Albert Edward, Amiirka Wales]], oo ahaa wiilka boqoraddii xilligaas ee dalka Ingiriiska [[Queen Victoria|Boqorad Victoria]], kaas oo haday dambe noqday Boqor Edward VII. Sannadkii 1973, [[Uganda]] iyo dalkii xilligaas la oran jiray [[Zaire]] (DRC) ayaa magaca u beddelay oo u bixiyey '''Harada Idi Amin''' ka dib markii loogu magac daray digtatoorkii reer Uganda ee [[Idi Amin]]. Ka dib markii xilka laga tuuray sannadkii 1979, waxay dib u baratay magaceedii hore. Sannadkii 2014, haradu waxay noqotay xuddunta muran dhanka saliidda ah. Shirkadda [[SOCO International]] ayaa gashay dhismaha [[Virunga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga]] halkaas oo haradu ku taal si ay saliid uga baarto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka tuulada iyo shaqaalaha isku dayey inay joojiyaan shirkadda saliidda si aysan u gelin aagga ayaa la garaacay, qaarkoodna xitaa waa la afduubay oo la jirdilay. Qorshayaal lagu dib-u-habaynayo xuduudaha Virunga loona saarayo harada ayaa la tixgeliyey. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maadaama beertu tahay goob dhaxal caalami ah haraduna ay qayb ka tahay, qorshayaashaas waxay si dabiici ah uga horimanayaan [[World Heritage Site|Heshiiska Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ==Juqraafi== ===Topografi iyo qulqulka biyaha=== Harada Edward waxay ku taal joog ah {{convert|920|m|ft}}, dhererkeedu waa {{convert|77|km|mi}} ballaceeduna waa {{convert|40|km|mi}} meelaha ugu ballaaran, waxayna daboolaysaa baaxad guud oo ah {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, taasoo ka dhigaysa harada 15-aad ee ugu weyn qaaradda.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Harada waxaa biyo u keena Webiga Nyamugasani, Webiga Ishasha, [[Rutshuru River|Webiga Rutshuru]], Webiga Ntungwe, iyo Webiga Rwindi.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Lake George (Uganda)|Harada George]] ee dhanka waqooyi-bari waxay ku dhex shubantaa iyada oo sii mareysa [[Kazinga Channel|Kanaalka Kazinga]]. Harada Edward waxay u baxdaa dhanka waqooyi iyadoo sii mareysa [[Semliki River|Webiga Semliki]] kuna dhex shubanta [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Harada Albert]], halkaas oo ay kula dhex biirto [[White Nile|Niisha Cad]], ugu dambeyntiina waxay u qulqushaa dhanka [[Nile|Webiga Niil]]. [[escarpment|Hingilka]] galbeed ee Dooxada Gofka Weyn wuxuu kor u dhaafeysaa ilaa {{convert|2000|m|ft}} ka sarreeya xeebta galbeed ee harada. Xeebaha koonfureed iyo kuwa bari waa bannaano siman oo [[lava|laafa]] ah. [[Ruwenzori Mountains|Buuraha Ruwenzori]] waxay {{convert|20|km|mi}} waqooyi ka xigaan harada.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Khariidadda Nidaamka Qulqulka Harada Edward. Aag baaxaddiisu tahay 27,000 km² oo ku hareeraysan harada ayaa ka qayb qaata qulqulka dhulka Uganda iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo.|Khariidadda barkada qulqulka Harada Edward. Khariidad is-dhexgal ah]] ===Fulkaanaha=== Gobolku wuxuu muujinayaa caddaymo badan oo ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqa fulkaanaha shandii 5000 ee sano ee la soo dhaafay. Goobaha fulkaanaha ee Katwe-Kikorongo iyo Bunyaruguru, oo leh koonisyo iyo kireetaro ballaaran, waxay ku yaallaan labada dhinac ee [[Kazinga Channel|Kanaalka Kazinga]] ee xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee harada. Waxaa loo malaynayaa in Harada George iyo Edward ay ahaan jireen hal haro oo weyn, laakiin laafada ka timaada goobahan ayaa soo gashay oo qaybisay, iyadoo reebtay oo keliya Kanaalka Kazinga oo ah haraaga midowgii hore. Dhanka koonfureed waxaa ku yaal fulkaanaha firfircoon ee May-ya-Moto oo {{convert|30|km|mi}} u jira, iyo fulkaanaha [[Nyamuragira]] ee ku yaal galbeedka [[Virunga Mountains|Buuraha Virunga]] wuxuu jiraa {{convert|80|km|mi}} koonfur, laakiin qulqulka laafadiisa ayaa gaaray harada waqtiyo hore.<ref name="Google"/> Goobta Katwe-Kikorongo waxay leedahay daraasiin kireetaro iyo koonisyo waaweyn ah oo daboolaya aag baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|30|km|mi}} iyo {{convert|15|km|mi}} oo u dhaxeeya harooyinka Edward iyo George, waxaana ku jira toddoba haro kireetar ah. Tan ugu weyn kuwan, oo ah Harada Katwe oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|2.5|km|mi}}, waxay ku dhex jirtaa kireetar ballaciisu yahay {{convert|4|km|mi}} waxaana laga soo saaraa Harada Edward oo kaliya {{convert|30|m|ft}} oo dhul ah. Kireetarku wuxuu qoto-dheer yahay qiyaastii {{convert|100|m|ft}}, dusha Harada Katwe-na waxay qiyaastii {{convert|40|m|ft}} ka hooseysaa dusha Harada Edward. G. F. Scott Elliot ayaa sheegay sannadkii 1894 in asalka fulkaanaha ee aaggan koonfur-bari ee Ruwenzoris aan la aqoon ilaa markaas. Stanley ayaa booqday [[Lake Katwe|Harada Katwe]] sannadkii 1889 wuxuuna xusay godka dheer, cusbada harada, iyo il biyood oo [[sulphurous water|biyo baaruud ah]] oo u dhow, laakiin wuu ku guuldareystay inuu xiriir la sameeyo fulkaanaha.<ref> Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&ndash;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> Baaritaanno heer sare ah oo lagu sameeyay qaabka curiyeyaasha kalsaytka iyo nuxurka silika biogenic (BSi) ee ku jira muunadaha laga soo qoday Harada Edward, ee badhtamaha Afrika, waxay diiwaangelinayaan is-dhexgal adag oo u dhaxeeya isbeddelka cimilada iyo jiyookemistariga harada 5400 ee sano ee la soo dhaafay.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Russell|first1=James M.|last2=Johnson|first2=Thomas C.|date=July 2005|title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=24|issue=12–13|pages=1375–1389|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003|bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> Goobta le'eg ee [[Bunyaruguru]] ee dhanka kale ee Kanaalka Kazinga waxay ku dhex jirtaa qiyaastii 30 haro kireetar ah, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay ka weyn yihiin Harada Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ===Deegaannada dadka=== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Harada Edward oo laga arkay Mweya ee Beerta Qaranka Queen Elizabeth]] Harada Edward waxay gabi ahaanba ku dhex taal Beerta Qaranka ee Virunga (DRC) iyo [[Queen Elizabeth National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Queen Elizabeth]] (Uganda) mana laha deegaan bini-aadam oo ballaaran oo ku yaal xeebaha, marka laga reebo [[Ishango]] (DRC) ee dhanka waqooyi, oo ah guriga goobta tababarka ilaalada beerta. Qiyaastii laba meelood oo saddex meelood biyaheedu waxay ku jiraan DRC halka qaybta kalena ay ku jirto Uganda. Marka laga reebo Ishango, deegaanka ugu weyn ee Kongo ee dhanka koonfureed waa Vitshumbi, halka deegaannada Uganda ay yihiin Mweya iyo Katwe ee dhanka waqooyi-bari, meel u dhow harada kireetarka ah ee magacaas leh, taas oo ah tan ugu weyn ee soo saarta cusbada dalka Uganda. Magaalooyinka ugu dhow waa [[Kasese]] oo ku taal Uganda dhanka waqooyi-bari iyo [[Butembo]] oo ku taal DRC dhanka waqooyi-galbeed, kuwaas oo kala jira qiyaastii {{convert|50|km|mi}} iyo {{convert|150|km|mi}} xagga wadada.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> ==Deegaanka dabiiciga ah== Harada Edward waa guriga noocyo badan oo kalluun ah, oo ay ku jiraan xididada ''[[Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', iyo in ka badan 50 nooc oo ah ''[[Haplochromis]]'' iyo noocyo kale oo [[haplochromine]] ah, kuwaas oo kaliya 25 ka mid ah si rasmi ah loo sharraxay. Kalluumeysigu waa dhaqdhaqaaq muhiim ah oo ka dhex jira dadka deegaanka. Duurjoogta ku nool xeebaha harada &ndash; oo ay ku jiraan chimpanzees, maroodiyaal, yaxaasyo, iyo libaaxyo &ndash; waxaa ilaaliya beeraha qaranka. Aaggan wuxuu sidoo kale guri u yahay noocyo badan oo shimbiro deegaan ah iyo kuwa guura ah. === Hoos u dhaca jirooyinka iyo tilaabiya === [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|alt=Goobta soo degista ee Lake Edward Katwe|thumb|Sawirka goobta soo degista ee Lake Edward Katwe]] Sannadkii 1970-yadii, Harada Edward waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu gaarayso qiyaastii 29,000 oo [[hippo|jeer ah]] ee dhexdeeda iyo hareeraheeda ah. Laakiin sababtoo ah korodhka ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah ee sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa jirtay hoos u dhac 95% ah oo ku yimid tiradaas, iyadoo tirada dadku ay hoos ugu dhacday dhowr boqol oo keliya dhamaadkii sannadkii 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Schrank|first=Delphine|date=2009-06-01|title=As Go the Hippos …|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=The Atlantic|language=en}}</ref> Sahan dhulka ah oo la sameeyay sannadkii 2019 ayaa lagu qiyaasay in tirada dadku ay hadda tahay 1,500 oo neef.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park|url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Virunga National Park|language=en-US}}</ref> Jeerta waxaa inta badan loo ugaarsadaa hilibkeeda badan iyo foolka maroodiga ee laga helo ilkaheeda. Sababo la xiriira qiimaha sarreeya ee hilibka jeerta iyo foolka laga helo, ugaarsatada sharci-darrada ah waxay si joogto ah u ugaarsanayaan xayawaankan, taas oo keenta saameyn xun oo aan ku koobnayn oo keliya tirada jeerta, laakiin nidaamka deegaanka Harada Edward iyo kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ee ku tiirsan harada si ay u noolaadaan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-12-22|title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies|access-date=2021-11-04|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Tirada jeerta ayaa aad muhiim ugu ah nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Edward sababtoo ah waa nooc aasaasi ah. Jeertu waxay soo saartaa digada, taas oo qubata [[tilapia|kalluunka tilaabiya]], oo ah nooc kalluun ah oo mar aad uga buuxay Harada Edward. Hal jeer waxay soo saari kartaa qiyaastii 25 kiiloogaraam ama 55 boond oo digada ah maalintii, taas oo quudin karta pockolaal tilaabiya ah ee nidaamka deegaanka dhexdiisa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-04-08|title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/|access-date=2021-11-04|website=Global Press Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> Iyadoo tirada jeerta ay hoos u dhacayso ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah darteed, cuntada ay siiyaan kalluunka tilaabiya waxay bilowday inay meesha ka baxdo sidoo kale. Tani waxay keentay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid tirada tilaabiya, maadaama tirada yar ee jeerta ah aysan taageeri karin isku midka tirada kalluunka tilaabiya sidii hore, taasoo keentay dhibaato sii kordheysa oo aan ku koobnayn deegaanka oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale kalluumeysatada maxalliga ah ee tuulooyinka ku hareeraysan Harada Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|alt=Kalluumeysatada ku sugan Harada Edward|thumb|Kalluumeysatada ku sugan Harada Edward]] Ahaanshaha mid aad u dhow Harada Edward, tuulooyinka ku yaal aaggaas waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin kalluunka, gaar ahaan tilaabiya, si ay qoysaskooda ugu kaalmeeyaan cunto iyo lacag. Waagii hore, Harada Edward waxay taageeri kartay baahida kalluunka ee dhammaan bariga DRC. Haradu waxay lahayd awood wax-soo-saar oo u dhaxeysa 15,000 iyo 20,000 metric tons oo tilaabiya ah sannadkii, iyadoo la qiyaasayay inay harada ku jiraan qiyaastii 700 oo doonyood oo kalluumeysi ah. Sababtoo ah hoos u dhaca jeerta ee aagga ugaarsiga darteed, tani waxay saameyn ku yeelatay xaddiga tilaabiya ee harada, taas oo keentay in kalluumeysatada tuulooyinka dhow ay dhibaatoodaan, iyo sidoo kale inta kale ee bariga DRC. Suuqyo badan ayaa awoodi waayay inay sii waaraan kalluunka u gaarka ah, haddana waxay u baahan yihiin inay kalluun ka soo dejiyaan aagagga kale si ay u sii wadaan ganacsiyadooda.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In kastoo, tirada jeerta ee hoos u dhacaysa aysan ahayn khatarta keliya ee ku wajahan tilaabiya ee Harada Edward. Sababtoo ha hoos u dhaca tirada tilaabiya, aagga dhalmada iyo goobaha kalluumeysiga ee kalluunka waa kuwa laga mamnuucay kalluumeysatada. Laakiin qaar ka mid ah kooxaha fallaagada ah iyo sidoo kale tuugada ama kalluumeysatada sharciga darro ah ayaa isku dayaya nasiibkooda aaggan, badanaa waxay keenaan dhibaatooyin ka sii weyn marka la isku dayayo in la ilaaliyo lana kordhiyo tirada tilaabiya ee aagga.<ref name=":1" /> Sababtaas darteed, tuulooyin badan oo ku hareeraysan Harada Edward iyo nidaamka deegaanka ee Harada Edward ayaa dhibaataysan. == Iska horimaadkii Harada Edward ee 2018 == Taariikhdu markay ahayd Luulyo 6, 2018, waxaa jiray [[Naval warfare|iska horimaad dhanka badda ah]] oo dhex maray labada qaran ee Uganda iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo ee ku saabsan Harada Edward. Iska horimaadkani wuxuu ku bilowday natiijada ka dhalatay markii [[Naval ship|maraakiibta badda]] ee Kongo loo diray inay baaraan warbixinnada sheegaya in ciidanka badda ee Uganda ay qabteen dhowr maraakiib kalluumeysi oo Kongo ah, iyo dad rayid ah. Iska horimaadkan wuxuu sababay dhimashada hal qof, iyo dhaawaca saddex kale.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |date=July 7, 2018 |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Warbixinnadii ugu horreyay ee ay soo saareen saraakiisha maxalliga ah ee Kongo waxay sheegeen in toddoba qof lagu dilay iska horimaadka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aysan taageerin midkoodna dawladaha qaranka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |agency=BBC |date=July 6, 2018 |website=Club of Mozambique }}</ref> Markay ahayd Luulyo 9, sarkaalka [[North Kivu|Kivu Waqooyi]] Muhindo Kyakwa ayaa sheegay in laba iyo toban kalluumeysato Kongo ah lagu dilay iska horimaadyada.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu. |title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute |date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category|Lake Edward}} * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Albert Edward Nyanza | volume= 1 |last2= Garstin |first2= William Edmund |author2-link= William Edmund Garstin |last1= Cana |first1= Frank Richardson |author1-link= |page = 502 |short= 1 }} * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=20080314015746 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }} * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database] dcowktkf18lsfxnjlzbr47tujdiyjwp 0 48422 300422 2026-06-30T13:12:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Dikilongo | native_name = {{native name |fr|Lac Dikilongo}} | native_name_lang = | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|9|58|2.7|S|25|54|18.9|E|type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | type = | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = [[Lubudi River (Lualaba tributary)|Webiga Lubudi]] | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|1298|m|ft|abbr=on}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = <ref name="mapcarta" /> }} '''Harada Dikolongo''' ama '''Lac Dikilongo''' waa haro ku taal [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay {{convert|1298|m}} ka sarreyso [[sea level|heerka badda]]. Waxaa biyo u keena [[Lubudi River (Lualaba tributary)|Webiga Lubudi]].<ref name="geoview">{{cite web|url=http://cd.geoview.info/lac_dikolongo,217291|title=Lac Dikolongo lake, Democratic Republic of the Congo|website=Cd.geoview.info|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> Haradu waxay u dhow dahay [[Mulumbu]], [[Mukwemba]], iyo [[Samuzala]].<ref name="mapcarta">{{cite web|url=https://mapcarta.com/12780260|title=Lac Dikolongo|website=Mapcarta.com|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dikolongo}} 5i9lxt9am1zz48razya0wcpjqybjr45 0 48423 300423 2026-06-30T13:17:25Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ambale | native_name ={{native name|fr|Lac Ambale}} | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | group = | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | type = [[lake|haro]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|365|m}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | website = | reference = <ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2317524/lac-ambale.html Lac Ambale ca. 365 m ] [[GeoNames]]</ref> | pushpin_label = Harada Ambale | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ambale in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position= bottom | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} __NOTOC__ '''Harada Ambale''' ama '''Lac Ambale''' waa haro ku taal [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay {{convert|365|m}} ka sarreyso [[sea level|heerka badda]].<ref>http://cd.geoview.info/lac_ambale,2317524 Geoview</ref> Haradu waxay u dhow dahay [[Kotomanga]], [[Awele, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Awele]], iyo [[Wuluwu Deuxième]].<ref>https://mapcarta.com/16980726 Mapcarta</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ambale}} ej7qw20hzrzaq29hmku83d1q8ch9htj 300424 300423 2026-06-30T13:17:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Ambale | native_name ={{native name|fr|Lac Ambale}} | other_name = <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]] | group = | coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}} | type = [[lake|haro]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|365|m}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = | website = | reference = <ref>[http://www.geonames.org/2317524/lac-ambale.html Lac Ambale ca. 365 m ] [[GeoNames]]</ref> | pushpin_label = Harada Ambale | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_map = Democratic Republic of the Congo#Africa | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Ambale in Democratic Republic of the Congo. | pushpin_relief = y | pushpin_label_position= bottom | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 10 }} __NOTOC__ '''Harada Ambale''' ama '''Lac Ambale''' waa haro ku taal [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. Waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inay {{convert|365|m}} ka sarreyso [[sea level|heerka badda]].<ref>http://cd.geoview.info/lac_ambale,2317524 Geoview</ref> Haradu waxay u dhow dahay [[Kotomanga]], [[Awele, Democratic Republic of the Congo|Awele]], iyo [[Wuluwu Deuxième]].<ref>https://mapcarta.com/16980726 Mapcarta</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ambale}} 508d8zm1qss5lv9r10579xibtusjzk3 0 48424 300425 2026-06-30T13:19:43Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Yoa | image = Lac Yoa2.jpg | caption = | pushpin_map = Chad | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Ounianga Kebir, town|Ounianga Kebir]], [[Sahara desert|Saxaraha]] | coords = {{coord|19|03|N|20|31|E|region:TD_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = ''kaydka biyaha ee [[aquifer|dhulka hoostiisa]]'' | outflow = ''[[evaporation|umi bixid]], [[subsurface drainage|biyo-bax hoose]]'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Chad | length = {{convert|3.5|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|2.5|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|4|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = {{convert|26|m|abbr=on}} | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|378|m|abbr=on}} | islands = | cities = }} '''Harada Yoa''' waa tan ugu caansan, uguna weyn harooyinka labaad ee [[Lakes of Ounianga|Harooyinka Ounianga]], oo ah silsilad [[Lakes of Ounianga|Harooyin]] ah oo ku yaal dooxada [[Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region|Gobolka Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Chad|Jaad]]. Waxay ku taal [[Ounianga Kébir (town)|Ounianga Kebir]] qiyaastii 40&nbsp;km galbeed ka xigta Ounianga Sarir. Harooyinkani waa haraaga haro aad u weynayd oo dhex fadhiday dooxadan intii lagu jiray [[Neolithic Subpluvial|Xilligii Qoyaanka ee Afrika]], taas oo socotay qiyaastii 15,000 ilaa 5,500 sano [[before present|ka hor hadda]]. Shanti hadda waxaa dooxada ku yaal 15 haro oo baaxaddooda guud ee dushoodu tahay qiyaastii {{convert|20|km|mi}} oo laba jibaaran.<ref>[http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf ramsar.wetlands.org p.14] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924181446/http://ramsar.wetlands.org/Portals/15/CHAD.pdf |date=2012-09-24 }}</ref> ==Isbeddelka Cimilada== Harada Yoa waxay dhowaan noqotay goob xiiso u leh barashada isbeddelka cimilada caalamka markii koox uu horkacayo [[Stefan Kröpelin]], oo ka tirsan [[University of Cologne|Jaamacadda Cologne]], ay ka soo saareen muunad dhoobo ah ([[core sample|muunad buro]]) gunta hoose ee harada. Maadaama ay Harada Yoa jirtay si xiriir ah tan iyo Xilligii Qoyaanka, biyaheedu waxay ka ilaaliyeen dhoobadii ku ururtay gunta hoose inay nabaad-guurto ama ay firdhiso. Ka dib [[pollen analysis|falanqaynta manka]] ku dhex dhowrsan muunadda, Kröpelin iyo asxaabtiisii waxay ku gaba-gabeeyeen in isbeddelka ka yimid kaynta ee u wareegay saxaraha ee aagga Harada Yoa uu u dhacay si tartiib-tartiib ah, iyadoo ay u dhaxeeyeen xilliyo ay jireen [[scrubland|dhul duur ah]] iyo [[grassland|dhul daaqsin ah]] ka hor intaanay bilaaban xaaladaha saxaraha ee buuxa. Gaba-gabadiisani waxay ka horimanaysaa shaqo ay sameeyeen Peter deMenocal oo ka tirsan [[Columbia University|Jaamacadda Columbia]] iyo asxaabtiisa, kuwaas oo sannadkii 2000 ka qoday muunad dhoobada badda ah xeebta galbeed ee [[Mauritania|Muritaniya]]. Sababo la xiriira heerarka boodhka ee muunaddaas, deMenocal iyo qoraayadii kale waxay ku gaba-gabeeyeen in xaaladaha saxaraha ay ku yimiyeen si degdeg ah, muddo dhowr boqol oo sano ah dhexdeeda.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/09/science/09sahara.html?_r=1&ref=science|title=Shift From Savannah to Sahara Was Gradual, Research Suggests |last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=May 9, 2008|accessdate=2009-08-28|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Isbeddelka u dhaxeeya labadan warbixinood ma ahan mid lala yaabo marka loo eego isbeddelka xogta la baaray. Muunadda badda waxay ka dhigan tahay wax asal ahaan ah raad-raac guud ee dhammaan qaybta waqooyi ee dhulka Afrika halka xogta Harada Yoa ay baarayso si ka sii gaar ah xaaladaha aagga koonfurta iyo galbeedka ka xiga, kuwaas oo agabka u fidinayay [[trade wind|dabaylaha ganacsiga]] ee xilligii [[Holocene]] ka hor intaysan ka gudbin Harada Yoa. Waxaa suurtagal ah labadaba in, waqooyiga Afrika uu noqday mid si degdeg ah oo guud ahaan u qallalay, iyo in, aagag gaar ah uu habka [[desertification|saxaro-galku]] u maray taxane isbeddello deegaan oo tartiib-tartiib ah ah. (Ranson, 2008). Warbixinta labaad sidoo kale ma tixgelin fogaanta juqraafiyeed ee ay Harada Yoa u jirto Badweynta Atlantigga, oo ah wax ka badan {{Convert|2000|km|4=-3}}. == Xigasho == {{Reflist}} fms1uli2q7n0g8bvzarrdnfstowv2bt 0 48425 300426 2026-06-30T13:21:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Wey | coordinates = {{coord|8|33|15|N|16|02|15|E|type:waterbody_region:CD|display=inline,title}} | native_name = {{native name|fr|Lac Wey}} | location = [[Moundou]], [[Logone Occidental Region|Logone Occidental]], [[Chad|Jaad]] | pushpin_map = Chad | image = Moundou.Logone_Occidental.Lac_Ouei.png }} '''Harada Wey''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://legitchad.cefod-tchad.org/texte/2086|title=Légitchad|last=|first=|date=|website=legitchad.cefod-tchad.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144952/http://legitchad.cefod-tchad.org/texte/2086|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://magazine-charilogone.over-blog.com/2015/06/tchad-le-mps-veut-casser-le-maire-de-la-ville-de-moundou-laoukein-kourayo-medard.html|title = Tchad: le MPS veut " casser le Maire de la ville de Moundou LAOUKEIN KOURAYO Médard " - Magazine Charilogone|last = Média|first = Charilogone|newspaper = Magazine Charilogone|language = fr-FR|access-date = 2016-12-10}}</ref> sidoo kale loo qoro '''Harada Ouei''',<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/notexp/11330.pdf|title = 1 - Horizon documentation-IRD|last =|first =|date =|website =|publisher =|page = 78|access-date =}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.landinfo.com/GalSatL715m742Chad100k.htm|title = 15m 7-4-2 Pan-Fused Landsat 7 Image of Moundou, Chad - LAND INFO Satellite Imagery|website = www.landinfo.com|access-date = 2016-12-10|archive-date = 19 December 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161219071738/http://www.landinfo.com/GalSatL715m742Chad100k.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref> '''Harada Oueye'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-KnzH85w2oC&dq=Brasseries+du+Logone&pg=PA178|title=Le sud du Tchad en mutation: Des champs de coton aux sirènes de l'or noir|last=Magrin|first=Géraud|date=2001-01-01|publisher=Editions Quae|isbn=9782876144620|location=|pages=177|language=fr|quote=|via=}}</ref> ama '''Harada We''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1551940/Lake-We|title=Lake We - Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> waa haro ku taal koonfurta [[Chad|Jaad]]. Waxay ku dhowdahay [[Moundou]], oo ah magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Jaad, ee dhanka koonfur-galbeed kaxigta<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://tidjanicapi.centerblog.net/195-urbanisme|title = Urbanisme|date = 2012-05-15|newspaper = Centerblog|access-date = 2016-12-10}}</ref> waxayna dhacdaa uun waqooyiga [[Mbéré River|Webiga Mbéré]] (oo ah laan ka mid ah galbeedka [[Logone River|Webiga Logone]]). Haradu waxay ku taal [[Lac Wey Department|Waaxda Lac Wey]] ee ka tirsan [[Logone Occidental Region|Gobolka Logone Occidental]] ee dalka Jaad. == Xigasho == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wey}} qhpcvufhbavrdlux2hrmypy0mpw5t6v 0 48426 300427 2026-06-30T13:23:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Katam | location = Saxaraha Jaad | image = Lac Katam.jpg | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | coords = {{Coord|19|1|N|20|30|E|type:waterbody_scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} | outflow = subsurface | inflow = subsurface; evaporation | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Chad|Jaad]] | length = {{convert|2.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|377|m|ft|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | islands = | islands_category = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Chad#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Katam in Chad. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} {{More citations needed|date=November 2025}} '''Harada Katam''' waa haro ku taal kooxda [[Lakes of Ounianga|Ounianga Kebir]], oo ah nidaam harooyin ah oo ku yaal [[Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region|Gobolka Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti]] ee dooxada waqooyi-bari ee [[Chad|Jaad]]. Harooyinkani waxay caan ku yihiin inay u qulqulaan dhanka dhoobada waqooyi-koonfur, kuwaas oo ay sameeyeen [[Trade wind|Dabaylaha ganacsiga]]. Waxay yihiin haraaga haro aad u weynayd oo buuxisay dooxada intii lagu jiray xilligii loo yaqaanay [[Neolithic Subpluvial|waqtigii Saxaraha cagaarnaa]], kaas oo socday qiyaastii 10000–1500 BC. Harada Katam waa mid ka mid ah labada haro ee ugu weyn aagga (tan kale waa [[Lake Yoa|Harada Yoa]]), dhammaantoodna waa [[Saline water|biyo dhanaan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A study of the relict fish fauna of northern Chad, with the first records of a polypterid and a poeciliid in the Sahara desert|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069113001960|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|date=2013-11-01|issn=1631-0691|pages=582–587|volume=336|issue=11|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2013.10.001|first=Sébastien|last=Trape|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Xigasho == {{Reflist}}{{Lakes of Chad}} 8xygl1ojdv4ajgx7c8exc88s02obxs3 300428 300427 2026-06-30T13:23:47Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Katam | location = Saxaraha Jaad | image = Lac Katam.jpg | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | coords = {{Coord|19|1|N|20|30|E|type:waterbody_scale:3000000|display=inline,title}} | outflow = subsurface | inflow = subsurface; evaporation | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Chad|Jaad]] | length = {{convert|2.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|377|m|ft|abbr=on}} | residence_time = | islands = | islands_category = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Chad#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Location of Lake Katam in Chad. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Katam''' waa haro ku taal kooxda [[Lakes of Ounianga|Ounianga Kebir]], oo ah nidaam harooyin ah oo ku yaal [[Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region|Gobolka Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti]] ee dooxada waqooyi-bari ee [[Chad|Jaad]]. Harooyinkani waxay caan ku yihiin inay u qulqulaan dhanka dhoobada waqooyi-koonfur, kuwaas oo ay sameeyeen [[Trade wind|Dabaylaha ganacsiga]]. Waxay yihiin haraaga haro aad u weynayd oo buuxisay dooxada intii lagu jiray xilligii loo yaqaanay [[Neolithic Subpluvial|waqtigii Saxaraha cagaarnaa]], kaas oo socday qiyaastii 10000–1500 BC. Harada Katam waa mid ka mid ah labada haro ee ugu weyn aagga (tan kale waa [[Lake Yoa|Harada Yoa]]), dhammaantoodna waa [[Saline water|biyo dhanaan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=A study of the relict fish fauna of northern Chad, with the first records of a polypterid and a poeciliid in the Sahara desert|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631069113001960|journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies|date=2013-11-01|issn=1631-0691|pages=582–587|volume=336|issue=11|doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2013.10.001|first=Sébastien|last=Trape|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Xigasho == {{Reflist}}{{Lakes of Chad}} t5fu7rczair69euz2k0xeggmixsq1lp 0 48427 300429 2026-06-30T13:25:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Iro | image = Iro Lake 2021-07-16 Sentinel-2 L2A True color.jpg | caption = Sawirka [[Sentinel-2]] (2021) | pushpin_map = Chad | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta ay ku taal Jaad | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Lac Iro Department|Waaxda Lac Iro]], [[Moyen-Chari Region|Gobolka Moyen-Chari]]; [[Chad|Jaad]] | coords = {{coord|10|06|N|19|25|E|region:TD-MC_type:waterbody|display=title}} | type = | inflow = [[Bahr Salamat]] | outflow = ''[[evaporation|umi bixid]]'' | catchment = | basin_countries = Chad | length = {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|11|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|110|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|386|m|abbr=on}} | islands = no | cities = Boum Kabir }} '''Harada Iro''' ({{langx|fr|Lac Iro}}) waa haro xilliyeed ah oo ku taal [[Moyen-Chari Region|Gobolka Moyen-Chari]] ee koonfur-bari [[Chad|Jaad]]. Waxay biyo heshaa xagaaga iyo dhumucda dayrta iyadoo ka timaada laanta bari ee [[Bahr Salamat]], taasoo toddoba kiiloomitir koonfur-galbeed kaxigta harada u qaybsanta laba awoodood. Haradu waxay qiyaastii 100 kiiloomitir waqooyi ka xigtaa xadka ay la wadaagto [[Central African Republic|Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay u dhowdahay qaab wareeg ah, dhererkeedu waa 13 kiiloomitir, ballaceeduna waa 11 kiiloomitir. Inta lagu jiro xilliga abaarta, gabi ahaanba way qallali kartaa. Waxaa laga shakisan yahay in godkani uu yahay haraaga [[impact crater|god ka dhashay saamaynta dhagax-cirbadeed]].<ref>James B. Garvin (1986). [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc1986/pdf/1128.pdf POSSIBLE IMPACT STRUCTURES IN CENTRAL AFRICA]</ref><ref>W. Reimold & C. Koeberl (2014). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1464343X1400017X Impact structures in Africa: A review], Journal of African Earth Sciences, Volume 93, May 2014, Pages 57–175.</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.geonames.org/2431230/lac-iro.html Lac Iro] {{Authority control}} qvuim085bxld0ez2nl8kilw1nd8knmb 0 48428 300430 2026-06-30T13:27:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Fitri | image = ISS-30 Lake Fitri, Chad.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|12|48|33|N|17|30|9|E|region:TD_source:ruwiki_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = [[Batha River|Webiga Batha]] | outflow = | catchment = {{convert|70,000|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = Chad | length = | width = | area = {{convert|500|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Chad#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Fitri ee Jaad. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lac Fitri | designation1_date = 13 June 1990 | designation1_number = 486<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac Fitri|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/486|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Fitri''' waa haro [[freshwater|biyo macaan]] oo gacmeed ah oo ku taal badhtamaha [[Chad|Jaad]], waxayna ku taal gobolka [[Sahel|Saxeel]] qiyaastii 300&nbsp;km bari kaxigta [[N’Djamena]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Wetland|dhul-qoyan]] leh muhiimad caalami ah marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]]. ==Juqraafi== Cabbirka caadiga ah ee harada waa qiyaastii {{convert|50,000|ha|abbr=on}}, in kasta oo ay taasi saddex jibaarmi karto sannadaha roobabku badan yihiin. Waxay biyo ka heshaa roobabka xilliyeedka iyo qulqulka dhulka oo lagu qiyaasay {{convert|70000|km2|abbr=on}}. Webiga ugu weyn ee quudiya waa [[Batha River|Webiga Batha]] ee xilliyeedka ah kaas oo biyaha ka keena [[Ouaddai massif|Buuraha Ouaddai]] dhanka galbeed. Si la mid ah harada kale ee Jaad, [[Lake Chad|Harada Jaad]], ma aha mid weyn sidii ay ahaan jirtay. Harada oo inta badan ah mid joogto ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay qallasho inta lagu jiro xilliyada [[drought|abaaraha]] daran, sida ka dhacday bilowgii qarnigii labaatanaad iyo mar kale sannadihii 1984–1985. ===Goob Muhiim ah oo Shimbiroole ah=== Harada waxaa loo aqoonsaday [[Important Bird Area|Goob Muhiim ah oo Shimbiroole ah]] (IBA) oo ay aqoonsatay [[BirdLife International]] sababtoo ah waxay taageertaa tiro badan oo ka mid ah shimbiraha [[white-faced whistling-duck|white-faced]] iyo [[fulvous whistling-duck|fulvous whistling-duck]]s, [[ferruginous duck|ferruginous duck]]s, [[garganey|garganey]]s, [[northern pintail|northern pintail]]s, [[black crowned crane|black crowned crane]]s, [[African spoonbill|African spoonbill]]s iyo [[squacco heron|squacco heron]]s.<ref name=bli>{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/lake-fitri-iba-chad|title= Lake Fitri|author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-10-30}}</ref> [[File:Lakefitrinasa.jpg|600px|none|thumb|Harada Fitri]] ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} p2mtysv2n3l9uavlyum1j68xsjr53ut 0 48429 300431 2026-06-30T13:31:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Fianga | image = Fianga-See.jpg | caption = Harada Fianga (badhtamaha) oo ay la socoto Logone oo ku taal bari iyo kanaalka loo maro Mayo Kebi oo ku yaal koonfur-galbeed. | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|9|58|N|15|15|E|region:CM_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = ''[[Logone River|Webiga Logone]]'' | outflow = ''[[Mayo Kebbi]]'' | catchment = | basin_countries = [[Chad|Jaad]], [[Cameroon|Kamiruun]] | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Cameroon#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Fianga ee Kamiruun. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Fianga''' waa haro ku taal [[Chad|Jaad]] iyo [[Cameroon|Kamiruun]]. Ma laha xuduudo si cad loo qeexay, maadaama ay samayso xadka galbeed ee aag ay ka jiraan [[swampland|dhulal qoyan]] oo joogto ah.<ref>{{cite book | last = Mepham | first = Robert | title = Iucn Directory of African Wetlands | publisher = Pinter Pub Ltd | location = City | year = 1991 | isbn = 2-88032-949-3 }}</ref> Haradu waxay samaysantaa marka uu xilliyeedka [[flooding|daadadku]] ka yimaadaan [[Logone River|Webiga Logone]]. ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} 9hrjkqhsith5pok9os0xg07948ndobe 0 48430 300432 2026-06-30T13:34:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Harada Dissoni |image = Manengouba-Tombel.jpg |caption = Saddexda haro ee muuqata, Dissoni waa harada wareegsan ee yar ee dhanka waqooyi-galbeed. |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|4|44|N|9|17|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = [[Volcanic crater lake|Haro dhul-qoyan ah]] |inflow = |outflow = Qulqulka xad-dhaafka ah ee gala durdur ugu dambeyntiina gala [[Meme River|Webiga Meme]]<ref name=Trewavas>Trewavas, E. (1962). ''[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44673020 Fishes of the Crater Lakes of the Northwestern Cameroons.]'' Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 13: 146-190</ref> |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Cameroon|Kamiruun]] |length = {{convert|1.25|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |area = {{convert|133|ha|km2}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |depth = {{convert|53|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |max-depth = {{convert|81|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |volume = {{convert|750000|m3|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |shore = |elevation = ku dhowaad {{convert|450|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Cameroon#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Dissoni ee Kamiruun. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Dissoni''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Harada Soden''', waa haro yar oo ku taal [[Cameroon line|silsiladda foolkaanaha]] ee [[Southwest Region, Cameroon|Gobolka Koonfur-galbeed]] ee dalka [[Cameroon|Kamiruun]]. [[Volcanic lake|Haradan foolkaanaha]] waxay leedahay dhexroor qiyaastii {{convert|1.25|km|abbr=on}} waxayna ku taal cagta koonfur-bari ee [[Rumpi Hills]].<ref name=Trewavas/> Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo kalluun ah oo kaliya harada, laakiin dhammaantood waa [[Endemism|noocyo u gaar ah aagga]] (endemic): A [[Poeciliidae|poeciliid]] (''[[Procatopus lacustris]]'', in kasta oo ay u badan tahay inuu yahay [[Synonym (taxonomy)|magac kale]] oo loogu yeero nooca aadka u baahsan ee ''[[Procatopus similis|P. similis]]''<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Procatopus | month = February | year = 2012 }}</ref>), nooc aan la qeexin oo kalluunka bisadda ah (''[[Clarias]]'' sp.) iyo nooc aan la qeexin oo kalluunka barbiga ah (''[[Barbus]]'' sp.).<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=519 Western Equatorial Crater Lakes.]'' Accessed 5 February 2012</ref> Kalluunka yar ee [[Atyidae|atyid]] ee ''[[Caridina sodenensis]]'' ayaa sidoo kale u gaar ah harada.<ref>Richard, J., and P.F. Clark (2009). ''African Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae): redescriptions of C. africana Kingsley, 1882, C. togoensis Hilgendorf, 1893, C. natalensis Bouvier, 1925 and C. roubaudi Bouvier, 1925 with descriptions of 14 new species.'' Zootaxa 1995: 1-75</ref> ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dissoni}} rvje1k5pm6uep6haouw4qbvmwzefq0i 300503 300432 2026-07-01T01:17:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Harada Dissoni |image = Manengouba-Tombel.jpg |caption = Saddexda haro ee muuqata, Dissoni waa harada wareegsan ee yar ee dhanka waqooyi-galbeed. |image_bathymetry = |caption_bathymetry = |coords = {{coord|4|44|N|9|17|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} |type = [[Volcanic crater lake|Haro dhul-qoyan ah]] |inflow = |outflow = Qulqulka xad-dhaafka ah ee gala durdur ugu dambeyntiina gala [[Meme River|Webiga Meme]]<ref name=Trewavas>Trewavas, E. (1962). ''[https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44673020 Fishes of the Crater Lakes of the Northwestern Cameroons.]'' Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 13: 146-190</ref> |catchment = |basin_countries = [[Cameroon|Kamiruun]] |length = {{convert|1.25|km|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |area = {{convert|133|ha|km2}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |depth = {{convert|53|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |max-depth = {{convert|81|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |volume = {{convert|750000|m3|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |shore = |elevation = ku dhowaad {{convert|450|m|abbr=on}}<ref name=Trewavas/> |islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Cameroon#Africa | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Dissoni ee Kamiruun. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Dissoni''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Harada Soden''', waa haro yar oo ku taal [[Cameroon line|silsiladda foolkaanaha]] ee [[Southwest Region, Cameroon|Gobolka Koonfur-galbeed]] ee dalka [[Cameroon|Kamiruun]]. [[Volcanic lake|Haradan foolkaanaha]] waxay leedahay dhexroor qiyaastii {{convert|1.25|km|abbr=on}} waxayna ku taal cagta koonfur-bari ee [[Rumpi Hills]].<ref name=Trewavas/> Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo kalluun ah oo kaliya harada, laakiin dhammaantood waa [[Endemism|noocyo u gaar ah aagga]] (endemic): A [[Poeciliidae|poeciliid]] (''[[Procatopus lacustris]]'', in kasta oo ay u badan tahay inuu yahay [[Synonym (taxonomy)|magac kale]] oo loogu yeero nooca aadka u baahsan ee ''[[Procatopus similis|P. similis]]''<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Procatopus | month = February | year = 2012 }}</ref>), nooc aan la qeexin oo kalluunka bisadda ah (''[[Clarias]]'' sp.) iyo nooc aan la qeexin oo kalluunka barbiga ah (''[[Barbus]]'' sp.).<ref>Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=519 Western Equatorial Crater Lakes.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=519 |date=20111005204252 }}'' Accessed 5 February 2012</ref> Kalluunka yar ee [[Atyidae|atyid]] ee ''[[Caridina sodenensis]]'' ayaa sidoo kale u gaar ah harada.