Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Koonfur Afrika 0 2109 300572 286869 2026-07-01T14:17:42Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika | common_name = Koonfur Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(bila luqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}}<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | zu = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | ss = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | nso = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | st = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | ts = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | sw = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | ve = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | nr = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[Luqadda ǀXam|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Midnimo ka dhex jirta kala duwanaanshaha]]" | national_anthem = "[[Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Africa (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha| [[File:South Africa adm location map.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Koonfur Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Pretoria]] <small>(fulinta)</small>{{efn|Pretoria waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda fulinta ee Koonfur Afrika, iyadoo martigelisa Dhismayaasha Midowga iyo xafiisyada Madaxweynaha iyo Golaha Wasiirada.<ref name="three capitals1"/>}}<ref name="glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref><hr />[[Cape Town]] <small>(xeer-dejinta)</small>{{efn|Cape Town waa caasimadda xeer-dejinta, oo hoy u ah Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan Golaha Qaranka iyo Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka.<ref name="three capitals1">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |website=gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}}<ref name="glance" /><hr />[[Bloemfontein]] <small>(garsoorka)</small>{{efn|Bloemfontein waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda garsoorka, iyadoo martigelisa Maxkamadda Sare ee Racfaanka, Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa ee arrimaha aan dastuuriga ahayn ee Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="three capitals1" />}}<ref name="glance" /> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169aad | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 63,015,904<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 23aad | population_census_year = [[Tirakoobka Koonfur Afrika ee 2022|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23aad | official_languages = '''[[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood]]'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>{{idp| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga ee Koonfur Afrika|Ingiriis]] * [[Luqadda Ndebele ee Koonfurta|Ndebele]] * [[Luqadda Pedi|Sepedi]] * [[Luqadda Sotho|Sesotho]] * [[Luqadda Tswana|Setswana]] * [[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] * [[Luqadda Swazi|Swazi]] * [[Luqadda Venda|Tshivenda]] * [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] * [[Luqadda Tsonga|Xitsonga]] * [[Luqadda Zulu|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Luqadaha leh maqaamka gaarka ah<ref name="constitution.1.6"/>|[[Luqadaha Khoe]]| [[Luqadda Khoekhoe|Nama]]|[[Luqadaha Khoisan]]|[[Luqadda Jarmalka|Jarmal]]|[[Luqadda Giriigga|Giriig]]|[[Luqadda Gujarati|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Luqadda Boortaqiiska|Boortaqiis]]|[[Luqadda Telugu|Telugu]]|[[Luqadda Tamil|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Luqadda Cibraaniga|Cibraani]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|81.4% [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|Madow]]}} | 8.2% [[Coloureds|Midabka leh]] | 7.3% [[Dadka Caddaanka ah ee Koonfur Afrika|Caddaan]] | 2.7% [[Dadka Hindiya ee Koonfur Afrika|Hindi]] ama [[Aasiya (Koonfur Afrika)|Aasiya]] | 0.4% kuwa kale }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Masiixiyad]] |7.8% [[Diimaha soo jireenka ah ee Afrika|Diimaha hiddaha ah]] |3.1% [[Diin la'aanta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Diin la'aan]] |1.6% [[Islaamka ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Islaam]] |1.1% [[Hinduiska ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Hinduunimo]] |1.1% kuwa kale}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census-2022"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|Reer Koonfur Afrika]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadaha baarlamaanka ee leh madaxtooyo fulineed|jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo leh madaxtooyo fulineed]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Midowday]]}} | established_event1 = [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika|Midowga]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Xeerka Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|Jamhuuriyad]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Koonfur Afrika|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24aad | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.071 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,740<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $479.964 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,503<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107aad | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite report|title=Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI|author=UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf |date=6 May 2025|publisher=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006062920/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.741 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 106aad | currency = [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Qaababka gaagaaban: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefannada ee Koonfur Afrika|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''Koonfur Afrika''', si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika''' ('''RSA'''), waa dalka ku yaal meesha ugu [[Koonfurta Afrika|koonfureed]] ee [[Afrika]].{{efn|[[Cape Agulhas]] waa barta juqraafi ahaan ugu koonfureed ee qaaradda Afrika, taasoo calaamadinaysa darafka koonfureed ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="SANParks">{{cite web |title=Agulhas National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/agulhas |website=sanparks.org |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Britannica127">{{cite web |title=Cape Agulhas |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Agulhas |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}} [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Sagaalkiisa gobol]] waxaa dhanka koonfureed ka xaddida {{convert|2798|km|mi|abbr=off}} oo [[xeeb]] ah oo fidsan dhererka [[Badweynta Atlaantigga|Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> dhanka waqooyi waxaa kaga dhow dalalka deriska la ah ee [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], iyo [[Zimbabwe]] dhanka bari iyo waqooyi-bari waxaa ka xiga [[Mozambique]], iyo [[Eswatini]], waxayna ku dhex dhowrtaa [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Iyadoo daboolaysa aag baaxad leh oo gaaraya {{convert|1221037|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|tiri dad ah]] oo ka badan 63 milyan oo qof, taasoo ka dhigaysa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka lixaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Afrika. [[Pretoria]] waa [[Caasimad|caasimadda maamulka]], halka [[Cape Town]], oo ah fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaanka]], ay tahay caasimadda xeer-dejinta, [[Bloemfontein]]-na waxaa loo tixgeliyaa caasimadda garsoorka.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Magaalada ugu weyn uguna dadka badan waa [[Johannesburg]], waxaana ku xiga Cape Town iyo [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The most expensive province to buy groceries in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/847172/the-most-expensive-province-to-buy-groceries-in-south-africa-2/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cradle of Humankind|Helitaannada qadiimiga ah]] waxay muujinayaan in noocyo kala duwan oo [[hominid]] ah ay ka jireen Koonfur Afrika qiyaastii 2.5 milyan oo sano ka hor, iyo [[bini'aadamka casriga ah]] waxay deggenaayeen gobolka in ka badan 100,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first migrations out of Africa |url=https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-first-migrations-out-of-africa/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref> Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogaaday waxay ahaayeen dadka u dhashay deegaanka ee [[Khoisan]], iyo [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|dadka ku hadla luqadda Bantu]], kuwaas oo u soo guuray mowjado ahaan, iyagoo ka yimid galbeedka iyo bartamaha Afrika una soo guuray gobolka 2,000 ilaa 1,000 sano ka hor.<ref name="gunnink1">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnink |first=Hilde |last2=Sands |first2=Bonny |last3=Pakendorf |first3=Brigitte |date=2017 |title=Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan language contact |url=https://www.academia.edu/32769639/Prehistoric_Bantu_Khoisan_language_contact_A_cross_disciplinary_approach |journal=Language Dynamics and Change |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1163/22105832-00701002 |issn=2210-5824|hdl=1854/LU-8519242 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Dhanka waqooyi, [[Boqortooyada Mapungubwe]] waxay dhalatay qarnigii 13aad, iyo [[Boqortooyada Venda]] qarnigii 17aad. Sannadkii 1652, [[Dadka Dutch-ka ah|Dutch-ka]] waxay ka samaysteen degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub [[Table Bay]], [[Gumeysigii Cape ee Dutch-ka]]. [[Duulaankii Gumeysiga Cape|Duulaankeedii 1795-kii]], iyo [[Dagaalkii Blaauwberg]] ee 1806-dii waxay keeneen qabsashadii Ingiriiska. [[Mfecane]], xilli ay jireen rabshado waaweyn, waxay keentay sameynta boqortooyooyin Afrikaan ah oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto [[Boqortooyada Zulu]]. Gobolka wuxuu sii maray gumeysi dheeraad ah, iyo [[Kacaankii Macdanta]] wuxuu arkay isbeddel ku aaddan warshadaynta iyo magaaloowga. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] waxaa [[Xeerka Koonfur Afrika ee 1909|la abuuray 1910]] ka dib markii la isu geeyay gumeysiyadii [[Gumeysigii Cape|Cape]], [[Gumeysigii Natal|Natal]], [[Gumeysigii Transvaal|Transvaal]], iyo [[Gumeysigii Orange River|Orange River]], isagoo noqday [[jamhuuriyad]] ka dib [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|aftidii 1961]]. Xuquuqda codbixinta ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan ee [[Cape Qualified Franchise]] ee Cape si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo baabbi'iyay, inta badanna [[Afrkaanka Madow ee Koonfur Afrika]] lama siin [[Xuquuqda codbixinta|xuquuq codbixineed]] ilaa 1994.<ref name="gunnink1"/> [[Xisbiga Qaranka (Koonfur Afrika)|Xisbiga Qaranka]] wuxuu soo rogay [[midab-kala-soocidda]] (apartheid) sannadkii 1948, isagoo sharciyeeyay [[kala-soociddii jinsiyadeed]] ee hore u jirtay. Ka dib [[Khafifinta gudaha ee ka dhanka ah apartheid|haddaba halgankii]] ay galeen [[Golaha Qaranka Afrika]] (ANC) iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha kale ee [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Anti-Apartheid|ka dhanka ah apartheid]], ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, baabbi'inta sharciyada midab-kala-sooca waxay bilaabatay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii. [[Xuquuqda codbixinta ee caalamiga ah|Doorashooyin]] [[Doorashadii guud ee Koonfur Afrika ee 1994|caalami ah ayaa dhacay 1994]], ka dib markii dhammaan kooxaha jinsiyadaha ay heleen matalaad siyaasadeed ee dalka dhexdiisa oo ku dhisan [[dimuqraadiyad xor ah]], taas oo ka kooban jamhuuriyad baarlamaan iyo sagaal gobol. Waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay [[quwad dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamiga ah, Koonfur Afrika waxay leedahay [[Quwadda gobolka|saameyn gobol oo weyn]] waana xubin ka tirsan [[BRICS+]], [[Midowga Afrika]] (oo martigeliya fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Pan-African]]), [[Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika|SADC]], [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika|SACU]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[G20]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Andrew F|last2=Antkiewicz|first2=Agata|last3=Shaw|first3=Timothy M|title=Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?|journal=[[International Studies Review]]|date=10 December 2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=675, 687|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x|issn = 1468-2486 }}</ref><ref name="Lynch2010">{{cite book|first=David A.|last=Lynch|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|access-date=25 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid, when it was ostracised from the rest of the world.|isbn=978-0-7425-6689-7|page=51|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173913/http://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Ayadoo ah dal [[Dalalka soo koraya|soo koraya]], ahna [[Dalalka dhowaan warshadeeyay|dal dhowaan warshadeeyay]], waxay leedahay [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha ugu weyn Afrika marka loo eego GDP-ga nominal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|title=South Africa|publisher=World Bank|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101050034/http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Waugh2000">{{cite book|first=David|last=Waugh|title=Geography: An Integrated Approach|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|access-date=24 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|pages=563, 576–579, 633, 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173925/http://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|url-status=live}}</ref> waxayna la mid tahay [[Itoobiya]] marka loo eego tirada goobaha [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah ee Afrika|UNESCO Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah]] ee ku yaal [[Afrika]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=region | title=World Heritage List | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> waana meel caan ku ah [[kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha]] leh [[biomes]] gaar ah, dhir, iyo nolosha xayawaanka. Koonfur Afrika waxay ka kooban tahay [[Dhaqanka Koonfur Afrika|dhaqammo kala duwan]], [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|luqado]], iyo [[Diinta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|diimo]], waxaana loogu yeeraa "[[qaranka qaanso-roobaadka]]" (rainbow nation), gaar ahaan wixii ka dambeeyay xilligii apartheid, si loo sifeeyo kala duwanaanshaheeda.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Tan iyo markii uu dhammaaday xukunkii apartheid, isla-xisaabtanka dowladda iyo [[tayada nolosha]] ayaa si weyn ugu soo hagaagay muwaadiniinta aan caddaanka ahayn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Evan|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|title=Until We Have Won Our Liberty|date=2022|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20300-3|language=en|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124200625/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|url-status=live}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Dambiyada ka jira Koonfur Afrika|dambiyada]], rabshadaha, [[Saboolnimada ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|saboolnimada]], iyo [[Kala-sarreynta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika ka dib apartheid|kala-sarreynta]] waxay weli yihiin kuwo baahsan, iyadoo ku dhowaad 32% dadka ay yihiin kuwo aan shaqo lahayn {{as of|2024|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|title=Unemployment, total (% of labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172607/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Statistics South Africa on official unemployment rate in third quarter of 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/statistics-south-africa-official-unemployment-rate-third-quarter-2024-12-nov |website=South African Government |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> halka ilaa 56% ay ku noolaayeen meel ka hooseysa khadka [[saboolnimada]] sannadkii 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731094656/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldbank-poverty">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank": South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Maadaama ay leedahay [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] ee ugu sarreeya oo ah 0.67, Koonfur Afrika waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu sinnaan la'aanta badan xagga dhaqaalaha aduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=David |last2=Webster |first2=Edward |date=2019-11-02 |title=Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |journal=Development Southern Africa |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=788–802 |doi=10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |issn=0376-835X |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Asalka magaca== {{See also|Liiska magacyada rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika}} Magaca "Koonfur Afrika" wuxuu ka yimid goobta juqraafi ahaan dalku ku yaal ee ah darafka koonfureed ee Afrika. Markii la aasaasay, dalka waxaa loogu magac daray [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] xagga Ingiriisiga iyo {{lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} xagga [[Luqadda Dutch-ka|Dutch-ka]], taasoo ka tarjumaysa asalkiisa ee ka dhashay midaynta afar gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah. Tan iyo 1961, magaca rasmiga ah ee dheer ee Ingiriisiga wuxuu ahaa "Republic of South Africa" (Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika) iyo {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} xagga [[Afrikaans]]. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay magac rasmi ah oo ku qoran [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood oo rasmi ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|title=The text|website=www.concourt.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] iyaduna waa luqad rasmi ah</ref> {{anchor|Mzansi}} '''Mzansi''', oo laga soo qaatay magaca [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] ee {{lang|xh|uMzantsi}} oo macnaheedu yahay "koonfur", waa [[Hadal-hayn|magac caan ah]] oo loo isticmaalo Koonfur Afrika,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mzansi DiToloki|url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa|access-date=15 January 2014|quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> halka xisbiyada qaar ee u dooda [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanism]] ay doorbidaan ereyga "[[Azania]]", oo ah erey asal ahaan ka yimid Giriigga, ee aan ahayn luqad Afrikaan ah.<ref name="Azania">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} h5mt90ffszljs9iqv0lu698m6n7sung 300573 300572 2026-07-01T14:18:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika | common_name = Koonfur Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(bila luqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}}<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | zu = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | ss = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | nso = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | st = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | ts = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | sw = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | ve = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | nr = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[Luqadda ǀXam|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Midnimo ka dhex jirta kala duwanaanshaha]]" | national_anthem = "[[Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Africa (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|Muuji khariidadda Koonfur Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Pretoria]] <small>(fulinta)</small>{{efn|Pretoria waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda fulinta ee Koonfur Afrika, iyadoo martigelisa Dhismayaasha Midowga iyo xafiisyada Madaxweynaha iyo Golaha Wasiirada.<ref name="three capitals1"/>}}<ref name="glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref><hr />[[Cape Town]] <small>(xeer-dejinta)</small>{{efn|Cape Town waa caasimadda xeer-dejinta, oo hoy u ah Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan Golaha Qaranka iyo Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka.<ref name="three capitals1">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |website=gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}}<ref name="glance" /><hr />[[Bloemfontein]] <small>(garsoorka)</small>{{efn|Bloemfontein waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda garsoorka, iyadoo martigelisa Maxkamadda Sare ee Racfaanka, Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa ee arrimaha aan dastuuriga ahayn ee Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="three capitals1" />}}<ref name="glance" /> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169aad | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 63,015,904<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 23aad | population_census_year = [[Tirakoobka Koonfur Afrika ee 2022|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23aad | official_languages = '''[[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood]]'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>{{idp| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga ee Koonfur Afrika|Ingiriis]] * [[Luqadda Ndebele ee Koonfurta|Ndebele]] * [[Luqadda Pedi|Sepedi]] * [[Luqadda Sotho|Sesotho]] * [[Luqadda Tswana|Setswana]] * [[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] * [[Luqadda Swazi|Swazi]] * [[Luqadda Venda|Tshivenda]] * [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] * [[Luqadda Tsonga|Xitsonga]] * [[Luqadda Zulu|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Luqadaha leh maqaamka gaarka ah<ref name="constitution.1.6"/>|[[Luqadaha Khoe]]| [[Luqadda Khoekhoe|Nama]]|[[Luqadaha Khoisan]]|[[Luqadda Jarmalka|Jarmal]]|[[Luqadda Giriigga|Giriig]]|[[Luqadda Gujarati|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Luqadda Boortaqiiska|Boortaqiis]]|[[Luqadda Telugu|Telugu]]|[[Luqadda Tamil|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Luqadda Cibraaniga|Cibraani]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|81.4% [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|Madow]]}} | 8.2% [[Coloureds|Midabka leh]] | 7.3% [[Dadka Caddaanka ah ee Koonfur Afrika|Caddaan]] | 2.7% [[Dadka Hindiya ee Koonfur Afrika|Hindi]] ama [[Aasiya (Koonfur Afrika)|Aasiya]] | 0.4% kuwa kale }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Masiixiyad]] |7.8% [[Diimaha soo jireenka ah ee Afrika|Diimaha hiddaha ah]] |3.1% [[Diin la'aanta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Diin la'aan]] |1.6% [[Islaamka ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Islaam]] |1.1% [[Hinduiska ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Hinduunimo]] |1.1% kuwa kale}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census-2022"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|Reer Koonfur Afrika]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadaha baarlamaanka ee leh madaxtooyo fulineed|jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo leh madaxtooyo fulineed]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Midowday]]}} | established_event1 = [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika|Midowga]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Xeerka Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|Jamhuuriyad]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Koonfur Afrika|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24aad | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.071 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,740<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $479.964 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,503<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107aad | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite report|title=Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI|author=UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf |date=6 May 2025|publisher=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006062920/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.741 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 106aad | currency = [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Qaababka gaagaaban: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefannada ee Koonfur Afrika|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''Koonfur Afrika''', si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika''' ('''RSA'''), waa dalka ku yaal meesha ugu [[Koonfurta Afrika|koonfureed]] ee [[Afrika]].{{efn|[[Cape Agulhas]] waa barta juqraafi ahaan ugu koonfureed ee qaaradda Afrika, taasoo calaamadinaysa darafka koonfureed ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="SANParks">{{cite web |title=Agulhas National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/agulhas |website=sanparks.org |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Britannica127">{{cite web |title=Cape Agulhas |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Agulhas |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}} [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Sagaalkiisa gobol]] waxaa dhanka koonfureed ka xaddida {{convert|2798|km|mi|abbr=off}} oo [[xeeb]] ah oo fidsan dhererka [[Badweynta Atlaantigga|Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> dhanka waqooyi waxaa kaga dhow dalalka deriska la ah ee [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], iyo [[Zimbabwe]] dhanka bari iyo waqooyi-bari waxaa ka xiga [[Mozambique]], iyo [[Eswatini]], waxayna ku dhex dhowrtaa [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Iyadoo daboolaysa aag baaxad leh oo gaaraya {{convert|1221037|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|tiri dad ah]] oo ka badan 63 milyan oo qof, taasoo ka dhigaysa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka lixaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Afrika. [[Pretoria]] waa [[Caasimad|caasimadda maamulka]], halka [[Cape Town]], oo ah fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaanka]], ay tahay caasimadda xeer-dejinta, [[Bloemfontein]]-na waxaa loo tixgeliyaa caasimadda garsoorka.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Magaalada ugu weyn uguna dadka badan waa [[Johannesburg]], waxaana ku xiga Cape Town iyo [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The most expensive province to buy groceries in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/847172/the-most-expensive-province-to-buy-groceries-in-south-africa-2/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cradle of Humankind|Helitaannada qadiimiga ah]] waxay muujinayaan in noocyo kala duwan oo [[hominid]] ah ay ka jireen Koonfur Afrika qiyaastii 2.5 milyan oo sano ka hor, iyo [[bini'aadamka casriga ah]] waxay deggenaayeen gobolka in ka badan 100,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first migrations out of Africa |url=https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-first-migrations-out-of-africa/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref> Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogaaday waxay ahaayeen dadka u dhashay deegaanka ee [[Khoisan]], iyo [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|dadka ku hadla luqadda Bantu]], kuwaas oo u soo guuray mowjado ahaan, iyagoo ka yimid galbeedka iyo bartamaha Afrika una soo guuray gobolka 2,000 ilaa 1,000 sano ka hor.<ref name="gunnink1">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnink |first=Hilde |last2=Sands |first2=Bonny |last3=Pakendorf |first3=Brigitte |date=2017 |title=Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan language contact |url=https://www.academia.edu/32769639/Prehistoric_Bantu_Khoisan_language_contact_A_cross_disciplinary_approach |journal=Language Dynamics and Change |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1163/22105832-00701002 |issn=2210-5824|hdl=1854/LU-8519242 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Dhanka waqooyi, [[Boqortooyada Mapungubwe]] waxay dhalatay qarnigii 13aad, iyo [[Boqortooyada Venda]] qarnigii 17aad. Sannadkii 1652, [[Dadka Dutch-ka ah|Dutch-ka]] waxay ka samaysteen degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub [[Table Bay]], [[Gumeysigii Cape ee Dutch-ka]]. [[Duulaankii Gumeysiga Cape|Duulaankeedii 1795-kii]], iyo [[Dagaalkii Blaauwberg]] ee 1806-dii waxay keeneen qabsashadii Ingiriiska. [[Mfecane]], xilli ay jireen rabshado waaweyn, waxay keentay sameynta boqortooyooyin Afrikaan ah oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto [[Boqortooyada Zulu]]. Gobolka wuxuu sii maray gumeysi dheeraad ah, iyo [[Kacaankii Macdanta]] wuxuu arkay isbeddel ku aaddan warshadaynta iyo magaaloowga. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] waxaa [[Xeerka Koonfur Afrika ee 1909|la abuuray 1910]] ka dib markii la isu geeyay gumeysiyadii [[Gumeysigii Cape|Cape]], [[Gumeysigii Natal|Natal]], [[Gumeysigii Transvaal|Transvaal]], iyo [[Gumeysigii Orange River|Orange River]], isagoo noqday [[jamhuuriyad]] ka dib [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|aftidii 1961]]. Xuquuqda codbixinta ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan ee [[Cape Qualified Franchise]] ee Cape si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo baabbi'iyay, inta badanna [[Afrkaanka Madow ee Koonfur Afrika]] lama siin [[Xuquuqda codbixinta|xuquuq codbixineed]] ilaa 1994.<ref name="gunnink1"/> [[Xisbiga Qaranka (Koonfur Afrika)|Xisbiga Qaranka]] wuxuu soo rogay [[midab-kala-soocidda]] (apartheid) sannadkii 1948, isagoo sharciyeeyay [[kala-soociddii jinsiyadeed]] ee hore u jirtay. Ka dib [[Khafifinta gudaha ee ka dhanka ah apartheid|haddaba halgankii]] ay galeen [[Golaha Qaranka Afrika]] (ANC) iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha kale ee [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Anti-Apartheid|ka dhanka ah apartheid]], ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, baabbi'inta sharciyada midab-kala-sooca waxay bilaabatay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii. [[Xuquuqda codbixinta ee caalamiga ah|Doorashooyin]] [[Doorashadii guud ee Koonfur Afrika ee 1994|caalami ah ayaa dhacay 1994]], ka dib markii dhammaan kooxaha jinsiyadaha ay heleen matalaad siyaasadeed ee dalka dhexdiisa oo ku dhisan [[dimuqraadiyad xor ah]], taas oo ka kooban jamhuuriyad baarlamaan iyo sagaal gobol. Waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay [[quwad dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamiga ah, Koonfur Afrika waxay leedahay [[Quwadda gobolka|saameyn gobol oo weyn]] waana xubin ka tirsan [[BRICS+]], [[Midowga Afrika]] (oo martigeliya fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Pan-African]]), [[Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika|SADC]], [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika|SACU]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[G20]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Andrew F|last2=Antkiewicz|first2=Agata|last3=Shaw|first3=Timothy M|title=Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?|journal=[[International Studies Review]]|date=10 December 2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=675, 687|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x|issn = 1468-2486 }}</ref><ref name="Lynch2010">{{cite book|first=David A.|last=Lynch|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|access-date=25 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid, when it was ostracised from the rest of the world.|isbn=978-0-7425-6689-7|page=51|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173913/http://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Ayadoo ah dal [[Dalalka soo koraya|soo koraya]], ahna [[Dalalka dhowaan warshadeeyay|dal dhowaan warshadeeyay]], waxay leedahay [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha ugu weyn Afrika marka loo eego GDP-ga nominal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|title=South Africa|publisher=World Bank|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101050034/http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Waugh2000">{{cite book|first=David|last=Waugh|title=Geography: An Integrated Approach|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|access-date=24 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|pages=563, 576–579, 633, 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173925/http://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|url-status=live}}</ref> waxayna la mid tahay [[Itoobiya]] marka loo eego tirada goobaha [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah ee Afrika|UNESCO Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah]] ee ku yaal [[Afrika]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=region | title=World Heritage List | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> waana meel caan ku ah [[kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha]] leh [[biomes]] gaar ah, dhir, iyo nolosha xayawaanka. Koonfur Afrika waxay ka kooban tahay [[Dhaqanka Koonfur Afrika|dhaqammo kala duwan]], [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|luqado]], iyo [[Diinta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|diimo]], waxaana loogu yeeraa "[[qaranka qaanso-roobaadka]]" (rainbow nation), gaar ahaan wixii ka dambeeyay xilligii apartheid, si loo sifeeyo kala duwanaanshaheeda.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Tan iyo markii uu dhammaaday xukunkii apartheid, isla-xisaabtanka dowladda iyo [[tayada nolosha]] ayaa si weyn ugu soo hagaagay muwaadiniinta aan caddaanka ahayn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Evan|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|title=Until We Have Won Our Liberty|date=2022|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20300-3|language=en|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124200625/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|url-status=live}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Dambiyada ka jira Koonfur Afrika|dambiyada]], rabshadaha, [[Saboolnimada ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|saboolnimada]], iyo [[Kala-sarreynta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika ka dib apartheid|kala-sarreynta]] waxay weli yihiin kuwo baahsan, iyadoo ku dhowaad 32% dadka ay yihiin kuwo aan shaqo lahayn {{as of|2024|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|title=Unemployment, total (% of labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172607/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Statistics South Africa on official unemployment rate in third quarter of 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/statistics-south-africa-official-unemployment-rate-third-quarter-2024-12-nov |website=South African Government |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> halka ilaa 56% ay ku noolaayeen meel ka hooseysa khadka [[saboolnimada]] sannadkii 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731094656/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldbank-poverty">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank": South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Maadaama ay leedahay [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] ee ugu sarreeya oo ah 0.67, Koonfur Afrika waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu sinnaan la'aanta badan xagga dhaqaalaha aduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=David |last2=Webster |first2=Edward |date=2019-11-02 |title=Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |journal=Development Southern Africa |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=788–802 |doi=10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |issn=0376-835X |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Asalka magaca== {{See also|Liiska magacyada rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika}} Magaca "Koonfur Afrika" wuxuu ka yimid goobta juqraafi ahaan dalku ku yaal ee ah darafka koonfureed ee Afrika. Markii la aasaasay, dalka waxaa loogu magac daray [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] xagga Ingiriisiga iyo {{lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} xagga [[Luqadda Dutch-ka|Dutch-ka]], taasoo ka tarjumaysa asalkiisa ee ka dhashay midaynta afar gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah. Tan iyo 1961, magaca rasmiga ah ee dheer ee Ingiriisiga wuxuu ahaa "Republic of South Africa" (Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika) iyo {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} xagga [[Afrikaans]]. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay magac rasmi ah oo ku qoran [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood oo rasmi ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|title=The text|website=www.concourt.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] iyaduna waa luqad rasmi ah</ref> {{anchor|Mzansi}} '''Mzansi''', oo laga soo qaatay magaca [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] ee {{lang|xh|uMzantsi}} oo macnaheedu yahay "koonfur", waa [[Hadal-hayn|magac caan ah]] oo loo isticmaalo Koonfur Afrika,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mzansi DiToloki|url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa|access-date=15 January 2014|quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> halka xisbiyada qaar ee u dooda [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanism]] ay doorbidaan ereyga "[[Azania]]", oo ah erey asal ahaan ka yimid Giriigga, ee aan ahayn luqad Afrikaan ah.<ref name="Azania">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} iogt45awztb66ewescmdyj3wt7omjp8 300574 300573 2026-07-01T14:19:29Z Isma4l 41797 300574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika | common_name = Koonfur Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(bila luqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}}<ref>{{Cite act |institution=Parliament of the Republic of South Africa |title=Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Act |date=27 July 2023 |volume=697 |number=47665 |language=en, tn}}</ref> | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} | zu = {{lang|zu|iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika}} | ss = {{lang|ss|iRiphabhlikhi yoMzantsi Afrika}} | nso = {{lang|nso|Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa}} | st = {{lang|st|Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa}} | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa}} | ts = {{lang|ts|Riphabliki ya Afrika Dzonga}} | sw = {{lang|sw|iRiphabhulikhi yaseNingizimu-Afrika}} | ve = {{lang|ve|Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe}} | nr = {{lang|nr|iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of South Africa.svg | alt_flag = | flag2_border = | image_coat = Coat of arms of South Africa (heraldic).svg | coa_size = 75 | alt_coat = | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = "{{lang|xam|ǃke e꞉ ǀxarra ǁke}}"&nbsp;([[Luqadda ǀXam|ǀXam]])<br />"[[Midnimo ka dhex jirta kala duwanaanshaha]]" | national_anthem = "[[Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Heesta Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika]]" <div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="centre">[[File:South Africa National Anthem.ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:South Africa (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|Muuji khariidadda Koonfur Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Pretoria]] <small>(fulinta)</small>{{efn|Pretoria waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda fulinta ee Koonfur Afrika, iyadoo martigelisa Dhismayaasha Midowga iyo xafiisyada Madaxweynaha iyo Golaha Wasiirada.<ref name="three capitals1"/>}}<ref name="glance">{{cite web|title=South Africa at a glance |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|website=South African Government |access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526163527/https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance|url-status=live }}</ref><hr />[[Cape Town]] <small>(xeer-dejinta)</small>{{efn|Cape Town waa caasimadda xeer-dejinta, oo hoy u ah Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika, oo ay ku jiraan Golaha Qaranka iyo Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka.<ref name="three capitals1">{{cite web |title=South Africa's Three Capital Cities |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africas-three-capital-cities |website=gov.za |publisher=Government of South Africa |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}}<ref name="glance" /><hr />[[Bloemfontein]] <small>(garsoorka)</small>{{efn|Bloemfontein waxay u adeegtaa inay tahay caasimadda garsoorka, iyadoo martigelisa Maxkamadda Sare ee Racfaanka, Maxkamadda ugu sarreysa ee arrimaha aan dastuuriga ahayn ee Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="three capitals1" />}}<ref name="glance" /> | largest_city = {{nowrap|[[Johannesburg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|title=Principal Agglomerations of the World|publisher=City Population|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073559/http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html|url-status=live }}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | population_density_km2 = 50.8 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 169aad | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 63,015,904<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 62,027,503<ref name="Census-2022" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 23aad | population_census_year = [[Tirakoobka Koonfur Afrika ee 2022|2022]] | population_census_rank = 23aad | official_languages = '''[[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood]]'''<ref name="constitution.1.6">{{cite book|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|title=The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa|publisher=Constitutional Court of South Africa|year=2013|edition=2013 English version|at=ch.&nbsp;1, s.&nbsp;6|access-date=17 April 2020|archive-date=23 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823174423/https://www.concourt.org.za/images/phocadownload/the_text/english-2013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="parliament.gov.za"/>{{idp| * [[Afrikaans]] * [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga ee Koonfur Afrika|Ingiriis]] * [[Luqadda Ndebele ee Koonfurta|Ndebele]] * [[Luqadda Pedi|Sepedi]] * [[Luqadda Sotho|Sesotho]] * [[Luqadda Tswana|Setswana]] * [[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] * [[Luqadda Swazi|Swazi]] * [[Luqadda Venda|Tshivenda]] * [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] * [[Luqadda Tsonga|Xitsonga]] * [[Luqadda Zulu|Zulu]] }} {{collapsible list | titlestyle = text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;font-size:100%;<!--size of [show]/[hide] link--> | liststyle = text-align:left;white-space:nowrap; | title=Luqadaha leh maqaamka gaarka ah<ref name="constitution.1.6"/>|[[Luqadaha Khoe]]| [[Luqadda Khoekhoe|Nama]]|[[Luqadaha Khoisan]]|[[Luqadda Jarmalka|Jarmal]]|[[Luqadda Giriigga|Giriig]]|[[Luqadda Gujarati|Gujarati]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Luqadda Boortaqiiska|Boortaqiis]]|[[Luqadda Telugu|Telugu]]|[[Luqadda Tamil|Tamil]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Luqadda Cibraaniga|Cibraani]]|[[Sanskrit]] }} | regional_languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref name="Mitchley">{{Cite web |last=Mitchley |first=Alex |title=SA's population swells to 62 million - 2022 census at a glance |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=News24 |language=en-US |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011171333/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|81.4% [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|Madow]]}} | 8.2% [[Coloureds|Midabka leh]] | 7.3% [[Dadka Caddaanka ah ee Koonfur Afrika|Caddaan]] | 2.7% [[Dadka Hindiya ee Koonfur Afrika|Hindi]] ama [[Aasiya (Koonfur Afrika)|Aasiya]] | 0.4% kuwa kale }} | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |85.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Masiixiyad]] |7.8% [[Diimaha soo jireenka ah ee Afrika|Diimaha hiddaha ah]] |3.1% [[Diin la'aanta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|Diin la'aan]] |1.6% [[Islaamka ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Islaam]] |1.1% [[Hinduiska ka jira Koonfur Afrika|Hinduunimo]] |1.1% kuwa kale}} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="Census-2022"/> | demonym = {{hlist|[[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|Reer Koonfur Afrika]]}} | government_type = Midaysan [[Jamhuuriyadaha baarlamaanka ee leh madaxtooyo fulineed|jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo leh madaxtooyo fulineed]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Koonfur Afrika|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Paul Mashatile]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Thoko Didiza]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | leader_name4 = [[Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane]] | leader_title5 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Koonfur Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Mandisa Maya]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Gobollada ee Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Koonfur Afrika|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = {{nowrap|ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday ee Great Britain iyo Ireland|Boqortooyada Midowday]]}} | established_event1 = [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika|Midowga]] | established_date1 = 31 May 1910 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Xeerka Westminster]] | established_date2 = 11 December 1931 | established_event3 = [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|Jamhuuriyad]] | established_date3 = 31 May 1961 | established_event4 = [[Dastuurka Koonfur Afrika|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date4 = 4 February 1997 | area_km2 = 1,221,037 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 24aad | area_sq_mi = 471,443 | percent_water = 0.380 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.071 tiriliyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA">{{cite web |url=https://data.imf.org/en/Data-Explorer?datasetUrn=IMF.RES:WEO(9.0.0) |title=World Economic Outlook Database (April 2026 Edition) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=14 April 2026 |access-date=19 April 2026}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 33aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $16,740<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 107aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $479.964 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 39aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $7,503<ref name="IMFWEO.ZA"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 107aad | Gini = 63.0 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2023 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite report|title=Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI|author=UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf |date=6 May 2025|publisher=UNDP|access-date=28 September 2025|archive-date=6 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006062920/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2025_HDR/HDR25_Statistical_Annex_I-HDI_Table.pdf}}</ref> | Gini_rank = <!-- 2nd --><!-- hid rank as source not clear --> | HDI = 0.741 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year.--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 106aad | currency = [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] | currency_code = ZAR | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | antipodes = | date_format = Qaababka gaagaaban: * yyyy/mm/dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for en-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816213516/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/en-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> * yyyy-mm-dd<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Source Comparison for af-ZA|url=https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.localeplanet.com|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092248/https://www.localeplanet.com/compare/af-ZA/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefannada ee Koonfur Afrika|+27]] | iso3166code = ZA | cctld = [[.za]] | today = }} '''Koonfur Afrika''', si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika''' ('''RSA'''), waa dalka ku yaal meesha ugu [[Koonfurta Afrika|koonfureed]] ee [[Afrika]].{{efn|[[Cape Agulhas]] waa barta juqraafi ahaan ugu koonfureed ee qaaradda Afrika, taasoo calaamadinaysa darafka koonfureed ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika.<ref name="SANParks">{{cite web |title=Agulhas National Park |url=https://www.sanparks.org/parks/agulhas |website=sanparks.org |publisher=South African National Parks |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Britannica127">{{cite web |title=Cape Agulhas |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Agulhas |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>}} [[Gobollada Koonfur Afrika|Sagaalkiisa gobol]] waxaa dhanka koonfureed ka xaddida {{convert|2798|km|mi|abbr=off}} oo [[xeeb]] ah oo fidsan dhererka [[Badweynta Atlaantigga|Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], iyo [[Badweynta Hindiya]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samsa.org.za/|title=South African Maritime Safety Authority|publisher=South African Maritime Safety Authority|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=29 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120804/http://www.samsa.org.za/|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|website=The World Factbook|title=Coastline|publisher=CIA|access-date=16 June 2008|archive-date=16 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716042040/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=safacts>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|title=South Africa Fast Facts|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|date=April 2007|access-date=14 June 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719213531/http://www.southafrica.info/about/facts.htm|archive-date=19 July 2008}}</ref> dhanka waqooyi waxaa kaga dhow dalalka deriska la ah ee [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], iyo [[Zimbabwe]] dhanka bari iyo waqooyi-bari waxaa ka xiga [[Mozambique]], iyo [[Eswatini]], waxayna ku dhex dhowrtaa [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=Lesotho: Year In Review 1996&nbsp;– Britannica Online Encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113829/LESOTHO |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085933/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/337131/Lesotho-Year-In-Review-1996 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |access-date=30 October 2011 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Iyadoo daboolaysa aag baaxad leh oo gaaraya {{convert|1221037|km2|mi2|abbr=off}}, dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Dadka Koonfur Afrika|tiri dad ah]] oo ka badan 63 milyan oo qof, taasoo ka dhigaysa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka lixaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Afrika. [[Pretoria]] waa [[Caasimad|caasimadda maamulka]], halka [[Cape Town]], oo ah fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Koonfur Afrika|Baarlamaanka]], ay tahay caasimadda xeer-dejinta, [[Bloemfontein]]-na waxaa loo tixgeliyaa caasimadda garsoorka.<ref name="Marais Twala 2020 pp. 49–62">{{cite journal | last1=Marais | first1=Lochner | last2=Twala | first2=Chitja | title=Bloemfontein: the rise and fall of South Africa's judicial capital | journal=African Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=40 | issue=1 | date=2020-05-07 | issn=1937-6812 | doi=10.1080/19376812.2020.1760901 | pages=49–62| s2cid=218929562 }}</ref> Magaalada ugu weyn uguna dadka badan waa [[Johannesburg]], waxaana ku xiga Cape Town iyo [[Durban]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The most expensive province to buy groceries in South Africa |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/lifestyle/847172/the-most-expensive-province-to-buy-groceries-in-south-africa-2/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Cradle of Humankind|Helitaannada qadiimiga ah]] waxay muujinayaan in noocyo kala duwan oo [[hominid]] ah ay ka jireen Koonfur Afrika qiyaastii 2.5 milyan oo sano ka hor, iyo [[bini'aadamka casriga ah]] waxay deggenaayeen gobolka in ka badan 100,000 oo sano ka hor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The first migrations out of Africa |url=https://australian.museum/learn/science/human-evolution/the-first-migrations-out-of-africa/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Australian Museum |language=en}}</ref> Dadkii ugu horreeyay ee la ogaaday waxay ahaayeen dadka u dhashay deegaanka ee [[Khoisan]], iyo [[Dadka Bantu ee Koonfur Afrika|dadka ku hadla luqadda Bantu]], kuwaas oo u soo guuray mowjado ahaan, iyagoo ka yimid galbeedka iyo bartamaha Afrika una soo guuray gobolka 2,000 ilaa 1,000 sano ka hor.<ref name="gunnink1">{{Cite journal |last=Gunnink |first=Hilde |last2=Sands |first2=Bonny |last3=Pakendorf |first3=Brigitte |date=2017 |title=Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan language contact |url=https://www.academia.edu/32769639/Prehistoric_Bantu_Khoisan_language_contact_A_cross_disciplinary_approach |journal=Language Dynamics and Change |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1163/22105832-00701002 |issn=2210-5824|hdl=1854/LU-8519242 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Dhanka waqooyi, [[Boqortooyada Mapungubwe]] waxay dhalatay qarnigii 13aad, iyo [[Boqortooyada Venda]] qarnigii 17aad. Sannadkii 1652, [[Dadka Dutch-ka ah|Dutch-ka]] waxay ka samaysteen degitaankii ugu horreeyay ee reer Yurub [[Table Bay]], [[Gumeysigii Cape ee Dutch-ka]]. [[Duulaankii Gumeysiga Cape|Duulaankeedii 1795-kii]], iyo [[Dagaalkii Blaauwberg]] ee 1806-dii waxay keeneen qabsashadii Ingiriiska. [[Mfecane]], xilli ay jireen rabshado waaweyn, waxay keentay sameynta boqortooyooyin Afrikaan ah oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jirto [[Boqortooyada Zulu]]. Gobolka wuxuu sii maray gumeysi dheeraad ah, iyo [[Kacaankii Macdanta]] wuxuu arkay isbeddel ku aaddan warshadaynta iyo magaaloowga. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] waxaa [[Xeerka Koonfur Afrika ee 1909|la abuuray 1910]] ka dib markii la isu geeyay gumeysiyadii [[Gumeysigii Cape|Cape]], [[Gumeysigii Natal|Natal]], [[Gumeysigii Transvaal|Transvaal]], iyo [[Gumeysigii Orange River|Orange River]], isagoo noqday [[jamhuuriyad]] ka dib [[Aftidii jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika ee 1960|aftidii 1961]]. Xuquuqda codbixinta ee jinsiyadaha kala duwan ee [[Cape Qualified Franchise]] ee Cape si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo baabbi'iyay, inta badanna [[Afrkaanka Madow ee Koonfur Afrika]] lama siin [[Xuquuqda codbixinta|xuquuq codbixineed]] ilaa 1994.<ref name="gunnink1"/> [[Xisbiga Qaranka (Koonfur Afrika)|Xisbiga Qaranka]] wuxuu soo rogay [[midab-kala-soocidda]] (apartheid) sannadkii 1948, isagoo sharciyeeyay [[kala-soociddii jinsiyadeed]] ee hore u jirtay. Ka dib [[Khafifinta gudaha ee ka dhanka ah apartheid|haddaba halgankii]] ay galeen [[Golaha Qaranka Afrika]] (ANC) iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha kale ee [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Anti-Apartheid|ka dhanka ah apartheid]], ee gudaha iyo dibaddaba, baabbi'inta sharciyada midab-kala-sooca waxay bilaabatay badhtamihii 1980-aadkii. [[Xuquuqda codbixinta ee caalamiga ah|Doorashooyin]] [[Doorashadii guud ee Koonfur Afrika ee 1994|caalami ah ayaa dhacay 1994]], ka dib markii dhammaan kooxaha jinsiyadaha ay heleen matalaad siyaasadeed ee dalka dhexdiisa oo ku dhisan [[dimuqraadiyad xor ah]], taas oo ka kooban jamhuuriyad baarlamaan iyo sagaal gobol. Waxaa loo aqoonsan yahay inay tahay [[quwad dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamiga ah, Koonfur Afrika waxay leedahay [[Quwadda gobolka|saameyn gobol oo weyn]] waana xubin ka tirsan [[BRICS+]], [[Midowga Afrika]] (oo martigeliya fadhiga [[Baarlamaanka Pan-African]]), [[Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika|SADC]], [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika|SACU]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[G20]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cooper|first1=Andrew F|last2=Antkiewicz|first2=Agata|last3=Shaw|first3=Timothy M|title=Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?|journal=[[International Studies Review]]|date=10 December 2007|volume=9|issue=4|pages=675, 687|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x|issn = 1468-2486 }}</ref><ref name="Lynch2010">{{cite book|first=David A.|last=Lynch|title=Trade and Globalization: An Introduction to Regional Trade Agreements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|access-date=25 August 2013|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|quote=Southern Africa is home to the other of sub-Saharan Africa's regional powers: South Africa. South Africa is more than just a regional power; it is currently the most developed and economically powerful country in Africa, and is able to use that influence in Africa more than during the days of apartheid, when it was ostracised from the rest of the world.|isbn=978-0-7425-6689-7|page=51|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173913/http://books.google.com/books?id=-MH-GEL425AC&pg=PA51|url-status=live}}</ref> Ayadoo ah dal [[Dalalka soo koraya|soo koraya]], ahna [[Dalalka dhowaan warshadeeyay|dal dhowaan warshadeeyay]], waxay leedahay [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha ugu weyn Afrika marka loo eego GDP-ga nominal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|title=South Africa|publisher=World Bank|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=1 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101050034/http://data.worldbank.org/country/south-africa|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Waugh2000">{{cite book|first=David|last=Waugh|title=Geography: An Integrated Approach|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|access-date=24 August 2013|year=2000|publisher=Nelson Thornes|isbn=978-0-17-444706-1|pages=563, 576–579, 633, 640|chapter=Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22)|archive-date=11 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011173925/http://books.google.com/books?id=7GH0KZZthGoC|url-status=live}}</ref> waxayna la mid tahay [[Itoobiya]] marka loo eego tirada goobaha [[Liiska Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah ee Afrika|UNESCO Goobaha Dhaxalka Caalamiga ah]] ee ku yaal [[Afrika]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/&order=region | title=World Heritage List | website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> waana meel caan ku ah [[kala-duwanaanshaha noolaha]] leh [[biomes]] gaar ah, dhir, iyo nolosha xayawaanka. Koonfur Afrika waxay ka kooban tahay [[Dhaqanka Koonfur Afrika|dhaqammo kala duwan]], [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|luqado]], iyo [[Diinta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|diimo]], waxaana loogu yeeraa "[[qaranka qaanso-roobaadka]]" (rainbow nation), gaar ahaan wixii ka dambeeyay xilligii apartheid, si loo sifeeyo kala duwanaanshaheeda.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|title=Rainbow Nation – dream or reality?|access-date=10 August 2013|work=BBC News|date=18 July 2008|archive-date=8 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908141212/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7512700.stm|url-status=live }}</ref> Tan iyo markii uu dhammaaday xukunkii apartheid, isla-xisaabtanka dowladda iyo [[tayada nolosha]] ayaa si weyn ugu soo hagaagay muwaadiniinta aan caddaanka ahayn.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lieberman|first=Evan|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|title=Until We Have Won Our Liberty|date=2022|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20300-3|language=en|access-date=25 November 2021|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124200625/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691203003/until-we-have-won-our-liberty|url-status=live}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Dambiyada ka jira Koonfur Afrika|dambiyada]], rabshadaha, [[Saboolnimada ka jirta Koonfur Afrika|saboolnimada]], iyo [[Kala-sarreynta ka jirta Koonfur Afrika ka dib apartheid|kala-sarreynta]] waxay weli yihiin kuwo baahsan, iyadoo ku dhowaad 32% dadka ay yihiin kuwo aan shaqo lahayn {{as of|2024|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|title=Unemployment, total (% of labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172607/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2024 |title=Statistics South Africa on official unemployment rate in third quarter of 2024 |url=https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/statistics-south-africa-official-unemployment-rate-third-quarter-2024-12-nov |website=South African Government |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> halka ilaa 56% ay ku noolaayeen meel ka hooseysa khadka [[saboolnimada]] sannadkii 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|title=Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population) – South Africa|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=19 September 2022|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731094656/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.NAHC?locations=ZA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="worldbank-poverty">{{Cite web|url=https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|title="World Bank": South Africa|accessdate=7 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420193850/https://databankfiles.worldbank.org/public/ddpext_download/poverty/33EF03BB-9722-4AE2-ABC7-AA2972D68AFE/Global_POVEQ_ZAF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Maadaama ay leedahay [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] ee ugu sarreeya oo ah 0.67, Koonfur Afrika waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu sinnaan la'aanta badan xagga dhaqaalaha aduunka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=World Bank Open Data |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-ZA&most_recent_value_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Francis |first1=David |last2=Webster |first2=Edward |date=2019-11-02 |title=Poverty and inequality in South Africa: critical reflections |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |journal=Development Southern Africa |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=788–802 |doi=10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |issn=0376-835X |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404210056/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0376835X.2019.1666703 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Asalka magaca== {{See also|Liiska magacyada rasmiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika}} Magaca "Koonfur Afrika" wuxuu ka yimid goobta juqraafi ahaan dalku ku yaal ee ah darafka koonfureed ee Afrika. Markii la aasaasay, dalka waxaa loogu magac daray [[Midowga Koonfur Afrika]] xagga Ingiriisiga iyo {{lang|nl|Unie van Zuid-Afrika}} xagga [[Luqadda Dutch-ka|Dutch-ka]], taasoo ka tarjumaysa asalkiisa ee ka dhashay midaynta afar gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah. Tan iyo 1961, magaca rasmiga ah ee dheer ee Ingiriisiga wuxuu ahaa Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika iyo {{lang|af|Republiek van Suid-Afrika}} xagga [[Afrikaans]]. Dalku wuxuu leeyahay magac rasmi ah oo ku qoran [[Luqadaha Koonfur Afrika|12 luqadood oo rasmi ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|title=The text|website=www.concourt.org.za|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225080137/https://www.concourt.org.za/index.php/constitution/the-text|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Koonfur Afrika]] iyaduna waa luqad rasmi ah</ref> {{anchor|Mzansi}} '''Mzansi''', oo laga soo qaatay magaca [[Luqadda Xhosa|Xhosa]] ee {{lang|xh|uMzantsi}} oo macnaheedu yahay "koonfur", waa [[Hadal-hayn|magac caan ah]] oo loo isticmaalo Koonfur Afrika,<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Sarah|editor2-first=Achille|last=Livermon|first=Xavier|title=Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis|chapter=Sounds in the City|year=2008|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8121-1|page=283|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|quote=''Mzansi'' is another black urban vernacular term popular with the youth and standing for South Africa.|editor-last=Nuttall|editor2-last=Mbembé|access-date=5 January 2016|archive-date=2 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074447/https://books.google.com/books?id=hNONyzwm420C|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mzansi DiToloki|url=http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|publisher=Deaf Federation of South Africa|access-date=15 January 2014|quote=uMzantsi in Xhosa means 'south', Mzansi means this country, South Africa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116135926/http://www.deafsa.co.za/mzansi_ditoloki/|archive-date=16 January 2014 }}</ref> halka xisbiyada qaar ee u dooda [[Pan-Africanism|Pan-Africanism]] ay doorbidaan ereyga "[[Azania]]", oo ah erey asal ahaan ka yimid Giriigga, ee aan ahayn luqad Afrikaan ah.<ref name="Azania">{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|title=South African Party Says Call Their Country 'Azania'|last=Taylor|first=Darren|newspaper=VOA|access-date=18 February 2017|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624200956/http://www.voanews.com/content/south-african-party-says-call-it-azania/1855679.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} mrm724vsgp5etmu5th1nawt0e9krtfj Template:Spaces 10 2456 300609 119037 2026-07-01T16:05:52Z Isma4l 41797 Wuxuu qoraalka ku badalay "<span class="nowrap">{{#iferror:{{#expr:{{{1|1}}}}} |{{#switch:{{{1}}} |fig=&#8199; |en=&ensp; |em=&emsp; |thin=&thinsp; |hair=&#8202; |&nbsp; }} |{{#invoke:String|rep|{{#switch:{{{2}}} |fig=&#8199; |en=&ensp; |em=&emsp; |thin=&thinsp; |hair=&#8202; |&nbsp; }}|{{{1|1}}}}} }}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" 300609 wikitext text/x-wiki <span class="nowrap">{{#iferror:{{#expr:{{{1|1}}}}} |{{#switch:{{{1}}} |fig=&#8199; |en=&ensp; |em=&emsp; |thin=&thinsp; |hair=&#8202; |&nbsp; }} |{{#invoke:String|rep|{{#switch:{{{2}}} |fig=&#8199; |en=&ensp; |em=&emsp; |thin=&thinsp; |hair=&#8202; |&nbsp; }}|{{{1|1}}}}} }}</span><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jukvcl40dksi5vvimpqq0n6czue0473 Saambiya 0 2505 300593 209818 2026-07-01T15:13:13Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Zambia | native_name = | common_name = Zambia | image_flag = Flag of Zambia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Zambia.svg | other_symbol = [[File:Public Seal of Zambia.svg|100px]] | other_symbol_type = Shaabadda Guud | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = <br />"One Zambia, One Nation"<br />"Halko Zambia, Halko Qaran" <!--speechmarks, as it's a quotation--> | national_anthem = "[[Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free]]"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em; text-align:center;">{{center|[[File:Zambian national anthem.oga]]}}</div> | official_languages = [[English language|Ingiriisi]] | regional_languages = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 34.0% [[Bemba language|Bemba]] | 12.8% [[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] | 11.4% [[Nyanja language|Nyanja]] | 6.7% [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | 5.4% [[Lozi language|Lozi]] | 2.6% [[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] | 2.5% [[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] | 2.3% [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]] | 2.1% [[Lunda language|Lunda]] | 1.9% [[English language|Ingiriisi]] | 1.6% [[Luvale language|Luvale]] | 1.5% [[Lamba language|Lamba]] | 1.4% [[Lala-Bisa language|Lala]] | 1.2% [[Mambwe language|Mambwe]] | 1.2% [[Namwanga language|Namwanga]] | 1.1% [[Lenje language|Lenje]] | 10.2% [[Languages of Zambia|Kuwa kale]] }} | demonym = Reer Zambia | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list |titlestyle = text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = |liststyle = text-align: left;border-top:1px solid #aaa; | 25.4% [[Bemba people|Bemba]] | 14.9% [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]] | 8.9% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 6.5% [[Lozi people|Lozi]] | 4.2% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 4.0% [[Nsenga people|Nsenga]] | 3.2% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 3.1% Kaonde | 2.8% [[Lunda people|Lunda]] | 2.7% Namwanga | 2.5% [[Lala people|Lala]] | 2.3% [[Luvale people|Luvale]] | 2.3% [[Mambwe people|Mambwe]] | 1.9% [[Lamba people|Lamba]] | 1.5% [[Lenje people|Bisa]] | 1.1% Dadka Bisa | 1.1% [[Mbunda people|Mbunda]] | 1.0% [[Senga people|Senga]] | 9.4% qowmiyadaha kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africaalbinismnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Zambia-2022-Census-National-Analytical-Report.pdf|title=Zambia 2022 Census National Analytical Report|publisher=Africa Albinism Network|access-date=April 11, 2026}}</ref> | religion = {{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.5% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ([[State religion|rasmi]]) |2.7% [[Islam|Islaam]] |1.8% [[Religion in Zambia|kuwa kale]] / [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Zambia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/zambia/#:~:text=According%20to%20Zambia%20Statistics%20Agency,evangelical%20Christians%2C%20and%20Pentecostal%20groups. |website=US Department Of State |publisher=US Government |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amended Constitution of Zambia|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996|publisher=Government of Zambia|access-date=15 October 2016|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105055544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3713564/Constitution-of-Zambia-1991Amended-to-1996|url-status=live}}</ref> | capital = [[Lusaka]] | coordinates = {{Coord|15|25|S|28|17|E|type:city_region:ZM}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan [[Presidential system|Madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Zambia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Hakainde Hichilema]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Zambia|Madaxweyne Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Mutale Nalumango]] | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Zambia|Gudoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]] | leader_name3 = [[Nelly Mutti]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of Zambia|Gudoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Mumba Malila]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Zambia|Aqlaka Qaranka ee Zambia]] | area_km2 = 752,617 | area_sq_mi = 290,587 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | area_rank = 38aad <!--should be same as listed on [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_footnote = <ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |title=Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density |author=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=9 November 2007 |archive-date=31 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031023924/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | percent_water = 1 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 20,216,029<ref name=WorldFactbook2023>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Zambia|year=October 1, 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 64aad | population_density_km2 = 17.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 44.5 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 191aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $83.687 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=754,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Zambia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017232244/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=754,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 100aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,068<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 155aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $29.536 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 113th | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $1,435<ref name="IMFWEO.ZM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 159aad | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 51.5 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.595 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 154th | sovereignty_type = [[Zambia Independence Act 1964|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 24 October 1964 | currency = [[Zambian kwacha|Kwacha-ga Zambia]] | currency_code = ZMW | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+260]] | cctld = [[.zm]] | date_start = }} '''Zambia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|æ|m|b|i|ə|,_|ˈ|z|ɑː|m|-}}), si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Zambia''', waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Ian|date=1970|title=The Origins of Nationalism in East and Central Africa: The Zambian Case|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=11|issue=4|pages=591–603|doi=10.1017/S0021853700010471|jstor=180923|s2cid=154296266 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Waxay xuduud la leedahay dhanka waqooyi [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo]], [[Tanzania]] dhanka waqooyi-bari, [[Malawi]] dhanka bari, [[Mozambique]] dhanka koonfur-bari, [[Zimbabwe]] iyo [[Botswana]] dhanka koonfur, [[Namibia]] dhanka koonfur-galbeed, iyo [[Angola]] dhanka galbeed. Caasimadda Zambia waa [[Lusaka]], waxayna ku taal qaybta koonfurta-bartamaha ee Zambia. Dadku waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku urursan agagaarka Lusaka ee dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Copperbelt Province|Gobolka Copperbelt]] ee dhanka waqooyi, kuwaas oo ah xarumaha dhaqaalaha ee muhiimka ah ee Zambia. Gobolkan oo markii hore ay degenaayeen dadka [[Khoisan]]-ta ah, waxaa saameeyay [[Bantu expansion|ballaarintii Bantu-ga]] ee qarnigii saddex iyo tobnaad. Ka dib thariikh-baadhayaal reer Yurub ah oo yimid qarnigii siddeed iyo tobnaad, Boqortooyadii Ingiriiska waxay bilowday inay xoojiso maamulka aagga ka dib [[1890 British Ultimatum|Awaamiirtii Ingiriiska ee 1890]] ee ka dhanka ahayd Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo sheegtay aagga u dhaxeeya [[Angola]] iyo [[Mozambique]] gudaha [[Pink Map|Khariidaddii Casaanka]] ee 1885.