<ref>Richard, J., and P.F. Clark (2009). ''African Caridina (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Atyidae): redescriptions of C. africana Kingsley, 1882, C. togoensis Hilgendorf, 1893, C. natalensis Bouvier, 1925 and C. roubaudi Bouvier, 1925 with descriptions of 14 new species.'' Zootaxa 1995: 1-75</ref> ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dissoni}} 92z2vy8n810csnss7zuybbnhl2q6ok5 0 48431 300433 2026-06-30T13:36:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300433 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lualaba River DRC.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Webiga Lualaba, oo guduud ah]] '''Webiga Lualaba''' ({{langx|fr|Rivière Lualaba}}, {{langx|kg|Nzâdi Luâlâmba}}, {{langx|sw|Mto Lualamba }}) waa webi ku dhex yaal [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]] oo dhan kaas oo u qulqula gabi ahaanba gudaha qaybta bari ee [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo]]. In kasta oo [[Chambeshi River|Webiga Chambeshi]] loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[River source|isha]] Kongo, Lualaba waxay siisaa Kongo [[streamflow|qulqulka webi]] ee ugu weyn. Lualaba dhererkeedu waa {{convert|1800|km|mi}}. Isha webigu waxay ku taallaa koonfur-bari ee dalka meel u dhow Musofi iyo [[Lubumbashi]] ee [[Katanga Province|Gobolka Katanga]], iyadoo xigta [[Zambia|Zambiya]] ee [[Copperbelt]]. ==Marinka== Isha Webiga Lualaba waxay ku taal [[Katanga plateau|buuraha Katanga]], iyadoo joogga badda ka sarreeya uu yahay {{convert|1400|m|ft}}. Webigu wuxuu u qulqulaa dhanka waqooyi ilaa uu ka dhammaado meel u dhow [[Kisangani]], halkaas oo magaca [[Congo River|Webiga Kongo]] uu si rasmi ah uga bilaawdo. Laga soo bilaabo buuraha Katanga wuxuu hoos ugu dhacaa, iyadoo biyacade iyo durdurro ay calaamadinayaan hoos u dhaca, ilaa buuraha Manika. Markuu hoos ugu dhacayo iyadoo sii maraya qaybta sare ee [[Upemba Depression|Godka Upemba]] (Kamalondo Trough), {{convert|457|m|ft}} gudaha {{convert|72|km|mi}}. Meel u dhow Nzilo Falls waxaa lagu dhisay biyo-xireen si loogu helo koronto biyo-bax ah oo ku taal [[Nzilo Hydroelectric Power Station|Biyo-xireenka Nzilo]]. Meel u dhow [[Bukama]] ee [[Haut-Lomami District|Degmada Haut-Lomami]] webigu wuxuu noqdaa mid la mari karo qiyaastii {{convert|640|km|mi}} iyadoo la sii marayo taxane harooyin dhoobo leh oo ku yaal qaybta hoose ee [[Upemba Depression|Godka Upemba]], oo ay ku jiraan [[Lake Upemba|Harada Upemba]] iyo [[Lake Kisale|Harada Kisale]]. [[Ankoro]] waxay ku taal banka galbeed ee Webiga Lualaba, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda [[confluence|is-ku-darka]] ay la leedahay [[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]] ee ka yimaada dhanka bari. Culimada juqraafiyeed qaarkood waxay ugu yeeraan webiga isku dhafan ee ka hooseeya bartaas "Kongo-da Sare".<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IUwrHulGQmYC&pg=PA61 |chapter=Congo (Zaire) River |title=Lakes and rivers |first1=Trevor |last1=Day |first2=Richard |last2=Garratt |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=0-8160-5328-6}}</ref> Hoosta [[Kongolo, Tanganyika|Kongolo]], webigu wuxuu noqdaa mid aan la mari karin markuu galo dhuunta cidhiidhiga ah ee [[Portes d'Enfer]] (''[[Gates of Hell|Albaabada Jahannamo]]''). Inta u dhaxaysay [[Kasongo]] iyo Kibombo, webigu waa mid la mari karo qiyaastii {{convert|100|km|mi}}, ka hor intaanay durdurradu ka dhigin mid aan la mari karin mar kale inta u dhaxaysay Kibombo iyo [[Kindu]] (''Port-Empain''). Laga soo bilaabo Kindu ilaa [[Boyoma Falls|Boyoma Falls]] ee [[Ubundu]], durdurku waa mid mar kale la mari karo in ka badan 300 kiiloomitir. Boyoma Falls ama Stanley Falls waxay ka kooban yihiin toddoba biyo-dhac, iyagoo fidsan ilaa {{convert|100|km|mi}} oo webiga ah, inta u dhaxaysay Ubundu iyo Kisangani. Dhammaadka webiga waxaa la calaamadiyay ka dib biyo-dhaca toddobaad, meel u dhow [[Kisangani]], halkaas oo uu noqdo Webiga Kongo. Webiga Lualaba wuxuu u adeegaa xadka waqooyi iyo galbeed ee [[Upemba National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Upemba]], isagoo ilaalinaya deegaannada ku yaal [[Kibara Mountains|Buuraha Kibara]] ee Gobolka Katanga ee koonfur-bari Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga Kongo. === Laamaha === Laamaha ugu waaweyn ee Webiga Lualaba waa: *[[Ulindi River|Webiga Ulindi]] *[[Luama River|Webiga Luama]] *[[Lukuga River|Webiga Lukuga]] — ''wuxuu biyaha ka qaadaa [[Lake Tanganyika|Harada Tanganyika]]''. *[[Lufira River|Webiga Lufira]] *[[Lubudi River (Lualaba tributary)|Webiga Lubudi]] *[[Luvua River|Webiga Luvua]] *[[Elila River|Webiga Elila]] *[[Lowa (Kivu/Maniema)|Lowa]] *[[Kilungutwe River|Webiga Kilungutwe]] ===Magaalooyinka=== [[File:Stanley's Congo.jpg|thumb|upright|Xariiqda madow waxay muujinaysaa marinkii Stanley.]] Magaalooyinka ku teedsan Webiga Lualaba waxaa ka mid ah: *[[Ankoro]] —''oo ku taal banka galbeed, iyadoo ka soo horjeedda is-ku-darka Webiga Luvua''. *[[Bukama]] *[[Kabalo]] *[[Kasongo]] *[[Kongolo, Tanganyika District|Kongolo]] *[[Kisangani]] — ''meel u dhow biyo-dhaca toddobaad ee Boyoma Falls''. *[[Ubundu]] — ''koraan ka xigta biyo-dhaca koowaad ee Boyoma Falls''. ==Taariikh== Webiga Lualaba waxaa mar loo tixgeliyey inuu yahay il suurtagal ah oo ka mid ah [[Nile|Webiga Niil]], ilaa [[Henry Morton Stanley]] uu u safray hoos ilaa uu ka caddeeyey inuu ku biiro [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantikada]].<ref name=Stanley>Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref> Stanley wuxuu ugu yeeri jiray Livingstone. "Haddii uusan [[David Livingstone|Livingstone]] ka hadlin webiga ku yaal [[Nyangwe]] sida Lualaba, uma aanan xuseen erayga marka laga reebo inuu yahay mid musuqmaasuq ah oo ka yimid Waguha ee Wenya erayga Lu-al-ow-wa..."<ref name=Stanley/>{{rp|114,135}} Guddoomiyihii gumeysiga ee Faransiiska [[Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza]] ayaa sidoo kale sahamiyey Lualaba. ==Qoraallo== {{reflist}} == Xigasho == *Maria Petringa, ''Brazza, A Life for Africa''. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}} {{coord|2|8|52|N|22|28|55|E|display=title}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{Commons category|Lualaba River|position=left}} {{Authority control}} 2zrh8w29pr9ex6ql2yo4rmqqv4onht2 0 48432 300434 2026-06-30T13:39:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Rwihinda | native_name = | other_name = {{langx|fr|Lac Rwihinda}} <!-- Images --> | image = File:Arbres dans la nature du Lac Rwihinda.jpg | alt = | caption = Harada Rwihinda <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|2|32|22|S|30|03|15|E|name=Lake Rwihinda|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Rwihinda''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Rwihinda'''}}, {{coord|2|32|22|S|30|03|15|E|name=Lake Rwihinda}}), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''''Lac aux Oiseaux''''' (Haradii Shimbiiraha) waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. Waa hoyga shimbiraha socdaalka ah ee kala duwan, kuwaas oo ah meesha ugu weyn ee dalxiisayaashu u soo booqdaan gobolka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo la ilaaliyo, haddana waxay halis ugu jirtaa beeraha soo galootiga ah ee gobolkan aadka u saboolka ah. ==Goobta== Harada Rwihinda waxay ku taal [[Commune of Kirundo|Degmada Kirundo]], waqooyiga caasimadda gobolka ee [[Kirundo]].{{sfn|Relation: Lac Rwihinda}} Waxay dabooshaa {{convert|425|ha}} waxayna jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1420|m}} ka sarreysa heerka badda.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} [[Mutawenzi]] iyo Xerada Milatariga ee Mutawenzi ayaa ku taal koonfurta harada. [[Kirundo Airport|Garoonka Diyaaradaha ee Kirundo]] iyo degaanka [[Rutare]] ayaa ku yaal waqooyi-bari. Xariijin dhoobo leh ayaa u horseedda waqooyi-galbeed dhanka [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]]. [[Lake Narungazi|Harada Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Gitamo|Harada Gitamo]] ayaa sidoo kale biyaha ku shuba xariijintan dhoobada leh.{{sfn|Relation: Lac Rwihinda}} Haddii [[cyperus papyrus|dhirta papyrus-ka]] ee dooxada Nyavyamo ee ka hooseeya harada la qallajin lahaa, haradu waxay ku qulquli lahayd [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]].{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} ==Deegaanka== Harada Rwihinda waa muhiim sababtoo ah noolaha biyaha ku jira, iyo sidoo kale dhaqaalaha deegaanka.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=16}} Shimbiraha Harada Rwihinda waa meesha ugu weyn ee dalxiisayaashu u soo booqdaan ''paysage aquatique du nord'', iyadoo 200 ilaa 300 oo dalxiisayaal ah ay soo booqdaan sannad kasta si ay u daawadaan shimbiraha.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=11}} Haradu waxay soo jiidataa noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiraha socdaalka ah. Tani waxaa laga yaabaa inay halis geliyaan saamaynta [[climate change|isbeddelka cimilada]] iyo beerashada soo galootiga ah.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=52}} In ka badan 60 nooc oo shimbirro ah ayaa soo booqda harada, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo cajiib ah sida [[Reed cormorant|Phalacrocorax africanus]], Gambian [[Spur-winged goose|Plectropterus gambensis]], [[Great white pelican|Pelecanus onocrotalus]] iyo [[Little egret|Egretta garzetta]].{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=5}} Goobtu waxay sidoo kale taageertaa noocyo badan oo xayawaan ah dhammaan wareegyada noloshooda laga soo bilaabo taranka ilaa koritaanka.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=5}} Hippo-gii ugu dambeeyay ee harada ayaa la dilay 1989-kii. Dhawaan, [[Vervet monkey|Danyeerka Vervet]] (''Cercopithecus aethiops'') ayaa aad u badnaa agagaarka harada Rwihinda. Abeesada ukunta cunta ee [[Dasypeltis scabra]] ayaa laga helay Jasiiradda Akagwa ee Harada Rwihinda, halkaas oo ay ku burburiso buulasha shimbiraha.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=8}} Dhirta sabaysa ee harada badankood waa noocyada ''[[nymphaea]]'', ''[[potamogeton]]'' iyo ''[[utricularia]]''. Harada waxaa ku hareeraysan dhul-daaqsimeed geedo leh oo leh noocyo [[Acacia|Acacia]] iyo [[Combretum]], kuwaas oo loo nadiifinayo beeraha. Jasiiradda Akagwa ee dhexda harada waxay leedahay dhir aan la taaban oo ay ku badan yihiin ''[[Phoenix reclinata]]'', oo ay la socdaan dhir kale sida ''[[Cyperus papyrus]]'' iyo ''[[Phragmites mauritianus]]''.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} ==Ilaalinta== Harada Rwihinda waa harada kaliya ee waqooyi ee la ilaalinayay muddo, iyadoo yoolku yahay in la ilaaliyo noocyada kala duwan ee shimbiraha.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=11}} Qorshe maamul oo loogu talagalay harada ayaa la daabacay 2005-tii.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|2005b|p=9}} Haradu waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area|Aagga La Ilaaliyo ee Dhul-biyoodka ee Harooyinka Waqooyiga]] kaas oo la abuuray 2006-dii.{{sfn|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} Waxaa loo ilaaliyay sidii "Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee La Maamulo" qorshaha maamulka ee [[Bugesera aquatic landscapes|dhul-biyoodka Bugesera]] ee la qeexay 2011-kii.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} Hadda waxay qayb ka tahay [[Protected Aquatic Landscape of the North|Dhul-biyoodka La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Rwihinda, lac aux oiseaux waxay ku jirtaa Liiska Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee looga fiirsanayo sidii [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|Goob Dhaxal-gal ah oo Dunida ah]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=26}} Tirada shimbiraha biyaha ayaa yaraanayay, laakiin dadaallada lagu abuurayo aagga buffer-ka oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|50|m}} oo ku xeeran harada ayaa hagaajiyay deegaanka noolaha. Olole si liidata loo qorsheeyay oo lagu soo bandhigayo beerashada timirta saliidda ee gobolka Bugesera ayaa sababay in beeralaydu nadiifiyaan qayb ka mid ah aagga buffer-ka. Iyadoo hoos imaanaysa barnaamij ay dawladdu maalgeliso, qayb ka mid ah dhul-qoyan ee Nyavyamo ee isku xira Harada Rwihinda iyo [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]] ayaa dhawaan loo horumarin doonaa beeraha. Haddii aan si taxadar leh loo maamulin, tani waxay sababi kartaa in haradu qallasho.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=12}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{commonscat|Lac Rwihinda}} {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082920/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |date=September 2010 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |title=Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) |ref={{harvid|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/plan-gestion-reserve-rwihinda.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-11 |publisher=INECN |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |title=Réserve Gérée du Lac Rwihinda: Plan de gestion |date=March 2005b}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/nbsap/sbsap/bi-sbsap-bugesera-fr.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |language=fr |publisher=Institut National pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN) |title=Plan régional de mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité dans la dépression de Bugesera 2013-2020 |location=Bujumbura |date=November 2013 |ref={{harvid|Plan régional ... INECN}} }} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2315763 |accessdate=2024-06-11 |title=Relation: Lac Rwihinda (2315763) |ref={{harvid|Relation: Lac Rwihinda}} |work=OpenStreetMap}} {{refend}} lzrgkudfhpi7xcp11wfnb2vcy5n0aae 0 48433 300435 2026-06-30T13:42:11Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Narungazi | native_name = | other_name = Lac Narungazi <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-2.5365|30.0031|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Narungazi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Narungazi'''}}), ama '''Harada Narugazi''', '''Harada Narunganzi''', waa haro ku taal [[Commune of Ntega|Degmada Ntega]] ee [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Narungazi waxay ku taal [[Commune of Ntega|Degmada Ntega]], Gobolka Kirundo, bari ka xigta [[Mugendo]]. Waxay galbeed ka xigtaa [[Lake Rwihinda|Harada Rwihinda]] waxayna koonfur ka xigtaa [[Lake Nagitamo|Harada Nagitamo]].{{sfn|Way: Lac Narungazi}} Waxay dabooshaa bed dhan {{convert|61|ha}} oo ku yaal doox jooggeedu yahay {{convert|1380|m}} oo ay ku hareeraysan yihiin ''[[Collines of Burundi|collines]]'' Nyange–Kiriringanire iyo Kanyarwe–Mwunguko, kuwaas oo gaara joog dhan {{convert|1452|m}}. {{sfn|Decret N°100-114}} ==Deegaanka== Harada Narungazi waxay ku taal dhul-qoyan ka ah Nyavyamo ''[[cyperus papyrus|papyrus]]'' kaas oo u fidsan bari kana yimaada [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]] wuxuuna ka mid yahay [[Lake Nagitamo|Harada Nagitamo]] iyo [[Lake Rwihinda|Harada Rwihinda]].{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=32}} Webiga sare ee Harada Narungazi, dhul-qoyanka Nyavyamo waxaa loo isticmaalaa beerashada [[sorghum|hadhuudhka]].{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}} Laanta koonfureed ee Harada Narungazi, oo u dhaxaysa ''collines''-ka Kanyago ee bari iyo Mugendo ee galbeed, waxay u fidsan tahay dhul-qoyanka Narungazi, kaas oo loo isticmaalo beerashada bariiska ilaa cidhifka biyaha, marka laga reebo qaybo ka mid ah ''[[Typha domingensis]]'' iyo qaar ka mid ah xidhmooyinka ''[[Phragmites]]''.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=63}} [[Lake Gacamirindi|Harada Gacamirindi]] way qallashay 2004-tii, oo ah xilli roobaad caadi ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=29}} Harada Narungazi iyo Harada Nagitamo hadda waxay biyo siiyaan Harada Gacamirindi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal isku xira harooyinka iyada oo loo marayo dhul-qoyanka Rugege.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}} Waxaa jira halis ah in kanaalkani uu hoos u dhigo heerka biyaha ee [[Lake Rwihinda|Harada Rwihinda]], gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilliyada abaarta, marka biyuhu aysan ka soo qulqulin Webiga Akanyaru ilaa Harada Rwihinda.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=62}} ==Ilaalinta== Harada Narungazi waa qayb ka mid ah [[Protected Aquatic Landscape of the North|Dhul-biyoodka La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga]] ({{langx|fr|Paysage Aquatique Protégé du Nord}}), oo ah {{convert|162.42|km2}} oo ka kooban 8 harooyin biyo macaan oo joogto ah oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka [[Lake Rweru|Rweru]], [[Lake Cohoha|Cohoha]], [[Lake Rwihinda|Rwihinda]], [[Lake Kanzigiri|Kanzigiri]], [[Lake Gacamirindi|Gacamirindi]], [[Lake Nagitamo|Nagitamo]], Narungazi iyo [[Lake Mwungere|Mwungere]] iyo sidoo kale dhulal qoyan, kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[Nile Basin|Dooxada Niil]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Harooyinkani waxaa ku badan kalluunka yaryar ee [[Tilapia]] iyo noocyada [[Oreochromis]]. Waxay ahaayeen goob ay si ballaaran ugu soo duuleen [[water hyacinth|gabooyaha biyaha]], taas oo aad u yaraysay wax soo saarka iyo kaydka kalluunka, iyo sidoo kale ka saartay dhirtii asaliga ahayd. Burundi dadaal yar ayay u gashay inay ka saarto noocyada soo duulay.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Oktoobar 2013 waxaa la soo sheegay in ganacsade uu harada u soo kordhiyay noocyo cusub oo kalluun ah. Dadka deegaanka ayaa u maleeyay inuu biyo ku daray kiimikooyin waxyeello leh si uu u ilaaliyo kalluunka, looma oggolaan inay isticmaalaan biyaha. Masuul ka tirsan Wasaaradda Deegaanka ayaa sheegay in rukhsadihii saxda ahaa la bixiyay. Ganacsadihii ayaa diiday inuu wax kale ku daray marka laga reebo tan oo [[tilapia]] ah oo ka timid [[Lake Rweru|Harada Rweru]] biyaha. Waxay u muuqatay warbixinta inay jireen xaddidaadyo ku saabsan kalluumeysiga sannadkii ugu horreeyay.{{sfn|Maishatse|2013}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bur143164.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |language=fr |ref={{harvid|Decret N°100-114}} |title=Decret N°100-114 Du 12 Avril 2011 Portant Delimitation du Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord |publisher=Republic of Burundi}} *{{citation |url=https://www.iwacu-burundi.org/englishnews/lake-narungazi-a-private-property/ |accessdate=2024-06-10 |last=Maishatse |first=Lorraine Josiane |title=Lake Narungazi, a private property? |date=30 October 2013 |work=Iawcu English News}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/125766576#map=13/-2.5360/30.0205 |title=Way: Lac Narungazi (125766576) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Lac Narungazi}} }} {{refend}} lw4vdjeeoy1djo0r5ojp1cmcdakh1sl 0 48434 300436 2026-06-30T13:44:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mwungere | native_name = | other_name = Lac Mwungere <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|2|34|43|S|29|56|48|E|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Mwungere''' ({{coord|2|34|43|S|29|56|48|E}}) waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Mwungere waxay ku taal [[Commune of Ntega|Degmada Ntega]] ee Gobolka Kirundo meel u dhow tuulooyinka Mariza iyo Mugina. Waxay ku xiran tahay dhul-qoyan biyaha u horseeda [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]].{{sfn|Way: Lac Mwungere}} [[Köppen climate classification|Nidaamka kala-soocidda cimilada ee Köppen]] waa Aw: Kayd-dhuleed kulaylaha, qoyan.{{sfn|Way: Lac Mwungere}} ==Ilaalinta== Harada Mwungere waxay ku taal [[Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area|Aagga La Ilaaliyo ee Dhul-biyoodka Harooyinka Waqooyiga]], oo la abuuray 2006-dii, taas oo mabda' ahaan ilaalisa in ka badan {{convert|30,000|ha}} oo harooyin iyo dhul-qoyan ah iyadoo yoolku yahay maaraynta bulshada oo isku dhafan, wax soo saarka beeraha, iyo ilaalinta harada.{{sfn|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} Haradu waxay qayb ka tahay Jidka Biyaha ee La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga, oo ah {{convert|162.42|km2}} oo ka kooban 8 harooyin biyo macaan oo joogto ah oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka [[Lake Rweru|Rweru]], [[Lake Cohoha|Cohoha]], [[Lake Rwihinda|Rwihinda]], [[Lake Kanzigiri|Kanzigiri]], [[Lake Gacamirindi|Gacamirindi]], [[Lake Nagitamo|Nagitamo]], [[Lake Narungazi|Narungazi]] iyo Mwungere iyo sidoo kale dhulal qoyan, kuwaas oo qayb ka ah [[Nile Basin|Dooxada Niil]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Harooyinkani waxaa ku badan kalluunka yaryar ee [[Tilapia]] iyo noocyada [[Oreochromis]]. Waxay ahaayeen goob ay si ballaaran ugu soo duuleen [[water hyacinth|gabooyaha biyaha]], taas oo aad u yaraysay wax soo saarka iyo kaydka kalluunka, iyo sidoo kale ka saartay dhirtii asaliga ahayd. Burundi dadaal yar ayay u gashay inay ka saarto noocyada soo duulay.{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} Qorshaha Maamulka ee Aagga Biyaha ee Kagera wuxuu higsanayaa inuu hagaajiyo maaraynta harooyinka, dhul-qoyanka iyo dhirta ee aagga [[Murehe Forest|Kaynta Murehe]]. Harada Mwungere waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay Aag Muhiim ah qorshahan, kaas oo ay ku jiraan harooyinka Gacamirina iyo Nagitamo, iyo dhul-qoyanka ku yaal dooxooyinka sare ee [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]]. Saamaynta bini'aadamka waa in laga saaraa aagga iyadoo la samaynayo suun dhan {{convert|50|m}} si loo ilaaliyo noocyada dabiiciga ah.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} bishii Nofeembar 2021 [[Albert Hatungimana]], Guddoomiyaha Kirundo, wuxuu ammaanay guulihii Inades-Formation Burundi ee abuurista aagagga buffer-ka ee harooyinka Nagitamo, Mwungere iyo Gacamirinda. Suunka ilaalintu wuxuu ka kooban yahay geedo, kanaallo ka hortagaya nabaad-guurka oo leh caws lagu hagaajiyo kor ku xusan, iyo kanaal kala soocaya aagga buffer-ka iyo hantida gaarka ah. Wax soo saarka kalluunka iyo tayada biyaha ayaa ku soo hagaagay harooyinka la ilaaliyo natiijadaas darteed.{{sfn|Towards ownership ... Inades}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082920/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |date=September 2010 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |title=Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) |ref={{harvid|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi}} *{{citation |url=https://www.mindat.org/feature-430221.html |accessdate=2024-06-09 |title=Lac Mwungere, Kirundo Province, Burundi |work=Mindat |ref={{harvid|Lac Mwungere Mindat}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.inadesformation.net/13349/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=Inades-Formation Burundi |ref={{harvid|Towards ownership ... Inades}} |title=Towards ownership of the achievements of the TAPSA project by the local administration of Bugabira and Ntega communes |date=29 November 2021}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/299661662#map=14/-2.5825/29.9546 |title=Way: Lac Mwungere (299661662) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Way: Lac Mwungere}} }} {{refend}} gmrifubdoovjy96cy7trk59ifh27om0 0 48435 300437 2026-06-30T13:47:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Kanzigiri | native_name = | other_name = Lac Kanzigiri <!-- Images --> | image = File:ISS012-E-17842 - View of Burundi (cropped Lac Kanzigiri on the right).jpg | alt = Satellite view. Lac Kanzigiri on the right | caption = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|-2.4659|30.3611|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Kanzigiri''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Kanzigiri'''}}, {{coord|-2.4659|30.3611}}) waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Kanzigiri waxay ku taal xadka u dhexeeya [[Commune of Bwambarangwe|Degmada Bwambarangwe]] ee bari iyo [[Commune of Busoni|Degmada Busoni]] ee galbeed.{{sfn|Relation: Lac Kanzigiri}} Waxay ku taal koonfurta [[Lake Rweru|Harada Rweru]], taas oo ay ku xiran tahay aag dhul-qoyan ah.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=4}} Degaanka [[Kabanga, Kirundo Province|Kabanga]] wuxuu ku yaal galbeedka barta ay koonfurta ka xigto, degaanka [[Bunwera]] wuxuu ku yaal bari ka xiga isla bartaas. [[Mukenke]] wuxuu ku yaal koonfurta.{{sfn|Relation: Lac Kanzigiri}} Haradu waxay dabooshaa {{convert|750|ha}}.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=3}} Harada Kanzigiri ku hareeraysan waxaa ku yaal kaymo dhul-daaqsimeed ah oo ay ku badan yihiin dhirta ay ka midka yihiin ''[[Pericopsis angolensis]]'', ''[[Parinari curatellifolia]]'' iyo ''[[Hymenocardia acida]]'', kuwaas oo muujinaya saamaynta Zambezian. Kaymahan bari waxaa badanaa laga helaa [[Ruvubu National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Ruvubu]], taas oo muujinaysa in Harada Kanzigiri iyo dhul-qoyankeeda la xiriira ay yihiin aag kala go'a oo u dhexeeya [[Bugesera District (ecology)|Degmada Bugesera]] iyo [[Mosso-Malagarazi District|Degmada Mosso-Malagarazi]].{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=7}} ==Wabiyaasha iyo meesha ay ka baxdo== Cidhifka koonfureed ee harada waa dhul-qoyan ay quudiyaan [[Kanzigiri River|Webiga Kanzigiri]] iyo [[Gacucu River|Webiga Gacucu]], qaybta hoose ee Webiga Kabuyenge.{{sfn|Rugari USDMA}} Cidhifka waqooyi sidoo kale waa dhul-qoyan, waxaana quudiya Harada Kanzigiri iyo [[Nyamabuno River|Webiga Nyamabuno]], wuxuuna ku shubaa [[Lake Rweru|Harada Rweru]].{{sfn|Lac Rweru USDMA}} Si kastaba ha ahaatee, jihada qulqulka u dhexeeya Harada Rweru iyo Harada Kanzigiri waxay ku xiran tahay waqtiga sannadka. Bilowga xilliga roobka, Harada Rweru waxay u qulqushaa dhanka [[Kagera River|Webiga Kagera]]. Marka la gaaro Maarso-Abriil, heerka webiga Kagera wuu ka sarreeyaa kan Harada Rweru, qulqulkuna wuu rogmadaa, iyadoo webigu uu ku qulqulayo Harada Rweru iyo dhul-qoyanka ku xeeran, oo ay ku jirto tan u horseedda Harada Kanzigiri. Marka fatahaaddu gurto, inta u dhaxaysa Juun iyo Agoosto, Harada Rweru waxay u qulqushaa dhanka [[Nyabarongo River|Webiga Nyabarongo]] ee dushooda dhul-qoyanka, ka dibna kanaal keliya.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=9}} ==Deegaanka== [[Kabuyenge Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Kabuyenge]] iyo [[Kabanga Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Kabanga]] waxay ilaaliyaan dheelitirka biyaha ee Harada Kanzigiri. Ururka [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Cuntada iyo Beeraha]] ee Qaramada Midoobay (FAO) wuxuu horumariyay aagagga buffer-ka ee hareeraha mid kasta oo ka mid ah dhul-qoyankan.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Haddii dhul-qoyanka papyrus-ka ee u dhexeeya Harada Kanzigiri iyo Harada Rweru la qallajin lahaa, Harada Kanzigiri way qallali lahayd xilliga qulqulka hooseeya. Nidaamka deegaanka ee dhul-qoyanka waxaa halis ku ah ballaarinta aan la xakameynin ee beerashada ee dhul-qoyanka, iyo sidoo kale abaarihii dhawaa.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=9}} Kalluumeysiga xad-dhaafka ah iyo soo gelinta dhirta soo duulay ayaa sidoo kale halis ku ah nidaamka deegaanka ee harada.{{sfn|Plan régional ... INECN|p=15}} ==Ilaalinta== Haradu waxay qayb ka ahayd [[Lacs du Nord Aquatic Landscape Protected Area|Aagga La Ilaaliyo ee Dhul-biyoodka Harooyinka Waqooyiga]] kaas oo la abuuray 2006-dii.{{sfn|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} Waxaa loo ilaaliyay sidii "Kaydka Dabiiciga ah ee La Maamulo" qorshaha maamulka ee [[Bugesera aquatic landscapes|dhul-biyoodka Bugesera]] ee la qeexay 2011-kii.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} Hadda waxay qayb ka tahay [[Northern Protected Waterway|Jidka Biyaha ee La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga]].{{sfn|USAID/Burundi 2022|p=17}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{commonscat}} {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222082920/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaeb430.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 22, 2017 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |date=September 2010 |publisher=[[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) |title=Burundi Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment (ETOA) |ref={{harvid|BurundiEnvironmentalThreats}} }} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |accessdate=2024-06-09 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/nbsap/sbsap/bi-sbsap-bugesera-fr.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |language=fr |publisher=Institut National pour l’Environnement et la Conservation de la Nature (INECN) |title=Plan régional de mise en œuvre de la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action sur la Biodiversité dans la dépression de Bugesera 2013-2020 |location=Bujumbura |date=November 2013 |ref={{harvid|Plan régional ... INECN}} }} *{{citation |url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801164020/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHBF.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |accessdate=2024-06-09 |ref={{harvid|USAID/Burundi 2022}} |title=USAID/Burundi Foreign Assistance Act Sections 118/119 Tropical Forests and Biodiversity Analysis |date=June 2022}} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-2.jpg |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Rweru |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Lac Rweru USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/rugari-burundi-50k-4875i-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-06-10 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Rugari |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Rugari USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2031514#map=12/-2.4693/30.3926 |accessdate=2024-06-10 |title=Relation: Lac Kanzigiri (2031514) |work=Open Street Map |ref={{harvid|Relation: Lac Kanzigiri}} }} {{refend}} 16e6ohg5fc8daogxzuz1a8jf241tzge 0 48436 300438 2026-06-30T13:49:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Gacamirindi | native_name = | other_name = {{langx|fr|Lac Gacamirindi}} <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = Harada Gacamirindi <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee [[Burundi]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|2|27|00|S|30|00|00|E|name=Lake Gacamirindi|display =inline,title}} | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = | designation = | length = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | max-depth = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | islands = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burundi | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Gacamirindi''' ({{langx|fr|'''Lac Gacamirindi'''}}, {{coord|2|27|00|S|30|00|00|E|name=Lake Gacamirindi}}), ama '''Harada Gacamirinda''', waa haro ku taal [[Kirundo Province|Gobolka Kirundo]] ee dalka [[Burundi]]. ==Goobta== Harada Gacamirindi waxay ku taal [[Commune of Bugabira|Degmada Bugabira]], Gobolka Kirundo.{{sfn|Way: Lac Gacamirinda}} Haradu waxay dabooshaa bed dhan {{convert|250|ha}}, waxayna ku taal inta u dhaxaysa buuro leh jiirar cadaalad ah oo taagan.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} Waxaa ku hareeraysan ''[[collines of Burundi|collines]]'' dadku aad u deggan yihiin oo kala ah Kiri iyo Nyakarama.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=40}} Waqtiyadii hore haradu waxay ku milantay aag dhul-qoyan ah oo ku yaal dhinaca [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]].{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} Hadda mooska iyo hadhuudhka ayaa laga beeraa labadaba kor iyo hoosba harada.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=43}} Harada Gacamirindi waxaa caadi ahaan quudin lahaa biyaha webiga Akanyaru, laakiin laga bilaabo 2011 waxaa webigan ka soocay dhul-beereed waxayna noqotay balli yar oo dhowr hektar ah.{{sfn|Décret n°100-114}} ''[[Typha domingensis]]'' waxay samaysataa suun aad u cidhiidhi ah oo ku wareegsan balligan, iyada oo kala soocaysa dalagyada iyo biyaha.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=13}} Harada Gacamirindi way qallashay 2004-tii, oo ah xilli roobaad caadi ah.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=29}} [[Lake Narungazi|Harada Narungazi]] iyo [[Lake Nagitamo|Harada Nagitamo]] hadda waxay biyo siiyaan Harada Gacamirindi iyada oo loo marayo kanaal isku xira harooyinka iyada oo loo marayo dhul-qoyanka Rugege.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=44}} Waxaa jira halis ah in kanaalkani uu hoos u dhigo heerka biyaha ee [[Nyavyamo Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Nyavyamo]] iyo [[Lake Rwihinda|Harada Rwihinda]], gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilliyada abaarta, marka biyuhu aysan ka soo qulqulin Webiga Akanyaru ilaa Harada Rwihinda.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro |2005|p=62}} ==Ilaalinta== Sannadkii 2001 waxaa jiray isku day lagu abuurayo aag buffer ah oo u dhexeeya harada iyo dhulka la beero, laakiin lama ixtiraamin.{{sfn|Nzigidahera|Fofo|Misigaro|2005|p=44}} Harada Gacamirindi hadda waxay ku taal qaybta galbeed ee ''[[Paysage aquatique protégé du Nord]]'' (Dhul-biyoodka La Ilaaliyo ee Waqooyiga), oo la abuuray 2011.{{sfn|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar|p=6}} Waxaa loo ilaaliyaa sidii "Aag Isku-dhafan", halkaas oo joogitaanka bini'aadamka laga saari doono. Aag buffer ah, ama suun dhul ah oo dhererkiisu yahay ugu yaraan {{convert|50|m}} ayaa laga dhisi doonaa hareeraha harada.{{sfn|Kagera TAMP FAO}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC143164/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |ref={{harvid|Décret n°100-114}} |title=Décret n°100-114 du 12 avril 2011 portant délimitation du paysage aquatique protégé du nord. |date=12 April 2011}} *{{citation |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BI2149RIS.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |ref={{harvid|Fiche descriptive ... Ramsar}} |title=Fiche descriptive sur les zones humides Ramsar (FDR) |language=fr |date=14 March 2013}} *{{citation |url=https://www.fao.org/nr/kagera/news-archive/news-detail/en/c/87198/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |publisher=FAO |ref={{harvid|Kagera TAMP FAO}} |title=Kagera TAMP - Bugesera aquatic landscapes endowed with a management plan |date=8 July 2011 |location=Kirundo province, Burundi}} *{{citation |url=https://bi.chm-cbd.net/sites/bi/files/2020-12/paysage-aquatique-nord-bi.pdf |access-date=9 June 2024 |language=fr |title=Paysage Aquatique Protege du Nord du Burundi – Etude D'identification |last1=Nzigidahera |first1=Benoît |last2=Fofo |first2=Alphonse |last3=Misigaro |first3=Apollinaire |date=August 2005}} *{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/25469567 |accessdate=2024-06-12 |title=Way: Lac Gacamirinda (25469567) |ref={{harvid|Way: Lac Gacamirinda}} |work=OpenStreetMap}} {{refend}} td34vafam79298rdi2hmonlosfvea8h 0 48437 300439 2026-06-30T13:51:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Cyohoha South | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = Harada Cohoha, Cyohoha Sud <!-- Images --> | image = | alt = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | alt_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = <!-- Stats --> | location = [[Burundi]] iyo [[Rwanda]] | group = | coordinates = {{coord|02|25|28|S|30|06|20|E|type:waterbody_dim:20000_region:RW|display=inline,title}} | type = [[haro|haro]] | etymology = | part_of = | inflow = | rivers = | outflow = | oceans = | catchment = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | basin_countries = Burundi, Rwanda | agency = | designation = | date-built = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | engineer = | date-flooded = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} For man-made and other recent bodies of water --> | length = {{convert|32|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} | width = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | area = {{convert|74|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}} | depth = {{convert|5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | max-depth = {{convert|7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | volume = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | residence_time = | salinity = | shore = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | elevation = {{convert|1348|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | temperature_high = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | temperature_low = <!-- {{convert|VALUE|UNITS}} must be used --> | frozen = | islands = | islands_category = | sections = | trenches = | benches = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Rwanda | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta harada ee Rwanda. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Cyohoha South''' ama '''Cyohoha Sud''' sida looga yaqaan [[Rwanda]] ama '''Harada Cohoha''' ee [[Burundi]] waa haro yar oo ku taal Bariga Afrika. Waxay ku fadhidaa xadka u dhexeeya [[Burundi]] iyo [[Rwanda]]. ==Magaca== Dalka Rwanda, harada waxaa loo yaqaannaa Cyohoha South si looga sooco harada u dhow ee Cyohoha North oo aad uga yar, kana xigta 10 mayl dhanka waqooyi ee Rwanda. Dalka [[Burundi]], waxaa si fudud loogu yaqaannaa Cohoha. ==Goobta== Harada Cyohoha waxay toban mayl galbeed ka xigtaa [[Lake Rweru|Harada Rweru]] oo ah harada labaad ee ku taal xadka [[Rwanda]] iyo [[Burundi]]. Waa haro cidhiidhi ah oo aad u dheer oo leh laamo badan. Waxaa inta badan kala qaybiya xadka u dhexeeya Rwanda iyo Burundi, si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaybteeda koonfureed waxay si buuxda ugu fidaysaa gudaha Burundi. Harada Cyohoha waxay dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|32|km}}, waxayna leedahay ballac celcelis ahaan {{convert|1|km}}. Ballaca ugu badan waa {{convert|2|km}}. Haradu waxay dabooshaa {{convert|74|km2}}, kuwaas oo {{convert|19|km2}} ay ku yaallaan Rwanda halka {{convert|55|km2}} ay leedahay Burundi. ==Biyo-mareenka== Harada Cohoha waxaa quudiya [[Rugamura Marsh|Dhul-qoyanka Rugamura]], kaas oo isna ay quudiyaan Webiga Gatunguru, Webiga Runyoni iyo Webiga Nduruma. Webiga Nduruma waxaa quudiya Matonnyanga oo ku taal waqooyiga Mukerwas ''colline'', Runyuiya oo ku taal koonfurta Rwimbogo ''colline'' iyo Gasuga, kaas oo ka samaysma inta u dhaxaysa Kabirizi iyo Butihinda ''collines''.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}}{{efn|Waxaa jira jahawareer ka dhashay inta u dhaxaysa tributary-ga Nduruma ee Dhul-qoyanka Rugamura iyo [[Nduruma River|Webiga Nduruma]] ee waaweyn ee fog dhanka bari. Warbixin 2012 ku saabsan fursadaha maalgashiga ee tamarta la cusboonaysiin karo ee Burundi ayaa waxaa ku jira khariidad muujinaysa Webiga Nduruma oo weyn oo ku fidsan meel ka baxsan isha ay ku leedahay khariidadda [[Defense Mapping Agency]] ee 1994, ka dibna u leexanaysa koonfur-galbeed iyo u qulqulaya Harada Cohoha.{{sfn|Investment opportunities in renewable energy|p=14}} Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in Webiga Nduruma ee bariga ay quudiyaan tributary aan la magacaabin oo ka qulqula Butihinda colline, oo aan ka fogayn isha tributary-ga Gasuga ee webiga Nduruma ee galbeedka.{{sfn|Kirundo USDMA}} }} Harada Cyohoha South si la mid ah harada ilma-adeerkeed Cyohoha North waxay ku shubtaa [[Akanyaru River|Webiga Akanyaru]] iyada oo loo marayo taxane dhul-qoyan ah oo ku xira harooyinkan webiga.<ref name="Akanyaru" >{{cite web |title=Akanyaru River |url=https://www.explorerwandatours.com/attractions/akanyaru-river.html |website=Explore Rwanda Tours |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref>{{sfn|Lac Cohoha USDMA}} ==Qoraallo== {{Notes}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|25em}} ==Ilaha== {{commons category}} {{refbegin}} *{{citation |url=https://proreds.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Investment-opportunities-in-renewable-energy-Burundi.pdf |accessdate=2024-08-31|page=14 |title=Investment opportunities in renewable energy Burundi |publisher=Minister for Energy and Mines |date=October 2012 |ref={{harvid|Investment opportunities in renewable energy}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/kirundo-burundi-50k-4875iv-1981.pdf |accessdate=2024-09-03 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Kirundo |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Kirundo USDMA}} }} *{{citation |url=https://maps.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/burundi/txu-pclmaps-oclc-55852889-4876-3.jpg |accessdate=2024-09-04 |author=U.S. Defense Mapping Agency |title=Lac Cohoha |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |year=1994 |ref={{harvid|Lac Cohoha USDMA}} }} {{refend}} d3amfh9ti1vwgn2o17rgntg64a51632 0 48438 300440 2026-06-30T13:53:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Tengrela | image = Lake tengrela.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = | coords = {{coord|10.639689|-4.808578|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Burkina Faso | length = {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|1.5|km|abbr=on}} | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | frozen = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burkina Faso | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Tengrela ee Burkina Faso. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lac de Tingrela | designation1_date = 7 October 2009 | designation1_number = 1881<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac de Tingrela|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1881|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Tengrela''' waa [[haro]] yar oo u dhow [[Banfora]] ee dalka [[Burkina Faso]]. Waxaa lagu yaqaanaa [[hippo|hiiboo]]-deeda. Dadka deegaanku waxay aaminsan yihiin in hiibooyinkani aysan weerarin bini'aadamka sababtoo ah waa hiiboo barakaysan. [[Yaxaas|Yaxaasyo]] ku dhowaad marnaba lagama arko haradan. Waxay dhererkeedu yahay 2&nbsp;km, ballac ahaanna 1.5&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Mepham | first = Robert | authorlink = |author2=R. H. Hughes |author3=J. S. Hughes | title = A directory of African wetlands | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 1992 | pages = 316 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&pg=PA316 | isbn =2-88032-949-3 }} </ref> ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} {{Lakes of Burkina Faso}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tengrela, Lake}} 8v7oszppnc0080cw2qzzcx67yi7xj8a 0 48439 300441 2026-06-30T13:56:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Bam | image = Lac de Bam MS 2553.jpg | caption = Harada Bam, laga arkay dhanka Koonfureed | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Kongoussi]], [[Bam (province)|Bam]], [[Burkina Faso]] | coords = {{Coord|13|24|06|N|1|31|03|W|region:BF_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Burkina Faso | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Burkina Faso | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Bam ee Burkina Faso. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lac Bam | designation1_date = 7 October 2009 | designation1_number = 1880<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Lac Bam|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1880|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Bam''' waxay ku taal u dhow magaalada [[Kongoussi]], ee dalka [[Burkina Faso]]. Haradu waxay u qallalaysaa si tartiib-tartiib ah, iyadoo halis gelineysa beeraha tuulada u dhow, kaydka kalluunka, iyo waraabinta xoolaha. Harada waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay [[Ramsar site|Goob Ramsar ah]] tan iyo sannadkii 2009.<ref name="RSIS"/> ==Eeg sidoo kale== * {{portal-inline|Lakes}} ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} 20i1wvxe7cj2uuwovmka2fmcr2xi8es 0 48440 300442 2026-06-30T14:03:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Togbadji | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Mono Department|Gobolka Mono]], [[Benin]] | coords = {{coord|6.743|1.703|type:waterbody_region:BJ|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | catchment = | basin_countries = Benin | length = | width = | area = | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | elevation = | islands = | cities = <!-- Map --> | pushpin_map = Benin | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Goobta Harada Togbadji ee Benin. | pushpin_map_caption = <!-- Below --> | website = | reference = }} '''Harada Togbadji''' waa haro yar oo ku taal [[Mono Department|Gobolka Mono]], [[Benin]]. Haradu waxay leedahay bed dusha sare ah oo qiyaastii 5.5km² ah waxayna ku taal [[Mono River|Webiga Mono]].<ref name=Lederoun /> Harada waxaa laga jallateeyaa kalluunka [[Mango tilapia]].<ref name=Lederoun>{{cite journal | last=Lederoun | first=D | last2=Vandewalle | first2=P | last3=Brahim | first3=Aa | last4=Moreau | first4=J | last5=Lalèyè | first5=Pa | title=Population parameters and exploitation rate of Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus (Cichlidae) in Lakes Doukon and Togbadji, Benin | journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science | volume=41 | issue=2 | date=2016-05-27 | issn=1608-5914 | doi=10.2989/16085914.2016.1169988 | pages=151–160}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} ke38xof8adpeyhiigy33ewo0m6xkcsc 0 48441 300443 2026-06-30T14:06:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Dilolo | image = Dilolo Lake.jpg | caption = | image_bathymetry = | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Moxico Leste Province|Moxico Leste]], Angola | coords = {{Coord|11|31|S|22|03|E|region:AO_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = | outflow = | pushpin_map = Angola | catchment = | basin_countries = Angola | length = | width = | area = {{convert|18.9|sqkm|abbr=on}}<ref name=fao>{{cite web |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 1 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/t0473e/t0473e01.htm |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|1097|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=fao/> | islands = | cities = }} '''Harada Dilolo''' waa [[haro|harada]] ugu weyn dalka [[Angola]]. Waxay ku taal [[Moxico Leste Province|Gobolka Moxico Leste]]. Haradu waxay ku taal meel ka baxsan [[Cameia National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Cameia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dilolo Lake|url=https://www.traveloangola.com/places-to-visit/dilolo-lake/ |website=Traveloangola |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{reflist}} npg4n7vzbqfpiwybyaqdm5163u9329m 0 48442 300444 2026-06-30T14:09:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Réghaïa | image = Photo la reghaia 29052016.jpg | location = Réghaïa, Algiers, Aljeeriya | type = Haro | area = | volume = | depth = | alt = Web fidsan dhul dabiici ah dhexdiisa, iyadoo magaalona laga dhex arki karo gadaal. | coordinates = {{coord|36|46|15|N|3|20|04|E|type:waterbody_region:DZ|display=inline,title}} }} '''Harada Réghaïa''' waxay ku taal degmada [[Reghaïa|Réghaïa]], Aljeeriya, 29&nbsp;km bariga [[Algiers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=El Haouati |first=Habiba |last2=Arab |first2=Abdeslem |last3=Tudesque |first3=Loïc |last4=Lek |first4=Sovan |last5=Samraoui |first5=Boudjéma |date=2015 |title=Study of the diatoms of Reghaia Lake, northern Algeria |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/revec_0249-7395_2015_num_70_1_1768 |journal=Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=44–57}}</ref> Waxay ururisaa biyaha ka yimaada doox-biyood fidsan oo dhan 842&nbsp;km², kaas oo uu ka soo qulqulo Oued Réghaïa. Harada, iyadoo la jirta kaynta Réghaïa, waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay [[Ramsar site|Goob Ramsar ah]] bishii Juun 4, 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac de Fetzara |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1299 |website=Service d’information su les Sites Ramsar |language=fr}}</ref> == Goobta == Harada Réghaïa waxay ku taal 29&nbsp;km bariga [[Algiers Province|Algiers]].<ref name=":0" /> Waxay ku taal degmada [[Reghaïa|Réghaïa]] ee gobolka [[Mitidja]] ee Basse Kabylie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TerraServer - Aerial Photos & Satellite Images |url=http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax |website=terraserver.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax |archive-date=2016-03-10}}</ref> == Sharaxaadda == Harada Réghaïa waxay u dhigantaa moryada Oued Réghaïa, taasoo afkeeda uu xiray suun ciid-tuumo ah.<ref name=":0" /> Qiyaastii 600 oo mitir kor u xigta dhanka [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]], biyo-xireen macmalka ah ayaa haysa biyaha joogtada ah ee dhul-qoyanka ah. Dhul-qoyankan baddu wuxuu leeyahay bangiyo si tartiib ah u fidsan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac du reghaia - historique |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |language=fr}}</ref> == Taariikhda == [[File:Lac de reghaia.jpg|thumb|Harada Reghaïa.]]Kahor 1930-meeyadii, markii ciid-tuumuhu ay dib u hayeen Oued Réghaïa sariirteedana aan weli la qoto-dheereyn, waxaa jiray dhul-qoyan dabiici ah oo qani ku ah shimbiraha biyaha, laakiin raadinta dhul-beereed cusub ayaa keentay in dooxada laga miiro biyaha iyada oo loo marayo bamgariin, dheecaan-bixin iyo beerista geedaha [[eucalyptus tree|alwaaxda]]. Mashruucan markii dambe waa la tanaasulay, waxaana la dhisay carro-buuxin si loo abuuro kayd biyo oo loogu talagalay waraabka, waxaana ku xigay carro-buuxin kale oo lagu hayo mug weyn oo biyo ah oo ka yimaada dooxada. Kanaalka hoose ayaa markaas dib loo habeeyay.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2006 |title=Plan de Gestion de la Réserve Naturelle du Lac de Réghaïa (Algérie) |url=http://www.medwet.org/wp-content/pdf/NAWN_1.pdf |journal=Protection et Développement Durable des Zones Humides en Afrique du Nord |language=fr}}</ref> == Tilmaamaha jidheed == === Joolojiga === Harada Réghaïa waxaa lagu gartaa laalaab syncline ee [[Neogene]] oo ah kaydad hufan oo [[Miocene]] iyo Plio-[[Quaternary]] ah kuwaas oo ku yaal dhexda u dhaxaysa [[Gibraltar]] iyo [[Strait of Sicily|Kanaalka Sicilian]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Djitli |first=Yasmina |date=2021 |title=Annual cycle of water quality and macroinvertebrate composition in Algerian wetlands: a case study of lake Réghaïa (Algeria) |url=https://www.limnetica.com/documentos/limnetica/limnetica-40-2-27.pdf |journal=National Higher School of Agronomy, GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, National Higher School of Veterinary -Zoological Laboratory-, Oued-Smar |volume=40 |issue=2 |doi=10.23818/limn.40.27}}</ref> Dhismahan joolojiga ah, oo laalaabmay ka dibna buuxsamay, waxaa lagu gartaa wejiyo dhoobo iyo dhul-qoyan leh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Wejiyada dhow iyo kuwa hadda ee Quaternary waxay ka kooban yihiin kaydad badeed iyo kuwa harooyin, dhoobo dhowaan ah oo quruurux iyo dhoobo leh, [[dune|ciid-tuumo]] isku daxaystay, lumachelles [[scallop|luul ah]], poudingues badeed iyo dhagax-ciid, carro ciid-dhoobo leh iyo carro dhoobo qadiimi ah ee Quaternary.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Joomorfolojiga === Harada Réghaïa waxay ku taal dhul-sare oo dhexe oo kor u kacsan oo ku yaal gobolka Réghaïa.<ref name=":1" /> Bedkeeda, oo ay si qoto dheer u jareen [[valley|dooxooyin]] badan oo daadad ah, wuxuu leeyahay qaab-dhismeed lulanaya oo uu dhex jaro Oued Réghaïa, kaasoo sameeya dooxo yar oo cidhiidhi ah oo leh laba jiirar.<ref name=":1" /> Mid dhanka bari ah, oo markii hore ay lahaayeen hantida beeraha ee Saïdani iyo Ali Khodja, waxaa hadda dhex yaal xarunta ugaarsiga ee Réghaïa, xarunta calaamadaynta qaranka iyo [[pumping station|steshinka bamgariinka]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Delleci |first=K. |last2=Mohamed |first2=N. |last3=Madjdoub |first3=F. |last4=Sayoud |first4=K. |date=2018 |title=Evaluation of the quality of the ground of the lake of Reghaïa in heavy metals and study of their distribution on the surface |url=https://www.aljest.net/index.php/aljest/article/view/56 |journal=Algerian Journal of Environmental Science and Technology |volume=4 |issue=3}}</ref> Kan kale, oo dhanka galbeed ah, waxaa degan Douar Aïn El Kahla iyo Domaine agricole de Boudhane.<ref name=":2" /> Qaybta waqooyi ee dooxada, ciid-tuumo si go'an u fidsan ayaa dherersan, iyagoo kala soocaya afka Oued Réghaïa iyo [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Le lac ou le marais de Réghaïa |url=https://www.algerie-dz.com/forums/voyages/337848-le-lac-ou-le-marais-de-réghaïa?t=329881 |website=Forum Algérie |language=fr}}</ref> === Pedology (Barashada Carrada) === Carrada ka jirta harada Réghaïa waxay u eey dhowdahay inay noqoto ciid-dhoobo leh. Qaybta dhexe, dhanka kale, waxaa lagu gartaa carra san oo leh u ekaansho dhoobo, waxayna ka kooban tahay carrada bunni ee [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]] iyo carrada guduudan ee bunniga noqotay. === Biyo-mareenka === Harada Réghaïa waxaa quudiya biyaha hoose ee dhul-qoyanka Réghaïa, kaas oo ay quudiyaan Oued [[Reghaïa|Réghaïa]], Oued Guesbaï, Oued Berraba, Oued El Biar, Oued Boureah iyo Oued El Hamiz.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:KoppenclassificationworldmapCs.png|thumb|[[Mediterranean climate|Cimilada Bada Dhexe]] ee adduunka oo dhan.]] === Cimilada === Harada Réghaïa waxay ku taal gobol oo leh [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Bada Dhexe]], oo lagu gartaa xilli roobaad 7 bilood ah iyo xilli xagaa oo qallalan oo 5 bilood ah. Sida laga soo xigtay climagram-ka Emberger, dhul-qoyanka [[Reghaïa|Réghaïa]] wuxuu ku yaal aagga cimilada ee hoose-u-qoyan, kaas oo si gaar ah loogu gartaa xagaa qallalan oo kulul iyo qaboob weyn oo qoyan. ==== Dabaylahay ==== Dabaylaha ka jira Harada Réghaïa badanaa waa kuwo fudud ilaa kuwo dhexdhexaad ah, badanaana ah kuwa waqooyi-galbeed. [[sirocco|Dabaylaha kulul ee sirocco]] waxay dhacdaa celcelis ahaan 5 maalmood sannadkii, halka onkodkuna uu yahay mid soo noqnoqda, gaar ahaan xilliga qaboobaha iyo dayrta iyadoo celcelis ahaan ay tahay 23.3 maalmood/sannadkii. ==== Qoyaanka ==== Xilliga qoyan ee Harada Réghaïa wuxuu encompasses-gareeyaa dhammaan saddexda xilli ([[dayr]], [[jiilaal]] iyo gu'), halka xilliga qallalan uu yahay [[xagaa]]. ==== Soo-koobidda Cimilada ==== Cimilada ka jirta harada Réghaïa waa midda [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]], iyadoo leh xilli roobaad 7 bilood ah iyo xilli xagaa oo qallalan oo 5 bilood ah. === Qiimaha Biyo-mareenka === Harada Réghaïa waxaa lagu gartaa fidsanaanta daadadka, dib u buuxinta biyaha hoose iyo ururinta wasakhda sediment-ka. Shaqooyinka dhabta ah ee harada waa ka hortagga nabaad-guurka xeebaha, [[flood control|xakamaynta daadadka]], qabashada sediment-ka iyo ilaalinta tayada biyaha. Wax kasta oo shaqooyinkan ka sokow, Harada Réghaïa waxay waraabisaa 1,200 oo hektar oo [[farmland|dhul-beereed]] ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lac du reghaia. Caractéristiques physiques |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lac-du-reghaia.sitew.com%2FCaracteristiques_physiques_.C.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |website=SiteW.com |language=fr}}</ref> === Tilmaamaha Deegaanka === Harada Réghaïa waxay ka kooban tahay 5 deegaan oo dabiici ah. ==== Dhul-qoyanka badda ==== Dhul-qoyanka badda ee Réghaïa wuxuu ciyaaraa door muhiim ah oo ku saabsan xakamaynta iyo nidaaminta daadadka dooxada, iyo sidoo kale ilaalinta noocyada qaarkood ee [[Ornithology|shimbiraha]] ee halkaas ku buulasha. Dhirta dhul-qoyankan badda waxay samaysataa aagag u gaar ah oo wareegyo isku dhex jira ah oo ku wareegsan harada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiche |first=Zineb |date=2008 |title=Lac de Réghaïa : Menacé par l'urbanisation |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.djazairess.com%2Ffr%2Felwatan%2F104757#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |website=El Watan |language=fr}}</ref> ==== Biyaha furan ==== Harada biyaha furan ee Réghaïa waa kayd biyo macaan oo joogto ah oo daboosha wax ka badan 75 hektar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le lac de Réghaïa |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fniarunblog.unblog.fr%2Flieux-touristiques-algerie%2Fparc-national-de-chrea%2Fle-lac-de-reghaia%2F#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |website=El Ayam |language=fr}}</ref> ==== Suunka ciid-tuumada ==== Suunka ciid-tuumada ee [[Reghaïa|Réghaïa]], oo ah xaddid dabiici ah oo u dhexeeya [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]] iyo dhul-qoyanka badda, wuxuu ka kooban yahay ciid-tuumo dagan. Dhirta, oo ka baxda khadadka cidhiidhiga ah ee dhererka xadhiggan xeebta, waxay joojisaa oo ay hagaajisaa ciidda, iyadoo samaynaysa xannibaad xirta afka Oued [[Reghaïa|Réghaïa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2012 |title=Plan Côtier de Reghaia, rapport de cadrage |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2F195.97.36.231%2Fdbases%2FMAPlibraryHoldings%2FMedpartnership%2FFINAL%2520REPORTS%2FSub-Comp%25201.2%2520ICZM%2F1.2.2%2520Demonstrations%2FReghaia%2FPCR_Rapport%2520Cadrage_F.pdf |journal=MedPartnership |language=fr}}</ref> ==== Aagga badda ==== Aagga badda ee Réghaïa wuxuu ku yaal agagaarka jasiiradda yar ee Agueli ama Bounettah, iyadoo ah goob ay ku buulashaan noocyada qaarkood ee [[Ornithology|shimbiraha]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2005 |title=Programme d'Aménagement Côtier (PAC) "Zone côtière algéroise" |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pap-thecoastcentre.org%2Fpdfs%2FProtection_des_sites_sensibles_Rapport_3.pdf |journal=Programme d'Actions Prioritaires Centre d'Activités Régionales |language=fr}}</ref> ==== Dhul-geedka scrubland-ka ah ==== Dhul-geedka scrubland-ka ah ee Réghaïa wuxuu sameeyaa suun dhuuban oo ku xeeran harada, isagoo siiya badbaado fiican [[avifauna|shimbiraha deegaanka]]. Deegaanka noocan oo kale ah oo aad u kala duwan, xayawaanku sida iska cad waa kuwo aad u kala duwan, iyadoo [[herbivore|daaqato]] iyo [[carnivore|hilib-cunaba]] ay wax ka geystaan silsiladda cuntada ee dhul-qoyanka badda.<ref name=":1" /> == Xigasho == {{reflist}} oo35wi2um3xe8aml11aobpoaf1kn188 0 48443 300445 2026-06-30T14:11:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Mellah | image = Lac El Mellah.jpg | coordinates = {{coord|36|53|39|N|8|19|33|E}} | location = [[El Taref Province|Gobolka El Taref]], {{Flag|Algeria}} | type = Haro | alt = Dhul doog leh iyadoo biyo lagana arki karo gadaal. }} '''Harada Mellah''' waa haro biyo cusbo leh oo ku dhex taal xudduudda [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El Kala]] ee gobolka [[El Taref Province|El Taref]], [[Algeria]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay goob muhiim ah si waafaqsan [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] bishii Sebtembar 12, 2004. == Guudmar == Harada Mellah waa haro cusbo leh oo ku xiran badda iyadoo loo marayo kanaal cidhiidhi ah oo dhex mara taxane ciid-tuumo ah oo dhererkeedu yahay qiyaastii 900 oo mitir. Waxay ku taal bartamaha gobolka [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]], kaas oo encompasses-gareeya laba haro oo kale oo biyo macaan ah, kuwaas oo kala ah Harada Tonga iyo Harada Oubeira. Saddexdan haro waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin dhul-qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ee [[UNESCO]].<ref>Marc Côte (1996). Guide d'Algérie. Algérie: Média-Plus. p.&nbsp;211-212. {{ISBN|9961-922-00-X}}</ref> Haradu waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa magaalada ugu waqooyi-bari ee [[El Kala|El-Kala]] iyo [[Algeria–Tunisia border|xadka Aljeeriya iyo Tunisia]]. Waxay leedahay bed qiyaastii 2,257 hektar ah, qoto-dheeri celcelis ahaan waa 3 mitir, qotada ugu badanna waa 6 mitir.<ref>[https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/57847 Djebar, A. b; Messerer, Y.; Tandjir, L.; Bensouilah, M. (31 Dec 2003). "EQUILIBRES HYDROLOGIQUES DU LAC MELLAH (COMPLEXE LACUSTRE D'EL KALA)".] Sciences & technologie. C, Biotechnologies (20): 15–20. ISSN:2602-7798. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20221203123219/https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/57847 original] on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2021-11-12.</ref> Marka laga soo tago harada lafteeda, goobtu waxay ka kooban tahay [[River delta|moryo webi]] yar oo biyo dhanaan-macaan leh iyo haro yar oo kumeelgaar ah oo biyo macaan ah, taas oo ay quudiyaan roobka iyo biyaha dhulka hoose, kuna xeeran yihiin dhowr [[Dune|ciid-tuumo]].<ref>[https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1424?language=fr "Réserve Intégrale du Lac El Mellah | Service d'information sur les Sites Ramsar". rsis.ramsar.org]. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220625142818/https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/1424?language=fr original] on 2022-06-25. Accessed on 2021-11-12.</ref><ref>[https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/57847 Djebar, A. b; Messerer, Y.; Tandjir, L.; Bensouilah, M. (31 Dec 2003). "EQUILIBRES HYDROLOGIQUES DU LAC MELLAH (COMPLEXE LACUSTRE D'EL KALA)".] Sciences & technologie. C, Biotechnologies (20): 15–20. ISSN:2602-7798. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20221203123219/https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/57847 original] on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2021-11-12.</ref> == Cimilada == Cimilada waxaa loo kala saaraa [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Bada Dhexe]], iyadoo leh celcelis ahaan heerkulka sannadlaha ah oo ah 18.9 darajo Celsius. Xilliga qallalan, oo fidsan afar bilood, waxaa lagu gartaa heerkulka ugu hooseeya ee la arko bisha Janaayo iyo heerkulka ugu sarreeya bisha Ogosto. Gobolku wuxuu la kulmaa heerarka ugu weyn ee roobka xilliyada dayrta iyo qaboobaha, iyadoo heerarka ugu hooseeya ay dhacaan xagaaga. Celcelis ahaan roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu ka badan yahay 700 oo milimitir.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 Kadid, Yamina; Thébaud, Gilles; Pétel, Gilles; Abdelkrim, Hacène (2007-01). "Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie". ''Acta Botanica Gallica'' (English). '''154''' (4]): 597–599. DOI:10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082. ISSN:1253-8078. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20220618192154/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082?cookieSet=1 original] on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2021-11-01.</ref> == Kala-duwanaanshaha Noolaha == Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii marinka noocyada nolosha bayoolojiga sababtoo ah isdhaafsigeeda labada dhinac leh ee doox-biyoodka ku xeeran iyo badda iyada oo loo marayo kanaalka. [[River delta|Moryada]] waa deegaanka noocyada ay ka mid yihiin [[Salicornia]] iyo [[Juncus]].<ref>[https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/57847 Djebar, A. b; Messerer, Y.; Tandjir, L.; Bensouilah, M. (31 Dec 2003). "EQUILIBRES HYDROLOGIQUES DU LAC MELLAH (COMPLEXE LACUSTRE D'EL KALA)".] Sciences & technologie. C, Biotechnologies (20): 15–20. ISSN:2602-7798. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20221203123219/https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/57847 original] on 2022-12-03. Retrieved 2021-11-12.</ref> Cusbada badan ee harada waxay gacan ka geysataa kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha ee [[phytoplankton]], [[zooplankton]], iyo kalluunka, waxayna u adeegtaa sidii goob lagu koriyo noocyada kalluunka sida [[northern wolffish]], [[Sole (fish)|Sole]], [[Salema porgy]], iyo [[sand steenbras]].<ref>[https://sportnews.dz/?p=31771 Taref is the city of bays and coral beaches, the city of international lakes, and the pearl of eastern Algeria.]</ref> Intaa waxaa dheer, goobta waxaa ku soo noqnoqda noocyo badan oo shimbirro iyo xamaarato ah, kuwaas oo soo jiidta badnaanta ilaha cuntada. Waxay u adeegtaa deegaan ahaan shimbiro biyeed kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan [[great cormorant]], [[Great crested grebe]], iyo [[Tufted duck]]. Dadka deegaanka waxay ku hawlan yihiin beerista [[Peanut|mueska]].<ref>[https://www.elkhabar.com/press/article/243686/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AD%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9/ El-Tarif : Decline in the number of birds coming to the El Qala barn]</ref> == Xigasho == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mellah, Lake}} 1z01g2rqf2qbisi2ahr6nfw8dxuye9t 0 48444 300446 2026-06-30T14:14:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Tonga | image = غابة بحيرة "طونقة".jpg | caption = Harada Tonga | coordinates = {{Coord|36|21|37|N|8|29|52|E|display=inline}}<ref name=":0" /> | type = [[Tidal marsh|Dhul-qoyan xebeed]]<br>[[Haro]]<br> [[Swamp|Dhiiri]] | area = {{cvt|27|km2}}<ref name=":0" /> | location = [[El Kala]]<br>[[El Taref Province|El Taref]]<br>{{flag|Algeria}} | length = }} '''Harada Tonga''' waa [[haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taal [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]], ee gobolka [[El Taref Province|wilaya-da El Tarf]], [[Algeria]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay [[Ramsar Convention|Goob Ramsar ah]] bishii Abriil 11, 1983, waxana loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay goob weyn oo ay ku buulashaan shimbiruhu ee [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]]. == Goobta == [[File:Plan elkala.png|left|thumb|Waxay ku taal degmada [[El Kala]], Harada Tonga waa tan ugu bariga xigta saddexda haro.]] Harada Tonga waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal qaybta bartamaha ee [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]], iyadoo ay weheliso [[Lake Oubeïra|Harada Oubeïra]] oo ah haro kale oo biyo macaan ah, iyo [[Lake Mellah|Harada El Mellah]] oo ah moryo cusbo leh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Côte |first=Marc |title=Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine |date=1996 |publisher=Média-Plus |isbn=9961-9-2200-X |location=Algeria |pages=211 |language=fr |trans-title=Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage}}</ref> Waxay ku fadhidaa niyad-jab xebeed weyn oo u dhexeeya magaalada El Kala, ee waqooyi-bari Aljeeriya, iyo [[Algeria–Tunisia border|xadka Aljeeriya iyo Tunisia]]. [[Drainage basin|Doox-biyoodkeedu]] wuxuu dabooshaa qiyaastii 15,000 oo hektar, oo ay ku jiraan 2,800 oo hektar oo u dhiganta dooxada harada lafteeda.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Kadid |first=Yamina |last2=Thébaud |first2=Gilles |last3=Pétel |first3=Gilles |last4=Abdelkrim |first4=Hacène |date=2007 |title=Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie |trans-title=Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |language=fr |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=597–599 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |issn=1253-8078 |access-date=January 23, 2026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Saddexda haro waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin [[List of Ramsar Sites|dhul-qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh]] marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] sannadkii 1983.<ref name=":2" /> Harada Tonga waxaa qayb ahaan laga miiro kanaal dhexe oo la qoday xilligii gumeysiga, haddana waxay gartaa astaamaha dhul-qoyan fidsan.<ref name=":2" /> Goobtu waxay samaysataa dhul-qoyan oo weyn oo adag kaas oo sidoo kale u gogol xaaraya buuro dhir leh, aagag kaymo qoyan ah, iyo nidaam ciid-tuumo ah. Haradu waxay ku xiran tahay [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Tonga |trans-title=Tonga Lake Integral Reserve |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/281?language=fr |access-date=January 23, 2026 |website=Ramsar |language=fr}}</ref> waxana ugu horreyn quudiya Oued El-Hout dhanka koonfur-galbeed iyo Oued El-Eurg dhanka waqooyi-bari. Durdurradan biyuhu waxay sameeyeen nidaamyo moryo ah kuwaas oo kaydadka carradoodu ay si tartiib-tartiib ah u yareeyeen bedka harada.<ref name=":1" /> == Cimilada == Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Bada Dhexe]], iyadoo leh celcelis ahaan heerkulka sannadlaha ah oo ah 18.9 °C iyo xilli qallalan oo soconaya qiyaastii afar bilood. Janaayo waa bisha ugu qabow, halka Ogosto ay tahay bisha ugu kulul. Celcelis ahaan [[Earth rainfall climatology|roobka]] sannadlaha ah wuxuu ka badan yahay 700 oo mm, iyadoo roobku uu inta badan ku urursan yahay dayrta iyo qaboobaha, heerarkana ay ka hooseeyaan xilliga xagaaga.<ref name=":1" /><gallery widths="200" heights="180" class="center" caption="Harada Tonga"> File:بحيرة طونقا.jpg File:Lac Tonga.JPG File:Lac Tonga 01.JPEG </gallery> == Duunyada iyo dhirta == [[File:Lac tonga el kala.JPG|left|thumb|Ubaxa biyaha (Water lily)]] Haradu waxay siisaa deegaan muhiim ah dhirta biyaha, iyadoo dhirtu ay samaysato moosiko bulshooyin dhir ah. Qaab-dhismeedka ugu weyn waa gogol caws-dugsiyeed ah oo gabbaad siisa inta badan [[Aquatic plant|helophytes]]. Xilliga gu'ga iyo xagaaga, ubaxyada biyaha ee cadcad waxay dabooshaa qayb weyn oo ka mid ah bedka harada.<ref name=":1" /> Harada Tonga waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay goob weyn oo ay ku buulashaan shimbiruhu ee [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]], iyadoo martigelisa noocyo badan oo [[Heron|haad ah]], [[Egret|gogorrada]], [[Western marsh harrier|guumaysta dhul-qoyanka galbeed]], [[Anseriformes|shimbiraha kale ee hilib-cunka ah]], iyo shimbiro biyeed kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ah iyo kuwa caalamka laga cabsi qabo inay dabar-go'aan.<ref name=":0" /> Dadka deegaanka waxay ku hawlan yihiin taranka xoolaha iyo beerashada xilliyeedka.<ref name=":0" /> == Xigasho == <references /> {{Portal|Algeria }}{{Rivers of Algeria}} kcjo1m7we8s7p8xeeknodp639c3xrno 0 48445 300447 2026-06-30T14:16:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali | image = Lac22.jpg | coordinates = {{Coord|type:waterbody|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Algeria}} | type = Lake | date-built = 1940s | area = {{cvt|0.5|km2}} | length = {{cvt|0.748|km}} | depth = {{cvt|30|m|ft}} | volume = {{cvt|3|km3|cumi|0}} | elevation = {{cvt|456|m|ft}} | alt = Dhul biyo leh oo ay geedo ku xeeran yihiin. }} '''Harada Sidi Mohamed Benali''' waa haro ku taal galbeedka [[Algeria]], dhexdeeda [[Sidi Bel Abbès Province|Gobolka Sidi Bel Abbès]], gaar ahaan dhulka degmada [[Aïn Thrid|Ain Thrid]], qiyaastii 1.7 kiiloomitir magaalada [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] u jirta una dhow [[East–West Highway (Algeria)|Waynaha Bari–Galbeed]].<ref>Kreo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200726203539/http://www.dknews-dz.com/article/65638-sidi-bel-abbes-le-lac-de-sidi-mhamed-benali-un-site-naturel-par-excellence.html "Sidi Bel Abbes region: Lake Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali is a natural wonder"]. [http://192.168.1.1/?randid=344658930?updataredirect=www.dknews-dz.com#/upgradeRedirect http://www.dknews-dz.com/] (in French). Archived from the [https://www.dknews-dz.com/article/65638-sidi-bel-abbes-le-lac-de-sidi-mhamed-benali-un-site-naturel-par-excellence.html original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-26.</ref> Haradu waxay dabooshaa bed ka badan 35 hektar, waxaana ku xeeran dhir kala duwan oo ubaxyo leh, waxayna siisaa deegaan dabiici ah 26 nooc oo shimbiro biyeed ah, kalluun, iyo duurjoog kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan yeeyda, pusiha guriga, iyo deyrabyada.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200726194259/https://portail.cder.dz/2020/06/16/lac-sidi-mhamed-benali-de-sidi-bel-abbes-un-espace-naturel-a-sauver/ "Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali Lake is a natural center that must be saved" (bfr-FR)]. Archived from the [https://portail.cder.dz/2020/06/16/lac-sidi-mhamed-benali-de-sidi-bel-abbes-un-espace-naturel-a-sauver/ original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-26.</ref> Haradu waa mid gabi ahaanba dadku sameeyeen, oo la abuuray intii lagu guda jiray 1940-meeyadii, waxana quudiya qulqulka [[Sig River|Webiga Sig]] iyo Dooxada Sarno. Waxaa loo dhisay si loo maareeyo biyaha daadadka ee [[Mekerra River|Webiga Mekerra]], si loo yareeyo halista daadadka burburinta leh ee halis gelin jiray magaalada Sidi Bel Abbès.<ref>[https://tanmia.echaab.dz/2021/05/19/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A/ The rehabilitation of Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake.]</ref><ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/aps/411625 Sidi Bel Abbes: Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake is a scenic natural site that needs to be promoted]</ref> Haradu waxay fadhidaa doox dabiici ah oo ka dhex qodmay dhul jilicsan, kaas oo dhanka hoose laga xiray biyo-xireen carro ah. Sariirta haradu waxay ka hortagtaa miiqashada biyaha sababtoo ah ururinta wasakhda sediment-ka, qotadeeda ugu badanna waxay gaartaa qiyaastii 30 mitir.<ref>[https://tahwaspresse.dz/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8/ Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake, Sidi Bel Abbes]</ref><ref>[https://eldjoumhouria.dz/article/5225/ Sidi Mohamed Benali's lake level boosted after recent rains]</ref> Cilmi-baaris dhowaan (2022) lagu sameeyay harada waxay muujineysaa in heerkulka sii kordhaya uu saameyn xun ku yeesho silsiladda cuntada ee harada iyadoo la dhimayo tirada [[zooplankton]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358131199 |title=Freshwater zooplankton behavior under temperature effects in a semi-arid Mediterranean area |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127013624/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/358131199_Freshwater_zooplankton_behavior_under_temperature_effects_in_a_semi-arid_Mediterranean_area |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} 08d9tkwcfd2e04eoqlidc59oq7pngmy 300523 300447 2026-07-01T01:35:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali | image = Lac22.jpg | coordinates = {{Coord|type:waterbody|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | basin_countries = {{Flag|Algeria}} | type = Lake | date-built = 1940s | area = {{cvt|0.5|km2}} | length = {{cvt|0.748|km}} | depth = {{cvt|30|m|ft}} | volume = {{cvt|3|km3|cumi|0}} | elevation = {{cvt|456|m|ft}} | alt = Dhul biyo leh oo ay geedo ku xeeran yihiin. }} '''Harada Sidi Mohamed Benali''' waa haro ku taal galbeedka [[Algeria]], dhexdeeda [[Sidi Bel Abbès Province|Gobolka Sidi Bel Abbès]], gaar ahaan dhulka degmada [[Aïn Thrid|Ain Thrid]], qiyaastii 1.7 kiiloomitir magaalada [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] u jirta una dhow [[East–West Highway (Algeria)|Waynaha Bari–Galbeed]].<ref>Kreo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200726203539/http://www.dknews-dz.com/article/65638-sidi-bel-abbes-le-lac-de-sidi-mhamed-benali-un-site-naturel-par-excellence.html "Sidi Bel Abbes region: Lake Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali is a natural wonder"]. [http://192.168.1.1/?randid=344658930?updataredirect=www.dknews-dz.com#/upgradeRedirect http://www.dknews-dz.com/]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in French). Archived from the [https://www.dknews-dz.com/article/65638-sidi-bel-abbes-le-lac-de-sidi-mhamed-benali-un-site-naturel-par-excellence.html original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-26.</ref> Haradu waxay dabooshaa bed ka badan 35 hektar, waxaana ku xeeran dhir kala duwan oo ubaxyo leh, waxayna siisaa deegaan dabiici ah 26 nooc oo shimbiro biyeed ah, kalluun, iyo duurjoog kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan yeeyda, pusiha guriga, iyo deyrabyada.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200726194259/https://portail.cder.dz/2020/06/16/lac-sidi-mhamed-benali-de-sidi-bel-abbes-un-espace-naturel-a-sauver/ "Sidi Mohamed Ben Ali Lake is a natural center that must be saved" (bfr-FR)]. Archived from the [https://portail.cder.dz/2020/06/16/lac-sidi-mhamed-benali-de-sidi-bel-abbes-un-espace-naturel-a-sauver/ original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-26.</ref> Haradu waa mid gabi ahaanba dadku sameeyeen, oo la abuuray intii lagu guda jiray 1940-meeyadii, waxana quudiya qulqulka [[Sig River|Webiga Sig]] iyo Dooxada Sarno. Waxaa loo dhisay si loo maareeyo biyaha daadadka ee [[Mekerra River|Webiga Mekerra]], si loo yareeyo halista daadadka burburinta leh ee halis gelin jiray magaalada Sidi Bel Abbès.<ref>[https://tanmia.echaab.dz/2021/05/19/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A/ The rehabilitation of Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake.]</ref><ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/aps/411625 Sidi Bel Abbes: Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake is a scenic natural site that needs to be promoted]</ref> Haradu waxay fadhidaa doox dabiici ah oo ka dhex qodmay dhul jilicsan, kaas oo dhanka hoose laga xiray biyo-xireen carro ah. Sariirta haradu waxay ka hortagtaa miiqashada biyaha sababtoo ah ururinta wasakhda sediment-ka, qotadeeda ugu badanna waxay gaartaa qiyaastii 30 mitir.<ref>[https://tahwaspresse.dz/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A4%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8/ Sidi Mohamed Benali Lake, Sidi Bel Abbes]</ref><ref>[https://eldjoumhouria.dz/article/5225/ Sidi Mohamed Benali's lake level boosted after recent rains]</ref> Cilmi-baaris dhowaan (2022) lagu sameeyay harada waxay muujineysaa in heerkulka sii kordhaya uu saameyn xun ku yeesho silsiladda cuntada ee harada iyadoo la dhimayo tirada [[zooplankton]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358131199 |title=Freshwater zooplankton behavior under temperature effects in a semi-arid Mediterranean area |access-date=2024-09-11 |archive-date=2023-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127013624/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/358131199_Freshwater_zooplankton_behavior_under_temperature_effects_in_a_semi-arid_Mediterranean_area |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Xigasho== {{Reflist}} n6xvetrob5mvfzaa0akp4crvnuwwlkk 0 48446 300448 2026-06-30T14:18:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake | name = Harada Oubeïra | image = Lac Oubeira, Parc National d'El-Kala, El-Tarf.jpg | caption = Harada Oubeïra | area = | length = | type = [[Haro]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|50|41|N|8|23|22|E|display=inline}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Oubeïra {{!}} Service d'information sur les Sites Ramsar |trans-title=Oubeïra Lake Integral Reserve {{!}} Ramsar Site Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/280?language=fr |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=Ramsar |language=fr}}</ref> | location = [[El Kala]],<br>[[El Taref Province|El Taref]],<br>{{flag|Algeria}} | alt = Xeebta dhul biyo leh. }} '''Harada Oubeïra''' waa [[haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taal [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]] ee [[El Taref Province|Gobolka El Tarf]], [[Algeria]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay goob [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] ah bishii Noofambar 4, 1983. Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii goob muhiim ah oo ay ku buulashaan noocyada shimbiraha ee [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]]. == Goobta == [[File:Plan_elkala.png|left|thumb|Waxay ku taal degmada [[El Kala]], Harada Oubeïra waa harada dhexe ee saddexda haro.]] Harada Oubeïra waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal aagga bartamaha ee [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]] ee Gobolka El Tarf, Algeria. Beertu waxay sidoo kale gartaa [[Lake Tonga|Harada Tonga]] oo ah dhul kale oo biyo macaan ah, iyo [[Lake Mellah|Harada El Mellah]] oo ah moryo cusbo leh. Sannadkii 1983, dhammaan saddexda haro waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin [[List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance|dhul-qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh]] marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ee [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Côte |first=Marc |title=Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine |date=1996 |publisher=Média-Plus |isbn=9961-9-2200-X |location=Algeria |pages=211 |language=fr |trans-title=Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage}}</ref> Harada Oubeïra waa haro [[Endorheic basin|endorheic (biyo-xireen dabiici ah)]] ah oo ku taal inta u dhaxaysa magaalada El Kala, ee waqooyi-bari Aljeeriya, iyo [[Algeria–Tunisia border|xadka Aljeeriya iyo Tunisia]], iyadoo jooggeedu yahay 23 mitir. Waxay leedahay qaab qiyaastii wareeg ah, hoos u siman oo ay dabooshay dhoobo cawl ah,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Alayat |first1=H |last2=Kherici |first2=N |last3=Lamouroux |first3=C |date=2009 |title=EVOLUTION SPATIALE DE L'ENVASEMENT DU LAC OUBEIRA IMPOSE PAR L'EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIEN) SPACE EVOLUTION OF THE SILTING OF OUBEIRA LAKE IMPOSED BY EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIAN) |trans-title=SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF THE SILTING OF OUBEIRA LAKE IMPOSED BY EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIAN) |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/37472 |journal=Le Journal de l'EAU et de l'Environnement |language=fr |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=28–42 |issn=2602-6724 |access-date=May 30, 2025}}</ref> waxayna ku fadhidaa bed dhan 2,000 oo hektar iyadoo qotadeeda celcelis ahaan ay tahay 1 mitir.<ref name=":1" /> Goobtu waxay qayb ka tahay dhul-qoyan weyn oo adag kaas oo gartay nidaam ciid-tuumo ah. Inkastoo ay tahay endorheic, haradu waxay ku xiran tahay [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]].<ref name=":0" /> Durdurka biyaha ee ugu weyn ee ku xiran Harada Oubeïra waa Oued Messida, kaas oo muujiya qaab qulqul xilliyeed ah: wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa harada dhanka Oued el Rebir xagaaga, halka xilliga qaboobahana uu u qulqulo jihada ka soo horjeeda.<ref name=":1" /> Isku-dheelitirnaanta u dhaxaysa u-uumi baxa iyo roobka ayaa ilaaliya sii jiritaanka harada. Baaxadda doox-biyoodka iyo tabarucaadka biyaha dhulka hoose xilliga [[dry season|jiilaalka/abaarta]] waxay gacan ka geystaan magcompensation-ka biyaha lumaya waxayna taageeraan sii socoshada harada.<ref name=":2" /> == Cimilada == Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Bada Dhexe]], oo lagu gartaa celcelis ahaan heerkulka sannadlaha ah oo ah 18.9 °C iyo xilli qallalan oo soconaya afar bilood. Janaayo waa bisha ugu qabow, Ogostona waa tan ugu kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu ka badan yahay 700 mm, iyadoo roobku uu ku urursan yahay dayrta iyo qaboobaha, waxana jira roob aad u yar inta lagu guda jiro mieqyada xagaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kadid |first1=Yamina |last2=Thébaud |first2=Gilles |last3=Pétel |first3=Gilles |last4=Abdelkrim |first4=Hacène |date=2007 |title=Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie |trans-title=Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |language=fr |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=597–599 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |bibcode=2007AcBG..154..597K |issn=1253-8078 |access-date=May 30, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Dhirta iyo duunyada == [[File:Flamants_roses._Phoenicopterus_roseus._Lac_des_Oiseaux._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg|left|thumb|Hanti-gorgor casaan ah (Pink flamingos) ee ku dhex yaal Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala.]] Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii deegaan muhiim ah dhirta biyaha, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ku ah Aljeeriya, sida [[Eleocharis dulcis|gogoshasada biyaha]] iyo [[Nuphar lutea|ubaxa biyaha ee jaalaha ah]].<ref name=":0" /> Haradu waxay taageertaa dad weyn oo kalluun kala duwan ah, oo ay ku jirto joogitaanka muhiimka ah ee [[Eel|kalluun-maska]]. Noocyada ka tirsan qoyska [[Mullet (fish)|Mugilidae]], sida [[Mugil cephalus]] iyo [[Liza ramada]], waxay si xilliyeed ah uga soo galaan harada dhanka badda iyagoo maraya kanaalka qulqulka badan. [[Common barbel|Kalluunka barbel-ka]] waxay ku ukun-shubaan Harada Oubeïra dhammaadka qaboobaha iyo bilowgiga gu'ga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analyse et developpement d'une exploitation lagunaire extensive: example du lac Mellah, Algerie |trans-title=Analysis and development of extensive lagoon farming: the example of Lake Mellah, Algeria |url=https://www.fao.org/4/af018f/AF018F13.htm |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=www.fao.org |language=fr}}</ref> Haradu waa deegaan ay ku nool yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiro buulal samaysta ah, oo ay ku jiraan noocyada deegaanka ah sida [[Western swamphen|shimbir-biyoodka guduudan]] iyo [[osprey|gorgorka kalluunka]], iyo noocyada u soo guura xilliga jiilaalka sida [[white-headed duck|buraashka madaxa-cad]], [[greylag goose|buraashka cirada leh]], iyo [[great cormorant|waada weyn]]. Noocyada qaarkood waxay halis ugu jiraan dabar-go' caalami ah. [[glossy ibis|Shimbirta dhalaalaysa ee ibis]] iyo [[greater flamingo|hantida weyn ee gogorka]] waxay joogaan sannadka oo dhan. Aaggu wuxuu sidoo kale taageeraa noocyada naasleyda ah, oo ay ku jirto [[otter|idaha biyaha]].<ref name=":0" /> Dadka deegaanka waxay ku dhaqmaan taranka xoolaha iyo beerashada dhulka ku xeeran.<ref name=":0" /> Harada waxaa lagu dhex abuuray [[carp|kalluunka carp]], waxana ku yaal steshin ku saabsan beerashada biyaha (aquaculture) oo ku yaal xeebta waqooyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Xigasho == <references /> {{Rivers of Algeria}}{{Portal|Algeria }} h0k56odj3sdh5rngiellva7tla9djfy 300449 300448 2026-06-30T14:18:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Lake | name = Harada Oubeïra | image = Lac Oubeira, Parc National d'El-Kala, El-Tarf.jpg | caption = Harada Oubeïra | area = | length = | type = [[Haro]] | coordinates = {{Coord|36|50|41|N|8|23|22|E|display=inline}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Réserve Intégrale du Lac Oubeïra {{!}} Service d'information sur les Sites Ramsar |trans-title=Oubeïra Lake Integral Reserve {{!}} Ramsar Site Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/280?language=fr |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=Ramsar |language=fr}}</ref> | location = [[El Kala]],<br>[[El Taref Province|El Taref]],<br>{{flag|Algeria}} | alt = Xeebta dhul biyo leh. }} '''Harada Oubeïra''' waa [[haro]] biyo macaan leh oo ku taal [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]] ee [[El Taref Province|Gobolka El Tarf]], [[Algeria]]. Waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay goob [[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] ah bishii Noofambar 4, 1983. Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii goob muhiim ah oo ay ku buulashaan noocyada shimbiraha ee [[North Africa|Woqooyiga Afrika]]. == Goobta == [[File:Plan_elkala.png|left|thumb|Waxay ku taal degmada [[El Kala]], Harada Oubeïra waa harada dhexe ee saddexda haro.]] Harada Oubeïra waa haro biyo macaan leh oo ku taal aagga bartamaha ee [[El Kala National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala]] ee Gobolka El Tarf, Algeria. Beertu waxay sidoo kale gartaa [[Lake Tonga|Harada Tonga]] oo ah dhul kale oo biyo macaan ah, iyo [[Lake Mellah|Harada El Mellah]] oo ah moryo cusbo leh. Sannadkii 1983, dhammaan saddexda haro waxaa loo aqoonsaday inay yihiin [[List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance|dhul-qoyan oo muhiimad caalami ah leh]] marka loo eego [[Ramsar Convention|Heshiiska Ramsar]] ee [[UNESCO]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Côte |first=Marc |title=Guide d'Algérie : paysages et patrimoine |date=1996 |publisher=Média-Plus |isbn=9961-9-2200-X |location=Algeria |pages=211 |language=fr |trans-title=Guide to Algeria: landscapes and heritage}}</ref> Harada Oubeïra waa haro [[Endorheic basin|endorheic (biyo-xireen dabiici ah)]] ah oo ku taal inta u dhaxaysa magaalada El Kala, ee waqooyi-bari Aljeeriya, iyo [[Algeria–Tunisia border|xadka Aljeeriya iyo Tunisia]], iyadoo jooggeedu yahay 23 mitir. Waxay leedahay qaab qiyaastii wareeg ah, hoos u siman oo ay dabooshay dhoobo cawl ah,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Alayat |first1=H |last2=Kherici |first2=N |last3=Lamouroux |first3=C |date=2009 |title=EVOLUTION SPATIALE DE L'ENVASEMENT DU LAC OUBEIRA IMPOSE PAR L'EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIEN) SPACE EVOLUTION OF THE SILTING OF OUBEIRA LAKE IMPOSED BY EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIAN) |trans-title=SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF THE SILTING OF OUBEIRA LAKE IMPOSED BY EROSION (EXTREME NE ALGERIAN) |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/37472 |journal=Le Journal de l'EAU et de l'Environnement |language=fr |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=28–42 |issn=2602-6724 |access-date=May 30, 2025}}</ref> waxayna ku fadhidaa bed dhan 2,000 oo hektar iyadoo qotadeeda celcelis ahaan ay tahay 1 mitir.<ref name=":1" /> Goobtu waxay qayb ka tahay dhul-qoyan weyn oo adag kaas oo gartay nidaam ciid-tuumo ah. Inkastoo ay tahay endorheic, haradu waxay ku xiran tahay [[Mediterranean Sea|Bada Dhexe]].<ref name=":0" /> Durdurka biyaha ee ugu weyn ee ku xiran Harada Oubeïra waa Oued Messida, kaas oo muujiya qaab qulqul xilliyeed ah: wuxuu ka soo qulqulaa harada dhanka Oued el Rebir xagaaga, halka xilliga qaboobahana uu u qulqulo jihada ka soo horjeeda.<ref name=":1" /> Isku-dheelitirnaanta u dhaxaysa u-uumi baxa iyo roobka ayaa ilaaliya sii jiritaanka harada. Baaxadda doox-biyoodka iyo tabarucaadka biyaha dhulka hoose xilliga [[dry season|jiilaalka/abaarta]] waxay gacan ka geystaan magcompensation-ka biyaha lumaya waxayna taageeraan sii socoshada harada.<ref name=":2" /> == Cimilada == Gobolku wuxuu leeyahay [[Mediterranean climate|cimilada Bada Dhexe]], oo lagu gartaa celcelis ahaan heerkulka sannadlaha ah oo ah 18.9 °C iyo xilli qallalan oo soconaya afar bilood. Janaayo waa bisha ugu qabow, Ogostona waa tan ugu kulul. Roobka sannadlaha ah wuxuu ka badan yahay 700 mm, iyadoo roobku uu ku urursan yahay dayrta iyo qaboobaha, waxana jira roob aad u yar inta lagu guda jiro mieqyada xagaaga.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kadid |first1=Yamina |last2=Thébaud |first2=Gilles |last3=Pétel |first3=Gilles |last4=Abdelkrim |first4=Hacène |date=2007 |title=Les communautés végétales aquatiques de la classe des Potametea du lac Tonga, El-Kala, Algérie |trans-title=Aquatic plant communities of the Potametea class in Lake Tonga, El-Kala, Algeria |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |journal=Acta Botanica Gallica |language=fr |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=597–599 |doi=10.1080/12538078.2007.10516082 |bibcode=2007AcBG..154..597K |issn=1253-8078 |access-date=May 30, 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Dhirta iyo duunyada == [[File:Flamants_roses._Phoenicopterus_roseus._Lac_des_Oiseaux._Mahieddine_Boumendjel.jpg|left|thumb|Hanti-gorgor casaan ah (Pink flamingos) ee ku dhex yaal Beerta Qaranka ee El-Kala.]] Haradu waxay u adeegtaa sidii deegaan muhiim ah dhirta biyaha, oo ay ku jiraan noocyo dhif ku ah Aljeeriya, sida [[Eleocharis dulcis|gogoshasada biyaha]] iyo [[Nuphar lutea|ubaxa biyaha ee jaalaha ah]].<ref name=":0" /> Haradu waxay taageertaa dad weyn oo kalluun kala duwan ah, oo ay ku jirto joogitaanka muhiimka ah ee [[Eel|kalluun-maska]]. Noocyada ka tirsan qoyska [[Mullet (fish)|Mugilidae]], sida [[Mugil cephalus]] iyo [[Liza ramada]], waxay si xilliyeed ah uga soo galaan harada dhanka badda iyagoo maraya kanaalka qulqulka badan. [[Common barbel|Kalluunka barbel-ka]] waxay ku ukun-shubaan Harada Oubeïra dhammaadka qaboobaha iyo bilowgiga gu'ga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analyse et developpement d'une exploitation lagunaire extensive: example du lac Mellah, Algerie |trans-title=Analysis and development of extensive lagoon farming: the example of Lake Mellah, Algeria |url=https://www.fao.org/4/af018f/AF018F13.htm |access-date=May 30, 2025 |website=www.fao.org |language=fr}}</ref> Haradu waa deegaan ay ku nool yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo shimbiro buulal samaysta ah, oo ay ku jiraan noocyada deegaanka ah sida [[Western swamphen|shimbir-biyoodka guduudan]] iyo [[osprey|gorgorka kalluunka]], iyo noocyada u soo guura xilliga jiilaalka sida [[white-headed duck|buraashka madaxa-cad]], [[greylag goose|buraashka cirada leh]], iyo [[great cormorant|waada weyn]]. Noocyada qaarkood waxay halis ugu jiraan dabar-go' caalami ah. [[glossy ibis|Shimbirta dhalaalaysa ee ibis]] iyo [[greater flamingo|hantida weyn ee gogorka]] waxay joogaan sannadka oo dhan. Aaggu wuxuu sidoo kale taageeraa noocyada naasleyda ah, oo ay ku jirto [[otter|idaha biyaha]].<ref name=":0" /> Dadka deegaanka waxay ku dhaqmaan taranka xoolaha iyo beerashada dhulka ku xeeran.<ref name=":0" /> Harada waxaa lagu dhex abuuray [[carp|kalluunka carp]], waxana ku yaal steshin ku saabsan beerashada biyaha (aquaculture) oo ku yaal xeebta waqooyi.<ref name=":1" /> == Xigasho == <references /> {{Rivers of Algeria}}{{Portal|Algeria }} 2nykk8tbo50122jjam6gjknbh8i0isn 0 48447 300450 2026-06-30T14:21:59Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Akfadou | image = Lac de Ugelmim Yiker entre Akfadou et Chemini (Béjaïa).jpg | location = [[Kabylia]], {{Flag|Algeria}} | inflow = [[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]] | coordinates = {{coordinates|36.6963711|N|4.6027409|E|display=inline}} | cities = [[Adekar District|Degmada Adekar]] [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Gobolka Tizi Ouzou]] – [[Béjaïa]] | basin_countries = [[Algeria]] | alt = Dhul biyo leh oo ay ku xeeran yihiin buuro baraf leh xaga gadaal. }} '''Harada Akfadou''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harada Madow''', waxay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Djurdjura Mountains|Buuraha Djurdjura]], ee ku dhex yaal xudduudda [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. Waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa gobollada [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]] ee [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]]. == Guudmar == Harada Madow, oo deegaanka ahaan looga yaqaano [[Berber languages|luqadaha Berber-ka]] "Oqlimim Afrakan", waxay ku taal Kaynta Akfadou, iyadoo aad ugu dhow Waddada Qaranka 34. Waxay caan ku tahay badnaanta geedaha [[Oak|oak-ga]].<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281 Djazairess : Tizi-Ouzou / Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140046/http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281 Archived] February 02, 2017 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Oqlimim Afrakan waxay ku taal joog sare oo ah 1,200 oo mitir, waana goob ay jecel yihiin dalxiisayaasha dabeecadda jecel ee raadinaya inay ka baxsadaan nolosha magaalada si ay u helaan xasillooni.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883 About : The Black Lake of Akfadou, the Jewel of the Djerjara, is an eye-catching gem] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135745/http://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Haradan oo baaxaddeedu tahay 3 hektar, qotadeeduna ay tahay qiyaastii 1 mitir, waxay ka tarjumaysaa midabo badan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah buluugga cirka, caddaan ka timaada daruuraha, iyo cagaar madow oo ka dhashay geedaha oak-ga ee ku xeeran dhinac kasta.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/34295 Interesting : Recreational space and neglected forest wealth] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135014/http://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/34295 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Caqabad dadku sameeyeen ayaa laga dhisay hal dhinac oo harada ah si loo ilaaliyo heerka biyaha oo gaar ah. Waxaa jira geedo qayb ahaan ku dhex qumay harada dhexdeeda.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/regions/45395-vir%C3%A9e-au-lac-noir-de-l%E2%80%99akfadou-une-invitation-au-repos-reportage Algérie Presse Service - Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202074324/http://www.aps.dz/regions/45395-vir%C3%A9e-au-lac-noir-de-l%E2%80%99akfadou-une-invitation-au-repos-reportage Archived] February 2, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Gaadiidka, oo ay ku jiraan baabuurta iyo basaska yaryar, ayaa la dhigaa meel u dhow harada ka dib marka loo isticmaalo qaadista dalxiisayaasha ka imanaya gobollada deriska ah kuwaas oo u yimaada inay ku dalxiisaan hareeraheeda. Qoysaska, kooxaha saaxiibada ah, iyo dadka lugeynaya waxay hoos ka raadsadaan gabbaad kulaylka hadoska geedaha ee aagga.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/340548 About : The "Black Lake" in the Akvado Forest. A virgin nature that enchants visitors] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135815/http://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/340548 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Waxa kale oo jira raamo boodbooda oo deggan aagga. Jirid geed oo ku dhacday biyaha dhexdeeda ayaa haysta qorratada weyn oo booqdayaashu u yaqaanaan "dinosaur." Tani waa mid ka mid ah khuraafaadka Oqlimim Afrakan. Goobta [[Archaeology|arkeolojiga]] ee tuulada Mahaqa, oo dib u dhacday [[Roman era|Xilligii Roomaanka]] ama xilli ka sii weyn, oo deegaanka ahaan loo yaqaano "Akham Ojhali", waxay ka dhigan tahay waxyaabaha xiisaha leh ee arkeolojiga iyo taariikhda kuwaas oo sirtoodu ay weli u dhiman tahay in ay kashifaan saynisyahannadu.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/32971-%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 A tour to the Black Lake in Akvado: An invitation to rest] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091522/http://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/32971-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9/ Archived] 2020-08-19 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Astaamaha == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | |- !01 |Gobollada |[[Tizi Ouzou Province|Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] |- !02 |Isuduwaha |36.6963711°N 4.6027409°E |- !03 |Joogga |1,200&nbsp;m (3,937&nbsp;ft) |- !04 |Dhererka |200&nbsp;m (656&nbsp;ft) |- !05 |Ballaca |150 m (492 feet) |- !06 |Bedka |3 ha (7.413 acres) |- !07 |Qotada |1 m (39 inches) |} == Kala-duwanaanshaha Deegaanka == === Geedaha === Noocyo kala duwan oo geedo ah ayaa ku barwaaqooba hareeraha Harada Akfadou.<ref>http://www.jle.com/download/sec-266541-diversite_floristique_de_la_kabylie_des_babors_algerie_--WicTlH8AAQEAAA-SwUsAAAAK-a.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091514/http://www.jle.com/download/sec-266541-diversite_floristique_de_la_kabylie_des_babors_algerie_--WicTlH8AAQEAAA-SwUsAAAAK-a.pdf/ Archived] 2020-08-19 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref><gallery> File:Abies numidica 02 by Line1.jpg|[[Abies numidica]] File:Picea abies.jpg|[[Fir]] File:Pinus sylvestris Glenmuick.jpg|[[Pinus sylvestris]] File:Pins d'alep.jpeg|[[Pinus halepensis]] File:Forest in Bulgaria near Dundukovo dam.jpg|[[Pinus nigra]] File:Crw 1691-web.jpg|Coultry pine File:R'as Al-matn pine forest-Lebanon.jpg|[[Stone pine]] File:Khénifra-cèdre.jpeg|[[Cedrus atlantica]] File:Cork Trees Ubrique.jpg|[[Quercus suber]] File:Grib skov.jpg|[[Fagus sylvatica]] </gallery> === Deerada Barbary === [[File:Cervus elaphus barbarus, Tierpark Berlin, 523-629.jpg|thumb|[[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]]]] [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] ama deerada Atlas waxay u dhalatay aagga Akvado, oo ku yaal u dhow Harada Madow. Waxaa lagu gartaa jidhkeeda yar iyo jaakad midab bunni madow ah, oo lagu gartaa calaamado caddaan ah oo ku yaal dhabarka.<ref>[https://www.ennaharonline.com/ar/specialpages/societe/197585-%D8%AC%D9%8... Efforts to save the Barbary deer from extinction at the hands of poachers] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170207175133/http://www.ennaharonline.com/ar/specialpages/societe/197585-%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86.html Archived] February 07, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Waa xubinta keliya ee kooxda deerada ee u dhalatay Aljeeriya, iyadoo muujisa doorbidid deegaan qoyan oo cufan iyo kaymo u eg Dhulka Sare ee Akvado.<ref>[https://www.echoroukonline.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%b6-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d4%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d9%87%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7 Animals are going extinct in Algeria: This is how Barbary deer and gazelles escape to Tunisia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003416/https://www.echoroukonline.com/ara/articles/38775.html Archived] November 13, 2017, at Wayback Machine.</ref> Noocan waxaa loo tixgeliyey inuu halis ku jiro sababtoo ah ugaarsiga hilibkiisa, maqaarkiisa, iyo iibinta geesahiisa, taas oo ganti ka geysatay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid dadkiisa ilaa ay qarka u fuushay inay dabar-go'do sannadkii 2004.<ref>[https://www.ummto.dz/ Accueil-Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224806/http://www.ummto.dz/IMG/pdf/memoire_Cerf_de_Berberie.pdf Archived] May 15, 2013, at Wayback Machine.</ref> Waxqabadka dib loogu soo celinayo deerada Barbary ee Aljeeriya wuxuu ku bilowday raritaanka laba deero oo Barbary ah iyo ubadkooda oo ay sameeyeen Waaxda Kaymaha ee Aljeeriya iyadoo laka kaashanayo Xidhibaanada Horumarinta Ugaarsiga ee Zeralda, oo ku taal gobolka Taras ee joogga sare leh dhexdeeda degmada Zeitouna. Goobta dib loogu soo celiyay waxay dabooshaa bed qiyaastii konton hektar ah.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035744/http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035744/http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf.] [https://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf Archived] from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-02.</ref> Deerada waxaa ugaarsan jiray dhowr nooc, oo ay ku jiraan [[Barbary lion|libaaxa Barbary]], shabeelka Afrika, iyo [[Atlas bear|orayga Atlas]]. Kan dambe hadda waa dabar-go'ay, kan horena wuxuu ku dabar-go'ay duurka, kan kalena wuxuu ku jiraa xaalad halis ah oo [[Endangered species|dabar-go' ah]]. [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] waa nooc caws-cun ah oo ku qudha khudaarta iyo dhirta. Waxay degtaa kaymaha oak-ga iyo cork-ga. Muddada uurku waa qiyaastii siddeed bilood, iyadoo dhalmada ay dhacdo dhexda Abriil iyo Juun. Sannadihii u dambeeyay, [[Algeria]] waxay bilowday tallaabooyin lagu fududeynayo dib u soo celinta noocan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah abuuritaanka Xidhibaanada Kalluumeysiga ee Zeralda, oo mas'uul ka ah la socodka iyo kor u qaadista xaaladahooda nololeed, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay ka hortagga dabar-go'a. Intaa waxaa dheer, deegaan-ilaalin ah ayaa loo qoondeeyay ujeedada barashada deerada Barbary, afar deerona waxaa laga soo qaatay xeryo xayawaan oo kala duwan iyo afar kale oo laga soo qaatay deegaan-ilaalinta Mascara iyo El Kalaa. Ka dib, waxay dhashay qiyaastii 21 shakhsi, kuwaas oo qaarkood loo isticmaalay dib u soo celinta deerada ee Kaynta Akfadou, oo ah deegaankeeda dabiiciga ah. Natiijooyinka waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhiirogelin leh, sida ay muujisay dhalashada saddex weylood oo %100/100 duurjoog ah. === Daanyeerka Barbary === [[File:Barbary Macaque.jpg|thumb|[[Barbary macaque|Daanyeerka Barbary]]]] [[Barbary macaque|Daanyeerka Barbary]] waa nooc degan hareeraha Harada Madow. Waxaa la arkay isagoo u soo dhiirranaya waddooyinka iyo aagagga dadku deggan yihiin si uu cunto u raadsado. Si looga jawaabo khatarta ku wajahan noocan, dawladda Aljeeriya waxay hirgelisay tallaabooyin taxane ah oo loogu talagalay ilaalinta sii jiritaankiisa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah ku rakibidda calaamado aagagga uu xayawaanku aadka u joogo, iyadoo laga niyad-jabinayo quudinta maguey-ga lana mamnuucayo tarankooda. Tani waxay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in cuntooyinka qaarkood ee la siiyo daanyeerka ay keeni karaan dhimasho. Intaa waxaa dheer, dawladda Aljeeriya waxay bilowday abuuritaanka dhowr deegaan-ilaalin dabiici ah halkaas oo ay ku yaalaan dad muhiim ah oo noocan ah, oo ay ku jiraan Beerta Qaranka ee Taza iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Goraya oo eegaysa Gacanka [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], iyo sidoo kale [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. === Naasleyda kale === {{Main|Wildlife of Algeria|List of mammals of Algeria}} Laba iyo labaatan nooc oo [[mammal|naasley]] ah ayaa la arkay inay isugu y someeyaan hareeraha Harada Madow ee Akfadou ujeedada helitaanka cunto.<gallery> File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor (cropped).jpg|[[Wild boar|Doofaarka duurka]] File:Sylvilagus floridanus.jpg|[[Rabbit|Bakeyle]] File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2. Tasmanian 2.jpg|[[European rabbit|Bakeylaha Yurub]] File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|[[Least weasel]] File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|[[Common genet]] File:Erizo moruno (Atelerix algirus).jpg|[[North African hedgehog|Deyrabka Waqooyiga Afrika]] File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|[[Porcupine|Caana-qub]] File:AfricanWildCat.jpg|[[Wildcat|Mukulaal duurjoog ah]] File:Golden wolf small.jpg|[[African wolf|Yeyda Afrika]] File:Fox at the British Wildlife Centre, Newchapel, Surrey - geograph.org.uk - 2221750.jpg|[[Red fox|Dawaco cas]] File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|[[Mongoose|Shulug]] File:Tympanoctomys barrerae.jpg|[[Plains viscacha rat]] </gallery> == Goobta == Harada Akfadou waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa gobollada Aljeeriya ee [[Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], iyadoo aad ugu dhow isbaddalka [[Soummam River|Dooxada Soummam]]. Jagadeeda dhexdeeda Kaynta Akfadou waxay ka dhigaysaa meel xeeladeysan oo faa'iido leh dhexdeeda [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. Haradu waxay ku taal 43 kiiloomitir galbeedka [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] iyo 50 kiiloomitir bari ka xigta [[Tizi Ouzou]], iyadoo Buurta Akfadou, oo 7 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed u jirta, ay tahay gogol-xaar.<ref>[http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax# "TerraServer - Viewer Aerial Photos & Satellite Images - The Leader In Online Imagery". terraserver.com]. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax original] on 2016-03-10. Accessed April 27, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax Archived] March 10, 2016 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Haradu waxay ku dhex taal degmada [[Adekar]], oo ku dhex taal [[Adekar district|degmada Adekar]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140119111506/http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=36.734180&ln=3.141158&z=1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all "Panoramio - Photos of the World". panoramio.com.] Archived from the original on 2019-04-20. Accessed April 27, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140119111506/http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=36.734180&ln=3.141158&z=1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all Archived] January 19, 2014 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> {{Adjacent communities|North-east=Waddada Qaranka 24 (Algiers) [[Gouraya National Park]]|North=Waddada Qaranka 12 (Algiers) Bada Dhexe Kaynta Tigrin, Kaynta Sidi Issa, Kaynta Taqsept|North-west=Buurta Tamgut, Kaynta Tamgut.|EAST=Waddada Qaranka 26 (Algeria), Waddada Qaranka 75 (Algeria).|WEST=Kaynta Ekoran, [[Rajaouna]], Waddada Qaranka 34 (Algeria), Waddada Qaranka 34.|Center=Harada Akfadou|South-east=[[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]]|South=Buurta Akfadou|South-west=Kaynta Akfadou, [[Djurdjura National Park]], [[Lalla Khedidja]]}} == Xigasho == {{reflist}} === Xiriirinta === * [http://www.mre.dz/ Wasaaradda Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Aljeeriya.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310055459/http://www.mre.dz/ |date=2018-03-10 }} nzfyep5wx93lv0d8uk1avc2o5kyej1p 300496 300450 2026-07-01T01:15:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Akfadou | image = Lac de Ugelmim Yiker entre Akfadou et Chemini (Béjaïa).jpg | location = [[Kabylia]], {{Flag|Algeria}} | inflow = [[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]] | coordinates = {{coordinates|36.6963711|N|4.6027409|E|display=inline}} | cities = [[Adekar District|Degmada Adekar]] [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Gobolka Tizi Ouzou]] – [[Béjaïa]] | basin_countries = [[Algeria]] | alt = Dhul biyo leh oo ay ku xeeran yihiin buuro baraf leh xaga gadaal. }} '''Harada Akfadou''', oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Harada Madow''', waxay ku taal dhexdeeda [[Djurdjura Mountains|Buuraha Djurdjura]], ee ku dhex yaal xudduudda [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. Waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa gobollada [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]] ee [[Tizi Ouzou Province|Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]]. == Guudmar == Harada Madow, oo deegaanka ahaan looga yaqaano [[Berber languages|luqadaha Berber-ka]] "Oqlimim Afrakan", waxay ku taal Kaynta Akfadou, iyadoo aad ugu dhow Waddada Qaranka 34. Waxay caan ku tahay badnaanta geedaha [[Oak|oak-ga]].<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281 Djazairess : Tizi-Ouzou / Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202140046/http://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemaghreb/78281 Archived] February 02, 2017 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Oqlimim Afrakan waxay ku taal joog sare oo ah 1,200 oo mitir, waana goob ay jecel yihiin dalxiisayaasha dabeecadda jecel ee raadinaya inay ka baxsadaan nolosha magaalada si ay u helaan xasillooni.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883 About : The Black Lake of Akfadou, the Jewel of the Djerjara, is an eye-catching gem] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135745/http://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/188883 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Haradan oo baaxaddeedu tahay 3 hektar, qotadeeduna ay tahay qiyaastii 1 mitir, waxay ka tarjumaysaa midabo badan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah buluugga cirka, caddaan ka timaada daruuraha, iyo cagaar madow oo ka dhashay geedaha oak-ga ee ku xeeran dhinac kasta.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/34295 Interesting : Recreational space and neglected forest wealth] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135014/http://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/34295 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Caqabad dadku sameeyeen ayaa laga dhisay hal dhinac oo harada ah si loo ilaaliyo heerka biyaha oo gaar ah. Waxaa jira geedo qayb ahaan ku dhex qumay harada dhexdeeda.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/regions/45395-vir%C3%A9e-au-lac-noir-de-l%E2%80%99akfadou-une-invitation-au-repos-reportage Algérie Presse Service - Virée au Lac Noir de l'Akfadou : une invitation au repos] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202074324/http://www.aps.dz/regions/45395-vir%C3%A9e-au-lac-noir-de-l%E2%80%99akfadou-une-invitation-au-repos-reportage Archived] February 2, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Gaadiidka, oo ay ku jiraan baabuurta iyo basaska yaryar, ayaa la dhigaa meel u dhow harada ka dib marka loo isticmaalo qaadista dalxiisayaasha ka imanaya gobollada deriska ah kuwaas oo u yimaada inay ku dalxiisaan hareeraheeda. Qoysaska, kooxaha saaxiibada ah, iyo dadka lugeynaya waxay hoos ka raadsadaan gabbaad kulaylka hadoska geedaha ee aagga.<ref>[https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/340548 About : The "Black Lake" in the Akvado Forest. A virgin nature that enchants visitors] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135815/http://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/340548 Archived] February 02, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Waxa kale oo jira raamo boodbooda oo deggan aagga. Jirid geed oo ku dhacday biyaha dhexdeeda ayaa haysta qorratada weyn oo booqdayaashu u yaqaanaan "dinosaur." Tani waa mid ka mid ah khuraafaadka Oqlimim Afrakan. Goobta [[Archaeology|arkeolojiga]] ee tuulada Mahaqa, oo dib u dhacday [[Roman era|Xilligii Roomaanka]] ama xilli ka sii weyn, oo deegaanka ahaan loo yaqaano "Akham Ojhali", waxay ka dhigan tahay waxyaabaha xiisaha leh ee arkeolojiga iyo taariikhda kuwaas oo sirtoodu ay weli u dhiman tahay in ay kashifaan saynisyahannadu.<ref>[https://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/32971-%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9 A tour to the Black Lake in Akvado: An invitation to rest] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091522/http://www.aps.dz/ar/regions/32971-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88-%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9/ Archived] 2020-08-19 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> == Astaamaha == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | ! scope="col" | |- !01 |Gobollada |[[Tizi Ouzou Province|Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] |- !02 |Isuduwaha |36.6963711°N 4.6027409°E |- !03 |Joogga |1,200&nbsp;m (3,937&nbsp;ft) |- !04 |Dhererka |200&nbsp;m (656&nbsp;ft) |- !05 |Ballaca |150 m (492 feet) |- !06 |Bedka |3 ha (7.413 acres) |- !07 |Qotada |1 m (39 inches) |} == Kala-duwanaanshaha Deegaanka == === Geedaha === Noocyo kala duwan oo geedo ah ayaa ku barwaaqooba hareeraha Harada Akfadou.<ref>http://www.jle.com/download/sec-266541-diversite_floristique_de_la_kabylie_des_babors_algerie_--WicTlH8AAQEAAA-SwUsAAAAK-a.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20200819091514/http://www.jle.com/download/sec-266541-diversite_floristique_de_la_kabylie_des_babors_algerie_--WicTlH8AAQEAAA-SwUsAAAAK-a.pdf/ Archived] 2020-08-19 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref><gallery> File:Abies numidica 02 by Line1.jpg|[[Abies numidica]] File:Picea abies.jpg|[[Fir]] File:Pinus sylvestris Glenmuick.jpg|[[Pinus sylvestris]] File:Pins d'alep.jpeg|[[Pinus halepensis]] File:Forest in Bulgaria near Dundukovo dam.jpg|[[Pinus nigra]] File:Crw 1691-web.jpg|Coultry pine File:R'as Al-matn pine forest-Lebanon.jpg|[[Stone pine]] File:Khénifra-cèdre.jpeg|[[Cedrus atlantica]] File:Cork Trees Ubrique.jpg|[[Quercus suber]] File:Grib skov.jpg|[[Fagus sylvatica]] </gallery> === Deerada Barbary === [[File:Cervus elaphus barbarus, Tierpark Berlin, 523-629.jpg|thumb|[[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]]]] [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] ama deerada Atlas waxay u dhalatay aagga Akvado, oo ku yaal u dhow Harada Madow. Waxaa lagu gartaa jidhkeeda yar iyo jaakad midab bunni madow ah, oo lagu gartaa calaamado caddaan ah oo ku yaal dhabarka.<ref>[https://www.ennaharonline.com/ar/specialpages/societe/197585-%D8%AC%D9%8... Efforts to save the Barbary deer from extinction at the hands of poachers] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170207175133/http://www.ennaharonline.com/ar/specialpages/societe/197585-%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86.html Archived] February 07, 2017, at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Waa xubinta keliya ee kooxda deerada ee u dhalatay Aljeeriya, iyadoo muujisa doorbidid deegaan qoyan oo cufan iyo kaymo u eg Dhulka Sare ee Akvado.<ref>[https://www.echoroukonline.com/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%b6-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d4%ac%d8%b2%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1-%d9%87%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7 Animals are going extinct in Algeria: This is how Barbary deer and gazelles escape to Tunisia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003416/https://www.echoroukonline.com/ara/articles/38775.html Archived] November 13, 2017, at Wayback Machine.</ref> Noocan waxaa loo tixgeliyey inuu halis ku jiro sababtoo ah ugaarsiga hilibkiisa, maqaarkiisa, iyo iibinta geesahiisa, taas oo ganti ka geysatay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid dadkiisa ilaa ay qarka u fuushay inay dabar-go'do sannadkii 2004.<ref>[https://www.ummto.dz/ Accueil-Université Mouloud Mammeri de Tizi Ouzou] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224806/http://www.ummto.dz/IMG/pdf/memoire_Cerf_de_Berberie.pdf Archived] May 15, 2013, at Wayback Machine.</ref> Waxqabadka dib loogu soo celinayo deerada Barbary ee Aljeeriya wuxuu ku bilowday raritaanka laba deero oo Barbary ah iyo ubadkooda oo ay sameeyeen Waaxda Kaymaha ee Aljeeriya iyadoo laka kaashanayo Xidhibaanada Horumarinta Ugaarsiga ee Zeralda, oo ku taal gobolka Taras ee joogga sare leh dhexdeeda degmada Zeitouna. Goobta dib loogu soo celiyay waxay dabooshaa bed qiyaastii konton hektar ah.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035744/http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf. https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035744/http://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf.] [https://www.univ-bejaia.dz/documents/sortie%20ver%20lac%20noir.pdf Archived] from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-02.</ref> Deerada waxaa ugaarsan jiray dhowr nooc, oo ay ku jiraan [[Barbary lion|libaaxa Barbary]], shabeelka Afrika, iyo [[Atlas bear|orayga Atlas]]. Kan dambe hadda waa dabar-go'ay, kan horena wuxuu ku dabar-go'ay duurka, kan kalena wuxuu ku jiraa xaalad halis ah oo [[Endangered species|dabar-go' ah]]. [[Barbary stag|Deerada Barbary]] waa nooc caws-cun ah oo ku qudha khudaarta iyo dhirta. Waxay degtaa kaymaha oak-ga iyo cork-ga. Muddada uurku waa qiyaastii siddeed bilood, iyadoo dhalmada ay dhacdo dhexda Abriil iyo Juun. Sannadihii u dambeeyay, [[Algeria]] waxay bilowday tallaabooyin lagu fududeynayo dib u soo celinta noocan. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah abuuritaanka Xidhibaanada Kalluumeysiga ee Zeralda, oo mas'uul ka ah la socodka iyo kor u qaadista xaaladahooda nololeed, iyadoo ujeedadu tahay ka hortagga dabar-go'a. Intaa waxaa dheer, deegaan-ilaalin ah ayaa loo qoondeeyay ujeedada barashada deerada Barbary, afar deerona waxaa laga soo qaatay xeryo xayawaan oo kala duwan iyo afar kale oo laga soo qaatay deegaan-ilaalinta Mascara iyo El Kalaa. Ka dib, waxay dhashay qiyaastii 21 shakhsi, kuwaas oo qaarkood loo isticmaalay dib u soo celinta deerada ee Kaynta Akfadou, oo ah deegaankeeda dabiiciga ah. Natiijooyinka waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhiirogelin leh, sida ay muujisay dhalashada saddex weylood oo %100/100 duurjoog ah. === Daanyeerka Barbary === [[File:Barbary Macaque.jpg|thumb|[[Barbary macaque|Daanyeerka Barbary]]]] [[Barbary macaque|Daanyeerka Barbary]] waa nooc degan hareeraha Harada Madow. Waxaa la arkay isagoo u soo dhiirranaya waddooyinka iyo aagagga dadku deggan yihiin si uu cunto u raadsado. Si looga jawaabo khatarta ku wajahan noocan, dawladda Aljeeriya waxay hirgelisay tallaabooyin taxane ah oo loogu talagalay ilaalinta sii jiritaankiisa. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah ku rakibidda calaamado aagagga uu xayawaanku aadka u joogo, iyadoo laga niyad-jabinayo quudinta maguey-ga lana mamnuucayo tarankooda. Tani waxay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in cuntooyinka qaarkood ee la siiyo daanyeerka ay keeni karaan dhimasho. Intaa waxaa dheer, dawladda Aljeeriya waxay bilowday abuuritaanka dhowr deegaan-ilaalin dabiici ah halkaas oo ay ku yaalaan dad muhiim ah oo noocan ah, oo ay ku jiraan Beerta Qaranka ee Taza iyo Beerta Qaranka ee Goraya oo eegaysa Gacanka [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], iyo sidoo kale [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. === Naasleyda kale === {{Main|Wildlife of Algeria|List of mammals of Algeria}} Laba iyo labaatan nooc oo [[mammal|naasley]] ah ayaa la arkay inay isugu y someeyaan hareeraha Harada Madow ee Akfadou ujeedada helitaanka cunto.<gallery> File:Wildschwein, Nähe Pulverstampftor (cropped).jpg|[[Wild boar|Doofaarka duurka]] File:Sylvilagus floridanus.jpg|[[Rabbit|Bakeyle]] File:Oryctolagus cuniculus Tasmania 2. Tasmanian 2.jpg|[[European rabbit|Bakeylaha Yurub]] File:Mustela nivalis -British Wildlife Centre-4.jpg|[[Least weasel]] File:Genetta genetta felina (Wroclaw zoo).JPG|[[Common genet]] File:Erizo moruno (Atelerix algirus).jpg|[[North African hedgehog|Deyrabka Waqooyiga Afrika]] File:Porcupine Berlin Zoo.jpg|[[Porcupine|Caana-qub]] File:AfricanWildCat.jpg|[[Wildcat|Mukulaal duurjoog ah]] File:Golden wolf small.jpg|[[African wolf|Yeyda Afrika]] File:Fox at the British Wildlife Centre, Newchapel, Surrey - geograph.org.uk - 2221750.jpg|[[Red fox|Dawaco cas]] File:Dwarf mongoose Korkeasaari zoo.jpg|[[Mongoose|Shulug]] File:Tympanoctomys barrerae.jpg|[[Plains viscacha rat]] </gallery> == Goobta == Harada Akfadou waxay ku taal inta u dhaxaysa gobollada Aljeeriya ee [[Tizi Ouzou]] iyo [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]], iyadoo aad ugu dhow isbaddalka [[Soummam River|Dooxada Soummam]]. Jagadeeda dhexdeeda Kaynta Akfadou waxay ka dhigaysaa meel xeeladeysan oo faa'iido leh dhexdeeda [[Djurdjura National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Djurdjura]]. Haradu waxay ku taal 43 kiiloomitir galbeedka [[Béjaïa Province|Béjaïa]] iyo 50 kiiloomitir bari ka xigta [[Tizi Ouzou]], iyadoo Buurta Akfadou, oo 7 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed u jirta, ay tahay gogol-xaar.<ref>[http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax# "TerraServer - Viewer Aerial Photos & Satellite Images - The Leader In Online Imagery". terraserver.com]. Archived from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax original] on 2016-03-10. Accessed April 27, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160310203947/http://www.terraserver.com/view.asp?cx=3.6201279&cy=36.7228968&proj=4326&mpp=1&sdrt=jax Archived] March 10, 2016 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> Haradu waxay ku dhex taal degmada [[Adekar]], oo ku dhex taal [[Adekar district|degmada Adekar]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140119111506/http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=36.734180&ln=3.141158&z=1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all "Panoramio - Photos of the World". panoramio.com.] Archived from the original on 2019-04-20. Accessed April 27, 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140119111506/http://www.panoramio.com/map/#lt=36.734180&ln=3.141158&z=1&k=2&a=1&tab=1&pl=all Archived] January 19, 2014 at [[Wayback Machine]].</ref> {{Adjacent communities|North-east=Waddada Qaranka 24 (Algiers) [[Gouraya National Park]]|North=Waddada Qaranka 12 (Algiers) Bada Dhexe Kaynta Tigrin, Kaynta Sidi Issa, Kaynta Taqsept|North-west=Buurta Tamgut, Kaynta Tamgut.|EAST=Waddada Qaranka 26 (Algeria), Waddada Qaranka 75 (Algeria).|WEST=Kaynta Ekoran, [[Rajaouna]], Waddada Qaranka 34 (Algeria), Waddada Qaranka 34.|Center=Harada Akfadou|South-east=[[Soummam River|Webiga Soummam]]|South=Buurta Akfadou|South-west=Kaynta Akfadou, [[Djurdjura National Park]], [[Lalla Khedidja]]}} == Xigasho == {{reflist}} === Xiriirinta === * [http://www.mre.dz/ Wasaaradda Kheyraadka Biyaha ee Aljeeriya.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mre.dz/ |date=20180310055459 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310055459/http://www.mre.dz/ |date=2018-03-10 }} rdslpugfu6dhwt1oscsd92jjqkv55n2 0 48448 300451 2026-06-30T14:25:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Harada Fetzara | image = Lake of Fetzara.jpg | location = Waqooyi-bari ee [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]], Koonfur-bari ee magaalada [[Annaba]] | coords = {{Coord|36|47|N|7|31|E|display=inline,title}} | basin_countries = Algeria | length = {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}} |pushpin_map=Algeria | area = {{convert|206.80|km2|abbr=on}} |embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Lac Fetzara | designation1_date = 4 June 2003 | designation1_number = 1299<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lac Fetzara|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1299|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Harada Fetzara''' waxay ku taal waqooyi-bari ee [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]], {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}} koonfur-bari ee magaalada [[Annaba]]. Waxay cabirkeedu yahay {{convert|17|km|abbr=on}} bari ilaa galbeed iyo {{Convert|13|km|abbr=on}} waqooyi ilaa koonfur, iyadoo bedkeedu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|18600|ha|acre}}. Waxaa si rasmi ah loogu aqoonsaday aag "Ramsar" ah, taas oo ku lug leh ilaalinta goobtan. Dhowr daraasadood ayaa lagu sameeyay biyaha iyo carada gobolka Fetzara [1-7]. Daraasadan waxaa loo sameeyay in lagula socdo cusbada iyo in lagu muujiyo asalkooda iyo arrimaha xukuma. Ujeedada ugu weyn ee daraasaddan waxay ahayd in lagu qiimeeyo sifooyinka carada Harada Fetzara ee ay saameeyeen ifafaalaha [[Soil salinity|burburinta carada ee cusbada]] iyo in lagu barto isbeddelkooda marka loo eego qotada. Muunadaha waxaa laga qaaday labada lakab ee ugu horreeya (0–20&nbsp;cm iyo 20–40&nbsp;cm) sideed dhibic oo ku wareegsan Harada Fetzara, iyadoo guud ahaan ay noqonayso 16 muunadood. Natiijooyinka falanqaynta ayaa muujinaya in [[soil salinity|cusbada caradu]] ay gaartay meeshii ugu sarreysay waqooyi-bari (gobolka Wadi Zied) iyo koonfurta Harada (gobolka Cheurfa) iyadoo ay ku badan tahay wejiga kimikada ee sodium chloride. ==Goobta== [[File:Geographic situation of Fetzara Lake.png|thumb|Goobta juqraafi ahaan ee Harada Fetzara]] Harada Fetzara waxay ku taal 18&nbsp;km koonfur-bari ee magaalada [[Annaba]] ee bariga fog ee [[Algeria|Aljeeriya]]. Waxay cabirkeedu yahay {{convert|17|km}} bari ilaa galbeed iyo {{convert|13|km}} waqooyi ilaa koonfur iyadoo bedkeedu yahay qiyaastii {{convert|18600|ha}}. Deegaankan waxaa saameyn ku leh cimilada [[Mediterranean|Bada Dhexe]] oo leh laba xilli oo kala duwan: mid qoyan iyo mid qallalan. Biyaha haradu waa kuwo ku-meel-gaar ah oo ku xiran xoogga xilli-roobaadka oo ay ku tiirsan yihiin ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba, guud ahaan waa aag ka badan 13000 ha oo dhul ah oo ku fataha [[winter|jiilaalka]] kuna dhasha daaqsin waaweyn. Jiritaanka kanaal weyn oo dhex mara harada laga bilaabo galbeed ilaa bari wuxuu bixiyaa dheecaanka, laakiin kuma filna inuu biyaha daadgureeyo jiilaalka. Geologist-ka Henri Fournel ayaa ogaaday kaydadka [[magnetite]] u dhow dekedda [[Bône]] sannadkii 1843.