<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell | first=Charles E. | title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean | publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar | date=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ| access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Ingiriisku wuxuu aasaasay [[British protectorate|maxmiyadihii Ingiriiska]] ee [[Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia]] iyo [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]] ku dhawaad dhammaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Kuwaas waxaa la midoobay sannadkii 1911 si loo sameeyo [[Northern Rhodesia]]. Inta badan xilligii gumeysiga, Zambia waxaa maamulayay maamul laga soo magacaabay London iyadoo la tixgelinayo talada [[British South Africa Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Zambian High Commission|url=https://www.zambiapretoria.net/history/|website=www.zambiapretoria.net|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 24, 1964, Zambia waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay Boqortooyada Midowday iyadoo noqotay jamhuuriyad ka tirsan [[Commonwealth of Nations|Barwaaqosooranka]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia |url=https://commonwealthchamber.com/member-countries/zambia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=Commonwealth Chamber of Commerce |language=en-US}}</ref> ra'iisul wasaare [[Kenneth Kaunda]]-na wuxuu noqday [[president of Zambia|madaxweynihii]] ugu horreeyay. Xisbiga Kaunda ee [[socialism|hantigoosadka]] ah ee [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP) wuxuu hayay awoodda tan iyo 1964 ilaa 1991, isagoo door ka qaatay dibloomaasiyadda gobolka, isla markaana la kaashaday Mareykanka si loo raadiyo xalal loo helo khilaafaadka ka taagan [[Southern Rhodesia]] (Zimbabwe), Angola, iyo Namibia.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States, and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016).</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1972 ilaa 1991, Zambia waxay ahayd [[one-party state|dawlad hal xisbi ah]] iyadoo UNIP ay ahayd xisbiga siyaasadeed ee sharciga ah ee keliya ee hoos yimaada halkudhegga "One Zambia, One Nation" oo uu curiyay Kaunda. Ka dib hordhaca nidaamka xisbiyada badan bilowgii 1990-aadkii, Kaunda waxaa looga adkaaday [[1991 Zambian general election|doorashadii guud ee Zambia ee 1991]]. Tan iyo xilligaas, Zambia waxay sii wadday inay la kulanto kala guur awoodeed oo nabdoon. Kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee Zambia waxaa ka mid ah macdanta, duurjoogta, kaymaha, biyaha macaan, iyo [[arable land|dhulka la beeri karo]].<ref>{{citation |first=Karlyn |last=Eckman |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=2007 |title=Gender Mainstreaming in Forestry in Africa: Zambia }}</ref> Sida lagu qiyaasay sannadkii 2018, 47.9% dadka waxaa saameeyay [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|saboolnimo dhinacyo badan leh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Zambia |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429110010/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/ZMB.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Xarunta guud ee [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|Suuqa Kaumiga ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]] (COMESA) waxay ku taal Lusaka. {{TOC limit|3}} ==Asalka magaca== {{further|Rhodesia (name)}} Dhulka Zambia waxaa loo yaqaannay "[[Northern Rhodesia]]" wixii dhexeyay 1911 ilaa 1964. Waxaa loo beddelay "Zambia" bishii Oktoobar 1964 markii ay madaxbannaanida ka qaadatay xukunkii Ingiriiska. Magaca "Zambia" wuxuu ka yimid wabiga [[Zambezi]] (Zambezi wuxuu u taagnaan karaa "wabiga weyn").<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Everett-Heath|first1=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1589|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|date=7 December 2017|isbn=978-0-19-255646-2}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} i9q5pqtje79n0068hxy625asmogy8s7 Musanbiig 0 2506 300584 250008 2026-07-01T14:57:15Z Isma4l 41797 300584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Astaan | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Dhul hooyo oo la Jeclaysan yahay"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File: Location Mozambique AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]] | regional_languages = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = u dhashay deegaanka | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99.0% [[Demographics of Mozambique|Afrikaan]]{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], iyo kooxaha kale ee qowmiyaddaha Afrikaanka ah.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.1% [[Portuguese Mozambicans|Caddaan]] |0.1% kuwa kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira kuwa ka soo jeeda Aasiya}}}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=Census2017>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|title=Censo 2017 Brochura dos Resultados Definitivos do IV RGPH – Nacional|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Reer Mozambique | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo xisbi-gabaray leh<ref name="SpL">{{cite SSRN|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=September 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies|location=United States|publisher=University of California San Diego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=December 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns|journal=French Politics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–351|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087|s2cid=73642272|quote=Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.|doi-access=free}}</ref> oo hoos timaada dawlad [[Authoritarianism|kelitalis]] ah<ref name="Nhamirre">{{cite journal|last=Nhamirre|first=Borges Joaquim Faduco|date=August 2025|title=Rigging by the state apparatus: systemic electoral fraud in Mozambique jeopardizes the credibility of democracy and creates room for political violence|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=7 |article-number=1479440 |location=Switzerland|publisher=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1479440 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|date=2024|title=25 years of electoral fraud, protected by secrecy|url=https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/25-years-of-electoral-fraud.pdf|journal=Centro de Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)|location=Mozambique|publisher=Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Daniel Chapo]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Aqalka Jamhuuriyadda]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[National Salvation Junta|Bortuqaal]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique-tii Bortuqiiska]] | established_date1 = 1505–1975 | established_event2 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Dagaalkii Madaxbannaanida Mozambique]] | established_date2 = 25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 | established_event3 = [[Lusaka Accord|La siiyay madaxbannaanida]] | established_date3 = 25 June 1975 | established_event4 = [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] | established_date4 = 25 June 1975 - 30 November 1990 | established_event5 = [[Mozambican Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye]] | established_date5 = 1977–1992 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Constitution-ka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35aad | area_sq_mi = 309,496 | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 34,881,007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|title=Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053022/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 45aad | population_density_km2 = 43.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 113 | population_density_rank = 176aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.950 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MOZ|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mozambique)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|date=10 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125922/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=688,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,730<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 182aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.770 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 120aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $663<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 49.6 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.493 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2024|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183aad | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{URL|portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 62.0% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ** 27.3% [[Catholic Church in Mozambique|Kaatoolig]] ** 16.7% [[Evangelicalism|Injiili]] ** 16.3% [[Zionist churches|Masiixiyada Sahyuuniyada]] ** 1.7% [[Anglicanism|Anglikan]] {{Tree list/end}} |19.1% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islaam]] |13.5% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |4.3% diimaha kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Traditional African religion|Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]], Yuhuudda, [[Hinduism|Hindooga]], iyo [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaaci]].}} |1.2% aan la garanayn }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.mz/web/guest/d/indicadores-socio-demograficos-mocambique-20062022|title=Indicadores sócio-demográficos Moçambique|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> | today = }} '''Mozambique''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Mozambique.wav}}; {{langx|pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{langx|ny|Mozambiki}}; {{langx|ts|Muzambhiki}}; {{langx|sw|Msumbiji}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique''',{{efn|{{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]] kaasoo ay bari ka xigto Badweynta Hindiya, waqooyina [[Tanzania]], waqooyi-galbeedna [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zambia]], galbeedna [[Zimbabwe]], iyo [[Eswatini]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur iyo koonfur-galbeed. [[Sovereign state|Dawladda madaxabannaan]] waxaa laga sifeeyay [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], iyo [[Madagascar]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]] ee dhanka bari. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Maputo]]. Xilliyadii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 7aad iyo 11aad, taxane magaalooyin xeebeed Sawaaxili ah ayaa ka dhashay aaggan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geystay horumarinta [[Swahili culture|dhaqan Sawaaxili]] oo kala duwan iyo lahjad u gaar ah. Dabayaaqadii xilligii dhexe, magaalooyinkan waxaa inta badan u soo dhowaan jiray ganacsato ka timid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, [[Egypt|Masar]], Carabta, Faaris, iyo [[India|Hindiya]].<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Socdaalkii [[Vasco da Gama]] ee 1498 wuxuu calaamadiyay imaatinka [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska]], kuwaas oo bilaabay geeddi-socod tartiib-tartiib ah oo gumeysi iyo deegaanayn ah sannadkii 1505. Ka dib in ka badan afar qarni oo ay jirtay [[Portuguese Mozambique|maamulkii Bortuqiiska ee Mozambique]], Mozambique waxay [[Mozambican War of Independence|heshay madaxbannaani]] sannadkii 1975, iyadoo noqotay [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] waxyar ka dib. Ka dib laba sanno oo kaliya oo madaxbannaani ah, dalku wuxuu u dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo xooggan oo daba-dheeraaday [[Mozambican Civil War|kaas oo socday 1977 ilaa 1992]]. Sannadkii 1994, Mozambique waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee xisbiyada badan, tan iyo markaasna waxay ahayd [[Presidential system|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] oo xasilloon, in kasta oo ay weli wajahayso [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|gabhanno hubeysan oo heer hoose ah]] gaar ahaan gobollada ugu fog caasimadda koonfureed iyo meelaha uu Islaamku ku xooggan yahay. Mozambique waxay ku haysataa kheyraad dabiici ah oo qani ah oo aad u ballaaran. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay kalluumeysiga—inta badanna [[Mollusca|argoosatada]], [[crustacean|unonada]] iyo [[echinoderm|waxyabaha badda]]—iyo beeraha iyada oo ay jirto wershado sii kordhaya oo cuntada iyo cabitaanka, wax-soo-saarka kiimikada, aluminiumka iyo saliidda ah. Qaybta dalxiiska ayaa sii fidaysa. GDP-ga Mozambique wuxuu si weyn u koray wixii ka dambeeyay 2001, laakiin tan iyo 2014/15, waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isticmaalka dhabta ah ee qoysaska iyo kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid [[economic inequality|sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research|title=The evolution of inequality in Mozambique|url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|access-date=31 March 2024|series=WIDER Working Paper|date=2022|language=en|doi=10.35188/unu-wider/2022/284-3|last1=Barletta|first1=Giulia|last2=Ibraimo|first2=Maimuna|last3=Salvucci|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Sarmento|first4=Enilde Francisco|last5=Tarp|first5=Finn|hdl=10419/273939|place=Helsinki|isbn=978-92-9267-284-3|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331195447/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaranku wuxuu weli dhex fadhiyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna [[Least developed countries|horumarka hooseeya]] adduunka,<ref>[http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf Investing in rural people in Mozambique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427212809/http://ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=27 April 2015 }}. ifad.org</ref> isagoo darajo hoose kaga jira [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba]], [[List of countries by Human Development Index|horumarka aadanaha]], cabirrada [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|sinnaan la'aanta]] iyo celceliska [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]].<ref name=CIA/> Dadka Mozambique oo qiyaastii ah 34,777,605 marka loo eego qiyaasaha 2024 (kor u kac 2.96% ah marka loo eego 2023) waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka badan 2,000 oo kooxood oo qowmiyadeed waxaana si awood leh u aqlabiyad ah [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqadda rasmiga ah ee kaliya ee dalka waa [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]], taas oo looga hadlo meelaha magaalooyinka ah sida luqadda koowaad ama labaad inta badan, guud ahaan ahaanna ah [[lingua franca]] u dhaxeysa dhalinyarada reer Mozambique ee helay waxbarashada rasmiga ah. Luqadaha maxaliga ah ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], iyo [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]. [[Glottolog]] wuxuu taxay 46 luqadood oo looga hadlo dalka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 – Languages of Mozambique|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|access-date=10 January 2023|website=glottolog.org|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141558/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ay tahay luqadda dhegoolaha (Luqadda Dhegoolaha ee Mozambique/''Língua de sinais de Moçambique''). [[Religion in Mozambique|Diinta ugu caansan]] Mozambique waa Masiixiyadda, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro laga tiro badan yahay oo raacsan Islaamka iyo [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]]. ==Asalka magaca== Dalka waxaa loogu magac daray Moçambique Bortuqiisku ka dib [[Island of Mozambique|Jasiiradda Mozambique]], taas oo laga soo qaatay midkood [[Mussa Bin Bique]], ''Musa Al Big,'' ''Mossa Al Bique'', ''Mussa Ben Mbiki'' ama ''Mussa Ibn Malik'', oo ahaa ganacsade Carbeed oo markii ugu horreysay booqday jasiiradda ka dibna degay halkaas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> isagoo weli noolaa markii [[Vasco da Gama]] uu soo caga dhigtay jasiiradda sannadkii 1498.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. D. D. Newitt|title=The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche|journal=The Journal of African History|date=1972|volume=13|issue=3|page=398|doi=10.1017/S0021853700011713|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=180586}}</ref> Jasiiradda-magaalada waxay ahayd caasimadda gumeysiga Bortuqiiska ilaa 1898, markaas oo loo raray koonfurta xagga Lourenço Marques (hadda ah [[Maputo]]). ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} hkmmhtcz2l06xaau3f7yqk17hgtadd1 300585 300584 2026-07-01T14:57:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique | common_name = Mozambique | native_name = {{native name|pt|República de Moçambique}} | image_flag = Flag of Mozambique.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Mozambique.svg | symbol_type = Astaan | national_motto = | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|[[Pátria Amada]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Dhul hooyo oo la Jeclaysan yahay"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Mozambican national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Maputo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|25|57|S|32|35|E|type:city_region:MZ}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]] | regional_languages = [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Lomwe language|Lomwe]], [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = u dhashay deegaanka | ethnic_groups = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |99.0% [[Demographics of Mozambique|Afrikaan]]{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Makua people|Makhuwa]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], iyo kooxaha kale ee qowmiyaddaha Afrikaanka ah.}} |0.8% [[Mestiço]] |0.1% [[Portuguese Mozambicans|Caddaan]] |0.1% kuwa kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira kuwa ka soo jeeda Aasiya}}}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=Census2017>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|title=Censo 2017 Brochura dos Resultados Definitivos do IV RGPH – Nacional|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515170335/http://www.ine.gov.mz/iv-rgph-2017/mocambique/censo-2017-brochura-dos-resultados-definitivos-do-iv-rgph-nacional.pdf/at_download/file|archive-date=15 May 2019}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | demonym = Reer Mozambique | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo xisbi-gabaray leh<ref name="SpL">{{cite SSRN|last1=Neto|first1=Octávio Amorim|last2=Lobo|first2=Marina Costa|year=2010|ssrn=1644026|title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=September 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns|url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies|location=United States|publisher=University of California San Diego|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008|access-date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Shugart|first=Matthew Søberg|author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart|date=December 2005|title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns|journal=French Politics|volume=3|issue=3|pages=323–351|doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087|s2cid=73642272|quote=Of the contemporary cases, only four provide the assembly majority an unrestricted right to vote no confidence, and of these, only two allow the president unrestricted authority to appoint the prime minister. These two, Mozambique and Namibia, as well as the Weimar Republic, thus resemble most closely the structure of authority depicted in the right panel of Figure 3, whereby the dual accountability of the cabinet to both the president and the assembly is maximized.|doi-access=free}}</ref> oo hoos timaada dawlad [[Authoritarianism|kelitalis]] ah<ref name="Nhamirre">{{cite journal|last=Nhamirre|first=Borges Joaquim Faduco|date=August 2025|title=Rigging by the state apparatus: systemic electoral fraud in Mozambique jeopardizes the credibility of democracy and creates room for political violence|journal=Frontiers in Political Science|volume=7 |article-number=1479440 |location=Switzerland|publisher=Frontiers|doi=10.3389/fpos.2025.1479440 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanlon|first=Joseph|date=2024|title=25 years of electoral fraud, protected by secrecy|url=https://www.cipmoz.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/25-years-of-electoral-fraud.pdf|journal=Centro de Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)|location=Mozambique|publisher=Integridade Pública (Center for Public Integrity)}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Mozambique|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Daniel Chapo]] | leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Mozambique|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Maria Benvinda Levy]] | leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]]}} | legislature = {{nowrap|[[Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)|Aqalka Jamhuuriyadda]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[National Salvation Junta|Bortuqaal]] | established_event1 = [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique-tii Bortuqiiska]] | established_date1 = 1505–1975 | established_event2 = [[Mozambican War of Independence|Dagaalkii Madaxbannaanida Mozambique]] | established_date2 = 25 September 1964 – 8 September 1974 | established_event3 = [[Lusaka Accord|La siiyay madaxbannaanida]] | established_date3 = 25 June 1975 | established_event4 = [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] | established_date4 = 25 June 1975 - 30 November 1990 | established_event5 = [[Mozambican Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye]] | established_date5 = 1977–1992 | established_event6 = [[Constitution of Mozambique|Constitution-ka hadda jira]] | established_date6 = 21 December 2004 | area_km2 = 801,590 | area_rank = 35aad | area_sq_mi = 309,496 | percent_water = 2.2 | population_estimate = 34,881,007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|title=Mozambique Population (2024) - Worldometer|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=27 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127053022/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/mozambique-population/|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 45aad | population_density_km2 = 43.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 113 | population_density_rank = 176aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.950 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MOZ|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mozambique)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|website=IMF.org|date=10 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102125922/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=688,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 126aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,730<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 182aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.770 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 120aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $663<ref name="IMFWEO.MZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183rd | Gini = 49.6 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|title=Gini Index|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 June 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.493 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2024|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 183aad | currency = [[Mozambican metical|Metical]] | currency_code = MZN | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+258]] | cctld = [[.mz]] | official_website = {{URL|portaldogoverno.gov.mz}} | footnotes = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 62.0% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] ** 27.3% [[Catholic Church in Mozambique|Kaatoolig]] ** 16.7% [[Evangelicalism|Injiili]] ** 16.3% [[Zionist churches|Masiixiyada Sahyuuniyada]] ** 1.7% [[Anglicanism|Anglikan]] {{Tree list/end}} |19.1% [[Islam in Mozambique|Islaam]] |13.5% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |4.3% diimaha kale{{efn|Waxaa ku jira [[Traditional African religion|Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]], Yuhuudda, [[Hinduism|Hindooga]], iyo [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahaaci]].}} |1.2% aan la garanayn }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.gov.mz/web/guest/d/indicadores-socio-demograficos-mocambique-20062022|title=Indicadores sócio-demográficos Moçambique|website=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> | today = }} '''Mozambique''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|m|oʊ|z|æ|m|ˈ|b|iː|k|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Mozambique.wav}}; {{langx|pt|Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}; {{langx|ny|Mozambiki}}; {{langx|ts|Muzambhiki}}; {{langx|sw|Msumbiji}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mozambique''',{{efn|{{lang|pt|República de Moçambique}}, {{IPA|pt|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ ðɨ musɐ̃ˈbikɨ|pron}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]] kaasoo ay bari ka xigto Badweynta Hindiya, waqooyina [[Tanzania]], waqooyi-galbeedna [[Malawi]] iyo [[Zambia]], galbeedna [[Zimbabwe]], iyo [[Eswatini]] iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur iyo koonfur-galbeed. [[Sovereign state|Dawladda madaxabannaan]] waxaa laga sifeeyay [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], iyo [[Madagascar]] iyada oo loo marayo [[Mozambique Channel|Marinka Mozambique]] ee dhanka bari. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Maputo]]. Xilliyadii u dhexeeyay qarniyadii 7aad iyo 11aad, taxane magaalooyin xeebeed Sawaaxili ah ayaa ka dhashay aaggan, kuwaas oo gacan ka geystay horumarinta [[Swahili culture|dhaqan Sawaaxili]] oo kala duwan iyo lahjad u gaar ah. Dabayaaqadii xilligii dhexe, magaalooyinkan waxaa inta badan u soo dhowaan jiray ganacsato ka timid Soomaaliya, Itoobiya, [[Egypt|Masar]], Carabta, Faaris, iyo [[India|Hindiya]].<ref>Newitt, M.D.D. "A Short History of Mozambique." Oxford University Press, 2017</ref> Socdaalkii [[Vasco da Gama]] ee 1498 wuxuu calaamadiyay imaatinka [[Portuguese Empire|Boqortooyada Bortuqiiska]], kuwaas oo bilaabay geeddi-socod tartiib-tartiib ah oo gumeysi iyo deegaanayn ah sannadkii 1505. Ka dib in ka badan afar qarni oo ay jirtay [[Portuguese Mozambique|maamulkii Bortuqiiska ee Mozambique]], Mozambique waxay [[Mozambican War of Independence|heshay madaxbannaani]] sannadkii 1975, iyadoo noqotay [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Jamhuuriyadda Shacbiga ah ee Mozambique]] waxyar ka dib. Ka dib laba sanno oo kaliya oo madaxbannaani ah, dalku wuxuu u dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo xooggan oo daba-dheeraaday [[Mozambican Civil War|kaas oo socday 1977 ilaa 1992]]. Sannadkii 1994, Mozambique waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysay ee xisbiyada badan, tan iyo markaasna waxay ahayd [[Presidential system|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] oo xasilloon, in kasta oo ay weli wajahayso [[Insurgency in Cabo Delgado|gabhanno hubeysan oo heer hoose ah]] gaar ahaan gobollada ugu fog caasimadda koonfureed iyo meelaha uu Islaamku ku xooggan yahay. Mozambique waxay ku haysataa kheyraad dabiici ah oo qani ah oo aad u ballaaran. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay kalluumeysiga—inta badanna [[Mollusca|argoosatada]], [[crustacean|unonada]] iyo [[echinoderm|waxyabaha badda]]—iyo beeraha iyada oo ay jirto wershado sii kordhaya oo cuntada iyo cabitaanka, wax-soo-saarka kiimikada, aluminiumka iyo saliidda ah. Qaybta dalxiiska ayaa sii fidaysa. GDP-ga Mozambique wuxuu si weyn u koray wixii ka dambeeyay 2001, laakiin tan iyo 2014/15, waxaa la arkay hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid isticmaalka dhabta ah ee qoysaska iyo kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid [[economic inequality|sinnaan la'aanta dhaqaalaha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|publisher=United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research|title=The evolution of inequality in Mozambique|url=http://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|access-date=31 March 2024|series=WIDER Working Paper|date=2022|language=en|doi=10.35188/unu-wider/2022/284-3|last1=Barletta|first1=Giulia|last2=Ibraimo|first2=Maimuna|last3=Salvucci|first3=Vincenzo|last4=Sarmento|first4=Enilde Francisco|last5=Tarp|first5=Finn|hdl=10419/273939|place=Helsinki|isbn=978-92-9267-284-3|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331195447/https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/evolution-inequality-mozambique|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaranku wuxuu weli dhex fadhiyaa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna [[Least developed countries|horumarka hooseeya]] adduunka,<ref>[http://www.ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf Investing in rural people in Mozambique] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427212809/http://ifad.org/operations/projects/regions/Pf/factsheets/mozambique_e.pdf |date=27 April 2015 }}. ifad.org</ref> isagoo darajo hoose kaga jira [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba]], [[List of countries by Human Development Index|horumarka aadanaha]], cabirrada [[List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|sinnaan la'aanta]] iyo celceliska [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]].<ref name=CIA/> Dadka Mozambique oo qiyaastii ah 34,777,605 marka loo eego qiyaasaha 2024 (kor u kac 2.96% ah marka loo eego 2023) waxay ka kooban yihiin wax ka badan 2,000 oo kooxood oo qowmiyadeed waxaana si awood leh u aqlabiyad ah [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, luqadda rasmiga ah ee kaliya ee dalka waa [[Portuguese language|Bortuqiis]], taas oo looga hadlo meelaha magaalooyinka ah sida luqadda koowaad ama labaad inta badan, guud ahaan ahaanna ah [[lingua franca]] u dhaxeysa dhalinyarada reer Mozambique ee helay waxbarashada rasmiga ah. Luqadaha maxaliga ah ee ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]], [[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]], [[Sena language|Sena]], [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], iyo [[Swahili language|Sawaaxili]]. [[Glottolog]] wuxuu taxay 46 luqadood oo looga hadlo dalka,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.7 – Languages of Mozambique|url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|access-date=10 January 2023|website=glottolog.org|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110141558/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=MZ#5/-18.895/35.230|url-status=live}}</ref> kuwaas oo mid ka mid ah ay tahay luqadda dhegoolaha (Luqadda Dhegoolaha ee Mozambique/''Língua de sinais de Moçambique''). [[Religion in Mozambique|Diinta ugu caansan]] Mozambique waa Masiixiyadda, iyadoo ay jiraan tiro laga tiro badan yahay oo raacsan Islaamka iyo [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]]. ==Asalka magaca== Dalka waxaa loogu magac daray Moçambique Bortuqiisku ka dib [[Island of Mozambique|Jasiiradda Mozambique]], taas oo laga soo qaatay midkood [[Mussa Bin Bique]], ''Musa Al Big,'' ''Mossa Al Bique'', ''Mussa Ben Mbiki'' ama ''Mussa Ibn Malik'', oo ahaa ganacsade Carbeed oo markii ugu horreysay booqday jasiiradda ka dibna degay halkaas<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100630040028/http://www.ilhademo.net/history.html History]. ilhademo.net</ref> isagoo weli noolaa markii [[Vasco da Gama]] uu soo caga dhigtay jasiiradda sannadkii 1498.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=M. D. D. Newitt|title=The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche|journal=The Journal of African History|date=1972|volume=13|issue=3|page=398|doi=10.1017/S0021853700011713|publisher=Cambridge University Press|jstor=180586}}</ref> Jasiiradda-magaalada waxay ahayd caasimadda gumeysiga Bortuqiiska ilaa 1898, markaas oo loo raray koonfurta xagga Lourenço Marques (hadda ah [[Maputo]]). ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 97g6pvedp4u3ov6s20u9p0tmcch3cf0 Malaawi 0 2507 300582 277661 2026-07-01T14:51:49Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Malawi | common_name = Malawi | native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|tum|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]) | image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malawi.svg | national_motto = "Midnimo iyo Xorriyo" | national_anthem = [[Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi|Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]<br />{{Lang|en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}{{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |access-date=24 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015032/http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>}}<br />{{center|[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Location Malawi AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = Goobta Malawi (cagaar madow) ku leedahay koonfur-bari [[Africa|Afrika]] | capital = [[Lilongwe]] | coordinates = {{coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lilongwe]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| [[English language|Ingiriisi]]}} | national_languages = ''('''midna''' heer qaran)'' | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] }} | languages_type = Luqadaha kale | languages = [[Languages of Malawi|Eeg liiska]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 25.2% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 20.4% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 16.4% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] | 15.3% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] | 6.4% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 5.9% [[Sena people|Sena]] | 3.8% [[Mang'anja]] | 1.8% [[Tonga people (Malawi)|Tonga]] | 1.5% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]] | 0.6% [[Lambya people|Lambya]] | 0.5% [[Sukwa people|Sukwa]] | 1.1% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya weynta 2024 | religion = {{ublist| {{Tree list}} *82.3% [[Christianity in Malawi|Masiixiyad]] **58.5% [[Protestantism|Bortestanti]] **17.2% [[Catholic Church in Malawi|Kaatoolig]] **6.6% Masiixiyiinta [[List of Christian denominations|kale]] {{Tree list/end}} |13.8% [[Islam in Malawi|Islaam]] |2.1% [[Irreligion|midna]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]] |0.6% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = Tiriya weynta 2018 | religion_ref = <ref name="DHS 2016" /> | demonym = Reer Malawi | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Malawi|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Peter Mutharika]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Malawi|Madaxweyne-ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Ansah]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]] | leader_name3 = [[Sameer Suleman]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief justice|Garsooraha Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Rizine Mzikamanda]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 6 July 1964 | established_event2 = Jamhuuriyad | established_date2 = 6 July 1966 | established_event3 = Constitution-ka hadda jira | established_date3 = 18 May 1994 | area_km2 = 118,484 | area_rank = 98aad | area_sq_mi = 45,747 | percent_water = 20.6% | population_estimate = {{increase}} 21,240,689<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/#google_vignette |title=Malawi Population 2024 |website=worldometers.info |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> | population_census = 17,563,749<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 62aad | population_census_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 153.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 396.5 | population_density_rank = 56aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.919 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=676,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Malawi) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 137aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,668<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.176 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $579<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190aad | Gini = 38.5 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MW |title=Gini Index - Malawi |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI = 0.517 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MWI|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172aad | currency = [[Malawian kwacha|Kwacha-da Malawi]] (D) | currency_code = MWK | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13864367 |title=Country profile: Malawi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=17 August 2008}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" /> | footnotes = * Qiyaasaha dadka ee dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu hergeliyaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay keento [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS-ka]]; Tani waxay horseedi kartaa cimri dherer hoose, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo dhimashada guud oo sareysa, koboca dadka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddel ku yimaada qaybinta dadka ee da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filan lahaa. * Macluumaadka waxaa laga soo qaatay CIA-da ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' haddii kale si kale loo xuso. | today = }} '''Malawi''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|w|i|}}; {{literally|ololyada}} ee [[Chichewa]] iyo [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi? |url=http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |website=DicionarioeGramatica.com.br |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120145/https://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ }}</ref> si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Malawi''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}} |{{langx|tum|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Zambia]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka waqooyi iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo [[Mozambique]] dhanka bari, koonfur, iyo koonfur-galbeed. Malawi waxay ku fidsan tahay dhowr iyo {{convert|118484|km²|0|abbr=on}} waxayna leedahay dad gaaraya 22,224,282 (marka loo eego bisha Luulyo 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Population |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> [[Lilongwe]] waa caasimaddeeda iyo [[List of cities in Malawi|magaalada ugu weyn]]. Qaybta Afrika ee hadda loo yaqaan Malawi waxaa qarnigii 10aad degay dadka [[Twa#Malawi|Akafula]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Abathwa. Ka dib, kooxaha Bantu-ga ayaa yimid oo eryay dadkii Akafula iyagoo aasaasay boqortooyooyin kala duwan sida boqortooyooyinka [[Maravi]] iyo [[Nkhamanga Kingdom|Nkhamanga]], kuwaas oo horumaray wixii ka dambeeyay qarnigii 16aad.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=Nigel |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |editor-last2=MacKenzie |editor-first2=John M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Chakwera installs new Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga kingdom amid chaotic scenes - Malawi Nyasa Times |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-installs-new-chikulamayembe-king-of-nkhamanga-kingdom-amid-chaotic-scenes/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Boqortooyada Ingiriiska waxay bilowday inay xoojiso maamulka aagga ka dib [[1890 British Ultimatum|Aftidii Ingiriiska ee 1890]] ee ka dhanka ahayd Bortuqiiska, kuwaas oo sheegtay aagga u dhexeeya [[Angola]] iyo [[Mozambique]] gudaha [[Pink Map|Khariidaddii Pink]] ee 1885.<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell | first=Charles E. | title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean | publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar | date=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ| access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Sannadkii 1891, aagga waxaa Ingiriisku u aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[British Central African Protectorate|Maxmiyaddii Bartamaha Afrika ee Ingiriiska]], waxaana loogu magac daray ''[[Nyasaland]]'' sannadkii 1907. Sannadkii 1964, Nyasaland waxay noqotay mid madaxbannaan oo hoos timaada Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Hastings Banda]] waxaana loo beddelay ''Malawi''. Laba sanno ka dib, Banda wuxuu noqoday madaxweyne isagoo dalka u beddelay jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo [[One-party state|hal xisbi]] ah. Banda waxaa loogu dhawaaqay [[president for life|madaxweyne weligiis ah]] sannadkii 1971. Tobankii sanno ee ugu horreeyay ee madaxbannaanida Malawi waxaa lagu gartay diktatooriyad aad u caburin badneyd oo uu hoggaaminayay Banda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda &#124; president of Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hastings-Kamuzu-Banda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-cult-of-hastings-banda-takes-hold/article4273860/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=20 May 2009 |last1=York |first1=Geoffrey }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |author-link=John McCracken (historian) |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/97/387/231/16549 |journal=African Affairs |volume=97 |issue=387 |pages=231–249 |date=1 April 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007927 |via=academic.oup.com|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ka dib markii la hordhigay [[multi-party system|nidaamka xisbiyada badan]] sannadkii 1993, Banda wuxuu ku guuldarraystay [[1994 Malawian general election|doorashadii guud ee 1994]], dalkuna wuxuu sii oggolaaday [[Peaceful transition of power|kala-guur awoodadeed oo nabad ah]]. Malawi waxay leedahay [[Democracy|jamhuuriyad]] dimuqraadi ah, xisbiyo badan leh oo uu madax u yahay madaxweyne la doortay. Sida laga soo xigtay [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tilmaamayaasha Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Malawi waxay ku gashay kaalinta 74aad ee dimuqraadiyadda doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan iyo kaalinta 11aad ee [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda doorashada ee Afrika]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2024 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> Dalku wuxuu xiriir diblomaasiyadeed la leeyahay inta badan waddamada wuxuuna ka qaybqaataa dhowr [[international organisation|ururo caalami ah]], oo ay ku jiraan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Commonwealth of Nations|Barwaaqosooranka]], [[Southern African Development Community|Aagga Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|Suuqa Wadajirka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]]. Malawi waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horumarka hooseeya adduunka. [[Economy of Malawi|Dhaqaalaheeda]] wuxuu si weyn [[Agriculture in Malawi|ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha]], waxayna leedahay dad u badan miyi iyo kuwo sii kordhaya. Dalku wuxuu leedahay [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]] oo hooseysa iyo dhimashada dhallaanka oo sareysa. [[HIV/AIDS]] ayaa si weyn ugu baahsan. Dadka kala duwan waxaa ka mid ah dadka u dhashay deegaanka, dadka u dhashay Aasiya, iyo reer Yurub. Dadka badankoodu waa Masiixiyiin, inta badanna waa [[Protestantism|Bortestanti]]. == Asalka magaca== Magaca ''Malawi'' wuxuu u taagan yahay "ololyada" ee luqadda [[Chichewa]] iyo [[Chitumbuka]]. ''Malawi'' waxaa doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee [[president of Malawi|Malawi]], [[Hastings Banda]], ka dib markii dalku uu xorriyadiisa ka qaatay Ingiriiska Weyn sannadkii 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa |url=http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131527/http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} n9glr8vmdfif93sxhkhep5fqx18j0km 300583 300582 2026-07-01T14:52:17Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Malawi | common_name = Malawi | native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])<br />{{nowrap|{{lang|tum|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}&nbsp;&nbsp;([[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]) | image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Malawi.svg | national_motto = "Midnimo iyo Xorriyo" | national_anthem = [[Mlungu dalitsani Malaŵi|Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]<br />{{Lang|en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}{{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |access-date=24 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015032/http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |archive-date=10 May 2011 }}</ref>}}<br />{{center|[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = Goobta Malawi (cagaar madow) ku leedahay koonfur-bari [[Africa|Afrika]] | capital = [[Lilongwe]] | coordinates = {{coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lilongwe]] | official_languages = {{Plainlist| [[English language|Ingiriisi]]}} | national_languages = ''('''midna''' heer qaran)'' | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[Chewa language|Chewa]] | [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] }} | languages_type = Luqadaha kale | languages = [[Languages of Malawi|Eeg liiska]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 25.2% [[Chewa people|Chewa]] | 20.4% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]] | 16.4% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]] | 15.3% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] | 6.4% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] | 5.9% [[Sena people|Sena]] | 3.8% [[Mang'anja]] | 1.8% [[Tonga people (Malawi)|Tonga]] | 1.5% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]] | 0.6% [[Lambya people|Lambya]] | 0.5% [[Sukwa people|Sukwa]] | 1.1% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya weynta 2024 | religion = {{ublist| {{Tree list}} *82.3% [[Christianity in Malawi|Masiixiyad]] **58.5% [[Protestantism|Bortestanti]] **17.2% [[Catholic Church in Malawi|Kaatoolig]] **6.6% Masiixiyiinta [[List of Christian denominations|kale]] {{Tree list/end}} |13.8% [[Islam in Malawi|Islaam]] |2.1% [[Irreligion|midna]] |1.2% [[Traditional African religions|diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika]] |0.6% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = Tiriya weynta 2018 | religion_ref = <ref name="DHS 2016" /> | demonym = Reer Malawi | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Malawi|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Peter Mutharika]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Malawi|Madaxweyne-ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Ansah]] | leader_title3 = [[List of speakers of the National Assembly of Malawi|Guddoomiyaha Aqalka]] | leader_name3 = [[Sameer Suleman]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief justice|Garsooraha Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Rizine Mzikamanda]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Lagu dhawaaqay | established_date1 = 6 July 1964 | established_event2 = Jamhuuriyad | established_date2 = 6 July 1966 | established_event3 = Constitution-ka hadda jira | established_date3 = 18 May 1994 | area_km2 = 118,484 | area_rank = 98aad | area_sq_mi = 45,747 | percent_water = 20.6% | population_estimate = {{increase}} 21,240,689<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/#google_vignette |title=Malawi Population 2024 |website=worldometers.info |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> | population_census = 17,563,749<ref name="Census2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |title=2018 Population and Housing Census Main Report |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608191931/http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2018/2018%20Malawi%20Population%20and%20Housing%20Census%20Main%20Report.pdf }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 62aad | population_census_year = 2018 | population_density_km2 = 153.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 396.5 | population_density_rank = 56aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.919 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MW">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=676,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Malawi) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=18 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 137aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,668<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $13.176 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 149aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $579<ref name="IMFWEO.MW" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190aad | Gini = 38.5 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MW |title=Gini Index - Malawi |publisher=[[World Bank Group]] |access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI = 0.517 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MWI|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 172aad | currency = [[Malawian kwacha|Kwacha-da Malawi]] (D) | currency_code = MWK | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13864367 |title=Country profile: Malawi |work=[[BBC News]] |date=13 March 2008 |access-date=17 August 2008}}</ref> | cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" /> | footnotes = * Qiyaasaha dadka ee dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu hergeliyaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay keento [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS-ka]]; Tani waxay horseedi kartaa cimri dherer hoose, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo dhimashada guud oo sareysa, koboca dadka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddel ku yimaada qaybinta dadka ee da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filan lahaa. * Macluumaadka waxaa laga soo qaatay CIA-da ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]'' haddii kale si kale loo xuso. | today = }} '''Malawi''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|w|i|}}; {{literally|ololyada}} ee [[Chichewa]] iyo [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]]}}<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi? |url=http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ |website=DicionarioeGramatica.com.br |access-date=25 October 2015 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817120145/https://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/ }}</ref> si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Malawi''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}} |{{langx|tum|Charu cha Malaŵi}}}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Southeast Africa|Koonfur-bari Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Zambia]] dhanka galbeed, [[Tanzania]] dhanka waqooyi iyo waqooyi-bari, iyo [[Mozambique]] dhanka bari, koonfur, iyo koonfur-galbeed. Malawi waxay ku fidsan tahay dhowr iyo {{convert|118484|km²|0|abbr=on}} waxayna leedahay dad gaaraya 22,224,282 (marka loo eego bisha Luulyo 2025).<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi Population |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/malawi-population/ |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=worldometers.info |language=en}}</ref> [[Lilongwe]] waa caasimaddeeda iyo [[List of cities in Malawi|magaalada ugu weyn]]. Qaybta Afrika ee hadda loo yaqaan Malawi waxaa qarnigii 10aad degay dadka [[Twa#Malawi|Akafula]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaanno Abathwa. Ka dib, kooxaha Bantu-ga ayaa yimid oo eryay dadkii Akafula iyagoo aasaasay boqortooyooyin kala duwan sida boqortooyooyinka [[Maravi]] iyo [[Nkhamanga Kingdom|Nkhamanga]], kuwaas oo horumaray wixii ka dambeeyay qarnigii 16aad.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016-01-11 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=Nigel |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Maravi Kingdom |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe035 |editor-last2=MacKenzie |editor-first2=John M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-30 |title=Chakwera installs new Chikulamayembe King of Nkhamanga kingdom amid chaotic scenes - Malawi Nyasa Times |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/chakwera-installs-new-chikulamayembe-king-of-nkhamanga-kingdom-amid-chaotic-scenes/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Nyasa Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> Boqortooyada Ingiriiska waxay bilowday inay xoojiso maamulka aagga ka dib [[1890 British Ultimatum|Aftidii Ingiriiska ee 1890]] ee ka dhanka ahayd Bortuqiiska, kuwaas oo sheegtay aagga u dhexeeya [[Angola]] iyo [[Mozambique]] gudaha [[Pink Map|Khariidaddii Pink]] ee 1885.<ref>{{cite book | last=Nowell | first=Charles E. | title=The Rose-colored Map: Portugal's Attempt to Build an African Empire from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean | publisher=Junta de Investigações Científicas do Ultramar | date=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9QqAAAAMAAJ| access-date=2026-04-11}}</ref> Sannadkii 1891, aagga waxaa Ingiriisku u aqoonsaday inuu yahay [[British Central African Protectorate|Maxmiyaddii Bartamaha Afrika ee Ingiriiska]], waxaana loogu magac daray ''[[Nyasaland]]'' sannadkii 1907. Sannadkii 1964, Nyasaland waxay noqotay mid madaxbannaan oo hoos timaada Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Hastings Banda]] waxaana loo beddelay ''Malawi''. Laba sanno ka dib, Banda wuxuu noqoday madaxweyne isagoo dalka u beddelay jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo [[One-party state|hal xisbi]] ah. Banda waxaa loogu dhawaaqay [[president for life|madaxweyne weligiis ah]] sannadkii 1971. Tobankii sanno ee ugu horreeyay ee madaxbannaanida Malawi waxaa lagu gartay diktatooriyad aad u caburin badneyd oo uu hoggaaminayay Banda.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hastings Kamuzu Banda &#124; president of Malawi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hastings-Kamuzu-Banda |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The cult of Hastings Banda takes hold |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-cult-of-hastings-banda-takes-hold/article4273860/ |newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=20 May 2009 |last1=York |first1=Geoffrey }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCracken |first=John |author-link=John McCracken (historian) |title=Democracy and Nationalism in Historical Perspective: The Case of Malawi |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/97/387/231/16549 |journal=African Affairs |volume=97 |issue=387 |pages=231–249 |date=1 April 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a007927 |via=academic.oup.com|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Ka dib markii la hordhigay [[multi-party system|nidaamka xisbiyada badan]] sannadkii 1993, Banda wuxuu ku guuldarraystay [[1994 Malawian general election|doorashadii guud ee 1994]], dalkuna wuxuu sii oggolaaday [[Peaceful transition of power|kala-guur awoodadeed oo nabad ah]]. Malawi waxay leedahay [[Democracy|jamhuuriyad]] dimuqraadi ah, xisbiyo badan leh oo uu madax u yahay madaxweyne la doortay. Sida laga soo xigtay [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tilmaamayaasha Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Malawi waxay ku gashay kaalinta 74aad ee dimuqraadiyadda doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan iyo kaalinta 11aad ee [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda doorashada ee Afrika]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2024 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> Dalku wuxuu xiriir diblomaasiyadeed la leeyahay inta badan waddamada wuxuuna ka qaybqaataa dhowr [[international organisation|ururo caalami ah]], oo ay ku jiraan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Commonwealth of Nations|Barwaaqosooranka]], [[Southern African Development Community|Aagga Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|Suuqa Wadajirka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]]. Malawi waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horumarka hooseeya adduunka. [[Economy of Malawi|Dhaqaalaheeda]] wuxuu si weyn [[Agriculture in Malawi|ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha]], waxayna leedahay dad u badan miyi iyo kuwo sii kordhaya. Dalku wuxuu leedahay [[life expectancy|rajada nolosha]] oo hooseysa iyo dhimashada dhallaanka oo sareysa. [[HIV/AIDS]] ayaa si weyn ugu baahsan. Dadka kala duwan waxaa ka mid ah dadka u dhashay deegaanka, dadka u dhashay Aasiya, iyo reer Yurub. Dadka badankoodu waa Masiixiyiin, inta badanna waa [[Protestantism|Bortestanti]]. == Asalka magaca== Magaca ''Malawi'' wuxuu u taagan yahay "ololyada" ee luqadda [[Chichewa]] iyo [[Chitumbuka]]. ''Malawi'' waxaa doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee [[president of Malawi|Malawi]], [[Hastings Banda]], ka dib markii dalku uu xorriyadiisa ka qaatay Ingiriiska Weyn sannadkii 1964.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa |url=http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131527/http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/ |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} jbfdese4i0kz4wmoxj5bxyz09j9ur56 Libiya 0 2516 300579 283978 2026-07-01T14:33:32Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Dawladda Liibiya{{ref label|unnote|a|}} | common_name = Liibiya | native_name = {{Unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|دولة ليبيا|italics=off}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar| Dawlat Lībiyā}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg | image_coat = File:Seal of the Government of National Unity (Libya).svg | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|ليبيا، ليبيا، ليبيا}}<br />"Liibiya, Liibiya, Liibiya"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Libya, Libya, Libya instrumental.ogg]]</div> | map_width = 220px | map_caption = {{Legend|#336830|Goobta Liibiya}} | image_map2 = {{switcher|[[File:Libya (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Libya - Location Map (2013) - LBY - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Liibiya}} | map2_width = 250px | capital = Tripoli<ref name="CIA">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Libya |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ |encyclopedia=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=19 August 2024|date=7 August 2024|archive-date=18 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818105759/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br /> {{Coord|32|52|N|13|11|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = Carabi{{ref label|arabicnote|b|}} | languages_type = Af-goobka deegaanka | languages = Carabiga Liibiya | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = Talyaani iyo Ingiriis | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 92% Carabi * 5% Berber * 3% kuwa kale {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite book |last=Yakan |first=Mohamad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=Almanac of African Peoples and Nations |date=2017-11-30 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-28930-6 |pages=62 |language=en |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501042016/https://books.google.com/books?id=e_hADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 1999 | religion = {{Tree list}} * 96.6% Islaam (Rasmi) * 2.7% Masiixiyad *<1% Budhist *<1% Hindu *<1% Yuhuudi *<1% Diinta hiddaha ah *<1% Kuwa kale *<1% Aan cidna ku xidhnayn {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /> | demonym = Reer Liibiya | government_type = Jamhuuriyad midaysan oo hoos timaada dawlad kumeelgaar ah (GNU) | leader_title1 = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Madaxtooyada | leader_name1 = Mohamed al-Menfi | leader_title2 = Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Madaxtooyada | leader_name2 = Musa Al-Koni | leader_title3 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name3 = Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh{{efn|Waxaa ku muransan Osama Hammad, oo ah madaxa Dawladda Xasiloonida Qaranka, taas oo loo aqoonsan yahay Golaha Wakiilada inay tahay simaha Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Liibiya}} | leader_title4 = Guddoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada | leader_name4 = Aguila Saleh Issa | legislature = Golaha Sare ee Dawladda<br>Golaha Wakiilada | sovereignty_type = | established_event1 = Tripoli-da Cusmaaniyiinta | established_date1 = 1551 | established_event2 = Duulaankii Talyaaniga ee Liibiya | established_date2 = 1911 | established_event3 = Dhaqdhaqaaqa iska caabinta Liibiya | established_date3 = 1911–1951 | established_event4 = Jamhuuriyaddii Tripoli | established_date4 = 16 November 1918 | established_event5 = Boqortooyada Liibiya | established_date5 = 24 December 1951 | established_event6 = Afgembigii Muammar Gaddafi | established_date6 = 1 September 1969 | established_event7 = Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah ee Weyn | established_date7 = 2 March 1977 | established_event8 = Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Sokeeye ee Liibiya | established_date8 = 17 February 2011 | established_event9 = Soo dhexgaliddii NATO ee Liibiya | established_date9 = 19 March 2011 | established_event10 = Dhammaadkii Dagaalkii Labaad ee Sokeeye ee Liibiya | established_date10 = 23 October 2020 | area_km2 = 1,759,541 | area_rank = 16aad | area_sq_mi = 679,359 | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 7,361,263<ref name="CIA" /> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 103ad | population_density_km2 = 4.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.836 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $123.990 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 96aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $17,760<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 101ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $47.480 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 95aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,800<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 102ad | Gini = | Gini_year = | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.721 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = hoos u dhac | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 115ad | currency = Diinaarka Liibiya | currency_code = LYD | time_zone = Wakhtiga Bariga Yurub | utc_offset = +2 | calling_code = +218 | cctld = [[.ly]]<br />ليبيا. | footnote_a = {{note|unnote}} Fariinta Qaramada Midoobay ee ku saabsan magaca rasmiga ah: "Ka dib markii loo qaatay go'aanka Golaha Guud ee tirsigiisu yahay 66/1, Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya u fadhida Qaramada Midoobay waxay si rasmi ah ugu wargelisay Qaramada Midoobay Baaq ka soo baxay Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka ee 3dii Ogosto kaas oo bedelay magaca rasmiga ah ee Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya loona bedelay 'Liibiya' laguna bedelay calanka qaranka ee Liibiya." | footnote_b = {{note|arabicnote}} Luqadda rasmiga ah waxaa si fudud loogu aqoonsaday "Carabi" (Baaqa Dastuuriga ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Liibiya, qodobka 1). | footnote_c = {{note|indepnote}} Boqortooyada Midowday iyo Faransiiska waxay wadajir u haysteen maamul guud oo dulsaar ku ahaa Liibiya iyada oo loo marayo Golaha Kalsoonida ee Qaramada Midoobay. }} '''Liibiya''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Libya.ogg|ˈ|l|ɪ|b|i|ə}} {{respell|LIB|ee|ə}}; {{langx|ar|ليبيا|Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ar|liː.bi.jaː|pron}}, <small>Carabiga Liibiya:</small> {{IPA|[ˈliːb.jæ]|}}. Dhammaan lahjadaha lagaga hadlo Carabiga waxay leeyihiin laba dhawaaq oo kaliya waxaana caadiyan loo dhawaaqaa sidaas.}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Dawladda Liibiya''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|دولة ليبيا|Dawlat Lībiyā|engvar=gb}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |title=Member States |publisher=United Nations |access-date=13 February 2021 |quote=On 22 December 2017, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations that the government is changing the official name of Libya to 'State of Libya.' |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629041240/https://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoL |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |title=Publications Office – Interinstitutional style guide – Annex A5 – List of countries, territories and currencies |publisher=Europa (web portal) |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805170859/http://publications.europa.eu/code/en/en-5000500.htm |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="CIA" />}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka Maghreb ee Waqooyiga Afrika. Waxay waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Badda Mediterranean-ka, bariga Masar, koonfur-bari Suudaan, koonfurta Jaad, koonfur-galbeed Nayjer, galbeedka Aljeeriya, iyo waqooyi-galbeed Tuunis. Iyadoo leh baaxad dhul oo ku dhow 700,000 oo mayl laba jibaaran, Liibiya waa dalka afraad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo Caalamka Carabta, waana dalka 16aad ee ugu weyn adduunka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |title=Demographic Yearbook (3) Pop., Rate of Pop. Increase, Surface Area & Density |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 }}</ref> Dalku wuxuu sheeganayaa 32,000 oo kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran oo ah koonfur-bari Aljeeriya, koonfurta magaalada Liibiya ee Ghat.<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Libya-Algeria |work=Sovereign Limits |url=https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |access-date=1 April 2024 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928171603/https://sovereignlimits.com/boundaries/algeria-libya-land |url-status=live }}</ref> Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Tripoli, oo ku taal waqooyi-galbeed kuna dhowaad in ka badan hal milyan oo ka mid ah toddobada milyan ee dadka ku nool Liibiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |title=Libya Demographics Profile 2014 |website=Indexmundi.com |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084546/http://www.indexmundi.com/libya/demographics_profile.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Liibiya waxaa deganaa dadka Berber-ka tan iyo dhammaadkii Aroortii Naxaasta (Bronze Age) iyagoo ka farcamay dhaqamadii Iberomaurusian iyo Capsian. Waqtiyadii hore ee qadiimiga ahaa, reer Foyniqiya waxay ka aasaaseen magaalo-dawlado iyo xarumo ganacsi galbeedka Liibiya, halka dhowr magaalo oo Giriig ah laga aasaasay Bariga. Qaybo ka mid ah Liibiya waxaa si kala duwan u xukumay reer Carthage-tii hore, reer Numidia, Boqortooyadii Bershiya, iyo Giriigii Ptolemaic ka hor inta aan gobolka oo dhan uu noqon qayb ka mid ah Boqortooyadii Roomaanka. Liibiya waxay ahayd xarun hore oo Masiixiyadda ah. Ka dib dhicidda Boqortooyadii Roomaanka ee Galbeedka, aagga Liibiya waxaa inta badan qabsaday Boqortooyadii Vandal ilaa qarnigii 7aad markii duulaanadu ay keeneen Islaamka gobolka. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay, qarniyo ay jireen guuritaanka Carabta ee gobolka Maghreb waxay beddeleen qaabka dadka ee Liibiya iyada oo ay u badatay dhanka Carabta. Qarnigii 16aad, Boqortooyadii Isbayn iyo fardooleyda Knights Hospitaller waxay qabsadeen Tripoli ilaa xukunkii Cusmaaniyiintu uu ka bilaamay 1551. Liibiya waxay ku lug lahayd Dagaaladii Barbary ee qarniyadii 18aad iyo 19aad. Xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta ayaa sii socday ilaa Dagaalkii Talyaaniga iyo Turkiga ee 1911, kaas oo sababay in Talyaanigu uu qabsado Liibiya oo uu ka aasaaso laba gumeysi: Tripolitania-dii Talyaaniga iyo Cyrenaica-dii Talyaaniga, kuwaas oo dambe lagu midoobay gumeysigii Liibiya ee Talyaaniga laga bilaabo 1934 ilaa 1943.<ref>J. Desanges, "The proto-Berbers", pp. 236–245, especially p. 237, in ''General History of Africa, vol. II: Ancient Civilizations of Africa'' (UNESCO 1990).</ref> Intii uu socday Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka, Liibiya waxay ahayd aag dagaal ee Ololihii Waqooyiga Afrika. Dadkii deganaa ee Talyaaniga ahaa ayaa markaas hoos u dhacay Liibiyana waxay noqotay mid madaxbannaan oo noqotay boqortooyo 1951. Afgambi milatari oo aan dhiig ku daadan 1969, oo uu bilaabay isbahaysi uu hoggaaminayo Kornayl Muammar Gaddafi, ayaa xukunka ka tuuray Boqor Idris I wuxuuna abuuray jamhuuriyad. Gaddafi waxaa badanaa ku sifeeyay dhaleeceeyayaashu inuu yahay keli-taliye, wuxuuna ahaa mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyayaasha adduunka ugu muddada dheer ee aan boqor ahayn. Wuxuu xukumayay muddo 42 sano ah ilaa xukunka looga tuuray lagana dilay dagaalkii sokeeye ee 2011, dhexdiisii Kacdoonkii Carabta (Arab Spring), iyadoo awoodda loo wareejiyay Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka ka dibna loo wareejiyay Golaha Guud ee Qaranka ee la doortay. Tan iyo 2011, Liibiya waxay ku jirtay dhibaato siyaasadeed iyo mid bini'aadantinimo, marka la gaadhay 2014, laba maamul oo iska soo horjeeda ayaa sheegtay inay xukumaan Liibiya, taas oo keentay dagaalkii labaad ee sokeeye, iyadoo qaybo ka mid ah Liibiya ay u kala qaybsameen dawlado kala duwan, oo fadhigoodu yahay Tripoli iyo Tobruk, iyo sidoo kale maleeshiyooyin beeleed iyo kuwa Islaami ah oo kala duwan. Labadii dhinac ee ugu waaweynaa ee dagaallamayay waxay saxeexeen xabbad-joojin joogto ah sannadkii 2020, dawlad midnimo qaran ahna waxay la wareegtay awoodda si ay u qorsheyso doorashooyin dimuqraadi ah, inkastoo loolanka siyaasadeed uu weli dib u dhac ku keenayo arrintan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-11 |title=Libya — a tale of two governments, again |url=https://arab.news/yrqr2 |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rival">{{cite news |date=25 August 2014 |title=Rival second Libyan assembly chooses own PM as chaos spreads |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/26/us-libya-security-idUSKBN0GP0NZ20140826 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=25 August 2014 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Chris Stephen |title=Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404142244/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/libyan-parliament-refuge-greek-car-ferry |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2015 |title=Peace talks between Libyan factions to take place in Geneva |url=http://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |access-date=7 August 2015 |work=Sun Herald |archive-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314004151/https://www.sunherald.com/2015/08/07/6355978/peace-talks-between-libyan-factions.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 1969 |title=1969: Bloodless coup in Libya |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720121138/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3911000/3911587.stm |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=25 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kafala |first=Tarik |date=20 October 2011 |title=Gaddafi's quixotic and brutal rule |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424085047/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-12532929 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=6 August 2015 |title=Libyan government offensive in Benghazi stalls as Islamists dig in |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809065318/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/06/us-libya-security-benghazi-insight-idUSKCN0QB0FK20150806 |archive-date=9 August 2015 |access-date=7 August 2015 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title=Libyan Civil War: Two warring factions sign 'permanent' ceasefire |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415014337/https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/news/libyan-civil-war-two-warring-factions-sign-permanent-ceasefire-1983297 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=The Daily Star}}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2022, Golaha Wakiilada wuxuu joojiyay aqoonsigii Dawladda Midnimada Qaran wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay dawlad beddel ah, oo ah Dawladda Xasiloonida Qaranka (GNS). Labada dawladoodba waxay u shaqaynayeen isku mar wixii markaas ka dambeeyay, taas oo keentay awood laba-geesood ah oo ka jirta Liibiya. Beesha caalamku waxay sii waddaa inay u aqoonsato dawladda midnimada inay tahay dawladda sharciga ah ee dalka. Liibiya waa dal soo koraya oo ku jira kaalinta 115ad ee HDI, waxayna leedahay kaydka 10aad ee ugu weyn ee saliidda la xaqiijiyay adduunka. Liibiya waxay leedahay heerka ugu sarreeya ee sii deynta gaaska aqalka dhirta lagu koriyo qofkiiba ee Afrika, laakiin horumar yar ayay ka samaysay dhanka horumarinta ballanqaadyada cimilada. Liibiya waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Midowga Afrika, Jaamacadda Carabta, Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka, iyo OPEC. Diinta rasmiga ah ee dalka waa Islaamka, iyadoo 96.6% dadka Liibiya ay yihiin Muslimiin Sunni ah.<ref name="CIA" /> Luqadda rasmiga ah ee Liibiya waa Carabi, iyadoo Carabiga Liibiya uu yahay kan ugu ballaaran ee lagaga hadlo dalka. Inta badan dadka Liibiya waa Carabi.<ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.