{{sfn|Iron and Steel Institute|1880|p=252}} Miinadu waxay qiyaastii {{convert|22|mi}} u jirtaa Bone ee buurta Mokta oo ku xigta Harada Fetzara oo ku taal salka silsilad buuro ah oo ka bilaabata koonfur ilaa waqooyi, ka dibna u leexata bariga dekedda Bone. Magaca "[[Mokta-el-Hadid]]" (marinka birta) wuxuu muujinayaa in kaydka birta la ogaaday muddo dheer, laakiin ma jiro wax calaamad ah oo muujinaya in laga shaqeeyay ka hor isku dayadii ugu horreeyay ee miisaanka yar ahaa sannadkii 1840.{{sfn|Mining Journal|1878|p=438}} Wakhtigan heerka sare ee harada wuxuu gaari lahaa {{convert|16|m}} jiilaalka, iyadoo bedkeedu ahaa {{convert|14000|ha}}. Harada waxaa ku hareeraysnaa caws iyo dhumo, kuwaas oo loo isticmaali jiray buulal ay u sameystaan [[Bird migration|shimbiraha guura]], waxayna qani ku ahayd kalluunka.{{sfn|Travers|1958|p=261}} Harada waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay tahay ishedda qandhada, waxaana la soo jeediyay kanaal dheecaan ah oo dhererkiisu yahay {{convert|16|km}} oo ku qulqulaya [[Oued Meboudja]], laakiin inkastoo [[Société Générale Algérienne]] (SGA) ay lahayd xuquuqda xeebaha waqooyi iyo bari ee harada waxba ma ay samayn.{{sfn|Travers|1958|p=261}} Sannadadii 1870-aadkii shirkadda miinada ayaa geedaha eucalyptus badan ku beeray agagaarka Harada Fetzara, laakiin dhammaantood waxaa dilay biyo cusbo leh oo ka soo sifeeyay harada.{{sfn|Davis|2007|p=227}}{{efn|Warbixin la daabacay sannadkii 1901 ayaa tiri, "Tusaalaha Harada Fetzara aad baa loo soo xigtay; uumiga dhiiqada leh wuxuu qaadsiiyay shaqooyinkii waaweynaa ee miinada ee Mokta-el-Hadid, wuxuu dabar-gooyay shaqaalihii, wuxuuna ka dhigay jiritaanka deegaankan mid aan loo dulqaadan karin. Hadda, mahaddii kaymaha si wanaagsan u horumaray ee Eucalyptus, waxay soo bandhigaysaa dhammaan xaaladaha nadaafadda la dulqaadan karo." Warbixintu waxay markaa xustay in horumarka sidoo kale loo nisb維持 karo qayb ahaan daryeel caafimaad oo wanaagsan iyo xaqiiqda ah in inta badan shaqaaluhu ay shaqada uga iman jireen Bône.{{sfn|Tommasi-Crudeli|1903|p=4}} }} Sannadkii 1877 shirkadda Mokta El Hadid waxay heshay ogolaansho ay ku qallajiso harada si loogu beddelo wareejinta bilaashka ah ee dhulka dib loo soo celiyay. Kanaal ayaa ka bilaabmay bartamaha harada, wuxuu gooyay garabka galbeed ee {{convert|22|m}} wuxuuna u horseeday Meboudja. Heerka sare ee dusha wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay {{convert|12|m}} marka loo eego 1880, laakiin harada waxay sii ahayd dhiiqo xagaaga.{{sfn|Travers|1958|p=261}} Ka dib 1903 shirkaddu waxay xuquuqdeeda Harada Fetzara u dhiibtay mustacmaraddii SGA, taas oo la wareegtay shaqada oo dhammaystirtay sannadkii 1935.{{sfn|Travers|1958|p=261}} ==Tayada carada== [[File:Distribution of soils classes of Fetzara Lake.png|thumb|Qaybinta noocyada carada ee Harada Fetzara]] Tayada carada waxaa lagu qeexay inay tahay natiijada sifooyinka jirka, [[chemical|kimikada]] iyo [[biological|bayoolajiga]], taas oo u ogolaanaysa koritaanka iyo horumarinta dalagga, nidaaminta iyo dhibcaha socodka biyaha ee deegaanka iyo u shaqaynta sidii bamka shaandhaynta ee ku wajahan wasakhowga. Tayada caradu waxay ka tarjumaysaa awoodda ay u leedahay inay hayso oo ay sii deyso biyaha iyo nafaqooyinka si ay u ilaaliso kala-duwanaanshaheeda bayoolajiga iyo iska caabinta saamaynta hab-dhaqannada keeni kara in ay xumaato. Waa iska cadahay in tayada carada ee ku wajahan isticmaalka la siiyay ay ku xiran tahay sifooyinka dabiiciga ah ee deegaanka geochemical iyo cimilada iyo isticmaalkeeda bini'aadamka. === Astaamaha === Carada Harada Fetzara waxay ahaayeen kuwo loo sameeyay dhowr daraasadood oo loogu talagalay horumarinta beeraha, kuwaas oo dhamaantood muujiyay caqabado kasta oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan isticmaalkooda sida cusbada iyo hydromorphy [1, 2, 3, iyo 7]. Daraasadahan ayaa gacan ka geystay in carada loo qaybiyo afar nooc: carada ka yar horumaray ee asalkeedu aanu ahayn cimilada ee ka dhalatay [[erosion|burburka]], [[colluvial]] iyo [[alluvial deposits|kaydadka alluvial]], vertisols; kaydadka alluvial ee leh maadada dhoobada sare maadaama abaaruhu si fudud u keenaan dildilaaca; carada [[hydromorphic]] iyo carada [[halomorphic]] ee leh [[salinity|cusbada]] sare. === Qalabka iyo hababka === [[File:Inventory Map of sampling points-.png|thumb|Khariidada agabka ee dhibcaha muunad qaadista-]] Muunad qaadista waxaa lagu sameeyay labada lakab ee ugu horreeya (0 – 20&nbsp;cm iyo 20 – 40&nbsp;cm) sababtoo ah, heerkan, waxaa ka dhaca isbaddalka ion-ka ee ugu muhiimsan. Waxaa laga sameeyay sideed dhibic oo ku wareegsan Harada Fetzara ama guud ahaan 16 [[sample (material)|muunadood]]. Muunadaha [[soil|carada]] waxaa lagu qallajiyay dhul hawo nadiif ah leh waxaana lagu rullaystay 2&nbsp;mm si loo helo walxaha yaryar ee loo isticmaali doono dhammaan falanqaynta kimikada iyo physicochemical. Falanqaynta carada ee la sameeyay waxay khuseysaa cufnaanta, porosity, [[carbon]] iyo [[organic matter|maaddada dabiiciga ah]], pH, [[electrical conductivity|tabantidda korontada]] iyo cusbada milanta. Astaamahan waxaa lagu helaa hababka hadda jira ee falanqaynta sayniska carada. === Natiijooyinka iyo falanqaynta === ====Sifooyinka jidheed ee carada ==== Sifooyinka jidheed ee carada ee ay saameeyeen cusbada milanta waxay ka tarjumayaan isbeddelada muuqda. [[Soil structure|Qaabdhismeedka carada]] ee Harada Fetzara waa nooca prismatic ilaa u janjeersiga columnar, astaamahani waa kuwa carada ay saameysay cusbadu. Carada Harada Fetzara waxaa lagu gartaa cufnaan dhab ah oo dhowr ah 2.31 g/cm3, porosity celcelis ahaan qiyaastii 33%, dhex-galka inta badan kiisaska ka yar 2&nbsp;cm / h, pH waa yara aashito ilaa alkaline (5.65 ilaa 7.93), iyo maaddada dabiiciga ah oo aad u isbedbedesha (0.26 ilaa 7.67%) [10]. Horumarkoodu wuxuu si dhow ula xiriiraa meertada biyaha, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay fatahaadda jiilaalka iyo qallajinta xagaaga. ====Barashada cusbada carada==== [[File:Variation of electrical conductivity.png|thumb|Isbeddelka tabantidda korontada]] Daraasadihii hore waxay muujinayaan in [[salinity|cusbadu]] ay si gaar ah muhiim ugu tahay waqooyiga, bariga iyo koonfur-bari ee Harada Fetzara. Galbeedka iyo bartamaha harada waxay u muuqdaan inay yihiin meelaha ay yara saameysay [[salts|cusbadu]] sababtoo ah dhaqdhaqaaqa cusbada ee ku wajahan hareeraha iyadoo la raacayo [[desalination|ka-saarista cusbada]] ee bartamaha Harada [7]. Celceliska tabantidda korontada ee xalka carada ee harada waa qiyaastii 1534 μs/cm ee lakabka 0–20&nbsp;cm, iyo 2577 μs/cm ee lakabka kale 20–40&nbsp;cm, taas oo muujinaysa isbeddel aad u weyn oo u dhaxeeya labada lakab oo leh uruurinta sare ee cusbada milanta ee qotada. Carada waxaa saameyn kara dhibaatada cusbada sababtoo ah joogitaanka uruurinta xad-dhaafka ah ee [[soluble salts|cusbada milanta]], [[sodium]] ama labadaba hal mar. [[salts|Cusbada]] milanta ee khuseysa badanaa waa, Ca++, Mg++, K+, Na+, Cl-, SO4—iyo HCO3- (Shaxda 2). ====Falanqaynta qaybta ugu muhiimsan==== {| |[[File:Physical and chemical methods of soil analysis.png|thumb|Hababka jidheed iyo kimikada ee falanqaynta carada]] |[[File:Principal component analysis of soil in the Fetzara region.png|thumb|Falanqaynta qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee carada ee gobolka Fetzara]] |[[File:Results of chemical analysis of soil solutions in Fetzara Lake.png|thumb|Natiijooyinka falanqaynta kimikada ee xalalka carada ee Harada Fetzara]] |} U kuur-galka wareegga isku-xidhka ee ay sameeyeen labada dhidib ee F1 iyo F2, waxaynu tusaysaa in qodobka F1 uu muujinayo 72.40% ee isbeddelka (Jaantuska 5). Dhidibkan, cusbada milanta (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, Cl-, SO4—iyo EC) waxay ka soo horjeedaan HCO3-taas oo u taagan alkalinity-ka carbonate. Tani waa dhidib laga yaabo inuu ka tarjumayo isla wakhtigaas ifafaalaha cusbada ee saameeya noocyada qaarkood ee carada iyo alkalinization ka samaysma kuwa kale [10]. Dhidibka labaad ee F2, oo u taagan 12.29% ee isbeddelka, wuxuu ka soo horjeediyaa cusbada milanta alkalinity-ka, pH iyo K+. Waxay ka tarjumaysaa geeddi-socodka cusbada iyo alkalinization-ka. Laakiin sidoo kale ifafaalaha xallinta K+ ee qaar ka mid ah macdanta dhoobada ah meesha kama baxayo. Qaybinta shakhsiyaadka waxay noogu oggolaanaysaa inaan aragno saddex kooxood oo ururo ah; kooxda koowaad ee G1 (S3, S4, S8, S11, S12 iyo S16) waxaa lagu gartaa xalalka macdanta leh, waxay ka soo horjeedaa kooxda labaad ee G2 (S6, S7, S14 iyo S15) oo u taagan xalalka ka yar macdanta. Kooxda saddexaad ee G3 (S1, S2, S9 iyo S10) waxaa ku jira xalalka ku raran bicarbonate. ==Tixraacyo == {{notelist}} {{reflist|30em}} ==Ilaha== {{refbegin}} * Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale. Etude de la faisabilité du projet d'aménagement agricole de la région périphérique du Lac Fetzara. (1985) Vol. 3. *Badraoui, M., Soudi, B., Farhat, A. Variation de la qualité des sols : une base pour évaluer la durabilité de la mise en valeur agricole sous irrigation par pivot au Maroc. Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat, Maroc. (1998) pp 227–233. * Belhamra, A. Contrôle de la salinité des eaux du lac Fetzara jusqu'à la mer. Mémoire de Magister, option : Biologie et physiologie des organismes Marins. Univ. Annaba, (2001) 110 p. *{{citation |last=Davis|first=Diana K.|title=Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hwu3S5i-2QQC&pg=PA227|accessdate=2017-08-13|date=2007-09-11|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-0-8214-1751-5}} * Direction générale des forets. Atlas des 26 zones humides Algériennes d'importance internationale, Algérie. (2002) p 53-55. * Djamai, R. Contribution à l'étude de la salinité des sols et des eaux du lac Fetzara (Annaba). Mémoire de Magister, option : Science Agronomiques. INA Alger, (1993)78 p.&nbsp;7. * Durand, J. Premiers résultats de l'étude des sols du lac Fetzara. Doc inédit; SES Alger, (1950) 112 p. * Habes, S. Pollution saline d'un lac, cas du lac Fetzara, Est Algérien. Mémoire de Magister, option : Hydrogéologie. Univ. Annaba, (2006) 103 p.&nbsp;7. * Ifagraria. Etude générale de la mise en valeur agricole des plaines côtières d'Annaba. Soc Ifagraria, Rome; partie I, (1967) 169 p. *{{citation |author=Iron and Steel Institute|title=The Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sg-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA251 |accessdate=2017-08-13|year=1880|publisher=The Institute|chapter=Africa}} *{{citation |author=Mining Journal|title=Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1lIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA438 |accessdate=2017-08-13|year=1878|chapter=Iron Ore}} *{{citation|title=Blue Gum. (Eucalyptus Globulus, Labill.) |last=Tommasi-Crudeli|journal=Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew)|volume=1903|issue=1|year=1903 |publisher=Springer on behalf of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|doi=10.2307/4111387 |jstor=4111387|doi-access=free}} *{{citation|title=LA MISE EN VALEUR DU LAC FETZARA|language=fr |last=Travers |first=L.|journal=Annales de Géographie|volume=67|issue=361 |date=May–June 1958|publisher=Armand Colin |jstor=23443549}} * Zahi, F. la qualité des eaux et des sols de la région du lac Fetzara (Nord-Est Algérien). Mémoire de Magister, option : Géosciences. Université d'Annaba, (2008) 150 p(2011) {{refend}} * Zenati, N. Relation Nappes - Lac Confirmation par l'hydrochimie cas de la plaine Ouest d'El Hadjar lac Fetzara N-E Algérien. Mémoire de Magister, option : Chimie et Environnement. Univ. Annaba, (1999) 151p. == Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170617053417/http://jmaterenvironsci.com/Document/vol2/vol2_S1/3-Zahi-theme1.pdf Study of soil salinity in the region of Fetzara Lake] {{Portal bar|Water}} {{Authority control}} 2h5fjo7rbrsy1we3nk7un4yy8fzv4ht 0 48449 300452 2026-06-30T14:30:50Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic | name = Ebbe Vilborg | image = Ebbe Vilborg La Espero 1956.jpg | caption = Ebbe Vilborg sannadkii 1956 | birth_name = Karl Ebbe Vilborg | birth_place = [[Annedal]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|02|14|df=y}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|12|30|1926|02|14|df=y}} | awards = {{plainlist| * Xubin Sharafle ah ee Ururka Esperantada Adduunka (2001–) * Abaalmarinta OSIEK (1992) }} | thesis_title = Sammanfattning av en ny textversion av den hellenske romanförfattaren Akilo Tacius {{ref|Alpha|α}} | thesis_year = 1955 }} '''Ebbe Vilborg''' (1926–2018)<ref name="LCNAF">{{cite web |title=Vilborg, Ebbe, 1926-2018 |url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2002033898 |website=The Library of Congress Name Authority File |publisher=The Library of Congress |access-date=22 August 2025 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=2025}}</ref> wuxuu ahaa [[Philology|filoloog]] Iswidhish ah oo ku takhasusay luqadaha qadiimiga ah, [[List of Esperanto speakers|Esperantist]], [[Lexicography|qaamuus-qore]], [[Terminology|ereybixin-yaane]], [[Interlinguistics|luqadaha-wadaaga]] iyo [[Esperantology|esperantoloog]]. == Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashadiisii == Karl Ebbe Vilborg wuxuu dhashay 14 Febraayo 1926 gudaha [[Annedal]], [[Gothenburg]], waxaana dhalay Annie Carolina Cederberg iyo Karl Viktor Vilborg.<ref>{{citation |title=Karl Ebba [Vilborg] |journal=Sweden, Indexed Birth Records, 1859-1947 [database on-line] |publisher=Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. |location=Provo, Utah |language=Swedish}}</ref> Sannadkii 1955, Vilborg wuxuu qaatay shahaadada [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]].<ref name="Vilborg">{{cite journal |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |editor1-last=Pabst |editor1-first=Bernhard |title=niaj vortaristoj: Ebbe Vilborg |journal=Terminoteko |date=1994 |volume=2 |issue=10 |pages=20–21 |url=http://familienforschung-pabst.de/EspBiographien/PP-pdf/Terminoteko-10.pdf |access-date=22 August 2025 |publisher=Perkomputora-Termino-Kolekto |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329034813/http://familienforschung-pabst.de/EspBiographien/PP-pdf/Terminoteko-10.pdf |archive-date=29 March 2016 |language=Esperanto}}</ref> == Shaqadiisa == Vilborg wuxuu ahaa borofisar ku-xigeen ku takhasusay luqadda Giriigga ee [[University of Gothenburg|Jaamacadda Gothenburg]].<ref name="Sandelin">{{cite journal |last1=Sandelin |first1=Bo |last2=Vilborg |first2=Ebbe |title=Investering – gammalt ord med ny innebörd |journal=Ekonomisk Debatt |date=2002 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=185–186 |url=https://www.nationalekonomi.se/old/public_html/sites/default/files/legacy/30-2-bs-ev.pdf |access-date=22 August 2025 |publisher=Nationalekonomiska Föreningen |location=Stockholm |language=Swedish}}</ref> Sannadkii 2001, Vilborg waxaa loo magacaabay xubin sharafle ah ee [[Universal Esperanto Association|Ururka Esperantada Adduunka]]. == Daabacaadaha == * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=A Tentative Grammar of Mycenaean Greek |date=1960 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Gothenburg |url=https://archive.org/details/tentativegrammar0000vilb/mode/2up |series= Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia}} {{ref label|Beta|β}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Achilles Tatius: Leucippe and Clitophon : a commentary |date=1962 |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |location=Stockholm |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC05832272 |series= Studia Graeca et Latina Gothoburgensia}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok [27.000 ord och fraser] |date=2001 |publisher=Norstedts ordbok |location=Stockholm |isbn=9172272198 |edition=1 |url=https://gu-se-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/17rktu2/46GUB_KOHA995082 |language=Swedish, Latin}} === Esperanto === * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Lilla Esperanto ordboken : I. Svenska Esperanto. II. Esperanto-Svenska |date=1958 |publisher=Förlagsföreningen Esperanto |location=Malmö |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC04202315 |language=Swedish, Esperanto |trans-title=Qaamuuska yar ee Esperantada: I. Iswidhish Esperanto. II. Esperanto-Iswidhish}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Supplement till svensk-Esperantisk ordbok |date=1975 |publisher=Förlagsföreningen Esperanto |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288012 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC04211472}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Etimologia vortaro de Esperanto : 1 : A - D |date=1989 |publisher=Eldona Societo Esperanto |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288179 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00515432}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Etimologia vortaro de Esperanto : 2 : E - Ĵ |date=1991 |publisher=Eldona Societo Esperanto |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288195 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00515438}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Ordbok svenska-Esperanto |date=1992 |publisher=Esperantoförlaget |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288209 |edition=1 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC01039220}} * {{cite book |last1=Andréasson |first1=Märtha |last2=Jalming |first2=Ralf |last3=Vilborg |first3=Ebbe |title=Esperanto-rörelsen in Gothenburg 1892 - 1992 |date=1994 |publisher=Esperanto-Alliansen i Gothenburg |location=Gothenburg |isbn=9163032635 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC01364002}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Etimologia vortaro de Esperanto : 4 : N - R |date=1995 |publisher=Eldona Societo Esperanto |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288225 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC01289906}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Etimologia vortaro de Esperanto : 3 : K - M |date=2001 |publisher=Eldona Societo Esperanto |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288233 |url=http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC03244657}} * {{cite book |last1=Vilborg |first1=Ebbe |title=Etimologia vortaro de Esperanto : 5 : S - Z |date=2001 |publisher=Eldona Societo Esperanto |location=Malmö |isbn=9185288233 |url= http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC03244657}} ==Xusuusin== :{{note|Alpha|α}} {{langx|eo| Konstituo de nova tekstversio de la Helena romanverkisto Akilo Tacio}} :{{note|Beta|β}} Sidoo kale waxaa loo daabacay si la mid ah {{cite journal |title=A Tentative Grammar of Mycenaean Greek |journal=Göteborgs universitets årsskrift |date=1960 |volume=60 |issue=2 |location=Gothenburg}}<ref>{{cite web |title=A Tentative Grammar of Mycenaean Greek |url=https://gu-se-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/17rktu2/46GUB_KOHA87116 |website=Göteborgs Universitetsbibliotek |publisher=Göteborgs universitet |access-date=22 August 2025 |location=Gothenburg}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vilborg, Ebbe}} ki73pebmwxupj0uktmrb1xvmei2u72c 0 48450 300453 2026-06-30T14:32:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ernfrid Malmgren | birth_name = Ernfrid Cart Malmgren | image = Malmgren.jpg | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1899|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Köping, Sweden|Köping]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1970|3|28|1899|11|3}} | death_place = [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = | monuments = }} '''Ernfrid Cart Malmgren''' ([[Köping, Sweden|Köping]], 3 Nofeembar 1899 – 28 Maaj 1970) wuxuu ahaa [[Sweden|Iswidhish]] [[Esperantist]] ah, macallin, iyo madaxweynihii [[Universal Esperanto Association]] (UEA).<ref>{{cite web | title=Esperanto : revuo internacia : oficiala organo de Universala Esperanto Asocio. Jaro 63, n. 774 (1970) | publisher=Universala Esperanto-Asocio | date=1970 | url=https://dlibra.kul.pl/dlibra/publication/51200/edition/47695 | access-date=2025-06-17}}</ref> == Daabacaadaha == * ''Esperanto kaj ĝia instruado en lernejoj'' (laŭ materialo de Somera Pedagogia Semajno en Kranjska Gora de 26a julio ĝis 1a aŭgusto 1957, red. Peter Zlatnar, antauparolo de E. Malmgren. - Jugoslavia Esperanto-Federacio, 1959. - 200 p.) * ''La nuna stato de the instruado de la internacia lingvo en la lernejoj'' (Ivo Lapenna kunlabore kun E. Malmgren, D. Kennedy, 1963) * ''Allas andra spraak Esperanto'' (1957) * ''Amikaro adiaŭas amatan Stellan Engholm'' * ''La Esperanto-Klubo: kial fondi ĝin, kiel fondi ĝin, kiaj estu la programoj'' (1933) * ''Per kio ni amuzu nin? Societ- kaj dancludoj'' (de Jakob Rosenberg; Ernfrid Malmgren. - 1934 * ''Systematický kurs mezinárodního jazyka Esperanto'' (Henrik Seppik; Ernfrid Malmgren - en la ĉeĥan trad. Ladislav Krajc. 1938) * ''Systematisk kurs i Esperanto'' (Henrik Seppik; Ernfrid Malmgren. - 1932) * ''Esperanto keele süstemaatiline kursus'' (Henrik Seppik; Ernfrid Malmgren. - 1936) * ''Sveda kantareto'' (1931) {{S-start}} {{S-npo|uea}} {{S-bef|before=[[Hans Hermann Kürsteiner]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[President of UEA|Madaxweynaha UEA]]|years=1947–1956}} {{S-aft|after=[[Giorgio Canuto]]}} {{End}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malmgren, Ernfrid}} 9rxick6isbkolyckr4t7uwarzvr6t25 300486 300453 2026-07-01T00:56:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ernfrid Malmgren | birth_name = Ernfrid Cart Malmgren | image = Malmgren.jpg | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1899|11|3}} | birth_place = [[Köping, Sweden|Köping]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1970|3|28|1899|11|3}} | death_place = [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | other_names = | known_for = | occupation = | monuments = }} '''Ernfrid Cart Malmgren''' ([[Köping, Sweden|Köping]], 3 Nofeembar 1899 – 28 Maaj 1970) wuxuu ahaa [[Sweden|Iswidhish]] [[Esperantist]] ah, macallin, iyo madaxweynihii [[Universal Esperanto Association]] (UEA).<ref>{{cite web | title=Esperanto : revuo internacia : oficiala organo de Universala Esperanto Asocio. Jaro 63, n. 774 (1970) | publisher=Universala Esperanto-Asocio | date=1970 | url=https://dlibra.kul.pl/dlibra/publication/51200/edition/47695 | access-date=2025-06-17 }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Daabacaadaha == * ''Esperanto kaj ĝia instruado en lernejoj'' (laŭ materialo de Somera Pedagogia Semajno en Kranjska Gora de 26a julio ĝis 1a aŭgusto 1957, red. Peter Zlatnar, antauparolo de E. Malmgren. - Jugoslavia Esperanto-Federacio, 1959. - 200 p.) * ''La nuna stato de the instruado de la internacia lingvo en la lernejoj'' (Ivo Lapenna kunlabore kun E. Malmgren, D. Kennedy, 1963) * ''Allas andra spraak Esperanto'' (1957) * ''Amikaro adiaŭas amatan Stellan Engholm'' * ''La Esperanto-Klubo: kial fondi ĝin, kiel fondi ĝin, kiaj estu la programoj'' (1933) * ''Per kio ni amuzu nin? Societ- kaj dancludoj'' (de Jakob Rosenberg; Ernfrid Malmgren. - 1934 * ''Systematický kurs mezinárodního jazyka Esperanto'' (Henrik Seppik; Ernfrid Malmgren - en la ĉeĥan trad. Ladislav Krajc. 1938) * ''Systematisk kurs i Esperanto'' (Henrik Seppik; Ernfrid Malmgren. - 1932) * ''Esperanto keele süstemaatiline kursus'' (Henrik Seppik; Ernfrid Malmgren. - 1936) * ''Sveda kantareto'' (1931) {{S-start}} {{S-npo|uea}} {{S-bef|before=[[Hans Hermann Kürsteiner]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[President of UEA|Madaxweynaha UEA]]|years=1947–1956}} {{S-aft|after=[[Giorgio Canuto]]}} {{End}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Malmgren, Ernfrid}} 17vbnmimyvgttl80ebxhvahcw3dx7bs 0 48451 300454 2026-06-30T14:34:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Franko Luin | image = Franko Luin 2003.png | alt = Franko Luin | caption = Franko Luin | other_names = | occupation = Naqshadeeye farta ee Iswidhish ah | birth_place = [[Trieste]], [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] | death_place = [[Tyresö]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | birth_date = {{start-date|6 April 1941}} | death_date = {{Death-date and age|15 September 2005|6 April 1941}} }} '''Franko Luin''' (6 Abriil 1941 gudaha [[Trieste]], [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] &ndash; 15 Sebtembar 2005 gudaha [[Tyresö]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]]) wuxuu ahaa naqshadeeye farta ee [[Sweden|Iswidhish]] ah oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dadka [[Slovenians|Slofaaniyiinta]] ah. Wuxuu fanka garaafyada ka bartay [[Grafiska Institutet]] ee Stockholm, halkaas oo uu ka qalin-jabiyay sannadkii 1967. Wuxuu ahaa naqshadeeye garaafyada ee shirkadda isgaarsiinta ee [[Ericsson]] (1967–1989), wuxuuna bilaabay xafiiskiisa naqshadaynta ee [[Omnibus Typografi]] sannadkii 1989. Franko Luin wuxuu xiiso weyn u lahaa luqadaha, gaar ahaan luqadda caalamiga ah ee caawiyaha ah ee [[Esperanto]], wuxuuna muddo dhowr sano ah ahaa madaxweynaha ururka Esperantada ee Iswidhan [[Swedish Esperanto Federation|SEF]]. Wuxuu qoray gabayo, wuxuu heeso u turjumay Esperanto wuxuuna agaasimay bogg internet oo caan ah, oo la oron jiray ''Kiosk'',<ref>''[http://www.esperanto.se/kiosk/ Kiosk]'' list of online newspapers. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103210608/http://www.esperanto.se/kiosk/ |date=November 3, 2007 }}</ref> kaas oo lahaa liis aad u ballaaran oo xiriiriyayaal ah oo ku saabsan wargeysyada online-ka ah. Sannadihiisii dambe, wuxuu ururiyay oo dhijitalka u beddelay shaqooyin badan oo qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad ay qoreen qorayaasha caanka ah ee Slofaaniya wuxuuna ku baahiyay boggiisa internetka ee ''Beseda'' ("Ereyga").<ref>[http://www.omnibus.se/beseda/ Beseda] website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165044/http://www.omnibus.se/beseda/ |date=December 19, 2008 }}</ref> ==Noocyada farta ee uu naqshadeeyay== {{div col|colwidth=11em}} *Ad Hoc *Baskerville Classico *Birka *Bodoni Classico *Carniola *Caslon Classico *Cirkus *Devin *Dialog *Edinost *Emona *Esperanto *Fortuna *Garamond Classico *Goudy Modern 94 *Goudy Village *Griffo Classico *Humana *Inko *Isolde *Jenson Classico *Jesper *Jonatan *Kalix *Kasper *Kis Classico *Luma *Manuskript *Marco Polo *Maskot *Memento *Miramar *Norma *Nyfors *Odense *Odense Neon *Omnibus *Pax *Pax #2 *Persona *Ragnar *Res Publica *Rustika *Saga *Semper *Stockholm Runt *Transport *Valdemar *Vega antikva *Zip 2000 {{div col end}} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commons category-inline|Franko Luin}} {{Authority control (arts)|country=SV}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luin, Franko}} sjz5cfr29rdfjksgow7a10y2i406wo6 300487 300454 2026-07-01T01:03:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 300487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Franko Luin | image = Franko Luin 2003.png | alt = Franko Luin | caption = Franko Luin | other_names = | occupation = Naqshadeeye farta ee Iswidhish ah | birth_place = [[Trieste]], [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] | death_place = [[Tyresö]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]] | birth_date = {{start-date|6 April 1941}} | death_date = {{Death-date and age|15 September 2005|6 April 1941}} }} '''Franko Luin''' (6 Abriil 1941 gudaha [[Trieste]], [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] &ndash; 15 Sebtembar 2005 gudaha [[Tyresö]], [[Sweden|Iswidhan]]) wuxuu ahaa naqshadeeye farta ee [[Sweden|Iswidhish]] ah oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda dadka [[Slovenians|Slofaaniyiinta]] ah. Wuxuu fanka garaafyada ka bartay [[Grafiska Institutet]] ee Stockholm, halkaas oo uu ka qalin-jabiyay sannadkii 1967. Wuxuu ahaa naqshadeeye garaafyada ee shirkadda isgaarsiinta ee [[Ericsson]] (1967–1989), wuxuuna bilaabay xafiiskiisa naqshadaynta ee [[Omnibus Typografi]] sannadkii 1989. Franko Luin wuxuu xiiso weyn u lahaa luqadaha, gaar ahaan luqadda caalamiga ah ee caawiyaha ah ee [[Esperanto]], wuxuuna muddo dhowr sano ah ahaa madaxweynaha ururka Esperantada ee Iswidhan [[Swedish Esperanto Federation|SEF]]. Wuxuu qoray gabayo, wuxuu heeso u turjumay Esperanto wuxuuna agaasimay bogg internet oo caan ah, oo la oron jiray ''Kiosk'',<ref>''[http://www.esperanto.se/kiosk/ Kiosk]'' list of online newspapers. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103210608/http://www.esperanto.se/kiosk/ |date=November 3, 2007 }}</ref> kaas oo lahaa liis aad u ballaaran oo xiriiriyayaal ah oo ku saabsan wargeysyada online-ka ah. Sannadihiisii dambe, wuxuu ururiyay oo dhijitalka u beddelay shaqooyin badan oo qarniyadii 19-aad iyo 20-aad ay qoreen qorayaasha caanka ah ee Slofaaniya wuxuuna ku baahiyay boggiisa internetka ee ''Beseda'' ("Ereyga").<ref>[http://www.omnibus.se/beseda/ Beseda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.omnibus.se/beseda/ |date=20081219165044 }} website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219165044/http://www.omnibus.se/beseda/ |date=December 19, 2008 }}</ref> ==Noocyada farta ee uu naqshadeeyay== {{div col|colwidth=11em}} *Ad Hoc *Baskerville Classico *Birka *Bodoni Classico *Carniola *Caslon Classico *Cirkus *Devin *Dialog *Edinost *Emona *Esperanto *Fortuna *Garamond Classico *Goudy Modern 94 *Goudy Village *Griffo Classico *Humana *Inko *Isolde *Jenson Classico *Jesper *Jonatan *Kalix *Kasper *Kis Classico *Luma *Manuskript *Marco Polo *Maskot *Memento *Miramar *Norma *Nyfors *Odense *Odense Neon *Omnibus *Pax *Pax #2 *Persona *Ragnar *Res Publica *Rustika *Saga *Semper *Stockholm Runt *Transport *Valdemar *Vega antikva *Zip 2000 {{div col end}} ==Xusuusin== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commons category-inline|Franko Luin}} {{Authority control (arts)|country=SV}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Luin, Franko}} 00rlmvfst63qyxlm9sg7ha3pwdp1hcr 0 48452 300455 2026-06-30T14:37:54Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sidney Spence Culbert''' (14 Maaj 1913 &ndash; 28 Oktoobar 2003) wuxuu ahaa aqonyahan ku takhasusay luqadaha, cilmi-nafsiga iyo [[Esperanto|Esperantist]]. ==Taariikh nololeedka== Wuxuu ku dhashay [[Miles City, Montana|Miles City]], [[Montana]], Culbert wuxuu la guuray qoyskiisa sannadkii 1923 magaalada [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] wuxuuna ku noolaa Tacoma iyo [[Seattle]] inta badan noloshiisa. Wuxuu baaritaan ballaaran ku sameeyay tirada dadka ku hadla luqadaha kala duwan ee adduunka oo dhan (isagoo isticmaalaya [[stratified sampling|muunad qaadista habaysan]]), wuxuuna gacan ka geystay qaybta ''[[World Almanac]]'' ee ku saabsan "Luqadaha ugu Muhiimsan Adduunka". Wuxuu ahaa Borofisar ku-xigeen ku takhasusay Cilmi-nafsiga oo ka tirsan [[University of Washington|Jaamacadda Washington]] (Seattle) inta badan shaqadiisa tacliinta, marka u sii dheer baaritaankiisa ku saabsan dadka ku hadla luqadaha wuxuu gacan weyn ka geystay barashada [[perception|wacyiga]], wax ku darsashadaas oo saameyn ku yeeshay naqshadaynta looxyada qalabka ee qolka duuliyaha ee diyaaradda jet-ka ah ee [[Boeing 707]]. Ka hor inta uusan helin shahaadada dhakhtarnimada (doctorate) uuna aqbalin booska borofisarnimo, Culbert wuxuu dhowr sano u shaqeeyay sidii injineer ka tirsan Shirkadda [[Boeing]]. Intii uu joogay Jaamacadda Washington wuxuu si firfircoon uga qayb qaatay aasaasidda Waaxda Luqadaha ee jaamacadda, laakiin wuxuu doortay inuu sii joogo Waaxda Cilmi-nafsiga sababtoo ah diiradda ugu weyn ee dhanka luqadda, oo ay ku jireen arrimaha wacyiga, waxay ku jireen sahanka [[psycholinguistics|cilmi-nafsiga luqadda]], taas oo markaas loo arkayay inay tahay arrin cilmi-nafsi ka sheegan arrin luqadeed. Wuxuu dhintay 28 Oktoobar 2003. ==Xigashooyinka== *[https://www.panix.com/~dwolff/docs/ Research and Methods for Esperanto speakers] *[http://www.seattlepi.com/local/148446_culbertobit15.html Longer obituary article on Sidney and his wife Ruth] {{DEFAULTSORT:Culbert, Sidney S.}} tvzv8y4yjkwmmhfvtfxfva46a5ilk17 0 48453 300456 2026-06-30T14:42:49Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Sara Jane Crafts | image = Sara Jane Crafts (The passing of the saloon, 1908).png | caption = | pseudonym = Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts | birth_name = Sara Jane Timanus | birth_date = August 15, 1845 | birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], U.S. | death_date = May 2, 1930 | death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]] | resting_place = [[Westerly, Rhode Island]], U.S. | occupation = {{cslist|aqoonyahan bulsho|qoraa|muxaadaro|macallin}} | alma_mater = {{cslist|[[Ohio Wesleyan Female College]]| Iowa University, Grinnell}} | genre = {{cslist|[[early childhood education|waxbarashada caruurnimada hore]]|wacyigelinta maandooriyaha|Esperanto}} | spouse = {{married|[[Wilbur Fisk Crafts]]|1874|1922}} | signature = Sara J. Crafts signature ('Open Letters to Primary Teachers, 1876).png }} '''Sara Jane Crafts''' (fari qoraalka, '''Timanus'''; [[pen name|magaca caanka ah]], '''Mrs. Wilbur F. Crafts'''; Agoosto 15, 1845 – Maaj 2, 1930) waxay ahayd aqoonyahan bulsho, qoraa, muxaadaro, iyo macallin Mareékan ah.<ref name="Cherrington-1925">{{cite book |last1=Cherrington |first1=Ernest Hurst |title=Standard Encyclopedia of the Alcohol Problem |date=1925 |publisher=American Issue Publishing Company |page=727 |volume=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/standardencyclop02cher/page/727 |via=Internet Archive |access-date=2 August 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> Waxay muxaadarooyin ka jeedin jirtay waxna ka bari jirtay [[Chautauqua]]s, sidoo kale waxay ahayd muxaadaro ka qayb gasha shirarka [[Sunday school|dugsi Axadaha]] ee heer gobol iyo heer caalami. Crafts waxay ahayd tifaftire iyo qoraa wax ku darsata joornaalo kala duwan, waxayna daabacday dhowr buug intii dhaxaysay 1876 iyo 1911.<ref name="Leonard-1914">{{cite book |last1=Leonard |first1=John William |title=Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914–1915 |date=1914 |publisher=American Commonwealth Company |page=212 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Woman%27s_who%27s_who_of_America,_1914-15.djvu/200 |via=Wikisource |access-date=3 August 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> Crafts waxay ahayd u dhaqdhaqaaqe bulsho oo u safartay adduunka si ay u u dooddo dugsiyada Axadaha, [[Temperance movement|wacyigelinta maandooriyaha]], iyo ka-hortagga [[opium|afyuunka]]. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd "mid ka mid ah haweenkii ugu horreeyay ee hoggaamiya fadhiyada shirarka" gudaha dalka Mareykanka.<ref name="KirbyRiveraKirbyRicheyRowe-1996">{{cite book |last1=Kirby |first1=James E. |last2=Rivera |first2=Feliciano |last3=Kirby |first3=James |last4=Richey |first4=Russell E. |last5=Rowe |first5=Kenneth E. |title=The Methodists |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-22048-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02s2Lej8J3oC&pg=PA205 |language=en}}</ref> ==Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashadiisii== Sara Jane Timanus waxay ku dhalatay [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], Agoosto 15, 1845. Sara waxay lahayd labo walaalo ah oo ka yar, John iyo Fannie.<ref name="FamilySearch">{{cite web |title=Sara Jane Timanus 15 August 1845 – 2 May 1930 • K8HX-V3X |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/K8HX-V3X |website=ident.familysearch.org |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref> Waalidkeed waxay ahaayeen Jesse iyo Jane (Means) Timanus.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /><ref name="Leonard-1914" /> Waxay wax ku baratay dugsiyada dadweynaha ee Cincinnati, [[Ohio Wesleyan Female College]], iyo Jaamacadda Iowa, Grinnell.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /> ==Shaqadiisa== [[File:Sara Jane Crafts (Practical Christian sociology, 1907).png|thumb|(1907)]] [[File:Intoxicants & opium in all lands and times, a twentieth century survey of intemperance, based on a symposium of testimony from one hundred missionaries and travelers (IA intoxicantsopium00crafrich).pdf|thumb|''Intoxicants & opium'']] [[File:Intoxicating drinks &amp, drugs in all lands and times, a twentieth century survey of temperance, based on a symposium of testimony from one hundred missionaries and travelers (IA cu31924032587929).pdf|thumb|''Intoxicating drinks'']] [[File:World book of temperance; (IA worldbookoftemp00craf).pdf|thumb|''World book of temperance'']] Qiyaastii 1865 ilaa 1870, waxay wax ka dhigi jirtay dugsiyada dadweynaha. Sannadkii 1870 ilaa 1874, waxay macallimad ka ahayd Dugsiga Caadiga ah ee Gobolka [[Minnesota]].<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /><ref name="KirbyRiveraKirbyRicheyRowe-1996" /> Maajo 1, 1874, dhexdeeda [[Plainfield, New Jersey]], waxay isguursadeen Rev. [[Wilbur Fisk Crafts]] (1850–1922).<ref name="FamilySearch" /><ref name="Leonard-1914" /> Guurka ka dib, waxay ninkeeda kala shaqaysay hawlaha Midowga [[Sunday school|dugsi Axadaha]] iyo soo saarista suugaanta dib u qaabaynta bulshada. Waxay macallimad ka ahayd machadyo dhowr ah oo caadi ah oo dugsi Axadaha ah, shirarka heer gobol, iyo fadhiyada [[Chautauqua]]. Sannadkii 1895, waxaa loo magacaabay kormeeraha Waaxda dugsi Axadaha ee ururka [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] (WCTU).<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /> Waxay ahayd qabanqaabiye iyo madaxweyne sharafle ee Midowga Hoose ee Caalamiga ah ee macallimiinta dugsi Axadaha.<ref name="Leonard-1914" /><ref name="Suter-1908">{{cite book |last1=Suter |first1=J. L. |title=District of Columbia: Concise Biographies of Its Prominent and Representative Contemporary Citizens, and Valuable Statistical Data ... |date=1908 |publisher=Potomac Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjRMAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA97 |access-date=3 August 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> Intii dhaxaysay 1880 iyo 1913, waxay si aad ah ugu safartay Yurub iyo Bariga dhow si ay u dhiirrigeliso [[Temperance movement in the United States|wacyigelinta maandooriyaha]], ka-hortagga afyuunka, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqyada dib u qaabaynta. Sannadkii 1904, waxay joogtay Bariga dhow iyo Falastiin. Saddex sano ka dib, waxay tagtay Australia, Shiinaha, Jabaan, iyo Kuuriya. Sannadkii 1910, waxay joogtay Norway iyo Iswidhan. Waxay dugsiyo Axadaha ah ka oggolaatay Iceland sannadkii 1913. Safaradeeda waxaa sidoo kale ku jiray Holland, Switzerland, iyo Talyaaniga.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /><ref name="Leonard-1914" /><ref name="KirbyRiveraKirbyRicheyRowe-1996" /><ref name="Marquis-1922">{{cite book |editor1-last=Marquis |editor1-first=Albert Nelson |title=Who's who in America |date=1922 |publisher=A. N. Marquis |page=797 |volume=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7y1brlTEGkC&pg=PA797 |access-date=3 August 2022 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> Sannadkii 1895, Crafts waxay aasaastay oo ay kormeerayaal ka ahayd Xafiiska Dib u Qaabaynta Caalamiga ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1896, waxay ahayd [[editor-in-chief|tifaftiraha guud]] ee ''20th-Century Quarterly''. Sannadkii 1901 ilaa 1903, waxay sidoo kale ahayd tifaftiraha guud ee ''Christian Statesman'', oo ahaa wargeyska rasmiga ah ee [[National Reform Association (chartered 1864)|National Reform Association]], kaas oo ahaa joornaal bishii hal mar soo baxa oo loo hibeeyay ilaalinta mabaadi'da masiixiga ee dawladnimada madaniga ah.<ref name="Marquis-1922" /> Muddo dhowr sano ah, waxay u qori jirtay casharrada wacyigelinta maandooriyaha ururka [[National Temperance Society and Publishing House]], wargeyska ''[[Christian Herald]]'', iyo wargeysyo kale oo diimeed iyo kuwo wacyigelin ah.<ref name="Cherrington-1925" /> Waxay sidoo kale u shaqaysay sidii tifaftiraha Tiirka Esperantada ee ''Christian Herald''.<ref name="American-1908" /> Crafts waxay ahayd qoraaga: ''Childhood, The Text Book of the Age''; ''Open Letters for Primary Teachers''; ''Primary Normal Outlines''; ''The Infant Class'' (iyada iyo [[Edward Eggleston]]); ''Songs for Little Folks and Little Pilgrim Songs'' (iyada iyo [[Jenny B. Merrill]]); ''Plain Uses of the Blackboard'' (iyada iyo W. F. Crafts), 1881; ''Course in Esperanto''; ''Intoxicants and Opium'' (iyada iyo W. F. Crafts); iyo ''World Book of Temperance'' (iyada iyo W. F. Crafts), 1908.<ref name="Leonard-1914" /><ref name="Marquis-1922" /> Crafts waxay u shaqaysay sidii madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ururka Esperantada ee Haweenka ee Waqooyiga Ameerika.<ref name="American-1908">{{cite magazine |title=Woman's Esperanto League of North America |magazine=American Esperanto Magazine |date=September 1908 |volume=4 |issue=11 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ek88AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35 |access-date=3 August 2022 |publisher=American Esperantist Company |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale xubin ka ahayd [[National Geographic Society]], Ururka Esperantada ee Ingiriiska, iyo Machadka Arkiyoolojiga ee Mareykanka.<ref name="Leonard-1914" /> ==Noloshiisa gaarka ah== Crafts waxay taageeri jirtay [[Women's suffrage in the United States|xaquuqda codeynta haweenka]]. Dhanka diinta, waxay ahayd Presbyterian.<ref name="Leonard-1914" /> Qoyska Crafts waxay u guureen [[Washington, D.C.]] sannadkii 1896. Waxay ku dhimatay halkaas cisbitaalka Garfield Memorial Hospital, Maajo 2, 1930.<ref name="Evening-3may1930">{{cite news |title=MRS. SARA JANE CRAFTS, LECTURER-WRITER, DIES |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/618977549/?terms=Sara%20Jane%20Crafts&match=1 |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=Evening Star |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=3 May 1930 |location=Washington, D.C. |page=7 |language=en}}</ref> Waxaa laguna aasay [[Westerly, Rhode Island]].<ref name="TCE-3may1930">{{cite news |title=BORN IN CINCINNATI. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/103430768/?terms=Sara%20Jane%20Crafts&match=1 |access-date=3 August 2022 |work=The Cincinnati Enquirer |via=Newspapers.com |date=3 May 1930 |page=14 |language=en}}</ref> ==Shaqooyinka la doortay== * ''Open Letters to Primary Teachers: With Hints for Intermediate Class Teachers'', 1876 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=AGArwwEACAAJ Text]) * ''Primary Normal Outlines'' * ''Course in Esperanto'' ===Iyada iyo W. F. Crafts=== * ''Childhood, The Text Book of the Age'', 1874 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=qxfTT_GpLjEC Text]) * ''Plain Uses of the Blackboard'', 1881 * ''Intoxicants and Opium'', 1900 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=rsJ6YVyKfB4C Text]) * ''Intoxicants & opium in all lands and times, a twentieth century survey of intemperance, based on a symposium of testimony from one hundred missionaries and travelers'', 1904 * ''World Book of Temperance'', 1908 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=ROBAAAAAYAAJ Text]) * ''Intoxicating drinks and, drugs in all lands and times, a twentieth century survey of temperance, based on a symposium of testimony from one hundred missionaries and travelers'', 1911 ===Iyada iyo Edward Eggleston=== * ''The Infant Class: Hints on Primary Religious Instruction.'', 1870 ===Iyada iyo Jenny B. Merrill=== * ''Songs for Little Folks and Little Pilgrim Songs'' ==Xigashooyinka== {{reflist|30em}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Crafts, Sara Jane}} r0bcjshbopov6c4oid62cgvboobgxm2 0 48454 300457 2026-06-30T14:49:22Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Nafisat Yusuf Mohammed''' waa [[Feminism|feminist]] ka soo jeeda [[Somaliland]], una ololeysa ka-qaybgalka haweenka Somaliland ee siyaasadda, sidoo kalena ah agaasimaha fulinta ee NAGAAD Network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/dpublog/2017/02/20/womens-political-participation-somaliland/|title=Women’s Political Participation in Somaliland - The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|date=February 20, 2017|work=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|access-d... 300457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nafisat Yusuf Mohammed''' waa [[Feminism|feminist]] ka soo jeeda [[Somaliland]], una ololeysa ka-qaybgalka haweenka Somaliland ee siyaasadda, sidoo kalena ah agaasimaha fulinta ee NAGAAD Network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/dpublog/2017/02/20/womens-political-participation-somaliland/|title=Women’s Political Participation in Somaliland - The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|date=February 20, 2017|work=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|language=en-US}}</ref> == Taariikh nololeed == Nafisat waxay madax ka tahay NAGAAD, oo ah urur aan dowli ahayn oo haween ah, xaruntiisuna ku taallo [[Hargeisa]]. NAGAAD waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1997, iyadoo ah dallad ay ku mideysan yihiin 46 kooxood oo haween ah oo ka jira Somaliland, si ay si wadajir ah ugu doodaan [[women's rights|xuquuqda haweenka]] iyo awood-siinta haweenka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/database/nagaad/en/|title=PMNCH {{!}} Nagaad Umbrella Organization|website=[www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November](http://www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November) 18, 2017}}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 2017, Nafisat waxay bandhig ka jeedisay qaybta Development Planning Unit (DPU) ee [[University College London]], halkaas oo ay ku muujisay caqabadaha [[Economy|dhaqaale]], [[social|bulsho]], [[Finance|maaliyadeed]] iyo [[Culture|dhaqan]] ee haweenka Somaliland ka hor istaaga inay ka qayb qaataan siyaasadda.<ref name=":0" /> Nafisat waxay sidoo kale xoogga saartay baahida loo qabo in la ballaariyo [[female education|waxbarashada gabdhaha]] ee Somaliland, si loo yareeyo xaddidaadaha ay gabdhuhu kala kulmaan fursadaha dhaqaale ee yar. Waxay sheegtay in haweenku “inta badan ay ku shaqeeyaan ganacsiyo yaryar, mana arkaysid haween badan oo ganacsato hodan ah halkan”, balse “taasi way is beddeli kartaa maadaama isdiiwaangelinta tacliinta sare ay soo hagaagayso”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606110203.html|title=Somalia: The Art of Covering Up in Somaliland|last=Jeffrey|first=James|date=November 6, 2016|work=Inter Press Service|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} 712rhu5n0fys3fqdlm5noeyhvbzcvv4 300458 300457 2026-06-30T14:50:39Z Ayanfo189 46015 /* References */ 300458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nafisat Yusuf Mohammed''' waa [[Feminism|feminist]] ka soo jeeda [[Somaliland]], una ololeysa ka-qaybgalka haweenka Somaliland ee siyaasadda, sidoo kalena ah agaasimaha fulinta ee NAGAAD Network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/dpublog/2017/02/20/womens-political-participation-somaliland/|title=Women’s Political Participation in Somaliland - The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|date=February 20, 2017|work=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|language=en-US}}</ref> == Taariikh nololeed == Nafisat waxay madax ka tahay NAGAAD, oo ah urur aan dowli ahayn oo haween ah, xaruntiisuna ku taallo [[Hargeisa]]. NAGAAD waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1997, iyadoo ah dallad ay ku mideysan yihiin 46 kooxood oo haween ah oo ka jira Somaliland, si ay si wadajir ah ugu doodaan [[women's rights|xuquuqda haweenka]] iyo awood-siinta haweenka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/database/nagaad/en/|title=PMNCH {{!}} Nagaad Umbrella Organization|website=[www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November](http://www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November) 18, 2017}}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 2017, Nafisat waxay bandhig ka jeedisay qaybta Development Planning Unit (DPU) ee [[University College London]], halkaas oo ay ku muujisay caqabadaha [[Economy|dhaqaale]], [[social|bulsho]], [[Finance|maaliyadeed]] iyo [[Culture|dhaqan]] ee haweenka Somaliland ka hor istaaga inay ka qayb qaataan siyaasadda.<ref name=":0" /> Nafisat waxay sidoo kale xoogga saartay baahida loo qabo in la ballaariyo [[female education|waxbarashada gabdhaha]] ee Somaliland, si loo yareeyo xaddidaadaha ay gabdhuhu kala kulmaan fursadaha dhaqaale ee yar. Waxay sheegtay in haweenku “inta badan ay ku shaqeeyaan ganacsiyo yaryar, mana arkaysid haween badan oo ganacsato hodan ah halkan”, balse “taasi way is beddeli kartaa maadaama isdiiwaangelinta tacliinta sare ay soo hagaagayso”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606110203.html|title=Somalia: The Art of Covering Up in Somaliland|last=Jeffrey|first=James|date=November 6, 2016|work=Inter Press Service|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> == References == tda9k2bsc9an6htkv02sx1xfroovfvk 300474 300458 2026-06-30T16:47:40Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Nafisat Yusuf Mohammed]] ilaa [[Nafisat Yuusuf Maxamed]] 300458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nafisat Yusuf Mohammed''' waa [[Feminism|feminist]] ka soo jeeda [[Somaliland]], una ololeysa ka-qaybgalka haweenka Somaliland ee siyaasadda, sidoo kalena ah agaasimaha fulinta ee NAGAAD Network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/dpublog/2017/02/20/womens-political-participation-somaliland/|title=Women’s Political Participation in Somaliland - The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|date=February 20, 2017|work=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|language=en-US}}</ref> == Taariikh nololeed == Nafisat waxay madax ka tahay NAGAAD, oo ah urur aan dowli ahayn oo haween ah, xaruntiisuna ku taallo [[Hargeisa]]. NAGAAD waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1997, iyadoo ah dallad ay ku mideysan yihiin 46 kooxood oo haween ah oo ka jira Somaliland, si ay si wadajir ah ugu doodaan [[women's rights|xuquuqda haweenka]] iyo awood-siinta haweenka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/database/nagaad/en/|title=PMNCH {{!}} Nagaad Umbrella Organization|website=[www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November](http://www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November) 18, 2017}}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 2017, Nafisat waxay bandhig ka jeedisay qaybta Development Planning Unit (DPU) ee [[University College London]], halkaas oo ay ku muujisay caqabadaha [[Economy|dhaqaale]], [[social|bulsho]], [[Finance|maaliyadeed]] iyo [[Culture|dhaqan]] ee haweenka Somaliland ka hor istaaga inay ka qayb qaataan siyaasadda.<ref name=":0" /> Nafisat waxay sidoo kale xoogga saartay baahida loo qabo in la ballaariyo [[female education|waxbarashada gabdhaha]] ee Somaliland, si loo yareeyo xaddidaadaha ay gabdhuhu kala kulmaan fursadaha dhaqaale ee yar. Waxay sheegtay in haweenku “inta badan ay ku shaqeeyaan ganacsiyo yaryar, mana arkaysid haween badan oo ganacsato hodan ah halkan”, balse “taasi way is beddeli kartaa maadaama isdiiwaangelinta tacliinta sare ay soo hagaagayso”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606110203.html|title=Somalia: The Art of Covering Up in Somaliland|last=Jeffrey|first=James|date=November 6, 2016|work=Inter Press Service|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> == References == tda9k2bsc9an6htkv02sx1xfroovfvk 300476 300474 2026-06-30T16:47:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300476 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nafisat Yuusuf Maxamed''' waa [[Feminism|feminist]] ka soo jeeda [[Somaliland]], una ololeysa ka-qaybgalka haweenka Somaliland ee siyaasadda, sidoo kalena ah agaasimaha fulinta ee NAGAAD Network.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/dpublog/2017/02/20/womens-political-participation-somaliland/|title=Women’s Political Participation in Somaliland - The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|date=February 20, 2017|work=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=The Bartlett Development Planning Unit|language=en-US}}</ref> == Taariikh nololeed == Nafisat waxay madax ka tahay NAGAAD, oo ah urur aan dowli ahayn oo haween ah, xaruntiisuna ku taallo [[Hargeisa]]. NAGAAD waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 1997, iyadoo ah dallad ay ku mideysan yihiin 46 kooxood oo haween ah oo ka jira Somaliland, si ay si wadajir ah ugu doodaan [[women's rights|xuquuqda haweenka]] iyo awood-siinta haweenka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/database/nagaad/en/|title=PMNCH {{!}} Nagaad Umbrella Organization|website=[www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November](http://www.who.int|publisher=Who.int|access-date=November) 18, 2017}}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 2017, Nafisat waxay bandhig ka jeedisay qaybta Development Planning Unit (DPU) ee [[University College London]], halkaas oo ay ku muujisay caqabadaha [[Economy|dhaqaale]], [[social|bulsho]], [[Finance|maaliyadeed]] iyo [[Culture|dhaqan]] ee haweenka Somaliland ka hor istaaga inay ka qayb qaataan siyaasadda.<ref name=":0" /> Nafisat waxay sidoo kale xoogga saartay baahida loo qabo in la ballaariyo [[female education|waxbarashada gabdhaha]] ee Somaliland, si loo yareeyo xaddidaadaha ay gabdhuhu kala kulmaan fursadaha dhaqaale ee yar. Waxay sheegtay in haweenku “inta badan ay ku shaqeeyaan ganacsiyo yaryar, mana arkaysid haween badan oo ganacsato hodan ah halkan”, balse “taasi way is beddeli kartaa maadaama isdiiwaangelinta tacliinta sare ay soo hagaagayso”.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201606110203.html|title=Somalia: The Art of Covering Up in Somaliland|last=Jeffrey|first=James|date=November 6, 2016|work=Inter Press Service|access-date=November 18, 2017|publisher=AllAfrica}}</ref> == References == h9b8gkwhnbq7un3pu4v7mskasvhkf15 0 48455 300459 2026-06-30T14:59:35Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC)''' waa urur maxalli ah oo aan dowli ahayn (LNGO) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Garowe]], caasimadda maamulka iskiis u maamula ee [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Somalia]]. Xaruntu waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadataa cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta horumarinta nabadda iyo dadaallada lagu xoojinayo maamul wanaagga. ==Hawlaha== PDRC waxaa maamula [[board of directors|guddi agaasime]] oo ka kooban toddoba xubnood; shan rag ah iyo laba haween ah. Ag... 300459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC)''' waa urur maxalli ah oo aan dowli ahayn (LNGO) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Garowe]], caasimadda maamulka iskiis u maamula ee [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Somalia]]. Xaruntu waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadataa cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta horumarinta nabadda iyo dadaallada lagu xoojinayo maamul wanaagga. ==Hawlaha== PDRC waxaa maamula [[board of directors|guddi agaasime]] oo ka kooban toddoba xubnood; shan rag ah iyo laba haween ah. Agaasimaha xarunta waa Cabdiraxmaan Cabdulle Cismaan (Shuke).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Ujeeddada ay xaruntu sheegtay waa horumarinta dhismaha nabadda iyo dib-u-dhiska qaranka kadib [[Somali Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] iyo saameyntiisii. Iyadoo la dhiirrigelinayo wada-hadalka u dhexeeya dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah, PDRC waxay doonaysaa inay kobciso qiyamka dimuqraadiyadda. Waxa kale oo ay hiigsanaysaa horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha iyadoo la ixtiraamayo xuquuqda aadanaha, si hufan loo adeegsanayo khayraadka, isla markaana dadka deegaanka loola dhaqmo si siman. ==Taariikh== PDRC waxaa la aasaasay 30 Oktoobar 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay, xaruntu waxay samaysay dadaallo badan oo lagu hagaajinayo tayada maamulka [[Puntland]]. Sidaas awgeed, sannadkii 2001 waxay hirgelisay Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), oo ahayd hindise lagu doonayay in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka u dhexeeyay maamulka Puntland ee xilligaas iyo kooxaha mucaaradka.<ref name="PPM">[http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm Puntland Peace Mission (PPM)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081433/http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> PDRC waxay sidoo kale qabanqaabisay isu-soo-baxyo nabadeed oo ka dhacay guud ahaan gobolka. Horraantii 2004, PDRC waxay xoogga saartay muhiimadda cilmi-baarista ku saabsan dimuqraadiyeynta nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Puntland, maamulka dakhliga dowladda, adkaynta heshiiska nabadda Mudug iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta qaran. Waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigtay dadaalladii lagu horumarinayay tayada maamulka Soomaaliya. Isla sannadkaas, PDRC waxay iskaashi la samaysay War-torn Societies Project (WSP) si looga hortago in uu dhaco firaaqo siyaasadeed oo ka dhalata qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed ee Puntland xilligaas. Sanadihii u dambeeyay, PDRC waxay sii wadday doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta barnaamijyada lagu horumarinayo nabadda iyo maamul wanaagga Puntland. Sida ay sheegtay PDRC, maamul wanaaggu wuxuu kordhiyaa ka-qaybgalka shacabka ee go'aan qaadashada, wuxuu suurageliyaa [[decentralization|maamul-daadejinta]] awoodda laga soo wareejiyo dowladda dhexe loona wareejiyo heerarka gobollada iyo bulshada, wuxuuna xoojiyaa hufnaanta go'aan qaadashada. Sannadkii 2016, PDRC waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay "Puntland Development Research Center" una beddeshay "Peace and Development Research Center". Sababta isbeddelkan ayaa ahayd qorshaha ay ku ballaarinayso joogitaankeeda iyo shaqadeeda guud ahaan Soomaaliya. PDRC waxay iskaashi la leedahay Interpeace, oo ah urur aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo fadhigiisu yahay Geneva kana shaqeeya dhismaha nabadda. == Tixraacyo == au43gbw0hq8v9jdj3nn1pg1cawtmyvt 300470 300459 2026-06-30T16:46:03Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Puntland Development Research Center]] ilaa [[Xarunta Cilmi baarista iyo Horumarinta Puntland]] 300459 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puntland Development Research Center (PDRC)''' waa urur maxalli ah oo aan dowli ahayn (LNGO) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Garowe]], caasimadda maamulka iskiis u maamula ee [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Somalia]]. Xaruntu waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadataa cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta horumarinta nabadda iyo dadaallada lagu xoojinayo maamul wanaagga. ==Hawlaha== PDRC waxaa maamula [[board of directors|guddi agaasime]] oo ka kooban toddoba xubnood; shan rag ah iyo laba haween ah. Agaasimaha xarunta waa Cabdiraxmaan Cabdulle Cismaan (Shuke).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Ujeeddada ay xaruntu sheegtay waa horumarinta dhismaha nabadda iyo dib-u-dhiska qaranka kadib [[Somali Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] iyo saameyntiisii. Iyadoo la dhiirrigelinayo wada-hadalka u dhexeeya dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah, PDRC waxay doonaysaa inay kobciso qiyamka dimuqraadiyadda. Waxa kale oo ay hiigsanaysaa horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha iyadoo la ixtiraamayo xuquuqda aadanaha, si hufan loo adeegsanayo khayraadka, isla markaana dadka deegaanka loola dhaqmo si siman. ==Taariikh== PDRC waxaa la aasaasay 30 Oktoobar 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay, xaruntu waxay samaysay dadaallo badan oo lagu hagaajinayo tayada maamulka [[Puntland]]. Sidaas awgeed, sannadkii 2001 waxay hirgelisay Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), oo ahayd hindise lagu doonayay in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka u dhexeeyay maamulka Puntland ee xilligaas iyo kooxaha mucaaradka.<ref name="PPM">[http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm Puntland Peace Mission (PPM)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081433/http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> PDRC waxay sidoo kale qabanqaabisay isu-soo-baxyo nabadeed oo ka dhacay guud ahaan gobolka. Horraantii 2004, PDRC waxay xoogga saartay muhiimadda cilmi-baarista ku saabsan dimuqraadiyeynta nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Puntland, maamulka dakhliga dowladda, adkaynta heshiiska nabadda Mudug iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta qaran. Waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigtay dadaalladii lagu horumarinayay tayada maamulka Soomaaliya. Isla sannadkaas, PDRC waxay iskaashi la samaysay War-torn Societies Project (WSP) si looga hortago in uu dhaco firaaqo siyaasadeed oo ka dhalata qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed ee Puntland xilligaas. Sanadihii u dambeeyay, PDRC waxay sii wadday doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta barnaamijyada lagu horumarinayo nabadda iyo maamul wanaagga Puntland. Sida ay sheegtay PDRC, maamul wanaaggu wuxuu kordhiyaa ka-qaybgalka shacabka ee go'aan qaadashada, wuxuu suurageliyaa [[decentralization|maamul-daadejinta]] awoodda laga soo wareejiyo dowladda dhexe loona wareejiyo heerarka gobollada iyo bulshada, wuxuuna xoojiyaa hufnaanta go'aan qaadashada. Sannadkii 2016, PDRC waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay "Puntland Development Research Center" una beddeshay "Peace and Development Research Center". Sababta isbeddelkan ayaa ahayd qorshaha ay ku ballaarinayso joogitaankeeda iyo shaqadeeda guud ahaan Soomaaliya. PDRC waxay iskaashi la leedahay Interpeace, oo ah urur aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo fadhigiisu yahay Geneva kana shaqeeya dhismaha nabadda. == Tixraacyo == au43gbw0hq8v9jdj3nn1pg1cawtmyvt 300472 300470 2026-06-30T16:46:23Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Xarunta Cilmi baarista iyo Horumarinta Puntlan (PDRC)''' waa urur maxalli ah oo aan dowli ahayn (LNGO) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Garowe]], caasimadda maamulka iskiis u maamula ee [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Somalia]]. Xaruntu waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadataa cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta horumarinta nabadda iyo dadaallada lagu xoojinayo maamul wanaagga. ==Hawlaha== PDRC waxaa maamula [[board of directors|guddi agaasime]] oo ka kooban toddoba xubnood; shan rag ah iyo laba haween ah. Agaasimaha xarunta waa Cabdiraxmaan Cabdulle Cismaan (Shuke).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Ujeeddada ay xaruntu sheegtay waa horumarinta dhismaha nabadda iyo dib-u-dhiska qaranka kadib [[Somali Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] iyo saameyntiisii. Iyadoo la dhiirrigelinayo wada-hadalka u dhexeeya dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah, PDRC waxay doonaysaa inay kobciso qiyamka dimuqraadiyadda. Waxa kale oo ay hiigsanaysaa horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha iyadoo la ixtiraamayo xuquuqda aadanaha, si hufan loo adeegsanayo khayraadka, isla markaana dadka deegaanka loola dhaqmo si siman. ==Taariikh== PDRC waxaa la aasaasay 30 Oktoobar 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay, xaruntu waxay samaysay dadaallo badan oo lagu hagaajinayo tayada maamulka [[Puntland]]. Sidaas awgeed, sannadkii 2001 waxay hirgelisay Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), oo ahayd hindise lagu doonayay in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka u dhexeeyay maamulka Puntland ee xilligaas iyo kooxaha mucaaradka.<ref name="PPM">[http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm Puntland Peace Mission (PPM)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081433/http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> PDRC waxay sidoo kale qabanqaabisay isu-soo-baxyo nabadeed oo ka dhacay guud ahaan gobolka. Horraantii 2004, PDRC waxay xoogga saartay muhiimadda cilmi-baarista ku saabsan dimuqraadiyeynta nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Puntland, maamulka dakhliga dowladda, adkaynta heshiiska nabadda Mudug iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta qaran. Waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigtay dadaalladii lagu horumarinayay tayada maamulka Soomaaliya. Isla sannadkaas, PDRC waxay iskaashi la samaysay War-torn Societies Project (WSP) si looga hortago in uu dhaco firaaqo siyaasadeed oo ka dhalata qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed ee Puntland xilligaas. Sanadihii u dambeeyay, PDRC waxay sii wadday doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta barnaamijyada lagu horumarinayo nabadda iyo maamul wanaagga Puntland. Sida ay sheegtay PDRC, maamul wanaaggu wuxuu kordhiyaa ka-qaybgalka shacabka ee go'aan qaadashada, wuxuu suurageliyaa [[decentralization|maamul-daadejinta]] awoodda laga soo wareejiyo dowladda dhexe loona wareejiyo heerarka gobollada iyo bulshada, wuxuuna xoojiyaa hufnaanta go'aan qaadashada. Sannadkii 2016, PDRC waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay "Puntland Development Research Center" una beddeshay "Peace and Development Research Center". Sababta isbeddelkan ayaa ahayd qorshaha ay ku ballaarinayso joogitaankeeda iyo shaqadeeda guud ahaan Soomaaliya. PDRC waxay iskaashi la leedahay Interpeace, oo ah urur aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo fadhigiisu yahay Geneva kana shaqeeya dhismaha nabadda. == Tixraacyo == 7l6t801mwm0qrm37kszwv8w6g34m1uq 300473 300472 2026-06-30T16:46:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Xarunta Cilmi baarista iyo Horumarinta Puntlan (PDRC)''' waa urur maxalli ah oo aan dowli ahayn (LNGO) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Garoowe]], caasimadda maamulka iskiis u maamula ee [[Puntland]] ee waqooyi-bari [[Soomaaliya]]. Xaruntu waxay door muhiim ah ka qaadataa cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta horumarinta nabadda iyo dadaallada lagu xoojinayo maamul wanaagga. ==Hawlaha== PDRC waxaa maamula [[board of directors|guddi agaasime]] oo ka kooban toddoba xubnood; shan rag ah iyo laba haween ah. Agaasimaha xarunta waa Cabdiraxmaan Cabdulle Cismaan (Shuke).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Ujeeddada ay xaruntu sheegtay waa horumarinta dhismaha nabadda iyo dib-u-dhiska qaranka kadib [[Somali Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]] iyo saameyntiisii. Iyadoo la dhiirrigelinayo wada-hadalka u dhexeeya dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah, PDRC waxay doonaysaa inay kobciso qiyamka dimuqraadiyadda. Waxa kale oo ay hiigsanaysaa horumarinta bulshada iyo dhaqaalaha iyadoo la ixtiraamayo xuquuqda aadanaha, si hufan loo adeegsanayo khayraadka, isla markaana dadka deegaanka loola dhaqmo si siman. ==Taariikh== PDRC waxaa la aasaasay 30 Oktoobar 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |title=PDRC - Puntland Development Research Center |accessdate=2011-03-09 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055842/http://pdrcsomalia.org/profile.php |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}</ref> Tobankii sano ee ugu horreeyay, xaruntu waxay samaysay dadaallo badan oo lagu hagaajinayo tayada maamulka [[Puntland]]. Sidaas awgeed, sannadkii 2001 waxay hirgelisay Puntland Peace Mission (PPM), oo ahayd hindise lagu doonayay in lagu xalliyo khilaafaadka u dhexeeyay maamulka Puntland ee xilligaas iyo kooxaha mucaaradka.<ref name="PPM">[http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm Puntland Peace Mission (PPM)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725081433/http://www.somaliawatch.org/archivemar02/020420601.htm |date=2011-07-25 }}</ref> PDRC waxay sidoo kale qabanqaabisay isu-soo-baxyo nabadeed oo ka dhacay guud ahaan gobolka. Horraantii 2004, PDRC waxay xoogga saartay muhiimadda cilmi-baarista ku saabsan dimuqraadiyeynta nidaamka siyaasadeed ee Puntland, maamulka dakhliga dowladda, adkaynta heshiiska nabadda Mudug iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta qaran. Waxay sidoo kale soo bandhigtay dadaalladii lagu horumarinayay tayada maamulka Soomaaliya. Isla sannadkaas, PDRC waxay iskaashi la samaysay War-torn Societies Project (WSP) si looga hortago in uu dhaco firaaqo siyaasadeed oo ka dhalata qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed ee Puntland xilligaas. Sanadihii u dambeeyay, PDRC waxay sii wadday doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarista iyo maalgelinta barnaamijyada lagu horumarinayo nabadda iyo maamul wanaagga Puntland. Sida ay sheegtay PDRC, maamul wanaaggu wuxuu kordhiyaa ka-qaybgalka shacabka ee go'aan qaadashada, wuxuu suurageliyaa [[decentralization|maamul-daadejinta]] awoodda laga soo wareejiyo dowladda dhexe loona wareejiyo heerarka gobollada iyo bulshada, wuxuuna xoojiyaa hufnaanta go'aan qaadashada. Sannadkii 2016, PDRC waxay magaceeda ka beddeshay "Puntland Development Research Center" una beddeshay "Peace and Development Research Center". Sababta isbeddelkan ayaa ahayd qorshaha ay ku ballaarinayso joogitaankeeda iyo shaqadeeda guud ahaan Soomaaliya. PDRC waxay iskaashi la leedahay Interpeace, oo ah urur aan faa'iido doon ahayn oo fadhigiisu yahay Geneva kana shaqeeya dhismaha nabadda. == Tixraacyo == bmzhlsrxhma5sodf8mmn0hp5qd74wxe 0 48456 300460 2026-06-30T15:36:24Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Bilan Media''' waa warbaahin [[Somali people|Soomaali]] ah oo ay si buuxda u maamulaan haween. Waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 2022, waxaana hoggaamisa [[Nasrin Mohamed Ibrahim]]. Warbaahintu waxay inta badan diiradda saartaa [[Social issue|arrimaha bulshada]] ee saameeya [[Somalia]]. == Taariikh == Soomaaliya waa dalka ugu khatarta badan Afrika ee saxafiyiinta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-20|title=Somalie {{!}} RSF|url=https://rsf.org/fr/pays-somalie|access-date=2024-07-20|websi... 300460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bilan Media''' waa warbaahin [[Somali people|Soomaali]] ah oo ay si buuxda u maamulaan haween. Waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 2022, waxaana hoggaamisa [[Nasrin Mohamed Ibrahim]]. Warbaahintu waxay inta badan diiradda saartaa [[Social issue|arrimaha bulshada]] ee saameeya [[Somalia]]. == Taariikh == Soomaaliya waa dalka ugu khatarta badan Afrika ee saxafiyiinta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-20|title=Somalie {{!}} RSF|url=https://rsf.org/fr/pays-somalie|access-date=2024-07-20|website=rsf.org|language=fr|archive-date=2024-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605205115/https://rsf.org/fr/pays-somalie|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-10-27|title=Bilan Média, première rédaction 100% féminine en Somalie|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/les-histoires-du-monde/bilan-media-premiere-redaction-100-feminine-en-somalie-3308731|access-date=2024-07-20|website=France Inter|language=fr|archive-date=2023-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102124000/https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/les-histoires-du-monde/bilan-media-premiere-redaction-100-feminin-en-somalie-3308731|url-status=live}}</ref> Bilan Media waxaa la aasaasay bishii Abriil 2022 iyadoo taageero ka heshay [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), waxayna ka kooban tahay koox lix saxafi oo haween ah.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2024-06-26|title=Somalie: Bilan Media, un média 100% féminin remporte un prix consacré à la liberté de la presse|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240626-somalie-bilan-media-un-m%C3%A9dia-100-feminin-remporte-un-prix-consacr%C3%A9-%C3%A0-la-libert%C3%A9-de-la-presse|access-date=2024-07-20|website=RFI|language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2023-10-24|title=Somalie : " Bilan ", le premier média 100 % féminin qui brise les tabous|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/24/somalie-bilan-le-premier-media-100-feminin-qui-brise-les-tabous_6196202_3212.html|access-date=2024-07-20|work=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|archive-date=2024-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611222727/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/10/24/somalie-bilan-le-premier-media-100-feminin-qui-brise-les-tabous_6196202_3212.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Wax yar ka hor furitaankii Bilan Media, mid ka mid ah saxafiyiinta kooxda ayaa ka badbaaday weerar ay geysteen kooxda [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]].<ref name=":1" /> Tani waa warbaahintii ugu horreysay ee dalka oo si buuxda ay haween u maamulaan,<ref name=":0" /> iyadoo u ololeysa in si weyn loo iftiimiyo arrimaha saameeya haweenka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-07|title=Women-only media start-up wants to fight stigma in Somalia|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220707-women-only-media-start-up-wants-to-fight-stigma-in-somalia|access-date=2024-07-20|website=France 24|language=en|archive-date=2023-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730132609/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220707-women-only-media-start-up-wants-to-fight-stigma-in-somalia|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-08|title=Women-only media start-up wants to fight stigma in Somalia|url=https://arab.news/nwpxk|access-date=2024-07-20|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=AFP|date=2024-07-20|title="Environ 80% de nos programmes se concentreront sur des sujets que les gens peuvent trouver scandaleux"|url=https://www.lalibre.be/international/afrique/2022/07/07/un-media-100-feminin-a-lassaut-des-tabous-en-somalie-77EYFFKNG5F6NKG7HLRDXZRKAE/|access-date=2024-07-20|website=La Libre.be|language=fr|archive-date=2022-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808172309/https://www.lalibre.be/international/afrique/2022/07/07/un-media-100-feminin-a-lassaut-des-tabous-en-somalie-77EYFFKNG5F6NKG7HLRDXZRKAE/|url-status=live}}</ref> Magaca "Bilan" waxaa loo doortay sababtoo ah wuxuu af-Soomaali ku leeyahay macnaha "iftiin" ama "dhalaalaya".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-12|title=Ouverture du premier média exclusivement féminin de Somalie|url=https://www.voaafrique.com/a/ouverture-du-premier-m%C3%A9dia-exclusivement-f%C3%A9minin-en-somalie/6525876.html|access-date=2024-07-20|website=Voice of America|language=fr|archive-date=2024-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611224112/https://www.voaafrique.com/a/ouverture-du-premier-m%C3%A9dia-exclusivement-f%C3%A9minin-en-somalie/6525876.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tan iyo markii la aasaasay ururka, tifaftiraha guud wuxuu ahaa [[Fathi Mohamed Ahmed]],<ref name=":0" /> halka agaasimuhu ay tahay Nasrin Mohamed Ibrahim.<ref name=":2" /> Tan iyo markii la aasaasay, warbaahintu waxay diiradda saartay arrimaha bulshada, oo ay ku jiraan baahinta wararka ku saabsan [[period poverty]] ee Soomaaliya iyo wareysiyada haweenka iyo gabdhaha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=AfricaNews|date=2022|title=Somalie : "Bilan", un média pour femmes victimes de violences sexistes|url=https://fr.africanews.com/2022/07/07/somalie-bilan-un-media-pour-femmes-victimes-de-violences-sexistes/|access-date=2024-07-20|website=Africanews|language=fr|archive-date=2023-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606052317/https://fr.africanews.com/2022/07/07/somalie-bilan-un-media-pour-femmes-victimes-de-violences-sexistes/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Fault, justice, and firsts in court, nature, and the newsroom|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Points-of-Progress/2022/0516/Fault-justice-and-firsts-in-court-nature-and-the-newsroom|access-date=2024-07-20|work=Christian Science Monitor|issn=0882-7729|archive-date=2024-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226114141/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Points-of-Progress/2022/0516/Fault-justice-and-firsts-in-court-nature-and-the-newsroom|url-status=live}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale ka hadashaa mowduucyo bulshada dhexdeeda laga xishoodo ama laga aamuso, sida [[Drug use in music|isticmaalka daroogada]] ee dadka nugul ee Soomaaliya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Waxyaabaha ay baahiso waxaa lagu gaarsiiyaa idaacad, telefishan iyo warbaahinta internetka.<ref name=":4" /> Sannadkii 2024, kooxdu waxay billowday barnaamijkii ugu horreeyay ee telefishinka siyaasadda Soomaaliya oo ay haween abaabuleen.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Choat|first=Isabel|date=2024-01-30|title=Somalia to launch its first current affairs TV show led by women|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/jan/30/somalia-to-launch-its-first-current-affairs-tv-show-led-by-women|access-date=2024-07-20|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=2024-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722103746/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/jan/30/somalia-to-launch-its-first-current-affairs-tv-show-led-by-women|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Juun ee isla sannadkaas, waxay ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Xorriyadda Saxaafadda ee [[One World Media]].<ref name=":1" /> == Tixraacyo == 8zcc3f0wmmll6a3y36va80vnm9fzsi7 0 48457 300461 2026-06-30T15:39:11Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS)''' waa machad cilmi-baaris siyaasadeed (think tank) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]. == Guudmar == Heritage Institute for Policy Studies waa xarun cilmi-baaris oo madax-bannaan, aan faa'iido doon ahayn, kana madax-bannaan xisbiyada siyaasadda. Ujeeddadeedu waa inay xog iyo talooyin ku salaysan cilmi-baaris, falanqayn qoto dheer iyo xalal cusub ku saameyso siyaasadaha guud iyo habraacyada dowladda, iyadoo soo saarta w... 300461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS)''' waa machad cilmi-baaris siyaasadeed (think tank) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]. == Guudmar == Heritage Institute for Policy Studies waa xarun cilmi-baaris oo madax-bannaan, aan faa'iido doon ahayn, kana madax-bannaan xisbiyada siyaasadda. Ujeeddadeedu waa inay xog iyo talooyin ku salaysan cilmi-baaris, falanqayn qoto dheer iyo xalal cusub ku saameyso siyaasadaha guud iyo habraacyada dowladda, iyadoo soo saarta warbixinno, qoraallo siyaasadeed iyo dood-wadaagyo dadweyne. Machadka waxaa laga aasaasay [[Mogadishu]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hujale|first1=Moulid|title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia’s new president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Somalia]] bishii Janaayo 2013. Tan iyo markii la aasaasay, HIPS waxay diyaarinaysay warbixinno iyo qoraallo siyaasadeed oo lagula taliyo dowladda cusub ee Soomaaliya, ururrada caalamiga ah iyo hay'adaha kale ee maxalliga ah. Lixdii bilood ee ugu horreysay, HIPS waxay bixisay falanqayn iyo talooyin ku saabsan arrimo ay ka mid yihiin fursadaha waxbarashada ee Soomaaliya, dadka barakacay, iyo dadaallada diblomaasiyadeed ee gudaha ee ka socday Kismaayo iyo maamulka iskiis ugu dhawaaqay madaxbannaanida ee [[Somaliland]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dana Stuster|first=John|title=Somalia's First Think Tanker on His Country: It's a 'Researcher's Gold Mine'|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/28/somalia_s_first_think_tank_heritage_institute_for_policy_studies|publisher=ForeignPolicy|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> Dadkii martida sharafta ahaa ee ka hadlay munaasabadaha machadka waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Asha Haji Elmi]], [[Mohamed Nur|Mohamed Nur "Tarzan"]] iyo [[Mohamed Ali Ameriko]]. Iyadoo qayb ka ah himiladeeda, HIPS waxay sidoo kale dhiirrigelisaa dhaqanka wax-akhriska iyo cilmi-baarista gudaha Soomaaliya. Si taas loo gaaro, waxay qorsheysay inay dalka ka hirgeliso maktabado dadweyne, qabato bandhigyo buugaag oo xagaaga ah, isla markaana bixiso tababaro cilmi-baaris iyo deeqo waxbarasho oo loogu talagalay ardayda heerka labaad iyo cilmi-baarayaasha mustaqbalka.<ref name="INTRO1">{{cite web|title=Somalia’s first think tank was launched in Mogadishu|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Jan/27710/somalia_s_first_think_tank_was_launched_in_mogadishu.aspx|publisher=HeritageInstitute for Policy Studies|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> HIPS waxaa hoggaamiya agaasime Mursal Saney.<ref name="heads">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Farah|title=Mursal Saney oo loo magacaabay agaasimaha Machadka Heritage|url=https://www.voasomali.com/a/7250208.html|access-date=1 September 2023|work=VOA|language=Somali|quote=Mursal Saney ayaa bedelaya Dr. Afyare Cilmi oo iska casilay xilka agaasimaha Heritage bishii July kadib laba sano oo uu xilkaas hayay.}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == 6h4n2t6hy9en8ei8sgc3fl7t85xg80f 300467 300461 2026-06-30T16:42:50Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Heritage Institute for Policy Studies]] ilaa [[Machadka Daraasaadka Siyasadda ee Heritage]] 300461 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heritage Institute for Policy Studies (HIPS)''' waa machad cilmi-baaris siyaasadeed (think tank) oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Mogadishu]], [[Somalia]]. == Guudmar == Heritage Institute for Policy Studies waa xarun cilmi-baaris oo madax-bannaan, aan faa'iido doon ahayn, kana madax-bannaan xisbiyada siyaasadda. Ujeeddadeedu waa inay xog iyo talooyin ku salaysan cilmi-baaris, falanqayn qoto dheer iyo xalal cusub ku saameyso siyaasadaha guud iyo habraacyada dowladda, iyadoo soo saarta warbixinno, qoraallo siyaasadeed iyo dood-wadaagyo dadweyne. Machadka waxaa laga aasaasay [[Mogadishu]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hujale|first1=Moulid|title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia’s new president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Somalia]] bishii Janaayo 2013. Tan iyo markii la aasaasay, HIPS waxay diyaarinaysay warbixinno iyo qoraallo siyaasadeed oo lagula taliyo dowladda cusub ee Soomaaliya, ururrada caalamiga ah iyo hay'adaha kale ee maxalliga ah. Lixdii bilood ee ugu horreysay, HIPS waxay bixisay falanqayn iyo talooyin ku saabsan arrimo ay ka mid yihiin fursadaha waxbarashada ee Soomaaliya, dadka barakacay, iyo dadaallada diblomaasiyadeed ee gudaha ee ka socday Kismaayo iyo maamulka iskiis ugu dhawaaqay madaxbannaanida ee [[Somaliland]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dana Stuster|first=John|title=Somalia's First Think Tanker on His Country: It's a 'Researcher's Gold Mine'|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/28/somalia_s_first_think_tank_heritage_institute_for_policy_studies|publisher=ForeignPolicy|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> Dadkii martida sharafta ahaa ee ka hadlay munaasabadaha machadka waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Asha Haji Elmi]], [[Mohamed Nur|Mohamed Nur "Tarzan"]] iyo [[Mohamed Ali Ameriko]]. Iyadoo qayb ka ah himiladeeda, HIPS waxay sidoo kale dhiirrigelisaa dhaqanka wax-akhriska iyo cilmi-baarista gudaha Soomaaliya. Si taas loo gaaro, waxay qorsheysay inay dalka ka hirgeliso maktabado dadweyne, qabato bandhigyo buugaag oo xagaaga ah, isla markaana bixiso tababaro cilmi-baaris iyo deeqo waxbarasho oo loogu talagalay ardayda heerka labaad iyo cilmi-baarayaasha mustaqbalka.<ref name="INTRO1">{{cite web|title=Somalia’s first think tank was launched in Mogadishu|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Jan/27710/somalia_s_first_think_tank_was_launched_in_mogadishu.aspx|publisher=HeritageInstitute for Policy Studies|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> HIPS waxaa hoggaamiya agaasime Mursal Saney.