-2014">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOKAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA144 |title=Britannica Student Encyclopaedia |date=2014-05-01 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-62513-172-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World proven crude oil reserves by country, 1980–2004 |url=http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711143657/http://www.opec.org/library/Annual%20Statistical%20Bulletin/interactive/2004/FileZ/XL/T33.HTM |archive-date=11 July 2012 |access-date=5 February 2013 |publisher=OPEC}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== [[File:Archaeological Site of Sabratha-108976.jpg|thumb|left|Goobta taariikhiga ah ee Sabratha, Liibiya]] Asalka magaca "Liibiya" wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ka muuqday qoraal ka mid ah Ramesses II, oo loo qoray sidii rbw ee hieroglyphic. Magacu wuxuu ka yimid aqoonsi guud oo la siiyay isbahaysi weyn oo ka jiray Bariga qadiimiga ah ee "Liibiya" ee Berber-ka, dadka Waqooyiga Afrika iyo qabiilooyinka ku noolaa hareeraha gobollada barwaaqada ah ee Cyrenaica iyo Marmarica. Ciidan ka kooban 40,000 oo nin<ref name="3.8 MERENPTAH (1236-1230 BC)">{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Peter |title=HSC Ancient History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |year=2006 |publisher=Pascal Press |isbn=9781741251784 |access-date=26 May 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531052740/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhs2_vi4Yc0C&q=King+meryey&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}</ref> iyo isbahaysi qabiilo oo loo yaqaanay "Madaxda Waaweyn ee Libu" waxaa hoggaaminayay Boqor Meryey oo dagaal la galay fircoon Merneptah sannadkii 5aad (1208 BC). Iskahorimaadkan waxaa lagu xusay Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak ee ku yaal delta galbeedka intii lagu jiray sannadihii 5aad iyo 6aad ee xukunkiisa wuxuuna dhaliyay guuldarradii Meryey. Sida ku xusan Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak, isbahaysiga milatari wuxuu ka koobnaa Meshwesh, Lukka, iyo "Dadka Badda" oo loo yaqaanay Ekwesh, Teresh, Shekelesh, iyo Sherden. Qoraalka Weyn ee Karnak wuxuu u qoran yahay: {{Blockquote|"... xilligii saddexaad, isagoo leh: 'Madaxii kharribmay, ee laga adkaaday ee Liibiya, Meryey, wiilka Ded, wuxuu ku soo dhacay dalka Tehenu iyada oo ay weheliyaan qaansoleyda—Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Isagoo soo kaxaystay geesiyaashii ugu fiicnaa iyo nin kasta oo dagaalyahan ah oo dalkiisa ka tirsan. Wuxuu keenay xaaskiisa iyo carruurtiisa—hoggaamiyayaashii xerada, wuxuuna gaadhay xadka galbeed ee beeraha Perire."}} Magaca "Liibiya" waxaa dib loogu soo celiyay isticmaalka sannadkii 1903 cilmiga juqraafiga ee Talyaaniga Federico Minutilli. Waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu beddelo ereyadii loo isticmaali jiray Tripolitania-dii Cusmaaniyiinta, gobolka xeebta ee hadda ah Liibiya, kaas oo ay xukumaysay Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta laga bilaabo 1551 ilaa 1911 as Eyalet of Tripolitania.<ref name="be177">"Bibliografia della Libia"; Bertarelli, p. 177.</ref> Liibiya waxay heshay madaxbannaanida 1951 iyadoo ahayd Boqortooyada Midowday ee Liibiya (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay Boqortooyada Liibiya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), dhab ahaantii "Boqortooyada Liibiya", sannadkii 1963.<ref>Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress (1987), [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) "Independent Libya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321121614/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ly0036) |date=21 March 2022 }}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''. Retrieved 14 July 2006.</ref> Ka dib afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Muammar Gaddafi 1969, magaca dawladda waxaa loo beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Carabta Liibiya (الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah). Magaca rasmiga ahi wuxuu ahaa "Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah" laga bilaabo 1977 ilaa 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), iyo "Jamahiiriyada Carabta Liibiya ee Shacabka Hantiwadaaga ah ee Weyn"<ref name="name">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |title=Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118153704/http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=9093369&fid=3769&c=libya |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref> (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |title=الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية: Libya |work=Geographical Names |access-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724133149/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=6485614&fid=3784&c=libya |archive-date=24 July 2014 }}</ref> al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá <small>{{Audio|Al-Jamahiriyyah al-Arabiyyah al-Libiyyah ash-shabiyyah al-Ishtirakiyyah al-Udhma.ogg|dhageyso}}</small>) laga bilaabo 1986 ilaa 2011. Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka, oo la aasaasay 2011, wuxuu ugu yeeray dawladda si fudud "Liibiya". Qaramada Midoobay (UN) waxay si rasmi ah u aqoonsatay dalka sidii "Liibiya" bishii Sebtember 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unterm.un.org |title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer |publisher=United Nations |date=16 September 2011 |access-date=5 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071953/http://unterm.un.org/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> iyadoo lagu saleynayo codsi ka yimid Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya iyadoo la xiganayo Baaqa Dastuuriga ah ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Liibiya ee 3dii Ogosto 2011. Bishii Noofambar 2011, ISO 3166-1 waxaa la beddelay si ay u muujiso magaca cusub ee dalka "Liibiya" ee Ingiriiska, "Libye (la)" ee Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |access-date=13 December 2011 |date=8 November 2011 |title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170551/http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Bishii Diseembar 2017, Ergada Joogtada ah ee Liibiya u fadhida Qaramada Midoobay waxay ku wargelisay QM in magaca rasmiga ah ee dalka uu hadda ka dib yahay "Dawladda Liibiya"; "Liibiya" waxay ahaanaysaa qaabka rasmiga ah ee gaaban, dalkuna wuxuu sii wadaa in lagu taxo xarafka "L" ee liisaska xarfaha hore ee alifbeeto ahaan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |access-date=5 January 2018 |title="State of Libya" in UNTERM (United Nations terminology database) |publisher=United Nations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105233707/https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/Display/Record/UNHQ/NA/fd428e58-b85e-4d39-81a8-896368359dd5 |archive-date=5 January 2018 }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 5lhyk1fgb9xiabnzakosij8s5prjfs5 Tunisiya 0 3282 300605 269042 2026-07-01T15:52:03Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya | name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ar|الجمهورية التونسية}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|al-Jumhūriyyah at-Tūnisiyyah}}}} | common_name = Tunisiya | image_flag = Flag of Tunisia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Tunisia.svg | coa_size = 70 | national_motto = {{lang|ar|حرية، نظام، عدالة|rtl=yes}}<br />"{{transliteration|ar|Ḥurrīyah, Niẓām, 'Adālah}}"<br />"[[Xorriyad, Kala-danbaysi, Caddaalad]]" | national_anthem = {{lang|ar|حماة الحمى|rtl=yes}}<br />"[[Humat al-Hima]]"<br />({{langx|en|"Difaacayaasha Gidgiga"}})<br />{{center|[[File:Humat al-Hima.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg]]|Muuji wareegga dhulka|Muuji khariidadda Tunisiya|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Tunis]] | largest_city = caasimadda | coordinates = {{Coord|36|49|N|10|11|E|type:city}} | official_languages = [[Af-Carabi Standardka Casriga ah|Carabi]]<ref name="art1">{{cite web|title=Dastuurka Tunisiya, Qodobka 1 |url=http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |date=26 January 2014 |access-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209234154/http://www.anc.tn/site/main/AR/docs/constit_proj_26012014.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2014 }} Turjumaadda Jaamacadda Bern: "Tunisiya waa Dawlad xor ah, madax-bannaan oo madax-bannaan; diinteedu waa Islaamka, luqaddeedu waa Carabi, foomkeeduna waa Jamhuuriyadda."</ref> | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA">{{cite web | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110024851/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2021 | title=Tunisia CIA World Factbook | date=13 March 2024 }}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list|99% [[Islaamka Tunisiya|Islaamka Sunniga]]|1% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Tunisiya|kuwa kale]] (oo ay ku jiraan [[Diinta ee Tunisiya#Masiixiyadda|Masiixiyiinta]], [[Taariikhda Yuhuuda ee Tunisiya|Yuhuudda]], [[Islaamka Shiicada]], iyo [[Diinta Baháʼí ee Tunisiya|Baha’i]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/new-survey-reveals-drop-religiousity-across-arab-world-especially-north-africa | title=New survey reveals drop-off in religiosity across Arab world, especially North Africa }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/06/13/young-adults-around-the-world-are-less-religious-by-several-measures/ | title=2. Young adults around the world are less religious by several measures | date=13 June 2018 }}</ref>}} | languages_type = Af-goobalka maxaliga ah | languages = [[Af-Carabiga Tunisiya]]<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/aeb Arabic, Tunisian Spoken]. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref> Lahjadaha laga tirada badan yahay : [[Af-Berberka Jerba]] (Chelha) [[Af-Berberka Matmata]] [[Af-Carabiga Yuhuudda-Tunisiya]] (UNESCO CR) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000212023|title=Atlas of the world's languages in danger : North Africa and the Middle East}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered|title=Endangered Languages}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/TN/languages|title=Tunisia Language Status}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.language-archives.org/language/jbn|title=OLAC resources in and about the Nafusi language}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nafu1238|title=Language Classification}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia/Languages|title=Languages of Tunisia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-tunisia.html|title=What Languages Are Spoken In Tunisia?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDq4YV0VT00C&q=Berber-speaking+migrant+communities&pg=PA109|title=Change in Tunisia: Studies in the Social Sciences|last1=Stone|first1=Russell A.|last2=Simmons|first2=John|date=1976|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780873953115|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://researchdirect.uws.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:573|title=An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)|publisher=PhD Thesis, Western Sydney University |last=Gabsi |first= Z. |year=2003}}</ref> | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] iyo [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]{{efn|Ingiriisiga waxaa lagu dhigaa laga bilaabo fasalka afraad,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnp.com.tn/arabic/PDF/CurriculumOFENGLISH.pdf|title=CurriculumOFENGLISH|date=2019}}</ref> waxaana jira koror la dareemi karo oo ku yimid adeegsigeeda dhalinyarada dhexdeeda iyo baahida sii kordheysa ee suuqa shaqada.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=English-medium instruction in Tunisia: Perspectives of students|date=2023|doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1112255 |doi-access=free |last1=Abdeljaoued |first1=Marii |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=14 |article-number=1112255 |pmid=37008855 |pmc=10063842 }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = {{Tree list}} * 98% [[Carab]]<ref name=CIA/> * 1% [[Berber]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|title=Berbers Populations Distribution|date=12 March 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3509799.stm|title=Q&A: The Berbers|date=12 March 2004 }}</ref> * 1% [[Yuhuud]] iyo kuwa kale<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pjvoice.com/v27/27006tunisia.aspx|title=The Jews of Tunisia|website=www.pjvoice.com}}</ref> {{Tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=CIA/> | demonym = [[Dadka Tunisiya|Reer Tunisiya]] | government_type = Midaysan [[jamhuuriyad madaxweyne]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Tunisiya|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Kais Saied]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Tunisiya|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Sara Zaafarani]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Tunisiya|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Tunisiya|Aasaaska]] | established_event1 = [[Aghlabids|Imaaraddii Aghlabid]] | established_date1 = 800 | established_event2 = [[Hafsids|Saldanaddii Hafsid]] | established_date2 = 1229 | established_event3 = [[Beylik of Tunis|Beylik-gii Tunis]] | established_date3 = 15 Luulyo 1705 | established_event4 = [[Maxmiyaddii Fransiiska ee Tunisiya|Maxmiyaddii Fransiiska]] | established_date4 = 12 Maayo 1881 | established_event5 = [[Madax-bannaanida Tunisiya|Madax-bannaanida]] iyo [[Boqortooyada Tunisiya|Boqortooyada]] | established_date5 = 20 Maarso 1956 | established_event6 = [[Taariikhda Tunisiya casriga ah|Ku dhawaaqista Jamhuuriyadda]] | established_date6 = 25 Luulyo 1957 | area_km2 = 163610 | area_rank = 91aad <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 63170 | percent_water = 5.04 | population_estimate = | population_census = 11,972,169<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ins.tn/en/enquetes/population-and-housing-census-2024 | title=National Institute of Statistics}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = | population_estimate_rank = 79aad | population_census_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 79 <!--pop est 2011 (164,418 sq km) / land area (155,360) = 96,536 sq mi--> | population_density_sq_mi = 200 | population_density_rank = 134aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $183.73 bilyan<ref name="WEOD2504">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 84aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $14,780<ref name="WEOD2504"></ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 111aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $56.290 bilyan<ref name="WEOD2504"></ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 90aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,530<ref name="WEOD2504"></ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 121aad | Gini = 33.7 <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhacay <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=GINI index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> | HDI = 0.746 <!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kordhay <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite book |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 - A matter of choice: People and possibilities in the age of AI |date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |isbn= |publication-date=6 May 2025 |pages= |access-date=6 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506064128/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2025 |archive-date=6 May 2025}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 105aad | currency = [[Dinaarka Tunisiya]] | currency_code = TND | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Bartamaha Yurub|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Tunisiya|+216]] | cctld = {{ublist |[[.tn]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.تونس]]}}<ref name="iana">{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |title=Report on the Delegation of تونس. |year=2010 |publisher=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |access-date=8 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531054928/https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/tunis-report-16jul2010.html |archive-date=31 May 2012 }}</ref>}} }} '''Tunisiya''',{{efn|Ku dhawaaqida: {{IPAc-en|UK|tj|uː|ˈ|n|ɪ|z|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|s|-}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʃ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʒ|ə|,_|-|ˈ|n|ɪ|ʃ|ə}};<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{langx|ar|تونس}} ''{{audio|help=no|tounes bel tounsi.wav|Tūnis}}'', {{IPA|ar|tuː.nɪs|pron}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|الجمهورية التونسية}} ''{{audio|help=no|tounesjmr.wav|al-Jumhūrīya at-Tūnisīya}}''; {{langx|fr|République tunisienne}}. Magaca rasmiga ah ee af-Carabiga maxaliga ah wuxuu u turjumayaa si aad ugu dhow "Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya", sidoo kale turjumaadda rasmiga ah ee Fransiiska ee inta badan la isticmaalo, laakiin turjumaadda Ingiriiska ee "Republic of Tunisia" waxaa Ingiriis ahaan u adeegsada xitaa dawladda Tunisiya ujeeddooyin rasmi ah (tusaale ahaan, magaca ay adeegsato safaaradda Tunisiya ee Washington, D.C.)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|url=https://www.tunisianembassy.org/|access-date=2021-09-30|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia|language=en-US}}</ref> waa dal ku yaal gobolka [[Maghrib]] ee [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxaa xudduud la wadaaga [[Aljeeriya]] dhanka galbeed iyo koonfur-galbeed, [[Liibiya]] dhanka koonfur-bari, iyo [[Bada Dhexe]] dhanka waqooyi iyo bari. Tunisiya waxay sidoo kale xudduud baddeed la wadaagtaa [[Talyaaniga]] iyada oo loo marayo jasiiradaha [[Sisili]] iyo [[Sardiniya]] dhanka waqooyi iyo [[Malta]] dhanka bari. Waxay leedahay goobo qadiimi ah oo laga qoday oo ku saabsan [[Kartaaj]] kuwaas oo dib u dhacaya qarnigii 9aad BC, iyo sidoo kale Masaajidka Weyn ee [[Kairouan]]. Waxay caan ku tahay dhismaheeda qadiimiga ah, [[Suuqyada Tunis|suuqyada]], iyo xeebaha buluugga ah, waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|163610|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, waxayna leedahay dad gaaraya 12.1 milyan. Waxay ka kooban tahay dhammaadka bari ee [[Buuraha Atlas]] iyo cirifka waqooyi ee saxaraha [[Saxaraha Weyn]]; inta badan dhulkeeda soo harayna waa [[dhul la beeri karo]]. Xeebteeda oo dhererkeedu yahay {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} waxaa ku jira isku-xirka Afrikaanka ee qeybaha galbeed iyo bari ee [[Dooxada Badda Dhexe]]. Tunisiya waa hoyga dhibicda ugu waqooyisaneysa Afrika, oo ah [[Cape Angela]]. Waxay ku taal xeebta waqooyi-bari, [[Tunis]] waa caasimadda dalka, taas oo dalka la fkiisa loogu magac daray Tunis. Luqadda rasmiga ah ee Tunisiya waa [[Af-Carabi Standardka Casriga ah|Carabi]]. Inta guud ee dadka Tunisiya waa [[Carab]] iyo [[Muslimiin]]. Af-goobalka [[Af-Carabiga Tunisiya]] waa luqadda ugu hadalka badan, [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiiska]] wuxuu u adeegaa sidii luqad maamul iyo mid waxbarasho xaaladaha qaar, laakiin ma laha maqaam rasmi ah. Laga soo bilaabo xilligii qadiimiga ahaa ee hore, Tunisiya waxaa degganaa dadka u dhashay gobolka ee [[Berber]]. [[Foinikiya|Foinikiyiinta]], oo ah dad [[Luqadaha Semitiga|Semiig]] ah, waxay bilaabeen inay yimaadaan qarnigii 12aad BC, [[Deegaamaynta Foinikiyiinta ee Waqooyiga Afrika|iyagoo degey xeebta oo aasaasay dhowr degmo]], kuwaas oo [[Kartaaj]] ay u soo baxday inay noqoto dalka ugu awoodda badnaa qarnigii 7aad BC. Faracyadii ka yimid degeyaashii Foinikiyiinta waxaa loo yaqaannay [[Dadka Punic]]. [[Kartaaj-tii Qadiimiga ahayd]] waxay ahayd boqortooyo [[Ganaacsi|ganacsi]] weyn iyo xafiiltan ciidan la lahayd [[Jamhuuriyadda Roomanka]] ilaa 146 BC markii [[Goynta Kartaaj (Dagaalkii Saddexaad ee Punic)|lagu jabiyay]] Roomaanka kuwaas oo haystay Tunisiya inta badan 800-da sano ee soo socota. Roomaanku waxay soo hordhigeen [[Masiixiyad|Masiixiyadda]] waxayna ka tageen hiddo dhisid ah sida [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]. Qarnigii 7aad AD, [[Fathigii Muslimiinta ee Maghrib|Muslimiinta Carabta ayaa qabsaday]] Tunisiya waxayna [[Hijradii Carabta ee Maghrib|la degeen qabiilooyinkooda iyo qoysaskooda]], iyagoo keenay [[Islaam]] iyo [[Dhaqanka Carabta]]. Ka dib guurid weyn oo [[Hijradii Carabta ee Maghrib#Banu Hilal iyo Banu Sulaym (qarnigii 11aad)|Hijradii Carabta]] ee qabiilooyinka [[Banu Hilal]] iyo [[Banu Sulaym]] qarniyadii 11aad-12aad ayaa dardargelisay geeddi-socodkan. Qiyaastii qarnigii 15aad, gobolka Tunisiya ee maanta wuxuu horey u ahaa mid ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba [[Carabayn|Caraboobay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holes |first=Clive |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzRtDwAAQBAJ |title=Arabic Historical Dialectology: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Approaches |year=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-100506-0 |page=42 |language=en}}</ref> Ka dib, sanadkii 1546, [[Boqortooyadii Cusmaniyiinta]] ayaa aasaastay maamul, iyadoo haysatay ilaa 1881, markii [[Qabsashadii Fransiiska ee Tunisiya|Fransiisku qabsaday Tunisiya]]. Sanadkii 1956, [[Madax-bannaanida Tunisiya|Tunisiya waxay qaadatay madax-bannaanida]] iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Tunisiya. Maanta, [[Dhaqanka Tunisiya|dhaqanka Tunisiya]] iyo aqoonsigeedu waxay ku salaysan yihiin isgoyskan qarniyada badan qaatay ee dhaqamada iyo qoomiyadaha kala duwan. Sanadkii 2011, [[Kacdoonkii Tunisiya]], kaas oo ay kicisay qanacnaan la'aan ku saabsan xorriyad la'aanta iyo [[demoqraadiyad|demoqraadiyadda]] hoos timaada xukunkii 24-ka sano ahaa ee Madaxweyne [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]], ayaa afgembiyay nidaamkiisii wuxuuna horseeday dhaqdhaqaaqa ballaran ee [[Gu'gii Carabta]] ee gobolka oo dhan. Doorashooyin baarlamaani ah oo xisbiyo badan oo xor ah [[Doorashadii Golaha Maatada ee Tunisiya ee 2011|doorashooyin]] ayaa la qabtay wax yar ka dib; dalku wuxuu haddana u codeeyay baarlamaan 26 Oktoobar 2014,<ref>{{Cite news |url =http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140625141745/ |title=Tunisie: les législatives fixées au 26 octobre et la présidentielle au 23 novembre |trans-title=Tunisia: legislative elections fixed for 26 October and presidential elections for 23 November|newspaper=Jeune Afrique |language=fr |date=25 June 2014}}</ref> iyo madaxweyne 23 Noofambar 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tunisia holds first post-revolution presidential poll|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30165471|work=BBC News|date=23 November 2014}}</ref> Gobolka 2014 ilaa 2020, waxaa loo tixgeliyey dalka kaliya ee demoqraaddiga ah ee [[Caalamka Carabta]], sida uu qabo ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url =https://infographics.economist.com/2022/democracy-index-2021/index.html |title=Democracy Index 2021|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>{{efn|[[Lubnaan]] iyo [[Ciraaq]] waa [[Nidaamka qirashada (siyaasadda)|demoqraadiyado qirasho siyasadeed ah]].}} Ka dib [[dib-u-dhac demoqraadi ah]] oo ka dhacay hoos timaada Madaxweyne [[Kais Saied]], Tunisiya waxaa loo qiimeeyay [[nidaam isku-dhaf ah]] sanadkii 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: The China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |access-date=2 March 2022 |pages=6–7 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108091515/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ }}</ref> laga bilaabo 2025 ma laha doorashooyin xor iyo cadaalad ah sida uu qabo [[Freedom House]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tunisia: Freedom in the World 2025 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/tunisia/freedom-world/2025 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah waddamada tirada yar ee Afrika ee aadka ugu sarreeya [[Heerka Horumarka Aadanaha]], iyadoo leh mid ka mid ah [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego GDP (PPP) qofkiiba|dakhliga qofkiiba ugu sarreeya]] qaaradda, iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta 129aad ee [[Liiska waddamada marka loo eego GDP (nominal) qofkiiba|dakhliga qofkiiba ee GDP]]. Tunisiya waxay si fiican ugu dhex weydaysan tahay beesha caalamka. Waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], {{Lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}}, [[Ururka Carabta]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Suuqa Wadajirka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-la-safan]], [[Maxkamadda Dembiyada Caalamiga ah]], [[Kooxda 77]], iyo kuwa kale. Waxay xiriir dhow oo dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed la leedahay qaar ka mid ah waddamada Yurub, gaar ahaan [[Xiriirka Faransiiska iyo Tunisiya|Faransiiska]] iyo [[Xiriirka Talyaaniga iyo Tunisiya|Talyaaniga]],<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html "Pourquoi l'Italie de Matteo Renzi se tourne vers la Tunisie avant l'Europe"]. JOL Journalism Online Press (28 February 2014). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810115035/http://www.jolpress.com/italie-matteo-renzi-tunisie-article-824677.html|date=10 August 2018}}. Retrieved on 5 September 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ghanmi |first=Monia |date=12 September 2014 |url=http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914025940/http://magharebia.com/fr/articles/awi/articles/2014/09/12/feature-02 |archive-date=14 September 2014 |title=La Tunisie renforce ses relations avec l'Italie |language=fr |trans-title=Tunisia strengthens relations with Italy |work=Magharebia}}</ref> sababo la xiriira isku dhawaanshahooda dhuleed. Tunisiya waxay sidoo kale leedahay [[Heshiiska Ururka Midowga Yurub|heshiis iskaashi]] ay la leedahay [[Midowga Yurub]] waxayna gaartay maqaamka [[isbahaysi weyn oo aan NATO ahayn]] ee [[Maraykanka]]. == Asalka magaca== {{see also|Tunis#Etymology}} Erayga ''Tunisia'' wuxuu ka yimid [[Tunis]], oo ah xarun magaalo oo dhexe iyo caasimadda Tunisiya-da casriga ah. Qaabka hadda jira ee magaca, oo wata horgalaheeda [[Laatiin|Laatiinka]] ee ''{{nowrap|-ia}}'', wuxuu ka yimid [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiiska]] {{lang|fr|Tunisie}},<ref name="Adrian">{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites |entry=Tunisia |entry-url=https://archive.org/details/placenamesofworl02edroom/page/385/mode/1up |publisher=McFarland |year=2006 |page=385 |isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Everett-Heath|first=John|title=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names|entry=Tunisia|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/concisedictionar0000ever/page/534/mode/1up|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005|page=534|isbn=978-0-19-860537-9}}</ref> kaas oo isna guud ahaan lala xiriiriyo xididka [[Luqadaha Berberiga|Berberiga]] ee {{lang|ber|ⵜⵏⵙ}}, loona qoro {{lang|ber-Latn|tns}}, oo macnaheedu yahay "in la dego" ama "xero".<ref name="peter-ross">{{cite book |first1=Peter M. |last1=Rossi |first2=Wayne Edward |last2=White |title=Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal |publisher=Pierian Press, [[University of Michigan]] |year=1980 |page=132}}</ref> Mararka qaarkood waxaa sidoo kale lala xiriiriyaa [[Diinta Kartaaj|ilaahadda Kartaaj]] ee [[Tanit]]h (ama Tunit),<ref name="Adrian"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Isaac |title=Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC |year=2008 |page=281 |isbn=978-0-559-29668-0 }}</ref> iyo magaalada qadiimiga ah ee Tynes.<ref name="ej-brill">{{cite book |last=Houtsma |first=Martijn Theodoor |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |publisher=Brill |year=1987 |page=838 |isbn=978-90-04-08265-6 }}</ref><ref name="hann-war">{{cite book |title=[[Ab urbe condita (Livy)|History of Rome]]|volume=Hannibal's War: Books Twenty-one to Thirty |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=705 |isbn=978-0-19-283159-0 |author=[[Livy]] |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Yardley |editor2-last=Hoyos |editor2-first=Dexter |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Erayga ka dhashay Fransiiska ee {{lang|fr|Tunisie}} waxaa lagu qaatay joogitaanka luqadaha Yurub qaarkood iyadoo isbeddel yar lagu sameeyay, iyadoo la keenay magac gooni ah oo loo bixiyay dalka. Luqadaha kale waxay magaca uga tageen sidii uu ahaa, sida [[Af-Ruush|Ruushka]] {{lang|ru|Туни́с}} ({{transliteration|ru|Tunís}}) iyo [[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanishka]] {{lang|es|Túnez}}. Xaaladdan, magaca isku midka ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa dalka iyo magaaladaba, sida [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] {{lang|ar|تونس|rtl=yes}}, waxaana kaliya oo lagu kala garan karaa macnaha qoraalka.<ref name="Adrian" /> Ingiriiska dhexdiisa, Tunisiya ka hor madax-bannaanida waxaa sidoo jiid badanaa loogu yeeri jiray si fudud "Tunis", magacaas oo sii jiray ilaa 1940-meeyadii;{{efn|''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' waxay u qornayd "TUNIS, Regency of, formerly one of the Barbary states of north Africa, but since 1881 a dependency of France,..." daabacaadeedii sagaaad ee 1875–1889,<ref>{{Cite EB9|wstitle=Tunis, Regency of|volume=XXIII|page=619}}</ref> laakiin kabaalkii 1902–1903 (daabacaadda tobnaad) iyo daabacaadeedii caanka ahayd ee kow iyo tobnaad (oo u qornayd "TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis), a country of North Africa, under the protection of France,..."<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Tunisia|volume=XXVII|page=393}}</ref>). Daabacaadihii ''[[New International Encyclopedia]]'' ee 1905 iyo 1916 waxay u qornaayeen "TUNIS (Fr. ''Tunisie''). A French protectorate in North Africa.",<ref>{{cite book|title=The New International Encyclopædia|volume=XIX|entry=Tunis|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/newinternational19gilm/page/535/mode/1up|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|date=1905|page=535}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The New International Encyclopædia|volume=XXII|entry=Tunis|entry-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101064517301&seq=617|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|date=1916|page=545}}</ref> halka kabaalkii 1928 uu u qornaa "TUNIS or {{Smallcaps|Tunisia}}. A French protectorate in North Africa..."<ref>{{cite book|title=The New International Encyclopædia|volume=XXV|entry=Tunis|entry-url=https://archive.org/details/newinternational008261mbp/page/n454/mode/1up|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|date=1928|page=1311}}</ref>}} iyadoo uu jiro saamaynta Fransiiska, erayga cusub ee "Tunisia", oo laga soo qaatay ''Tunisie'', ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u hirgalay.<ref name="Adrian" /> Sifada "Tunisian" waxay markii ugu horreysay ka soo muuqatay Ingiriiska sanadkii 1825;<ref>{{Cite OED2|term=Tunisian|volume=18|page=674|isbn=0-19-861230-3|url=https://archive.org/details/OXD1989ENEN/18%20-%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%20%281989%29/page/674/mode/1up}}</ref> qaabkii sifaale ee ka horreeyay wuxuu ahaa "Tunisine".<ref>{{Cite OED2|term=Tunisine|volume=18|page=674|isbn=0-19-861230-3|url=https://archive.org/details/OXD1989ENEN/18%20-%20Oxford%20English%20Dictionary%20%281989%29/page/674/mode/1up}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} k82enpwwwz26gfrn9ru9m6g98l36kxf Gaana 0 3686 300569 255993 2026-07-01T14:09:08Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ghana | common_name = Ghana | image_flag = Flag of Ghana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Ghana.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = "Xorriyad iyo Caddaalad" | motto = | national_anthem = "[[Ilaahay ha Barakeeyo Dhulkayaga Hooyo ee Ghana]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Ghana.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji wareegga dhulka|[[File:Location Ghana AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | capital = [[Accra]] | largest_city = caasimadda | coordinates = {{Coord|05|33|18|N|00|11|33|W|type:city}} | official_languages = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]<ref name="The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language for the nation">{{cite web |quote=English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are [[Twi]], Dagbani, Ga and Ewe . |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |title=Language and Religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |title=Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census {{!}} Summary Report of Final Results|website=Government of Ghana |date=May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> | languages_type = Luqadaha ay dawladdu maalgeliso | languages = {{hlist|[[Twi]]|[[Lahjada Fante|Fante]]|[[Luqadda Ewe|Ewe]]|[[Dagaare]]|[[Dagbanli]]|[[Adangme]]|[[Luqadda Ga|Ga]]|[[Luqadda Gonja|Gonja]]|[[Luqadda Kasem|Kasem]]|[[Luqadda Nzema|Nzema]]}} | languages2_type = [[Luqadda shaqada|Luqadaha shaqada]] | languages2 = {{hlist|Ingiriis|[[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]}} {{hlist|[[Hindi rasmiga ah|Hindi]]<ref name="IMM">{{cite web|title=Immigration into Ghana Since 1990|url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/poverty/46733734.pdf|publisher=Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon|year=2012|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> | [[Carabi]]<ref name="IMM"/> |[[Ingiriiska Ghana]] |[[Ingiriiska Pidginka ee Ghana]] |}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 71.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Ghana|Masiixiyad]] ** 49.0% [[Budaestanti|Borotestant]] ** 10.0% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Ghana|Kaatoolig]] ** 12.3% [[Masiixi]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |19.9% [[Islaamka ka jira Ghana|Islaam]] |3.2% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|Diimaha dhaqanka]] |1.1% [[Diin la'aan ka jirta Ghana|Diin la'aan]] |4.5% Diimaha kale }} | religion_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |45.7% [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] |18.5% [[Dadka Mole-Dagbon|Mole-Dagbon]] |12.8% [[Dadka Ewe|Ewe]] |7.1% [[Dadka Ga-Adangbe|Ga-Adangbe]] |6.4% [[Dadka Gurma|Gurma]] |3.2% [[Dadka Guang|Guan]] |2.7% [[Dadka Gurunsi|Gurunsi]] |2.0% [[Dadka Mande|Mande]] |1.6% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Ghana|kuwa kale]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="statsghana1"/> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="statsghana1">{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service|date=November 2021}}</ref> | demonym = Reer Ghana | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Ghana|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ghana|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Ghana|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]] | leader_name3 = [[Alban Bagbin]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Ghana|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Paul Baffoe-Bonnie|Garsoore Paul Baffoe-Bonnie]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Ghana|Baarlamaan]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ghana|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = [[Xukun-hoosaadka Ghana|Xukun-hoosaad]] | established_date1 = 6 Maarso 1957 | established_event2 = Jamhuuriyad | established_date2 = 1 Luulyo 1960 | area_km2 = 240000<ref name="IMFWEO.GH">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Ghana) |publisher=[[Sanduuqa Lacagta Caalamiga ah]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021173139/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 80aad | area_sq_mi = 92101 | percent_water = 4.61 (11,000&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}; 4,247&nbsp;mi{{sup|2}}) | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 35,039,451<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Ghana Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |language=en |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117005506/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 46aad | population_density_km2 = 151 | population_density_sq_mi = 392 | population_density_rank = 90aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $314,592 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web| url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GHA#:~:text=Here's%20some%20information%20about%20Ghana's%20GDP%20from,PPP%2C%20share%20of%20world**%200.14%25%20in%202026 |language=en |publisher = International Monetary Fund | title = World Economic Outlook: Ghana: Datasets | access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,042<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 136aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $113,494 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 67aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,179<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 137aad | Gini = 44 | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = isku heer | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |publisher=Statista |website=statista.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |title=Ghana: gini index 2014–2029 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115041322/https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.628 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 143aad | currency = [[Cedi-ga Ghana|Cedi]] | currency_code = GHS | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Ghana|+233]] | iso3166code = GH | cctld = [[.gh]] | today = }} '''Ghana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Ghana.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|GAH|nə}}), si rasmi ahna loo yihaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Ghana''', waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxay ku taallaa iyadoo uu ka xigo [[Gacanka Guinea]] iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka koonfureed, waxayna xudduud la leedahay [[Xeebta Fool-maroodiga]] dhanka galbeed, [[Burkiina Faaso]] dhanka waqooyi, iyo [[Toogo]] dhanka bari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ghana – Ministry Of Foreign Affairs |url=https://mfa.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|239567|km2|abbr=on}}, kaas oo ku fidsan [[Nidaamka deegaanka|deegaanno]] kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[xeeb]]aha [[savanna]]da ah ilaa [[kaymo kulul ee roobka]]. Iyadoo leh in ka badan 35 milyan oo isku dhex nool,<ref name=pop/> Ghana waxay ku jirtaa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|kaalinta saddex-iyo-tobnaad ee waddamada ugu dadka badan Afrika]], waana dalka labaad ee ugu dadka badan Galbeedka Afrika. [[Magaalo-madax|Caasimadda]] iyo magaalada ugu dadka badan waa [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ed |date=2024-08-13 |title=16 Regions in Ghana |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/16-regions-in-ghana/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Boqortooyadii ugu horreysay ee ka soo ifbaxday Ghana waxay ahaayeen [[Dawladda Bono|Bonoman]] ee dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Boqortooyada Dagbon]] ee dhanka waqooyi, iyadoo Bonoman ay ka jirtay aaggaas intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 11-aad.<ref name="NP">{{cite book |last1=Danver |first1=Steven L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46400-6 |page=25 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105202/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boqortooyadii Asante]] iyo boqortooyooyin kale oo ay lahaayeen [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] oo ku yaal koonfurta ayaa soo baxay qarniyadii xigay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asante Kingdom |date=15 June 2002 |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Laga bilaabo qarnigii 15-aad, [[Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska]], oo ay ku xigeen [[Quwadaha Yurub|quwado kale oo Yurub ah]], ayaa ku tartamay aaggaas si ay u helaan xuquuqda ganacsiga, ilaa markii dambe [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriisku]] uu si buuxda u hantay maamulka xeebta qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib in ka badan qarni ay jirtay iska caabin gumeysi, xudduudaha dambe ee dalka ayaa qaab qaatay, kuwaas oo isku daray afar dhul oo gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah oo kala duwan: [[Xeebta Dahabka (gumeysigii Ingiriiska)|Xeebta Dahabka]], [[Ashanti (Gumeysiga Crown)|Ashanti]], [[Dhulalka Waqooyi ee Xeebta Dahabka|Dhulalka Waqooyi]], iyo [[Togoland-ta Ingiriiska]]. Kuwan waxaa loo mideeyay sidii xukun-hoosaad madaxbannaan oo ka tirsan [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]]. 6-dii Maarso 1957, Ghana waxay noqotay [[gumeysi]]kii ugu horreeyay ee ku yaal [[Afrika ka koonfureed Sahara]] ee qaata madaxbannaanida buuxda.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video |year=1957 |title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957) |url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization">{{cite web |title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization |url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=Exploring Africa – Michigan State University}}</ref> Markay ahayd xukunkii Madaxweyne [[Kwame Nkrumah]], waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay [[Xoraynta Afrika|dadaallada ka reebista gumeysiga]] iyo [[U-haajiridda Midnimada Afrika|dhaqdhaqaaqa Pan-Africanism-ka]].<ref name="Ateku">{{cite web |last=Ateku |first=Abdul-Jalilu |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead |url=http://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063944/https://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghanaweb |date=2024-03-13 |title=Sankofa Series: A history of Ghana's 4 republics |website=GhanaWeb |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313105231/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana waa dal [[qowmiyado badan]] leh oo ka kooban kooxaha luqadaha iyo diimaha kala duwan;<ref name=popest>{{cite web |title=2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424110616/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref> in kasta oo [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] ay yihiin kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn, haddana waxay ka dhigan yihiin aqlabiyadda qaraabada ah. Inta badan [[Dadka Ghana|reer Ghana]] waa [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Ghana|Masiixiyiin]] (71.3%); ku dhowaad shantii meelood meelna waa [[Islaamka ka jira Ghana|Muslimiin]]; meel tobnaadna waxay ku dhaqmaan diimaha dhaqanka ama waxay sheegaan inay diin la'aan yihiin.<ref name="statsghana1"/> Ghana waa [[Dimuqraadiyad dastuuri ah|dimuqraadiyad dastuuri ah]] oo midaysan oo uu hoggaamiyo [[Madaxweynaha Ghana|madaxweyne]] kaas oo ah [[madaxa qaranka]] iyo [[madaxa xukuumadda]].<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web |last1= |title=Ghana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=CIA World FactBook |publisher=}}</ref> Xagga xasiloonida siyaasadeed ee [[Afrika]], waxay gashay kaalinta toddobaad ee 2022 [[Tusmada Ibrahim ee Maamulka Afrika]] iyo kaalinta shanaad ee 2024 [[Tusmada Dawladaha Nugul]].<ref name="Ateku"/><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report|date=19 July 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219224816/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan [[Ghana iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah|Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah]] iyo [[Midowga Afrika]], waana xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], [[Kooxda 24]] iyo [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |publisher=[[Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka]] |title=Ghana-US relations |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> ==Asalka magaca== ===Boqortooyadii Ghana=== {{Further| Boqortooyada Ghana}} Magaca ''Ghana'' wuxuu ka yimid [[Boqortooyada Ghana|Wagadu]], oo ahayd boqortooyo ku taal galbeedka Afrika qarniyadii 3-aad ilaa 12-aad; Wagadu waxaa loogu yeeri jiray ''Ghana'' ganacsatadii [[Carab|Carabta]] ahaa ee ku lug lahaa [[ganacsiga dhex-mara Saxaraha]]. Sidoo kale ''Ghana'' waxaa loo maleynayaa inay ka timid magaca ciwaanka ah ''[[Kaya-Magha|Kaya Maghan]]'' ee madaxdii Wagadu, kaas oo u turjumaya ''hoggaamiyaha dahabka''.<ref name="Gestrich">{{cite book |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history |chapter=Ghana Empire |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-396}}</ref> ===Ku dhex-galka aqoonta gumeysiga ka hor=== Isku daygii ugu horreeyay ee lagu xiriirinayo dadka ku nool [[Xeebta Dahabka (gumeysigii Ingiriiska)|Xeebta Dahabka]] iyo Ghana-dii hore waxaa sameeyay Rev. J. B. Anaman qiyaastii bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad. Anaman wuxuu adeegsaday fasiraaddii D. W. Cooley ee qarnigii 19-aad ee ku saabsanayd ilaha juqraafi ee Carabta si uu ugu doodo xiriir taariikhi ah, isagoo soo jeediyay asal kale oo magaca ku xiriirinaya Wangara. {{sfn|Kimble|1963|pp=xvi–xvii}} [[Flora Shaw, Baroness Lugard|Lady Flora Shaw]] ayaa markii dambe isku dubaridday qoraallada Carabta iyo kuwa Yurub labadaba si ay u abuurto sheekooyin faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan boqortooyada. Waxay u soo bandhigtay sidii quwad weyn oo Afrikaan ah oo la barbar dhigi karo dawladihii reer Galbeedka Yurub ee xilligaas jiray.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvi}} Sida uu sheegay [[Jack Goody]], aragtida ah in [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] ay ka soo jeedaan [[Boqortooyada Ghana|Boqortooyadii Ghana]] ee xilliyadii dhexe waxaa si joogto ah u horumarinayay baridda Rev. W. T. Balmer intii dhexaysay 1907 iyo 1911, kaas oo ardayda baray in Akan ay ka soo guureen boqortooyadii hore ee ku tiil agagaarka [[Webiga Niger|Webiga Niger ee Sare]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=461–462}} Goody wuxieu sheegay in mala-awaalka Balmer uu ka maqnaa caddaymo luqadeed iyo kuwo taariikhi ah, haddana waxa uu markii dambe saameyn ku yeeshay dadkii aqoonyahanka ahaa iyo aqoon-yahannadii wadaniyiinta ahaa.{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=462–463}} Mala-awaalku wuxuu helay caannimo weyn markii lagu soo bandhigay hay'adaha waxbarashada, gaar ahaan [[Dugsiga Achimota|Achimota]], intii lagu jiray 1920-yadii halkaas oo uu markii dambe ku faafay dugsiyada kale.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvii}} Aragtida waxaa dhowr jeer lagu baahiyay qoraallada aqooneed ee [[J. B. Danquah]]; wuxuu adeegsaday tarjumaado [[Carabi]] iyo [[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]] ah si uu u sheego in Akan ay ka soo guureen gobolka Upper Niger. Danquah wuxuu soo jeediyay in ereyga Ghana uu ahaa khalkhal ku yimid Akane ama Akana wuxuuna la xiriiriyay gobolkii hore ee [[Boqortooyada Akkad|Akkad]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|p=468}} Eva L. R. Meyerowitz ayaa sii ballaarisay hadalkan iyada oo u maraysa qoraallo xiriir ah oo doonayay in dib loo dhiso taariikhdii hore. Waxay sheegtay in asalka iyo dhaqanka Akan ay ka yimaadeen aagagga ku yaal [[Saxaraha]] iyo Bariga Dhaxe, waxayna ku doodday in dhaqanka Akan uusan ahayn mid inta badan madowga Afrika ah, laakiin beddelkeeda loo tixgelin karo [[Liibiya]]-[[Berber]] ama ku xiran dhaqamada [[Bada Dhexe|Badda Dhexe]] ama [[Bariga Dhow]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=468–470}} ===Ogolaanshaha qaranka iyo macnaha astaanta ah=== Markay ahayd muddadii horseedday madaxbannaanida, magaca "Ghana" waa la aqbalay waxaana loo qaatay sidii astaan sharaf leh oo gumeysiga ka hor ah, midnimo dhaqameed, iyo sharciyad qaran.<ref name="Gestrich"/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 81yevhyt31qlfpmvritnk5rm3v8dngd 300570 300569 2026-07-01T14:11:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Ghana | common_name = Ghana | image_flag = Flag of Ghana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Ghana.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = "Xorriyad iyo Caddaalad" | motto = | national_anthem = "[[Ilaahay ha Barakeeyo Dhulkayaga Hooyo ee Ghana]]"<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Ghana.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|Muuji wareegga dhulka|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | capital = [[Accra]] | largest_city = caasimadda | coordinates = {{Coord|05|33|18|N|00|11|33|W|type:city}} | official_languages = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]<ref name="The Ghanaian Government states that English is the official language for the nation">{{cite web |quote=English is the official language of Ghana and is universally used in schools in addition to nine other local languages. The most widely spoken local languages are [[Twi]], Dagbani, Ga and Ewe . |url=http://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |title=Language and Religion |publisher=Ghana Embassy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301155437/https://www.ghanaembassy.org/index.php?page=language-and-religion |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |title=Ghana – 2010 Population and Housing Census {{!}} Summary Report of Final Results|website=Government of Ghana |date=May 2012 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> | languages_type = Luqadaha ay dawladdu maalgeliso | languages = {{hlist|[[Twi]]|[[Lahjada Fante|Fante]]|[[Luqadda Ewe|Ewe]]|[[Dagaare]]|[[Dagbanli]]|[[Adangme]]|[[Luqadda Ga|Ga]]|[[Luqadda Gonja|Gonja]]|[[Luqadda Kasem|Kasem]]|[[Luqadda Nzema|Nzema]]}} | languages2_type = [[Luqadda shaqada|Luqadaha shaqada]] | languages2 = {{hlist|Ingiriis|[[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]}} {{hlist|[[Hindi rasmiga ah|Hindi]]<ref name="IMM">{{cite web|title=Immigration into Ghana Since 1990|url=http://www.oecd.org/dev/poverty/46733734.pdf|publisher=Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon|year=2012|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> | [[Carabi]]<ref name="IMM"/> |[[Ingiriiska Ghana]] |[[Ingiriiska Pidginka ee Ghana]] |}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 71.3% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Ghana|Masiixiyad]] ** 49.0% [[Budaestanti|Borotestant]] ** 10.0% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Ghana|Kaatoolig]] ** 12.3% [[Masiixi]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |19.9% [[Islaamka ka jira Ghana|Islaam]] |3.2% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|Diimaha dhaqanka]] |1.1% [[Diin la'aan ka jirta Ghana|Diin la'aan]] |4.5% Diimaha kale }} | religion_year = 2021 | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |45.7% [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] |18.5% [[Dadka Mole-Dagbon|Mole-Dagbon]] |12.8% [[Dadka Ewe|Ewe]] |7.1% [[Dadka Ga-Adangbe|Ga-Adangbe]] |6.4% [[Dadka Gurma|Gurma]] |3.2% [[Dadka Guang|Guan]] |2.7% [[Dadka Gurunsi|Gurunsi]] |2.0% [[Dadka Mande|Mande]] |1.6% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Ghana|kuwa kale]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="statsghana1"/> | ethnic_groups_year = 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name="statsghana1">{{cite web |url=https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227194122/https://census2021.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/reportthemelist/2021%20PHC%20General%20Report%20Vol%203C_Background%20Characteristics_181121.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-27 |url-status=live |title=2021 PHC General Report Vol 3C, Background Characteristics |website=Ghana Statistical Service|date=November 2021}}</ref> | demonym = Reer Ghana | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Ghana|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ghana|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Jane Naana Opoku-Agyemang]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Ghana|Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka]] | leader_name3 = [[Alban Bagbin]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Ghana|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Paul Baffoe-Bonnie|Garsoore Paul Baffoe-Bonnie]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Ghana|Baarlamaan]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ghana|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = [[Xukun-hoosaadka Ghana|Xukun-hoosaad]] | established_date1 = 6 Maarso 1957 | established_event2 = Jamhuuriyad | established_date2 = 1 Luulyo 1960 | area_km2 = 240000<ref name="IMFWEO.GH">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Ghana) |publisher=[[Sanduuqa Lacagta Caalamiga ah]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021173139/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=652,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 80aad | area_sq_mi = 92101 | percent_water = 4.61 (11,000&nbsp;km{{sup|2}}; 4,247&nbsp;mi{{sup|2}}) | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 35,039,451<ref name="pop">{{cite web |title=Ghana Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |language=en |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117005506/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ghana-population/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 46aad | population_density_km2 = 151 | population_density_sq_mi = 392 | population_density_rank = 90aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $314,592 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web| url= https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/GHA#:~:text=Here's%20some%20information%20about%20Ghana's%20GDP%20from,PPP%2C%20share%20of%20world**%200.14%25%20in%202026 |language=en |publisher = International Monetary Fund | title = World Economic Outlook: Ghana: Datasets | access-date=21 June 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $8,042<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 136aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $113,494 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_rank = 67aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,179<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 137aad | Gini = 44 | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = isku heer | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |publisher=Statista |website=statista.com |access-date=19 May 2024 |title=Ghana: gini index 2014–2029 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115041322/https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1165084/gini-index-forecast-in-ghana |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.628 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 143aad | currency = [[Cedi-ga Ghana|Cedi]] | currency_code = GHS | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Ghana|+233]] | iso3166code = GH | cctld = [[.gh]] | today = }} '''Ghana''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Ghana.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|ə}} {{respell|GAH|nə}}), si rasmi ahna loo yihaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Ghana''', waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxay ku taallaa iyadoo uu ka xigo [[Gacanka Guinea]] iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka koonfureed, waxayna xudduud la leedahay [[Xeebta Fool-maroodiga]] dhanka galbeed, [[Burkiina Faaso]] dhanka waqooyi, iyo [[Toogo]] dhanka bari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Ghana – Ministry Of Foreign Affairs |url=https://mfa.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ghana waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay {{convert|239567|km2|abbr=on}}, kaas oo ku fidsan [[Nidaamka deegaanka|deegaanno]] kala duwan, laga bilaabo [[xeeb]]aha [[savanna]]da ah ilaa [[kaymo kulul ee roobka]]. Iyadoo leh in ka badan 35 milyan oo isku dhex nool,<ref name=pop/> Ghana waxay ku jirtaa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|kaalinta saddex-iyo-tobnaad ee waddamada ugu dadka badan Afrika]], waana dalka labaad ee ugu dadka badan Galbeedka Afrika. [[Magaalo-madax|Caasimadda]] iyo magaalada ugu dadka badan waa [[Accra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ed |date=2024-08-13 |title=16 Regions in Ghana |url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/16-regions-in-ghana/ |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Fact Check Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Boqortooyadii ugu horreysay ee ka soo ifbaxday Ghana waxay ahaayeen [[Dawladda Bono|Bonoman]] ee dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Boqortooyada Dagbon]] ee dhanka waqooyi, iyadoo Bonoman ay ka jirtay aaggaas intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 11-aad.<ref name="NP">{{cite book |last1=Danver |first1=Steven L |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46400-6 |page=25 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105202/https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Boqortooyadii Asante]] iyo boqortooyooyin kale oo ay lahaayeen [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] oo ku yaal koonfurta ayaa soo baxay qarniyadii xigay.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asante Kingdom |date=15 June 2002 |url=http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |publisher=[[Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden]] |access-date=8 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712214333/http://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/asante-kingdom |archive-date=12 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Laga bilaabo qarnigii 15-aad, [[Boqortooyadii Boortaqiiska]], oo ay ku xigeen [[Quwadaha Yurub|quwado kale oo Yurub ah]], ayaa ku tartamay aaggaas si ay u helaan xuquuqda ganacsiga, ilaa markii dambe [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriisku]] uu si buuxda u hantay maamulka xeebta qarnigii 19-aad. Ka dib in ka badan qarni ay jirtay iska caabin gumeysi, xudduudaha dambe ee dalka ayaa qaab qaatay, kuwaas oo isku daray afar dhul oo gumeysi oo Ingiriis ah oo kala duwan: [[Xeebta Dahabka (gumeysigii Ingiriiska)|Xeebta Dahabka]], [[Ashanti (Gumeysiga Crown)|Ashanti]], [[Dhulalka Waqooyi ee Xeebta Dahabka|Dhulalka Waqooyi]], iyo [[Togoland-ta Ingiriiska]]. Kuwan waxaa loo mideeyay sidii xukun-hoosaad madaxbannaan oo ka tirsan [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]]. 6-dii Maarso 1957, Ghana waxay noqotay [[gumeysi]]kii ugu horreeyay ee ku yaal [[Afrika ka koonfureed Sahara]] ee qaata madaxbannaanida buuxda.<ref name="Universal Newsreel">{{cite video |year=1957 |title=Video: A New Nation: Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957) |url=https://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |publisher=[[Universal Newsreel]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128113959/http://archive.org/details/1957-03-07_A_New_Nation |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="First For Sub-Saharan Africa">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |title=First For Sub-Saharan Africa |publisher=BBC |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101135716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter3.shtml |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Exploring Africa – Decolonization">{{cite web |title=Exploring Africa – Decolonization |url=http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602212136/http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/images/decolinization.jpg |archive-date=2 June 2013 |access-date=29 February 2012 |publisher=Exploring Africa – Michigan State University}}</ref> Markay ahayd xukunkii Madaxweyne [[Kwame Nkrumah]], waxay saameyn weyn ku yeelatay [[Xoraynta Afrika|dadaallada ka reebista gumeysiga]] iyo [[U-haajiridda Midnimada Afrika|dhaqdhaqaaqa Pan-Africanism-ka]].<ref name="Ateku">{{cite web |last=Ateku |first=Abdul-Jalilu |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Ghana is 60: An African success story with tough challenges ahead |url=http://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629063944/https://theconversation.com/ghana-is-60-an-african-success-story-with-tough-challenges-ahead-74049 |archive-date=29 June 2021 |access-date=27 June 2021 |website=The Conversation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghanaweb |date=2024-03-13 |title=Sankofa Series: A history of Ghana's 4 republics |website=GhanaWeb |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313105231/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Sankofa-Series-A-history-of-Ghana-s-4-republics-1921329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana waa dal [[qowmiyado badan]] leh oo ka kooban kooxaha luqadaha iyo diimaha kala duwan;<ref name=popest>{{cite web |title=2020 Population Projection by Sex, 2010–2020 |publisher=Ghana Statistical Service |url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424110616/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/pop_stats.html |archive-date=24 April 2018 }}</ref> in kasta oo [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] ay yihiin kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn, haddana waxay ka dhigan yihiin aqlabiyadda qaraabada ah. Inta badan [[Dadka Ghana|reer Ghana]] waa [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Ghana|Masiixiyiin]] (71.3%); ku dhowaad shantii meelood meelna waa [[Islaamka ka jira Ghana|Muslimiin]]; meel tobnaadna waxay ku dhaqmaan diimaha dhaqanka ama waxay sheegaan inay diin la'aan yihiin.<ref name="statsghana1"/> Ghana waa [[Dimuqraadiyad dastuuri ah|dimuqraadiyad dastuuri ah]] oo midaysan oo uu hoggaamiyo [[Madaxweynaha Ghana|madaxweyne]] kaas oo ah [[madaxa qaranka]] iyo [[madaxa xukuumadda]].<ref name="Ghana: CIA World FactBook">{{cite web |last1= |title=Ghana |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109003331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ |archive-date=9 January 2021 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=CIA World FactBook |publisher=}}</ref> Xagga xasiloonida siyaasadeed ee [[Afrika]], waxay gashay kaalinta toddobaad ee 2022 [[Tusmada Ibrahim ee Maamulka Afrika]] iyo kaalinta shanaad ee 2024 [[Tusmada Dawladaha Nugul]].<ref name="Ateku"/><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Ghana's Economy Expected to Recover Its Potential By 2025, says World Bank Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report|date=19 July 2023 |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=World Bank |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219224816/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/07/19/ghana-economy-expected-to-recover-its-potential-by-2025-says-world-bank-report |url-status=live }}</ref> Ghana waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan [[Ghana iyo Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah|Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah]] iyo [[Midowga Afrika]], waana xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantigga]], [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], [[Kooxda 24]] iyo [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |publisher=[[Waaxda Arrimaha Dibadda ee Mareykanka]] |title=Ghana-US relations |date=11 February 2013 |access-date=1 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405184830/http://m.state.gov/md2860.htm |archive-date=5 April 2013}}</ref> ==Asalka magaca== ===Boqortooyadii Ghana=== {{Further| Boqortooyada Ghana}} Magaca ''Ghana'' wuxuu ka yimid [[Boqortooyada Ghana|Wagadu]], oo ahayd boqortooyo ku taal galbeedka Afrika qarniyadii 3-aad ilaa 12-aad; Wagadu waxaa loogu yeeri jiray ''Ghana'' ganacsatadii [[Carab|Carabta]] ahaa ee ku lug lahaa [[ganacsiga dhex-mara Saxaraha]]. Sidoo kale ''Ghana'' waxaa loo maleynayaa inay ka timid magaca ciwaanka ah ''[[Kaya-Magha|Kaya Maghan]]'' ee madaxdii Wagadu, kaas oo u turjumaya ''hoggaamiyaha dahabka''.<ref name="Gestrich">{{cite book |last=Gestrich |first=Nikolas |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African history |chapter=Ghana Empire |year=2019 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.396 |isbn=978-0-19-027773-4 |url=https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-396}}</ref> ===Ku dhex-galka aqoonta gumeysiga ka hor=== Isku daygii ugu horreeyay ee lagu xiriirinayo dadka ku nool [[Xeebta Dahabka (gumeysigii Ingiriiska)|Xeebta Dahabka]] iyo Ghana-dii hore waxaa sameeyay Rev. J. B. Anaman qiyaastii bilowgii qarnigii 20-aad. Anaman wuxuu adeegsaday fasiraaddii D. W. Cooley ee qarnigii 19-aad ee ku saabsanayd ilaha juqraafi ee Carabta si uu ugu doodo xiriir taariikhi ah, isagoo soo jeediyay asal kale oo magaca ku xiriirinaya Wangara. {{sfn|Kimble|1963|pp=xvi–xvii}} [[Flora Shaw, Baroness Lugard|Lady Flora Shaw]] ayaa markii dambe isku dubaridday qoraallada Carabta iyo kuwa Yurub labadaba si ay u abuurto sheekooyin faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan boqortooyada. Waxay u soo bandhigtay sidii quwad weyn oo Afrikaan ah oo la barbar dhigi karo dawladihii reer Galbeedka Yurub ee xilligaas jiray.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvi}} Sida uu sheegay [[Jack Goody]], aragtida ah in [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] ay ka soo jeedaan [[Boqortooyada Ghana|Boqortooyadii Ghana]] ee xilliyadii dhexe waxaa si joogto ah u horumarinayay baridda Rev. W. T. Balmer intii dhexaysay 1907 iyo 1911, kaas oo ardayda baray in Akan ay ka soo guureen boqortooyadii hore ee ku tiil agagaarka [[Webiga Niger|Webiga Niger ee Sare]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=461–462}} Goody wuxieu sheegay in mala-awaalka Balmer uu ka maqnaa caddaymo luqadeed iyo kuwo taariikhi ah, haddana waxa uu markii dambe saameyn ku yeeshay dadkii aqoonyahanka ahaa iyo aqoon-yahannadii wadaniyiinta ahaa.{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=462–463}} Mala-awaalku wuxuu helay caannimo weyn markii lagu soo bandhigay hay'adaha waxbarashada, gaar ahaan [[Dugsiga Achimota|Achimota]], intii lagu jiray 1920-yadii halkaas oo uu markii dambe ku faafay dugsiyada kale.{{sfn|Kimble|1963|p=xvii}} Aragtida waxaa dhowr jeer lagu baahiyay qoraallada aqooneed ee [[J. B. Danquah]]; wuxuu adeegsaday tarjumaado [[Carabi]] iyo [[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]] ah si uu u sheego in Akan ay ka soo guureen gobolka Upper Niger. Danquah wuxuu soo jeediyay in ereyga Ghana uu ahaa khalkhal ku yimid Akane ama Akana wuxuuna la xiriiriyay gobolkii hore ee [[Boqortooyada Akkad|Akkad]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|p=468}} Eva L. R. Meyerowitz ayaa sii ballaarisay hadalkan iyada oo u maraysa qoraallo xiriir ah oo doonayay in dib loo dhiso taariikhdii hore. Waxay sheegtay in asalka iyo dhaqanka Akan ay ka yimaadeen aagagga ku yaal [[Saxaraha]] iyo Bariga Dhaxe, waxayna ku doodday in dhaqanka Akan uusan ahayn mid inta badan madowga Afrika ah, laakiin beddelkeeda loo tixgelin karo [[Liibiya]]-[[Berber]] ama ku xiran dhaqamada [[Bada Dhexe|Badda Dhexe]] ama [[Bariga Dhow]].{{sfn|Goody|1968|pp=468–470}} ===Ogolaanshaha qaranka iyo macnaha astaanta ah=== Markay ahayd muddadii horseedday madaxbannaanida, magaca "Ghana" waa la aqbalay waxaana loo qaatay sidii astaan sharaf leh oo gumeysiga ka hor ah, midnimo dhaqameed, iyo sharciyad qaran.<ref name="Gestrich"/> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 4b5czhl44rzcfjm75rxr50s2qv3pgod Maali 0 3689 300580 257804 2026-07-01T14:47:33Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mali | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | bm = {{lang|bm|ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel |title=Académie N'Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ |website=Twitter.com |author=Académie N’Ko Mali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112858/https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel|archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>{{transliteration|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana}} | mey = {{lang|mey|جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي }}<br/>{{transliteration|mey|Jumhūriyet Māli}} | ff = {{lang|ff|𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭}}<br/>{{transliteration|ff|Republik bu Maali}} | snk = {{lang|snk|Mali Jamaane}} | taq = {{lang|taq|ⵜⴰ隔ⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ}}<br/>{{transliteration|taq|Tagduda n Mali}} | ses = {{lang|ses|Mali Laamaa}} }}}} | common_name = Mali | image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg | image_coat = National coat of arms of Mali.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Mali (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Location Mali AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un peuple, un but, une foi"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{native phrase|bm|"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen"}}<br/>"Hal shacab, hal hadaf, hal rumayn" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Le Mali]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Malian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | official_languages = {{nowrap|'''13 luqadood oo qaran'''<ref name="Lingua 2023">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. |trans-quote=Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LangNat">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE |date=21 August 2017 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=21 October 2023 |quote=Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) |trans-quote=According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...) |lang=fr |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{plainlist| * Bambara * Bobo * Carabiga Xasanaaniya * Bozo * Dogon, Toro So * Fula * Kassonke * Maninke * Minyanka * Senufo, Senara * Songhay, Koyraboro Senni * Soninke * Tamasheq }} | languages_type = Luqadaha lagaga hadlo | languages = {{hlist|Bambara{{efn|Bambara waxay u adeegtaa sidii lingua franca oo ay ku hadlaan ku dhawaad 80% dadka dalka.<ref name=p6/>}}|Fula|Carabi|Soninke|Songhay|Mandinka|Minyanka|Tamasheq|Senufo|Bobo|Bozo|Kassonke|Samogo|Dafing|Dogon}} | languages2_type = Luqadda shaqada | languages2 = {{unbulleted list|Faransiis (''de facto'')<ref name="French">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L’Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. |trans-quote=Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya weynta 2022 | religion = {{ubl | 96.4% Islaam | 2.3% Masiixiyad | 0.7% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika | 0.5% Diin la'aan | 0.1% Diimaha kale }} | religion_year = Tiriya weynta 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="2022census" /> | demonym = Reer Mali | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 35.9% Bambara | 12.8% Fula | 9.4% Senufo | 8.4% Malinke | 8.2% Soninke | 6.1% Dogon | 4.8% Songhai | 3.9% Tuareg | 2.2% Bobo / Bwa | 10.5% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2022census">{{cite web |author=Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) |title=CINQUIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L’HABITAT (RGPH5) |url=https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/rgph/rapport-etat-structure-population-rgph5-rgph.pdf |access-date=8 June 2026 |date=December 2024}}</ref> | capital = Bamako | coordinates = {{Coord|12|39|N|8|0|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Bamako | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada koox milatari ah<ref>{{cite news |last1=Booty |first1=Natasha |last2=Pivac |first2=Mark |title=Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802043804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Madaxweyne | leader_name1 = Assimi Goïta | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Abdoulaye Maïga (ku-meel-gaar) | legislature = Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka | area_rank = 23aad | area_km2 = 1,240,192 | area_footnote = <ref name="bbc_com">{{cite web |title=Mali country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |website=BBC News |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 478,839 | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 25,200,000<ref name="populationest" /> | population_census = 22,395,489<ref name="2022census" /> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 61aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 18 | population_density_sq_mi = 30.3 | population_density_rank = 215aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $72.74 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ML">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLI |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Mali) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=6 September 2025 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204907/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 115aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,930<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 173ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.21 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 121aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $936 <ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 175ad | sovereignty_type = Aasaaskii | established_event1 = Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan | established_date1 = 24 November 1958 | established_event2 = Ku biiristii Senegal si loo abuuro Federaalka Mali | established_date2 = 4 April 1959 | established_event3 = Madaxbannaanidii ay ka qaadatay Faransiiska | established_date3 = 20 June 1960 | established_event4 = Kala diristii Federaalka Mali | established_date4 = 20 August 1960 | established_event5 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda Mali | established_date5 = 22 September 1960 | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini = 35.7 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 June 2026 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI = 0.419 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MLI|access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = Frankiga CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = Wakhtiga Greenwich | calling_code = +223 | cctld = [[.ml]] | today = }} '''Mali''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mali.ogg|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i}}; {{IPA|bm|ma.li}}<br/>{{bulleted list|Farta N'Ko: {{lang|bm-nkoo|ߡߊߟߌ}}|{{langx|ff|𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭|italics=no}}|{{langx|ar|مالي}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mali''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana}}, {{small|Farta N'Ko:}} {{lang|bm-nkoo|ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}}|{{langx|ff|𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭|Renndaandi Maali|italics=no}}|{{langx|ar|جمهورية مالي|Jumhūriyyāt Mālī}}}}}} waa dal aan bad lahayn oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Waa dalka siddeedaad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo dalka 23aad ee ugu weyn adduunka, isagoo leh baaxad dhul oo gaadhaysa 1,240,192 kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="bbc_com" /> Dalku wuxuu waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Aljeeriya, bariga Nayjer, waqooyi-galbeed Mauritaniya, koonfurta Burkina Faso iyo Xeebta Fool-maroodiga (Ivory Coast), galbeedkana Guinea iyo Senegal. Dadka ku nool Mali waa qiyaastii 25.20 milyan,<ref name="populationest">{{Cite web |title=Mali Population |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/ML|date=2025|website=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> iyadoo 47.19% ka mid ah la qiyaasay inay ka yar yihiin da'da 15 sanno marka la gaadhay 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html |title=Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221011240/https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bamako. Luqadda Faransiiska waxay ahayd luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mali ilaa 2022, markaasoo lagu beddelay 13 luqadood oo Afrikaan ah, iyadoo luqadda Bambara ay tahay luqadda koowaad ee inta badan dadka dalkaas deggan.<ref name="p6" /> Xuduudaha waqooyi ee Mali waxay aad ugu qoto dheer yihiin dhexda Saxaraha Weyn. Qaybta koonfureed ee dalka, oo ay ku nool yihiin inta badan dadka deegaanka, waxay ku taal fidsanaanta savanna-da Suudaan, waxaana dhex mara webiyada Niger iyo Senegal. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu ku dhowyahay beeraha iyo macdanta, iyadoo khayraadkeeda dabiiciga ah ee ugu caansan uu ka mid yahay dahabka, oo ka dhigan 80% waxyaabaha ay dibadda u dhoofiso, iyo suufka. Mali waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolka ah uguna hooseeya horumarka adduunka.