<ref name="heads">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Farah|title=Mursal Saney oo loo magacaabay agaasimaha Machadka Heritage|url=https://www.voasomali.com/a/7250208.html|access-date=1 September 2023|work=VOA|language=Somali|quote=Mursal Saney ayaa bedelaya Dr. Afyare Cilmi oo iska casilay xilka agaasimaha Heritage bishii July kadib laba sano oo uu xilkaas hayay.}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == 6h4n2t6hy9en8ei8sgc3fl7t85xg80f 300469 300467 2026-06-30T16:44:19Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Machadka Daraasaadka Siyasadda ee Heritage (HIPS)''' waa machad cilmi-baaris siyaasadeed oo xaruntiisu tahay [[Muqdisho]], [[Soomaaliya]]. == Guudmar == Heritage Institute for Policy Studies waa xarun cilmi-baaris oo madax-bannaan, aan faa'iido doon ahayn, kana madax-bannaan xisbiyada siyaasadda. Ujeeddadeedu waa inay xog iyo talooyin ku salaysan cilmi-baaris, falanqayn qoto dheer iyo xalal cusub ku saameyso siyaasadaha guud iyo habraacyada dowladda, iyadoo soo saarta warbixinno, qoraallo siyaasadeed iyo dood-wadaagyo dadweyne. Machadka waxaa laga aasaasay [[Mogadishu]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hujale|first1=Moulid|title=Hassan Mohamud: The second coming of Somalia’s new president|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/5/18/somalias-new-president|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Somalia]] bishii Janaayo 2013. Tan iyo markii la aasaasay, HIPS waxay diyaarinaysay warbixinno iyo qoraallo siyaasadeed oo lagula taliyo dowladda cusub ee Soomaaliya, ururrada caalamiga ah iyo hay'adaha kale ee maxalliga ah. Lixdii bilood ee ugu horreysay, HIPS waxay bixisay falanqayn iyo talooyin ku saabsan arrimo ay ka mid yihiin fursadaha waxbarashada ee Soomaaliya, dadka barakacay, iyo dadaallada diblomaasiyadeed ee gudaha ee ka socday Kismaayo iyo maamulka iskiis ugu dhawaaqay madaxbannaanida ee [[Somaliland]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Dana Stuster|first=John|title=Somalia's First Think Tanker on His Country: It's a 'Researcher's Gold Mine'|url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/06/28/somalia_s_first_think_tank_heritage_institute_for_policy_studies|publisher=ForeignPolicy|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> Dadkii martida sharafta ahaa ee ka hadlay munaasabadaha machadka waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Asha Haji Elmi]], [[Mohamed Nur|Mohamed Nur "Tarzan"]] iyo [[Mohamed Ali Ameriko]]. Iyadoo qayb ka ah himiladeeda, HIPS waxay sidoo kale dhiirrigelisaa dhaqanka wax-akhriska iyo cilmi-baarista gudaha Soomaaliya. Si taas loo gaaro, waxay qorsheysay inay dalka ka hirgeliso maktabado dadweyne, qabato bandhigyo buugaag oo xagaaga ah, isla markaana bixiso tababaro cilmi-baaris iyo deeqo waxbarasho oo loogu talagalay ardayda heerka labaad iyo cilmi-baarayaasha mustaqbalka.<ref name="INTRO1">{{cite web|title=Somalia’s first think tank was launched in Mogadishu|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Jan/27710/somalia_s_first_think_tank_was_launched_in_mogadishu.aspx|publisher=HeritageInstitute for Policy Studies|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> HIPS waxaa hoggaamiya agaasime Mursal Saney.<ref name="heads">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Farah|title=Mursal Saney oo loo magacaabay agaasimaha Machadka Heritage|url=https://www.voasomali.com/a/7250208.html|access-date=1 September 2023|work=VOA|language=Somali|quote=Mursal Saney ayaa bedelaya Dr. Afyare Cilmi oo iska casilay xilka agaasimaha Heritage bishii July kadib laba sano oo uu xilkaas hayay.}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == e2rssurpeby0sw1vhp7vcjmpo0qn3jf 0 48458 300462 2026-06-30T15:41:46Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''South Sudan's Relief and Rehabilitation Commission''' ('''RRC''') waa hay'ad ka tirsan [[Government of South Sudan#Government|Dowladda Koonfur Suudaan]]. Waxay tahay waaxda fulinta ee [[Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management (South Sudan)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Bani'aadannimada iyo Maareynta Musiibooyinka]].{{sfn|UNOCHA}} Iyadoo iskaashi la leh [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] iyo [[UNOCHA]], RRC waxay mas'uul ka tahay dib-u-dejinta internally... 300462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''South Sudan's Relief and Rehabilitation Commission''' ('''RRC''') waa hay'ad ka tirsan [[Government of South Sudan#Government|Dowladda Koonfur Suudaan]]. Waxay tahay waaxda fulinta ee [[Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management (South Sudan)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Bani'aadannimada iyo Maareynta Musiibooyinka]].{{sfn|UNOCHA}} Iyadoo iskaashi la leh [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] iyo [[UNOCHA]], RRC waxay mas'uul ka tahay dib-u-dejinta [[internally displaced person|dadka ku barakacay gudaha dalka]] ee Koonfur Suudaan.{{sfn|GoSS}}{{sfn|United States Congress|p=535}} gzu369sa5b4h69t5vfwynlkuor1qsrl 300463 300462 2026-06-30T15:42:14Z Ayanfo189 46015 300463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''South Sudan's Relief and Rehabilitation Commission''' ('''RRC''') waa hay'ad ka tirsan [[Government of South Sudan#Government|Dowladda Koonfur Suudaan]]. Waxay tahay waaxda fulinta ee [[Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management (South Sudan)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Bani'aadannimada iyo Maareynta Musiibooyinka]].{{sfn|UNOCHA}} Iyadoo iskaashi la leh [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] iyo [[UNOCHA]], RRC waxay mas'uul ka tahay dib-u-dejinta [[internally displaced person|dadka ku barakacay gudaha dalka]] ee Koonfur Suudaan.{{sfn|GoSS}}{{sfn|United States Congress|p=535}} == Kahor madax-bannaanida == Ka hor [[South Sudan#Independence (2011)|madax-bannaanida]] Koonfur Suudaan, RRC waxay u jirtay magaca Sudan SRRA ama SRRC. Ururkan wuxuu ahaa hay'ad ka tirsan [[SPLM]], wuxuuna lahaa awood uu ku bixiyo dukumentiyada safarka.{{sfn|Clammer|2005|p=43}} Markii hore, SRRC waxaa loo yaqaanay '''Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Agency''' (SRRA), balse waxay magaceeda beddeshay kadib markii ay ku biirtay ururkii ay la tartamaysay ee '''Relief Association for South Sudan''' (RASS), oo ahaa waax ka tirsan maleeshiyaadkii [[Riek Machar]] intii u dhaxaysay 1991 ilaa 2003. Maleeshiyaadkan ayaa markii hore loo yaqaanay [[SPLA-Nasir|SPLA-Nasir/United]], kadibna waxay noqdeen [[South Sudan Liberation Movement|SSIM/A]], [[South Sudan Defense Forces|SSDF]], iyo [[Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Front|SPDF]].{{sfn|Coghlan|2005|p=332}} == Tixraacyada == fqnck3w0y82k1zdq19ib8fr2bea4p56 300465 300463 2026-06-30T16:40:45Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission]] ilaa [[Guddiga Gargaarka iyo Soo kabashada Suudaanta Koofureed]] 300463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''South Sudan's Relief and Rehabilitation Commission''' ('''RRC''') waa hay'ad ka tirsan [[Government of South Sudan#Government|Dowladda Koonfur Suudaan]]. Waxay tahay waaxda fulinta ee [[Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management (South Sudan)|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Bani'aadannimada iyo Maareynta Musiibooyinka]].{{sfn|UNOCHA}} Iyadoo iskaashi la leh [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]] iyo [[UNOCHA]], RRC waxay mas'uul ka tahay dib-u-dejinta [[internally displaced person|dadka ku barakacay gudaha dalka]] ee Koonfur Suudaan.{{sfn|GoSS}}{{sfn|United States Congress|p=535}} == Kahor madax-bannaanida == Ka hor [[South Sudan#Independence (2011)|madax-bannaanida]] Koonfur Suudaan, RRC waxay u jirtay magaca Sudan SRRA ama SRRC. Ururkan wuxuu ahaa hay'ad ka tirsan [[SPLM]], wuxuuna lahaa awood uu ku bixiyo dukumentiyada safarka.{{sfn|Clammer|2005|p=43}} Markii hore, SRRC waxaa loo yaqaanay '''Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Agency''' (SRRA), balse waxay magaceeda beddeshay kadib markii ay ku biirtay ururkii ay la tartamaysay ee '''Relief Association for South Sudan''' (RASS), oo ahaa waax ka tirsan maleeshiyaadkii [[Riek Machar]] intii u dhaxaysay 1991 ilaa 2003. Maleeshiyaadkan ayaa markii hore loo yaqaanay [[SPLA-Nasir|SPLA-Nasir/United]], kadibna waxay noqdeen [[South Sudan Liberation Movement|SSIM/A]], [[South Sudan Defense Forces|SSDF]], iyo [[Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Front|SPDF]].{{sfn|Coghlan|2005|p=332}} == Tixraacyada == fqnck3w0y82k1zdq19ib8fr2bea4p56 0 48459 300466 2026-06-30T16:40:45Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[South Sudan Relief and Rehabilitation Commission]] ilaa [[Guddiga Gargaarka iyo Soo kabashada Suudaanta Koofureed]] 300466 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Guddiga Gargaarka iyo Soo kabashada Suudaanta Koofureed]] qod5vfcwllvjuwei1mwk3rzcr83m5qa 0 48460 300468 2026-06-30T16:42:50Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Heritage Institute for Policy Studies]] ilaa [[Machadka Daraasaadka Siyasadda ee Heritage]] 300468 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Machadka Daraasaadka Siyasadda ee Heritage]] 3z0qf570snvfnjrd8ltz6udv1n0wuji 0 48461 300471 2026-06-30T16:46:03Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Puntland Development Research Center]] ilaa [[Xarunta Cilmi baarista iyo Horumarinta Puntland]] 300471 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Xarunta Cilmi baarista iyo Horumarinta Puntland]] 6p3ee2u4qwd2w6sfq5kkmwjeih1b4aj 0 48462 300475 2026-06-30T16:47:40Z Isma4l 41797 Isma4l la wareejiyay bogga [[Nafisat Yusuf Mohammed]] ilaa [[Nafisat Yuusuf Maxamed]] 300475 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Nafisat Yuusuf Maxamed]] gurqrr21p9c0yjlaarhhu710bs2b69u 0 48463 300550 2026-07-01T09:22:57Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Anna Nimiriano''' (mararka qaarna waxaa loo yaqaan '''Anna Nimiriano Nunu Siya''') waa saxafiyad u dhalatay Koonfur Suudaan, waana aasaasaha wadajirka ah iyo tifaftiraha guud ee ''Juba Monitor''. Nimiriano waa haweeneyda keliya ee ah tifaftire guud ee wargeys ka shaqeysa Koonfur Suudaan, waxayna ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Women in News Editorial Leadership Award 2019 Africa (WAN-IFRA 2019 Africa Laureate).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nimiriano, South Sudan's only female n... 300550 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anna Nimiriano''' (mararka qaarna waxaa loo yaqaan '''Anna Nimiriano Nunu Siya''') waa saxafiyad u dhalatay Koonfur Suudaan, waana aasaasaha wadajirka ah iyo tifaftiraha guud ee ''Juba Monitor''. Nimiriano waa haweeneyda keliya ee ah tifaftire guud ee wargeys ka shaqeysa Koonfur Suudaan, waxayna ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Women in News Editorial Leadership Award 2019 Africa (WAN-IFRA 2019 Africa Laureate).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nimiriano, South Sudan's only female newspaper editor |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1503257 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> == Taariikh nololeed iyo waxbarasho == Nimiriano waxay shahaadada Bachelor of Arts ee Cilmiga Bulshada iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga ka qaadatay [[University of Juba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Editor from South Sudan is 2019 Africa Laureate |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/200/15/190604.html |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Bizcommunity |language=en}}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale haysataa Dibloomo cilmiga diinta ah oo ay ka qaadatay Institute of Theology for the Laity.<ref name=":0" /> Intaa waxaa dheer, Nimiriano waxay ka qaybgashay aqoon-is-weydaarsiyo badan oo heer qaran iyo heer caalami ah oo ku saabsan warbaahinta, kuwaas oo lagu qabtay Kenya, Uganda, [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], Sierra Leone, Jabuuti, Tansaaniya, Shiinaha iyo Hindiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Shaqada == Intii ay jaamacadda dhigatay, Nimiriano waxay qori jirtay maqaalada aragtida iyo faallooyinka ee wargeyskii hadda xirmay ee [[Khartoum Monitor]]. Kadib markii ay waxbarashadeeda dhammaysatay sannadkii 2006, waxay ku biirtay wargeyska iyadoo noqotay agaasimaha tafatirka, kadibna tifaftiraha maamulka.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=adminjubamonitor |title=The rise to fame of a female journalist, Anna Nimiriano |url=https://www.jubamonitor.com/the-rise-to-fame-of-a-female-journalist-anna-nimiriano/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322014725/http://www.jubamonitor.com/the-rise-to-fame-of-a-female-journalist-anna-nimiriano/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 March 2019 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Juba Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> Wargeyska waxaa loo beddelay ''Juba Monitor'' sannadkii 2000, waxayna noqotay mid ka mid ah aasaasayaashiisa. Sannadkii 2017, Nimiriano waxaa loo magacaabay [[Editor-in-chief|tifaftiraha guud]] ee ''Juba Monitor'', taas oo ka dhigtay haweeneyda keliya ee xilkaas ka haysa Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminjubamonitor |title=Anna Nimiriano off to Washington for fourth Award |url=https://www.jubamonitor.com/anna-nimiriano-off-to-washington-for-fourth-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019051115/http://www.jubamonitor.com/anna-nimiriano-off-to-washington-for-fourth-award/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Juba Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2018 |title=She bears witness to South Sudan's turbulence, one headline at a time |work=Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2018/1004/She-bears-witness-to-South-Sudan-s-turbulence-one-headline-at-a-time |access-date=2022-03-21 |issn=0882-7729}}</ref> Waxay beddeshay [[Alfred Taban]], kaas oo xilka ka degay kadib markii loo magacaabay xildhibaan matalaya [[Kajo Keji|Kajo-Keji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=adminjubamonitor |title=Kajo-Keji MP vows to restore security |url=https://www.jubamonitor.com/kajo-keji-mp-vows-to-restore-security/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207125222/https://www.jubamonitor.com/kajo-keji-mp-vows-to-restore-security/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=7 December 2021 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Juba Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref> Nimiriano waxay xubin ka tahay National Editors' Forum (NEF) ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref name=":0" /> Iyadoo doorkaas ku jirta, waxay warbaahinta u matashay madasha heerka sare ee Revitalized Peace Agreement Forum ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Nimiriano – IWMF |url=https://www.iwmf.org/community/anna-nimiriano/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=[www.iwmf.org](http://www.iwmf.org) |language=en}}</ref> == Abaalmarino iyo aqoonsi == Sannadkii 2019, Nimiriano waxay heshay laba abaalmarin. Waxaa loo magacaabay WAN-IFRA Africa Laureate, sidoo kale waxay ku guuleysatay Abaalmarinta Courage in Journalism Award 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The IWMF Announces 2019 Courage in Journalism Award Winners – IWMF |url=https://www.iwmf.org/2019/07/the-iwmf-announces-2019-courage-in-journalism-award-winners/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=[www.iwmf.org](http://www.iwmf.org) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=WAN-IFRA Women in News names Mary Mbewe the 2020 Editorial Leadership Award Laureate for Africa |url=https://wan-ifra.org/2020/09/wan-ifra-women-in-news-names-mary-mbewe-the-2020-editorial-leadership-award-laureate-for-africa/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=WAN-IFRA |language=en-US}}</ref> Waxay kaalinta 8-aad ka gashay liiska majaladda ''Fortune'' ee 50-ka hoggaamiye ee ugu saameynta badan dunida sannadkii 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Nimiriano |url=https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2019/anna-nimiriano/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Sidoo kale, Avance Media waxay ku dartay liiska 100-ka haween ee Afrika ugu saameynta badan sannadkii 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100Women {{!}} Avance Media {{!}} Anna Nimiriano |url=https://100women.avancemedia.org/annanimiriano/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == ibg80x32lq4cgyboab9z275jvzicw31 0 48464 300551 2026-07-01T09:27:23Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Veronica Lucy Gordon''' waa saxafiyad, baahiye raadiye iyo u ololeeyaha xuquuqda aadanaha oo u dhalatay Koonfur Suudaan. Waxay ka mid tahay aasaasayaashii '''[[Association of Media Women in South Sudan]] (AMWISS)'''. Sannadkii 2014, waxay noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xubin ka noqota guddiga fulinta ee '''Association for Media Development of South Sudan (AMDISS)'''. == Taariikh nololeed iyo waxbarasho == Gordon waxay haysataa Dibloomo ku saabsan Daraasaadka Bulshada i... 300551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Veronica Lucy Gordon''' waa saxafiyad, baahiye raadiye iyo u ololeeyaha xuquuqda aadanaha oo u dhalatay Koonfur Suudaan. Waxay ka mid tahay aasaasayaashii '''[[Association of Media Women in South Sudan]] (AMWISS)'''. Sannadkii 2014, waxay noqotay haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee xubin ka noqota guddiga fulinta ee '''Association for Media Development of South Sudan (AMDISS)'''. == Taariikh nololeed iyo waxbarasho == Gordon waxay haysataa Dibloomo ku saabsan Daraasaadka Bulshada iyo Horumarinta Reer Miyiga oo ay ka qaadatay [[Juba University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ayen Achol Deng |first=Female Journalists Network |date=14 December 2021 |title=Veteran journalist who bore brunt of war for decades narrates her story |url=https://beta.cityreviewss.com/veteran-journalist-who-bore-brunt-of-war-for-decades-narrates-her-story/ |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010234318/https://beta.cityreviewss.com/veteran-journalist-who-bore-brunt-of-war-for-decades-narrates-her-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale qaadatay tababar socday lix bilood oo ku saabsan tebinta wararka wargeysyada iyo sawir-qaadista, kaas oo ay maalgelisay Hirondele iyo [[BBC Trust]].<ref name=":0" /> Xiisaha ay u qabtay wax ka qabashada sinnaan la'aanta jinsiga ee warbaahinta wuxuu bilowday xilligii ay dhiganaysay dugsiga sare, markaas oo ay warbixinno ku daabici jirtay wargeyska dugsiga si ay u muujiso matalaadda hoose ee haweenka ee bulshadeeda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Activist - Women of Rubies |url=https://womenofrubies.com/tag/activist/,%20https://womenofrubies.com/tag/activist/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hoggaaminteedii hore waxay saldhig u noqotay shaqadeeda mustaqbalka, oo ay ku jirto doorkeedii aasaasidda Association of Media Women in South Sudan (AMWISS) iyo u doodista in codka haweenku si weyn uga muuqdo warbaahinta qaranka. == Shaqada == Gordon waxay ahayd qoraa joogto ah oo ka tirsan wargeyska ''Nile Mirror Newspaper'' sannadkii 1983, iyadoo inta badan wax ka qori jirtay waxbarashada gabdhaha.<ref name=":0" /> Intii u dhaxaysay 1985 iyo 2000, Gordon waxay ka shaqaynaysay Sudan National Broadcasting Cooperation, halkaas oo si qasab ah looga fariisiyay shaqada.<ref name=":0" /> Kadib waxay ku biirtay Coordination Council for the Southern States, oo uu aasaasay [[Riek Machar]].<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 2006, waxay ka shaqaynaysay idaacadda Free Voice Radio iyadoo ahayd soo-saare iyo turjubaan barnaamijyo.<ref name=":0" /> Sannadkii 2006, iyadoo ay weheliso marxuumad [[Apollonia Mathia]] iyo xubno kale, Gordon waxay ka mid ahayd aasaasayaashii Association of Media Women in South Sudan (AMWISS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-04 |title=Meet Veronica Lucy Gordon, South Sudan |url=https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-veronica-lucy-gordon-south-sudan/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Nobel Women's Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FOJO:Media Institute |date=November 2012 |title=Report on Training Needs for South Sudanese Journalists |pages=13 |work=Fojo Media Institute |url=https://www.mediasupport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/ims-fojo-needs-assessment-southsudan-2012.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Isla muddadaas waxay sidoo kale ahayd Agaasimaha South Sudan Radio sannadkii 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Powell |first=Robert |date=1 February 2012 |title=South Sudan : Media and telecoms landscape guide, February 2012 |pages=13–14 |work=Infoasaid |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/South%20Sudan%20Media%20and%20Telecoms%20Landscape%20Guide.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Sannadkii 2014, Gordon waxaa loo doortay guddoomiye ku xigeenkii ugu horreeyay ee haweeney ah ee Association for Media Development in South Sudan (AMDISS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-17 |title=Veteran Journalist Alfred Taban elected head of AMDISS |url=https://eyeradio.org/alfred-taban-elected-head-amdiss/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Apollonia Mathia]] * [[Mass media in South Sudan]] * [[Human rights in South Sudan]] == Tixraacyo == osf44v2dh7jm84zcmhfsi9hk92lq1or 0 48465 300552 2026-07-01T09:31:43Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Clement Lochio Lomornana''' (wuxuu dhashay 1983; la waayay 15 Agoosto 2015) wuxuu ahaa saxafi iyo u ololeeye xuquuqda aadanaha oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan. Shaqadiisii uu ka qabtay Gurtong Media awgeed, wuxuu caan ku noqday difaaca [[Freedom of the press|xorriyadda warbaahinta]] iyo [[freedom of speech|xorriyadda hadalka]] ee [[South Sudan]], iyo sidoo kale dhaleeceyntiisa ku aaddan [[South Sudanese Civil War|dagaalkii sokeeye ee Koonfur Suudaan]]. Lochio Lomornana waxaa la x... 300552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clement Lochio Lomornana''' (wuxuu dhashay 1983; la waayay 15 Agoosto 2015) wuxuu ahaa saxafi iyo u ololeeye xuquuqda aadanaha oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan. Shaqadiisii uu ka qabtay Gurtong Media awgeed, wuxuu caan ku noqday difaaca [[Freedom of the press|xorriyadda warbaahinta]] iyo [[freedom of speech|xorriyadda hadalka]] ee [[South Sudan]], iyo sidoo kale dhaleeceyntiisa ku aaddan [[South Sudanese Civil War|dagaalkii sokeeye ee Koonfur Suudaan]]. Lochio Lomornana waxaa la xiray 6 Agoosto 2015, mana uusan mar dambe ka muuqan fagaaraha tan iyo 15 Agoosto 2015. Qaar ka mid ah ururrada xuquuqda aadanaha ayaa ku tilmaamay inuu yahay qof "**[[Presumption of death|loo malaynayo inuu dhintay]]**". == Shaqada == Lochio Lomornana wuxuu ka tirsanaa [[Didinga people|qowmiyadda Didinga]], wuxuuna asal ahaan kasoo jeeday [[Namorunyang]], oo ah tuulo ku taalla [[Kapoeta South County]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Equatoria]], xilligii ay ka tirsanaan jirtay [[Democratic Republic of Sudan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://hrdmemorial.org/?hrdrecord=clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712095657/https://hrdmemorial.org/?hrdrecord=clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=HRD Memorial |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lochio Lomornana iyo qoyskiisa waxay ku barakaceen [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Sokeeye ee Suudaan]], waxaana sannadkii 1993 lagu qasbay inay ka cararaan tuuladooda kadib madaafiic ay soo rideen [[South Sudan People's Defence Forces|Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. Ugu dambayn waxay degeen [[refugee camp|xero qaxooti]] oo ku taalla [[Kenya]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Poplak |first1=Richard |last2=Bloom |first2=Kevin |date=2012-11-06 |title=Africa 3.0: Tuning into the future |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114201244/https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Markii uu jiray 10 sano, Lochio Lomornana waxaa lagu qasbay inuu u dagaallamo SPLA isagoo ahaa [[Children in the military|askar carruur ah]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Bashir |first=Misbahu |date=2011-11-22 |title=South Sudan: Experiences of a Child Soldier Turned Journalist |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201111220750.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref> Lochio Lomornana wuxuu muddo lix sano ah u shaqaynayay Gurtong Media isagoo ahaa saxafi iyo sawirqaade, wuxuuna saldhiggiisu ahaa [[Juba]] markii la waayay sannadkii 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=South Sudan: Thousands Still Missing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209233911/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Wuxuu taageersanaa [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|madaxbannaanida]] Koonfur Suudaan ay kaga go'ay [[Sudan]], isaga oo sheegay in shacabka Koonfur Suudaan ay la kulmeen "takoorid iyo dulmi" uga yimid [[Government of Sudan|dowladdii Suudaan]], isla markaana tilmaamay kala duwanaanshaha dhaqan iyo diimeed ee u dhexeeya waqooyiga ay Muslimiintu u badan yihiin iyo koonfurta ay Masiixiyiintu u badan yihiin. Wuxuu u codeeyay madaxbannaanida aftidii 2011. Lochio Lomornana wuxuu ahaa Masiixi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-09 |title=Sudan referendum: 'Peace at any cost' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12141082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426074401/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12141082 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kadib madaxbannaanida, Lochio Lomornana wuxuu noqday u ololeeye u dooda xorriyadda hadalka iyo xorriyadda warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan. Isagoo adeegsanaya Gurtong Media, wuxuu isku dayay inuu isbaro oo isu soo dhaweeyo qowmiyadaha kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Didinga, [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Dinka people|Dinka]] iyo [[Ketebo people|Ketebo]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Poplak |first1=Richard |last2=Bloom |first2=Kevin |date=2012-11-06 |title=Africa 3.0: Tuning into the future |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114201244/https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == La waayitaankiisa == Bilihii ka horreeyay xariggiisa, Lochio Lomornana wuxuu sheegay inuu la kulmay tacaddiyo uga yimid hay'adaha dowladda, oo ay ku jireen in la daba socdo intii uu safar ugu jiray Juba iyo hanjabaado dil. Markii dambe, [[United Nations]] waxay go'aamisay inuu marar badan la kulmay dabagal, handadaad iyo cabsi gelin intii u dhaxaysay 2013 iyo 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=Internal Communication Clearance Form |url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518121129/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-05 |title=Case History: Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307232418/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> Taasi waxay ku qasabtay inuu dalka ka baxsado bishii Abriil 2015. Wuxuu marka hore tegay Kenya, dabadeedna [[Uganda]], ka hor intuusan dib ugu soo laaban Koonfur Suudaan bishii Agoosto 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=Internal Communication Clearance Form |url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518121129/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-05 |title=Case History: Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307232418/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> Waaberigii 6 Agoosto 2015, ciidamada ammaanka ayaa si sharci-darro ah uga qabtay gurigiisa oo ku yaalla [[Chukudum]], [[Budi County]], Bariga Equatoria, isaga iyo laba saaxiibbadiis oo walaalo ahaa, Amin iyo Nailo Venansio. Ragga waxaa loo qaaday xero ciidan halkaas oo la sheegay in saraakiil ka timid Juba ay jirdil ugu geysteen si ay ugu qasbaan inay qirtaan dambiyo aysan gelin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review - 26th Session of the UPR Working Group - Republic of South Sudan |url=https://civicus.org/images/South%20Sudan%20UPR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228204954/https://civicus.org/images/South%20Sudan%20UPR.pdf |archive-date=2025-02-28 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=CIVICUS and East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Akuer Maze |first=Aborcup J. |date=2017-02-04 |title=Peace Efforts Earn Bishop Paride Taban Top UN Award |url=https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712100146/https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Intii ay xirnaayeen, walaalaha Venansio waxaa loo oggolaaday inay booqdaan qoyskoodu, halka Lochio Lomornana aan loo oggolaan. Markii ugu dambeysay ee la arkay Lochio Lomornana iyo Nailo Venansio waxay ahayd 15 Agoosto 2015, markaas oo ilo maxalli ahi sheegeen in lagu khasbay inay fuulaan gaari ciidan. Amin Venansio ayaa markii dambe la sii daayay iyada oo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Akuer Maze |first=Aborcup J. |date=2017-02-04 |title=Peace Efforts Earn Bishop Paride Taban Top UN Award |url=https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712100146/https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Medium |language=en}}</ref> === Falcelin === Mas'uuliyiinta Koonfur Suudaan waxay si rasmi ah u beeniyeen inay xireen Lochio Lomornana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-05 |title=Case History: Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307232418/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> [[Louis Lobong Lojore]], guddoomiyihii Bariga Equatoria, wuu diiday inuu ka jawaabo su'aalaha la xiriira xarigga Lochio Lomornana iyo walaalaha Venansio. Wuxuu sheegay in qof kasta oo ay ciidamada ammaanku qabtaan la baari doono, lana sii deyn doono haddii uu waxba galabsan yahay.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-08-29 |title=Fears as South Sudanese journalist disappears for weeks |url=https://sudantribune.com/article54688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905003829/https://sudantribune.com/article54688/ |archive-date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Mark Akio Ukinbul, Wasiirka Warfaafinta iyo Baahinta ee Bariga Equatoria, ayaa u sheegay ''Nation Mirror'' inuusan ka warqabin saxafiyiin lagu xiray Budi County. Guddoomiyaha Budi County, Felix Makuja, ayaa markii hore sheegay in ragga la baarayo, lagana yaabo in loo wareejiyo Torit ama Juba si baaritaan dheeraad ah loogu sameeyo. Wareysi dambe ayuu ku sheegay inuusan ka warqabin in la xiray ama meesha lagu hayo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-16 |title=Government of South Sudan & Eastern Equatoria State Murdered Five (5) BUDI County Intellectuals |url=https://www.nyamile.com/press-release/government-of-south-sudan-eastern-equatoria-state-murdered-five-5-budi-county-intellectuals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806044846/https://www.nyamile.com/press-release/government-of-south-sudan-eastern-equatoria-state-murdered-five-5-budi-county-intellectuals/ |archive-date=2021-08-06 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Nyamilepedia |language=en-US}}</ref> Qoyska Lochio Lomornana waxay sameeyeen dadaallo aan guulaysan oo ay ku raadinayeen xeryaha ciidamada ee [[Torit]], [[Kapoeta]] iyo Juba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=South Sudan: Thousands Still Missing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209233911/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> 3kcyc2ukl096y5m5rjm9ne0szddyem8 300553 300552 2026-07-01T09:32:11Z Ayanfo189 46015 300553 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Clement Lochio Lomornana''' (wuxuu dhashay 1983; la waayay 15 Agoosto 2015) wuxuu ahaa saxafi iyo u ololeeye xuquuqda aadanaha oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan. Shaqadiisii uu ka qabtay Gurtong Media awgeed, wuxuu caan ku noqday difaaca [[Freedom of the press|xorriyadda warbaahinta]] iyo [[freedom of speech|xorriyadda hadalka]] ee [[South Sudan]], iyo sidoo kale dhaleeceyntiisa ku aaddan [[South Sudanese Civil War|dagaalkii sokeeye ee Koonfur Suudaan]]. Lochio Lomornana waxaa la xiray 6 Agoosto 2015, mana uusan mar dambe ka muuqan fagaaraha tan iyo 15 Agoosto 2015. Qaar ka mid ah ururrada xuquuqda aadanaha ayaa ku tilmaamay inuu yahay qof "**[[Presumption of death|loo malaynayo inuu dhintay]]**". == Shaqada == Lochio Lomornana wuxuu ka tirsanaa [[Didinga people|qowmiyadda Didinga]], wuxuuna asal ahaan kasoo jeeday [[Namorunyang]], oo ah tuulo ku taalla [[Kapoeta South County]] ee gobolka [[Eastern Equatoria]], xilligii ay ka tirsanaan jirtay [[Democratic Republic of Sudan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://hrdmemorial.org/?hrdrecord=clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712095657/https://hrdmemorial.org/?hrdrecord=clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=HRD Memorial |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lochio Lomornana iyo qoyskiisa waxay ku barakaceen [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Sokeeye ee Suudaan]], waxaana sannadkii 1993 lagu qasbay inay ka cararaan tuuladooda kadib madaafiic ay soo rideen [[South Sudan People's Defence Forces|Sudan People's Liberation Army]]. Ugu dambayn waxay degeen [[refugee camp|xero qaxooti]] oo ku taalla [[Kenya]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Poplak |first1=Richard |last2=Bloom |first2=Kevin |date=2012-11-06 |title=Africa 3.0: Tuning into the future |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114201244/https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Markii uu jiray 10 sano, Lochio Lomornana waxaa lagu qasbay inuu u dagaallamo SPLA isagoo ahaa [[Children in the military|askar carruur ah]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Bashir |first=Misbahu |date=2011-11-22 |title=South Sudan: Experiences of a Child Soldier Turned Journalist |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201111220750.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref> Lochio Lomornana wuxuu muddo lix sano ah u shaqaynayay Gurtong Media isagoo ahaa saxafi iyo sawirqaade, wuxuuna saldhiggiisu ahaa [[Juba]] markii la waayay sannadkii 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=South Sudan: Thousands Still Missing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209233911/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> Wuxuu taageersanaa [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|madaxbannaanida]] Koonfur Suudaan ay kaga go'ay [[Sudan]], isaga oo sheegay in shacabka Koonfur Suudaan ay la kulmeen "takoorid iyo dulmi" uga yimid [[Government of Sudan|dowladdii Suudaan]], isla markaana tilmaamay kala duwanaanshaha dhaqan iyo diimeed ee u dhexeeya waqooyiga ay Muslimiintu u badan yihiin iyo koonfurta ay Masiixiyiintu u badan yihiin. Wuxuu u codeeyay madaxbannaanida aftidii 2011. Lochio Lomornana wuxuu ahaa Masiixi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-01-09 |title=Sudan referendum: 'Peace at any cost' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12141082 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426074401/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12141082 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kadib madaxbannaanida, Lochio Lomornana wuxuu noqday u ololeeye u dooda xorriyadda hadalka iyo xorriyadda warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan. Isagoo adeegsanaya Gurtong Media, wuxuu isku dayay inuu isbaro oo isu soo dhaweeyo qowmiyadaha kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan Didinga, [[Nuer people|Nuer]], [[Dinka people|Dinka]] iyo [[Ketebo people|Ketebo]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Poplak |first1=Richard |last2=Bloom |first2=Kevin |date=2012-11-06 |title=Africa 3.0: Tuning into the future |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114201244/https://mg.co.za/article/2012-11-06-tuning-into-the-future/ |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == La waayitaankiisa == Bilihii ka horreeyay xariggiisa, Lochio Lomornana wuxuu sheegay inuu la kulmay tacaddiyo uga yimid hay'adaha dowladda, oo ay ku jireen in la daba socdo intii uu safar ugu jiray Juba iyo hanjabaado dil. Markii dambe, [[United Nations]] waxay go'aamisay inuu marar badan la kulmay dabagal, handadaad iyo cabsi gelin intii u dhaxaysay 2013 iyo 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=Internal Communication Clearance Form |url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518121129/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-05 |title=Case History: Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307232418/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> Taasi waxay ku qasabtay inuu dalka ka baxsado bishii Abriil 2015. Wuxuu marka hore tegay Kenya, dabadeedna [[Uganda]], ka hor intuusan dib ugu soo laaban Koonfur Suudaan bishii Agoosto 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=Internal Communication Clearance Form |url=https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518121129/https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=19075 |archive-date=2024-05-18 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-05 |title=Case History: Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307232418/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> Waaberigii 6 Agoosto 2015, ciidamada ammaanka ayaa si sharci-darro ah uga qabtay gurigiisa oo ku yaalla [[Chukudum]], [[Budi County]], Bariga Equatoria, isaga iyo laba saaxiibbadiis oo walaalo ahaa, Amin iyo Nailo Venansio. Ragga waxaa loo qaaday xero ciidan halkaas oo la sheegay in saraakiil ka timid Juba ay jirdil ugu geysteen si ay ugu qasbaan inay qirtaan dambiyo aysan gelin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review - 26th Session of the UPR Working Group - Republic of South Sudan |url=https://civicus.org/images/South%20Sudan%20UPR.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228204954/https://civicus.org/images/South%20Sudan%20UPR.pdf |archive-date=2025-02-28 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=CIVICUS and East and Horn of Africa Human Rights Defenders Project}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Akuer Maze |first=Aborcup J. |date=2017-02-04 |title=Peace Efforts Earn Bishop Paride Taban Top UN Award |url=https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712100146/https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Intii ay xirnaayeen, walaalaha Venansio waxaa loo oggolaaday inay booqdaan qoyskoodu, halka Lochio Lomornana aan loo oggolaan. Markii ugu dambeysay ee la arkay Lochio Lomornana iyo Nailo Venansio waxay ahayd 15 Agoosto 2015, markaas oo ilo maxalli ahi sheegeen in lagu khasbay inay fuulaan gaari ciidan. Amin Venansio ayaa markii dambe la sii daayay iyada oo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Akuer Maze |first=Aborcup J. |date=2017-02-04 |title=Peace Efforts Earn Bishop Paride Taban Top UN Award |url=https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712100146/https://medium.com/@aborcupakuer/peace-efforts-earn-bishop-paride-taban-top-un-award-5b29e22d879c |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Medium |language=en}}</ref> === Falcelin === Mas'uuliyiinta Koonfur Suudaan waxay si rasmi ah u beeniyeen inay xireen Lochio Lomornana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2016-01-05 |title=Case History: Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307232418/https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref> [[Louis Lobong Lojore]], guddoomiyihii Bariga Equatoria, wuu diiday inuu ka jawaabo su'aalaha la xiriira xarigga Lochio Lomornana iyo walaalaha Venansio. Wuxuu sheegay in qof kasta oo ay ciidamada ammaanku qabtaan la baari doono, lana sii deyn doono haddii uu waxba galabsan yahay.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-08-29 |title=Fears as South Sudanese journalist disappears for weeks |url=https://sudantribune.com/article54688/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905003829/https://sudantribune.com/article54688/ |archive-date=2022-09-05 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> Mark Akio Ukinbul, Wasiirka Warfaafinta iyo Baahinta ee Bariga Equatoria, ayaa u sheegay ''Nation Mirror'' inuusan ka warqabin saxafiyiin lagu xiray Budi County. Guddoomiyaha Budi County, Felix Makuja, ayaa markii hore sheegay in ragga la baarayo, lagana yaabo in loo wareejiyo Torit ama Juba si baaritaan dheeraad ah loogu sameeyo. Wareysi dambe ayuu ku sheegay inuusan ka warqabin in la xiray ama meesha lagu hayo.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-16 |title=Government of South Sudan & Eastern Equatoria State Murdered Five (5) BUDI County Intellectuals |url=https://www.nyamile.com/press-release/government-of-south-sudan-eastern-equatoria-state-murdered-five-5-budi-county-intellectuals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806044846/https://www.nyamile.com/press-release/government-of-south-sudan-eastern-equatoria-state-murdered-five-5-budi-county-intellectuals/ |archive-date=2021-08-06 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Nyamilepedia |language=en-US}}</ref> Qoyska Lochio Lomornana waxay sameeyeen dadaallo aan guulaysan oo ay ku raadinayeen xeryaha ciidamada ee [[Torit]], [[Kapoeta]] iyo Juba.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-28 |title=South Sudan: Thousands Still Missing |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209233911/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/28/south-sudan-thousands-still-missing |archive-date=2025-02-09 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Waxaa jiray warar aan la xaqiijin oo sheegayay in mayd madaxa laga jaray oo la rumaysan yahay inuu yahay Lochio Lomornana laga helay jidka u dhexeeya Chukudum iyo Torit.