<ref name="ITA" /><ref name="UNCTAD" /> Mali waxay qayb ka ahayd saddex boqortooyo oo isku xigay oo xoog weyn iyo hanti lahaa kuwaas oo xukumayay ganacsiga ka gudba Saxaraha: Boqortooyadii Ghana (oo dalka Ghana loogu magac daray), Boqortooyadii Mali (oo dalka Mali loogu magac daray), iyo Boqortooyadii Songhai. Markii ay ugu sarreysay sannadkii 1300, Boqortooyadii Mali waxay ahayd dalka ugu hantida badnaa Afrika<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=National Geographic Society |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702005708/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/ |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo boqorkeedii qarnigii 14aad Mansa Musa la rumeysan yahay inuu ahaa mid ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka ugu hodansan taariikhda adduunka.<ref>[http://www.blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200 Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105194944/https://blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200 |date=5 January 2019 }}. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019 |title=Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310072937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is the richest person of all time? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=The Week UK |date=December 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316215840/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Marka laga soo tago inay ahayd xarun ganacsi iyo mid macdan qodis, Mali-dii waqtiyadii dhexe waxay ahayd xarun Islaamka, dhaqanka iyo aqoonta, iyadoo Timbuktu ay noqotay meel caan ku ah waxbarashada iyadoo lahayd jaamacaddeeda, oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu faca weyn adduunka isla markaana weli shaqaysa. Boqortooyadii sii fidsaysay ee Songhai ayaa la wareegtay boqortooyadii 1468, waxaana ku xigay ciidankii Saadiyiinta oo ka adkaaday Songhai 1591. Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, intii lagu jiray Loolankii Afrika, Faransiisku wuxuu la wareegay maamulka Mali, wuxuuna ka dhigay qayb ka mid ah Suudaantii Faransiiska; iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan, federaal kooban oo ay la gashay Senegal ayaa la aasaasay, kaas oo xorriyadda qaatay 1660. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Senegal, Jamhuuriyadda Mali ayaa la aasaasay. Ka dib muddo dheer oo uu jiray xukun hal xisbi ah, afgambi dhacay 1991 wuxuu horseeday constitution cusub iyo in Mali laga dhigo dal dimuqraadi ah oo nidaamka xisbiyada badan leh. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay ilaa 2012, Mali waxay la kulantay koritaan dhaqaale iyo xorriyadaha madaniga ah oo kordhay, inkastoo tani ay bilaabay inay dib u dhacdo ka dib 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Priyanka |last=Shankar |title=Timeline: How Mali went from democracy beacon to instability |date=27 April 2026 |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/timeline-how-mali-went-from-democracy-beacon-to-instability }}</ref> Tan iyo madaxbannaanidii, waxaa jiray afar kacdoon oo ay ku lug lahaayeen dadka Tuareg-ka, kuwaas oo dhacay 1962 ilaa 1964, 1990 ilaa 1995, 2007 ilaa 2009, iyo tan iyo 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pezard |last1=Stephanie |first2=Michael |last2=Shurkin |title=Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement |work=RAND Corporation |date=2015 |access-date=26 April 2026 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15zc57q }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2012, iskahorimaad hubeysan ayaa ka qarxay waqooyiga Mali, kaas oo jabhadaha Tuareg-ka ay kula wareegeen dhul ku yaal waqooyiga, bishii Abriilna waxay ku dhawaaqeen goosashada dawlad cusub oo la yidhaahdo Azawad.<ref>Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182302/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w |date=28 July 2020 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> Iskahorimaadka waxaa sii murgiyay afgambi milatari bishii Maarso 2012<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html UN Security Council condemns Mali coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html |date=28 November 2020 }}. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> iyo dagaalo dambe oo dhexmaray Tuareg iyo kooxaha kale ee mucaaradka ah. Si looga jawaabo dhulalka la qabsaday, milatariga Faransiisku wuxuu bilaabay Hawlgalkii Serval bishii Janaayo 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html |title=Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes |date=12 January 2013 |work=Le Monde |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023450/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bil ka dib, ciidamada Mali iyo kuwa Faransiiska waxay qayb ahaan dib u qabsadeen waqooyiga, inkastoo iskahorimaadku uu sii socday.<ref name="BTI-2026" /> Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne sannadkii 2013, laakiin eedaymo ku saabsan khiyaano intii lagu jiray doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 2020 waxay keentay dibad-baxyo ballaaran. Keïta waxaa xukunka looga tuuray afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Assimi Goïta, iasgoo isku dhisay inuu yahay taliyaha milatariga ee Mali ka dib afgambi kale oo dhacay 2021.<ref name="BTI-2026" /> Sannadkii 2025, dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadda waa la kala diray waxaana Goïta la siiyay muddo madaxtooyo oo shan sanno ah, oo dib loo cusboonaysiin karo doorasho la'aan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewokor |first=Chris |date=4 July 2025 |title=Assimi Goïta: Mali military leader granted five-year term in power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qxnxxzde8o |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Isbahaysiga JNIM ee xiriirka la leh Al-Qaacida ayaa cunaqabatayn shidaal ku soo rogay magaalooyinka waaweyn, taas oo keentay carqalad dhaqaale,<ref name="ISW-100925" /> sannadkii 2026-na waxay weerar wadajir ah la qaadeen gooni-goosadka Tuareg-ka.<ref name="AP-26042026" /> == Asalka magaca== Magaca ''Mali'' waxaa laga qaatay magaca Boqortooyadii Mali. Waxaa loola jeedaa "meesha uu boqorku ku nool yahay"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Discovering the Empire of Mali|last=Wolny|first=Philip|date=15 December 2013|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9781477718896|page=7|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180418/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> wuxuuna xambaarsan yahay macnaha xoogga.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn|url-access=registration|title=Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials|last1=Sasnett|first1=Martena Tenney|last2=Sepmeyer|first2=Inez Hopkins|date=1 January 1967|publisher=University of California Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/673 673]}}</ref> Socdaalihii reer Maghreb ee qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad Ibn Battuta wuxuu sheegay in caasimadda boqortooyada loogu yeeri jiray Mali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|title=Historical Dictionary of Mali|last1=Imperato|first1=Pascal James|last2=Imperato|first2=Gavin H.|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864023|page=231|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043448/https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Niane, Djibril (1965). ''Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali''.</ref> Mid ka mid ah hiddaha dadka Mandinka ayaa sheegaya in boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee halyeeyga ahaa Sundiata Keita uu isku beddelay jeer (hippopotamus) markii uu ku dhintay Webiga Sankarani iyo in ay suurtogal ahayd in deegaanka webigan laga helo tuulooyin loogu yeero "Mali-dii hore". Daraasad lagu sameeyay maahmaahyada reer Mali ayaa lagu ogaaday in Mali-dii hore ay ku taal tuulo la yidhaahdo Malikoma, oo macnaheedu yahay "Mali Cusub", iyo in ''Mali'' ay markii hore ahaan kartay magaca magaalo.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf|title=A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)|last=Aku Adjandeh|first=Evelyn|date=July 2014|publisher=University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies |page=100|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Aragti kale ayaa soo jeedinaysa in ''Mali'' ay tahay dhawaaqa luqadda Fula ee magaca dadka Mande.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92|title=African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations|last=Graft-Johnson|first=John Coleman De|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Black Classic Press|isbn=9780933121034|page=92|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180445/https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle|url-access=registration|title=Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa|last=Fyle|first=C. Magbaily|date=1999|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761814566|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle/page/11 11]}}</ref> Waxaa la soo jeediyay in isbeddelka dhawaaqyadu uu keenay isbeddelka, halkaas oo luqadda Fula dhexdeeda qaybta alveolar-ka /nd/ ay u isbeddesho /l/ oo shaqalka ugu dambeeya uu lumiyo dhawaqa sanka isla markaana uu kordho, taas oo keentay in "Manden" uu u isbeddelo /mali/.<ref name=":0" /> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 9kw04mbk2tt88t2se6wdjgistl3ppfq 300581 300580 2026-07-01T14:48:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Mali | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | bm = {{lang|bm|ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel |title=Académie N'Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ |website=Twitter.com |author=Académie N’Ko Mali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514112858/https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel|archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br/>{{transliteration|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana}} | mey = {{lang|mey|جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي }}<br/>{{transliteration|mey|Jumhūriyet Māli}} | ff = {{lang|ff|𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭}}<br/>{{transliteration|ff|Republik bu Maali}} | snk = {{lang|snk|Mali Jamaane}} | taq = {{lang|taq|ⵜⴰ隔ⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ}}<br/>{{transliteration|taq|Tagduda n Mali}} | ses = {{lang|ses|Mali Laamaa}} }}}} | common_name = Mali | image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg | image_coat = National coat of arms of Mali.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Mali (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|upright=1.15|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un peuple, un but, une foi"|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br/>{{native phrase|bm|"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen"}}<br/>"Hal shacab, hal hadaf, hal rumayn" | national_anthem = {{native name|fr|"[[Le Mali]]"|italic=no|nolink=on}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Malian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga]]}} | official_languages = {{nowrap|'''13 luqadood oo qaran'''<ref name="Lingua 2023">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali. |trans-quote=Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="LangNat">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE |date=21 August 2017 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=21 October 2023 |quote=Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...) |trans-quote=According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...) |lang=fr |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803235822/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2017/mali-jo-2017-39.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{plainlist| * Bambara * Bobo * Carabiga Xasanaaniya * Bozo * Dogon, Toro So * Fula * Kassonke * Maninke * Minyanka * Senufo, Senara * Songhay, Koyraboro Senni * Soninke * Tamasheq }} | languages_type = Luqadaha lagaga hadlo | languages = {{hlist|Bambara{{efn|Bambara waxay u adeegtaa sidii lingua franca oo ay ku hadlaan ku dhawaad 80% dadka dalka.<ref name=p6/>}}|Fula|Carabi|Soninke|Songhay|Mandinka|Minyanka|Tamasheq|Senufo|Bobo|Bozo|Kassonke|Samogo|Dafing|Dogon}} | languages2_type = Luqadda shaqada | languages2 = {{unbulleted list|Faransiis (''de facto'')<ref name="French">{{cite web |url=https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |title=JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION |date=22 July 2023 |website=sgg-mali.ml |access-date=26 July 2023 |quote=Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L’Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail. |trans-quote=Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language. |lang=fr |archive-date=8 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808203503/https://sgg-mali.ml/JO/2023/mali-jo-2023-13-sp-2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya weynta 2022 | religion = {{ubl | 96.4% Islaam | 2.3% Masiixiyad | 0.7% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika | 0.5% Diin la'aan | 0.1% Diimaha kale }} | religion_year = Tiriya weynta 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name="2022census" /> | demonym = Reer Mali | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 35.9% Bambara | 12.8% Fula | 9.4% Senufo | 8.4% Malinke | 8.2% Soninke | 6.1% Dogon | 4.8% Songhai | 3.9% Tuareg | 2.2% Bobo / Bwa | 10.5% Kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="2022census">{{cite web |author=Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT) |title=CINQUIEME RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L’HABITAT (RGPH5) |url=https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/rgph/rapport-etat-structure-population-rgph5-rgph.pdf |access-date=8 June 2026 |date=December 2024}}</ref> | capital = Bamako | coordinates = {{Coord|12|39|N|8|0|W|type:city}} | largest_city = Bamako | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada koox milatari ah<ref>{{cite news |last1=Booty |first1=Natasha |last2=Pivac |first2=Mark |title=Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=BBC News |date=23 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802043804/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66282417 |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Madaxweyne | leader_name1 = Assimi Goïta | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Abdoulaye Maïga (ku-meel-gaar) | legislature = Golaha Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Qaranka | area_rank = 23aad | area_km2 = 1,240,192 | area_footnote = <ref name="bbc_com">{{cite web |title=Mali country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |website=BBC News |access-date=17 October 2023 |date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911075500/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13881370 |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_sq_mi = 478,839 | percent_water = 1.6 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 25,200,000<ref name="populationest" /> | population_census = 22,395,489<ref name="2022census" /> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 61aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 18 | population_density_sq_mi = 30.3 | population_density_rank = 215aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $72.74 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ML">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MLI |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Mali) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=6 September 2025 |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017204907/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=678,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 115aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,930<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 173ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.21 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = 121aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $936 <ref name="IMFWEO.ML" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 175ad | sovereignty_type = Aasaaskii | established_event1 = Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan | established_date1 = 24 November 1958 | established_event2 = Ku biiristii Senegal si loo abuuro Federaalka Mali | established_date2 = 4 April 1959 | established_event3 = Madaxbannaanidii ay ka qaadatay Faransiiska | established_date3 = 20 June 1960 | established_event4 = Kala diristii Federaalka Mali | established_date4 = 20 August 1960 | established_event5 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda Mali | established_date5 = 22 September 1960 | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini = 35.7 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 June 2026 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208203439/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI = 0.419 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date= 6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/MLI|access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = Frankiga CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = Wakhtiga Greenwich | calling_code = +223 | cctld = [[.ml]] | today = }} '''Mali''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Mali.ogg|ˈ|m|ɑː|l|i}}; {{IPA|bm|ma.li}}<br/>{{bulleted list|Farta N'Ko: {{lang|bm-nkoo|ߡߊߟߌ}}|{{langx|ff|𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭|italics=no}}|{{langx|ar|مالي}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Mali''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|bm|Mali ka Fasojamana}}, {{small|Farta N'Ko:}} {{lang|bm-nkoo|ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ}}|{{langx|ff|𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭|Renndaandi Maali|italics=no}}|{{langx|ar|جمهورية مالي|Jumhūriyyāt Mālī}}}}}} waa dal aan bad lahayn oo ku yaal Galbeedka Afrika. Waa dalka siddeedaad ee ugu weyn Afrika iyo dalka 23aad ee ugu weyn adduunka, isagoo leh baaxad dhul oo gaadhaysa 1,240,192 kiilomitir oo laba jibaaran.<ref name="bbc_com" /> Dalku wuxuu waqooyiga xuduud la leedahay Aljeeriya, bariga Nayjer, waqooyi-galbeed Mauritaniya, koonfurta Burkina Faso iyo Xeebta Fool-maroodiga (Ivory Coast), galbeedkana Guinea iyo Senegal. Dadka ku nool Mali waa qiyaastii 25.20 milyan,<ref name="populationest">{{Cite web |title=Mali Population |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/ML|date=2025|website=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> iyadoo 47.19% ka mid ah la qiyaasay inay ka yar yihiin da'da 15 sanno marka la gaadhay 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html |title=Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221011240/https://www.indexmundi.com/mali/age_structure.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Bamako. Luqadda Faransiiska waxay ahayd luqadda rasmiga ah ee Mali ilaa 2022, markaasoo lagu beddelay 13 luqadood oo Afrikaan ah, iyadoo luqadda Bambara ay tahay luqadda koowaad ee inta badan dadka dalkaas deggan.<ref name="p6" /> Xuduudaha waqooyi ee Mali waxay aad ugu qoto dheer yihiin dhexda Saxaraha Weyn. Qaybta koonfureed ee dalka, oo ay ku nool yihiin inta badan dadka deegaanka, waxay ku taal fidsanaanta savanna-da Suudaan, waxaana dhex mara webiyada Niger iyo Senegal. Dhaqaalaha dalku wuxuu ku dhowyahay beeraha iyo macdanta, iyadoo khayraadkeeda dabiiciga ah ee ugu caansan uu ka mid yahay dahabka, oo ka dhigan 80% waxyaabaha ay dibadda u dhoofiso, iyo suufka. Mali waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolka ah uguna hooseeya horumarka adduunka.<ref name="ITA" /><ref name="UNCTAD" /> Mali waxay qayb ka ahayd saddex boqortooyo oo isku xigay oo xoog weyn iyo hanti lahaa kuwaas oo xukumayay ganacsiga ka gudba Saxaraha: Boqortooyadii Ghana (oo dalka Ghana loogu magac daray), Boqortooyadii Mali (oo dalka Mali loogu magac daray), iyo Boqortooyadii Songhai. Markii ay ugu sarreysay sannadkii 1300, Boqortooyadii Mali waxay ahayd dalka ugu hantida badnaa Afrika<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2020 |title=Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/ |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=National Geographic Society |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702005708/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/mansa-musa-musa-i-mali/ |url-status=live }}</ref> iyadoo boqorkeedii qarnigii 14aad Mansa Musa la rumeysan yahay inuu ahaa mid ka mid ah shaqsiyaadka ugu hodansan taariikhda adduunka.<ref>[http://www.blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200 Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105194944/https://blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200 |date=5 January 2019 }}. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2019 |title=Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458 |access-date=16 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310072937/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47379458 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who is the richest person of all time? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=The Week UK |date=December 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316215840/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/people/954992/who-is-the-richest-person-of-all-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Marka laga soo tago inay ahayd xarun ganacsi iyo mid macdan qodis, Mali-dii waqtiyadii dhexe waxay ahayd xarun Islaamka, dhaqanka iyo aqoonta, iyadoo Timbuktu ay noqotay meel caan ku ah waxbarashada iyadoo lahayd jaamacaddeeda, oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu faca weyn adduunka isla markaana weli shaqaysa. Boqortooyadii sii fidsaysay ee Songhai ayaa la wareegtay boqortooyadii 1468, waxaana ku xigay ciidankii Saadiyiinta oo ka adkaaday Songhai 1591. Dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad, intii lagu jiray Loolankii Afrika, Faransiisku wuxuu la wareegay maamulka Mali, wuxuuna ka dhigay qayb ka mid ah Suudaantii Faransiiska; iyadoo ah Jamhuuriyadda Suudaan, federaal kooban oo ay la gashay Senegal ayaa la aasaasay, kaas oo xorriyadda qaatay 1660. Ka dib ka bixitaankii Senegal, Jamhuuriyadda Mali ayaa la aasaasay. Ka dib muddo dheer oo uu jiray xukun hal xisbi ah, afgambi dhacay 1991 wuxuu horseeday constitution cusub iyo in Mali laga dhigo dal dimuqraadi ah oo nidaamka xisbiyada badan leh. Wixii markaas ka dambeeyay ilaa 2012, Mali waxay la kulantay koritaan dhaqaale iyo xorriyadaha madaniga ah oo kordhay, inkastoo tani ay bilaabay inay dib u dhacdo ka dib 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Priyanka |last=Shankar |title=Timeline: How Mali went from democracy beacon to instability |date=27 April 2026 |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/27/timeline-how-mali-went-from-democracy-beacon-to-instability }}</ref> Tan iyo madaxbannaanidii, waxaa jiray afar kacdoon oo ay ku lug lahaayeen dadka Tuareg-ka, kuwaas oo dhacay 1962 ilaa 1964, 1990 ilaa 1995, 2007 ilaa 2009, iyo tan iyo 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Pezard |last1=Stephanie |first2=Michael |last2=Shurkin |title=Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement |work=RAND Corporation |date=2015 |access-date=26 April 2026 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15zc57q }}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2012, iskahorimaad hubeysan ayaa ka qarxay waqooyiga Mali, kaas oo jabhadaha Tuareg-ka ay kula wareegeen dhul ku yaal waqooyiga, bishii Abriilna waxay ku dhawaaqeen goosashada dawlad cusub oo la yidhaahdo Azawad.<ref>Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728182302/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/07/world/africa/mali-rebels-proclaim-independent-state-in-north.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1333728086-ZXpwSz3KFqUnA4lteq4j4w |date=28 July 2020 }}, ''The New York Times''</ref> Iskahorimaadka waxaa sii murgiyay afgambi milatari bishii Maarso 2012<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html UN Security Council condemns Mali coup] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128100600/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9161930/UN-Security-council-condemns-Mali-coup.html |date=28 November 2020 }}. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013.</ref> iyo dagaalo dambe oo dhexmaray Tuareg iyo kooxaha kale ee mucaaradka ah. Si looga jawaabo dhulalka la qabsaday, milatariga Faransiisku wuxuu bilaabay Hawlgalkii Serval bishii Janaayo 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html |title=Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes |date=12 January 2013 |work=Le Monde |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020023450/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Bil ka dib, ciidamada Mali iyo kuwa Faransiiska waxay qayb ahaan dib u qabsadeen waqooyiga, inkastoo iskahorimaadku uu sii socday.<ref name="BTI-2026" /> Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne sannadkii 2013, laakiin eedaymo ku saabsan khiyaano intii lagu jiray doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 2020 waxay keentay dibad-baxyo ballaaran. Keïta waxaa xukunka looga tuuray afgambi uu hoggaaminayay Assimi Goïta, iasgoo isku dhisay inuu yahay taliyaha milatariga ee Mali ka dib afgambi kale oo dhacay 2021.<ref name="BTI-2026" /> Sannadkii 2025, dhammaan xisbiyada siyaasadda waa la kala diray waxaana Goïta la siiyay muddo madaxtooyo oo shan sanno ah, oo dib loo cusboonaysiin karo doorasho la'aan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewokor |first=Chris |date=4 July 2025 |title=Assimi Goïta: Mali military leader granted five-year term in power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qxnxxzde8o |access-date=17 August 2025 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Isbahaysiga JNIM ee xiriirka la leh Al-Qaacida ayaa cunaqabatayn shidaal ku soo rogay magaalooyinka waaweyn, taas oo keentay carqalad dhaqaale,<ref name="ISW-100925" /> sannadkii 2026-na waxay weerar wadajir ah la qaadeen gooni-goosadka Tuareg-ka.<ref name="AP-26042026" /> == Asalka magaca== Magaca ''Mali'' waxaa laga qaatay magaca Boqortooyadii Mali. Waxaa loola jeedaa "meesha uu boqorku ku nool yahay"<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|title=Discovering the Empire of Mali|last=Wolny|first=Philip|date=15 December 2013|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=9781477718896|page=7|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180418/https://books.google.com/books?id=u5HnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|url-status=live}}</ref> wuxuuna xambaarsan yahay macnaha xoogga.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn|url-access=registration|title=Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials|last1=Sasnett|first1=Martena Tenney|last2=Sepmeyer|first2=Inez Hopkins|date=1 January 1967|publisher=University of California Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/educationalsyste0000sasn/page/673 673]}}</ref> Socdaalihii reer Maghreb ee qarnigii afar iyo tobnaad Ibn Battuta wuxuu sheegay in caasimadda boqortooyada loogu yeeri jiray Mali.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|title=Historical Dictionary of Mali|last1=Imperato|first1=Pascal James|last2=Imperato|first2=Gavin H.|date=25 April 2008|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810864023|page=231|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=27 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827043448/https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Niane, Djibril (1965). ''Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali''.</ref> Mid ka mid ah hiddaha dadka Mandinka ayaa sheegaya in boqorkii ugu horreeyay ee halyeeyga ahaa Sundiata Keita uu isku beddelay jeer (hippopotamus) markii uu ku dhintay Webiga Sankarani iyo in ay suurtogal ahayd in deegaanka webigan laga helo tuulooyin loogu yeero "Mali-dii hore". Daraasad lagu sameeyay maahmaahyada reer Mali ayaa lagu ogaaday in Mali-dii hore ay ku taal tuulo la yidhaahdo Malikoma, oo macnaheedu yahay "Mali Cusub", iyo in ''Mali'' ay markii hore ahaan kartay magaca magaalo.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf|title=A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)|last=Aku Adjandeh|first=Evelyn|date=July 2014|publisher=University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies |page=100|access-date=19 March 2017|archive-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320054429/http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/123456789/8845/1/A%20Study%20of%20Proverbs%20in%20Things%20Fall%20Apart%20and%20Sundiata%3B%20An%20Epic%20of%20Old%20Mali%20(Sundiata)%20-%202014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Aragti kale ayaa soo jeedinaysa in ''Mali'' ay tahay dhawaaqa luqadda Fula ee magaca dadka Mande.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92|title=African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations|last=Graft-Johnson|first=John Coleman De|date=1 January 1986|publisher=Black Classic Press|isbn=9780933121034|page=92|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416180445/https://books.google.com/books?id=LY5Lmc-To7cC&pg=PA92|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle|url-access=registration|title=Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa|last=Fyle|first=C. Magbaily|date=1999|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=9780761814566|pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0001fyle/page/11 11]}}</ref> Waxaa la soo jeediyay in isbeddelka dhawaaqyadu uu keenay isbeddelka, halkaas oo luqadda Fula dhexdeeda qaybta alveolar-ka /nd/ ay u isbeddesho /l/ oo shaqalka ugu dambeeya uu lumiyo dhawaqa sanka isla markaana uu kordho, taas oo keentay in "Manden" uu u isbeddelo /mali/.<ref name=":0" /> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} d3m2s1gzu4z3tezcfouukukzgwegqsr Namibiya 0 3690 300586 277496 2026-07-01T15:01:13Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Namibia | common_name = Namibia | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha qaranka)''}} | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Namibië}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | de = {{lang|de|Republik Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, German|publisher=[[Government of Namibia]]|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009105727/https://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | naq = {{lang|naq|Republiki Namibiab dib}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | kj = {{lang|kj|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | hz = {{lang|hz|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016}} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | kwn = {{lang|kwn|Republika zaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | loz = {{lang|loz| Namibia ye Lukuluhile}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Namibia.svg | national_motto = "Midnimo, Xorriyo, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]" | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Location Namibia AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Windhoek]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|S|17|5|E|type:city_region:NA}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[English language|Ingiriisi]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Namibia - The World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2021 | access-date=2025-08-04 | website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] |[[German language in Namibia|Jarmal]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]] |[[Owambo language|Oshiwambo]] |[[Herero language|Otjiherero]] |[[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]] |[[Tswana language|Setswana]] |[[Lozi language|siLozi]] }} | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[ǃKung languages|ǃKung]] | [[Gciriku language|Gciriku]] | [[Mbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{ unbulleted list | 93.2% [[Demographics of Namibia|U dhashay Afrika]]{{efn-ua|Waxaa ku jira dhammaan kooxaha qowmiyadeed ee u dhashay Afrika}} | 3.6% [[Coloured people in Namibia|Midabka leh]] iyo [[Basters]] | 1.8% [[White Namibians|Caddaan]] | 1.4% [[Asian people|Aasiyaan]] / kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Census2023">{{cite web|url=https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf|title=Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency|access-date=2024-10-30|pages=90–91|archive-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110234059/https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf}}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 87.9% [[Christianity in Namibia|Masiixiyad]] ** 43.7% [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia|Luuteriyan]] ** 22.8% [[Catholic Church in Namibia|Kaatoolig]] ** 17.0% [[Diocese of Namibia|Anglikan]] ** 4.4% [[List of Christian denominations|Masiixiyiinta]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |10.5% kuwa kale |1.6% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]]}} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref name=":3">{{citation-attribution|{{cite web|title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Social Services (Namibia)|Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services]] and ICF International|date=September 2014|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|access-date=5 July 2021|pages=29–30|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618173209/https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|url-status=live}}}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Kaliya dadka da'doodu u dhaxayso 15 iyo 49 sanno ayaa la baadhay.}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Namibia|Reer Namibia]] | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan<ref name="Dual" />{{update inline|date=December 2025}} | leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Namibia|Madaxweyne Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Lucia Witbooi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Elijah Ngurare]] | leader_title4 = [[Deputy-Prime Minister of Namibia|Ra'iisul Wasaare Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name4 = Bannaan | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Namibia|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Peter Shivute]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|Golaha Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka qaadatay [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Dastuurka]] | established_date1 = 9 February 1990 | established_event2 = [[Namibian War of Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | established_date2 = 21 March 1990 | area_km2 = 825,615 | area_rank = 34aad | area_sq_mi = 318,696 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_census = {{increase neutral}} 3,022,401<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/namibia-population/|title=Namibia Population (2025)|website=Worldometer}}</ref><ref name="Census2023"/> | population_census_year = 2025 | population_census_rank = 136aad | population_density_km2 = 3.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 1.4 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.73 bilyan<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 145aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,370<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 117aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.21 bilyan<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,660<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 120aad | Gini = 59.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164913/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.665 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 136aad | currency = [[Namibian dollar]] <br /> (NAD) <br /> [[South African rand]] (ZAR) | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+264]] | cctld = [[.na]] | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Namibia''',{{efn-ua|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Namibia.ogg|n|ə|.|ˈ|m|ɪ|.|b|i|.|ə}},<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{respell|nə|MIH|bee|ə}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Namibia''', waa dal ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/namibia|title=Namibia|website=sahistory.org.za|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka galbeed, [[Angola]] iyo [[Zambia]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Botswana]] dhanka bari iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur; dhanka waqooyi-bari, marka loo dhowaado [[quadripoint|isgoyska afar-geesoodka ah]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.info-namibia.com/info/namibias-geography |title=Namibias Geography|website=info-namibia.com|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe]] waxay u jirtaa wax ka yar 200 oo mitir (660 cagood) oo raacda wabiga [[Zambezi]] u dhow [[Kazungula]], Zambia. Caasimadda Namibia iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Windhoek]]. Namibia waa dalka ugu qallalan gobolka [[sub-Saharan Africa|Afrikada ka hooseysa Saxaraha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past|author=Peter Shadbolt|publisher=CNN|date=24 October 2012|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220120821/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> waxaana tan iyo xilliyadii taariikhda ka horreysay deganaa [[Khoekhoe|Khoi]], [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]] iyo [[Nama people]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 14aad, [[immigration|soo-galooti]] [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga ah]] ayaa yimid qayb ka mid ah [[Bantu expansion|ballaarintii Bantu-ga]]. Labaadkii 1600 [[Owambo people#History|dadka Owambo]] waxay sameysteen boqortooyooyin, sida [[Ondonga]] iyo [[Oukwanyama]].<ref name="Frieda 1991">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Frieda-Nela |url=https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |title=Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 |publisher=National Archives of Namibia |year=1991 |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1884, [[German Empire|Boqortooyadii Jarmalka]] ayaa aasaastay maamul ku saabsan inta badan dhulkaas, iyadoo samaysay gumeysi loo yaqaanno [[German South West Africa|Koonfur-galbeed Afrika ee Jarmalka]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1904-08, ciidamada Jarmalka waxay qaadeen olole ciqaab ah oo ka dhan ah [[Herero people|dadka Herero]] iyo Nama kaas oo isu beddelay [[Herero and Nama genocide|Xasuuqii ugu horreeyay]] ee qarnigii 20aad. Maamulkii Jarmalka wuxuu dhammaaday xilligii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka ka dib markii sannadkii 1915 ay jabiyeen ciidamada [[Union of South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Sannadkii 2021, dibloomaasiyiin Jarmal iyo Namibian ah ayaa abuuray "heshiis dib-u-heshiisiin" oo lagu qirayo xadgudubyadii xilligii gumeysiga Jarmalka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Thomas |date=2023-03-09 |title=The Long Shadow of German Colonialism |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/03/09/the-long-shadow-of-german-colonialism-thomas-rogers/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=70 |issue=4 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Sannadkii 1920 [[League of Nations|Ururkii Qaramada]] ayaa maamulka gumeysiga u [[League of Nations mandate|wakiishay]] Koonfur Afrika. [[National Party (South Africa)|Xisbiga Qaranka]], oo loo doortay awoodda sannadkii 1948 gudaha Koonfur Afrika, wuxuu nidaamka [[apartheid|midab-kala-sooca]] ku dabaqay dhulkii markaas loo yaqaannay [[South West Africa|Koonfur-galbeed Afrika]]. Kacdoonno iyo dalabaadyo ku saabsan matalaad siyaasadeed ayaa keenay in [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] ay si toos ah ula wareegto mas'uuliyadda dhulkaas sannadkii 1966, laakiin Koonfur Afrika waxay sii haysatay maamulka {{lang|la|de facto}} ilaa 1973. Sannadkaas Qaramada Midoobay waxay u aqoonsatay ''South West Africa People's Organisation'', [[SWAPO]], inuu yahay matalaha rasmiga ah ee dadka Namibia. Namibia waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay Koonfur Afrika bishii Maarso 1990, ka dib [[South African Border War|Dagaalkii Xudduudaha Koonfur Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Walvis Bay]] iyo [[Penguin Islands]] waxay ku sii jireen gacanta Koonfur Afrika ilaa 1994. Namibia waa [[parliamentary democracy|demoqraadiyad baarlamani ah]]. Beeraha, [[Tourism in Namibia|dalxiiska]] iyo [[Mining in Namibia|wersshadaha macdanta]] – oo ay ku jiraan soo saarista dheemanka, [[Uranium mining|yuuraaniyamka]], [[Gold mining|dahabka]], [[Silver mining|lacagta]] iyo [[base metal|macatidda kale]] – waxay aasaas u yihiin [[Economy of Namibia|dhaqaalaheeda]], halka qaybta wersshadaha wax-soo-saarka ay tahay mid yar marka loo barbardhigo. In kasta oo uu jiro kor u kac weyn oo xagga [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]-ga ah tan iyo markii ay madaxbannaanida heshay,<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA|access-date=3 April 2024|website=World Bank Open Data|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153207/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poverty in Namibia|saboolnimada]] iyo [[Wealth inequality|sinnaan la'aanta hantida]] ayay weli yihiin kuwo muuqda. 41% dadka waxaa saameeyay [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|saboolnimo dhinacyo badan leh]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|year=2023|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf|access-date=3 April 2024|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313135944/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> in ka badan 400,000 oo qofna waxay ku nool yihiin [[informal housing|guryo ku-meel-gaar ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=Namibia's ghetto life: Half million live in shacks countrywide – The Namibian|work=The Namibian |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312183127/https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide}}</ref> [[Income disparity|Farqiga dakhliga]] waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka iyada oo uu jiro [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] oo ahaa 59 sannadkii 2015.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=3 April 2024|website=World Bank Open Data|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153208/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaadhaya 3.1 milyan oo qof, Namibia waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu [[List of countries and territories by population density|dadka yar marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka]] adduunka. Tan iyo dhammaadkii [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]], waxay soo jiidatay soo-galooti caan ah oo ka yimid Jarmalka, Angola, iyo Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration to Namibia 1990-2017 |url=https://worldmapper.org/maps/migration-to-namibia-1990-2017/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Worldmapper |language=en}}</ref> Namibia waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]] iyo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Barwaaqosooranka]. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} n6kp9k9c5mf1bxvusjmwx2t01iau3ze 300587 300586 2026-07-01T15:02:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Namibia | common_name = Namibia | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha qaranka)''}} | af = {{lang|af|Republiek van Namibië}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Afrikaans|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105003/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Afrikaans.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | de = {{lang|de|Republik Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, German|publisher=[[Government of Namibia]]|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-date=9 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009105727/https://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_German.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | naq = {{lang|naq|Republiki Namibiab dib}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Khoekhoegowab|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104943/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Nama.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | kj = {{lang|kj|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Oshiwambo|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301124906/http://baslerafrika.ch/wp-content/uploads/Neuerwerbungsliste-2013.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2016}}</ref> | hz = {{lang|hz|Orepublika yaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Herero.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Otjiherero|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016}} {{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | kwn = {{lang|kwn|Republika zaNamibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Rukwangali|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104955/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Rukwangali.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | tn = {{lang|tn|Rephaboliki ya Namibia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Setswana|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225105008/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Setswana.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> | loz = {{lang|loz| Namibia ye Lukuluhile}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf|title=Communal Land Reform Act, Lozi|publisher=Government of Namibia|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225104949/http://209.88.21.36/opencms/export/sites/default/grnnet/MLRR/DocArchive/Land-Reform/Communal_Land_Reform_Act_Lozi.pdf|archive-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Namibia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Namibia.svg | national_motto = "Midnimo, Xorriyo, Caddaalad" | national_anthem = "[[Namibia, Land of the Brave]]" | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Windhoek]] | coordinates = {{Coord|22|34|S|17|5|E|type:city_region:NA}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = [[English language|Ingiriisi]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Namibia - The World Factbook | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110010829/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2021 | access-date=2025-08-04 | website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> | national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Afrikaans]] |[[German language in Namibia|Jarmal]] |[[Khoekhoe language|Khoekhoegowab]] |[[Owambo language|Oshiwambo]] |[[Herero language|Otjiherero]] |[[Kwangali language|RuKwangali]] |[[Tswana language|Setswana]] |[[Lozi language|siLozi]] }} | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list | [[ǃKung languages|ǃKung]] | [[Gciriku language|Gciriku]] | [[Mbukushu language|Thimbukushu]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{ unbulleted list | 93.2% [[Demographics of Namibia|U dhashay Afrika]]{{efn-ua|Waxaa ku jira dhammaan kooxaha qowmiyadeed ee u dhashay Afrika}} | 3.6% [[Coloured people in Namibia|Midabka leh]] iyo [[Basters]] | 1.8% [[White Namibians|Caddaan]] | 1.4% [[Asian people|Aasiyaan]] / kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2023 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="Census2023">{{cite web|url=https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf|title=Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report|publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency|access-date=2024-10-30|pages=90–91|archive-date=10 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110234059/https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf}}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} * 87.9% [[Christianity in Namibia|Masiixiyad]] ** 43.7% [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia|Luuteriyan]] ** 22.8% [[Catholic Church in Namibia|Kaatoolig]] ** 17.0% [[Diocese of Namibia|Anglikan]] ** 4.4% [[List of Christian denominations|Masiixiyiinta]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |10.5% kuwa kale |1.6% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]]}} | religion_year = 2023 | religion_ref = <ref name=":3">{{citation-attribution|{{cite web|title=Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Social Services (Namibia)|Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services]] and ICF International|date=September 2014|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|access-date=5 July 2021|pages=29–30|archive-date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618173209/https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf|url-status=live}}}}</ref>{{efn-ua|Kaliya dadka da'doodu u dhaxayso 15 iyo 49 sanno ayaa la baadhay.}} | demonym = [[Demographics of Namibia|Reer Namibia]] | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan<ref name="Dual" />{{update inline|date=December 2025}} | leader_title1 = [[President of Namibia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Namibia|Madaxweyne Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Lucia Witbooi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Namibia|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Elijah Ngurare]] | leader_title4 = [[Deputy-Prime Minister of Namibia|Ra'iisul Wasaare Ku-xigeen]] | leader_name4 = Bannaan | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Namibia|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name5 = [[Peter Shivute]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Namibia|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[National Council (Namibia)|Golaha Qaranka]] | lower_house = [[National Assembly (Namibia)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka qaadatay [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] | established_event1 = [[Constitution of Namibia|Dastuurka]] | established_date1 = 9 February 1990 | established_event2 = [[Namibian War of Independence|Madaxbannaanida]] | established_date2 = 21 March 1990 | area_km2 = 825,615 | area_rank = 34aad | area_sq_mi = 318,696 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_census = {{increase neutral}} 3,022,401<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/namibia-population/|title=Namibia Population (2025)|website=Worldometer}}</ref><ref name="Census2023"/> | population_census_year = 2025 | population_census_rank = 136aad | population_density_km2 = 3.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 1.4 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $37.73 bilyan<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 145aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $12,370<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 117aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $14.21 bilyan<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,660<ref name="auto1"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 120aad | Gini = 59.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA|title=GINI index (World Bank estimate)|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164913/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=NA|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.665 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 136aad | currency = [[Namibian dollar]] <br /> (NAD) <br /> [[South African rand]] (ZAR) | time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] | utc_offset = +2 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[+264]] | cctld = [[.na]] | footnote_a = | today = }} '''Namibia''',{{efn-ua|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Namibia.ogg|n|ə|.|ˈ|m|ɪ|.|b|i|.|ə}},<ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Roach|first=Peter|year=2011|title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary|edition=18th|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-15253-2}}</ref> {{respell|nə|MIH|bee|ə}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Namibia''', waa dal ku yaal [[Southern Africa|Koonfurta Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/namibia|title=Namibia|website=sahistory.org.za|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Atlantic Ocean|Badweynta Atlaantigga]] dhanka galbeed, [[Angola]] iyo [[Zambia]] dhanka waqooyi, [[Botswana]] dhanka bari iyo [[South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]] dhanka koonfur; dhanka waqooyi-bari, marka loo dhowaado [[quadripoint|isgoyska afar-geesoodka ah]],<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.info-namibia.com/info/namibias-geography |title=Namibias Geography|website=info-namibia.com|date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe]] waxay u jirtaa wax ka yar 200 oo mitir (660 cagood) oo raacda wabiga [[Zambezi]] u dhow [[Kazungula]], Zambia. Caasimadda Namibia iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Windhoek]]. Namibia waa dalka ugu qallalan gobolka [[sub-Saharan Africa|Afrikada ka hooseysa Saxaraha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|title=Namibia country profile: moving on from a difficult past|author=Peter Shadbolt|publisher=CNN|date=24 October 2012|access-date=3 June 2018|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220120821/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/10/23/world/africa/namibia-eye-on-country-profile/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> waxaana tan iyo xilliyadii taariikhda ka horreysay deganaa [[Khoekhoe|Khoi]], [[San people|San]], [[Damara people|Damara]] iyo [[Nama people]]. Qiyaastii qarnigii 14aad, [[immigration|soo-galooti]] [[Bantu peoples|dadka Bantu-ga ah]] ayaa yimid qayb ka mid ah [[Bantu expansion|ballaarintii Bantu-ga]]. Labaadkii 1600 [[Owambo people#History|dadka Owambo]] waxay sameysteen boqortooyooyin, sida [[Ondonga]] iyo [[Oukwanyama]].<ref name="Frieda 1991">{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Frieda-Nela |url=https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |title=Precolonial Communities of Southwestern Africa: A history of Owambo Kingdoms 1600-1920 |publisher=National Archives of Namibia |year=1991 |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307225349/https://www.namibiadigitalrepository.com/files/original/e98ba4fc1c8f59083fee9dc64a32083e.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1884, [[German Empire|Boqortooyadii Jarmalka]] ayaa aasaastay maamul ku saabsan inta badan dhulkaas, iyadoo samaysay gumeysi loo yaqaanno [[German South West Africa|Koonfur-galbeed Afrika ee Jarmalka]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1904-08, ciidamada Jarmalka waxay qaadeen olole ciqaab ah oo ka dhan ah [[Herero people|dadka Herero]] iyo Nama kaas oo isu beddelay [[Herero and Nama genocide|Xasuuqii ugu horreeyay]] ee qarnigii 20aad. Maamulkii Jarmalka wuxuu dhammaaday xilligii Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka ka dib markii sannadkii 1915 ay jabiyeen ciidamada [[Union of South Africa|Koonfur Afrika]]. Sannadkii 2021, dibloomaasiyiin Jarmal iyo Namibian ah ayaa abuuray "heshiis dib-u-heshiisiin" oo lagu qirayo xadgudubyadii xilligii gumeysiga Jarmalka.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Thomas |date=2023-03-09 |title=The Long Shadow of German Colonialism |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2023/03/09/the-long-shadow-of-german-colonialism-thomas-rogers/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |work=The New York Review of Books |language=en |volume=70 |issue=4 |issn=0028-7504}}</ref> Sannadkii 1920 [[League of Nations|Ururkii Qaramada]] ayaa maamulka gumeysiga u [[League of Nations mandate|wakiishay]] Koonfur Afrika. [[National Party (South Africa)|Xisbiga Qaranka]], oo loo doortay awoodda sannadkii 1948 gudaha Koonfur Afrika, wuxuu nidaamka [[apartheid|midab-kala-sooca]] ku dabaqay dhulkii markaas loo yaqaannay [[South West Africa|Koonfur-galbeed Afrika]]. Kacdoonno iyo dalabaadyo ku saabsan matalaad siyaasadeed ayaa keenay in [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] ay si toos ah ula wareegto mas'uuliyadda dhulkaas sannadkii 1966, laakiin Koonfur Afrika waxay sii haysatay maamulka {{lang|la|de facto}} ilaa 1973. Sannadkaas Qaramada Midoobay waxay u aqoonsatay ''South West Africa People's Organisation'', [[SWAPO]], inuu yahay matalaha rasmiga ah ee dadka Namibia. Namibia waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay Koonfur Afrika bishii Maarso 1990, ka dib [[South African Border War|Dagaalkii Xudduudaha Koonfur Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, [[Walvis Bay]] iyo [[Penguin Islands]] waxay ku sii jireen gacanta Koonfur Afrika ilaa 1994. Namibia waa [[parliamentary democracy|demoqraadiyad baarlamani ah]]. Beeraha, [[Tourism in Namibia|dalxiiska]] iyo [[Mining in Namibia|wersshadaha macdanta]] – oo ay ku jiraan soo saarista dheemanka, [[Uranium mining|yuuraaniyamka]], [[Gold mining|dahabka]], [[Silver mining|lacagta]] iyo [[base metal|macatidda kale]] – waxay aasaas u yihiin [[Economy of Namibia|dhaqaalaheeda]], halka qaybta wersshadaha wax-soo-saarka ay tahay mid yar marka loo barbardhigo. In kasta oo uu jiro kor u kac weyn oo xagga [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]-ga ah tan iyo markii ay madaxbannaanida heshay,<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA|access-date=3 April 2024|website=World Bank Open Data|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153207/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=NA|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poverty in Namibia|saboolnimada]] iyo [[Wealth inequality|sinnaan la'aanta hantida]] ayay weli yihiin kuwo muuqda. 41% dadka waxaa saameeyay [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|saboolnimo dhinacyo badan leh]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|year=2023|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf|access-date=3 April 2024|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313135944/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/NAM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> in ka badan 400,000 oo qofna waxay ku nool yihiin [[informal housing|guryo ku-meel-gaar ah]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 March 2021|title=Namibia's ghetto life: Half million live in shacks countrywide – The Namibian|work=The Namibian |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide|access-date=3 April 2024|archive-date=12 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312183127/https://www.namibian.com.na/203451/archive-read/Namibias-ghetto-life-Half-million-live-in-shacks-countrywide}}</ref> [[Income disparity|Farqiga dakhliga]] waa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu sarreeya adduunka iyada oo uu jiro [[Gini coefficient|koofishanka Gini]] oo ahaa 59 sannadkii 2015.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=World Bank Open Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true|access-date=3 April 2024|website=World Bank Open Data|archive-date=3 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403153208/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=1W-NA&most_recent_value_desc=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaadhaya 3.1 milyan oo qof, Namibia waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu [[List of countries and territories by population density|dadka yar marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka]] adduunka. Tan iyo dhammaadkii [[Cold War|Dagaalkii Qaboobaa]], waxay soo jiidatay soo-galooti caan ah oo ka yimid Jarmalka, Angola, iyo Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migration to Namibia 1990-2017 |url=https://worldmapper.org/maps/migration-to-namibia-1990-2017/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Worldmapper |language=en}}</ref> Namibia waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]] iyo Barwaaqosooranka. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} sszcbxar17fp5un7pv2a9gc3r42fbgr Nayjar 0 3711 300588 263130 2026-07-01T15:05:04Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Niger | native_name = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_alt = Saddex midab oo jiifa (oranji, caddaan, cagaar) oo leh goobo oranji ah bartamaha | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Niger (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Location Niger AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = ''Fraternité, Travail, Progrès'' ([[French language|Faransiis]])<br>"Walaalnimo, Shaqo, Horumar" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Sharafka Dhulka Hooyo"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:THE HONOR OF THE FATHERLAND.ogg|Niger National Anthem The Honor of the Fatherland midi]]}}</div><hr/> | official_languages = [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]]<ref name=hausal/> | languages_type = [[National language|Luqadaha qaranka]]<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{flatlist| * [[Arabic|Carabi]] * [[Buduma language|Buduma]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]] * [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] * [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] * [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] * [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] * [[Tebu languages|Tebu]] * [[Zarma language|Zarma]] }} | religion_ref = <ref name="census"/> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islaam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity in Niger|Masiixiyad]] * 0.2% [[Animism|Anamiyad]] * 0.1% [[irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | demonym = Reer Niger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|30|49|N|2|06|32|E|type:city_region:NE}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada [[military junta|gole ciidan]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Niger|Madaxweyne]] iyo [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Niger|Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name2 = [[Salifou Modi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Niger|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Lamine Zeine]] | legislature = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | area_rank = 21aad | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 26,342,784<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 56aad | population_density_km2 = 21 | population_density_sq_mi = 54. | population_density_rank = 204aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.040 bilyan<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 128th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,100<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 176aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.870 bilyan<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 123rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $751<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 181aad | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[France|Faransiiska]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | established_event3 = [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|Inqilaabkii 2023]] | established_date3 = 26 July 2023 | established_event4 = Axdiga kumeelgaadhka ah ee 2025 | established_date4 = 26 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamane |first1=Dalatou |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 32.9<!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.419 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = [[West African CFA franc|Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web|title=Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=cia.gov|access-date=1 May 2021|date=27 April 2021|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2006 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] iyo [[Songhaiborai|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Carab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger#Ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] }} }} '''Niger''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər|,_|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} {{respell|nee|ZHAIR|,_|NY|jər}},<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.'' 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> {{IPA|fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}; {{langx|ha|Nijar}}; {{langx|ar|النيجر}}; {{langx|ff|Niiser}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Niger''',{{efn|{{langx|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}; {{langx|fr|République du Niger}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waa [[unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo ay xuduud la leedahay [[Libya]] dhanka [[Libya–Niger border|waqooyi-bari]], [[Chad]] dhanka [[Chad–Niger border|bari]], [[Nigeria]] dhanka [[Niger–Nigeria border|koonfur]], [[Benin]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Benin-Niger border|koonfur-galbeed]], [[Mali]] dhanka [[Mali–Niger border|galbeed]], iyo [[Algeria]] dhanka [[Algeria–Niger border|waqooyi-galbeed]]. Waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhul oo dhowr ah {{convert|1.27|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}, taas oo ka dhigaysa dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, dalka ugu weyn ee bad xidhan Galbeedka Afrika iyo dalka labaad ee ugu weyn ee bad xidhan guud ahaan Afrika marka laga reebo Chad. In ka badan 80% baaxadda dhulkeeda waxay ku taal [[Sahara|Saxaraha]]. Dadkeeda [[Islam in Niger|u badan masiixiyiinta/Muslimiinta]] oo qiyaastii ah {{million|{{UN_Population|Niger}}}}{{UN_Population|ref}} waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku nool koox-koox dhanka koonfurta iyo galbeedka dalka. Caasimadda, [[Niamey]], waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-galbeed ee Niger iyada oo raacda wabiga magaca la wadaaga ee [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]]. Ka dib fiditaankii Islaamka ee gobolka, Niger waxay ku taallay hareeraha qaar ka mid ah dawladaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Boqortooyadii Kanem-Bornu]] iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyadii Mali]] ka hor inta aan qaybo muhiim ah oo dhulkeeda ka mid ah lagu darin dawladaha u dambeeyay sida [[Sultanate of Agadez|Saldanaddii Agadez]] iyo [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]]. Waxaa gumeystay Faransiiska intii uu socday [[Scramble for Africa|U-tartankii Afrika]] qayb ka mid ah [[French West Africa|Afrikada Galbeed ee Faransiiska]], waxayna noqotay [[Colony of Niger|gumeysi gooni ah]] sannadkii 1922. Tan iyo markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1960, Niger waxay la kulantay shan inqilaab iyo afar xilli oo [[military dictatorship|maamul ciidan]] ah. Dastuurka toddobaad iyo kan ugu dambeeyay ee Niger waxaa la meelmariyay sannadkii 2010, iyadoo la aasaasay nidaam xisbiyo badan leh, midaysan oo badh-madaxtooyo ah. Ka dib [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|inqilaabkii u dambeeyay ee 2023]], dalka waxaa xukumayay [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]], oo ah gole ciidan. [[Hausa people|Hausa]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn dalka, iyagoo ka dhigan wax ka badan kala badh dadka dalka. [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka iyo tan ugu hadalka badan; toban luqadood oo maxalli ah ayaa haysta heerka [[national language|luqadda qaranka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Cabirka Saboolnimada Dhinacyada Badan (MPI) ee sannadkii 2023, Niger waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan adduunka.<ref>{{Cite report|author=United Nations|date=2023-07-11|title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|language=en|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713210119/https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybo ka mid ah dalka oo aan saxare ahayn ayaa la kulma abaaro xilliyeed iyo [[desertification|caro-guur/saxaroobid]]. [[Economy of Niger|Dhaqaaluhu]] wuxuu ku urursan yahay [[subsistence agriculture|beeralayda masruufka ah]], iyada oo ay jirto xoogaa beero dhoofin ah dhanka koonfurta oo aan aad u qallalayn, iyo dhoofinta [[raw material|alaabta ceeriin]], oo ay ku jirto [[uranium ore|macdanta yuuraaniyamka]]. Waxay wajahdaa caqabado xagga horumarka ah sababo la xiriira booskeeda bad xidhan, dhulka saxaraha ah, [[literacy rate|heerka akhris-qorista]] oo hooseeya, [[jihadist insurgency in Niger|kacdoonnada jihaadiga ah]], iyo [[fertility rate|heerka dhalmada]] oo sarreeya sababo la xiriira qorshaynta qoyska oo aan la isticmaalin iyo ka dhalashada [[population growth|koritaanka dadka]] oo degdeg ah.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== Magacu wuxuu ka yimid [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]] oo dhex mara galbeedka dalka. Asalka magaca wabiga lama hubo. Juqraafi-yaqaan reer Alexandria ah [[Ptolemy]] ayaa qoray sharraxaado ku saabsan [[wadi|tooga]] ''{{Lang|grc|Gir}}'' (ee ku dhow [[Algeria]]-da casriga ah) iyo {{Lang|grc|Ni-Gir}} {{Gloss|Gir-ta Hoose}} ee dhanka koonfurta, laga yaabaaba inuu u jeeday Wabiga Niger.<ref name="jeffreys"/> Qoraalka casriga ah ee ''Niger'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay aqoon-yahan [[Berber people|Berber]] ah [[Leo Africanus]] sannadkii 1550,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Niger|volume=19|page=676|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana}}</ref> iyadoo laga yaabo inay ka tihiin odhaahda [[Tuareg language|Tuareg-ta]] ee ah {{Lang|tmh|(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn}} oo macneheedu si toos ah u yahay {{Gloss|wabigii wabiyada}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |author-link=John Hunwick |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |orig-date=1999 |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-11207-0 |page=275 Fn 22}}</ref> Waxaa jira isku-raac ballaran oo ka dhex jira khubarada luqadda in aanu ka soo jeedin ereyga Laatiinka ah ee {{Lang|la|niger}} {{Gloss|madow}} sidii markii ugu horreysay si khaldan loo aaminsanaa.<ref name="jeffreys">{{cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Mervyn David Waldegrave|title=Niger: Origins of the Word|journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines|date=1964|volume=4|issue=15|pages=443–451|doi=10.3406/cea.1964.3019|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811194204/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|url-status=live|issn = 0008-0055}}</ref> Ku dhawaaqista rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga waa {{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər}}, halka qaar ka mid ah warbaahinta ku hadasha Ingiriisiga {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} sidoo kale loo isticmaalo. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} h02phefzsluy6tr5iphdv41zbfxfiod 300589 300588 2026-07-01T15:05:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Niger | native_name = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_alt = Saddex midab oo jiifa (oranji, caddaan, cagaar) oo leh goobo oranji ah bartamaha | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Niger (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = ''Fraternité, Travail, Progrès'' ([[French language|Faransiis]])<br>"Walaalnimo, Shaqo, Horumar" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Sharafka Dhulka Hooyo"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:THE HONOR OF THE FATHERLAND.ogg|Niger National Anthem The Honor of the Fatherland midi]]}}</div><hr/> | official_languages = [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]]<ref name=hausal/> | languages_type = [[National language|Luqadaha qaranka]]<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{flatlist| * [[Arabic|Carabi]] * [[Buduma language|Buduma]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]] * [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] * [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] * [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] * [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] * [[Tebu languages|Tebu]] * [[Zarma language|Zarma]] }} | religion_ref = <ref name="census"/> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islaam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity in Niger|Masiixiyad]] * 0.2% [[Animism|Anamiyad]] * 0.1% [[irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | demonym = Reer Niger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|30|49|N|2|06|32|E|type:city_region:NE}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada [[military junta|gole ciidan]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Niger|Madaxweyne]] iyo [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Niger|Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name2 = [[Salifou Modi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Niger|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Lamine Zeine]] | legislature = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | area_rank = 21aad | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 26,342,784<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 56aad | population_density_km2 = 21 | population_density_sq_mi = 54. | population_density_rank = 204aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.040 bilyan<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 128th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,100<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 176aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.870 bilyan<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 123rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $751<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 181aad | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[France|Faransiiska]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | established_event3 = [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|Inqilaabkii 2023]] | established_date3 = 26 July 2023 | established_event4 = Axdiga kumeelgaadhka ah ee 2025 | established_date4 = 26 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamane |first1=Dalatou |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 32.9<!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.419 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = [[West African CFA franc|Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web|title=Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=cia.gov|access-date=1 May 2021|date=27 April 2021|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2006 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] iyo [[Songhaiborai|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Carab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger#Ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] }} }} '''Niger''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər|,_|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} {{respell|nee|ZHAIR|,_|NY|jər}},<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.'' 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> {{IPA|fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}; {{langx|ha|Nijar}}; {{langx|ar|النيجر}}; {{langx|ff|Niiser}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Niger''',{{efn|{{langx|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}; {{langx|fr|République du Niger}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waa [[unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo ay xuduud la leedahay [[Libya]] dhanka [[Libya–Niger border|waqooyi-bari]], [[Chad]] dhanka [[Chad–Niger border|bari]], [[Nigeria]] dhanka [[Niger–Nigeria border|koonfur]], [[Benin]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Benin-Niger border|koonfur-galbeed]], [[Mali]] dhanka [[Mali–Niger border|galbeed]], iyo [[Algeria]] dhanka [[Algeria–Niger border|waqooyi-galbeed]]. Waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhul oo dhowr ah {{convert|1.27|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}, taas oo ka dhigaysa dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, dalka ugu weyn ee bad xidhan Galbeedka Afrika iyo dalka labaad ee ugu weyn ee bad xidhan guud ahaan Afrika marka laga reebo Chad. In ka badan 80% baaxadda dhulkeeda waxay ku taal [[Sahara|Saxaraha]]. Dadkeeda [[Islam in Niger|u badan masiixiyiinta/Muslimiinta]] oo qiyaastii ah {{million|{{UN_Population|Niger}}}}{{UN_Population|ref}} waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku nool koox-koox dhanka koonfurta iyo galbeedka dalka. Caasimadda, [[Niamey]], waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-galbeed ee Niger iyada oo raacda wabiga magaca la wadaaga ee [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]]. Ka dib fiditaankii Islaamka ee gobolka, Niger waxay ku taallay hareeraha qaar ka mid ah dawladaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Boqortooyadii Kanem-Bornu]] iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyadii Mali]] ka hor inta aan qaybo muhiim ah oo dhulkeeda ka mid ah lagu darin dawladaha u dambeeyay sida [[Sultanate of Agadez|Saldanaddii Agadez]] iyo [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]]. Waxaa gumeystay Faransiiska intii uu socday [[Scramble for Africa|U-tartankii Afrika]] qayb ka mid ah [[French West Africa|Afrikada Galbeed ee Faransiiska]], waxayna noqotay [[Colony of Niger|gumeysi gooni ah]] sannadkii 1922. Tan iyo markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1960, Niger waxay la kulantay shan inqilaab iyo afar xilli oo [[military dictatorship|maamul ciidan]] ah. Dastuurka toddobaad iyo kan ugu dambeeyay ee Niger waxaa la meelmariyay sannadkii 2010, iyadoo la aasaasay nidaam xisbiyo badan leh, midaysan oo badh-madaxtooyo ah. Ka dib [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|inqilaabkii u dambeeyay ee 2023]], dalka waxaa xukumayay [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]], oo ah gole ciidan. [[Hausa people|Hausa]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn dalka, iyagoo ka dhigan wax ka badan kala badh dadka dalka. [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka iyo tan ugu hadalka badan; toban luqadood oo maxalli ah ayaa haysta heerka [[national language|luqadda qaranka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Cabirka Saboolnimada Dhinacyada Badan (MPI) ee sannadkii 2023, Niger waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan adduunka.<ref>{{Cite report|author=United Nations|date=2023-07-11|title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|language=en|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713210119/https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybo ka mid ah dalka oo aan saxare ahayn ayaa la kulma abaaro xilliyeed iyo [[desertification|caro-guur/saxaroobid]]. [[Economy of Niger|Dhaqaaluhu]] wuxuu ku urursan yahay [[subsistence agriculture|beeralayda masruufka ah]], iyada oo ay jirto xoogaa beero dhoofin ah dhanka koonfurta oo aan aad u qallalayn, iyo dhoofinta [[raw material|alaabta ceeriin]], oo ay ku jirto [[uranium ore|macdanta yuuraaniyamka]]. Waxay wajahdaa caqabado xagga horumarka ah sababo la xiriira booskeeda bad xidhan, dhulka saxaraha ah, [[literacy rate|heerka akhris-qorista]] oo hooseeya, [[jihadist insurgency in Niger|kacdoonnada jihaadiga ah]], iyo [[fertility rate|heerka dhalmada]] oo sarreeya sababo la xiriira qorshaynta qoyska oo aan la isticmaalin iyo ka dhalashada [[population growth|koritaanka dadka]] oo degdeg ah.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== Magacu wuxuu ka yimid [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]] oo dhex mara galbeedka dalka. Asalka magaca wabiga lama hubo. Juqraafi-yaqaan reer Alexandria ah [[Ptolemy]] ayaa qoray sharraxaado ku saabsan [[wadi|tooga]] ''{{Lang|grc|Gir}}'' (ee ku dhow [[Algeria]]-da casriga ah) iyo {{Lang|grc|Ni-Gir}} {{Gloss|Gir-ta Hoose}} ee dhanka koonfurta, laga yaabaaba inuu u jeeday Wabiga Niger.<ref name="jeffreys"/> Qoraalka casriga ah ee ''Niger'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay aqoon-yahan [[Berber people|Berber]] ah [[Leo Africanus]] sannadkii 1550,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Niger|volume=19|page=676|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana}}</ref> iyadoo laga yaabo inay ka tihiin odhaahda [[Tuareg language|Tuareg-ta]] ee ah {{Lang|tmh|(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn}} oo macneheedu si toos ah u yahay {{Gloss|wabigii wabiyada}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |author-link=John Hunwick |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |orig-date=1999 |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-11207-0 |page=275 Fn 22}}</ref> Waxaa jira isku-raac ballaran oo ka dhex jira khubarada luqadda in aanu ka soo jeedin ereyga Laatiinka ah ee {{Lang|la|niger}} {{Gloss|madow}} sidii markii ugu horreysay si khaldan loo aaminsanaa.<ref name="jeffreys">{{cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Mervyn David Waldegrave|title=Niger: Origins of the Word|journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines|date=1964|volume=4|issue=15|pages=443–451|doi=10.3406/cea.1964.3019|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811194204/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|url-status=live|issn = 0008-0055}}</ref> Ku dhawaaqista rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga waa {{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər}}, halka qaar ka mid ah warbaahinta ku hadasha Ingiriisiga {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} sidoo kale loo isticmaalo. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} s03s0vg9f0zinra4ff7cnvou2lky9io 300590 300589 2026-07-01T15:05:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Niger | native_name = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_alt = Saddex midab oo jiifa (oranji, caddaan, cagaar) oo leh goobo oranji ah bartamaha | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Niger (orthographic projection).svg|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = ''Fraternité, Travail, Progrès'' ([[French language|Faransiis]])<br>"Walaalnimo, Shaqo, Horumar" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Sharafka Dhulka Hooyo"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:THE HONOR OF THE FATHERLAND.ogg|Niger National Anthem The Honor of the Fatherland midi]]}}</div><hr/> | official_languages = [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]]<ref name=hausal/> | languages_type = [[National language|Luqadaha qaranka]]<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{flatlist| * [[Arabic|Carabi]] * [[Buduma language|Buduma]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]] * [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] * [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] * [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] * [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] * [[Tebu languages|Tebu]] * [[Zarma language|Zarma]] }} | religion_ref = <ref name="census"/> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islaam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity in Niger|Masiixiyad]] * 0.2% [[Animism|Anamiyad]] * 0.1% [[irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | demonym = Reer Niger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|30|49|N|2|06|32|E|type:city_region:NE}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada [[military junta|gole ciidan]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Niger|Madaxweyne]] iyo [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Niger|Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name2 = [[Salifou Modi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Niger|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Lamine Zeine]] | legislature = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | area_rank = 21aad | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 26,342,784<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 56aad | population_density_km2 = 21 | population_density_sq_mi = 54. | population_density_rank = 204aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.040 bilyan<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 128th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,100<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 176aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.870 bilyan<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 123rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $751<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 181aad | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[France|Faransiiska]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | established_event3 = [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|Inqilaabkii 2023]] | established_date3 = 26 July 2023 | established_event4 = Axdiga kumeelgaadhka ah ee 2025 | established_date4 = 26 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamane |first1=Dalatou |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 32.9<!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.419 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = [[West African CFA franc|Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web|title=Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=cia.gov|access-date=1 May 2021|date=27 April 2021|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2006 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] iyo [[Songhaiborai|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Carab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger#Ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] }} }} '''Niger''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər|,_|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} {{respell|nee|ZHAIR|,_|NY|jər}},<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.'' 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> {{IPA|fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}; {{langx|ha|Nijar}}; {{langx|ar|النيجر}}; {{langx|ff|Niiser}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Niger''',{{efn|{{langx|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}; {{langx|fr|République du Niger}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waa [[unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo ay xuduud la leedahay [[Libya]] dhanka [[Libya–Niger border|waqooyi-bari]], [[Chad]] dhanka [[Chad–Niger border|bari]], [[Nigeria]] dhanka [[Niger–Nigeria border|koonfur]], [[Benin]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Benin-Niger border|koonfur-galbeed]], [[Mali]] dhanka [[Mali–Niger border|galbeed]], iyo [[Algeria]] dhanka [[Algeria–Niger border|waqooyi-galbeed]]. Waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhul oo dhowr ah {{convert|1.27|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}, taas oo ka dhigaysa dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, dalka ugu weyn ee bad xidhan Galbeedka Afrika iyo dalka labaad ee ugu weyn ee bad xidhan guud ahaan Afrika marka laga reebo Chad. In ka badan 80% baaxadda dhulkeeda waxay ku taal [[Sahara|Saxaraha]]. Dadkeeda [[Islam in Niger|u badan masiixiyiinta/Muslimiinta]] oo qiyaastii ah {{million|{{UN_Population|Niger}}}}{{UN_Population|ref}} waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku nool koox-koox dhanka koonfurta iyo galbeedka dalka. Caasimadda, [[Niamey]], waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-galbeed ee Niger iyada oo raacda wabiga magaca la wadaaga ee [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]]. Ka dib fiditaankii Islaamka ee gobolka, Niger waxay ku taallay hareeraha qaar ka mid ah dawladaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Boqortooyadii Kanem-Bornu]] iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyadii Mali]] ka hor inta aan qaybo muhiim ah oo dhulkeeda ka mid ah lagu darin dawladaha u dambeeyay sida [[Sultanate of Agadez|Saldanaddii Agadez]] iyo [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]]. Waxaa gumeystay Faransiiska intii uu socday [[Scramble for Africa|U-tartankii Afrika]] qayb ka mid ah [[French West Africa|Afrikada Galbeed ee Faransiiska]], waxayna noqotay [[Colony of Niger|gumeysi gooni ah]] sannadkii 1922. Tan iyo markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1960, Niger waxay la kulantay shan inqilaab iyo afar xilli oo [[military dictatorship|maamul ciidan]] ah. Dastuurka toddobaad iyo kan ugu dambeeyay ee Niger waxaa la meelmariyay sannadkii 2010, iyadoo la aasaasay nidaam xisbiyo badan leh, midaysan oo badh-madaxtooyo ah. Ka dib [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|inqilaabkii u dambeeyay ee 2023]], dalka waxaa xukumayay [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]], oo ah gole ciidan. [[Hausa people|Hausa]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn dalka, iyagoo ka dhigan wax ka badan kala badh dadka dalka. [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka iyo tan ugu hadalka badan; toban luqadood oo maxalli ah ayaa haysta heerka [[national language|luqadda qaranka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Cabirka Saboolnimada Dhinacyada Badan (MPI) ee sannadkii 2023, Niger waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan adduunka.<ref>{{Cite report|author=United Nations|date=2023-07-11|title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|language=en|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713210119/https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybo ka mid ah dalka oo aan saxare ahayn ayaa la kulma abaaro xilliyeed iyo [[desertification|caro-guur/saxaroobid]]. [[Economy of Niger|Dhaqaaluhu]] wuxuu ku urursan yahay [[subsistence agriculture|beeralayda masruufka ah]], iyada oo ay jirto xoogaa beero dhoofin ah dhanka koonfurta oo aan aad u qallalayn, iyo dhoofinta [[raw material|alaabta ceeriin]], oo ay ku jirto [[uranium ore|macdanta yuuraaniyamka]]. Waxay wajahdaa caqabado xagga horumarka ah sababo la xiriira booskeeda bad xidhan, dhulka saxaraha ah, [[literacy rate|heerka akhris-qorista]] oo hooseeya, [[jihadist insurgency in Niger|kacdoonnada jihaadiga ah]], iyo [[fertility rate|heerka dhalmada]] oo sarreeya sababo la xiriira qorshaynta qoyska oo aan la isticmaalin iyo ka dhalashada [[population growth|koritaanka dadka]] oo degdeg ah.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== Magacu wuxuu ka yimid [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]] oo dhex mara galbeedka dalka. Asalka magaca wabiga lama hubo. Juqraafi-yaqaan reer Alexandria ah [[Ptolemy]] ayaa qoray sharraxaado ku saabsan [[wadi|tooga]] ''{{Lang|grc|Gir}}'' (ee ku dhow [[Algeria]]-da casriga ah) iyo {{Lang|grc|Ni-Gir}} {{Gloss|Gir-ta Hoose}} ee dhanka koonfurta, laga yaabaaba inuu u jeeday Wabiga Niger.<ref name="jeffreys"/> Qoraalka casriga ah ee ''Niger'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay aqoon-yahan [[Berber people|Berber]] ah [[Leo Africanus]] sannadkii 1550,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Niger|volume=19|page=676|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana}}</ref> iyadoo laga yaabo inay ka tihiin odhaahda [[Tuareg language|Tuareg-ta]] ee ah {{Lang|tmh|(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn}} oo macneheedu si toos ah u yahay {{Gloss|wabigii wabiyada}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |author-link=John Hunwick |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |orig-date=1999 |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-11207-0 |page=275 Fn 22}}</ref> Waxaa jira isku-raac ballaran oo ka dhex jira khubarada luqadda in aanu ka soo jeedin ereyga Laatiinka ah ee {{Lang|la|niger}} {{Gloss|madow}} sidii markii ugu horreysay si khaldan loo aaminsanaa.<ref name="jeffreys">{{cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Mervyn David Waldegrave|title=Niger: Origins of the Word|journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines|date=1964|volume=4|issue=15|pages=443–451|doi=10.3406/cea.1964.3019|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811194204/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|url-status=live|issn = 0008-0055}}</ref> Ku dhawaaqista rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga waa {{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər}}, halka qaar ka mid ah warbaahinta ku hadasha Ingiriisiga {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} sidoo kale loo isticmaalo. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} f27oc7c5conynkm3kntvwu6nmzck6oq 300591 300590 2026-07-01T15:06:58Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Niger | native_name = {{native name|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}} | common_name = Niger | image_flag = Flag of Niger.svg | flag_alt = Saddex midab oo jiifa (oranji, caddaan, cagaar) oo leh goobo oranji ah bartamaha | flag_size = 100 | image_coat = Coat of arms of Niger.svg | coa_size = 110 | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Niger (orthographic projection).svg||Muuji golaha|frameless]]Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = ''Fraternité, Travail, Progrès'' ([[French language|Faransiis]])<br>"Walaalnimo, Shaqo, Horumar" | national_anthem = {{native phrase|fr|[[L'Honneur de la Patrie]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"Sharafka Dhulka Hooyo"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:THE HONOR OF THE FATHERLAND.ogg|Niger National Anthem The Honor of the Fatherland midi]]}}</div><hr/> | official_languages = [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]]<ref name=hausal/> | languages_type = [[National language|Luqadaha qaranka]]<ref name="axl.cefan.ulaval.ca">[http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019123028/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/niger-loi-2001-037-LNG.htm |date=19 October 2018 }} (accessed 21 September 2016)</ref> | languages = {{flatlist| * [[Arabic|Carabi]] * [[Buduma language|Buduma]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Gurma language|Gourmanchéma]] * [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]] * [[Songhoyboro Ciine|Songhai]] * [[Tuareg languages|Tamasheq]] * [[Tasawaq language|Tassawaq]] * [[Tebu languages|Tebu]] * [[Zarma language|Zarma]] }} | religion_ref = <ref name="census"/> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{plainlist| * 99.3% [[Islam in Niger|Islaam]] * 0.3% [[Christianity in Niger|Masiixiyad]] * 0.2% [[Animism|Anamiyad]] * 0.1% [[irreligion|diin laawayaal]] }} | demonym = Reer Niger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|title=Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230120/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/nigerien|archive-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> | capital = [[Niamey]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|30|49|N|2|06|32|E|type:city_region:NE}} | largest_city = Niamey | government_type = Jamhuuriyad badh-madaxtooyo oo midaysan oo hoos timaada [[military junta|gole ciidan]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Niger|Madaxweyne]] iyo [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Niger|Guddoomiye Ku-xigeenka Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | leader_name2 = [[Salifou Modi]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Niger|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Ali Lamine Zeine]] | legislature = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]] | area_rank = 21aad | area_km2 = 1,267,000 | area_sq_mi = 489,678 | percent_water = 0.02 | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 26,342,784<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Niger|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 56aad | population_density_km2 = 21 | population_density_sq_mi = 54. | population_density_rank = 204aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $61.040 bilyan<ref name="auto4">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 128th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,100<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 176aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $21.870 bilyan<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 123rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $751<ref name="auto4"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 181aad | sovereignty_type = [[History of Niger|Madaxbannaanida]] | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[France|Faransiiska]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 18 December 1958 | established_event2 = Laga dhawaaqay | established_date2 = 3 August 1960 | established_event3 = [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|Inqilaabkii 2023]] | established_date3 = 26 July 2023 | established_event4 = Axdiga kumeelgaadhka ah ee 2025 | established_date4 = 26 March 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mamane |first1=Dalatou |title=Niger's junta leader cements his grip on power as he is sworn in as president |url=https://apnews.com/article/niger-president-e7763dca5a85e790eeaca43f39237c04 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=26 March 2025}}</ref> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 32.9<!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ World Bank GINI index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209003326/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |date=9 February 2015 }}, accessed on 21 January 2016.</ref> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.419 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=25 March 2024}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 188aad | currency = [[West African CFA franc|Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012 }} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+227]] | cctld = [[.ne]] | footnote_a = | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA-2021-Niger">{{cite web|title=Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|website=cia.gov|access-date=1 May 2021|date=27 April 2021|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330032003/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/#people-and-society|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2006 | ethnic_groups = {{plainlist| * 53.1% [[Hausa people|Hausa]] * 21.2% [[Zarma people|Zarma]] iyo [[Songhaiborai|Songhay]] * 11.0% [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] * 6.5% [[Fula people|Fulani]] * 5.9% [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] * 0.8% [[Gurma people|Gurma]] * 0.4% [[Toubou people|Toubou]] * 0.4% [[Diffa Arabs|Carab]] * 0.9% [[Demographics of Niger#Ethnic groups|kuwa kale]] }} }} '''Niger''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər|,_|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} {{respell|nee|ZHAIR|,_|NY|jər}},<ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html How Do You Pronounce "Niger"?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184006/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2003/07/how_do_you_pronounce_niger.html|date=14 March 2012}} from [[Slate.com]], retrieved 4 March 2012</ref><ref>"Niger." ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.'' 2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 [http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger thefreedictionary.com/Niger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512034128/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Niger |date=12 May 2013 }}</ref> {{IPA|fr|niʒɛʁ|lang}}; {{langx|ha|Nijar}}; {{langx|ar|النيجر}}; {{langx|ff|Niiser}}}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Niger''',{{efn|{{langx|ha|Jamhuriyar Nijar}}; {{langx|fr|République du Niger}}}} waa [[landlocked country|dal bad xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[West Africa|Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waa [[unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo ay xuduud la leedahay [[Libya]] dhanka [[Libya–Niger border|waqooyi-bari]], [[Chad]] dhanka [[Chad–Niger border|bari]], [[Nigeria]] dhanka [[Niger–Nigeria border|koonfur]], [[Benin]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Benin-Niger border|koonfur-galbeed]], [[Mali]] dhanka [[Mali–Niger border|galbeed]], iyo [[Algeria]] dhanka [[Algeria–Niger border|waqooyi-galbeed]]. Waxay ku fadhidaa baaxad dhul oo dhowr ah {{convert|1.27|e6km2|mi2|abbr=unit}}, taas oo ka dhigaysa dalka lixaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, dalka ugu weyn ee bad xidhan Galbeedka Afrika iyo dalka labaad ee ugu weyn ee bad xidhan guud ahaan Afrika marka laga reebo Chad. In ka badan 80% baaxadda dhulkeeda waxay ku taal [[Sahara|Saxaraha]]. Dadkeeda [[Islam in Niger|u badan masiixiyiinta/Muslimiinta]] oo qiyaastii ah {{million|{{UN_Population|Niger}}}}{{UN_Population|ref}} waxay u badan yihiin kuwa ku nool koox-koox dhanka koonfurta iyo galbeedka dalka. Caasimadda, [[Niamey]], waxay ku taal geeska koonfur-galbeed ee Niger iyada oo raacda wabiga magaca la wadaaga ee [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]]. Ka dib fiditaankii Islaamka ee gobolka, Niger waxay ku taallay hareeraha qaar ka mid ah dawladaha, oo ay ku jiraan [[Kanem–Bornu Empire|Boqortooyadii Kanem-Bornu]] iyo [[Mali Empire|Boqortooyadii Mali]] ka hor inta aan qaybo muhiim ah oo dhulkeeda ka mid ah lagu darin dawladaha u dambeeyay sida [[Sultanate of Agadez|Saldanaddii Agadez]] iyo [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]]. Waxaa gumeystay Faransiiska intii uu socday [[Scramble for Africa|U-tartankii Afrika]] qayb ka mid ah [[French West Africa|Afrikada Galbeed ee Faransiiska]], waxayna noqotay [[Colony of Niger|gumeysi gooni ah]] sannadkii 1922. Tan iyo markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1960, Niger waxay la kulantay shan inqilaab iyo afar xilli oo [[military dictatorship|maamul ciidan]] ah. Dastuurka toddobaad iyo kan ugu dambeeyay ee Niger waxaa la meelmariyay sannadkii 2010, iyadoo la aasaasay nidaam xisbiyo badan leh, midaysan oo badh-madaxtooyo ah. Ka dib [[2023 Nigerien coup d'état|inqilaabkii u dambeeyay ee 2023]], dalka waxaa xukumayay [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Golaha Qaranka ee Ilaalinta Dhulka Hooyo]], oo ah gole ciidan. [[Hausa people|Hausa]] waa kooxda qowmiyadeed ee ugu weyn dalka, iyagoo ka dhigan wax ka badan kala badh dadka dalka. [[Hausa language|Hawsajis]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka iyo tan ugu hadalka badan; toban luqadood oo maxalli ah ayaa haysta heerka [[national language|luqadda qaranka]]. Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Cabirka Saboolnimada Dhinacyada Badan (MPI) ee sannadkii 2023, Niger waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu saboolsan adduunka.<ref>{{Cite report|author=United Nations|date=2023-07-11|title=2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)|url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|language=en|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713210119/https://hdr.undp.org/content/2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi|url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybo ka mid ah dalka oo aan saxare ahayn ayaa la kulma abaaro xilliyeed iyo [[desertification|caro-guur/saxaroobid]]. [[Economy of Niger|Dhaqaaluhu]] wuxuu ku urursan yahay [[subsistence agriculture|beeralayda masruufka ah]], iyada oo ay jirto xoogaa beero dhoofin ah dhanka koonfurta oo aan aad u qallalayn, iyo dhoofinta [[raw material|alaabta ceeriin]], oo ay ku jirto [[uranium ore|macdanta yuuraaniyamka]]. Waxay wajahdaa caqabado xagga horumarka ah sababo la xiriira booskeeda bad xidhan, dhulka saxaraha ah, [[literacy rate|heerka akhris-qorista]] oo hooseeya, [[jihadist insurgency in Niger|kacdoonnada jihaadiga ah]], iyo [[fertility rate|heerka dhalmada]] oo sarreeya sababo la xiriira qorshaynta qoyska oo aan la isticmaalin iyo ka dhalashada [[population growth|koritaanka dadka]] oo degdeg ah.<ref name=EconPop>{{cite news|title=Population Explosion|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|access-date=3 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=16 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729151128/http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21612239-runaway-birth-rates-are-disaster-population-explosion|archive-date=29 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> == Asalka magaca== Magacu wuxuu ka yimid [[Niger River|Wabiga Niger]] oo dhex mara galbeedka dalka. Asalka magaca wabiga lama hubo. Juqraafi-yaqaan reer Alexandria ah [[Ptolemy]] ayaa qoray sharraxaado ku saabsan [[wadi|tooga]] ''{{Lang|grc|Gir}}'' (ee ku dhow [[Algeria]]-da casriga ah) iyo {{Lang|grc|Ni-Gir}} {{Gloss|Gir-ta Hoose}} ee dhanka koonfurta, laga yaabaaba inuu u jeeday Wabiga Niger.<ref name="jeffreys"/> Qoraalka casriga ah ee ''Niger'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay aqoon-yahan [[Berber people|Berber]] ah [[Leo Africanus]] sannadkii 1550,<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Niger|volume=19|page=676|first=Frank Richardson|last=Cana}}</ref> iyadoo laga yaabo inay ka tihiin odhaahda [[Tuareg language|Tuareg-ta]] ee ah {{Lang|tmh|(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn}} oo macneheedu si toos ah u yahay {{Gloss|wabigii wabiyada}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hunwick |first=John O. |author-link=John Hunwick |title=Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents |publisher=Brill |place=Leiden |orig-date=1999 |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-04-11207-0 |page=275 Fn 22}}</ref> Waxaa jira isku-raac ballaran oo ka dhex jira khubarada luqadda in aanu ka soo jeedin ereyga Laatiinka ah ee {{Lang|la|niger}} {{Gloss|madow}} sidii markii ugu horreysay si khaldan loo aaminsanaa.<ref name="jeffreys">{{cite journal|last1=Jeffreys|first1=Mervyn David Waldegrave|title=Niger: Origins of the Word|journal=Cahiers d'Études africaines|date=1964|volume=4|issue=15|pages=443–451|doi=10.3406/cea.1964.3019|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|access-date=11 August 2023|archive-date=11 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811194204/https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1964_num_4_15_3019|url-status=live|issn = 0008-0055}}</ref> Ku dhawaaqista rasmiga ah ee Ingiriisiga waa {{IPAc-en|n|iː|ˈ|ʒ|ɛər}}, halka qaar ka mid ah warbaahinta ku hadasha Ingiriisiga {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|aɪ|dʒ|ər}} sidoo kale loo isticmaalo. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} fo48zlng4dgvpugyvksy3poyjhcddlm Senegaal 0 3712 300599 272035 2026-07-01T15:33:45Z Isma4l 41797 300599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Senegal | native_name = {{native name|fr|République du Sénégal}} | common_name = Senegal | image_flag = Flag of Senegal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Senegal (official version).svg | image_map = Senegal (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green}} | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Un peuple, un but, une foi"|nolink=yes}}<br/>{{native phrase|wo|"Benn Askan, Benn Jubluwaay, Benn Pas-Pas"|nolink=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Raaya ak bàkku Senegaal |trans-title=Calanka iyo halku-dhigga Senegal|url=https://www.presidence.sn/wo/presidence/le-drapeau-et-la-devise-du-senegal |lang=wo |publisher=[[President of Senegal|Presidency of Senegal]]}}</ref><br/>({{langx|en|"Hal Shacab, Hal Hadaf, Hal Caqiido"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|[[Le Lion rouge]]}}<br />({{langx|en|"Libaaxa Cas"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Senegal.ogg]]}} | official_languages = [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]] | languages_type = [[Aqoonta luqadda|Luqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{hlist|[[Af-Wolof|Wolof]]{{Efn|name=WolofStatus|Xogta laga helay Xarunta Daraasaadka Afrika ee Jaamacadda Pennsylvania waxay qiyaasaysaa in qiyaastii 90% dadka u dhashay Senegal ay fahmaan ama ku hadlaan Wolof ahaan luqaddooda koowaad ama labaad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Studies Center{{!}} African Languages at Penn |url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |access-date=20 March 2023 |website=Center for African Studies at [[University of Pennsylvania]] |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129152750/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/alwolof.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>}}|[[Af-Serer|Serer]]|[[Af-Diola|Diola]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fhADwAAQBAJ&dq=Arabic+Status+in+Senegal&pg=PT190 |title=Africanizing Knowledge: African Studies Across the Disciplines |date=30 November 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-32438-0 |pages=190 |language=en}}</ref>|[[Af-Pulaar|Pulaar]]|[[Af-Soninke|Soninke]]|[[Af-Mandinka|Mandinka]]{{Efn|name=SenegalNationalLangs|Qodobka 1-aad ee Dastuurka Senegal ee 2001, kaas oo dhigaya in luqadaha qaranka ay yihiin Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninké iyo Wolof.<ref name="Languages">{{Cite web |title=Senegal's Constitution of 2001 with Amendments through 2016 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en |website=Constitute Project |language=en |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410075501/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Senegal_2016.pdf?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}} | ethnic_groups = {{ubl| 39.7% [[Wolof (qoomiyad)|Wolof]] |27.5% [[Fula (qoomiyad)|Fula]] |16.0% [[Serer (qoomiyad)|Serer]] |4.9% [[Mandinka (qoomiyad)|Mandinka]] |4.2% [[Jola (qoomiyad)|Jola]] |2.4% [[Soninke (qoomiyad)|Soninke]] |5.4% [[Qoomiyadaha kale ee Senegal|kuwa kale]]}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="CIA Factbook">{{cite web |title=Senegal |date=23 August 2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143936/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{ubl | 89% [[Islaamka Senegal|Islaam]] | 10% [[Masiixiyad]] | 1% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|Diimaha dhaqanka]]}} | religion_year = 2024 | religion_ref = <ref name="Pew Research">{{Cite web |title=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/06/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518203729/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/06/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2025 |website=Pew Research}}</ref> | demonym = Senegalese | capital = [[Dakar]] | coordinates = {{Coord|14|40|N|17|25|W|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka nus-madaxweynaha|nus-madaxweyne]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Liiska Madaxweynayaasha Senegal|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Senegal|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Ahmadou Al Aminou Lo]] | leader_title3 = [[Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka ee Senegal|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Shacabka]] | leader_name3 = [[Ousmane Sonko]] | legislature = [[Golaha Shacabka (Senegal)|Golaha Shacabka]] | area_rank = 86aad | area_km2 = 196,722<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | area_sq_mi = 75,955 | percent_water = 2.1 | population_estimate = {{Increase}} 18,847,519<ref name="CIA Factbook"/> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 68aad | population_census_rank = | population_census = | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = {{density|18,847,519|196,722}} | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $105.428 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SN">{{cite web |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=722,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Senegal) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=10 April 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 100aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase }} $5,498 <ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 150aad | GDP_nominal_rank = 103aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $34.728 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase }} $1,811<ref name="IMFWEO.SN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 154aad | established_event1 = Isbeddelka Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 25 Noofambar 1958 | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Senegal|Madax-bannaanida]] | established_event2 = Madax-bannaanida Faransiiska{{efn|Iyada iyo [[Suudaanta Faransiiska]], oo ahaa [[Xiriirka Mali]].}} | established_date2 = 20 Juun 1960 | established_event3 = Ka bixitaankii<br />[[Xiriirka Mali]] | established_date3 = 20 Agoosto 1960 | established_event4 = Kala diristii [[Xiriirka Senegambia]] | established_date4 = 30 Sebtembar 1989 | established_event5 = | established_date5 = | established_event6 = | established_date6 = | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = | Gini = 40.3 | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225120531/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.530 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 169aad | currency = [[CFA franc-ka Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | calling_code = [[+221]] | cctld = [[.sn]] | flag_p1 = Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg | today = }} '''Senegal''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Senegal.ogg|ˌ|s|ɛ|n|ə|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l|,_|-|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|l}};<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |title=Definition of Senegal |publisher=The Free Dictionary |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523052551/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Senegal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Senegal |title=Define Senegal |dictionary=Dictionary.com |access-date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225517/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/senegal |url-status=live }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Sénégal}} {{ipa|fr|seneɡal|}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Senegal''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|link=no|République du Sénégal}} {{ipa|fr|ʁepyblik dy seneɡal|}}}} waa dalka ugu galbeedsan dhul-waynaha [[Galbeedka Afrika]], wuxuuna ku yaal xeebta [[Badweynta Atlaantik-ga]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Mauretania]] xagga [[Xuduudda Mauretania–Senegal|waqooyiga]], [[Mali]] xagga [[Xuduudda Mali–Senegal|bari]], [[Gini]] xagga [[Xuduudda Gini–Senegal|koonfur-bari]] iyo [[Gini-Bisaau]] xagga [[Xuduudda Gini-Bisaau–Senegal|koonfur-galbeed]]. Senegal waxay ku dhowdahay inay gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysato dalka [[Gambiya]], oo ah dal fadhiya dhul cariiri ah oo ku teedsan daanta [[Webiga Gambiya]], kaas oo kala sooca gobolka koonfureed ee Senegal ee [[Casamance]] iyo dalka intiisa kale.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=Which Countries Border The Gambia? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-border-the-gambia.html |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925074027/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-countries-border-the-gambia.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2020 |title=Why is The Gambia Surrounded by Senegal? |url=https://www.trazeetravel.com/why-is-the-gambia-surrounded-by-senegal/ |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Trazee Travel |language=en-US |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003032201/https://www.trazeetravel.com/why-is-the-gambia-surrounded-by-senegal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay sidoo kale xuduud badeed la wadaagtaa [[Cape Verde]]. Caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn Senegal waa [[Dakar]]. Senegal waa dalka ugu xagga galbeed ee dhul-waynaha [[Dunidii Hore]], ama [[Afro-Eurasia]].<ref>Janet H. Gritzner, Charles F. Gritzner&nbsp;– 2009, Senegal&nbsp;– Page 8</ref> Magaceeda waxay ka heshay [[Webiga Senegal]], oo xuduud u ah dhanka waqooyi iyo bari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=culturetrip |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Culture Trip |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Cimiladu inta badan waa midda [[Sahel|Sahel-ka]], iyadoo leh [[Xilli-roobaad|xilli roobaad]]. Senegal waxay ku fidsan tahay dhul baaxadiisu tahay ku dhawaad {{convert|197,000|km2}} waxayna leedahay dad dhowr ah oo gaaraya 18 milyan.{{UN Population|ref}} Dawladdu waa [[Nidaamka nus-madaxweynaha|jamhuuriyad nus-madaxweyne ah]]; tan iyo markii la aas-aasay dalka sanadkii 1960-kii, waxaa loo aqoonsaday inuu yahay mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu xasiloon qaaradda Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview |access-date=30 November 2022 |publisher=World Bank |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123208/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/senegal/overview |url-status=live }}</ref> Marka loo eego [[Tusmooyinka Dimuqraadiyadda ee V-Dem]] ee 2024, Senegal waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 68aad ee dimuqraadiyadda doorashooyinka adduunka iyo kaalinta 10aad ee [[dimuqraadiyadda doorashooyinka ee Afrika]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dawladdan waxaa loo dhisay sidii qayb ka mid ah madax-bannaanidii [[Galbeedka Afrika ee Faransiiska]] ee ka xorowday [[Xukunkii gumeysiga Faransiiska]]. Taariikhdan darteed, Faransiisku waa luqadda rasmiga ah, laakiin waxaa fahma kaliya dad tirada yar ah.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|author=Jacques Leclerc|date=4 October 2010|title=Sénégal|url=http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229121849/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/senegal.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012|access-date=17 March 2012|website=Trésor de la langue française au Québec}}</ref> [[Luqadaha Senegal|In ka badan 30 luqadood]] ayaa looga hadlaa Senegal. [[Af-Wolof|Wolof]] waa luqadda ugu ballaaran ee loogu hadlo, iyadoo 80% dadku ay ku hadlaan sidii luqaddooda koowaad ama labaad,<ref name="What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal?">{{cite web |last=Pariona |first=Amber |date=27 September 2017 |title=What Languages Are Spoken in Senegal? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html |url-status=live |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=WorldAtlas |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004131156/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-senegal.html}}</ref> iyadoo u adeegta sidii [[Lingua franca|''lingua franca'']] ee Senegal oo barbar socota Faransiiska. [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] iyo [[Af-Pulaar|Pulaar]] sidoo kale waxay weli caan ku yihiin bulshooyinka qaar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gueye |first1=Massamba |date=17 November 2022 |title=Wolof is reclaiming ground in Senegal as the French language wanes |url=https://theconversation.com/wolof-is-reclaiming-ground-in-senegal-as-the-french-language-wanes-194750 |doi=10.64628/AAJ.xvjeydjhj |editor-first1=Moina |editor-first2=Assane |editor-last1=Spooner |editor-last2=Diagne}}</ref> Sida wadamada kale ee Afrika, dalku wuxuu ka kooban yahay [[Aqoonta dadka ee Senegal|isku dhaf ballaaran oo bulshooyin qoomiyado iyo luqado kala duwan leh]], iyadoo kuwa ugu waaweyni ay yihiin [[Wolof (qoomiyad)|Wolof]], [[Fula (qoomiyad)|Fula]], iyo [[Serer (qoomiyad)|Serer]]. Dadka reer Senegal u badan koodu waa [[Muslimiin]].<ref name=":0b">{{cite web |title=Senegal, a Muslim Country that Can't Get Enough Christmas |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |last=Hammerschlag |first=Annika |date=24 December 2019 |access-date=30 November 2022 |publisher=VOA |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130123919/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_senegal-muslim-country-cant-get-enough-christmas/6181575.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Maadaama uu yahay dal soo koraya, Senegal waxaa loo kala saaraa [[Wadamada saboolka ah ee deynta badan lagu leeyahay|dal sabool ah oo deyn badan lagu leeyahay]], iyadoo ku jirta kaalinta hoose ee [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha]] (169aad ee 193 wadan). Inta badan dadku waxay ku nool yihiin xeebta waxayna ka shaqeeyaan [[Beeraha Senegal|beeraha ama warshadaha kale ee cuntada]]; warshadaha kale ee waaweyn waxaa ka mid ah macdanta, dalxiiska, iyo adeegyada.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Systematic Country Diagnostic of Senegal|date=4 October 2018|publisher=World Bank|doi=10.1596/30852|hdl=10986/30852|s2cid=240089232|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/336611539873310474/Senegal-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic }}</ref> La'aanta taariikhiga ahayd ee khayraadka dabiiciga ah ee Senegal waxay u weecisay dadaallada dhanka kordhinta akhris-qoraalka iyo guulaha waxbarashada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Senegal, a small country, is good at providing international organisations with leaders |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-senegal-small-country-good-providing-international-organisations-leaders |access-date=30 November 2022 |website=D+C |date=21 November 2014 |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130121716/https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/why-senegal-small-country-good-providing-international-organisations-leaders |url-status=live }}</ref> Senegal waa xubin ka tirsan [[Midowga Afrika]], Qaramada Midoobay, [[Guddiga Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]] (ECOWAS), [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], iyo [[Aagga Sahel iyo Saxaraha]]. == Asalka Magaca == Dalka Senegal waxaa loogu magac daray [[Webiga Senegal]]. Magaca webiga wuxuu ka imaan karaa fasiraadda luqadda [[Af-Boortaqiis|Boortaqiiska]] ee magaca [[Af-Zenaga|Zenaga]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan [[Sanhaja]].<ref name="fass">{{Cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/|title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name|first=Beetle|last=Holloway|website=Culture Trip|date=31 May 2018|access-date=31 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sidoo kale, waxay noqon kartaa isku darka ilaaha ugu sarreeya ee [[Diinta Serer|diinta Serer-ka]] (''Rog Sene'') iyo ''o gal,'' oo macnaheedu yahay ‘''biyo’'' marka loo eego [[Af-Serer|luqadda Serer]]. Qoraaga iyo wadaadka reer Faransiis David Boilat wuxuu soo jeediyay in magacu ka yimid weedha [[Af-Wolof|Wolof-ka]] ee ah "sunuu gaal", oo macnaheedu yahay "doonteenna".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holloway |first=Beetle |date=31 May 2018 |title=The Real Story Behind Senegal's Name |url=https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Culture Trip |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206024446/https://theculturetrip.com/africa/senegal/articles/the-real-story-behind-senegals-name/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} n9r9ybmufcv6ldr6rir1s4pe0hen3cf Jad 0 3713 300575 298065 2026-07-01T14:23:41Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Jaad | common_name = Jaad | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(bila luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République du Tchad}} | ar = {{lang|ar|جمهورية تشاد|rtl=yes}}<br />{{transliteration|ar|Jumhūriyyat Tshād}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Chad.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Chad.svg | symbol_type = Astaanta qaranka | national_motto = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"Unité, Travail, Progrès"|italics=off}}|"Midnimo, Shaqa, Horumar"}} | national_anthem = {{vunblist |{{native phrase|fr|"La Tchadienne"|nolink=yes|italics=off}}|"Heesta Jaad"}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:La Tchadienne (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Chad (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji golaha|[[File:Location Chad AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | capital = N'Djamena | coordinates = {{coord|12|06|19|N|15|02|41|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = {{hlist|Faransiis|Carabi}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 55.1% Islaam | 41.1% Masiixiyad | 2.4% Diin la'aan | 1.3% Animism | 0.1% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name=":religions2020" /> | demonym = Reer Jaad | government_type = Jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo | leader_title1 = Madaxweyne | leader_name1 = Mahamat Déby | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Allamaye Halina | legislature = Baarlamaan laba aqal leh<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ngarbe |first1=Eluard |title=Le MPS lance sa campagne pour le Sénat |url=https://manara.td/le-mps-lance-sa-campagne-pour-le-senat/ |website=Manara Radio Télévision |language=fr-FR |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Faransiiska | established_event1 = Ismaamul la siiyay | established_date1 = 28 November 1958 | established_event2 = Dawlad madaxbannaan | established_date2 = 11 August 1960 | area_km2 = 1,280,000<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | area_footnote = | area_rank = 20aad | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 1.9 | population_estimate = {{Increase}} 19,093,595<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Chad|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 66aad | population_density_km2 = 14.4 | population_density_rank = 218aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $63.070 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,240<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $23.560 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 145aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,210<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025 :Edition (Chad) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 183aad | Gini = 37.4<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> | HDI = 0.416 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url= https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TCD|title=Human Development Reports 2023/24}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 190aad | currency = Frankiga CFA ee Bartamaha Afrika | currency_code = XAF | time_zone = Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika | utc_offset = +01:00 | calling_code = [[+235]] | cctld = [[.td]] | today = }} '''Jaad''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Chad.ogg|tʃ|æ|d}} {{respell|CHAD}}<br />{{bulleted list|{{langx|fr|Tchad}}, {{IPA|fr|tʃa(d)|pron}}|{{langx|ar|تشاد|Tshād|engvar=gb}}, {{IPA|ar|tʃaːd}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Jamhuuriyadda Jaad''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{Langx|fr|République du Tchad}}|{{langx|ar|جمهورية{{nbsp}}تْشَاد|Jumhūriyyat Tshād|engvar=gb}}}}}} waa dal ku yaal Bartamaha Afrika. Waxaa waqooyiga ka xiga Liibiya, bariga Suudaan, koonfurta Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika, koonfur-galbeed Kaameruun, koonfur-galbeednayjeeriya (ee harada Jaad), iyo galbeedka Nayjer. Jaad waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu gaarayso 19 milyan, kuwaas oo 1.6 milyan oo ka mid ahi ay ku nool yihiin caasimadda iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee N'Djamena. Baaxadda guud ee dhulka oo dhowr ah 1,300,000 km2, Jaad waa dalka shanaad ee ugu weyn Afrika, waana dalka labaatanaad ee ugu weyn adduunka marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka. Luqadaha rasmiga ah ee Jaad waa Faransiis iyo Carabi, iyadoo Faransiisku yahay luqadda guud (lingua franca) iyo luqadda rasmiga ah ee dowladda iyo waxbarashada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Schools in Chad |url=https://www.expat-quotes.com/guides/chad/education/international-schools-in-chad.htm#:~:text=The%20educational%20system%20is%20patterned,secondary%20education%20(six%20years).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.8 – Languages of Chad |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=TD#6/20.468/142.998 |access-date=15 August 2023 |website=glottolog.org |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815121032/https://glottolog.org/glottolog/language.map.html?country=TD#6/20.468/142.998 |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay hoy u tahay in ka badan 200 oo qowmiyadood iyo kooxood oo kala duwan xagga luqadda. Islaamka (55.1%) iyo Masiixiyadda (41.1%) waa diimaha ugu waaweyn ee laga rumeeyo Jaad.<ref name=":religions2020">{{cite web |title=Religions in Chad &#124; PEW-GRF |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008065049/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/chad#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR90/FR90.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé 1996–1997}}</ref> Laga bilaabo kun-guurka 7aad BC, bini'aadamka ayaa u soo guuray dooxada Jaad tiro aad u badan. Dhammaadkii kun-guurka 1aad AD, silsilado dawladaha iyo boqortooyooyin ah ayaa ka kacay oo ku dumay aagga Sahel ee Jaad, mid kastaana wuxuu diiradda saaray xakameynta jidka ganacsiga ee Trans-Sahara ee soo mara gobolka. Faransiiska ayaa qabsaday dhulkaas sannadkii 1920-kii wuxuuna ku daray qayb ka mid ah Afrika Equatoria ee Faransiiska. Sannadkii 1960-kii, Jaad waxay heshay madaxbannaani iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo François Tombalbaye. Cadho ka dhalatay siyaasadiisa oo ka dhalatay waqooyiga Muslimka ah ayaa keentay inuu qarxo dagaal sokeeye oo muddo dheer qaatay sannadkii 1965-kii. Sannadkii 1979-kii fallaagada ayaa qabsaday caasimadda waxayna soo afjareen awooddii koonfurta. Taliyayaashii fallaagada ayaa markaas dhexdiis ku dagaalamay ilaa Hissène Habré uu ka adkaaday kuwa la tartamayay. Iskahorimaadkii Jaad iyo Liibiya wuxuu qarxay sannadkii 1978-kii duulaankii Liibiya kaas oo istaagay sannadkii 1987-kii iyadoo ay soo dhexgashay ciidamada Faransiiska (Hawlgalkii Épervier). Hissène Habré waxaa xukunka ka tuuray sannadkii 1990-kii jeneraalkiisii Idriss Déby. Iyadoo la helayo taageerada Faransiiska, casriyeynta Ciidanka Qaranka Jaad ayaa la bilaabay sannadkii 1991-kii. Laga bilaabo 2003, dhibaatada Darfur ee ka jirtay Suudaan ayaa ku kor fiday xadka waxayna carqaladeysay xasilloonida dalka. Dalkaas oo horay u sabool ahaa ayaa la dhibtoonayay sidii uu u qaabili lahaa boqolaal kun oo qaxooti Suudaaniyiin ah oo ku sugnaa bariga Jaad. In kasta oo xisbiyo siyaasadeed oo badani ay ka qaybqaateen xeer-dejinta Jaad, ee Golaha Qaranka, awooddu waxay si adag ugu jirtay gacanta Dhaqdhaqaaqa Badbaadada Waddaniga intii uu xukumayay Madaxweyne Idriss Déby, kaas oo xukunkiisa lagu sifeeyay mid kalagooys ah. Ka dib markii Madaxweyne Déby ay dileen fallaagada FACT bishii Abriil 2021, Golaha Militariga Kumeelgaarka ah ee uu hoggaaminayo wiilkiisa Mahamat Déby ayaa la wareegay maamulka dowladda wuxuuna kala diray Golaha Qaranka.<ref name=":2" /> Mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horumarsan adduunka, Jaad waxay weli la dhibtoonaysaa rabshado siyaasadeed iyo isku dayo isdaba joog ah oo afgambi. Jaad waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 4aad ee ugu hooseysa Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha waxayna ka mid tahay waddamada ugu saboolsan uguna musuqmaasuqa badan. Inta badan dadka deggan waxay ku nool yihiin saboolnimo iyagoo ah reer miyi iyo beeralay qubaysata. Tan iyo sannadkii 2003, saliidda cayriin waxay noqotay isha koowaad ee dalka ka soo gasha dakhliga dhoofinta. Jaad waxay leedahay taariikh xun xagga xuquuqda aadanaha. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} k29rvuwru8i3ygfzel8ixt9234ret0s Togo 0 3714 300602 280437 2026-07-01T15:45:48Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Togo | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Togo.svg | coa_size = 70 | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|fr|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"|italics=no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />({{Langx|en|"Shaqo, Xorriyad, Hooyo"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|italics=no}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Dhulkii awoweyashay"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Togo (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Togo AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] | languages_type = Luqadaha loogu hadlo | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]] |[[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] |[[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] |[[Luqadaha Gbe|Gbe]] |[[Luqadaha Gur|Gur]] |[[Luqadaha Kwa|Kwa]] |[[Af-Kabiye|Kabiye]] |[[Af-Talni|Talensi]] |[[Lahjada Wasa|Wasa]] |[[Af-Aguna|Aguna]] |[[Af-Adja|Aja]] |[[Af-Ngangam|Ngangam]] |[[Af-Ntcham|Ntcham]] |[[Af-Tammari|Tammari]] |[[Af-Tem|Tem]] |[[Af-Ifè|Ifè]] |[[Af-Yoruba|Yoruba]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Dadka Togo|Afrikaan]] (94.4%)}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Aja (qoomiyad)|Aja]], [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]] iyo [[Af-Gen|Mina]] (42.4%) |[[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabye]] iyo [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Tem]] (25.9%) |[[Akan (qoomiyad)|Akan]] iyo [[Gurma (qoomiyad)|Gurma]] (17.1%) |[[Kposo (qoomiyad)|Kposo]] iyo [[Af-Kebu|Akebu]] (4.1%) |[[Ana (qoomiyad)|Ana-Ife]] (3.2%) |Kooxaha kale ee Galbeedka Afrika (1.7%)}} [[Dadka Togo|aan-Afrikaan ahayn]] (5.6%)<ref name="cia" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |50% [[Masiixiyad]] |33% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |16% [[Islaamka Togo|Islaam]] |1% [[Diinta Baháʼí]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | title=National Profiles | access-date=7 March 2026 | url-status=live | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c }}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2025 | demonym = [[Dadka Togo|Reer Togo]] | government_type = [[Jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo midaysan]] oo hoos tanaasusha kalataliye nidaam kali-talis ah oo [[Keligii-talisnimo dhaxaltooyo ah|dhaxaltooyo ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Togo|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Togo|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Togo|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare (Togo)|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Togo)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Togo|Taariikhda aasaaska]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Togoland|Togoland-tii Jarmalka]] | established_date1 = 5 Luulyo 1884 | established_event2 = [[Togoland-tii Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 27 Agoosto 1914 | established_event3 = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Faransiiska]] | established_date3 = 27 Abriil 1960 | established_event4 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay|Ku biirista]] [[Qaramada Midoobay|QM]] | established_date4 = 20 Sebtembar 1960 | established_event5 = [[Dastuurka Togo|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date5 = 6 Maayo 2024 | area_km2 = 56,785<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |title=Accueil - Voyage Togo |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215213/https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 123aad | area_sq_mi = 22,008 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_census = 8,095,498<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo-Les résultats définitifs du 5e RGPH |url=https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |website=Icilome |access-date=1 September 2023 |date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233655/https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 9,583,381<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Togo|access-date=31 October 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 101aad | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,470<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 166aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $10.020 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 151aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,050<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171aad | Gini = 43.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhacay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI = 0.571 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2025|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 161aad | currency = [[Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = +00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Sida [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]], Mina iyo [[Af-Adja|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Kuwa ugu waaweyn waa [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Kotokoli Tem]] iyo [[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Inta badan reer Yurub, Hindi iyo Suuriyaan-Lubnaaniis. | footnote_d = Qiyaasaha dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu darayaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay sababto cudurka AIDS; tani waxay keeni kartaa rajada nolosha oo hoos u dhacda, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo heerarka dhimashada oo sarreeya, tirada dadka iyo heerarka koritaanka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddelada qaybinta dadka marka loo eego da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filayay. | footnote_e = Qiimaynta waxay ku salaysan tahay tirooyinka 2017 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20260118042609/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|TOH|goh}}; {{IPA|fr|toɡo|lang}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Togo''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|République togolaise}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada ka xiga [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Gana iyo Togo|galbeedka]], [[Benin]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Benin iyo Togo|bariga]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo|waqooyiga]].<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=[[Islamic Development Bank]] |date=18 November 1998 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203143436/https://www.isdb.org/togo |url-status=live }}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[Waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar|waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar]] ee adduunka. Waxay ku fidsan tahay waqooyiga laga bilaabo [[Gacanka Guinea]] (halkaas oo ay ku taallo [[caasimad|caasimaddeeda]], [[Lomé]]) ilaa xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo.<ref name="Republic of Togo" /> Waa dal yar oo kuleyl ah, kaas oo ku fadhiya {{convert|57,000|km2|sqmi|-3|abbr=off}}<ref name="auto"/> lehna [[Dadka|dad]] gaaraya qiyaastii 8 milyan.<ref name="auto"/> Ballaceedu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} inta u dhaxaysa Gana iyo deriskeeda bari ee Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} Dad kala duwan ayaa degay xudduudaha Togo-da maanta intii dhaxeysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 16aad. Intii dhexaysay qarniyadii 16aad iyo 18aad, gobolka xeebta wuxuu inta badan u adeegi jiray xarun [[Ganacsiga addoomada ee Atlaantikada|ganacsiga addoomada ee reer Yurub]], taasoo Togo iyo gobolka ku xeeran ku radday magaca "[[Xeebta Addoomada ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomada]]". Sanadkii 1884, xilligii [[u-tartanka Afrika]], [[Boqortooyadii Jarmalka|Jarmalka]] ayaa gobolka ka aasaasay dhul maxmiyad ah oo loo bixiyay [[Togoland]]. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], Togo waxaa lagu wareejiyay [[Faransiiska]] iyadoo wadata xudduudaheeda hadda jira. Togo waxay madax-bannaanideeda ka qaadatay Faransiiska sanadkii 1960.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanadkii 1967, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ayaa hoggaamiyay [[Inqilaabkii Togo ee 1967|afgambi milatari oo guulaystay]] wuxuuna noqday madaxweynaha dal nidaamkiisu yahay hal xisbi oo ka horjeeda hanti-wadaagga. Sanadkii 1993, Eyadéma wuxuu la kulmay doorashooyin xisbiyo badan oo ay hareeyeen wax-is-daba-marin, wuxuuna ku guulaystay madaxtinimada saddex jeer. Xilligii uu dhintay, Eyadéma wuxuu ahaa "hoggaamiyaha ugu muddada dheeraa taariikhda casriga ah ee [[Afrika]]", isagoo madaxweyne ahaa muddo 38 sano ah.<ref name=Obituary>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630191246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm |date=30 June 2018 }} . (5 Febraayo 2005). [[BBC News]]. Dib loo helay 22 Maayo 2007.</ref> Sanadkii 2005, wiilkiisa [[Faure Gnassingbé]] ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne. Togo waa dal [[Dhulalka kuleylaha|kuleyl ah]], oo dhaca [[Afrika ka hooseysa Saxaraha|Saxaraha ka hooseeya]]<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> kaas oo dhaqaalihiisu uu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay beeraha.<ref name="icye.org"/> Luqadda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]],<ref name="icye.org"/> laakiin [[Luqadaha Togo|luqado kale ayaa loogu hadlaa]], gaar ahaan kuwa ka tirsan [[Luqadaha Gbe|qoyska Gbe]]. [[Masiixiyiin|Masiixiyiinta]] waxay ka dhigtaan 47.8% dadka dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa kooxda diimeed ee ugu weyn dalka.<ref>{{Citation |title=Togo |date=2023-01-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2023-01-13 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Togo waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantikada]], [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[Aagga Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]]. == Etymology == Magaca Togo wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "biyaha dhinacooda"<ref>{{cite book|title=Peoples of Africa: Togo-Zimbabwe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlz2bWRPmvgC&pg=PA531 |year=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7168-4|page=531}}</ref> ama "badda gadaasheeda",<ref name="Togo1920s"/> waxaana laga soo qaatay luqadda [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] ''to'' ("biyo") iyo ''go'' ("xeeb"). Markii hore wuxuu ula jeeday oo qura magaalada Togo (haddaba ah [[Togoville]]), markii dambena Jarmalku waxay magaca ku ballariyeen dalka oo dhan.<ref name="Togo1920s">{{cite book|last=Dawnay|first=Guy Payan |title=The Army Quarterly| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWAPAQAAIAAJ |year=1926|publisher=William Clowes & Sons, Ltd.|page=315 |quote=In the Ewe language the name ''Togo'' means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, as Dr. [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]]'s first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} hjrmopondz9zrngzhr171853c1sxkx7 300603 300602 2026-07-01T15:46:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Togo | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Togo.svg | coa_size = 70 | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|fr|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"|italics=no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />({{Langx|en|"Shaqo, Xorriyad, Hooyo"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|italics=no}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Dhulkii awoweyashay"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Togo (orthographic projection).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] | languages_type = Luqadaha loogu hadlo | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]] |[[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] |[[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] |[[Luqadaha Gbe|Gbe]] |[[Luqadaha Gur|Gur]] |[[Luqadaha Kwa|Kwa]] |[[Af-Kabiye|Kabiye]] |[[Af-Talni|Talensi]] |[[Lahjada Wasa|Wasa]] |[[Af-Aguna|Aguna]] |[[Af-Adja|Aja]] |[[Af-Ngangam|Ngangam]] |[[Af-Ntcham|Ntcham]] |[[Af-Tammari|Tammari]] |[[Af-Tem|Tem]] |[[Af-Ifè|Ifè]] |[[Af-Yoruba|Yoruba]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Dadka Togo|Afrikaan]] (94.4%)}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Aja (qoomiyad)|Aja]], [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]] iyo [[Af-Gen|Mina]] (42.4%) |[[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabye]] iyo [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Tem]] (25.9%) |[[Akan (qoomiyad)|Akan]] iyo [[Gurma (qoomiyad)|Gurma]] (17.1%) |[[Kposo (qoomiyad)|Kposo]] iyo [[Af-Kebu|Akebu]] (4.1%) |[[Ana (qoomiyad)|Ana-Ife]] (3.2%) |Kooxaha kale ee Galbeedka Afrika (1.7%)}} [[Dadka Togo|aan-Afrikaan ahayn]] (5.6%)<ref name="cia" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |50% [[Masiixiyad]] |33% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |16% [[Islaamka Togo|Islaam]] |1% [[Diinta Baháʼí]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | title=National Profiles | access-date=7 March 2026 | url-status=live | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c }}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2025 | demonym = [[Dadka Togo|Reer Togo]] | government_type = [[Jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo midaysan]] oo hoos tanaasusha kalataliye nidaam kali-talis ah oo [[Keligii-talisnimo dhaxaltooyo ah|dhaxaltooyo ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Togo|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Togo|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Togo|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare (Togo)|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Togo)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Togo|Taariikhda aasaaska]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Togoland|Togoland-tii Jarmalka]] | established_date1 = 5 Luulyo 1884 | established_event2 = [[Togoland-tii Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 27 Agoosto 1914 | established_event3 = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Faransiiska]] | established_date3 = 27 Abriil 1960 | established_event4 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay|Ku biirista]] [[Qaramada Midoobay|QM]] | established_date4 = 20 Sebtembar 1960 | established_event5 = [[Dastuurka Togo|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date5 = 6 Maayo 2024 | area_km2 = 56,785<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |title=Accueil - Voyage Togo |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215213/https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 123aad | area_sq_mi = 22,008 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_census = 8,095,498<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo-Les résultats définitifs du 5e RGPH |url=https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |website=Icilome |access-date=1 September 2023 |date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233655/https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 9,583,381<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Togo|access-date=31 October 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 101aad | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,470<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 166aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $10.020 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 151aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,050<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171aad | Gini = 43.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhacay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI = 0.571 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2025|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 161aad | currency = [[Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = +00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Sida [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]], Mina iyo [[Af-Adja|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Kuwa ugu waaweyn waa [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Kotokoli Tem]] iyo [[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Inta badan reer Yurub, Hindi iyo Suuriyaan-Lubnaaniis. | footnote_d = Qiyaasaha dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu darayaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay sababto cudurka AIDS; tani waxay keeni kartaa rajada nolosha oo hoos u dhacda, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo heerarka dhimashada oo sarreeya, tirada dadka iyo heerarka koritaanka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddelada qaybinta dadka marka loo eego da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filayay. | footnote_e = Qiimaynta waxay ku salaysan tahay tirooyinka 2017 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20260118042609/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|TOH|goh}}; {{IPA|fr|toɡo|lang}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Togo''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|République togolaise}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada ka xiga [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Gana iyo Togo|galbeedka]], [[Benin]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Benin iyo Togo|bariga]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo|waqooyiga]].<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=[[Islamic Development Bank]] |date=18 November 1998 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203143436/https://www.isdb.org/togo |url-status=live }}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[Waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar|waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar]] ee adduunka. Waxay ku fidsan tahay waqooyiga laga bilaabo [[Gacanka Guinea]] (halkaas oo ay ku taallo [[caasimad|caasimaddeeda]], [[Lomé]]) ilaa xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo.<ref name="Republic of Togo" /> Waa dal yar oo kuleyl ah, kaas oo ku fadhiya {{convert|57,000|km2|sqmi|-3|abbr=off}}<ref name="auto"/> lehna [[Dadka|dad]] gaaraya qiyaastii 8 milyan.<ref name="auto"/> Ballaceedu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} inta u dhaxaysa Gana iyo deriskeeda bari ee Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} Dad kala duwan ayaa degay xudduudaha Togo-da maanta intii dhaxeysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 16aad. Intii dhexaysay qarniyadii 16aad iyo 18aad, gobolka xeebta wuxuu inta badan u adeegi jiray xarun [[Ganacsiga addoomada ee Atlaantikada|ganacsiga addoomada ee reer Yurub]], taasoo Togo iyo gobolka ku xeeran ku radday magaca "[[Xeebta Addoomada ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomada]]". Sanadkii 1884, xilligii [[u-tartanka Afrika]], [[Boqortooyadii Jarmalka|Jarmalka]] ayaa gobolka ka aasaasay dhul maxmiyad ah oo loo bixiyay [[Togoland]]. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], Togo waxaa lagu wareejiyay [[Faransiiska]] iyadoo wadata xudduudaheeda hadda jira. Togo waxay madax-bannaanideeda ka qaadatay Faransiiska sanadkii 1960.