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clement Lochio Lomornana |url=https://hrdmemorial.org/?hrdrecord=clement-lochio-lomornana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712095657/https://hrdmemorial.org/?hrdrecord=clement-lochio-lomornana |archive-date=2025-07-12 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=HRD Memorial |language=en-GB}}</ref> Qoyskiisu waxay sheegeen in maydka darawalkiisii la helay, balse meydadka madaxa laga jaray ay aad u qudhmeen isla markaana ay qayb ahaan cuneen gorgorro, taasoo ka dhigtay kuwo aan la aqoonsan karin.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-08-31 |title=Arrested journalist feared killed in Eastern Equatoria |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/arrested-journalist-feared-killed-in-eastern-equatoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713120931/https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/arrested-journalist-feared-killed-in-eastern-equatoria |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-07-13 |work=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2015-09-08 |title=Journalist feared killed after two beheaded bodies found along Chukudum-Buya road |url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/journalist-feared-killed-after-two-beheaded-bodies-found-along-chukudum-buya-road |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719164725/https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/journalist-feared-killed-after-two-beheaded-bodies-found-along-chukudum-buya-road |archive-date=2025-07-19 |access-date=2025-07-19 |work=Radio Tamazuj |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' iyo [[Human Rights Watch]] labaduba waxay Lochio Lomornana ku tilmaameen "**loo malaynayo inuu dhintay**", inkasta oo uu si rasmi ah weli u yahay qof la la'yahay. Qoyskiisa ayaa u sheegay [[Radio Tamazuj]] inay rumaysan yihiin inuu dhintay, ayna u sameeyeen aas diimeed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=p'Arop Otto |first=Opoka |date=2016-07-07 |title=South Sudan is wiping out its free press, one journalist at a time |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/07/south-sudan-is-wiping-out-its-free-press-one-journalist-at-a-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723210307/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/07/south-sudan-is-wiping-out-its-free-press-one-journalist-at-a-time |archive-date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9" /> Warbaahinta maxalliga ah, oo ay ku jirto ''Nyamilepedia'', waxay sheegtay in Lochio Lomornana iyo walaalaha Venansio ay dileen Hay'adda Sirdoonka ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref name=":7" /> Bishii Sebtembar 2015, Qaramada Midoobay waxay sheegtay inay heshay caddeymo muujinaya in Lochio Lomornana lagu jirdilay xabsiga, oo ay ku jireen [[mock execution|dilal been abuur ah]] iyo [[sleep deprivation|hurdo u diidid]].<ref name=":3" /> Sannadkii 2016, Ergayga Gaarka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay wuxuu muujiyay walaac ku saabsan badbaadada Lochio Lomornana, wuxuuna dowladda Koonfur Suudaan ugu baaqay inay si degdeg ah wax uga qabato arrintaas. Waxa uu sheegay in xariggiisa, jirdilkiisa iyo la waayitaankiisu ay si toos ah ula xiriireen "shaqadiisa saxafinimo ee difaaca xuquuqda aadanaha".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-06 |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders |url=https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/31/55/Add.1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713121424/https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/31/55/Add.1 |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=United Nations General Assembly |language=en}}</ref> Bishii Febraayo 2016, [[Front Line Defenders]] waxay soo saartay warbixin ku beegnayd lix bilood guuradii ka soo wareegtay la waayitaankii Lochio Lomornana, iyadoo muujisay "walaac aad u weyn" oo ku saabsan xariggiisa, isla markaana sheegtay in arrintu la xiriirtay "hawshiisii nabadeed ee sharciga ahayd ee difaaca xuquuqda aadanaha".<ref name=":2" /> == Tixraacyo == 0mmt2bdqetmcidvcmg6mzpes1lcc0qi 0 48466 300554 2026-07-01T10:59:58Z ~2026-37544-26 46312 Bog cusub: '''Mudane Fiinstoon Liionaard Spiinsir Shuurshiil''' 300554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudane Fiinstoon Liionaard Spiinsir Shuurshiil''' go8207y9rf8kn63s783xv56t423om54 300555 300554 2026-07-01T11:09:15Z ~2026-37544-26 46312 Fiican 300555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudane Fiinstoon Liionaard Spiinsir Shuurshiil (30 Nofeembar 1874 - 24 Jannayo 1963) wuxuu ahaa [[Siyaasi]] [[Ingiriis (Dad)|Ingiriis]] ah, sarkaal militari, iyo qoraa kaasoo ahaa [[Ra'iisul wasaare]]|Ra'iisul Wasaaraha]] [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] laga bilaabo 1940 ilaa 1945, intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka]]|Dagaalkii 2aad]] ee Adduunka, iyo mar kale laga bilaabo 1951 ilaa 1955. Muddo 62 sano ah''' pr8yu9i0tg613q0ek97rt511usm9150 0 48467 300556 2026-07-01T11:21:15Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''John Tor Madira Machier''' (wuxuu dhashay 13 Diseembar 1990) waa saxafi [[South Sudanese|Koonfur Suudaani]] ah oo ah [[editor-in-chief|tifaftiraha guud]] ee [[Sudans Post]], oo ah warbaahin dijitaal ah oo laba luqadood ku baxda, kana warranta Suudaan iyo Koonfur Suudaan iyadoo adeegsanaysa Ingiriisi iyo Carabi. Tor waa aasaasaha warbaahintaas, oo ka mid ah hay'adaha warbaahineed ee madaxbannaan ee tirada yar ee ka jira [[South Sudan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 28, 2021|title=M... 300556 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Tor Madira Machier''' (wuxuu dhashay 13 Diseembar 1990) waa saxafi [[South Sudanese|Koonfur Suudaani]] ah oo ah [[editor-in-chief|tifaftiraha guud]] ee [[Sudans Post]], oo ah warbaahin dijitaal ah oo laba luqadood ku baxda, kana warranta Suudaan iyo Koonfur Suudaan iyadoo adeegsanaysa Ingiriisi iyo Carabi. Tor waa aasaasaha warbaahintaas, oo ka mid ah hay'adaha warbaahineed ee madaxbannaan ee tirada yar ee ka jira [[South Sudan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 28, 2021|title=Management|url=https://www.sudanspost.com/management|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Sudans Post|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tor Madira : “Government officials kill at will, embezzle public funds at will” – Qurium Media Foundation|url=https://www.qurium.org/fighters/tor-madira-government-officials-kill-at-will-embezzle-public-funds-at-will/|access-date=June 28, 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka hor inta uusan aasaasin Sudans Post, Tor wuxuu u shaqeeyay dhowr hay'adood oo warbaahineed oo ku yaalla [[Sudan]] iyo Koonfur Suudaan. Wuxuu sidoo kale wax ku biiriyaa Sudan War Monitor, oo ah iskaashi ay leeyihiin saxafiyiin iyo cilmi-baarayaal xog furan adeegsada, kuwaas oo la socda dhacdooyinka colaadda socda ee Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Machier|first=Tor|date=June 28, 2018|title=Kiir, Machar declares permanent ceasefire|url=https://www.nyamile.com/news/kiir-machar-declares-permanent-ceasefire/|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Nyamilepedia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan in Focus|url=https://www.voanews.com/episode/south-sudan-focus-1782801|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625182403/https://www.voanews.com/episode/south-sudan-focus-1782801|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 25, 2021|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CIPESA |date=2025-08-06 |title=John Tor Madira Machier |url=https://cipesa.org/2025/08/john-tor-madira-machier/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Machier |first=Tor Madira |title=Heavy gunfire erupts in South Sudan capital Juba |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/heavy-gunfire-erupts-in-south-sudan |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=sudanwarmonitor.com |language=en}}</ref> == Noloshiisii hore == Tor wuxuu ku dhashay [[Bentiu]], caasimadda gobolka [[Unity (state)|Unity]] ee Koonfur Suudaan. Carruurnimadiisii halkaas ayuu ku qaatay, wuxuuna macallin uga shaqeeyay wasaaradda waxbarashada ee gobolka. Markii dambe wuxuu wariye madax-bannaan uga shaqeeyay Bentiu Radio FM-99 ilaa Diseembar 2013, markii uu qarxay [[South Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koonfur Suudaan]], kadibna wuxuu u qaxay [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 19, 2013|title=South Sudan: Soldiers Target Ethnic Group in Juba Fighting|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/19/south-sudan-soldiers-target-ethnic-group-juba-fighting|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Conflict Enters Second Year|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-conflict-enters-second-year|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628060607/https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-conflict-enters-second-year|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref> Tor wuxuu haystaa shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee Saxaafadda, taas oo uu ka qaatay Kulliyadda Isgaarsiinta Dadweynaha ee Jaamacadda Qaahira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CIPESA |date=2025-08-06 |title=John Tor Madira Machier |url=https://cipesa.org/2025/08/john-tor-madira-machier/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) |language=en-US}}</ref> 5cj5vxw6uvv3nmw1jw3xtyf0nrqxoc4 300557 300556 2026-07-01T11:21:32Z Ayanfo189 46015 300557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''John Tor Madira Machier''' (wuxuu dhashay 13 Diseembar 1990) waa saxafi [[South Sudanese|Koonfur Suudaani]] ah oo ah [[editor-in-chief|tifaftiraha guud]] ee [[Sudans Post]], oo ah warbaahin dijitaal ah oo laba luqadood ku baxda, kana warranta Suudaan iyo Koonfur Suudaan iyadoo adeegsanaysa Ingiriisi iyo Carabi. Tor waa aasaasaha warbaahintaas, oo ka mid ah hay'adaha warbaahineed ee madaxbannaan ee tirada yar ee ka jira [[South Sudan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 28, 2021|title=Management|url=https://www.sudanspost.com/management|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Sudans Post|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tor Madira : “Government officials kill at will, embezzle public funds at will” – Qurium Media Foundation|url=https://www.qurium.org/fighters/tor-madira-government-officials-kill-at-will-embezzle-public-funds-at-will/|access-date=June 28, 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka hor inta uusan aasaasin Sudans Post, Tor wuxuu u shaqeeyay dhowr hay'adood oo warbaahineed oo ku yaalla [[Sudan]] iyo Koonfur Suudaan. Wuxuu sidoo kale wax ku biiriyaa Sudan War Monitor, oo ah iskaashi ay leeyihiin saxafiyiin iyo cilmi-baarayaal xog furan adeegsada, kuwaas oo la socda dhacdooyinka colaadda socda ee Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Machier|first=Tor|date=June 28, 2018|title=Kiir, Machar declares permanent ceasefire|url=https://www.nyamile.com/news/kiir-machar-declares-permanent-ceasefire/|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Nyamilepedia|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan in Focus|url=https://www.voanews.com/episode/south-sudan-focus-1782801|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625182403/https://www.voanews.com/episode/south-sudan-focus-1782801|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 25, 2021|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CIPESA |date=2025-08-06 |title=John Tor Madira Machier |url=https://cipesa.org/2025/08/john-tor-madira-machier/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Machier |first=Tor Madira |title=Heavy gunfire erupts in South Sudan capital Juba |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/heavy-gunfire-erupts-in-south-sudan |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=sudanwarmonitor.com |language=en}}</ref> == Noloshiisii hore == Tor wuxuu ku dhashay [[Bentiu]], caasimadda gobolka [[Unity (state)|Unity]] ee Koonfur Suudaan. Carruurnimadiisii halkaas ayuu ku qaatay, wuxuuna macallin uga shaqeeyay wasaaradda waxbarashada ee gobolka. Markii dambe wuxuu wariye madax-bannaan uga shaqeeyay Bentiu Radio FM-99 ilaa Diseembar 2013, markii uu qarxay [[South Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koonfur Suudaan]], kadibna wuxuu u qaxay [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 19, 2013|title=South Sudan: Soldiers Target Ethnic Group in Juba Fighting|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/12/19/south-sudan-soldiers-target-ethnic-group-juba-fighting|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Conflict Enters Second Year|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-conflict-enters-second-year|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628060607/https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-conflict-enters-second-year|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 28, 2021|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref> Tor wuxuu haystaa shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee Saxaafadda, taas oo uu ka qaatay Kulliyadda Isgaarsiinta Dadweynaha ee Jaamacadda Qaahira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CIPESA |date=2025-08-06 |title=John Tor Madira Machier |url=https://cipesa.org/2025/08/john-tor-madira-machier/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (CIPESA) |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shaqada iyo hanjabaadaha hay'adaha ammaanka == Machier wuxuu bilaabay inuu u shaqeeyo sidii [[freelance journalist|saxafi madax-bannaan]] qiyaastii bishii Nofeembar 2013 isagoo ka shaqaynayay Bentiu Radio. Sannadkii 2014, kadib markii uu qarxay dagaalka sokeeye, wuxuu noqday qoraa tiir iyo maqaal-qore caan ah, isagoo si ballaaran wax uga qoray tacaddiyada dowladda Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Media: An endangered landscape – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|url=https://sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63020|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=sudantribune.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?page=recherche&lang=en&recherche=Tor+Madira+Machier+|access-date=June 28, 2021|website=[www.sudantribune.com](http://www.sudantribune.com)}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2018, waxaa loo shaqaaleysiiyay inuu tifaftire guud ka noqdo warbaahinta maxalliga ah ee Nyamilepedia, balse wuu iska casilay sababo la xiriira madax-bannaani la'aan dhanka tafatirka ah oo ka timid maamulka sare ee Nyamilepedia. Sannadkii 2020, wuxuu noqday tifaftiraha guud ee Sudans Post. Kadib markii warbaahintaas laga xannibay [[Juba]], saraakiisha ammaanku waxay bilaabeen inay raadiyaan, waxayna telefoon ugu yeereen isagoo jooga [[Cairo]], iyagoo ka codsaday inuu ka soo qayb galo kulan la sheegay inuu ahaa qorshe lagu doonayay in lagu xiro laguna celiyo Koonfur Suudaan. Wuxuu galay dhuumasho, lamana xirin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tor Madira : “Government officials kill at will, embezzle public funds at will” – Qurium Media Foundation|url=https://www.qurium.org/fighters/tor-madira-government-officials-kill-at-will-embezzle-public-funds-at-will/|access-date=June 28, 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=“Sudans Post” gets blocked after receiving personal threats from NSS – transcript revealed – Qurium Media Foundation|url=https://www.qurium.org/alerts/blocked-sudans-post-received-threats-for-achai-wiir-related-articles/|access-date=June 28, 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Muranka == Madira wuxuu dhalisay falcelin iyo dhaleeceyn ka timid qaar ka mid ah bulshada [[Demographics of Sudan|Suudaan]] iyo ciidanka, kadib markii uu qaatay aragtiyo taageeraya Masar. Bishii Luulyo 2017, wuxuu sheegay in gobollada lagu muransan yahay ee [[Halaib Triangle|Halaib]] iyo [[Shalateen]] ay yihiin dhul Masar leedahay, isla markaana [[Egypt]] aysan ahayn khatar ku wajahan amniga qaranka Suudaan. Waxaa jiray warar sheegaya in markii dambe ay Qaahira kula kulmeen saraakiil ka tirsan [[Sudanese intelligence|sirdoonka Suudaan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=كاتب سوداني جنوبي: حلايب مصرية ومزاعم الخرطوم بملكيتها خطأ {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1165306|access-date=June 30, 2021|website=[www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar](http://www.almasryalyoum.com|language=ar)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sudan's claim to Halayeb and Shalatin is based on a false cultural link|url=https://enterprise.press/stories/2017/07/19/sudans-claim-to-halayeb-and-shalatin-is-based-on-a-false-cultural-link/|access-date=June 30, 2021|website=Enterprise|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why I believe Halayeb Triangle is an Egyptian territory – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article63022|access-date=June 30, 2021|website=[www.sudantribune.com](http://www.sudantribune.com)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=February 2, 2018|title=Egypt is Not a Threat to Sudan's National Security {{!}} Egyptian Streets|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2018/02/02/egypt-is-not-a-threat-to-sudans-national-security/|access-date=June 30, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tixraacyo == erer4tguivyy1zw9roc2h8wye5aiyc6 0 48468 300558 2026-07-01T11:30:07Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Bona Malwal Madut Ring''' (1928{{NoteTag|1938,<ref name=":2" /> 1937,<ref name=":SDMOF">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Information |url=http://mininfo.gov.sd/ministry-of-information/?lang=en |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=وزارة الإعلام |language=en-US |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505214655/http://mininfo.gov.sd/ministry-of-information/?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo 1935<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anders |first=Breidli... 300558 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bona Malwal Madut Ring''' (1928{{NoteTag|1938,<ref name=":2" /> 1937,<ref name=":SDMOF">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Information |url=http://mininfo.gov.sd/ministry-of-information/?lang=en |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=وزارة الإعلام |language=en-US |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505214655/http://mininfo.gov.sd/ministry-of-information/?lang=en |url-status=live}}</ref> iyo 1935<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anders |first=Breidlid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YYhBQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA271 |title=A Concise History of South Sudan: New and Revised Edition |date=20 October 2014 |publisher=Fountain Publishers |isbn=978-9970-25-337-1|pages=271 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA673 |title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007–2008 |date=22 December 2011 |publisher=Publitec Publications; K.G. Saur München |isbn=978-3-11-093004-7 |language=en|pages=673}}</ref> ayaa sidoo kale lagu sheegay inay yihiin sannadihii uu dhashay Malwal.}} – 2 Nofeembar 2025) wuxuu ahaa saxafi, siyaasi iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan, laguna yaqaanay u doodista [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|aayo-ka-tashiga]] iyo gooni-isu-taagga [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)|Koonfurta Suudaan]] (maanta ah [[South Sudan]]). Isagoo ka tirsanaa [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuu waxbarasho ku qaatay saxaafadda iyo dhaqaalaha gudaha Mareykanka, isagoo shahaadooyin ka qaatay [[Indiana University Bloomington]] iyo [[Columbia University]]. Shaqadiisu waxay ka bilaabatay isagoo ahaa [[Ministry of Information (Sudan)|Sarkaal Warfaafineed]], balse markii dambe wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo noqday tifaftiraha guud ee wargeysyo kala duwan oo Suudaan ka soo bixi jiray, oo ay ku jirto ''[[The Vigilant]]'', oo ahaa afhayeenka [[Southern Front (Sudan)|Southern Front]]. Malwal wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Southern Front, wuxuu ka tirsanaa Golaha Qaranka, wuxuuna soo qabtay xilal wasiirnimo. Wuxuu u ololeyn jiray siyaasadaha dhaqanka, warfaafinta iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha kahor iyo intii lagu jiray [[Gaafar Nimeiry era|xilligii Gaafar Nimeiry]]. Waxa kale oo uu si weyn loogu xasuustaa inuu iscasilay isagoo ka mudaaharaadaya hirgelinta [[September 1983 Laws|shareecada Islaamka]] iyo in Carabiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee Suudaan kadib [[National Reconciliation (Sudan)|Dib-u-heshiisiintii Qaranka ee 1977]], ka hor inta uusan markii dambe ku biirin dowladda [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|Gobolka Ismaamulka Koonfurta Suudaan]]. Intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii, isagoo ku jiray is-musaafurin, wuxuu si xooggan uga hadlay [[human right abuses in Sudan|xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee Suudaan]]. Wuxuu door ka qaatay [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|wadaxaajoodyadii nabadda]] iyo [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|madax-bannaanida Koonfur Suudaan]], mararka qaarna wuxuu la safnaa shaqsiyaad muran dhaliyay sida [[Omar al-Bashir]], oo ay [[International Criminal Court]] u raadineyso doorkiisii [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|xasuuqii Darfur]].<ref name=":17" /> U doodistiisa aayo-ka-tashiga Koonfur Suudaan iyo dhaliilihiisa ku wajahan hoggaamiyeyaasha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta labadaba waxay dhalisay muranno, oo ay ka mid yihiin eedeymo ku saabsan inuu sii huriyay xiisadaha qowmiyadeed iyo inuu ku lug yeeshay khilaafaad iyo hadallo kala qaybin abuura, oo ay ku jiraan aragtidiisa ku aaddan qowmiyado kale. Qoyska Malwal weli waxay saameyn ku leeyihiin siyaasadda iyo diblomaasiyadda Koonfur Suudaan. ==Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashada== Bona Malwal Madut Ring<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harir |first1=Sharif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC3VbsiakMIC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA261 |title=Short-cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan |last2=Tvedt |first2=Terje |date=1994 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |isbn=978-91-7106-346-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=261}} wuxuu ku dhashay 1928 degmada [[Twic State|Twic Mayardit County]], gobolka [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr El Ghazal]], [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (oo maanta ka tirsan Koonfur Suudaan).<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last1=leriche |first1=john|chapter=Bona, Malwal |date=1 January 2011 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0367;jsessionid=4022BEEF02E449DCF5867B71C4CB382E |title=Dictionary of African Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |last2=matthew |first2=leriche|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo jeeday [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuuna ahaa wiilka caaqil Dinka ah oo ka soo jeeday [[Gogrial West County|Gogrial]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryle |first=John |date=12 October 1999 |title=Ranald Boyle |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124180505/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep39825 |title=A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei |last=Deng |first=Francis Mading |date=2022 |publisher=Sudd Institute}}</ref> Malwal wuxuu sannadkii 1963 ku qaatay deeq waxbarasho diblooma saxaafadeed oo uu ka qaatay Indiana University Bloomington,<ref name=":12" /> kadibna wuxuu qaatay shahaadada koowaad ee dhaqaalaha{{NoteTag|Ilo kale ayaa sheegaya in Malwal uu shahaadada koowaad ka qaatay [[St. John's University (New York City)]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvz-Qy0vrS0C&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA8-PA22 |title=AF Press Clips |date=28 February 1977 |publisher=Bureau of African Affairs, Department of State, U.S.A. |language=en|pages=22}}</ref><ref name=":SDMOF" />}} iyo shahaadada [[Master of Arts]] ee saxaafadda iyo isgaarsiinta, labadaba wuxuu ka qaatay [[Columbia University]] sannadkii 1969.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Malwal, Bona |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82047141.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==Shaqadiisii saxaafadda== Sannadihii hore ee shaqadiisa, wuxuu ahaa Sarkaal Warfaafineed oo ka shaqeeyay [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] intii u dhaxaysay 1951 iyo 1961. Kadibna Malwal wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo sannadkii 1961 ku biiray guddiga tafatirka ee wargeyska dowladda ee ''Sudan Daily''.<ref name=":2" /> == Tixraacyo == 0tmqwjtw5d472dglyc5t8uu4897evm7 300559 300558 2026-07-01T11:30:42Z Ayanfo189 46015 300559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bona Malwal Madut Ring''' (1928 – 2 Nofeembar 2025) wuxuu ahaa saxafi, siyaasi iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan, laguna yaqaanay u doodista [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|aayo-ka-tashiga]] iyo gooni-isu-taagga [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)|Koonfurta Suudaan]] (maanta ah [[South Sudan]]). Isagoo ka tirsanaa [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuu waxbarasho ku qaatay saxaafadda iyo dhaqaalaha gudaha Mareykanka, isagoo shahaadooyin ka qaatay [[Indiana University Bloomington]] iyo [[Columbia University]]. Shaqadiisu waxay ka bilaabatay isagoo ahaa [[Ministry of Information (Sudan)|Sarkaal Warfaafineed]], balse markii dambe wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo noqday tifaftiraha guud ee wargeysyo kala duwan oo Suudaan ka soo bixi jiray, oo ay ku jirto ''[[The Vigilant]]'', oo ahaa afhayeenka [[Southern Front (Sudan)|Southern Front]]. Malwal wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Southern Front, wuxuu ka tirsanaa Golaha Qaranka, wuxuuna soo qabtay xilal wasiirnimo. Wuxuu u ololeyn jiray siyaasadaha dhaqanka, warfaafinta iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha kahor iyo intii lagu jiray [[Gaafar Nimeiry era|xilligii Gaafar Nimeiry]]. Waxa kale oo uu si weyn loogu xasuustaa inuu iscasilay isagoo ka mudaaharaadaya hirgelinta [[September 1983 Laws|shareecada Islaamka]] iyo in Carabiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee Suudaan kadib [[National Reconciliation (Sudan)|Dib-u-heshiisiintii Qaranka ee 1977]], ka hor inta uusan markii dambe ku biirin dowladda [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|Gobolka Ismaamulka Koonfurta Suudaan]]. Intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii, isagoo ku jiray is-musaafurin, wuxuu si xooggan uga hadlay [[human right abuses in Sudan|xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee Suudaan]]. Wuxuu door ka qaatay [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|wadaxaajoodyadii nabadda]] iyo [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|madax-bannaanida Koonfur Suudaan]], mararka qaarna wuxuu la safnaa shaqsiyaad muran dhaliyay sida [[Omar al-Bashir]], oo ay [[International Criminal Court]] u raadineyso doorkiisii [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|xasuuqii Darfur]]. U doodistiisa aayo-ka-tashiga Koonfur Suudaan iyo dhaliilihiisa ku wajahan hoggaamiyeyaasha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta labadaba waxay dhalisay muranno, oo ay ka mid yihiin eedeymo ku saabsan inuu sii huriyay xiisadaha qowmiyadeed iyo inuu ku lug yeeshay khilaafaad iyo hadallo kala qaybin abuura, oo ay ku jiraan aragtidiisa ku aaddan qowmiyado kale. Qoyska Malwal weli waxay saameyn ku leeyihiin siyaasadda iyo diblomaasiyadda Koonfur Suudaan. ==Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashada== Bona Malwal Madut Ring<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harir |first1=Sharif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC3VbsiakMIC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA261 |title=Short-cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan |last2=Tvedt |first2=Terje |date=1994 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |isbn=978-91-7106-346-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=261}} wuxuu ku dhashay 1928 degmada [[Twic State|Twic Mayardit County]], gobolka [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr El Ghazal]], [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (oo maanta ka tirsan Koonfur Suudaan).<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last1=leriche |first1=john|chapter=Bona, Malwal |date=1 January 2011 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0367;jsessionid=4022BEEF02E449DCF5867B71C4CB382E |title=Dictionary of African Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |last2=matthew |first2=leriche|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo jeeday [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuuna ahaa wiilka caaqil Dinka ah oo ka soo jeeday [[Gogrial West County|Gogrial]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryle |first=John |date=12 October 1999 |title=Ranald Boyle |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124180505/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep39825 |title=A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei |last=Deng |first=Francis Mading |date=2022 |publisher=Sudd Institute}}</ref> Malwal wuxuu sannadkii 1963 ku qaatay deeq waxbarasho diblooma saxaafadeed oo uu ka qaatay Indiana University Bloomington,<ref name=":12" /> kadibna wuxuu qaatay shahaadada koowaad ee dhaqaalaha{{NoteTag|Ilo kale ayaa sheegaya in Malwal uu shahaadada koowaad ka qaatay [[St. John's University (New York City)]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvz-Qy0vrS0C&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA8-PA22 |title=AF Press Clips |date=28 February 1977 |publisher=Bureau of African Affairs, Department of State, U.S.A. |language=en|pages=22}}</ref><ref name=":SDMOF" />}} iyo shahaadada [[Master of Arts]] ee saxaafadda iyo isgaarsiinta, labadaba wuxuu ka qaatay [[Columbia University]] sannadkii 1969.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Malwal, Bona |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82047141.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> ==Shaqadiisii saxaafadda== Sannadihii hore ee shaqadiisa, wuxuu ahaa Sarkaal Warfaafineed oo ka shaqeeyay [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] intii u dhaxaysay 1951 iyo 1961. Kadibna Malwal wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo sannadkii 1961 ku biiray guddiga tafatirka ee wargeyska dowladda ee ''Sudan Daily''.<ref name=":2" /> == Tixraacyo == o6fciu2cqnuufv6p2dnptjzyqjt0j1b 300560 300559 2026-07-01T11:31:04Z Ayanfo189 46015 /* Shaqadiisii saxaafadda */ 300560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bona Malwal Madut Ring''' (1928 – 2 Nofeembar 2025) wuxuu ahaa saxafi, siyaasi iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan, laguna yaqaanay u doodista [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|aayo-ka-tashiga]] iyo gooni-isu-taagga [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)|Koonfurta Suudaan]] (maanta ah [[South Sudan]]). Isagoo ka tirsanaa [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuu waxbarasho ku qaatay saxaafadda iyo dhaqaalaha gudaha Mareykanka, isagoo shahaadooyin ka qaatay [[Indiana University Bloomington]] iyo [[Columbia University]]. Shaqadiisu waxay ka bilaabatay isagoo ahaa [[Ministry of Information (Sudan)|Sarkaal Warfaafineed]], balse markii dambe wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo noqday tifaftiraha guud ee wargeysyo kala duwan oo Suudaan ka soo bixi jiray, oo ay ku jirto ''[[The Vigilant]]'', oo ahaa afhayeenka [[Southern Front (Sudan)|Southern Front]]. Malwal wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Southern Front, wuxuu ka tirsanaa Golaha Qaranka, wuxuuna soo qabtay xilal wasiirnimo. Wuxuu u ololeyn jiray siyaasadaha dhaqanka, warfaafinta iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha kahor iyo intii lagu jiray [[Gaafar Nimeiry era|xilligii Gaafar Nimeiry]]. Waxa kale oo uu si weyn loogu xasuustaa inuu iscasilay isagoo ka mudaaharaadaya hirgelinta [[September 1983 Laws|shareecada Islaamka]] iyo in Carabiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee Suudaan kadib [[National Reconciliation (Sudan)|Dib-u-heshiisiintii Qaranka ee 1977]], ka hor inta uusan markii dambe ku biirin dowladda [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|Gobolka Ismaamulka Koonfurta Suudaan]]. Intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii, isagoo ku jiray is-musaafurin, wuxuu si xooggan uga hadlay [[human right abuses in Sudan|xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee Suudaan]]. Wuxuu door ka qaatay [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|wadaxaajoodyadii nabadda]] iyo [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|madax-bannaanida Koonfur Suudaan]], mararka qaarna wuxuu la safnaa shaqsiyaad muran dhaliyay sida [[Omar al-Bashir]], oo ay [[International Criminal Court]] u raadineyso doorkiisii [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|xasuuqii Darfur]]. U doodistiisa aayo-ka-tashiga Koonfur Suudaan iyo dhaliilihiisa ku wajahan hoggaamiyeyaasha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta labadaba waxay dhalisay muranno, oo ay ka mid yihiin eedeymo ku saabsan inuu sii huriyay xiisadaha qowmiyadeed iyo inuu ku lug yeeshay khilaafaad iyo hadallo kala qaybin abuura, oo ay ku jiraan aragtidiisa ku aaddan qowmiyado kale. Qoyska Malwal weli waxay saameyn ku leeyihiin siyaasadda iyo diblomaasiyadda Koonfur Suudaan. ==Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashada== Bona Malwal Madut Ring<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harir |first1=Sharif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC3VbsiakMIC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA261 |title=Short-cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan |last2=Tvedt |first2=Terje |date=1994 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |isbn=978-91-7106-346-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=261}} wuxuu ku dhashay 1928 degmada [[Twic State|Twic Mayardit County]], gobolka [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr El Ghazal]], [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (oo maanta ka tirsan Koonfur Suudaan).<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last1=leriche |first1=john|chapter=Bona, Malwal |date=1 January 2011 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0367;jsessionid=4022BEEF02E449DCF5867B71C4CB382E |title=Dictionary of African Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |last2=matthew |first2=leriche|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo jeeday [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuuna ahaa wiilka caaqil Dinka ah oo ka soo jeeday [[Gogrial West County|Gogrial]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryle |first=John |date=12 October 1999 |title=Ranald Boyle |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124180505/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep39825 |title=A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei |last=Deng |first=Francis Mading |date=2022 |publisher=Sudd Institute}}</ref> Malwal wuxuu sannadkii 1963 ku qaatay deeq waxbarasho diblooma saxaafadeed oo uu ka qaatay Indiana University Bloomington,<ref name=":12" /> kadibna wuxuu qaatay shahaadada koowaad ee dhaqaalaha{{NoteTag|Ilo kale ayaa sheegaya in Malwal uu shahaadada koowaad ka qaatay [[St. John's University (New York City)]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvz-Qy0vrS0C&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=RA8-PA22 |title=AF Press Clips |date=28 February 1977 |publisher=Bureau of African Affairs, Department of State, U.S.A. |language=en|pages=22}}</ref><ref name=":SDMOF" />}} iyo shahaadada [[Master of Arts]] ee saxaafadda iyo isgaarsiinta, labadaba wuxuu ka qaatay [[Columbia University]] sannadkii 1969.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Malwal, Bona |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82047141.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> ==Shaqadiisii saxaafadda== Sannadihii hore ee shaqadiisa, wuxuu ahaa Sarkaal Warfaafineed oo ka shaqeeyay [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] intii u dhaxaysay 1951 iyo 1961. Kadibna Malwal wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo sannadkii 1961 ku biiray guddiga tafatirka ee wargeyska dowladda ee ''Sudan Daily''. == Tixraacyo == 8f5r6ktfmtes7pz0xlbz6e4njsfd2ut 300561 300560 2026-07-01T11:31:24Z Ayanfo189 46015 /* Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashada */ 300561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bona Malwal Madut Ring''' (1928 – 2 Nofeembar 2025) wuxuu ahaa saxafi, siyaasi iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay Koonfur Suudaan, laguna yaqaanay u doodista [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|aayo-ka-tashiga]] iyo gooni-isu-taagga [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–2011)|Koonfurta Suudaan]] (maanta ah [[South Sudan]]). Isagoo ka tirsanaa [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuu waxbarasho ku qaatay saxaafadda iyo dhaqaalaha gudaha Mareykanka, isagoo shahaadooyin ka qaatay [[Indiana University Bloomington]] iyo [[Columbia University]]. Shaqadiisu waxay ka bilaabatay isagoo ahaa [[Ministry of Information (Sudan)|Sarkaal Warfaafineed]], balse markii dambe wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo noqday tifaftiraha guud ee wargeysyo kala duwan oo Suudaan ka soo bixi jiray, oo ay ku jirto ''[[The Vigilant]]'', oo ahaa afhayeenka [[Southern Front (Sudan)|Southern Front]]. Malwal wuxuu ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii Southern Front, wuxuu ka tirsanaa Golaha Qaranka, wuxuuna soo qabtay xilal wasiirnimo. Wuxuu u ololeyn jiray siyaasadaha dhaqanka, warfaafinta iyo horumarinta dhaqaalaha kahor iyo intii lagu jiray [[Gaafar Nimeiry era|xilligii Gaafar Nimeiry]]. Waxa kale oo uu si weyn loogu xasuustaa inuu iscasilay isagoo ka mudaaharaadaya hirgelinta [[September 1983 Laws|shareecada Islaamka]] iyo in Carabiga laga dhigo luqadda rasmiga ah ee Suudaan kadib [[National Reconciliation (Sudan)|Dib-u-heshiisiintii Qaranka ee 1977]], ka hor inta uusan markii dambe ku biirin dowladda [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–1983)|Gobolka Ismaamulka Koonfurta Suudaan]]. Intii lagu jiray 1990-meeyadii, isagoo ku jiray is-musaafurin, wuxuu si xooggan uga hadlay [[human right abuses in Sudan|xadgudubyada xuquuqda aadanaha ee Suudaan]]. Wuxuu door ka qaatay [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|wadaxaajoodyadii nabadda]] iyo [[2011 South Sudanese independence referendum|madax-bannaanida Koonfur Suudaan]], mararka qaarna wuxuu la safnaa shaqsiyaad muran dhaliyay sida [[Omar al-Bashir]], oo ay [[International Criminal Court]] u raadineyso doorkiisii [[Darfur genocide (2003–2005)|xasuuqii Darfur]]. U doodistiisa aayo-ka-tashiga Koonfur Suudaan iyo dhaliilihiisa ku wajahan hoggaamiyeyaasha waqooyiga iyo koonfurta labadaba waxay dhalisay muranno, oo ay ka mid yihiin eedeymo ku saabsan inuu sii huriyay xiisadaha qowmiyadeed iyo inuu ku lug yeeshay khilaafaad iyo hadallo kala qaybin abuura, oo ay ku jiraan aragtidiisa ku aaddan qowmiyado kale. Qoyska Malwal weli waxay saameyn ku leeyihiin siyaasadda iyo diblomaasiyadda Koonfur Suudaan. ==Noloshiisii hore iyo waxbarashada== Bona Malwal Madut Ring<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Harir |first1=Sharif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DC3VbsiakMIC&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA261 |title=Short-cut to Decay: The Case of the Sudan |last2=Tvedt |first2=Terje |date=1994 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |isbn=978-91-7106-346-5 |language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|page=261}} wuxuu ku dhashay 1928 degmada [[Twic State|Twic Mayardit County]], gobolka [[Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)|Bahr El Ghazal]], [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] (oo maanta ka tirsan Koonfur Suudaan).<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last1=leriche |first1=john|chapter=Bona, Malwal |date=1 January 2011 |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0367;jsessionid=4022BEEF02E449DCF5867B71C4CB382E |title=Dictionary of African Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |last2=matthew |first2=leriche|chapter-url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wuxuu ka soo jeeday [[Dinka people|qowmiyadda Dinka]], wuxuuna ahaa wiilka caaqil Dinka ah oo ka soo jeeday [[Gogrial West County|Gogrial]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ryle |first=John |date=12 October 1999 |title=Ranald Boyle |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124180505/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/oct/12/guardianobituaries3 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep39825 |title=A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei |last=Deng |first=Francis Mading |date=2022 |publisher=Sudd Institute}}</ref> Malwal wuxuu sannadkii 1963 ku qaatay deeq waxbarasho diblooma saxaafadeed oo uu ka qaatay Indiana University Bloomington,<ref name=":12" /> kadibna wuxuu qaatay shahaadada koowaad ee dhaqaalaha iyo shahaadada [[Master of Arts]] ee saxaafadda iyo isgaarsiinta, labadaba wuxuu ka qaatay [[Columbia University]] sannadkii 1969.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Malwal, Bona |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82047141.html |access-date=20 July 2023 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> ==Shaqadiisii saxaafadda== Sannadihii hore ee shaqadiisa, wuxuu ahaa Sarkaal Warfaafineed oo ka shaqeeyay [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]] intii u dhaxaysay 1951 iyo 1961. Kadibna Malwal wuxuu u wareegay saxaafadda, isagoo sannadkii 1961 ku biiray guddiga tafatirka ee wargeyska dowladda ee ''Sudan Daily''. == Tixraacyo == <references /> 2b5u5hw3jib0xdnbzqjwrvcruc0nfgy