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanadkii 1967, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ayaa hoggaamiyay [[Inqilaabkii Togo ee 1967|afgambi milatari oo guulaystay]] wuxuuna noqday madaxweynaha dal nidaamkiisu yahay hal xisbi oo ka horjeeda hanti-wadaagga. Sanadkii 1993, Eyadéma wuxuu la kulmay doorashooyin xisbiyo badan oo ay hareeyeen wax-is-daba-marin, wuxuuna ku guulaystay madaxtinimada saddex jeer. Xilligii uu dhintay, Eyadéma wuxuu ahaa "hoggaamiyaha ugu muddada dheeraa taariikhda casriga ah ee [[Afrika]]", isagoo madaxweyne ahaa muddo 38 sano ah.<ref name=Obituary>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630191246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm |date=30 June 2018 }} . (5 Febraayo 2005). [[BBC News]]. Dib loo helay 22 Maayo 2007.</ref> Sanadkii 2005, wiilkiisa [[Faure Gnassingbé]] ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne. Togo waa dal [[Dhulalka kuleylaha|kuleyl ah]], oo dhaca [[Afrika ka hooseysa Saxaraha|Saxaraha ka hooseeya]]<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> kaas oo dhaqaalihiisu uu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay beeraha.<ref name="icye.org"/> Luqadda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]],<ref name="icye.org"/> laakiin [[Luqadaha Togo|luqado kale ayaa loogu hadlaa]], gaar ahaan kuwa ka tirsan [[Luqadaha Gbe|qoyska Gbe]]. [[Masiixiyiin|Masiixiyiinta]] waxay ka dhigtaan 47.8% dadka dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa kooxda diimeed ee ugu weyn dalka.<ref>{{Citation |title=Togo |date=2023-01-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2023-01-13 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Togo waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantikada]], [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[Aagga Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]]. == Etymology == Magaca Togo wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "biyaha dhinacooda"<ref>{{cite book|title=Peoples of Africa: Togo-Zimbabwe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlz2bWRPmvgC&pg=PA531 |year=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7168-4|page=531}}</ref> ama "badda gadaasheeda",<ref name="Togo1920s"/> waxaana laga soo qaatay luqadda [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] ''to'' ("biyo") iyo ''go'' ("xeeb"). Markii hore wuxuu ula jeeday oo qura magaalada Togo (haddaba ah [[Togoville]]), markii dambena Jarmalku waxay magaca ku ballariyeen dalka oo dhan.<ref name="Togo1920s">{{cite book|last=Dawnay|first=Guy Payan |title=The Army Quarterly| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWAPAQAAIAAJ |year=1926|publisher=William Clowes & Sons, Ltd.|page=315 |quote=In the Ewe language the name ''Togo'' means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, as Dr. [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]]'s first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} eaao0mfuq1csnf0rh2slv8nqolf5aa2 300604 300603 2026-07-01T15:46:44Z Isma4l 41797 /* Asalka magaca */ 300604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Togo | common_name = Togo | native_name = {{native name|fr|République togolaise|fontsize=100%}} | image_flag = Flag of Togo.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Togo.svg | coa_size = 70 | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{lang|fr|"Travail, Liberté, Patrie"|italics=no}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|title=Constitution of Togo|year=2002|access-date=20 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214090412/http://www.africanlegislaturesproject.org/content/constitution-togo|archive-date=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />({{Langx|en|"Shaqo, Xorriyad, Hooyo"}}) | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|"[[Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux|Terre de nos aïeux]]"|italics=no}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Dhulkii awoweyashay"}}){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Togolese national anthem.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Togo (orthographic projection).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = [[Lomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|8|N|1|13|E|type:city|display=inline}} | largest_city = Lomé | official_languages = [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] | languages_type = Luqadaha loogu hadlo | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]] |[[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]] |[[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] |[[Luqadaha Gbe|Gbe]] |[[Luqadaha Gur|Gur]] |[[Luqadaha Kwa|Kwa]] |[[Af-Kabiye|Kabiye]] |[[Af-Talni|Talensi]] |[[Lahjada Wasa|Wasa]] |[[Af-Aguna|Aguna]] |[[Af-Adja|Aja]] |[[Af-Ngangam|Ngangam]] |[[Af-Ntcham|Ntcham]] |[[Af-Tammari|Tammari]] |[[Af-Tem|Tem]] |[[Af-Ifè|Ifè]] |[[Af-Yoruba|Yoruba]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{collapsible list|title_style=nobold|title={{nobold|[[Dadka Togo|Afrikaan]] (94.4%)}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web|title=Togo|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|website=CIA World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-date=12 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Aja (qoomiyad)|Aja]], [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]] iyo [[Af-Gen|Mina]] (42.4%) |[[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabye]] iyo [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Tem]] (25.9%) |[[Akan (qoomiyad)|Akan]] iyo [[Gurma (qoomiyad)|Gurma]] (17.1%) |[[Kposo (qoomiyad)|Kposo]] iyo [[Af-Kebu|Akebu]] (4.1%) |[[Ana (qoomiyad)|Ana-Ife]] (3.2%) |Kooxaha kale ee Galbeedka Afrika (1.7%)}} [[Dadka Togo|aan-Afrikaan ahayn]] (5.6%)<ref name="cia" /> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |50% [[Masiixiyad]] |33% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |16% [[Islaamka Togo|Islaam]] |1% [[Diinta Baháʼí]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c | title=National Profiles | access-date=7 March 2026 | url-status=live | archive-date=6 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306005400/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=221c }}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2025 | demonym = [[Dadka Togo|Reer Togo]] | government_type = [[Jamhuuriyad baarlamaan oo midaysan]] oo hoos tanaasusha kalataliye nidaam kali-talis ah oo [[Keligii-talisnimo dhaxaltooyo ah|dhaxaltooyo ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Togo|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Jean-Lucien Savi de Tové]] | leader_title2 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Togo|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Faure Gnassingbé]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Togo|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare (Togo)|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Togo)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Togo|Taariikhda aasaaska]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Togoland|Togoland-tii Jarmalka]] | established_date1 = 5 Luulyo 1884 | established_event2 = [[Togoland-tii Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 27 Agoosto 1914 | established_event3 = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Faransiiska]] | established_date3 = 27 Abriil 1960 | established_event4 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay|Ku biirista]] [[Qaramada Midoobay|QM]] | established_date4 = 20 Sebtembar 1960 | established_event5 = [[Dastuurka Togo|Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date5 = 6 Maayo 2024 | area_km2 = 56,785<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Togo country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014182000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14106781 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |title=Accueil - Voyage Togo |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108215213/https://voyage.gouv.tg/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 123aad | area_sq_mi = 22,008 | percent_water = 4.2 | population_census = 8,095,498<ref>{{cite web |title=Togo-Les résultats définitifs du 5e RGPH |url=https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |website=Icilome |access-date=1 September 2023 |date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233655/https://icilome.com/2023/04/togo-les-resultats-definitifs-du-5e-rgph/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2022 | population_census_rank = | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 9,583,381<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Togo|access-date=31 October 2024|year=2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 101aad | population_density_km2 = 125.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 243 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $33.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 147aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,470<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 166aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $10.020 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 151aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,050<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en |access-date=9 October 2025 |archive-date=28 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428212902/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/April |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 171aad | Gini = 43.1 | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhacay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727172441/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI = 0.571 | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 May 2025|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|access-date=6 May 2025|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|archive-date=12 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/TGO|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 161aad | currency = [[Faranka CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = +00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Togo|+228]] | cctld = [[.tg]] | footnote_a = Sida [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]], Mina iyo [[Af-Adja|Aja]]. | footnote_b = Kuwa ugu waaweyn waa [[Ewe (qoomiyad)|Ewe]], Mina, [[Tem (qoomiyad)|Kotokoli Tem]] iyo [[Kabye (qoomiyad)|Kabyè]]. | footnote_c = Inta badan reer Yurub, Hindi iyo Suuriyaan-Lubnaaniis. | footnote_d = Qiyaasaha dalkan waxay si cad xisaabta ugu darayaan saamaynta dhimashada dheeraadka ah ee ay sababto cudurka AIDS; tani waxay keeni kartaa rajada nolosha oo hoos u dhacda, dhimashada dhallaanka iyo heerarka dhimashada oo sarreeya, tirada dadka iyo heerarka koritaanka oo hooseeya, iyo isbeddelada qaybinta dadka marka loo eego da'da iyo jinsiga marka loo eego sidii kale ee laga filayay. | footnote_e = Qiimaynta waxay ku salaysan tahay tirooyinka 2017 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20260118042609/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ ''CIA World Factbook'' – "Togo"]) | today = }} '''Togo''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Togo.ogg|ˈ|t|oʊ|ɡ|oʊ}} {{respell|TOH|goh}}; {{IPA|fr|toɡo|lang}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Togo''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|République togolaise}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada ka xiga [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Gana iyo Togo|galbeedka]], [[Benin]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Benin iyo Togo|bariga]] iyo [[Burkina Faso]] dhanka [[Xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo|waqooyiga]].<ref name="Republic of Togo">{{cite web |title=Republic of Togo |url=https://www.isdb.org/togo |access-date=26 January 2021 |publisher=[[Islamic Development Bank]] |date=18 November 1998 |language=en |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203143436/https://www.isdb.org/togo |url-status=live }}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah [[Waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar|waddamada ugu horumarsan yaryar]] ee adduunka. Waxay ku fidsan tahay waqooyiga laga bilaabo [[Gacanka Guinea]] (halkaas oo ay ku taallo [[caasimad|caasimaddeeda]], [[Lomé]]) ilaa xudduudda Burkina Faso iyo Togo.<ref name="Republic of Togo" /> Waa dal yar oo kuleyl ah, kaas oo ku fadhiya {{convert|57,000|km2|sqmi|-3|abbr=off}}<ref name="auto"/> lehna [[Dadka|dad]] gaaraya qiyaastii 8 milyan.<ref name="auto"/> Ballaceedu wuxuu ka yar yahay {{convert|115|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} inta u dhaxaysa Gana iyo deriskeeda bari ee Benin.{{UN_Population|ref}} Dad kala duwan ayaa degay xudduudaha Togo-da maanta intii dhaxeysay qarniyadii 11aad iyo 16aad. Intii dhexaysay qarniyadii 16aad iyo 18aad, gobolka xeebta wuxuu inta badan u adeegi jiray xarun [[Ganacsiga addoomada ee Atlaantikada|ganacsiga addoomada ee reer Yurub]], taasoo Togo iyo gobolka ku xeeran ku radday magaca "[[Xeebta Addoomada ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomada]]". Sanadkii 1884, xilligii [[u-tartanka Afrika]], [[Boqortooyadii Jarmalka|Jarmalka]] ayaa gobolka ka aasaasay dhul maxmiyad ah oo loo bixiyay [[Togoland]]. Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka]], Togo waxaa lagu wareejiyay [[Faransiiska]] iyadoo wadata xudduudaheeda hadda jira. Togo waxay madax-bannaanideeda ka qaadatay Faransiiska sanadkii 1960.<ref name="cia"/><ref name="icye.org">{{cite web |title=Togo (Partner) – International Cultural Youth Exchange |url=https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |website=International cultural youth exchange |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608015225/https://www.icye.org/icye-in-the-world/togo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanadkii 1967, [[Gnassingbé Eyadéma]] ayaa hoggaamiyay [[Inqilaabkii Togo ee 1967|afgambi milatari oo guulaystay]] wuxuuna noqday madaxweynaha dal nidaamkiisu yahay hal xisbi oo ka horjeeda hanti-wadaagga. Sanadkii 1993, Eyadéma wuxuu la kulmay doorashooyin xisbiyo badan oo ay hareeyeen wax-is-daba-marin, wuxuuna ku guulaystay madaxtinimada saddex jeer. Xilligii uu dhintay, Eyadéma wuxuu ahaa "hoggaamiyaha ugu muddada dheeraa taariikhda casriga ah ee [[Afrika]]", isagoo madaxweyne ahaa muddo 38 sano ah.<ref name=Obituary>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm "Obituary: Gnassingbe Eyadema"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630191246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/830774.stm |date=30 June 2018 }} . (5 Febraayo 2005). [[BBC News]]. Dib loo helay 22 Maayo 2007.</ref> Sanadkii 2005, wiilkiisa [[Faure Gnassingbé]] ayaa loo doortay madaxweyne. Togo waa dal [[Dhulalka kuleylaha|kuleyl ah]], oo dhaca [[Afrika ka hooseysa Saxaraha|Saxaraha ka hooseeya]]<ref name="Republic of Togo"/> kaas oo dhaqaalihiisu uu inta badan ku tiirsan yahay beeraha.<ref name="icye.org"/> Luqadda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Fransiis|Fransiis]],<ref name="icye.org"/> laakiin [[Luqadaha Togo|luqado kale ayaa loogu hadlaa]], gaar ahaan kuwa ka tirsan [[Luqadaha Gbe|qoyska Gbe]]. [[Masiixiyiin|Masiixiyiinta]] waxay ka dhigtaan 47.8% dadka dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa kooxda diimeed ee ugu weyn dalka.<ref>{{Citation |title=Togo |date=2023-01-11 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en |access-date=2023-01-13 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012171517/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> Togo waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantikada]], [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]], iyo [[Aagga Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]]. == Asalka magaca== Magaca Togo wuxuu ka dhigan yahay "biyaha dhinacooda"<ref>{{cite book|title=Peoples of Africa: Togo-Zimbabwe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlz2bWRPmvgC&pg=PA531 |year=2001 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7168-4|page=531}}</ref> ama "badda gadaasheeda",<ref name="Togo1920s"/> waxaana laga soo qaatay luqadda [[Af-Ewe|Ewe]] ''to'' ("biyo") iyo ''go'' ("xeeb"). Markii hore wuxuu ula jeeday oo qura magaalada Togo (haddaba ah [[Togoville]]), markii dambena Jarmalku waxay magaca ku ballariyeen dalka oo dhan.<ref name="Togo1920s">{{cite book|last=Dawnay|first=Guy Payan |title=The Army Quarterly| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWAPAQAAIAAJ |year=1926|publisher=William Clowes & Sons, Ltd.|page=315 |quote=In the Ewe language the name ''Togo'' means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, as Dr. [[Gustav Nachtigal|Nachtigal]]'s first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} bdquh9knk1uo1ei0an6pseif8osqswi Xeebta Foolmaroodi 0 3837 300606 272036 2026-07-01T15:57:35Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Côte d'Ivoire | common_name = Ivory Coast | native_name = {{ublist|{{native name|fr|République de Côte d'Ivoire}}|{{native name|dyu|Kɔdiwari Jamana}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Ivory Coast.svg | coa_size = 100 | national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|'Union – Discipline – Travail'|italics=off}}<br />'Midnimo – Edbitaan – Hawl' | national_anthem = {{lang|fr|[[L'Abidjanaise]]}}<br />({{Langx|en|"Heestii Abidjan"}}) [[File:United States Navy Band - National Anthem of Côte D'Ivoire "L'Abidjanaise".ogg]] {{parabr}}{{center|}} | image_map = {{Switcher| [[File:Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]] |Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Yamoussoukro]] | coordinates = {{Coord|6|51|N|5|18|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Abidjan]] | official_languages = [[Af-Faransiiska Afrika|Faransiis]] | languages_type = Luuqadaha<br />waddaniga ah | languages = {{hlist|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriis]]|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]|[[Af-Carabi]]|[[Luuqadaha Bété|Bété]]|[[Luuqadda Dyula|Dyula]]|[[Luuqadda Baoulé|Baoulé]]|[[Lahjada Bono|Abron]]|[[Luuqadda Agni|Agni]]|[[Luuqadaha Senufo|Senoufo]]|[[Luuqadaha Ivory Coast|kuwo kale]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{tree list}} * 78.0% Reer Ivory Coast * * 38.0% [[Dadka Akan|Akan]] * * 22.0% [[Dadka Mandé|Mande-ta Woqooyi]] * * 22.0% Voltaiques/Gur * * 9.1% [[Dadka Kru|Kru]] * * 8.6% [[Dadka Mandé|Mande-ta Koonfureed]] * * 0.3% dadka jinsiyadda la siiyay ee Ivory Coast * 22.0% [[Astaamaha dadka ee Ivory Coast|Ajaanib]]<sup>a</sup> {{tree list/end}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name=":11" /> | ethnic_groups_year = Tiriya dowladda ee 2021 | religion = {{Ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |42.5% [[Islaamka ee Ivory Coast|Islaam]] |{{Tree list}} * 39.8% [[Masiixiyad]] * * 17.0% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga ee Ivory Coast|Kaatoolig]] * * 22.8% [[Masiixi]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |12.6% [[Diin la'aan|diin lahayn]] |2.2% [[Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |0.7% diimo kale |2.2% aan ka jawaabin }} | religion_year = Tiriya dowladda ee 2021 | religion_ref = <ref name=":11" /> | demonym = {{unbulleted list|[[Dadka Ivory Coast|Ivorian]]|Reer Ivory Coast}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|madaxtooyo]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda gobolka ee Ivory Coast|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Alassane Ouattara]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Ivory Coast|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Tiémoko Meyliet Koné]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Ivory Coast|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Robert Beugré Mambé]] | leader_title4 = Ra'iisul Wasaare ku-xigeen | leader_name4 = [[Téné Birahima Ouattara]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Ivory Coast]] | upper_house = [[Aqoalka Sare ee Ivory Coast|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka (Ivory Coast)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Taariikhda Ivory Coast|Taariikhda]] | established_event1 = Aasaaskii Jamhuuriyadda | established_date1 = 4 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = [[Xorriyadda]] ka qaadashada Faransiiska | established_date2 = 7 Agoosto 1960 | area_km2 = 322,462 | area_rank = 68aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 124,502 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.4<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/|website=The World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Directorate of Intelligence|date=30 March 2022|access-date=16 March 2022|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221218/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate = 31,500,000<ref name="2024_data_sheet">{{cite web|title=2024 World Population Data Sheet|url=https://2024-wpds.prb.org/africa/#western-africa|author=[[Population Reference Bureau]]|access-date=11 December 2024}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = Luulyo 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 49aad | population_census = 29,389,150<ref name="census_2021">{{cite web|title=RGPH 2021 Résultats globaux|url=https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf|author=[[Institut National de la Statistique de Côte d'Ivoire]]|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404151119/https://www.ins.ci/RGP2021/RGPH2021-RESULTATS%20GLOBAUX_VF.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census_year = Diseembar 2021 | population_density_km2 = 97.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 236 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 139aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $202.647 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.CI">{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (CI)|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=662,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|website=IMF.org|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=10 October 2023|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203145913/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=662,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 78aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $6,960<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 138aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $79.430 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 84aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,728<ref name="IMFWEO.CI" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 141aad | Gini = 35.3 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini Index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|publisher=[[The World Factbook]]|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.582 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|title=Human Development Report 2025|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|language=en|date=6 May 2025|access-date=6 May 2025|archive-date=6 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 157aad | currency = [[CFA franc-ga Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Waqtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | calling_code = [[Lambarrada taleefanka ee Ivory Coast|+225]] | iso3166code = CI | cctld = [[.ci]] | footnote_a = Waxaa ku jira qiyaastii 130,000 oo [[Dadka Lubnaan|Lubnaaniyiin ah]] iyo 14,000 oo [[Dadka Faransiiska|Faransiis ah]]. | footnotes = {{Notelist}} | today = }} '''Ivory Coast''', sidoo kale loo yaqaanno {{lang|fr|'''Côte d'Ivoire'''|italic=no}}{{Efn|Loo dhawaaqo {{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|oʊ|t|_|d|iː|ˈ|v|w|ɑːr}} {{respell|KOHT|_|dee|VWAR}} ee afka Ingiriisiga<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref> iyo {{IPA|fr|kot divwaʁ||Fr-Côte-d'Ivoire-fr-Paris.ogg}} ee afka Faransiiska.<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Cote d'Ivoire definition|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d%27ivoire|access-date=23 May 2014|archive-date=23 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723020443/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cote%20d%27ivoire|url-status=live}}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loo yagooray '''Jamhuuriyadda Côte d'Ivoire''', waa dal ku yaalla xeebta koonfureed ee [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Caasimaddiisa, [[Yamoussoukro]], waxay ku taal bartamaha dalka, halka [[Abidjan]] ay tahay magaalada ugu weyn iyo xarunta dhaqaalaha. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Gini]] dhanka [[Xadka Gini iyo Ivory Coast|waqooyi-galbeed]], [[Laybeeriya]] dhanka [[Xadka Ivory Coast iyo Laybeeriya|galbeed]], [[Maali]] dhanka [[Xadka Ivory Coast iyo Maali|waqooyi-galbeed]], [[Burkiina Faaso]] dhanka [[Xadka Burkiina Faaso iyo Ivory Coast|waqooyi-bari]], [[Gana]] dhanka [[Xadka Gana iyo Ivory Coast|bari]], iyo [[Gacanka Gini]] ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik|Atlaantiga]] dhanka koonfureed.<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=ADDING A SOURCE CODE SEARCHING CAPABILITY TO YIOOP|url=https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.nk56-uyfc|publisher=San Jose State University Library|url-access=subscription|last=Parvatneni|first=Snigdha Rao|date=2013|doi=10.31979/etd.nk56-uyfc}}</ref> Iyadoo leh 31.5 milyan oo qof sanadkii 2024, Ivory Coast waa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego tirada dadka|dalka saddexaad ee ugu dadka badan]] Galbeedka Afrika.<ref name="2024_data_sheet" /> Luuqaddeeda rasmiga ah waa [[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]], luuqadaha waddaniga ahna si ballaaran ayaa loo isticmaalaa, oo ay ku jiraan [[Luuqadaha Bété|Bété]], [[Luuqadda Baoulé|Baoulé]], [[Luuqadda Dyula|Dyula]], [[Luuqadda Dan|Dan]], [[Luuqadda Anyin|Anyin]], iyo [[Luuqadaha Senari|Cebaara Senufo]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Republic of Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://achpr.au.int/en/member-states/cote-divoire|website=African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|language=en|access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> Isku gaddoon, waxaa jira ku dhawaad 78 [[Luuqadaha Ivory Coast|luuqadood oo loogu hadlo Ivory Coast]].<ref name=":13" /> Dalku wuxuu leeyahay [[Diinta ee Ivory Coast|shacab kala diimo ah]], oo ay ku jiraan taageerayaal badan oo [[Islaamka ee Ivory Coast|Islaamka]], [[Masiixiyadda ee Ivory Coast|Masiixiyadda]] iyo [[Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika|diimaha hiddaha ah]] oo badanaa wata [[animism]].<ref name=":religions2021" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT 2021 RESULTATS GLOBAUX DEFINITIFS|url=https://www.caidp.ci/uploads/7113b93cc641ba78c591e9f79a4e729c.pdf|website=Institut National de la Statistique (INS)|language=fr|date=October 2022|access-date=5 August 2023|archive-date=14 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814112828/https://www.caidp.ci/uploads/7113b93cc641ba78c591e9f79a4e729c.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ivory Coast waxay ahaan jirtay hoy u ahaa dhowr dawladood, oo ay ku jiraan [[Gyaman|Gyaaman]], [[Boqortooyadii Kong]], iyo [[Dadka Baoulé|Baoulé]]. Deegaanku wuxuu noqday [[maxmiyad]] Faransiis ah sanadkii 1843 waxaana loo adkeeyay sidii [[Liiska gumeysigii Faransiiska|gumeysi Faransiis]] sanadkii 1893 intii lagu jiray [[Tartankii Afrika]]. Waxay xorriyadda qaadatay sanadkii 1960, iyadoo uu hoggaaminayay [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], oo xukumay dalka ilaa 1993. Marka loo eego heerarka gobolka, Ivory Coast waxay xiriir dhow oo dhanka siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha ah la lahayd dariskeeda Galbeedka Afrika iyadoo sii haysata xiriir dhow oo ay la leedahay [[Isbahaysiga Galbeedka|Galbeedka]], [[Françafrique|gaar ahaan Faransiiska]]. Degganaanshaheedii waxaa ruxay [[Inqilaabkii Ivory Coast ee 1999|inqilaab dhacay 1999]] iyo laba dagaal sokeeye—kii koowaad [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Koowaad ee Ivory Coast|guntii 2002 iyo 2007]]<ref name="loi">{{cite journal|title=Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte d'Ivoire|url=http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf|volume=42|journal=Journal Officiel de la République de Côte d'Ivoire|issue=30|pages=529–538|language=fr|date=3 August 2000|archive-date=25 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325153412/http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf|url-status=dead}},</ref> iyo markale [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Ivory Coast|intii u dhaxeysay 2010–2011]]. Waxay qaadatay [[Dastuurka Ivory Coast|dastuur cusub]] sanadkii 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ivory Coast backs new constitution in landslide vote, opposition cries foul|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott|date=2 November 2016|access-date=8 March 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030516/https://www.france24.com/en/20161102-ivory-coast-approves-new-constitution-referendum-opposition-boycott|url-status=live}}</ref> Ivory Coast waa jamhuuriyad leh awood fulineed oo xooggan oo la siiyay [[Liiska madaxda gobolka ee Ivory Coast|madaxweynaheeda]]. Iyadoo loo marayo [[Waxsoosaarka kafeega ee Ivory Coast|waxsoosaarka koofiga]] iyo [[Waxsoosaarka kookaha ee Ivory Coast|kookaha]], waxay ahayd quwadda dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika intii lagu jiray 1960-gii iyo 1970-gii, ka dibna waxay la kulantay dhibaato dhaqaale 1980-gii, taasi oo gacan ka geysatay xilli qas siyaasadeed iyo mid bulsho ah oo sii dheeraaday ilaa 2011. Ivory Coast waxay haddana la kulantay korriin dhaqaale oo sarreeya tan iyo markii ay soo laabatay nabadda iyo degganaanshaha siyaasadeed ee 2011. Laga soo bilaabo 2012 ilaa 2023, dhaqaaluhu wuxuu ku koray celcelis ahaan 7.1% sannadkii [[Waxsoosaarka Guud ee Gudaha|marka la eego dhabta]], waana heerka labaad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan ee korriinka dhaqaalaha ee Afrika iyo kan afraad ee ugu dhaqsiyaha badan adduunka.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=11 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219102804/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDP_R,&sy=2011&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023, Ivory Coast waxay lahayd GDP per capita-ga labaad ee ugu sarreeya Galbeedka Afrika, iyadoo ku xigta [[Cape Verde]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Economic Outlook database: October 2023|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=614,638,616,748,618,624,622,626,628,632,636,634,662,642,643,734,644,646,648,652,656,654,664,666,668,674,676,678,684,688,728,692,694,714,716,722,718,724,199,733,738,742,746,754,698,&s=PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|author=[[IMF]]|access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> Naas kasta oo ay taasi jirto, marka loo eego sahankii ugu dambeeyay ee 2016, 46.1% dadka waxaa weli saameyn ku haya [[Tusaha Saboolnimada ee Dhinacyada Badan|saboolnimada dhinacyada badan]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023 Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/CIV.pdf|website=United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports|date=2023|access-date=15 April 2024|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190049/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/CIV.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Sannadkii 2023, Ivory Coast waa dalka ugu weyn adduunka ee dhoofiya digirta kookaha, wuxuuna leeyahay dakhli aad u sarreeya marka loo eego gobolkiisa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cocoa beans, whole/broken, raw/roasted – Imports and Exports – 2023|url=https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/180100#:~:text=Top%20exporters%20of%20Cocoa%20beans,%2D%205.38%25%20($417%20million)|publisher=Trendeconomy|date=7 November 2024|access-date=20 March 2024|archive-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125140048/https://trendeconomy.com/data/commodity_h2/180100|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhaqaaluhu weli wuxux si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha, iyadoo [[Beeraleyda yaryar|beeraleyda yaryar]] ee soo saarta dalagyada lacagta lagu doonayo ay u badan yihiin.<ref name="CIA" /> ==Asalka magaca== Asal ahaan, [[Sahan badeedka Burtuqiiska|ganacsatada-sahamiyayaasha Burtuqiiska]] ee qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad waxay u qaybiyeen xeebta galbeed ee Afrika, si qallafsan, afar "xeebood" oo ka tarjumayay kheyraadka laga heli karo xeeb kasta. Xeebta ay u bixiyeen {{lang|pt|Costa do Marfim}}—oo macnaheedu yahay 'xeebta fool-maroodiga', loona turjumay Faransiis ahaan {{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}—waxay u dhaxaysay wixii loo yaqaanay {{lang|pt|Guiné de Cabo Verde}}, oo loo yaqaanay "Gini-da Sare" ee ku taal {{lang|fr|[[Cap-Vert]]|italic=no}}, iyo Gini-da Hoose.{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}} Waxaa sidoo kale jiray [[Xeebta Basbaaska]], oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Xeebta Siraadka" (Laybeeriyada maanta), "[[Xeebta Dahabka (gobo)|Xeebta Dahabka]]" (Gana), iyo "[[Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika|Xeebta Addoomaha]]" (Toogo, Benin iyo Nayjeeriya). Sida kuwaas oo kale, magaca ''Ivory Coast'' wuxuu ka tarjumayay ganacsigii weynaa ee ka jiray qaybtaas gaarka ah ee xeebta: dhoofinta [[fool-maroodiga]].{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}} Magacyada kale ee deegaanka loo yaqaanay waxaa ka mid ahaa {{lang|fr|Côte de Dents}},{{Efn|[[Joseph Vaissète]], buuggiisii 1755 ee {{lang|fr|Géographie historique, ecclésiastique et civile}}, wuxuu ku liisgreeyay magaca sidii {{lang|fr|La Côte des Dents}} ('Xeebta Ilkaha'), laakiin wuxuu xusay in {{lang|fr|Côte de Dents}} ay tahay qaabka ugu saxan.{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}}|name=teeths}} oo macnaheedu yahay 'Xeebta Ilkaha', markale ka tarjumaysa ganacsiga fool-maroodiga;{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Lipski|2005|p=39}}{{sfn|Plée|1868|p=146}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}} {{lang|fr|Côte de Quaqua}}, oo loogu magac daray dadkii ay reer Holland u bixiyeen ''Quaqua'' (ama ''Kwa Kwa'');{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}} Xeebta Shanta iyo Lixda Xariijimood, oo loogu magac daray nooc ka mid ah dharka cudbiga ah ee halkaas lagu gadan jiray;{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}} iyo ''Côte du Vent'',{{Efn|{{lang|fr|Côte du Vent}} mararka qaarkood waxay muujinaysay isku-darka xeebaha "Ivory" iyo "Siraadka", ama mararka qaar xeebta "Siraadka" oo kaliya.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}}|name=vent}} Xeebta Dabaylaha, sababo la xiriira xaaladaha cimilada maxaliga ah ee xeebta ka baxsan.{{sfn|Duckett|1853|p=594}}{{sfn|Thornton|1996|pp=53–56}} Qarnigii 19aad, isticmaalku wuxuu u guuray {{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=100}} Xeebta dawladda casriga ahi si sax ah uma wada eka wixii ay ganacsatadii qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad u yaqaaneen xeebta "Ilkaha" ama "Ivory", taasi oo loo haystay inay ka soo bilaabato [[Cape Palmas]] ilaa [[Cape Three Points]] taas oo hadda u qaybsan dawladaha casriga ah ee Gana iyo Ivory Coast (iyadoo qayb yar ay haysato Laybeeriya).{{sfn|Blanchard|1818|p=57}}{{sfn|Homans|1858|p=14}}{{sfn|Walckenaer|1827|p=35}}{{sfn|Vaissète|1755|pp=185–186}} Waxay sii haysatay magaca intii lagu jiray xukunkii Faransiiska iyo xorriyaddii 1960.<ref name="WDL1">{{cite web|title=The Ivory Coast|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/643|publisher=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204073233/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/643/|url-status=live}}</ref> Magaca muddo dheer ayaa si dhab ah loogu turjumay luuqado kale,{{Efn|Turjumaadaha dhabta ah waxaa ka mid ah {{langx|de|Elfenbeinküste}}, {{langx|it|Costa d'Avorio}}, {{langx|fi|Norsunluurannikko}}, {{langx|ru|Бе́рег Слоно́вой Ко́сти}}, iyo {{langx|en|Ivory Coast|italic=no}}.{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}|name=trans}} taasi oo xukuumaddii xorriyadda ka dib ay u aragtay dhibaato sii kordheysa mar kasta oo xiriirkeeda caalamiga ah uu dhaafsiisanyahay fagaaraha ku hadla Af-Faransiiska. Sidaa darteed, bishii Abriil 1986, xukuumaddu waxay ku dhawaaqday in '''{{lang|fr|Côte d'Ivoire}}''' (ama, si buuxda, {{lang|fr|République de Côte d'Ivoire}}{{sfn|Auzias|Labourdette|2008|p=9}}) ay ahaan doonto magaceeda rasmiga ah ee ujeedooyinka hab-maamuuska dublamaasiyadeed, tan iyo markaasna waxay si rasmi ah u diidday inay aqoonsato wax turjumaad ah oo laga bixiyo Faransiiska loona turjumayo luuqado kale marka ay la macaamilayso caalamka.{{sfn|David|2000|p=7}}{{sfn|Lea|Rowe|2001|p=127}}{{sfn|Jessup|1998|p=351}} In kasta oo ay jirtay codsiga xukuumadda Ivory Coast, turjumaada Ingiriisiga ah ee "Ivory Coast" (badanaa "''the'' Ivory Coast") ayaa weli si joogto ah loogu isticmaalaa Ingiriisiga meelo kala duwan oo warbaahinta iyo daabacadaha ah. Dawlado badan ayaa u isticmaala "Côte d'Ivoire" sababo dublamaasiyadeed, sida ay u isticmaalaan xarumahooda warbaahineed, sida [[CCTV News (Chinese)|CCTV News]] ee Shiinaha. Ururada kale ee isticmaala "Côte d'Ivoire" waxaa ka mid ah [[Central Intelligence Agency]] ee buuggooda ''[[The World Factbook|World Factbook]]''<ref name="CIA" /> iyo ururada isboortiga caalamiga ah ee [[FIFA]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CAF Member Associations|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725110443/http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/memberassociations.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo [[Guddiga Olombikada Caalamiga ah|IOC]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Côte d'Ivoire|url=https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-voire|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718054551/https://www.olympic.org/cote-d-ivoire|url-status=live}}</ref> (iyagoo tixraacaya [[Xulka kubadda cagta qaranka ee Ivory Coast|xulkooda kubadda cagta qaranka]] iyo kooxaha Olombikada ee ciyaaraha caalamiga ah iyo baahinta rasmiga ah), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=18 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618075934/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139651/Cote-dIvoire|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo ''[[National Geographic Society]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Places Directory|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cote-divoire?source=A-to-Z|publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]|date=25 June 2008|access-date=20 June 2010|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101113/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destination/cote-divoire?source=A-to-Z|url-status=live}}</ref> [[BBC]]-du badanaa waxay u isticmaashaa "Ivory Coast" labadaba warbixinnada wararka iyo boggeeda ku saabsan dalka.<ref>{{cite news|title=Country profile: Ivory Coast|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=24 February 2010|access-date=30 April 2010|archive-date=15 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415042400/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Si la mid ah, ''[[The Economist]]'' wuxuu sheegayaa "...Ivory Coast, ''faal'' Côte d'Ivoire..."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wroe|first=Ann|title=The Economist Style Guide: The Bestselling Guide to English Usage|publisher=Profile Books|year=2018|isbn=978 1 78125 831 6|edition=12th|location=Great Britain|page=112|language=en}}</ref> [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]], [[Fox News]], ''[[The Times]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Shirkadda Baahinta ee Koonfur Afrika]], iyo [[CBC News|Shirkadda Baahinta ee Kanada]] dhamaantood waxay u isticmaalaan "Ivory Coast" si gaar ah ama ugu weyn.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}} ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} sjojc3l88rohtentfszubpblgcwyeeb Seyshelles 0 4735 300596 284053 2026-07-01T15:25:22Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis | common_name = Sishalis | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luuqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République des Seychelles}} | crs = {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Seychelles.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Finis Coronat Opus|italics=off}}<br />"Dhamaadku Waxuu Guleeyaa Shaqada" | national_anthem = [[Koste Seselwa]] (Kreole-ka Sishalis)<br/>"Midowga Sishalis"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Koste_Seselwa_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|37|S|55|27|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | languages_type = Luuqadaha rasmiga ah | languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Seychellois Creole|Kreole]] |[[English language|Ingiriisi]] |[[French language|Faransiis]]}}<ref> https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Seychelles_2017 - Dastuurka Sishalis - “Luuqadaha Qaranka ee Sishalis waa Kreole, Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis”</ref> | languages2_type = Luuqadaha laga tirada badan yahay | languages2 = {{unbulleted list |[[Tamil language|Tamiil]]}} | ethnic_groups = 97% [[Seychellois Creole people|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]{{efn|Waa qowmiyadda asalka ah ee ugu badan dalka; dadka kreole-ka ah waxay asal ahaan isugu jiraan qowmiyado ka yimid dhul-weynaha [[East Africa|Afrikaanka Bari]] iyo dadka [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasi]]. Waxay ka dhumaan aqlabiyadda ballaaran ee dadka dalka deggan.<ref name="CIAPop">{{cite web | title=SeychellesThe World Factbook | website=- | date=2023-07-12 | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723184004/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 July 2023 | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>}}<br> 3% kuwa kale{{efn|Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan u dhalan Sishalis waxaa ka mid ah kooxihii yaryaraa ee ka koobnaa [[French people|Faransiis]], [[Indian people|Hindi]], [[Chinese people|Shiinees]], iyo [[Arabs|Carab]].<ref name="CIAPop"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |74.9% [[Christianity|Masiixi]] |5.4% [[Hinduism in Seychelles|Hindoos]] |2.4% [[Islam in Seychelles|Islaam]] |5.1% kale |12.2% aan la sheegin }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name=2022Census/> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Sishaliis |Sishaliise |Seselwa {{small|(Kreole)}}}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[presidential system|madaxweyne ah]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Seychelles|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Patrick Herminie]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Seychelles|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Sebastien Pillay]] | leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka | leader_name3 = [[Azarel Ernesta]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaani | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Madaxbannaanida | established_date1 = 29 Juun 1976 | area_km2 = 457 | area_rank = 181aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 177 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_estimate = 121,355<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=MID-YEAR 2024 ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION (ERP) |url=http://www.nbs.gov.sc/downloads/1620-mid-2024-estimated-resident-population/download |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 200aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 262.3 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $4.490 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 177aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $43,850<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.250 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,940<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 50aad | Gini = 32.1 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = <!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072813/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.848<!-- Number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = kordhay<!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 54aad | currency = [[Seychellois rupee|Rubiga Sishalis]] | currency_code = SCR | time_zone = [[Seychelles Time|SCT]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | drives_on = bidix | calling_code = [[+248]] | cctld = [[.sc]] | today = }} '''Sishalis'''{{efn|Loo tixgeliyo kalgacal ama wadajir. Joogitaanka qodobka qeexan ("the Seychelles") isna wuu kala duwan yahay.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motschenbacher |first1=Heiko |title=Greece, the Netherlands and (the) Ukraine: A Corpus-Based Study of Definite Article Use with Country Names |journal=Names |date=2 January 2020 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00277738.2020.1731241 |hdl=11250/2676009 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Seychelles.ogg|s|eɪ|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|eɪ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|sɛʃɛl|lang}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.langenscheidt.com/french-german/seychelles|title=Seychelles – English translation in German – Langenscheidt dictionary French-German|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, de, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/Seychelles/121797|title=Traduction: Seychelles – Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.pons.com/translate?q=Seychelles&l=enfr&in=fr&lf=fr|title=Seychelles {{!}} French » English {{!}} PONS|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref> {{small|ama}} {{IPA|fr|seʃɛl|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/seychelles|title=English Translation of "Seychelles" {{!}} Collins French-English Dictionary|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref>), si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|République des Seychelles}}; [[Seychellois Creole|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]: {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Seychelles | title=Seychelles Facts &#124; Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> waa [[archipelagic country|dal jasiirado ah]] oo ka kooban 115 jasiiradood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/Seychelles_Cooperation_Framework_2024-2028.pdf|title=United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework for Seychelles 2024 - 2028|access-date=2026-05-30|date=2023|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=15}}</ref> kuna yaalla [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Caasimaddiisa iyo magaalada ugu weyn, oo ah [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]], waxay dhanka bari {{convert|1500|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} kaga beegan tahay dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]]. Wadamada iyo dhulalka jasiiradaha ah ee u dhow waxaa ka mid ah [[Maldives|Maaldiyfis]], [[Comoros|Komoros]], [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]], [[Mauritius|Moriishas]], iyo [[French Fifth Republic|Faransiiska]] [[overseas departments and regions of France|goboladiisa iyo waaxyaha dibadda]] ee [[Mayotte|Mayotte]] iyo [[Réunion]] dhanka koonfureed; iyo [[Chagos Archipelago|Jasiiradaha Chagos]] dhanka bari. Sishalis waa [[list of African countries by area|dalka ugu yar Afrika]] sidoo kale waa [[list of African countries by population|dalka madaxbannaan ee ugu dadka yar Afrika]], iyadoo lagu qiyaasay dadkiisa 100,600 qof sannadkii 2022.<ref name="World Bank Open Data v619">{{cite web | title=World Bank Open Data | website=World Bank Open Data | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SC | language=la | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> Jasiiradaha Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah ka hor intaan xiriir joogto ah oo dibadda ah lala samayn. In kasta oo badmaaxiinta Carabta iyo Sawaaxiliga ay u degeen inay jasiiradaha horay u ogaayeen iyagoo u maraya marinada [[Indian Ocean trade|ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya]], haddana ma jiraan wax caddaynaya inay jireen deegaanno rasmi ah ka hor intaan reer Yurub ku lug yeelan. Jasiiradaha waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay reer Yurub qarnigii 16aad, laakiin lama degganayn ilaa qarnigii 18aad, markaasoo Faransiisku si rasmi ah u sheegtay. Intii lagu guda jiray xilligii gumeysiga Faransiiska, dadka Afrikaanka ah ee la addoonsaday—kuwaas oo badankoodood horey loogu soo qabtay shabakadaha hadda jira ee Afrikaanka, [[Arab slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Carabta]], iyo [[Indian Ocean slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Badweynta Hindiya]]—ayaa loo keenay jasiiradaha si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha waaweyn. Waxay la kulantay dano iska soo horjeeda oo ka imaanayay Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska ilaa ay si buuxda u gashay gacanta Ingiriiska horraantii qarnigii 19aad. Ka dib markii Ingiriisku la wareegay maamulka horraantii qarnigii 19aad, addoonsigii waa la baabiiyay waxaana hadhow qayb ahaan lagu beddelay shaqaale qandaraasleyaal ah oo laga keenay Hindiya. Tan iyo markii ay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida Boqortooyada Midowday sannadkii 1976, waxay ka horumartay bulsho inta badan ku tiirsan [[Agriculture|beeraha]] una guurtay dhaqaale suuq xor ah oo kala duwan, kaasoo lagu yaqaanno waxqabadka [[service sector|waaxda adeegga]], [[public sector|waaxda guud]], iyo [[tourism|dalxiiska]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 2015, wax-soosaarka guud ee dalka ee magaca ah ([[GDP]]) wuxuu kor u kacay ku dhowaad 700%, halka [[purchasing power parity|awoodda iibsiga]] ay kor u kacday ku dhowaad 1600%. Tan iyo dhammaadkii 2010-maadkii, xukuumaddu waxay qaadday tillaabooyin lagu dhiiragelinayo [[wikt: foreign investment|maalgashiga shisheeye]]. Tan iyo bilowgii qarniga 21aad, Sishalis waxay leedahay [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba ee magaca ah]] ee ugu sarreeya iyo darajada [[Human Development Index|Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha]] ee ugu sarreysa waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}{{date?}}</ref> Marka loo eego [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tusmooyinka Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Sishalis waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 43aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan, waxayna kaalinta 1aad kaga jirtaa [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda xorta ah ee Afrika]], iyo kaalinta 2aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee qaaradda.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Dhaqanka iyo bulshada Sishalis waa isku dhaf ka kooban saamaynta Faransiiska, Ingiriiska, Hindida iyo Afrikaanka, iyadoo ay ku jiraan canaasiir Shiinees ah. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Bulshada Afrikaanka Koonfureed]], iyo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Caddaaladda Quruumaha]]. == History == {{Main|History of Seychelles}} [[File:Gama_armada_of_1502_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).jpg|thumb|left|Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee ogaada Sishalis waxay ahaayeen [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkii 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]], oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Vasco da Gama]].]] ===Taariikhda hore=== Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah inta badan taariikhda la diwaangeliyay, in kasta oo jilitaanka hababka socdaalka ee [[Austronesian peoples|dadka Ostrooneesiyanka]] ay muujinayaan suurtogalnimada weyn inay booqdeen jasiiradaha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Scott M. |last2=Callaghan |first2=Richard |chapter=Seafaring simulations and the Origin of Prehistoric Settlers to Madagascar |page=52 |title=Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes |editor1-last=O'Connor |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Geoffrey |editor3-last=Leach |editor3-first=Foss |series=Terra Australis |issue=29 |publisher=ANU E Press |location=Canberra, ACT, Australia |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/33708/1/459300.pdf |date=2008 |isbn=9781921313905}}</ref> Qubuuraha la arki karay ilaa 1910 ee Anse Lascars ee Jasiiradda Silhouette ayaa sidoo kale loo qiyaasay inay leeyihiin ganacsatadii dambe ee [[Maldivians|Maaldiyfiis]] iyo [[Arabs|Carabta]] ee booqan jiray jasiiradaha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guébourg |first=Jean-Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsfav10mYCMC |title=Les Seychelles |date=2004 |publisher=Ed. Karthala |isbn=2-84586-358-6 |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=419931142 |pages=27–28 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Vasco da Gama]] iyo [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkiisa 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]] waxay ogaadeen Sishalis 15kii Maarso 1503; aragtida ugu horreysay waxaa sameeyay [[Thomé Lopes]] isagoo saaran ''Rui Mendes de Brito''. Maraakiibtii Da Gama waxay dhoween jasiirad dheer, malaha waa [[Silhouette Island|Jasiiradda Silhouette]], maalintii xigtayna waxay dhoween [[Desroches Island|Jasiiradda Desroches]]. Ka dib, Boortaqiisku waxay khariidad ku sameeyeen koox ka kooban toddoba jasiiradood waxayna u bixiyeen ''The Seven Sisters (Toddobada Walaalood).''<ref>{{cite web |title= Seychelles: Settlement and the development of the plantation economy (1770–1944)|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/seyoverview1.htm }}</ref> Soo degistii ugu horreysay ee la diwaangeliyay waxay ahayd bishii Janaayo 1609, oo ay sameeyeen shaqaalihii markabka ''Ascension'' ee uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan [[Alexander Sharpeigh]] intii lagu guda jiray safarkii afraad ee Shirkadda Ingiriiska ee [[East India Company]]. Maadaama ay ahayd marin ganacsi oo u dhaxeeya Afrika iyo Aasiya, jasiiradaha waxaa la sheegay inay mararka qaar isticmaali jireen burcad-badeedda ilaa Faransiisku ka bilaabay inuu la wareego maamulka 1756 markaasoo Dhagaxii Lahaanshaha uu dhigay [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] Kabtan [[Corneille Nicholas Morphey]]. Jasiiradaha waxaa loogu magac daray siyaasiga Faransiiska ah ee [[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]], waxayna si rasmi ah qayb uga ahaayeen gumeysigii [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Assembly of Seychelles |title=Our History |url=http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628122148/http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Ogosto 1770, markabkii Faransiiska ee ''Thélémaque'' oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Leblanc Lécore ayaa jasiiradda [[Ste. Anne Island]] keenay 15 qof oo caddaan ah oo degeysa iyo 13 addoon ah oo Afrikaan iyo Hindi ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govinden |first=Gerard |date=2020-08-27 |title=250th Anniversary of First Settlement |url=https://nation.sc/articles/5891/250th-anniversary-of-first-settlement |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Seychelles Nation |language=en}}</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray [[French Revolutionary Wars|Dagaaladii Kacaanka Faransiiska]], markabka dagaalka ee [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Boqortooyada]] ee [[HMS Orpheus (1780)|HMS ''Orpheus'']] oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Henry Newcombe ayaa yimid Mahé 16kii Maajo 1794. {{ill|Jean-Baptiste Quéau de Quinssy|fr}}, oo ahaa maamulaha sare ee Sishalis, ayaa diiday inuu iska caabiyo ''Orpheus'' wuxuuna taa beddelkeeda si guul leh ula xaajooday Ingiriiska, taasoo keentay in jasiiraduhu ay sii ahaadaan kuwo hoos yimaada maamulka Faransiiska sidii dhul "dhexaad ah". Ka dib markii ciidamada Ingiriisku ay dhammaystireen [[invasion of Isle de France|duullaankoodii Isle de France]] bishii Diseembar 1810, waxay la wareegeen maamulka Sishalis, taasoo lagu rasmeeyay [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Heshiiskii Baariis ee 1814]] kaasoo soo afjaray [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Dagaalkii Isbahaysiga Lixaad]]. Sishalis waxay noqotay [[crown colony|gumeysi boqortooyo]] oo ka go'an Moriishas sannadkii 1903. [[Elections in Seychelles|Doorashooyinka Sishalis]] waxaa la qabtay 1966 iyo 1970. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Seychelles 1953 coronation stamp.JPG | image2 = Queen Elizabeth Seychelles stamp 1977.jpg | footer = Tikidhada boostada ee Sishalis oo wata sawirka [[Queen Elizabeth II|Boqorad Elizabeth II]] }} [[File:Victoria Seychelles 1900s.jpg|thumb|left|Fiktooriya, Sishalis 1900-aadkii]] === Madaxbannaanida === Sannadkii 1976, Sishalis waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] iyadoo noqotay jamhuuriyad. Tan iyo xilligaas waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Commonwealth of Nations|Ururka Barwaaqosooranka]].<ref name="History of Seychelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |title=History of Seychelles |publisher=seychelles.com |year=2009 |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608091646/http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |archive-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadadii 1970-aadkii Sishalis waxay ahayd "goobta la rabo in lagu arko dadka, goob ay ku ciyaaraan xiddigaha filimada iyo dadka caalamiga ah ee hodanka ah".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Joanna Symons (21 March 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html "Seychelles: Life's a breeze near the equator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html |date=4 May 2018 }}. ''Telegraph.co.uk''.</ref> Sannadkii 1977, [[1977 Seychelles coup d'état|Inqilaab]] uu sameeyay [[France-Albert René]] ayaa xilka ka tuuray madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee jamhuuriyadda, [[James Mancham]].<ref name="africanhistory.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |title=africanhistory.about.com |work=About.com Education |publisher=africanhistory.about.com |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184227/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> René wuxuu niyad-jabiyay ku tiirsanaanta xad-dhaafka ah ee dalxiiska wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu rabo "inuu Sishalis u hayo dadka Sishalis".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu ku dhawaaqay [[One party rule in Seychelles|gole hantiwadaag ah oo hal xisbi ah]], kaasoo jiray ilaa 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles – Return to a Multiparty System |url=https://countrystudies.us/seychelles/26.htm |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Sannadadii 1980-aadkii waxaa jiray isku dayo inqilaab oo xiriir ah oo ka dhanka ah Madaxweyne René, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay taageerayeen Afrikaanka Koonfureed. Sannadkii 1981, [[Mike Hoare]] ayaa hoggaaminayay koox ka kooban 43 calooshood u shaqaystayaal u dhashay Afrikaanka Koonfureed oo iska dhigay ciyaartoy rugby ah oo fasax ku jira intii lagu guda jiray [[1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt|Isku daygii inqilaabka Sishalis ee 1981]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Waxaa jiray dagaal dhexmaray madaarka, inta badan calooshood u shaqaystayaashuna hadhow waxay ku baxsadeen markab [[Air India]] ah oo la afduubay.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Hoggaamiyaha afduubkan wuxuu ahaa calooshood u shaqayste Jarmal ah oo la oron jiray D. Clodo, kaasoo horey uga tirsanaan jiray [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|Rhodesian SAS]].<ref>Hoare, Mike The Seychelles Affair (Transworld, London, 1986; {{ISBN|0-593-01122-8}})</ref> Clodo hadhow waxaa la horkeenay maxkamad ku taala Afrikaanka Koonfureed (halkaas oo lagu siidayay) iyo sidoo kale dalkiisa hoose ee Jarmalka arrimo la xiriira burcad-badeednimo hawada ah.<ref>Bartus László: Maffiaregény {{ISBN|9634405967}}, Budapest 2001</ref> Sannadkii 1986, isku day inqilaab oo uu hoggaaminayay Wasiirka Gaashaandhiga Sishalis, Ogilvy Berlouis, ayaa sababay in Madaxweyne René uu caawimaad weydiisto Hindiya. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Operation Flowers are Blooming|Hawlgalkii Flowers are Blooming]], Ciidanka Badda ee Hindiya markabkooda {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}} {{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|2}} ayaa yimid Port Victoria si uu gacan uga geysto ka hortagga inqilaabka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=David |last2=Rai |first2=Ranjit |title=Flowers are blooming: the story of the India Navy's secret operation in the Seychelles |journal=Naval Review: Annual Review of World Seapower |date=2011 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |hdl=1885/13331 }}</ref> Qabyo-qoraalkii ugu horreeyay ee dastuurka cusub wuxuu ku guuldarraystay inuu helo 60% codbixiyayaasha loo baahnaa sannadkii 1992, laakiin nooc wax laga beddelay ayaa la ansixiyay 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAO.org |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC132619/ |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2013, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah ka dib markii duufaanta kuleylaha ah ee [[cyclone Felleng]] ay sababtay roobab mahiigaan ah, daadad iyo dhul go'ayna ay burburiyeen boqolaal guri.<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|title=International Chapter activated for flooding in the Republic of Seychelles|publisher=United Nation|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203214223/http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="AL">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|title=State of Emergency declared in the Seychelles|publisher=Aljazeera|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130060303/http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|archive-date=30 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib inqilaabkii 1977, madaxweynuhu wuxuu mar walba matalayay isku xisbi siyaasadeed ilaa bishii Oktoobar [[2020 Seychellois general election|Doorashadii Guud ee Sishalis ee 2020]], taasoo ahayd mid taariikhi ah maadaama xisbiga mucaaradka uu guulaystay. [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] wuxuu noqodka madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee aan matalin United Seychelles (magaca hadda ee horey loo oran jiray Seychelles People's Progressive Front).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/seychelles-election-marks-first-opposition-victory-in-44-years|title=Seychelles election marks first opposition victory in 44 years|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54692210|title=Seychelles elections: How a priest rose to become president|work=BBC News|date=28 October 2020}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday heerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee dhammaystirka qorshaheeda booska badda. Waxay noqon doontaa aagga labaad ee ugu weyn badweynta marka loo eego baaxadda oo gaareysa {{convert|1.35|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}} iyadoo ku xigta [[Norway]], si loo taageero [[blue economy|dhaqaalaheeda buluugga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean conservation: Seychelles' marine spatial plan in final stages of completion |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/18023/Ocean+conservation+Seychelles+marine+spatial+plan+in+final+stages+of+completion |website=www.seychellesnewsagency.com}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2025, [[2025 Seychellois general election|doorashadii madaxweynenimo ee wareeggii labaad]] waxaa ku guuleystay afhayeenkii hore ee baarlamaanka ahna hoggaamiyaha ugu weyn ee mucaaradka, [[Patrick Herminie]], taasoo la micno ah in xisbiga Herminie ee [[United Seychelles]] (US) uu dib ugu soo laabtay xukunka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seychelles presidential election: Opposition leader Patrick Herminie defeats Wavel Ramkalawan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7p72rj2geo |work=www.bbc.com |date=12 October 2025}}</ref> Maalintii 26kii Oktoobar 2025, Patrick Herminie waxaa loo dhaqan-galiyay inuu yahay madaxweynihii lixaad ee Sishalis.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles sixth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW693627102025RP1/ |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 87bfusgxzmzzzr5prdvrmp9ipzingx9 300597 300596 2026-07-01T15:25:45Z Isma4l 41797 300597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis | common_name = Sishalis | native_name = {{small|{{name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luuqadaha kale ee rasmiga ah)''}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République des Seychelles}} | crs = {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of Seychelles.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Seychelles.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = {{native phrase|la|Finis Coronat Opus|italics=off}}<br />"Dhamaadku Waxuu Guleeyaa Shaqada" | national_anthem = [[Koste Seselwa]] (Kreole-ka Sishalis)<br/>"Midowga Sishalis"<br /><div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:Koste_Seselwa_(instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}} | capital = [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|37|S|55|27|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | languages_type = Luuqadaha rasmiga ah | languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Seychellois Creole|Kreole]] |[[English language|Ingiriisi]] |[[French language|Faransiis]]}}<ref> https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Seychelles_2017 - Dastuurka Sishalis - “Luuqadaha Qaranka ee Sishalis waa Kreole, Ingiriisi iyo Faransiis”</ref> | languages2_type = Luuqadaha laga tirada badan yahay | languages2 = {{unbulleted list |[[Tamil language|Tamiil]]}} | ethnic_groups = 97% [[Seychellois Creole people|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]{{efn|Waa qowmiyadda asalka ah ee ugu badan dalka; dadka kreole-ka ah waxay asal ahaan isugu jiraan qowmiyado ka yimid dhul-weynaha [[East Africa|Afrikaanka Bari]] iyo dadka [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasi]]. Waxay ka dhumaan aqlabiyadda ballaaran ee dadka dalka deggan.<ref name="CIAPop">{{cite web | title=SeychellesThe World Factbook | website=- | date=2023-07-12 | url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723184004/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/#people-and-society | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 July 2023 | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref>}}<br> 3% kuwa kale{{efn|Qowmiyadaha laga tirada badan yahay ee aan u dhalan Sishalis waxaa ka mid ah kooxihii yaryaraa ee ka koobnaa [[French people|Faransiis]], [[Indian people|Hindi]], [[Chinese people|Shiinees]], iyo [[Arabs|Carab]].<ref name="CIAPop"/>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |74.9% [[Christianity|Masiixi]] |5.4% [[Hinduism in Seychelles|Hindoos]] |2.4% [[Islam in Seychelles|Islaam]] |5.1% kale |12.2% aan la sheegin }} | religion_year = 2022 | religion_ref = <ref name=2022Census/> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Sishaliis |Sishaliise |Seselwa {{small|(Kreole)}}}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[presidential system|madaxweyne ah]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[President of Seychelles|Madaxweynaha]] | leader_name1 = [[Patrick Herminie]] | leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Seychelles|Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka]] | leader_name2 = [[Sebastien Pillay]] | leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka | leader_name3 = [[Azarel Ernesta]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Seychelles)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaani | sovereignty_note = ka timid [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqistii Madaxbannaanida | established_date1 = 29 Juun 1976 | area_km2 = 457 | area_rank = 181aad <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 177 | percent_water = Aad u yar | population_estimate = 121,355<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-31 |title=MID-YEAR 2024 ESTIMATED RESIDENT POPULATION (ERP) |url=http://www.nbs.gov.sc/downloads/1620-mid-2024-estimated-resident-population/download |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 200aad | population_census_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 262.3 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 67aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $4.490 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 177aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $43,850<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 49aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.250 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 186aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $21,940<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Seychelles) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 50aad | Gini = 32.1 | Gini_year = 2019 | Gini_change = <!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|publisher=World Bank|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180121072813/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SC&order=wbapi_data_value_2007+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&page=1&sort=asc|archive-date=21 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.848<!-- Number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = kordhay<!-- Increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 54aad | currency = [[Seychellois rupee|Rubiga Sishalis]] | currency_code = SCR | time_zone = [[Seychelles Time|SCT]] | utc_offset = +04:00 | drives_on = bidix | calling_code = [[+248]] | cctld = [[.sc]] | today = }} '''Sishalis'''{{efn|Loo tixgeliyo kalgacal ama wadajir. Joogitaanka qodobka qeexan ("the Seychelles") isna wuu kala duwan yahay.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Motschenbacher |first1=Heiko |title=Greece, the Netherlands and (the) Ukraine: A Corpus-Based Study of Definite Article Use with Country Names |journal=Names |date=2 January 2020 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/00277738.2020.1731241 |hdl=11250/2676009 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Seychelles.ogg|s|eɪ|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|eɪ|ʃ|ɛ|l|(|z|)}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|sɛʃɛl|lang}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.langenscheidt.com/french-german/seychelles|title=Seychelles – English translation in German – Langenscheidt dictionary French-German|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, de, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.larousse.fr/dictionnaires/francais-anglais/Seychelles/121797|title=Traduction: Seychelles – Dictionnaire français-anglais Larousse|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.pons.com/translate?q=Seychelles&l=enfr&in=fr&lf=fr|title=Seychelles {{!}} French » English {{!}} PONS|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref> {{small|ama}} {{IPA|fr|seʃɛl|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/french-english/seychelles|title=English Translation of "Seychelles" {{!}} Collins French-English Dictionary|access-date=29 December 2018|language=en, fr}}</ref>), si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Sishalis''' ({{langx|fr|link=no|République des Seychelles}}; [[Seychellois Creole|Kreole-ka Sishalis]]: {{lang|crs|Repiblik Sesel}}),<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Seychelles | title=Seychelles Facts &#124; Britannica | encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica }}</ref> waa [[archipelagic country|dal jasiirado ah]] oo ka kooban 115 jasiiradood<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/Seychelles_Cooperation_Framework_2024-2028.pdf|title=United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework for Seychelles 2024 - 2028|access-date=2026-05-30|date=2023|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=15}}</ref> kuna yaalla [[Indian Ocean|Badweynta Hindiya]]. Caasimaddiisa iyo magaalada ugu weyn, oo ah [[Victoria, Seychelles|Fiktooriya]], waxay dhanka bari {{convert|1500|km|nmi|abbr=off|round=50}} kaga beegan tahay dhul-weynaha [[Africa|Afrika]]. Wadamada iyo dhulalka jasiiradaha ah ee u dhow waxaa ka mid ah [[Maldives|Maaldiyfis]], [[Comoros|Komoros]], [[Madagascar|Madagaskar]], [[Mauritius|Moriishas]], iyo [[French Fifth Republic|Faransiiska]] [[overseas departments and regions of France|goboladiisa iyo waaxyaha dibadda]] ee [[Mayotte|Mayotte]] iyo [[Réunion]] dhanka koonfureed; iyo [[Chagos Archipelago|Jasiiradaha Chagos]] dhanka bari. Sishalis waa [[list of African countries by area|dalka ugu yar Afrika]] sidoo kale waa [[list of African countries by population|dalka madaxbannaan ee ugu dadka yar Afrika]], iyadoo lagu qiyaasay dadkiisa 100,600 qof sannadkii 2022.<ref name="World Bank Open Data v619">{{cite web | title=World Bank Open Data | website=World Bank Open Data | url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SC | language=la | access-date=2023-07-20}}</ref> Jasiiradaha Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah ka hor intaan xiriir joogto ah oo dibadda ah lala samayn. In kasta oo badmaaxiinta Carabta iyo Sawaaxiliga ay u degeen inay jasiiradaha horay u ogaayeen iyagoo u maraya marinada [[Indian Ocean trade|ganacsiga Badweynta Hindiya]], haddana ma jiraan wax caddaynaya inay jireen deegaanno rasmi ah ka hor intaan reer Yurub ku lug yeelan. Jasiiradaha waxaa markii ugu horreysay diwaangeliyay reer Yurub qarnigii 16aad, laakiin lama degganayn ilaa qarnigii 18aad, markaasoo Faransiisku si rasmi ah u sheegtay. Intii lagu guda jiray xilligii gumeysiga Faransiiska, dadka Afrikaanka ah ee la addoonsaday—kuwaas oo badankoodood horey loogu soo qabtay shabakadaha hadda jira ee Afrikaanka, [[Arab slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Carabta]], iyo [[Indian Ocean slave trade|ganacsiga addoonta ee Badweynta Hindiya]]—ayaa loo keenay jasiiradaha si ay uga shaqeeyaan beeraha waaweyn. Waxay la kulantay dano iska soo horjeeda oo ka imaanayay Faransiiska iyo Ingiriiska ilaa ay si buuxda u gashay gacanta Ingiriiska horraantii qarnigii 19aad. Ka dib markii Ingiriisku la wareegay maamulka horraantii qarnigii 19aad, addoonsigii waa la baabiiyay waxaana hadhow qayb ahaan lagu beddelay shaqaale qandaraasleyaal ah oo laga keenay Hindiya. Tan iyo markii ay ku dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida Boqortooyada Midowday sannadkii 1976, waxay ka horumartay bulsho inta badan ku tiirsan [[Agriculture|beeraha]] una guurtay dhaqaale suuq xor ah oo kala duwan, kaasoo lagu yaqaanno waxqabadka [[service sector|waaxda adeegga]], [[public sector|waaxda guud]], iyo [[tourism|dalxiiska]]. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 2015, wax-soosaarka guud ee dalka ee magaca ah ([[GDP]]) wuxuu kor u kacay ku dhowaad 700%, halka [[purchasing power parity|awoodda iibsiga]] ay kor u kacday ku dhowaad 1600%. Tan iyo dhammaadkii 2010-maadkii, xukuumaddu waxay qaadday tillaabooyin lagu dhiiragelinayo [[wikt: foreign investment|maalgashiga shisheeye]]. Tan iyo bilowgii qarniga 21aad, Sishalis waxay leedahay [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP-ga qofkiiba ee magaca ah]] ee ugu sarreeya iyo darajada [[Human Development Index|Tusmada Horumarka Aadanaha]] ee ugu sarreysa waddan kasta oo Afrikaan ah.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}{{date?}}</ref> Marka loo eego [[V-Dem Democracy indices|Tusmooyinka Dimuqraadiyadda V-Dem]] ee 2024, Sishalis waxay ku jirtaa kaalinta 43aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee adduunka oo dhan, waxayna kaalinta 1aad kaga jirtaa [[democracy in Africa|dimuqraadiyadda xorta ah ee Afrika]], iyo kaalinta 2aad ee dimuqraadiyadaha doorashada ee qaaradda.<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> Dhaqanka iyo bulshada Sishalis waa isku dhaf ka kooban saamaynta Faransiiska, Ingiriiska, Hindida iyo Afrikaanka, iyadoo ay ku jiraan canaasiir Shiinees ah. Dalku waa xubin ka tirsan [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]], [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]], [[Southern African Development Community|Ururka Horumarinta Bulshada Afrikaanka Koonfureed]], iyo [[Commonwealth of Nations|Caddaaladda Quruumaha]]. == Taariikhda == {{Main|History of Seychelles}} [[File:Gama_armada_of_1502_(Livro_de_Lisuarte_de_Abreu).jpg|thumb|left|Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee ogaada Sishalis waxay ahaayeen [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkii 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]], oo uu hoggaaminayay [[Vasco da Gama]].]] ===Taariikhda hore=== Sishalis ma lahayn wax dad ah inta badan taariikhda la diwaangeliyay, in kasta oo jilitaanka hababka socdaalka ee [[Austronesian peoples|dadka Ostrooneesiyanka]] ay muujinayaan suurtogalnimada weyn inay booqdeen jasiiradaha.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fitzpatrick |first1=Scott M. |last2=Callaghan |first2=Richard |chapter=Seafaring simulations and the Origin of Prehistoric Settlers to Madagascar |page=52 |title=Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes |editor1-last=O'Connor |editor1-first=Sue |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Geoffrey |editor3-last=Leach |editor3-first=Foss |series=Terra Australis |issue=29 |publisher=ANU E Press |location=Canberra, ACT, Australia |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/33708/1/459300.pdf |date=2008 |isbn=9781921313905}}</ref> Qubuuraha la arki karay ilaa 1910 ee Anse Lascars ee Jasiiradda Silhouette ayaa sidoo kale loo qiyaasay inay leeyihiin ganacsatadii dambe ee [[Maldivians|Maaldiyfiis]] iyo [[Arabs|Carabta]] ee booqan jiray jasiiradaha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guébourg |first=Jean-Louis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsfav10mYCMC |title=Les Seychelles |date=2004 |publisher=Ed. Karthala |isbn=2-84586-358-6 |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=419931142 |pages=27–28 |via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Vasco da Gama]] iyo [[4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)|Cisbitaalkiisa 4aad ee Boortaqiiska Hindiya]] waxay ogaadeen Sishalis 15kii Maarso 1503; aragtida ugu horreysay waxaa sameeyay [[Thomé Lopes]] isagoo saaran ''Rui Mendes de Brito''. Maraakiibtii Da Gama waxay dhoween jasiirad dheer, malaha waa [[Silhouette Island|Jasiiradda Silhouette]], maalintii xigtayna waxay dhoween [[Desroches Island|Jasiiradda Desroches]]. Ka dib, Boortaqiisku waxay khariidad ku sameeyeen koox ka kooban toddoba jasiiradood waxayna u bixiyeen ''The Seven Sisters (Toddobada Walaalood).''<ref>{{cite web |title= Seychelles: Settlement and the development of the plantation economy (1770–1944)|publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/seyoverview1.htm }}</ref> Soo degistii ugu horreysay ee la diwaangeliyay waxay ahayd bishii Janaayo 1609, oo ay sameeyeen shaqaalihii markabka ''Ascension'' ee uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan [[Alexander Sharpeigh]] intii lagu guda jiray safarkii afraad ee Shirkadda Ingiriiska ee [[East India Company]]. Maadaama ay ahayd marin ganacsi oo u dhaxeeya Afrika iyo Aasiya, jasiiradaha waxaa la sheegay inay mararka qaar isticmaali jireen burcad-badeedda ilaa Faransiisku ka bilaabay inuu la wareego maamulka 1756 markaasoo Dhagaxii Lahaanshaha uu dhigay [[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]] Kabtan [[Corneille Nicholas Morphey]]. Jasiiradaha waxaa loogu magac daray siyaasiga Faransiiska ah ee [[Jean Moreau de Séchelles]], waxayna si rasmi ah qayb uga ahaayeen gumeysigii [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Assembly of Seychelles |title=Our History |url=http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628122148/http://www.nationalassembly.sc/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=16&Itemid=53 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Ogosto 1770, markabkii Faransiiska ee ''Thélémaque'' oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Leblanc Lécore ayaa jasiiradda [[Ste. Anne Island]] keenay 15 qof oo caddaan ah oo degeysa iyo 13 addoon ah oo Afrikaan iyo Hindi ah.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govinden |first=Gerard |date=2020-08-27 |title=250th Anniversary of First Settlement |url=https://nation.sc/articles/5891/250th-anniversary-of-first-settlement |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Seychelles Nation |language=en}}</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray [[French Revolutionary Wars|Dagaaladii Kacaanka Faransiiska]], markabka dagaalka ee [[Royal Navy|Ciidanka Badda ee Boqortooyada]] ee [[HMS Orpheus (1780)|HMS ''Orpheus'']] oo uu hoggaaminayay Kabtan Henry Newcombe ayaa yimid Mahé 16kii Maajo 1794. {{ill|Jean-Baptiste Quéau de Quinssy|fr}}, oo ahaa maamulaha sare ee Sishalis, ayaa diiday inuu iska caabiyo ''Orpheus'' wuxuuna taa beddelkeeda si guul leh ula xaajooday Ingiriiska, taasoo keentay in jasiiraduhu ay sii ahaadaan kuwo hoos yimaada maamulka Faransiiska sidii dhul "dhexaad ah". Ka dib markii ciidamada Ingiriisku ay dhammaystireen [[invasion of Isle de France|duullaankoodii Isle de France]] bishii Diseembar 1810, waxay la wareegeen maamulka Sishalis, taasoo lagu rasmeeyay [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Heshiiskii Baariis ee 1814]] kaasoo soo afjaray [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Dagaalkii Isbahaysiga Lixaad]]. Sishalis waxay noqotay [[crown colony|gumeysi boqortooyo]] oo ka go'an Moriishas sannadkii 1903. [[Elections in Seychelles|Doorashooyinka Sishalis]] waxaa la qabtay 1966 iyo 1970. {{multiple image | align = right | total_width = 250 | image1 = Seychelles 1953 coronation stamp.JPG | image2 = Queen Elizabeth Seychelles stamp 1977.jpg | footer = Tikidhada boostada ee Sishalis oo wata sawirka [[Queen Elizabeth II|Boqorad Elizabeth II]] }} [[File:Victoria Seychelles 1900s.jpg|thumb|left|Fiktooriya, Sishalis 1900-aadkii]] === Madaxbannaanida === Sannadkii 1976, Sishalis waxay madaxbannaani ka qaadatay [[United Kingdom|Boqortooyada Midowday]] iyadoo noqotay jamhuuriyad. Tan iyo xilligaas waxay xubin ka noqotay [[Commonwealth of Nations|Ururka Barwaaqosooranka]].<ref name="History of Seychelles">{{cite web |url=http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |title=History of Seychelles |publisher=seychelles.com |year=2009 |access-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608091646/http://www.seychelles.com/en/about_seychelles/history.php |archive-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadadii 1970-aadkii Sishalis waxay ahayd "goobta la rabo in lagu arko dadka, goob ay ku ciyaaraan xiddigaha filimada iyo dadka caalamiga ah ee hodanka ah".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">Joanna Symons (21 March 2005). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html "Seychelles: Life's a breeze near the equator"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/africaandindianocean/seychelles/732553/Seychelles-Lifes-a-breeze-near-the-equator.html |date=4 May 2018 }}. ''Telegraph.co.uk''.</ref> Sannadkii 1977, [[1977 Seychelles coup d'état|Inqilaab]] uu sameeyay [[France-Albert René]] ayaa xilka ka tuuray madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee jamhuuriyadda, [[James Mancham]].<ref name="africanhistory.about.com">{{cite web |url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |title=africanhistory.about.com |work=About.com Education |publisher=africanhistory.about.com |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184227/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/seychelles/p/SeychellesHist1.htm |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> René wuxuu niyad-jabiyay ku tiirsanaanta xad-dhaafka ah ee dalxiiska wuxuuna ku dhawaaqay inuu rabo "inuu Sishalis u hayo dadka Sishalis".<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Dastuurkii 1979 wuxuu ku dhawaaqay [[One party rule in Seychelles|gole hantiwadaag ah oo hal xisbi ah]], kaasoo jiray ilaa 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title=Seychelles – Return to a Multiparty System |url=https://countrystudies.us/seychelles/26.htm |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref> Sannadadii 1980-aadkii waxaa jiray isku dayo inqilaab oo xiriir ah oo ka dhanka ah Madaxweyne René, kuwaas oo qaarkood ay taageerayeen Afrikaanka Koonfureed. Sannadkii 1981, [[Mike Hoare]] ayaa hoggaaminayay koox ka kooban 43 calooshood u shaqaystayaal u dhashay Afrikaanka Koonfureed oo iska dhigay ciyaartoy rugby ah oo fasax ku jira intii lagu guda jiray [[1981 Seychelles coup d'état attempt|Isku daygii inqilaabka Sishalis ee 1981]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Waxaa jiray dagaal dhexmaray madaarka, inta badan calooshood u shaqaystayaashuna hadhow waxay ku baxsadeen markab [[Air India]] ah oo la afduubay.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> Hoggaamiyaha afduubkan wuxuu ahaa calooshood u shaqayste Jarmal ah oo la oron jiray D. Clodo, kaasoo horey uga tirsanaan jiray [[Rhodesian Special Air Service|Rhodesian SAS]].<ref>Hoare, Mike The Seychelles Affair (Transworld, London, 1986; {{ISBN|0-593-01122-8}})</ref> Clodo hadhow waxaa la horkeenay maxkamad ku taala Afrikaanka Koonfureed (halkaas oo lagu siidayay) iyo sidoo kale dalkiisa hoose ee Jarmalka arrimo la xiriira burcad-badeednimo hawada ah.<ref>Bartus László: Maffiaregény {{ISBN|9634405967}}, Budapest 2001</ref> Sannadkii 1986, isku day inqilaab oo uu hoggaaminayay Wasiirka Gaashaandhiga Sishalis, Ogilvy Berlouis, ayaa sababay in Madaxweyne René uu caawimaad weydiisto Hindiya. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Operation Flowers are Blooming|Hawlgalkii Flowers are Blooming]], Ciidanka Badda ee Hindiya markabkooda {{sclass|Nilgiri|frigate|1||1972}} {{INS|Vindhyagiri|F42|2}} ayaa yimid Port Victoria si uu gacan uga geysto ka hortagga inqilaabka.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brewster |first1=David |last2=Rai |first2=Ranjit |title=Flowers are blooming: the story of the India Navy's secret operation in the Seychelles |journal=Naval Review: Annual Review of World Seapower |date=2011 |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |hdl=1885/13331 }}</ref> Qabyo-qoraalkii ugu horreeyay ee dastuurka cusub wuxuu ku guuldarraystay inuu helo 60% codbixiyayaasha loo baahnaa sannadkii 1992, laakiin nooc wax laga beddelay ayaa la ansixiyay 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAO.org |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC132619/ |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2013, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday xaalad degdeg ah ka dib markii duufaanta kuleylaha ah ee [[cyclone Felleng]] ay sababtay roobab mahiigaan ah, daadad iyo dhul go'ayna ay burburiyeen boqolaal guri.<ref name="UN">{{cite web|url=http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|title=International Chapter activated for flooding in the Republic of Seychelles|publisher=United Nation|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203214223/http://www.un-spider.org/about-us/news/en/6428/2013-02-01t161200/international-chapter-activated-flooding-republic-seychelles|archive-date=3 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="AL">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|title=State of Emergency declared in the Seychelles|publisher=Aljazeera|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130060303/http://www.aljazeera.com/weather/2013/01/201312993838165255.html|archive-date=30 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Ka dib inqilaabkii 1977, madaxweynuhu wuxuu mar walba matalayay isku xisbi siyaasadeed ilaa bishii Oktoobar [[2020 Seychellois general election|Doorashadii Guud ee Sishalis ee 2020]], taasoo ahayd mid taariikhi ah maadaama xisbiga mucaaradka uu guulaystay. [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] wuxuu noqodka madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee aan matalin United Seychelles (magaca hadda ee horey loo oran jiray Seychelles People's Progressive Front).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/seychelles-election-marks-first-opposition-victory-in-44-years|title=Seychelles election marks first opposition victory in 44 years|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=25 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54692210|title=Seychelles elections: How a priest rose to become president|work=BBC News|date=28 October 2020}}</ref> Bishii Janaayo 2023, Sishalis waxay ku dhawaaqday heerarkii ugu dambeeyay ee dhammaystirka qorshaheeda booska badda. Waxay noqon doontaa aagga labaad ee ugu weyn badweynta marka loo eego baaxadda oo gaareysa {{convert|1.35|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}} iyadoo ku xigta [[Norway]], si loo taageero [[blue economy|dhaqaalaheeda buluugga ah]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ocean conservation: Seychelles' marine spatial plan in final stages of completion |url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/18023/Ocean+conservation+Seychelles+marine+spatial+plan+in+final+stages+of+completion |website=www.seychellesnewsagency.com}}</ref> Bishii Oktoobar 2025, [[2025 Seychellois general election|doorashadii madaxweynenimo ee wareeggii labaad]] waxaa ku guuleystay afhayeenkii hore ee baarlamaanka ahna hoggaamiyaha ugu weyn ee mucaaradka, [[Patrick Herminie]], taasoo la micno ah in xisbiga Herminie ee [[United Seychelles]] (US) uu dib ugu soo laabtay xukunka.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seychelles presidential election: Opposition leader Patrick Herminie defeats Wavel Ramkalawan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7p72rj2geo |work=www.bbc.com |date=12 October 2025}}</ref> Maalintii 26kii Oktoobar 2025, Patrick Herminie waxaa loo dhaqan-galiyay inuu yahay madaxweynihii lixaad ee Sishalis.<ref name="reuters.com">{{cite news |title=Patrick Herminie sworn in as Seychelles sixth president |url=https://www.reuters.com/video/watch/idRW693627102025RP1/ |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} pvll8a5i8zrncuilzxzu1x57im97csm Marooko 0 4738 300607 284057 2026-07-01T16:02:42Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Marooko | common_name = Marooko | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|المملكة المغربية|italic=no}}|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah}}}}|{{native name|ber|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|italic=no|paren=omit}} ([[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Tamazight]])|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|zgh|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱللَّٰه، ٱلْوَطَن، ٱلْمَلِك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik"<br />"Illaah, Dalka, Boqorka"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Morocco |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=ConstituteProject.org |language=en}}</ref> | national_anthem = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy"<br />"[[Cherifian Anthem|Heesta Shariifka]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta ay Marooko ku taal waqooyi-galbeed [[Afrika]] {{legend|darkgreen|Dhulka rasmiga ah ee Marooko}} {{legend|limegreen|[[Saxarada Galbeed]], oo ah [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhul]] la sheegtay qayb ahaanna [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|ay haysato Marooko]]}} | capital = [[Rabat]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city(580,000)_region:MA-RAB}} | largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br />{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|type:city(3,710,000)_region:MA-CAS|display=inline}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Carabi|Carabi]]|[[Standard Moroccan Tamazight|Tamazight]]}} | languages_type = [[Languages of Morocco|Luqadaha laguda hadlo]]<br />{{nobold|(2024)<ref name="RGPH 2024">{{Cite web |last=Gauthier |first=Christophe |title=كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_a4025.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |language=fr}}</ref>}} | languages = {{Tree list}} * 92.7% [[Af-Carabi|Carabi]] ** 91.9% [[Moroccan Arabic|Carabida Marooko]] ** 0.8% [[Hassaniya Arabic|Carabida Xasaaniya]] * 24.8% [[Berber languages|Luqadaha Berberiga]] ** 14.2% [[Shilha language|Tashelhit]] ** 7.4% [[Central Atlas Tamazight|Tamazight]] ** 3.2% [[Tarifit]] {{Tree list/end}} | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]{{efn|[[French language in Morocco|Luqadda Faransiiska ee Marooko]] waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo bulshada ganacsiga, in kasta oo aysan lahayn xaalad rasmi ah: "Faransiis (inta badan luqadda ganacsiga, dawladda, iyo dibloomaasiyadda)..."<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Morocco |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |place=US}}</ref><ref name="diplomatie.gouv.fr">{{cite web |title=Présentation du Maroc |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207193614/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=diplomatie.gouv.fr |publisher=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language=fr}}</ref>}}|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]|[[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanish]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Martin |date=October 1994 |title=The teaching of English in Morocco: the place of culture |journal=ELT Journal |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=295–305 |doi=10.1093/elt/48.4.295 |issn=0951-0893}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = Eeg [[#Ethnic groups|Qowmiyadaha]] | religion = {{Tree list}} * 99.68% [[Islam in Morocco|Islaam]] ([[State religion|rasmi ah]]) ** 99.23% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ** 0.45% [[Shia Islam|Shiico]] * 0.3% [[Religion in Morocco|kuwa kale]] ** 0.13% [[Agnosticism|cilmi-la'aanayaal]] ** 0.10% [[Baháʼí Faith in Morocco|Bahá'í]] ** 0.09% [[Christianity in Morocco|Masiixiyiin]] ** 0.01% [[Moroccan Jews|Yuhuud]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Profiles: Morocco |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905001136/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=thearda.com |publisher=World Religion Database, The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> | demonym = [[Moroccans|Marookaan]] | government_type = Boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo isku darsan oo baarlamaan hal deegaan ah<ref name="Const1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=William S. Hein & Co. |year=2012 |location=Getzville |language=en |translator=Jefri J. Ruchti |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |url-status=live}} Markii ugu horreysay ee lagu daabacay Warsidaha Rasmiga ah 30 Luulyo 2011.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[King of Morocco|Boqorka]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Maxamed VI]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Raysal Wasaaraha]] | leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Morocco|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Morocco|Aasaaska]] | established_event1 = [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] | established_date1 = 788 | established_event2 = [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]] | established_date2 = 1040 | established_event3 = [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]] | established_date3 = 1121 | established_event4 = [[Marinid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Mariniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 1244 | established_event5 = [[Wattasid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Watasiyiinta]] | established_date5 = 1472 | established_event6 = [[Saadi Sultanate|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]] | established_date6 = 1510 | established_event7 = [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]] (boqortooyada hadda jirta) | established_date7 = 1631 | established_event8 = [[Treaty of Fez|Heshiiskii Fez]] | established_date8 = 30 Maarso 1912 | established_event9 = [[Revolution of the King and the People|Dhamaadkii maxmiyadda]] | established_date9 = 2 Maarso 1956<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ce jour-là : le 18 novembre 1955 à Rabat, Mohammed V annonce la fin du protectorat français sur le Maroc |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/374370/politique/jour-18-novembre-1955-a-rabat-roi-mohammed-v-annonce-fin-protectorat-francais-maroc/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> | established_event11 = Dastuurka hadda jira | established_date11 = 29 Luulyo 2011 | area_km2 = 446,550 | area_footnote = {{efn|Bedka dhan {{convert|446,300|km2|abbr=on}} kama mid aha dhulalka lagu muransan yahay, halka {{convert|716550|km2|abbr=on}} ay ku jiraan dhulalka ay Marooko sheegato ee ay qayb ahaanna maamusho ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] (oo ay u sheegato sidii [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] jabhadda [[Polisario Front]]). Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa [[Ceuta]] iyo [[Melilla]], kuwaas oo ka dhigan qiyaastii {{convert|22.8|km2|abbr=on}} oo dhul dheeri ah oo la sheegtay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trinidad |first=Jamie |date=2012 |title=An Evaluation of Morocco's Claims to Spain's Remaining Territories in Africa |journal=[[The International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=961–975 |doi=10.1017/S0020589312000371 |issn=0020-5893 |jstor=23279813}}</ref>}} | area_rank = 57aad | area_sq_mi = 172,317 | percent_water = 0.056 (250 km{{sup|2}}) | population_census = 36,828,330<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2024 |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH 2024) |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Haut Commissariat au Plan |language=fr}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 38aad | population_census_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 79.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $424.870 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 57aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,270<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $165.840 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,440<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 123aad | Gini = 40.5 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inégalité sociale {{!}} Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Inegalite-sociale_r508.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.hcp.ma}}</ref> | HDI = 0.710 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 120aad | currency = [[Moroccan dirham|Dirhamka Marooko]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone = | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +1 | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Morocco|+212]] | cctld = {{ublist |[[.ma]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.المغرب]]}} | population_rank = | today = }} | religion_year = 2020 }} '''Marooko''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Morocco.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|k|oʊ}}<br />{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|المغرب|engvar=gb|al-Maghrib|halka ay qorraxdu u dhacdo; galbeedka}} {{IPA|ar|ælˈmaɣrɪb||Pronunciation of Morocco in Arabic.ogg}}||{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Lmeɣrib}}|{{langx|fr|Maroc}}, {{IPA|fr|maʁɔk|IPA}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Marooko''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|engvar=gb|links=no|المملكة المغربية|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah|boqortooyada Galbeed}}|{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircam.ma/sites/default/files/Parutions/documents/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1.pdf |publisher=[[Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-9920-739-39-9 |language=zgh |translator-last=Ladimat |translator-first=Mohammed |script-title=zgh:ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ |trans-title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |via=ircam.ma}}</ref>|{{langx|fr|links=no|Royaume du Maroc}}}}}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka [[Maghreb]] ee [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxay xeebo ku leedahay [[Bada Dhexe]] dhanka waqooyi iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]] dhanka galbeed, waxayna xuduud dhuleed la leedahay [[Aljeeriya]] dhanka [[Algeria–Morocco border|bari]]; gobollada yaryar ee [[Isbayn|Isbaanishka]] leeyahay ee [[Enclave and exclave|gudaha ku yaal]] ee [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] iyo [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]] dhanka [[Morocco–Spain border|waqooyi]], kuwaas oo ay sheegato iyada iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar oo [[Plazas de soberanía|ay Isbayn maamusho]];<ref>{{cite news |year=2018 |title=Ceuta, Melilla profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=13 November 2018 |work=bbc.com |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> iyo dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] dhanka [[Morocco–Western Sahara border|koonfureed]], kaas oo ay Marooko qayb ahaan haysatay tan iyo 1975. Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa inay xuduud la wadaagto [[Muritaniya]] iyada oo soo mareysa dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee Saxarada Galbeed. Waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu qiyaastii tahay 37 milyan. Caasimaddeedu waa [[Rabat]], halka magaalada ugu weenna ay tahay [[Casablanca]]. Gobolka ay Marooko ka kooban tahay waxaa la degganaa tan iyo xilligii [[Paleolithic]], in ka badan 300,000 oo sano ka hor. [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] waxaa aasaasay [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris I]] sanadkii 788, Marookona waxaa markii dambe xukumay boqortooyooyin kale oo madax-bannaan, iyadoo gaartay meeshii ugu sarreysay ee ay ku lahayd [[regional power|awood gobolka]] qarniyadii 11aad iyo 12aad, xilligii boqortooyooyinkii [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] iyo [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]], labaduba waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin Berber ah, markaas oo ay maamuli jireen inta badan [[Iberian Peninsula|Jasiiradda Iberian]] iyo Maghreb. Qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad, Marooko waxay la kulantay hanjabaado dibadda ah oo ku aaddan madax-bannaanideeda, iyadoo [[Portuguese Empire|Bortuqiisku]] uu qabsaday dhulal qaar, [[Ottoman Empire|Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyadana]] ay uga timid dhanka bari. Saldanadihii [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] iyo [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi]] waxay iska caabiyeen xukunkii shisheeye, Marookona waxay ahayd dalka keliya ee Waqooyiga Afrika ee ka badbaaday xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyadii Saadi waxay ballaarisay dhulkeeda iyada oo u martay [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire|qabsashadii]] [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]] dhammaadkii qarnigii 16aad. [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], oo dalka xukuma ilaa maantadan la joogo, waxay awoodda la wareegeen 1631, labadii qarni ee ku xigayna waxay ballaariyeen xiriirka [[diplomatic|dibloomaasiyadeed]] iyo kan ganacsi ee ay la lahaayeen [[Western world|caalamka reer Galbeedka]]. Goobta istiraatiijiga ah ee Marooko ee u dhow afka Bada Dhexe waxay soo jiidatay xiisaha Yurub markale. Sanadkii 1912, Faransiiska iyo Isbayn waxay dalka ka aasaaseen [[Morocco#French and Spanish protectorates|maxmiyado]] waxayna u magacaabeen [[Tangier]] inay noqoto [[Tangier International Zone|aag caalami ah]], halka Sultan-ku uu ahaa madax-banaanida rasmiga ah ee leh awood xaddidan oo ka hooseysa xukunka gumeysiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Documents - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d944 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> Ka dib rabshado goos-goos ah iyo [[Revolution of the King and the People|kacdoono]] looga soo horjeeday xukunkii gumeysiga, Marooko waxay dib u heshay xorriyaddeedii waxayna dib u midoobay 1956 iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Maxamed V]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Muḥammad V |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-V-sultan-of-Morocco |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Tan iyo xorriyaddii, Marooko waxay ahaan jirtay mid deggeneyd. Waxay leedahay [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn]] Afrika waxayna saameyn weyn ku leedahay Afrika iyo [[Arab world|caalamka Carabta]] labadaba; waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[middle power|awood dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamka waxayna xubin ka tahay [[Arab League|Jaamacadda Carabta]], [[Arab Maghreb Union|Midowga Maghreb ee Carabta]], [[Union for the Mediterranean|Midowga Midaysan ee Bada Dhexe]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balfour |first=Rosa |date=March 2009 |title=The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean |journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1080/13629390902747491 |issn=1362-9395 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka yar ee Afrika ee ku jira meel sare marka loo eego [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] waana dhaqaalaha warshadaha ee ugu horeeysa Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Segun |date=2026-05-27 |title=Morocco knocks South Africa off top spot as Africa's leading industrial economy |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/morocco-knocks-south-africa-off-top-spot-as-africas-leading-industrial-economy/72s5yed |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> Marooko waa [[Unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo semi-[[constitutional monarchy|boqortooyo dastuuri ah]] oo leh baarlamaan la doortay. [[Executive (government)|Laanta fulinta]] waxaa hoggaamiya [[King of Morocco|Boqorka Marooko]] iyo [[Prime Minister of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]], halka [[Legislature|awoodda sharci-dejinta]] ay u xilsaaran tahay labada aqal ee baarlamaanka: [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] iyo [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]]. Awoodda garsoorku waxay ku dhex jirtaa Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, oo dib u eegi karta ansaxnimada sharciyada, doorashooyinka, iyo aftida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco: Remove Obstacles to Access to the Constitutional Court |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2021 |website=icj.org |publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awoodo fulineed iyo sharci-dejineed oo ballaaran, gaar ahaan [[Royal Moroccan Armed Forces|ciidanka]], siyaasadda dibadda iyo arrimaha diinta; wuxuu soo saari karaa [[Moroccan Dahir|''dahirs'']], kuwaas oo ah wareegtooyin leh awood sharci, wuxuuna sidoo kale kala diri karaa baarlamaanka ka dib marka uu la tashado [[List of heads of government of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]] iyo guddoomiyaha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah. Marooko waxaa loo kala saaraa inay tahay [[hybrid regime|nidaam isku darsan]] waxayna, laga bilaabo 2025, haysataa darajada ugu sarreysa caalamka Carabta, marka loo eego ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2025 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428212930/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-date=2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Islam|Islaamku]] waa diinta rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn, iyadoo ku dhowaad dhammaan dadku ay isku aqoonsan yihiin Muslimiin. [[Arabic language|Af-Carabi]] iyo [[Berber language|Berber]] waa luqadaha rasmiga ah, in kasta oo lahjada Marooko ee Carabiga (oo gudaha looga yaqaan Darija) si ballaaran loogu hadlo loona tixgeliyo luqadda guud. [[culture of Morocco|Dhaqanka Marooko]] waa isku dhafka dhaqamada [[Arab culture|Carabta]], [[Berbers|Berberiga]], [[Europe|Yurub]] (gaar ahaan [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]),<ref>David A. Wacks; Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture. Comparative Literature 1 December 2020; 72 (4): 460-462. doi: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8537775</nowiki></ref> iyo [[Culture of Africa|Afrika]]. Marooko waxay sheegataa lahaanshaha [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhulka aan ismaamulin]] ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]], kaas oo ay u magacawday [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Gobolladeeda Koonfureed]]. Sanadkii 1975, ka dib markii Isbayn [[Madrid Accords|ay ogolaatay inay ka baxdo dhulkaas]] oo ay xukankiisa u wareejiso Marooko iyo [[Muritaniya]], dagaal dhuumaalaysi ah ayaa ka dhex qarxay awoodahaas iyo qaar ka mid ah [[Sahrawi people|dadka deegaanka]]. Sanadkii 1979, Muritaniya waxay ka tanaasushay [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|sheegashadeeda]] aaggaas, laakiin dagaalku wuxuu sii waday inuu kordho. Sanadkii 1991, waxaa la gaaray heshiis xabad joojin ah, laakiin arrinta madax-bannaanidu weli wey dhex taallaa. Maanta, Marooko waxay haysataa qiyaastii labo meelood saddex meel dhulkaas,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hernández |first=M. Padrón |date=January 2, 2025 |title='The Moroccan king wants Western Sahara without its people': an argument for Western Sahara as a settler colony |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |issn=2201-473X|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Western Sahara peace process|dadaallada lagu xallinayo khilaafkana]] ilaa hadda wey ku guuldareysteen inay jebiyaan ismari-waaga siyaasadeed. == Etymology and name == Erayga [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisiga]] ah ee ''Morocco'' waa [[anglicisation|Ingiriisayn]] laga keenay magaca [[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanishka]] u yaqaan dalka, {{lang|es|Marruecos}}, oo laga soo qaatay magaca magaalada [[Marrakesh]], taas oo ahayd caasimaddii [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]], [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]], iyo [[Saadian dynasty|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country names |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207212750/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The CIA World Factbook}}</ref> Xilligii boqortooyadii Almofaraad, magaalada Marrakesh waxaa lagu aasaasay magaca {{lang|tzm-Latn|Tāmurākušt}}, oo laga soo qaatay magacii hore ee magaalada ee [[Berber languages|Berberiga]] ee ahaa {{lang|tzm-Latn|amūr n Yakuš}} ({{Literally|dhulkii/dalkii Ilaah}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=Ghouirgate |first=Mehdi |title=Chapitre VIII. Le calife en son palais: maintenir son rang |date=2020-02-27 |work=L'Ordre almohade (1120–1269): Une nouvelle lecture anthropologique |pages=357–402 |url=http://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162449/https://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=live |series=Tempus |place=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |language=fr |isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3}}</ref> Af-Ingiriisiga, shaqalka koowaad waa la beddelay, waxaana u muuqata in uu saameeyay erayga "Moor."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hareir |first1=Idris El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |language=en}}</ref> Magaca rasmiga ah ee Marooko ee [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] casriga ah waa {{transliteration|ar|al-Maghrib}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب}}, {{Translation|dhulkii qorrax dhaca; galbeedka}}), iyadoo magaca rasmiga ah ee Boqortooyada ee Carabiga uu yahay {{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribīyah}} ({{lang|ar|المملكة المغربية}}; {{Translation|boqortooyadii qorrax dhaca; boqortooyada galbeed}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (" le Couchant ") |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122095454/https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopédie Larousse |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=1987 |work=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |pages=1–25 |editor-last=Abun-Nasr |editor-first=Jamil M. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616132301/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003 |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913035240/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=morocco {{!}} Etymology of morocco by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085844/https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan, Marooko waxay qayb ka ahayd waxa juqraafiyaystayaashii Muslimiinta ay ugu yeeri jireen af-Carabi {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā|ar|المغرب الأقصى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأقصى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu fog [ee caalamka Islaamka]' kaas oo qeexaya qiyaastii aagga u dhexeeya [[Tiaret]] ilaa [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]]) taas oo ka duwan gobollada deriska la ah ee {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ|ar|المغرب الأوسط|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأوسط}}, 'Galbeedka Dhexe': [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] ilaa [[Béjaïa]]) iyo {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Adnā|ar|المغرب الأدنى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأدنى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu dhow': [[Alexandria]] ilaa Tripoli). [[Af-Turki|Turkiga]], Marooko waxaa loo yaqaanaa {{lang|tr|Fas}}, magacaas oo laga soo qaatay caasimaddeedii qarniyadii dhexe ee [[Fes]] ({{Lang|ar|فاس}}).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |editor-last=Dumper |editor-first=Michael R. T. |page=151 |access-date=10 March 2024 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |archive-date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=A la découverte de Fès |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-343-09022-1 |chapter=Fondation de Fès El Bali par Idriss Ier et Idriss II |access-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720213942/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybaha kale ee caalamka Islaamka, tusaale ahaan suugaanta Carabiga ee Masaarida iyo Bariga Dhexe ka hor bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad, Marooko waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeri jiray {{lang|ar-Latn|Murrakush}} ({{lang|ar|مراكش}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gershovich |first=Moshe |title=French Military Rule in Morocco |date=12 October 2012 |isbn=978-0-203-04498-8 |doi=10.4324/9780203044988}}</ref> Eraygan waxaa weli loo isticmaalaa in lagu tixraaco Marooko maanta dhowr luqadood oo [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iraani]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Af-Faarsi|Faarisiga]], [[Urdu]], iyo [[Af-Bunjaabi|Bunjaabiga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=مراکش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس |trans-title=Morocco |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=abadis.ir |language=fa |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209233102/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marooko waxaa kale oo siyaasad ahaan loogu yeeri jiray ereyo kala duwan oo muujinaya [[Sharifism|hiddaha Shariifka]] ee [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], sida {{Transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|المملكة الشريفة}}), {{Transliteration|ar|al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإيالة الشريفة}}) iyo {{Transliteration|ar|al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإمبراطورية الشريفة}}), kuwaas oo loo turjumay af-Faransiis ahaan {{Lang|fr|l'Empire chérifien}} iyo af-Ingiriis ahaan 'Sharifian Empire'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ملين |first=نبيل |title=فكرة الدستور في المغرب: وثائق ونصوص (19012011) |publisher=Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā |year=2017 |isbn=978-9954-28-764-4 |language=ar |oclc=994641823}}</ref> {{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1 September 2019 |title=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912 |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |url-status=live |journal=European Judaism |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209 |issn=0014-3006 |s2cid=203553804 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105195922/https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 4aihhxp3c87vo22ffs8lzybis3bpk2b 300608 300607 2026-07-01T16:03:08Z Isma4l 41797 300608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Marooko | common_name = Marooko | native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|ar|المملكة المغربية|italic=no}}|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah}}}}|{{native name|ber|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|italic=no|paren=omit}} ([[Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Tamazight]])|{{resize|80%|{{transliteration|zgh|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Morocco.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Morocco.svg | national_motto = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱللَّٰه، ٱلْوَطَن، ٱلْمَلِك&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"Allāh, al-Waṭan, al-Malik"<br />"Illaah, Dalka, Boqorka"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Morocco |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=ConstituteProject.org |language=en}}</ref> | national_anthem = {{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|ٱلنَّشِيْد ٱلْوَطَنِي&nbsp;}}|italics=off|nolink=on|paren=omit}}<br />"an-Našīd al-Waṭanīy"<br />"[[Cherifian Anthem|Heesta Shariifka]]"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Morocco.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Morocco (orthographic projection, WS claimed).svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = Goobta ay Marooko ku taal waqooyi-galbeed [[Afrika]] {{legend|darkgreen|Dhulka rasmiga ah ee Marooko}} {{legend|limegreen|[[Saxarada Galbeed]], oo ah [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhul]] la sheegtay qayb ahaanna [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|ay haysato Marooko]]}} | capital = [[Rabat]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|N|6|51|W|type:city(580,000)_region:MA-RAB}} | largest_city = [[Casablanca]]<br />{{coord|33|32|N|7|35|W|type:city(3,710,000)_region:MA-CAS|display=inline}} | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Carabi|Carabi]]|[[Standard Moroccan Tamazight|Tamazight]]}} | languages_type = [[Languages of Morocco|Luqadaha laguda hadlo]]<br />{{nobold|(2024)<ref name="RGPH 2024">{{Cite web |last=Gauthier |first=Christophe |title=كلمة افتتاحية للسيد المندوب السامي للتخطيط بمناسبة الندوة الصحفية الخاصة بتقديم معطيات الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى 2024 |url=https://www.hcp.ma/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9_a4025.html |access-date=2024-12-23 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |language=fr}}</ref>}} | languages = {{Tree list}} * 92.7% [[Af-Carabi|Carabi]] ** 91.9% [[Moroccan Arabic|Carabida Marooko]] ** 0.8% [[Hassaniya Arabic|Carabida Xasaaniya]] * 24.8% [[Berber languages|Luqadaha Berberiga]] ** 14.2% [[Shilha language|Tashelhit]] ** 7.4% [[Central Atlas Tamazight|Tamazight]] ** 3.2% [[Tarifit]] {{Tree list/end}} | languages2_type = Luqadaha qalaad | languages2 = {{hlist|[[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]{{efn|[[French language in Morocco|Luqadda Faransiiska ee Marooko]] waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa dukumentiyada rasmiga ah ee dawladda iyo bulshada ganacsiga, in kasta oo aysan lahayn xaalad rasmi ah: "Faransiis (inta badan luqadda ganacsiga, dawladda, iyo dibloomaasiyadda)..."<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=Morocco |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202191738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ |archive-date=2 December 2022 |access-date=23 January 2021 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |place=US}}</ref><ref name="diplomatie.gouv.fr">{{cite web |title=Présentation du Maroc |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207193614/https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/maroc/presentation-du-maroc/ |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=diplomatie.gouv.fr |publisher=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères |language=fr}}</ref>}}|[[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]|[[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanish]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hyde |first1=Martin |date=October 1994 |title=The teaching of English in Morocco: the place of culture |journal=ELT Journal |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=295–305 |doi=10.1093/elt/48.4.295 |issn=0951-0893}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups = Eeg [[#Ethnic groups|Qowmiyadaha]] | religion = {{Tree list}} * 99.68% [[Islam in Morocco|Islaam]] ([[State religion|rasmi ah]]) ** 99.23% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ** 0.45% [[Shia Islam|Shiico]] * 0.3% [[Religion in Morocco|kuwa kale]] ** 0.13% [[Agnosticism|cilmi-la'aanayaal]] ** 0.10% [[Baháʼí Faith in Morocco|Bahá'í]] ** 0.09% [[Christianity in Morocco|Masiixiyiin]] ** 0.01% [[Moroccan Jews|Yuhuud]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Profiles: Morocco |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905001136/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=155c&u=23r |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=thearda.com |publisher=World Religion Database, The Association of Religion Data Archives}}</ref> | demonym = [[Moroccans|Marookaan]] | government_type = Boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo isku darsan oo baarlamaan hal deegaan ah<ref name="Const1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |publisher=William S. Hein & Co. |year=2012 |location=Getzville |language=en |translator=Jefri J. Ruchti |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006043401/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |url-status=live}} Markii ugu horreysay ee lagu daabacay Warsidaha Rasmiga ah 30 Luulyo 2011.</ref> | leader_title1 = [[King of Morocco|Boqorka]] | leader_name1 = [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Maxamed VI]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Morocco|Raysal Wasaaraha]] | leader_name2 = [[Aziz Akhannouch]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Morocco|Baarlamaanka]] | upper_house = [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]] | lower_house = [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Morocco|Aasaaska]] | established_event1 = [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] | established_date1 = 788 | established_event2 = [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]] | established_date2 = 1040 | established_event3 = [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]] | established_date3 = 1121 | established_event4 = [[Marinid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Mariniyiinta]] | established_date4 = 1244 | established_event5 = [[Wattasid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Watasiyiinta]] | established_date5 = 1472 | established_event6 = [[Saadi Sultanate|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]] | established_date6 = 1510 | established_event7 = [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]] (boqortooyada hadda jirta) | established_date7 = 1631 | established_event8 = [[Treaty of Fez|Heshiiskii Fez]] | established_date8 = 30 Maarso 1912 | established_event9 = [[Revolution of the King and the People|Dhamaadkii maxmiyadda]] | established_date9 = 2 Maarso 1956<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ce jour-là : le 18 novembre 1955 à Rabat, Mohammed V annonce la fin du protectorat français sur le Maroc |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/374370/politique/jour-18-novembre-1955-a-rabat-roi-mohammed-v-annonce-fin-protectorat-francais-maroc/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=JeuneAfrique.com |language=fr-FR}}</ref> | established_event11 = Dastuurka hadda jira | established_date11 = 29 Luulyo 2011 | area_km2 = 446,550 | area_footnote = {{efn|Bedka dhan {{convert|446,300|km2|abbr=on}} kama mid aha dhulalka lagu muransan yahay, halka {{convert|716550|km2|abbr=on}} ay ku jiraan dhulalka ay Marooko sheegato ee ay qayb ahaanna maamusho ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] (oo ay u sheegato sidii [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] jabhadda [[Polisario Front]]). Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa [[Ceuta]] iyo [[Melilla]], kuwaas oo ka dhigan qiyaastii {{convert|22.8|km2|abbr=on}} oo dhul dheeri ah oo la sheegtay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trinidad |first=Jamie |date=2012 |title=An Evaluation of Morocco's Claims to Spain's Remaining Territories in Africa |journal=[[The International and Comparative Law Quarterly]] |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=961–975 |doi=10.1017/S0020589312000371 |issn=0020-5893 |jstor=23279813}}</ref>}} | area_rank = 57aad | area_sq_mi = 172,317 | percent_water = 0.056 (250 km{{sup|2}}) | population_census = 36,828,330<ref>{{cite web |date=22 November 2024 |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat (RGPH 2024) |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Population-legale-du-Royaume-du-Maroc-repartie-par-regions-provinces-et-prefectures-et-communes-selon-les-resultats-du_a3974.html |access-date=11 December 2024 |website=hcp.ma |publisher=Haut Commissariat au Plan |language=fr}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 38aad | population_census_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 79.0 | population_density_sq_mi = 189.3 | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $424.870 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 57aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,270<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 122aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $165.840 bilyan<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 58aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,440<ref name="World Economic Outlook Database-2025"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 123aad | Gini = 40.5 | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inégalité sociale {{!}} Site institutionnel du Haut-Commissariat au Plan du Royaume du Maroc |url=https://www.hcp.ma/Inegalite-sociale_r508.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.hcp.ma}}</ref> | HDI = 0.710 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kordhay | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=undp.org |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 120aad | currency = [[Moroccan dirham|Dirhamka Marooko]] | currency_code = MAD | time_zone = | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = +1 | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Morocco|+212]] | cctld = {{ublist |[[.ma]] |{{lang|ar|[[Internationalized country code top-level domain|.المغرب]]}} | population_rank = | today = }} | religion_year = 2020 }} '''Marooko''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Morocco.ogg|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|k|oʊ}}<br />{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|المغرب|engvar=gb|al-Maghrib|halka ay qorraxdu u dhacdo; galbeedka}} {{IPA|ar|ælˈmaɣrɪb||Pronunciation of Morocco in Arabic.ogg}}||{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Lmeɣrib}}|{{langx|fr|Maroc}}, {{IPA|fr|maʁɔk|IPA}}}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yaqaanno '''Boqortooyada Marooko''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ar|engvar=gb|links=no|المملكة المغربية|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribiyah|boqortooyada Galbeed}}|{{langx|zgh|engvar=gb|links=no|ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ|Tageldit n Lmeɣrib}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircam.ma/sites/default/files/Parutions/documents/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C%20%E2%B5%8F%20%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1.pdf |publisher=[[Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture]] |year=2021 |isbn=978-9920-739-39-9 |language=zgh |translator-last=Ladimat |translator-first=Mohammed |script-title=zgh:ⴰⴷⵓⵙⵜⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍ幕ⵖⵔⵉⴱ |trans-title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco |via=ircam.ma}}</ref>|{{langx|fr|links=no|Royaume du Maroc}}}}}} waa dal ku yaal gobolka [[Maghreb]] ee [[Waqooyiga Afrika]]. Waxay xeebo ku leedahay [[Bada Dhexe]] dhanka waqooyi iyo [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]] dhanka galbeed, waxayna xuduud dhuleed la leedahay [[Aljeeriya]] dhanka [[Algeria–Morocco border|bari]]; gobollada yaryar ee [[Isbayn|Isbaanishka]] leeyahay ee [[Enclave and exclave|gudaha ku yaal]] ee [[Ceuta]], [[Melilla]] iyo [[Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera]] dhanka [[Morocco–Spain border|waqooyi]], kuwaas oo ay sheegato iyada iyo dhowr jasiiradood oo yaryar oo [[Plazas de soberanía|ay Isbayn maamusho]];<ref>{{cite news |year=2018 |title=Ceuta, Melilla profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519055108/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14114627 |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=13 November 2018 |work=bbc.com |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> iyo dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]] dhanka [[Morocco–Western Sahara border|koonfureed]], kaas oo ay Marooko qayb ahaan haysatay tan iyo 1975. Marooko waxay sidoo kale sheegataa inay xuduud la wadaagto [[Muritaniya]] iyada oo soo mareysa dhulka lagu muransan yahay ee Saxarada Galbeed. Waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu qiyaastii tahay 37 milyan. Caasimaddeedu waa [[Rabat]], halka magaalada ugu weenna ay tahay [[Casablanca]]. Gobolka ay Marooko ka kooban tahay waxaa la degganaa tan iyo xilligii [[Paleolithic]], in ka badan 300,000 oo sano ka hor. [[Idrisid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Idirisiyada]] waxaa aasaasay [[Idris I of Morocco|Idris I]] sanadkii 788, Marookona waxaa markii dambe xukumay boqortooyooyin kale oo madax-bannaan, iyadoo gaartay meeshii ugu sarreysay ee ay ku lahayd [[regional power|awood gobolka]] qarniyadii 11aad iyo 12aad, xilligii boqortooyooyinkii [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid]] iyo [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]], labaduba waxay ahaayeen boqortooyooyin Berber ah, markaas oo ay maamuli jireen inta badan [[Iberian Peninsula|Jasiiradda Iberian]] iyo Maghreb. Qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad, Marooko waxay la kulantay hanjabaado dibadda ah oo ku aaddan madax-bannaanideeda, iyadoo [[Portuguese Empire|Bortuqiisku]] uu qabsaday dhulal qaar, [[Ottoman Empire|Boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyadana]] ay uga timid dhanka bari. Saldanadihii [[Marinid Sultanate|Marinid]] iyo [[Saadi Sultanate|Saadi]] waxay iska caabiyeen xukunkii shisheeye, Marookona waxay ahayd dalka keliya ee Waqooyiga Afrika ee ka badbaaday xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyadii Saadi waxay ballaarisay dhulkeeda iyada oo u martay [[Moroccan invasion of the Songhai Empire|qabsashadii]] [[Songhai Empire|Boqortooyadii Songhai]] dhammaadkii qarnigii 16aad. [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], oo dalka xukuma ilaa maantadan la joogo, waxay awoodda la wareegeen 1631, labadii qarni ee ku xigayna waxay ballaariyeen xiriirka [[diplomatic|dibloomaasiyadeed]] iyo kan ganacsi ee ay la lahaayeen [[Western world|caalamka reer Galbeedka]]. Goobta istiraatiijiga ah ee Marooko ee u dhow afka Bada Dhexe waxay soo jiidatay xiisaha Yurub markale. Sanadkii 1912, Faransiiska iyo Isbayn waxay dalka ka aasaaseen [[Morocco#French and Spanish protectorates|maxmiyado]] waxayna u magacaabeen [[Tangier]] inay noqoto [[Tangier International Zone|aag caalami ah]], halka Sultan-ku uu ahaa madax-banaanida rasmiga ah ee leh awood xaddidan oo ka hooseysa xukunka gumeysiga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historical Documents - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1950v05/d944 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> Ka dib rabshado goos-goos ah iyo [[Revolution of the King and the People|kacdoono]] looga soo horjeeday xukunkii gumeysiga, Marooko waxay dib u heshay xorriyaddeedii waxayna dib u midoobay 1956 iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Maxamed V]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Muḥammad V |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-V-sultan-of-Morocco |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Tan iyo xorriyaddii, Marooko waxay ahaan jirtay mid deggeneyd. Waxay leedahay [[List of African countries by GDP (nominal)|dhaqaalaha shanaad ee ugu weyn]] Afrika waxayna saameyn weyn ku leedahay Afrika iyo [[Arab world|caalamka Carabta]] labadaba; waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay [[middle power|awood dhexe]] ee arrimaha caalamka waxayna xubin ka tahay [[Arab League|Jaamacadda Carabta]], [[Arab Maghreb Union|Midowga Maghreb ee Carabta]], [[Union for the Mediterranean|Midowga Midaysan ee Bada Dhexe]], iyo [[African Union|Midowga Afrika]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Balfour |first=Rosa |date=March 2009 |title=The Transformation of the Union for the Mediterranean |journal=Mediterranean Politics |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=99–105 |doi=10.1080/13629390902747491 |issn=1362-9395 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waa mid ka mid ah dalalka yar ee Afrika ee ku jira meel sare marka loo eego [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] waana dhaqaalaha warshadaha ee ugu horeeysa Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Adeyemi |first=Segun |date=2026-05-27 |title=Morocco knocks South Africa off top spot as Africa's leading industrial economy |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/morocco-knocks-south-africa-off-top-spot-as-africas-leading-industrial-economy/72s5yed |access-date=2026-05-28 |website=Business Insider Africa |language=en}}</ref> Marooko waa [[Unitary state|dawlad midaysan]] oo semi-[[constitutional monarchy|boqortooyo dastuuri ah]] oo leh baarlamaan la doortay. [[Executive (government)|Laanta fulinta]] waxaa hoggaamiya [[King of Morocco|Boqorka Marooko]] iyo [[Prime Minister of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]], halka [[Legislature|awoodda sharci-dejinta]] ay u xilsaaran tahay labada aqal ee baarlamaanka: [[House of Representatives (Morocco)|Golaha Wakiillada]] iyo [[House of Councillors (Morocco)|Golaha La-tashatayaasha]]. Awoodda garsoorku waxay ku dhex jirtaa Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah, oo dib u eegi karta ansaxnimada sharciyada, doorashooyinka, iyo aftida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco: Remove Obstacles to Access to the Constitutional Court |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222938/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Morocco-Access-Const-Ct-Advocacy-Position-paper-2018-ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2021 |website=icj.org |publisher=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> Boqorku wuxuu leeyahay awoodo fulineed iyo sharci-dejineed oo ballaaran, gaar ahaan [[Royal Moroccan Armed Forces|ciidanka]], siyaasadda dibadda iyo arrimaha diinta; wuxuu soo saari karaa [[Moroccan Dahir|''dahirs'']], kuwaas oo ah wareegtooyin leh awood sharci, wuxuuna sidoo kale kala diri karaa baarlamaanka ka dib marka uu la tashado [[List of heads of government of Morocco|raysal wasaaraha]] iyo guddoomiyaha maxkamadda dastuuriga ah. Marooko waxaa loo kala saaraa inay tahay [[hybrid regime|nidaam isku darsan]] waxayna, laga bilaabo 2025, haysataa darajada ugu sarreysa caalamka Carabta, marka loo eego ''[[The Economist Democracy Index]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2025 |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260428212930/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2025/ |archive-date=2026-04-28 |access-date=2026-05-21 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Islam|Islaamku]] waa diinta rasmiga ah ee ugu weyn, iyadoo ku dhowaad dhammaan dadku ay isku aqoonsan yihiin Muslimiin. [[Arabic language|Af-Carabi]] iyo [[Berber language|Berber]] waa luqadaha rasmiga ah, in kasta oo lahjada Marooko ee Carabiga (oo gudaha looga yaqaan Darija) si ballaaran loogu hadlo loona tixgeliyo luqadda guud. [[culture of Morocco|Dhaqanka Marooko]] waa isku dhafka dhaqamada [[Arab culture|Carabta]], [[Berbers|Berberiga]], [[Europe|Yurub]] (gaar ahaan [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]]),<ref>David A. Wacks; Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture. Comparative Literature 1 December 2020; 72 (4): 460-462. doi: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8537775</nowiki></ref> iyo [[Culture of Africa|Afrika]]. Marooko waxay sheegataa lahaanshaha [[United Nations list of non-self-governing territories|dhulka aan ismaamulin]] ee [[Saxarada Galbeed]], kaas oo ay u magacawday [[Moroccan-occupied Western Sahara|Gobolladeeda Koonfureed]]. Sanadkii 1975, ka dib markii Isbayn [[Madrid Accords|ay ogolaatay inay ka baxdo dhulkaas]] oo ay xukankiisa u wareejiso Marooko iyo [[Muritaniya]], dagaal dhuumaalaysi ah ayaa ka dhex qarxay awoodahaas iyo qaar ka mid ah [[Sahrawi people|dadka deegaanka]]. Sanadkii 1979, Muritaniya waxay ka tanaasushay [[Tiris al-Gharbiyya|sheegashadeeda]] aaggaas, laakiin dagaalku wuxuu sii waday inuu kordho. Sanadkii 1991, waxaa la gaaray heshiis xabad joojin ah, laakiin arrinta madax-bannaanidu weli wey dhex taallaa. Maanta, Marooko waxay haysataa qiyaastii labo meelood saddex meel dhulkaas,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hernández |first=M. Padrón |date=January 2, 2025 |title='The Moroccan king wants Western Sahara without its people': an argument for Western Sahara as a settler colony |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |journal=Settler Colonial Studies |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=126–143 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2025.2456386 |issn=2201-473X|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Western Sahara peace process|dadaallada lagu xallinayo khilaafkana]] ilaa hadda wey ku guuldareysteen inay jebiyaan ismari-waaga siyaasadeed. == Asalka iyo magaca == Erayga [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisiga]] ah ee ''Morocco'' waa [[anglicisation|Ingiriisayn]] laga keenay magaca [[Af-Isbaanish|Isbaanishka]] u yaqaan dalka, {{lang|es|Marruecos}}, oo laga soo qaatay magaca magaalada [[Marrakesh]], taas oo ahayd caasimaddii [[Almoravid dynasty|Boqortooyadii Almofaraad]], [[Almohad Caliphate|Khaliifadii Almohad]], iyo [[Saadian dynasty|Boqortooyadii Saacadiyiinta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country names |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207212750/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/country-name#morocco |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The CIA World Factbook}}</ref> Xilligii boqortooyadii Almofaraad, magaalada Marrakesh waxaa lagu aasaasay magaca {{lang|tzm-Latn|Tāmurākušt}}, oo laga soo qaatay magacii hore ee magaalada ee [[Berber languages|Berberiga]] ee ahaa {{lang|tzm-Latn|amūr n Yakuš}} ({{Literally|dhulkii/dalkii Ilaah}}).<ref>{{Citation |last=Ghouirgate |first=Mehdi |title=Chapitre VIII. Le calife en son palais: maintenir son rang |date=2020-02-27 |work=L'Ordre almohade (1120–1269): Une nouvelle lecture anthropologique |pages=357–402 |url=http://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002162449/https://books.openedition.org/pumi/12060 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |url-status=live |series=Tempus |place=Toulouse |publisher=Presses universitaires du Midi |language=fr |isbn=978-2-8107-0867-3}}</ref> Af-Ingiriisiga, shaqalka koowaad waa la beddelay, waxaana u muuqata in uu saameeyay erayga "Moor."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hareir |first1=Idris El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVYT4Kraym0C&pg=PA375 |title=The Spread of Islam Throughout the World |last2=Mbaye |first2=Ravane |date=1 January 2011 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-104153-2 |language=en}}</ref> Magaca rasmiga ah ee Marooko ee [[Af-Carabi|Carabiga]] casriga ah waa {{transliteration|ar|al-Maghrib}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب}}, {{Translation|dhulkii qorrax dhaca; galbeedka}}), iyadoo magaca rasmiga ah ee Boqortooyada ee Carabiga uu yahay {{transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah al-Maghribīyah}} ({{lang|ar|المملكة المغربية}}; {{Translation|boqortooyadii qorrax dhaca; boqortooyada galbeed}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb, en arabe Maghrib ou Marhrib (" le Couchant ") |url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122095454/https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/autre-region/Maghreb/131068 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopédie Larousse |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Introduction |date=1987 |work=A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period |pages=1–25 |editor-last=Abun-Nasr |editor-first=Jamil M. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |access-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616132301/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/history-of-the-maghrib-in-the-islamic-period/introduction/0A276AD37271D71955A8C28E6578F617 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511608100.003 |isbn=978-0-521-33767-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maghreb |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913035240/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maghreb |archive-date=13 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=morocco {{!}} Etymology of morocco by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085844/https://www.etymonline.com/word/morocco |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref> Taariikh ahaan, Marooko waxay qayb ka ahayd waxa juqraafiyaystayaashii Muslimiinta ay ugu yeeri jireen af-Carabi {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā|ar|المغرب الأقصى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأقصى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu fog [ee caalamka Islaamka]' kaas oo qeexaya qiyaastii aagga u dhexeeya [[Tiaret]] ilaa [[Badweynta Atlaantikada]]) taas oo ka duwan gobollada deriska la ah ee {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ|ar|المغرب الأوسط|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأوسط}}, 'Galbeedka Dhexe': [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]] ilaa [[Béjaïa]]) iyo {{Ill|al-Maghrib al-Adnā|ar|المغرب الأدنى|italic=y}} ({{lang|ar|المغرب الأدنى}}, 'Galbeedka ugu dhow': [[Alexandria]] ilaa Tripoli). [[Af-Turki|Turkiga]], Marooko waxaa loo yaqaanaa {{lang|tr|Fas}}, magacaas oo laga soo qaatay caasimaddeedii qarniyadii dhexe ee [[Fes]] ({{Lang|ar|فاس}}).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-919-5 |editor-last=Dumper |editor-first=Michael R. T. |page=151 |access-date=10 March 2024 |editor-last2=Stanley |editor-first2=Bruce E. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316174542/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC |archive-date=16 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bressolette |first=Henri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=A la découverte de Fès |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2016 |isbn=978-2-343-09022-1 |chapter=Fondation de Fès El Bali par Idriss Ier et Idriss II |access-date=2021-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720213942/https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Qaybaha kale ee caalamka Islaamka, tusaale ahaan suugaanta Carabiga ee Masaarida iyo Bariga Dhexe ka hor bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad, Marooko waxaa caadi ahaan loogu yeeri jiray {{lang|ar-Latn|Murrakush}} ({{lang|ar|مراكش}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gershovich |first=Moshe |title=French Military Rule in Morocco |date=12 October 2012 |isbn=978-0-203-04498-8 |doi=10.4324/9780203044988}}</ref> Eraygan waxaa weli loo isticmaalaa in lagu tixraaco Marooko maanta dhowr luqadood oo [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iraani]] ah, oo ay ku jiraan [[Af-Faarsi|Faarisiga]], [[Urdu]], iyo [[Af-Bunjaabi|Bunjaabiga]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=مراکش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس |trans-title=Morocco |url=https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=abadis.ir |language=fa |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209233102/https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Marooko waxaa kale oo siyaasad ahaan loogu yeeri jiray ereyo kala duwan oo muujinaya [[Sharifism|hiddaha Shariifka]] ee [[Alawi dynasty|Boqortooyadii Calawiyiinta]], sida {{Transliteration|ar|al-Mamlakah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|المملكة الشريفة}}), {{Transliteration|ar|al-Iyālah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإيالة الشريفة}}) iyo {{Transliteration|ar|al-Imbarāṭūriyyah ash-Sharīfah}} ({{Lang|ar|الإمبراطورية الشريفة}}), kuwaas oo loo turjumay af-Faransiis ahaan {{Lang|fr|l'Empire chérifien}} iyo af-Ingiriis ahaan 'Sharifian Empire'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ملين |first=نبيل |title=فكرة الدستور في المغرب: وثائق ونصوص (19012011) |publisher=Tīl Kīl Mīdiyā |year=2017 |isbn=978-9954-28-764-4 |language=ar |oclc=994641823}}</ref> {{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1 September 2019 |title=Prelude to Colonialism: Moroccan Muslims and Jews through Western Lenses, 1860–1912 |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |url-status=live |journal=European Judaism |language=en |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=111–128 |doi=10.3167/ej.2019.520209 |issn=0014-3006 |s2cid=203553804 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105195922/https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/european-judaism/52/2/ej520209.xml |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 13qle1psqnkt4lmugtd0s2a3j3r8p14 Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika 0 5383 300568 277671 2026-07-01T14:04:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika | native_name = {{small|{{Name in various languages | name = {{nobold|''(luqadaha rasmiga ah)''}} | sg = {{lang|sg|Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka}} | fr = {{lang|fr|République centrafricaine}} }}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Central African Republic.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Central African Republic.svg | symbol_type = [[Astaan-gacmeedka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Astaan-gacmeedka]] | coa_size = 105px | national_motto = {{plainlist| * {{Native phrase|sg|"Zo Kwe Zo"}} * "Dadka oo dhan waa dad" * {{Native phrase|fr|"Unité, Dignité, Travail"}} * "Midnimo, Sharaf, Shaqo" }} | national_anthem = {{plainlist| * {{Native phrase|sg|E Zingo|nolink=yes}} * {{Native phrase|fr|[[La Renaissance]]|nolink=no}} * "Kicita" }}{{center|[[File:La Renaissance (1960s recording).ogg]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Central African Republic (centered orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Muuji wareegga dhulka|[[File:Location Central African Republic AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Muuji khariidadda Afrika|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | capital = [[Bangui]] | coordinates = {{Coord|4|22|N|18|35|E|type:city}} | largest_city = caasimadda | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiis]]|[[Luqadda Sango|Sango]] <small>(wada-rasmi ah)</small><ref name="Samarin 2000 301–334">{{cite book |last=Samarin |first=William J. |chapter=The Status of Sango in Fact and Fiction: On the One-Hundredth Anniversary of its Conception |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jSByTfudlIcC&pg=PA301 |editor-last=McWhorter |editor-first=John H. |editor-link=John McWhorter |title=Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles |publisher=John Benjamins |series=Creole language library |volume=21 |year=2000 |pages=301–334 |isbn=9789027252432}}</ref>}} | national_languages = {{hlist|[[Luqadda Sango|Sango]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{hlist|[[Baggara|Carabtii Baggara]]|[[Dadka Baka (Cameroon iyo Gabon)|Baka]]|[[Dadka Banda|Banda]]|[[Dadka Aka|Bayaka]]|[[Dadka Fula|Fula]]|[[Dadka Gula|Gula]]|[[Dadka Gbaya|Gbaya]]|[[Dadka Kara|Kara]]|[[Dadka Kresh|Kresh]]|[[Dadka Mbaka|Mbaka]]|[[Dadka Mandja|Mandja]]|[[Dadka Ngbandi|Ngbandi]]|[[Dadka Runga|Runga]]|[[Dadka Sara|Sara]]|[[Dadka Vidiri|Vidiri]]|[[Wodaabe]]|[[Dadka Yakoma|Yakoma]]|[[Dadka Yulu|Yulu]]| [[Dadka Kanuri|Kanuri]]|[[Dadka Zande|Zande]]|[[Astaamaha dadka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika#Kooxaha qowmiyadeed|kuwa kale]]}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.2% [[Masiixiyad]] |13.9% [[Islaamka ka jira Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Islaam]] |12.0% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.9% [[Diimaha ka jira Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|kuwa kale]] / [[Diin la'aan|midna]] }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=44c#IRFDEMOG|title=National Profiles|website=www.thearda.com|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=1 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301181352/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=44c#IRFDEMOG|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Astaamaha dadka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Reer Bartamaha Afrika]] | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Liiska madaxda qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]] | leader_title2 = [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Raiisel Wasaare]] | leader_name2 = [[Félix Moloua]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska madaxda Golaha Qaranka ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Simplice Sarandji]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka (Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika)|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbannaanida]] | established_event1 = Jamhuuriyadda la aasaasay | established_date1 = 1 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = ka timid [[Faransiiska]] | established_date2 = 13 Agoosto 1960 | established_event3 = [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]] la aasaasay | established_date3 = 4 Diseembar 1976 | established_event4 = [[Raleejayntii Bokassa I iyo Catherine|Raleejayntii Bokassa I]] | established_date4 = 4 Diseembar 1977 | established_event5 = [[Hawlgalkii Caban|Xilka ka tuuriddii Bokassa I iyo soo celintii jamhuuriyadda]] | established_date5 = 21 Sebteembar 1979 | area_km2 = 622,984 | area_rank = 44aad <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 240,534 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = | population_estimate = {{Decrease}} 5,513,282<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Central African Republic|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 121aad | population_density_km2 = 8.6 | population_density_sq_mi = 22 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 221aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $7.940 bilyan<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Central African Republic) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[Sanduuqa Lacagta Caalamiga ah]] October, 14 2025 |language=en}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 170aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,390<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 190aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $3.710 bilyan<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 182nd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $650<ref name="auto"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 191aad | Gini = 43<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref> | HDI = 0.414 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2025 A matter of choice People and possibilities in the age of AI|website=hdr.undp.org}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 191aad | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Faranka CFA ee Bartamaha Afrika]] (XAF) }} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika|WAT]] | utc_offset = +01:00 | drives_on = midig<ref>[http://www.brianlucas.ca/roadside/ Which side of the road do they drive on?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414073422/http://brianlucas.ca/roadside/ |date=14 April 2012}} Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.</ref> | calling_code = [[+236]] | iso3166code = CF | cctld = [[.cf]] | ethinc_groups_year = | today = }} '''Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|sg|Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka}}, {{IPA|sg|kōdōrōsésè tí bé.àfríkà}}|{{langx|fr|République centrafricaine}}, {{IPA|fr|ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn|IPA}}; loo soo gaabiyo '''RCA''' ama '''{{lang|fr|Centrafrique}}''', {{IPA|fr|sɑ̃tʁafʁik|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/central_african_republic.htm|title=Central African Republic – CAR – Country Profile – Nations Online Project|website=www.nationsonline.org|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=5 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231847/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/central_african_republic.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>}}}} ('''CAR''') waa [[dal ku dhex xidhan]] oo ku yaal [[Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Jaad]] dhanka [[Xadka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Jaad|waqooyiga]], [[Suudaan]] dhanka [[Xadka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Suudaan|waqooyi-bari]], [[Koonfurta Suudaan]] dhanka [[Xadka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Koonfurta Suudaan|bari]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo]] dhanka [[Xadka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo|koonfurta]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] dhanka [[Xadka Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika iyo Jamhuuriyadda Kongo|koonfur-galbeed]], iyo [[Kamiruun]] dhanka [[Xadka Kamiruun iyo Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|galbeedka]]. Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxaddiisu tahay qiyaastii {{convert|620000|km2|sqmi}}. Markay ahayd 2024, waxay lahayd dad tiradoodu tahay 5,357,744, oo ka kooban qiyaastii 80 kooxood oo qowmiyadeed ah.<ref>{{citation |last=Mudge |first=Lewis |title=World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Central African Republic |date=2018-12-11 |work= |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/central-african-republic |access-date=2024-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530235536/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/central-african-republic |archive-date=30 May 2019 |chapter=Central African Republic: Events of 2018}}</ref> Maadaama ay ahaan jirtay gumeysi Faransiis oo loogu magac daray [[Ubangi-Shari]],{{efn|{{langx|fr|Oubangui-Chari}}}} [[Luqadda Faransiiska|Faransiisku]] waa [[luqadda rasmiga ah]], iyadoo [[Luqadda Sango|Sango]], oo ah luqad [[luqad creole ah]] oo ku salaysan [[Luqadda Ngbandi|Ngbandi]], ay tahay luqadda qaranka iyo tan labaad ee rasmiga ah.<ref name="Samarin 2000 301–334"/><ref name="profile">{{cite news |date=2011-04-20 |title=Central African Republic country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13150040 |access-date=2025-03-17 |publisher=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Bangui]], oo ku taal xadka koonfureed ee ay la leedahay [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo]]. Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika badankeedu waxay ka kooban tahay [[savanna]] nooca Suudaan-Gini ah, laakiin dalku wuxuu sidoo kale leeyahay aag [[Sahel]]o-[[Savanna Bari ee Suudaan|Suudaan]] ah dhanka waqooyiga iyo [[Muuqaalka dhirta iyo savannada ee Kongo Waqooyi|aag kaymo dhul-baraha ah]] dhanka koonfurta. Labo meelood oo meel dalka ka mid ah waxay ku dhex jirtaa dooxada [[Webiga Ubangi]] (kaas oo ku shuba [[Webiga Kongo]]), halka saddex meelood oo meedka soo hartay ay ku taalo dooxada [[Webiga Jaari]], kaas oo ku shuba [[Hordada Jaad]]. Waxa maanta loo yaqaan Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa la degganaa ugu yaraan tan iyo 8000&nbsp;Ciise ka hor. Xuduudaha dalka waxaa dejiyay Faransiiska, kaas oo bilaabay inuu qaybo ka mid ah ku daro [[Kongada Faransiiska]] dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19-aad, sannadkii 1903-diina wuxuu aasaasay gumeysigii goonida ahaa ee [[Ubangi-Shari]], oo qayb ka ahaa [[Afrika weyn ee Faransiiska]]. Ka dib markii ay xorriyadda ka qaadatay Faransiiska 1960-kii, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa xukumay hoggaamiyayaal taxane ah oo keligood taliyayaal ah, oo uu ku jiro [[Jean-Bedel Bokassa]] oo u beddelay magaca dalka [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]] soona xukumay sidii boqor ka dhashay 1976 ilaa 1979.<ref name="Bokassa">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/jean-bedel-bokassa-posthumous-pardon 'Cannibal' dictator Bokassa given posthumous pardon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301025416/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/jean-bedel-bokassa-posthumous-pardon |date=1 March 2017}}. ''The Guardian''. 3 December 2010</ref> [[Dagaalkii Baadiyaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika]] wuxuu bilaamay 2004, in kasta oo heshiis nabadeed la galay 2007 iyo mid kale 2011, [[Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|dagaalkii sokeeye wuxuu dib u bilowday]] 2012. Dagaalka sokeeye wuxuu sii xumeeyay taariikhda xun ee dalka ee [[Xuquuqda aadanaha ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|xuquuqda aadanaha]], taasoo lagu garto xadgudubyo baahsan oo sii kordhaya oo ay geysanayaan kooxaha hubeysan ee kala duwan ee ka qeyb qaadanaya. In kasta oo dalku leeyahay tiro aad u badan oo [[khayraadka dabiiciga ah]], sida kaydka [[yuraaniyamka]], [[shidaalka ceeriin]], [[dahab]], [[dheemman]], [[kobalt]], [[loox]], iyo [[tamarta biyaha]],<ref name=CIA/> iyo sidoo kale dhul beereed aad u baaxad weyn, Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxay ku jirtaa tobanka dal ee ugu saboolka ah dunida, iyadoo lahayd [[Waxsoosaarka Guud ee Gudaha|GDP]] per capita ee ugu hooseeya xagga awoodda wax-iibsiga (PPP) ee adduunka marka ay ahayd 2017.<ref name="IMF 2017">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512%2C946%2C914%2C137%2C612%2C546%2C614%2C962%2C311%2C674%2C213%2C676%2C911%2C548%2C193%2C556%2C122%2C678%2C912%2C181%2C313%2C867%2C419%2C682%2C513%2C684%2C316%2C273%2C913%2C868%2C124%2C921%2C339%2C948%2C638%2C943%2C514%2C686%2C218%2C688%2C963%2C518%2C616%2C728%2C223%2C836%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C359%2C960%2C453%2C423%2C968%2C935%2C922%2C128%2C714%2C611%2C862%2C321%2C135%2C243%2C716%2C248%2C456%2C469%2C722%2C253%2C942%2C642%2C718%2C643%2C724%2C939%2C576%2C644%2C936%2C819%2C961%2C172%2C813%2C132%2C726%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698%2C672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database, January 2018] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503062812/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=9&c=512,946,914,137,612,546,614,962,311,674,213,676,911,548,193,556,122,678,912,181,313,867,419,682,513,684,316,273,913,868,124,921,339,948,638,943,514,686,218,688,963,518,616,728,223,836,516,558,918,138,748,196,618,278,624,692,522,694,622,142,156,449,626,564,628,565,228,283,924,853,233,288,632,293,636,566,634,964,238,182,662,359,960,453,423,968,935,922,128,714,611,862,321,135,243,716,248,456,469,722,253,942,642,718,643,724,939,576,644,936,819,961,172,813,132,726,646,199,648,733,915,184,134,524,652,361,174,362,328,364,258,732,656,366,654,734,336,144,263,146,268,463,532,528,944,923,176,738,534,578,536,537,429,742,433,866,178,369,436,744,136,186,343,925,158,869,439,746,916,926,664,466,826,112,542,111,967,298,443,927,917,846,544,299,941,582,446,474,666,754,668,698,672&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= |date=3 May 2018}}, [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 International Monetary Fund] {{webarchive |url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060214005019/http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=28 |date=14 February 2006}}. Database updated on 12 April 2017. Accessed on 21 April 2017.</ref> Markay ahayd 2023, marka loo eego [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha]] (HDI), dalku wuxuu lahaa heerka saddexaad ee ugu hooseeya ee horumarinta aadanaha, isagoo ku jira kaalinta 191 ee 193 dal. Dalku wuxuu galay kaalinta labaad ee ugu hooseysa [[Tusmada Horumarinta Aadanaha ee la hagaajiyay sinnaan-la'aanta]] (IHDI), isagoo ku jira kaalinta 164-aad ee 165 dal.<ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdi_table.pdf|title=Human Development Index and its components|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915042654/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdi_table.pdf|archive-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waxaa sidoo kale lagu qiyaasaa inay tahay dalka ugu caafimaadka daran,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1188069/worlds-unhealthiest-countries/|title=These are the world's unhealthiest countries |date=25 September 2016|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801171519/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1188069/worlds-unhealthiest-countries/|archive-date=1 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> iyo sidoo kale dalka ugu xun ee dhalinyaradu ku noolaadaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20161020230325-xtrrw/|title=Central African Republic worst country in the world for young people – study|author=<!-- not stated -->|website=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805184326/http://news.trust.org/item/20161020230325-xtrrw|archive-date=5 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika waa xubin ka tirsan [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Gobolka Bartamaha Afrika]], {{lang|fr|[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]|italic=no}} iyo [[Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhex-dhexaadka ah]]. == Asalka magaca == Magaca Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika wuxuu ka yimid goobta dhuleed ee uu dalku ku yaal ee gobolka dhexe ee Afrika iyo nooca dawladnimo ee jamhuuriyadda ah. Intii u dhaxeysay 1976 ilaa 1979, dalka waxaa loo yaqiinnay [[Boqortooyada Bartamaha Afrika]]. Xilligii gumeysiga, magaca dalku wuxuu ahaa [[Ubangi-Shari]] ({{langx|fr|Oubangui-Chari}}), magacaas oo laga keenay laba webi oo waaweyn iyo dariiqyada biyaha ee Bartamaha Afrika – [[Webiga Ubangi|Ubangi]] iyo [[Webiga Jaari|Jaari]]. [[Barthélemy Boganda]], oo ahaa [[Liiska madaxda xukuumadda ee Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika|ra'iisul wasaarihii]] ugu horreeyay ee dalka, ayaa doorbiday magaca "Jamhuuriyadda Bartamaha Afrika" beddelkii Ubangi-Shari, waxaana la sheegay inay taasi ka dambeysay sababtoo ah wuxuu hiigsanayay [[Dawladaha Midayso ee Laatiinka Afrika|midnimo weyn oo ay yeeshaan waddamada]] ku yaal [[Bartamaha Afrika]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Palmer |first=Brian |date=9 March 2012 |title=Why Does the Central African Republic Have Such a Boring Name? |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/03/joseph-kony-video-why-does-central-african-republic-have-such-a-boring-name.html |website=Slate |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502212254/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2012/03/joseph-kony-video-why-does-central-african-republic-have-such-a-boring-name.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ck4cs1ea3b1vn3i6x7ggjq1eu8sv8hl Gambia 0 5427 300571 260579 2026-07-01T14:14:18Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Gambia | common_name = Gambia | image_flag = Flag of The Gambia.svg | flag_type = [[Calanka Gambia|Calan]] | religion_year = 2024 | image_coat = Coat of arms of The Gambia.svg | symbol_type = [[Astaanta Qaranka ee Gambia|Astaanta Qaranka]] | national_motto = "Horumar, Nabad, iyo Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = "[[For The Gambia Our Homeland]]"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center">[[File:For The Gambia Our Homeland (instrumental).ogg]]</div> | image_map = Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg | map_caption = Goobta ay Gambia (cagaarka madow) ku taal galbeedka Afrika | image_map2 = | capital = [[Banjul]] | largest_settlement_type = aagga caasimadda | largest_settlement = [[Serekunda]] | official_languages = [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]]<!-- Until official sources state otherwise, this should not be changed. See the Talk page. --> | languages_type = [[Luqadda qaranka|Luqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} |[[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]] |[[Luqadda Pulaar|Pulaar]] |[[Luqadda Wolof|Wolof]] |[[Luqadda Serer|Serer]] |[[Luqadaha Jola|Jola]] |[[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriis]] |[[Luqadaha Balanta|Balanta]] |[[Carabi]] |[[Luqadda Jola-Fonyi|Jola-Fonyi]] |[[Luqadda Mandjak|Mandjak]] |[[Luqadda Mankanya|Mankanya]] |[[Luqadda Noon|Noon]] |[[Luqadda Dyula|Dyula]] |[[Luqadda Soninke|Soninke]] |[[Luqadda Fula|Fula]] |[[Luqadda Karon|Karon]] |[[Luqadda Kassonke|Kassonke]] |[[Luqadaha Cangin|Cangin]] |[[Luqadda Dhaqdhaqaaqa Gacanta ee Gambia]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |34.4% [[Dadka Mandinka|Mandinka]] |25.0% [[Dadka Fula|Fula]] |15.4% [[Dadka Wolof|Wolof]] |9.5% [[Dadka Jola|Jola]] |8.2% [[Dadka Soninke|Soninke]] |2.9% [[Dadka Serer|Serer]] |4.6% kuwa kale<ref name=2019-2020Census>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#:~:text=People%20and%20Society-,Population,Demographic%20profile |title=2024 Gambia report by the CIA: Spatial Distribution |publisher=The CIA |last=National Population Commission Secretariat |date=2019–2020 |website=Gambia Bureau of Statistics |access-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103134831/https://www.gbos.gov.gm/uploads/census/2013/Spatial-distribution-report_%20Final.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|website=The Gambia Bureau of Statistics|title=Population - Total - GBoS|access-date=16 February 2025|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511134924/https://www.gbosdata.org/data/40-population-and-household-characteristics/1653-population-total|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = Tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha ee 2024 | religion_ref = <ref name=CIA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |title=The World Factbook: Gambia, The |website=CIA |access-date=7 December 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demonym = Reer Gambia | government_type = Midaysan [[Nidaamka madaxtooyada|jamhuuriyad madaxtooyo]] | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Gambia|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Adama Barrow]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Gambia|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Muhammad B. S. Jallow]] | leader_title3 = [[Liiska guddoomiyayaasha Golaha Qaranka ee Gambia|Guddoomiyaha Golaha Qaranka]] | leader_name3 = [[Fabakary Tombong Jatta]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee Gambia|Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow]] | legislature = [[Golaha Qaranka ee Gambia|Golaha Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = [[Madaxbannaanida]] | established_event1 = ka timid [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_date1 = 18 Febraayo 1965 | established_event2 = kala diristii [[Xiriirka Senegambia]] | established_date2 = 30 Sebtember 1989 | area_km2 = 11,300<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |title=Gambia, The |date=28 February 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=25 February 2023 |archive-date=3 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403011250/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/#geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_rank = 159aad<!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 4,007<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | percent_water = 11.5 | population_census = 2,422,712<ref name="GBoS 2024">{{cite web |url=https://gambia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-09/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20the%202024%20Census%20in%20The%20Gambia_0.pdf |title=The Gambia 2024 Population and Housing Census: Preliminary Report |date=August 2024 |publisher=Gambian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=18 June 2025 |archive-date=22 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322190104/https://gambia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/2024-09/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20the%202024%20Census%20in%20The%20Gambia_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_census_year = 2024 | population_census_rank = 142aad | population_density_km2 = 227 | population_density_sq_mi = 425.5<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | population_density_rank = 51ad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $11.050 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_rank = 166aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,820<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175ad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.670 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_rank = 185aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $924<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (The Gambia) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=11 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 180ad | Gini = 35.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2015 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name=Gini>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Data |publisher=World Bank |access-date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232414/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=GM&start=2015&view=bar |archive-date=21 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.524<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[Barnaamijka Horumarinta ee Qaramada Midoobay]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 170ad | currency = [[Dalasi-ga Gambia|Dalasi]] | currency_code = GMD | utc_offset = ±00:00 | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Greenwich|GMT]] | calling_code = [[+220]] | iso3166code = GM | cctld = [[.gm]] | coordinates = {{Coord|13|27|00|N|16|34|30|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |95.7% [[Islaamka ka jira Gambia|Islaam]] |4.2% [[Masiixiyadda ka jirta Gambia|Masiixiyad]] |0.1% kuwa kale }} | today = | p1 = | flag_p1 = Flag of The Gambia.svg | p2 = }} '''Gambia''', si rasmi ahna loo yihaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gambia.gov.gm/gambia-app/about-gambia/ |title=About The Gambia |publisher=The Gambia Government |access-date=2026-04-28 |archive-date=29 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429211308/https://gambia.gov.gm/gambia-app/about-gambia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|[[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]]: ''Kambiya'' {{lang|nqo|ߞߊߡߓߌߦߊ}}; {{langx|wo|Gámbi}}, {{langx|ff|Gammbi}}, {{langx|srr|Gambi}}; {{langx|ar|غامبيا/جامبيا}}}} waa dal ku yaal [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Dhanka juqraafiga, Gambia waa [[Liiska waddamada Afrika marka loo eego baaxadda dhulka|dalka ugu yar]] ee ku yaal qaaradda Afrika;{{refn|group=lower-alpha|[[Cape Verde]], [[Mauritius]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], iyo [[Seychelles]], oo ah dalka ugu yar Afrika, waa [[gasiirado]].}} waxayna xudduud la leedahay [[Senegal]] dhinac kasta marka laga reebo qaybta galbeed, oo ay xaddiddo [[Badweynta Atlaantigga]].<ref name=Hoare>Hoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A–Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publications. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-7534-5569-2}}.</ref> Dhulkeedu wuxuu ku yaallaa labada dhinac ee marinnada hoose ee [[Webiga Gambia]], kaas oo dhex mara badhtamaha dalka oo ku shuba Atlaantigga. Webiga dalka magaca u bixiyay wuxuu xaddidaa qaabka dheer ee dalka, kaas oo leh baaxad dhul oo gaaraysa {{convert|11300|km2|sqmi}} iyo dad gaaraya 2,422,712 oo qof markii la sameeyay Tirakoobkii 1-dii Maajo 2024<ref name=GBoS>Tirakoobka Dadka iyo Guryaha ee Gambia ee 2024</ref> kaas oo ah 30.45% kor u kac dadka ah tan iyo 2013. Caasimaddu waa jasiiradda [[Banjul]], oo hore loogu aqoon jiray Bathurst xilligii gumeysiga, taas oo ah [[aagga caasimadda]] ee ugu ballaaran dalka.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul |title=Banjul &#124; national capital, The Gambia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803020622/https://www.britannica.com/place/Banjul |url-status=live }}</ref> Magaalooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad ee ugu weyn waa [[Serekunda]] iyo [[Brikama]]. Magaalooyinka kale ee muhiimka ah waa Kanifing iyo Farafenni oo ku yaal bankiga waqooyi, Basse oo ku taal Gobolka Upper River, iyo Soma oo ku taal gobolka lower river.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=the standard |date=February 11, 2015 |title=Farafenni named among Africa's booming town}}</ref> Ganacsatada [[Carabta Muslimiinta ah]] waxay ganacsi la wadaagi jireen dadka u dhashay Galbeedka Afrika ee deggan Gambia, iyadoo loo marayo nidaam loo yaqaanno ganacsiga dhex-mara Saxaraha, iyagoo isticmaalaya nidaamka wax-weydaarsiga. Intii lagu guda jiray qarniyadii 9-aad iyo 10-aad, Islaamka waxaa Galbeedka Sudan u soo bandhigay ganacsatadii Carabta. Sannadkii 1455, [[Boortaqiiska]] waxay noqdeen reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee soo gala Gambia, in kasta oo aysan marnaba ka samaysan ganacsi muhiim ah halkaas. [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] waxay samaysatay gumeysi sannadkii 1765.<ref>Hughes, Arnold (2008) ''Historical Dictionary of the Gambia''. Scarecrow Press. p. xx. {{ISBN|0-8108-6260-3}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1965, 200 sano ka dib, Gambia waxay heshay madaxbannaani iyadoo uu hoggaaminayo [[Dawda Jawara]]. Jawara wuxuu sii ahaa madaxweynaha, isagoo ku guuleystay dhowr doorasho, ilaa markii uu xukunka ka tuuray [[Yahya Jammeh]] [[Inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan|inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan]] 22-kii Luulyo, 1994. [[Adama Barrow]] waxaa loo doortay madaxweynaha saddexaad ee Gambia bishii Diseembar 2016; Wuxuu kaga guuleystay [[Yahya Jammeh]] caawinta isbahaysi ay lahaayeen xisbiyada kale ee mucaaradka siyaasadda.<ref name=Wiseman>{{cite book |last=Wiseman |first=John A. |year=2004 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA456 |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 |edition=33rd |chapter=The Gambia: Recent History |publisher=Europa |page=456 |isbn=978-1-85743-183-4 }}</ref> Jammeh bilowgii wuxuu aqbalay natiijooyinka, laakiin haddana wuxuu diiday inuu xafiiska ka dego isagoo sheegay in la khiyaaneeyay, taas oo kicisay [[Xiisadda dastuuriga ah ee Gambia ee 2016–2017|xiisad dastuuri ah]]. [[Beesha Dhaqaalaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]] (ECOWAS) [[Faragelinta ciidan ee ECOWAS ee Gambia|waxay sameeyeen faragelin ciidan]] waxayna ku guuleysteen ka saarista Jammeh laba maalmood ka dib markii uu dhammaaday muddo-xileedkiisii rasmiga ahaa.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure |title=Yahya Jammeh leaves the Gambia after 22 years of rule |last=Maclean |first=Ruth |date=21 January 2017 |work=The Guardian |access-date=17 May 2017 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516194615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/21/anxious-gambians-await-former-president-yahya-jammeh-departure |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Agrees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html |title=Gambia's Yayah Jammeh confirms he will step down |date=20 January 2017 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=21 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121003151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-yahya-jammeh-agrees-step-170120184330091.html |archive-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref> {{cite news |last=Ramsay |first=Stuart |title=Former Gambia leader Yahya Jammeh flies into political exile |publisher=Sky News |date=22 January 2017 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812125748/https://news.sky.com/story/former-gambia-leader-yahya-jammeh-flies-out-of-country-10738348 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |url-status=live}} </ref> Munaasabad dhaarinta ah oo ka dhacday safaaradda Gambia ee ku taal Dakar, Senegal, 19-kii Janaayo 2017, Adama Barrow wuxuu si rasmi ah u noqday madaxweynaha Gambia. Dhaqaalaha Gambia waxaa inta badan xukuma beeraha, kaluumeysiga, iyo gaar ahaan dalxiiska. Sannadkii 2022, 17.2% dadka waxay ku noolaayeen [[saboolnimo ba'an]], oo lagu qeexay inay ku nool yihiin wax ka yar US$2.15 (2017 [[Iibsashada awoodda isbarbardhigga|PPP]]) maalintii.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} Gambia waa xubin aasaasi ah oo ka tirsan ECOWAS. Waxay dib ugu biirtay [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] sannadkii 2018 ka dib markii ay markii hore ka baxday 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728053646/https://thecommonwealth.org/news/gambia-rejoins-commonwealth |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> [[Luqadda Ingiriisiga|Ingiriisiga]] waa luqadda rasmiga ah ee keliya ee dalka; waxay noqotay mid si weyn loo isticmaalo intii lagu guda jiray xukunkii Ingiriiska. == Asalka magaca == Magaca "Gambia" wuxuu ka yimid ereyga [[Luqadda Mandinka|Mandinka]] ee ''Kambra''/''Kambaa'', oo la dhihi karo waa [[Webiga Gambia]]. (Waxay kaloo ka timid ereyga muqaddaska ah ee [[Dadka Serer|Serer]] ee ''gamba'',<ref>Allen Meagher, Andrew Samuel, Baba Ceesay, National Council for the Arts and Culture (Gambia), ''Historic Sites of The Gambia: Ada Dinkiralu (Mandinka), Bereb-I-Chosan (Wolof), Tarica Tawal (Fula), Nannin (Jola), Soninke Ada (Serehuli), I-Mofan Chosan (Serer): an Official Guide to the Monuments and Sites of the Gambia'', National Council for the Arts and Culture, 1998, pp. 1, 24.</ref> oo ah [[durbaan]] laga sameeyay [[galaas]] kaas oo la garaaco marka oday Serer ah uu dhinto.)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mwakikagile |first1=Godfrey |author1-link=Godfrey Mwakikagile |title=The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa |date=2010 |publisher=New Africa Press |isbn=978-9987-16-023-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL7wIvRlXSwC&pg=PA141 |page=141 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sahamiyayaashii Boortaqiiska]], oo soo gaaray gobolka qarnigii 15-aad, waxay qaateen nooc ka mid ah magacan maxaliga ah, kaas oo markii dambe loo beddelay ''Gambia'' intii lagu guda jiray [[Gumeysigii iyo Maxmiyaddii Gambia|xukunkii gumeysiga Ingiriiska]].<ref name="MandinkaOrigin">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Arnold |last2=Perfect |first2=David |title=A political history of The Gambia, 1816-1994 |date=2006 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |location=Rochester, NY |isbn=978-1-58046-682-0 |pages=12–14}}</ref> Markii ay qaadatay madaxbannaanida sannadkii 1965, dalku wuxuu isticmaalay magaca ''The Gambia''. Ka dib markii lagu dhawaaqay jamhuuriyad sannadkii 1970, magaca dheer ee dalka wuxuu noqday ''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''.<ref name=cons1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf |title=Constitution of the Republic of the Gambia |date=1996 |access-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204142049/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/1952/GMB48490.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Gambia waa mid ka mid ah labada dal ee kaliya ee qodobka cayiman ee "the" si rasmi ah loogu isticmaalo magacooda gaaban ee luqadda Ingiriisiga, dalka kale waa [[Bahamas]]; si ka duwan Bahamas, qoraalka weyn ayaa loo isticmaalaa qodobka marka la qorayo "The Gambia".<ref name="cons1996" />{{efn|[[El Salvador]], oo Isbaanish ahaan u taagan "Badbaadiyaha", waxay sidoo kale u isticmaashaa qodobka cayiman magaceeda.}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Geoghegan |first=Tom |date=7 June 2012 |title=Ukraine or the Ukraine: Why do some country names have 'the'? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |access-date=23 February 2023 |quote=[A]ccording to several authoritative sources, such as the CIA World Factbook, the ''Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World'' and the US Department of State, only two countries, the Bahamas and the Gambia, should officially be referred to with the article. |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130150639/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18233844 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sannadkii 1964, waxyar ka hor madaxbannaanida dalka, Ra'iisul Wasaare [[Dawda Jawara]] wuxuu u qoray [[Guddiga Joogtada ah ee Magacyada Juqraafiga ee Isticmaalka rasmiga ah ee Ingiriiska]] isagoo ka codsaday in magaca ''the Gambia'' uu sii haysto qodobka cayiman, qayb ahaan si loo yareeyo jahwareerka kala dhexayn kara [[Zambia]] oo iyaduna dhowaan noqotay mid madaxbannaan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alfa Shaban |first1=Abdur Rahman |title=Why Africa's 'smiling coast' is officially referred to as 'The' Gambia |url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia// |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=Africa News |date=19 January 2017 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411013024/https://www.africanews.com/2017/01/19/why-africa-s-smiling-coast-is-referred-to-as-the-gambia/ }}</ref> Maamulkii [[Yahya Jammeh]] wuxuu u beddelay magaca dheer ''Jamhuuriyadda Islaamiga ah ee Gambia'' bishii Diseembar 2015.<ref name=E1>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 |title=La Gambie s'autoproclame 'État islamique' |date=13 December 2015 |publisher=Europe 1 |language=fr |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214051037/http://www.europe1.fr/international/la-gambie-sautoproclamme-etat-islamique-2635109 |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> 29-kii Janaayo 2017 Madaxweynihii cusub ee la doortay [[Adama Barrow]] wuxuu magaca dib uogu soo celiyay ''Jamhuuriyadda Gambia''.<ref name="abr">{{Cite news |last=Adegun |first=Aanu |date=29 January 2017 |title=Adama Barrow removes 'Islamic' title from Gambia's name |url=https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129123855/https://www.naij.com/1085177-adama-barrow-removes-islamic-gambias-name.html |archive-date=29 January 2017 |access-date=31 January 2017 |newspaper=Naij }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |title=The Gambia: President Adama Barrow pledges reforms |date=28 January 2017 |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131012508/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/01/gambia-president-adama-barrow-pledges-reforms-170128194124520.html |archive-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ke3qodparo17sg08w0xqlhlrfevjs9y Dajuumo 0 5731 300612 268798 2026-07-01T21:09:10Z ~2026-37674-17 46316 Haa 300612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dajuumo''' waa degmo ku taalo gobolka [Jubbada Dhexe] Degmadaan waxa degan below badan sida jareer raxaaweyn waxana ubadan beesha Sheekhaal('''Aw qudub''') oo badana dadka uyaqaanin inay yahiin dadka gobolka jubada dhexe ubadan 6vqau8vbnweq3dff149ldn4cagemydj Benin 0 5799 300567 184627 2026-07-01T13:59:45Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaaji maqaalka 300567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Benin | native_name = {{Native name|fr|République du Bénin}}<!--This parameter is only for official languages--> | common_name = Benin | image_flag = Flag of Benin.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Benin.svg | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Benin (orthographic projection with inset).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File: Location Benin AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | image_map2 = | national_motto = {{vunblist|{{Native name|fr|"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}}} | englishmotto = Fraternity, Justice, Labour | national_anthem = {{Native name|fr|[[L'Aube nouvelle]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"The New Dawn"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg]]</div> | official_languages = [[Faransiiska|Faransiis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society |title=Benin |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229152613/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/#people-and-society |url-status=dead }}</ref> | languages_type = [[Luuqad qaran|Luuqadaha qaranka]] | languages = {{collapsible list|bullets=y|title={{nobold|Liiska:}} | | [[Carabi]] | [[Ingiriisi]] | [[Aguna (luuqad)|Aguna]] | [[Adja (luuqad)|Aja]] | [[Alada (luuqad)|Alada]] | [[Fon (luuqad)|Fon]] | [[Gbe (luuqadaha)|Gbe]] | [[Gen (luuqad)|Gen]] | [[Gun (luuqad)|Gun]] | [[Pherá (luuqad)|Pherá]] | [[Phla (luuqad)|Phla]] | [[Tofin (luuqad)|Tofin]] | [[Tɔli (luuqad)|Tɔli]] | [[Waci (luuqad)|Waci]] | [[Berba (luuqad)|Berba]] | [[Kabiye (luuqad)|Kabye]] | [[Lama (luuqad)|Lama]] | [[Lukpa (luuqad)|Lukpa]] | [[Mbelime (luuqad)|Mbelime]] | [[Mossi (luuqad)|Mossi]] | [[Nateni (luuqad)|Nateni]] | [[Ngangam (luuqad)|Ngangam]] | [[Tammari (luuqad)|Tammari]] | [[Tem (luuqad)|Tem]] | [[Waama (luuqad)|Waama]] | [[Yom (luuqad)|Yom]] | [[Kwa (luuqadaha)|Kwa]] | [[Chakosi (luuqad)|Chakosi]] | [[Foodo (luuqad)|Foodo]] | [[Ede (luuqad)|Ede]] | [[Ifè (luuqad)|Ifè]] | [[Mokole (luuqad) (Benin)|Mokole]] | [[Yoruba (luuqad)|Yoruba]] | [[Yoruboid (luuqadaha)|Yoruboid]] | [[Bariba (luuqad)|Bariba]] | [[Dendi (luuqad)|Dendi]] | [[Fula (luuqad)|Fula]] | [[Hawsay|Hawsa]]}} | demonym = {{hlist|Beninese}} {{hlist|Beninoise}} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist|38.4% [[Fon (dadka)|Fon]]|15.1% [[Adja (dadka)|Adja]] iyo [[Gen (luuqad)|Mina]]|12% [[Yoruba (dadka)|Yoruba]]|9.6% [[Bariba (dadka)|Bariba]]|8.6% [[Fula (dadka)|Fula]]|6.1% [[Tammari (dadka)|Ottamari]]|4.3% [[Yoa-Lokpa (dadka)|Yoa-Lokpa]]|2.9% [[Dendi (dadka)|Dendi]]|2.8% kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013<ref name="insae-bj.org">{{cite web |title=PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES |url=https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf |website=www.insae-bj.org |publisher=INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA STATISTIQUE ET DE L'ANALYSE ECONOMIQUE |language=fr |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918231011/https://www.insae-bj.org/images/docs/insae-statistiques/enquetes-recensements/RGPH/1.RGPH_4/Indicateurs-et-Projetcions/Principaux%20Indicateurs%20projections%20Preface%20RGPH4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; | 52.2% [[Masiixiyadda ee Benin|Masiixiyad]] | 24.6% [[Islaam]] | 17.9% [[Diimaha Dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] | 5.2% [[Diin la'aan]] | 0.1% kale}} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref name="PEW-GRF">{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/benin/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |title=Religions in Benin {{pipe}} PEW-GRF |access-date=17 April 2021 |archive-date=17 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017154104/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/benin/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> | capital = [[Porto-Novo]] | largest_city = [[Cotonou]] | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Nidaamka madaxweynaha|madaxweyne]] oo midaysan | leader_title1 = [[Madaxweynaha Benin|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Romuald Wadagni]] | leader_title2 = [[Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Benin|Madaxweyne ku-xigeen]] | leader_name2 = [[Mariam Chabi Talata]] | legislature = [[Golaha Shacabka (Benin)|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaani | sovereignty_note = ka timid Faransiiska | established_event1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dahomey]] oo laga dhex aasasay [[Aasaska Faransiiska]] | established_date1 = 11 Diseembar 1958 | established_event2 = Madaxbannaani | established_date2 = 1 Agoosto 1960 | established_event3 = | established_date3 = | area_rank = 100aad | area_km2 = 114763 | area_sq_mi = | area_footnote = <ref name=AS2010>{{Cite report |date=2012 |title=Annuaire statistique 2010 |language=fr |url=http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files/publications/annuel/Annuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |publisher=[[Institut national de la statistique et de l'analyse économique|INSAE]] |page=49 |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091201/http://www.insae-bj.org/annuare-statistique.html?file=files%2Fpublications%2Fannuel%2FAnnuaire%20statistique%20%20INSAE%202010.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> | percent_water = 0.4% | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 13,754,688<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook |country=Benin |access-date=24 September 2022 |year=2022 }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 77aad | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_density_km2 = 94.8 | population_density_rank = 98aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $76.510 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = 137aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2026 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,980<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 163aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $27.450 bilyan<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_rank = 141aad | GDP_nominal_year = 2026 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,790<ref>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Benin) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] October, 14 2025 |language=en |access-date=14 February 2026 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012102316/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2025/10/14/world-economic-outlook-october-2025 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 163aad | Gini_year = 2021 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 34.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false |title=World Bank Open Data |access-date=8 October 2024 |archive-date=26 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250826090816/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?name_desc=false |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = 0.515 <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2023/2024 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/BEN |access-date=25 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812054834/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/BEN |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 173aad | currency = [[Frankiga CFA ee Galbeedka Afrika]] | currency_code = XOF | country_code = | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Galbeedka Afrika|WAT]] | utc_offset = +1 | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+229]] | cctld = [[.bj]] | footnote_a = [[Cotonou]] waa xarunta dowladda. | today = }} '''Benin''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-Benin-pronunciation.ogg|b|ɛ|ˈ|n|iː|n}} {{respell|ben|EEN}}, {{IPAc-en|b|ᵻ|ˈ|n|iː|n}} {{respell|bin|EEN}};<ref>{{cite EPD|18 }}</ref> {{langx|fr|Bénin}} {{IPA|fr|benɛ̃||audio=Fr-Bénin.ogg}}}} si rasmi ahna loo guidhiyo '''Jamhuuriyadda Benin''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|République du Bénin}}}} oo markii hore loo yaqaanay '''Dahomey''',<ref name=nyt1975>{{Cite news |date=1 December 1975 |title=Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> waa dal ku yaala [[Galbeedka Afrika]]. Benin waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Togo]] xagga galbeed, [[Nigeria]] xagga bari, [[Burkina Faso]] xagga waqooyi-galbeed, iyo [[Niger]] xagga waqooyi-bari. Inta badan dadkeedu waxay ku nool yihiin xeebta koonfureed ee [[Bight of Benin]], oo ka mid ah [[Gacanka Guinea]] ee qaybta ugu xigta waqooyiga kulaylaha ee [[Badweynta Atlaantik-ga]].<ref name="HughesHughes1992">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=R. H. |last2=Hughes |first2=J. S. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=301 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Caasimaddu waa [[Porto-Novo]], [[xarunta dowladduna]] waxay ku taal [[Cotonou]], oo ah magaalada ugu dadka badan isla markaana ah caasimadda dhaqaalaha.<ref>{{multiref2|{{cite journal |last1=Dossou |first1=Krystel M.R. |last2=Gléhouenou-Dossou |first2=Bernadette |date=2007 |title=The vulnerability to climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1177/0956247807077149 |bibcode=2007EnUrb..19...65D |doi-access=free}}|{{ cite journal |title=Mapping a slum: learning from participatory mapping and digital innovation in Cotonou (Benin) |article-number=894 |translator=Alvin Harberts |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.32949 |date=2019 |journal=Cybergeo |first1=Armelle |last1=Choplin |first2=Martin |last2=Lozivit |trans-title=Mettre un quartier sur la carte: Cartographie participative et innovation numérique à Cotonou (Bénin) |doi-access=free}} }}</ref> Benin waxay ku fadhidaa dhul baaxadiisu tahay {{cvt|112,622|km2}},<ref name="ReferenceA"/> dadkeedana sanadkii {{UN_Population|Year}} waxaa lagu qiyaasay qiyaastii {{million|{{UN_Population|Benin}}}}.{{UN_Population|ref}} Waa dal kulaylaho ah oo dhaqaalihiisu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha iyo dhoofinta [[saliidda timirta]] iyo [[suufka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |title=FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |website=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Industries in Benin |url=https://www.ariseiip.com/homepage/major-industries-in-benin/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Arise IIP }}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 17aad ilaa qarnigii 19aad, hay'adaha siyaasadeed ee aaggaas ka jiray waxaa ka mid ahaa [[Boqortooyada Dahomey]], magaalada-gobolka ah ee [[Porto-Novo#History|Porto Novo]], iyo dawlado kale oo dhanka waqooyi xigay. Faransiiska ayaa la wareegay dhulkaas sanadkii 1894, isagoo ku daray [[Galbeedka Afrika ee Faransiiska]] sidii [[Dahomey-da Faransiiska]]. Sanadkii 1960, Dahomey waxay xorriyad buuxda ka qaadatay Faransiiska. Maadaama ay tahay [[dawlad madaxbannaan]], Benin waxay soo martay [[dawlado dimuqraadi ah]], [[gaddoomo ciidan]], iyo [[dawlado ciidan]]. Dawlad isku sheegtay [[dawlad Marxist–Leninist ah]] oo loogu magac daray [[Jamhuuriyadda Shacabka ee Benin]] ayaa jirtay intii dhexaysay 1975 iyo 1990. Sanadkii 1991, waxaa lagu beddelay Jamhuuriyadda Benin ee [[Nidaamka xisbiyada badan]].<ref name="Ibp Usa p85">{{cite book |title=Global Logistics Assessments Reports Handbook |volume=1: Strategic Transportation and Customs Information for Selected Countries |publisher=International Business Publications USA |date=2008 |orig-date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7397-6603-3 |page=85 }}</ref> [[Luuqadda rasmiga ah]] ee Benin waa Faransiis, iyadoo sidoo kale loogu hadlo luuqadaha u dhashay dhulkaas sida [[Fon (luuqad)|Fon]], [[Bariba (luuqad)|Bariba]], [[Yoruba (luuqad)|Yoruba]] iyo [[Dendi (luuqad)|Dendi]]. Kooxda ugu weyn ee diimaha ee Benin, sidii ay u saadaalisay Pew Research Group ee sanadka 2020 iyadoo lagu salaynayo tirokoobkii 2010, waa [[Masiixiyadda]] (52.2%), waxana ku xiga [[Islaamka]] (24.6%) iyo [[diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika]] (17.9%).<ref name="PEW-GRF"/> Benin waxay xubin ka tahay [[Qaramada Midoobay]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Aagga Dhaqaalaha ee Dawladaha Galbeedka Afrika]], [[Ururka Iskaashiga Islaamka]], [[Aagga Nabadda iyo Iskaashiga ee Koonfurta Atlaantik-ga]], [[Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Francophonie|Francophonie]], [[Bulshada Dawladaha Sahel iyo Saxaraha]], [[Ururka Soo Saarayaasha Betroolka ee Afrika]] iyo [[Maamulka Dooxada Niger]]. ==Asalka magaca== Intii lagu guda jiray xukunkii gumeysiga Faransiiska iyo ka dib madaxbannaanidii 1 Agoosto 1960, dalka waxaa [[Beddelidda magacyada goobaha|loogu magac daray]] Dahomey, iyadoo loogu magac daray [[Boqortooyada Dahomey]]. 30 Nofeembar 1975, ka dib afgambi ciidan oo [[Marxist–Leninist]] ahaa (oona ahaa [[Afgambigii Dahomey ee 1972]]), dalka waxaa dib loogu magac daray Benin, iyadoo loogu magac daray [[Bight of Benin]], oo xuduud la leh dalka, maadaama magaca Dahomey uu si gaar ah ula xiriiray [[Fon (dadka)|Fon]] oo deganaa qaybta koonfureed ee dalka.<ref name=nyt1975/> Gacanka wuxuu magaciisa ka qaatay [[Boqortooyada Benin]], oo ku taal dalka hadda loo yaqaan [[Nigeria]]. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} nikezqjt032ksms11405zjqnen9ooq7 Sierra Leone 0 5846 300598 224070 2026-07-01T15:28:33Z Isma4l 41797 300598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | coordinates = {{Coord|8|29.067|N|13|14.067|W|type:city}} | languages_type = Spoken languages | leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh]]}} | leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[David J. Francis (politician)|David J. Francis]]}} | leader_name4 = {{nowrap|[[Abass Bundu]]}} | leader_name5 = [[Abdulai Hamid Charm]] | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Sierra Leone | image_flag = Flag of Sierra Leone.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Sierra Leone.svg | common_name = Sierra Leone | symbol_type = Coat of arms | national_motto = "Unity, Freedom, Justice" | national_anthem = "[[High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free]]" | image_map = Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue |legend=Location Sierra Leone AU Africa.svg}} | image_map2 = Sierra Leone - Location Map (2012) - SLE - UNOCHA.svg | capital = [[Freetown]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[English Language|English]] | languages = {{hlist |[[Temne language|Temne]] |[[Mende language|Mende]] |[[Krio language|Krio]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |35.5% [[Temne people|Temne]] |33.2% [[Mende people|Mende]] |6.4% [[Limba people (Sierra Leone)|Limba]] |4.4% [[Kono people|Kono]] |3.4% [[Fula people|Fula]] |2.9% [[Loko people|Loko]] |2.8% [[Koranko people|Koranko]] |2.6% [[Sherbro people|Sherbro]] |2.4% [[Mandingo people of Sierra Leone|Mandingo]] |1.2% [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio (Creole)]] |5.2% Other }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2013<ref name="Central Intelligence Agency 2018 – Sierra Leone">{{cite web | title=The World Factbook – Sierra Leone | website=Central Intelligence Agency | date=12 July 2018 | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html | access-date=30 July 2018 | ciwaan=Nuqul Archive | archive-date=16 Bisha Tobnaad 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016034059/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html | dead-url=yes }}</ref> | demonym = Sierra Leonean | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic|Constitutional Republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Sierra Leone|President]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Julius Maada Bio]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Sierra Leone|Vice-President]] | leader_title3 = [[List of heads of government of Sierra Leone|Chief Minister]] | leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Parliament of Sierra Leone|Speaker of Parliament]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Sierra Leone|Parliament]] | established_event1 = from the [[United Kingdom]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | established_event2 = Republic declared | established_date1 = 27 April 1961 | established_date2 = 19 April 1971 | area_km2 = 71,740 | area_rank = 117th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 27,699 | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = | population_census = 7,075,641<ref name=Stat.sl>[http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._&_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf Official projection (medium variant) for the year 2013 based on the population and housing census held in Sierra Leone on 4 December 2004] {{Wayback|url=http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=20130730173852 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173852/http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=30 July 2013 }}. statistics.sl. page 13.</ref> | population_census_rank = 103rd | population_estimate_year = | population_estimate_rank = 103rd | population_census_year = 2015 | population_density_km2 = 79.4 | population_density_rank = 114th<sup>a</sup> | population_density_sq_mi = 205.6 | GDP_PPP = $12.177&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=6&sy=2018&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=724&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Sierra Leone |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=18 April 2013}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,608<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = $3.824&nbsp;billion<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $505<ref name=imf2/> | Gini = 35.4 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2011 | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.420 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2015<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 179th | currency = [[Sierra Leonean leone|Leone]] | currency_code = SLL | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right<sup>b</sup> | calling_code = [[+232]] | cctld = [[.sl]] | footnote_a = Rank based on 2007 figures. | footnote_b = Since 1 March 1971. | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | country_code = }} '''Sierra Leone''' waa wadan ku yaalo [[Galbeed]]ka [[Afrika]]. Wadankaan waxoo xuduud la leeyahay wadamada [[Liberia]] iyo [[Guinea]]. Caasimada wadanka waa [[Freetown]]. Sierra Leone (i) /, UK sidoo kale / Sayniska, - ˌsɪərə - /), [6] si rasmi ah Jamhuuriyadda Sierra Leone, waa waddanka Galbeedka Afrika. Waxaa xuduud la leh Guinea ilaa waqooyi-bari, Liberia ilaa koonfur-bari iyo badhtamaha Atlantic-ka ee koonfur galbeed. Waxay leedahay cimilada kulaylaha, oo leh jawi kala duwan oo ka soo baxa Savana ilaa roobabka. Wadanku wuxuu leeyahay aag dhan 71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi) iyo dad tiradoodu tahay 7,075,641 sida tirakoobka 2015. Sierra Leone waa Jamhuuriyad dastuuri ah oo madaxweyne toos ah loo doorto iyo sharci dejin sharci ah. Sierra Leone waxay leedahay dowlad dhexe oo madaxbanaan. Madaxweynuhu waa madaxa dawladda iyo madaxa dawladda. Magaalada caasimadda ah iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Freetown. Sierra Leone waxay ka kooban tahay shan gobol oo maamuleed: Gobolka Waqooyi, Gobolka Waqooyi Galbeed, Gobolka Bari, Gobolka Koonfureed iyo Galbeedka. Gobolladaasi waxaa loo kala qaybiyey lix iyo toban degmo. Sierra Leone wuxuu ahaa British-ka British-ka 1808 ilaa 1961. 1898-kii, madaxdii ilaalinta hooyo ee xuduudaha, inta badan waqooyiga oo uu hoggaamiyo madax weyne Bax Bureh, ee dadka ajaanibta ah iyo in la dhiso xukun madaxbannaan. Dagaalka ayaa markii dambe loo yaqaan "War Cirifkii Canshuurta 1898". Dowlada Gumaysiga Ingiriiska ayaa aasaasay awood badan oo awood badan u siisay hogaamiyayaasha qabaa'ilka ee Sierra Leone Protectorate, si looga hortago kacdoon kale. Bishii Nofembar 1951, Sir Milton Margai, hogaamiyaha xisbiga Sierra Leone ee Xisbiga dadwaynaha ayaa kormeeray qoritaanka dastuur cusub, kaas oo midoobey sharci-dejiyeyaasha Gaashaanbuurta iyo Gaashaanbuurta oo ugu muhiimsanaa bixiyay qaab-dhismeed lagu xakameynayo. Sierra Leone waxay madax banaanaatay boqortooyadii Ingiriiska 27kii Abriil 1961, oo uu hogaaminayey Sir Milton Margai, oo noqday ra'iisul-wasaaraha koowaad ee wadanka. Bishii May 1962, Sierra Leone waxay qabatay doorashadii ugu horreysey oo ah qaran madaxbannaan. Hoggaamiyaha mucaaradka ee Siaka Stevens 'All People Congress (APC) ayaa ka adkaaday maamulka SLPP ee hoos timaada Sir Albert Margai hoggaanka doorashadii baarlamaanka Sierra Leone ee 1967-kii. Stevens wuxuu xukumay Sierra Leone laga soo bilaabo 1968-kii illaa 1985-kii. 1971-kii, Stevens waxa uu baabi'iyay nidaamka xukuumadda ee Sierra Leone, waxana uu ku dhawaaqay in Sierra Leone jagada madaxweyne. Sierra Leone waxay ahayd waddan hal dhinac ah laga bilaabo 1978 illaa 1985, taas oo Stevens 'APC ahayd xisbiga kaliya ee xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee dalka. Dastuurka haatan ee Sierra Leone, oo ay ka mid yihiin dimoqraadiyadda xisbiyada badan ayaa la ansixiyay sannadkii 1991-kii dawladdii Madaxweyne Yuusuf Siciid Momoh, oo bedelay Stevens. Sanadkii 1991-kii, koox mucaarad ah oo loo yaqaano Kacaanka Revolutionary Un Front oo ay hogaaminaysay ciidankii hore ee Sierra Leone ee ka tirsanaa Ururka Foday Sankoh ayaa bilaabay dagaal sokeeye oo dalka ka dhaca. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2014-yearbook/sierra-leone-guinea/overview-sierra-leone-guinea/ An Overview of Sierra Leone and Guinea] ==Tixraacyo== {{Dalalka Afrika}} pj9tu3a2ggpmru355u8t11kpsz0lzq7 Lesotho 0 5980 300576 209859 2026-07-01T14:27:59Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Lesotho | common_name = Lesotho | native_name = {{native name|st|Naha ea Lesotho}} | image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|st|"Khotso, Pula, Nala"|italics=off|paren=off}}<br />"Nabad, Roob, Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = ''Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona''<br />("Lesotho, Dhulka Aabayaasheen")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National_anthem_of_Lesotho,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Goobta Lesotho (cagaar madow) | image_map2 = | capital = Maseru | coordinates = {{coord|29|18|54|S|27|29|13|E|region:LS|display=inline}} | largest_city = Maseru | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |Sesotho | Ingiriis}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% Basotho |0.3% kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.1% Masiixiyad |6.6% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika |1.0% Diin la'aan |0.3% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |title=Religion Indexes (Lesotho) |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153535/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Mosotho (kali) |Basotho (wadar)}} | government_type = Midaysan boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo baarlamani ah | leader_title1 = Boqor | leader_name1 = Letsie III | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Sam Matekane | legislature = Baarlamaan | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Boqortooyada Midowday | established_event1 = Basutoland | established_date1 = 18 March 1884 | established_event2 = Ku dhawaaqidda madaxbannaanida | established_date2 = 4 October 1966 | area_km2 = 30,355 | area_rank = 137aad | area_sq_mi = 11,720 | percent_water = laga tagi karo | population_estimate = 2,116,427<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bos.gov.ls/New%20Folder/Copy%20of%20Demography/2024_Labour_force_Survey_Report.pdf |title=2024 Labour Force Survey (LFS) Report |publisher=Bureau of Statistics |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 145aad | population_density_km2 = 68.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 | population_density_rank = 138aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.915 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Lesotho) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026215009/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 168aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,234<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 164aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.373 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184ad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,110<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 169aad | Gini = 44.9 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.550 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167aad | currency = Loti-ga Lesotho (LSL)<br />Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika (ZAR) | currency_code = | time_zone = Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika | utc_offset = +02:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = +266 | cctld = [[.ls]] | today = }} {{Infobox Bantu name|root=Sotho|person='''Mo'''sotho|people='''Ba'''sotho|country='''Le'''sotho|language='''Se'''sotho}} '''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Lesotho.wav|l|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}} {{respell|lih|SOO|too}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|st|lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ}}),{{efn|Dalku wuxuu kaloo caan ku yahay magacyada "Boqortooyada Buurta" ({{langx|st|'Muso oa Thaba}}) iyo "Boqortooyada Cirka ku jirta" ({{langx|st|'Muso o Leholimong}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Of The King |url=https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Government Of Lesotho |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312155115/https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Boqortooyada Lesotho'''{{efn|{{langx|st|Naha ea Lesotho}}}}, waa dal ku dhex xidhan dhul (landlocked country) oo ku yaal Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysan Koonfur Afrika, waana dalka ugu weyn seddexda dal ee caalamka ee ah xidhan (enclaves) ee madaxbannaan. Lesotho waxay ku taal Buuraha Maloti, iyadoo leh darafka ugu sarreeya koonfurta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maloti Mountains {{!}} Drakensberg, Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124193607/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo ka badan 30,000 km2, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaaraya qiyaastii 2.3 milyan. Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Maseru. Lesotho waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1824-kii Boqor Moshoeshoe I. Is-dhaudhaafsi joogto ah oo ka jiray dadka deggan ee u dhashay Dutch-ka ayaa ka dhigay Boqorka inuu heshiis la galo Boqortooyada Midowday si uu u noqdo maxmiyad sannadkii 1868-kii, sannadkii 1884-kiina wuxuu noqday gumeysi taaj ah. Waxay heshay madaxbannaanideeda sannadkii 1966-kii, waxaana ka dib xukumayay Xisbiga Qaranka ee Basotho (BNP) muddo labaatan sano ah. Dawladdeeda dastuuriga ah ayaa dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1993-kii ka dib toddoba sano oo xukun milatari ah. Boqor Moshoeshoe II waxaa la masaafuriyay sannadkii 1990-kii laakiin wuxuu dib u soo laabtay sannadkii 1992-kii waxaana dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1995-kii. Sannad ka dib, Moshoeshoe II wuxuu dhintay wiilkiisa Letsie III ayaa la wareegay carshiga, kaas oo uu weli hayo.<ref name=":5" /> Qowmiyadda Sotho (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Basotho), oo dalku ka qaatay magaciisa, waxay ka kooban tahay 99.7% dadka hadda ku nool dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu qowmiyadda keliya ah adduunka. Luqaddooda hooyo, oo ah Sesotho, waa luqad rasmi ah oo ay dhowrto Ingiriis, IsiXhosa, iyo SiPhuthi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesotho Government Gazette Number 73 |date=31 August 2022 |url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref> Lesotho waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo ilaa dhexe oo qaba caqabado dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo waaweyn, laakiin sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu heerka sarreeya akhris-qoraalka Afrika (81% marka loo eego 2021). Lesotho waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Barwaaqo-sooranka, Midowga Afrika, iyo Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} fsyqsmipvoo92izqlgomole2v3scejg 300577 300576 2026-07-01T14:28:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Lesotho | common_name = Lesotho | native_name = {{native name|st|Naha ea Lesotho}} | image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|st|"Khotso, Pula, Nala"|italics=off|paren=off}}<br />"Nabad, Roob, Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = ''Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona''<br />("Lesotho, Dhulka Aabayaasheen")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National_anthem_of_Lesotho,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Goobta Lesotho (cagaar madow) | image_map2 = | capital = Maseru | coordinates = {{coord|29|18|54|S|27|29|13|E|region:LS|display=inline}} | largest_city = Maseru | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |Sesotho | Ingiriis}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% Basotho |0.3% kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.1% Masiixiyad |6.6% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika |1.0% Diin la'aan |0.3% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |title=Religion Indexes (Lesotho) |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153535/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Mosotho (kali) |Basotho (wadar)}} | government_type = Midaysan boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo baarlamani ah | leader_title1 = Boqor | leader_name1 = Letsie III | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Sam Matekane | legislature = Baarlamaan | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Boqortooyada Midowday | established_event1 = Basutoland | established_date1 = 18 March 1884 | established_event2 = Ku dhawaaqidda madaxbannaanida | established_date2 = 4 October 1966 | area_km2 = 30,355 | area_rank = 137aad | area_sq_mi = 11,720 | percent_water = laga tagi karo | population_estimate = 2,116,427<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bos.gov.ls/New%20Folder/Copy%20of%20Demography/2024_Labour_force_Survey_Report.pdf |title=2024 Labour Force Survey (LFS) Report |publisher=Bureau of Statistics |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 145aad | population_density_km2 = 68.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 | population_density_rank = 138aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.915 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Lesotho) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026215009/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 168aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,234<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 164aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.373 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184ad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,110<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 169aad | Gini = 44.9 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.550 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167aad | currency = Loti-ga Lesotho (LSL)<br />Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika (ZAR) | currency_code = | time_zone = Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika | utc_offset = +02:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = +266 | cctld = [[.ls]] | today = }} '''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Lesotho.wav|l|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}} {{respell|lih|SOO|too}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|st|lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ}}),{{efn|Dalku wuxuu kaloo caan ku yahay magacyada "Boqortooyada Buurta" ({{langx|st|'Muso oa Thaba}}) iyo "Boqortooyada Cirka ku jirta" ({{langx|st|'Muso o Leholimong}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Of The King |url=https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Government Of Lesotho |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312155115/https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Boqortooyada Lesotho'''{{efn|{{langx|st|Naha ea Lesotho}}}}, waa dal ku dhex xidhan dhul (landlocked country) oo ku yaal Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysan Koonfur Afrika, waana dalka ugu weyn seddexda dal ee caalamka ee ah xidhan (enclaves) ee madaxbannaan. Lesotho waxay ku taal Buuraha Maloti, iyadoo leh darafka ugu sarreeya koonfurta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maloti Mountains {{!}} Drakensberg, Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124193607/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo ka badan 30,000 km2, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaaraya qiyaastii 2.3 milyan. Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Maseru. Lesotho waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1824-kii Boqor Moshoeshoe I. Is-dhaudhaafsi joogto ah oo ka jiray dadka deggan ee u dhashay Dutch-ka ayaa ka dhigay Boqorka inuu heshiis la galo Boqortooyada Midowday si uu u noqdo maxmiyad sannadkii 1868-kii, sannadkii 1884-kiina wuxuu noqday gumeysi taaj ah. Waxay heshay madaxbannaanideeda sannadkii 1966-kii, waxaana ka dib xukumayay Xisbiga Qaranka ee Basotho (BNP) muddo labaatan sano ah. Dawladdeeda dastuuriga ah ayaa dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1993-kii ka dib toddoba sano oo xukun milatari ah. Boqor Moshoeshoe II waxaa la masaafuriyay sannadkii 1990-kii laakiin wuxuu dib u soo laabtay sannadkii 1992-kii waxaana dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1995-kii. Sannad ka dib, Moshoeshoe II wuxuu dhintay wiilkiisa Letsie III ayaa la wareegay carshiga, kaas oo uu weli hayo.<ref name=":5" /> Qowmiyadda Sotho (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Basotho), oo dalku ka qaatay magaciisa, waxay ka kooban tahay 99.7% dadka hadda ku nool dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu qowmiyadda keliya ah adduunka. Luqaddooda hooyo, oo ah Sesotho, waa luqad rasmi ah oo ay dhowrto Ingiriis, IsiXhosa, iyo SiPhuthi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesotho Government Gazette Number 73 |date=31 August 2022 |url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref> Lesotho waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo ilaa dhexe oo qaba caqabado dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo waaweyn, laakiin sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu heerka sarreeya akhris-qoraalka Afrika (81% marka loo eego 2021). Lesotho waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Barwaaqo-sooranka, Midowga Afrika, iyo Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} tpn4fhbibk8qnia4d97umt7shk3ztid 300578 300577 2026-07-01T14:29:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Lesotho | common_name = Lesotho | native_name = {{native name|st|Naha ea Lesotho}} | image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = {{native phrase|st|"Khotso, Pula, Nala"|italics=off|paren=off}}<br />"Nabad, Roob, Barwaaqo" | national_anthem = ''Lesotho fatše la bo-ntat'a rona''<br />("Lesotho, Dhulka Aabayaasheen")<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:National_anthem_of_Lesotho,_performed_by_the_U.S._Navy_Band.wav]]}}</div> | image_map = Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Goobta Lesotho (cagaar madow) | image_map2 = | capital = Maseru | coordinates = {{coord|29|18|54|S|27|29|13|E|region:LS|display=inline}} | largest_city = Maseru | official_languages = {{unbulleted list |Sesotho | Ingiriis}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% Basotho |0.3% kuwa kale}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2020 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |92.1% Masiixiyad |6.6% Diimaha hiddaha ah ee Afrika |1.0% Diin la'aan |0.3% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |title=Religion Indexes (Lesotho) |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153535/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=130c |url-status=live }}</ref> | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Mosotho (kali) |Basotho (wadar)}} | government_type = Midaysan boqortooyo dastuuri ah oo baarlamani ah | leader_title1 = Boqor | leader_name1 = Letsie III | leader_title2 = Ra'iisul Wasaare | leader_name2 = Sam Matekane | legislature = Baarlamaan | upper_house = Guurtida | lower_house = Golaha Qaranka | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida ka timid Boqortooyada Midowday | established_event1 = Basutoland | established_date1 = 18 March 1884 | established_event2 = Ku dhawaaqidda madaxbannaanida | established_date2 = 4 October 1966 | area_km2 = 30,355 | area_rank = 137aad | area_sq_mi = 11,720 | percent_water = laga tagi karo | population_estimate = 2,116,427<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bos.gov.ls/New%20Folder/Copy%20of%20Demography/2024_Labour_force_Survey_Report.pdf |title=2024 Labour Force Survey (LFS) Report |publisher=Bureau of Statistics |access-date=8 April 2026}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 145aad | population_density_km2 = 68.1 | population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 | population_density_rank = 138aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $6.915 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Lesotho) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026215009/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=666,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 168aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,234<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 164aad | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $2.373 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 184ad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,110<ref name="IMFWEO.LS" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 169aad | Gini = 44.9 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = hoos u dhac | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=CIA World Factbook |access-date=10 August 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.550 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = kor u kac | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 167aad | currency = Loti-ga Lesotho (LSL)<br />Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika (ZAR) | currency_code = | time_zone = Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika | utc_offset = +02:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = +266 | cctld = [[.ls]] | today = }} '''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Lesotho.wav|l|ɪ|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}} {{respell|lih|SOO|too}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{IPA|st|lɪˈsʊːtʰʊ}}),{{efn|Dalku wuxuu kaloo caan ku yahay magacyada "Boqortooyada Buurta" ({{langx|st|'Muso oa Thaba}}) iyo "Boqortooyada Cirka ku jirta" ({{langx|st|'Muso o Leholimong}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Of The King |url=https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=Government Of Lesotho |language=en-US |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312155115/https://www.gov.ls/office-of-the-king/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} si rasmi ahna loogu yeero '''Boqortooyada Lesotho'''{{efn|{{langx|st|Naha ea Lesotho}}}}, waa dal ku dhex xidhan dhul oo ku yaal Koonfurta Afrika. Waxaa gebi ahaanba ku hareeraysan Koonfur Afrika, waana dalka ugu weyn seddexda dal ee caalamka ee ah xidhan ee madaxbannaan. Lesotho waxay ku taal Buuraha Maloti, iyadoo leh darafka ugu sarreeya koonfurta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maloti Mountains {{!}} Drakensberg, Lesotho Highlands, Southern Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124193607/https://www.britannica.com/place/Maloti-Mountains |url-status=live }}</ref> Waxay leedahay baaxad dhul oo ka badan 30,000 km2, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin dad gaaraya qiyaastii 2.3 milyan. Caasimaddeeda iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa Maseru. Lesotho waxaa la aasaasay sannadkii 1824-kii Boqor Moshoeshoe I. Is-dhaudhaafsi joogto ah oo ka jiray dadka deggan ee u dhashay Dutch-ka ayaa ka dhigay Boqorka inuu heshiis la galo Boqortooyada Midowday si uu u noqdo maxmiyad sannadkii 1868-kii, sannadkii 1884-kiina wuxuu noqday gumeysi taaj ah. Waxay heshay madaxbannaanideeda sannadkii 1966-kii, waxaana ka dib xukumayay Xisbiga Qaranka ee Basotho muddo labaatan sano ah. Dawladdeeda dastuuriga ah ayaa dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1993-kii ka dib toddoba sano oo xukun milatari ah. Boqor Moshoeshoe II waxaa la masaafuriyay sannadkii 1990-kii laakiin wuxuu dib u soo laabtay sannadkii 1992-kii waxaana dib loo soo celiyay sannadkii 1995-kii. Sannad ka dib, Moshoeshoe II wuxuu dhintay wiilkiisa Letsie III ayaa la wareegay carshiga, kaas oo uu weli hayo.<ref name=":5" /> Qowmiyadda Sotho (sidoo kale loo yaqaan Basotho), oo dalku ka qaatay magaciisa, waxay ka kooban tahay 99.7% dadka hadda ku nool dalka, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu qowmiyadda keliya ah adduunka. Luqaddooda hooyo, oo ah Sesotho, waa luqad rasmi ah oo ay dhowrto Ingiriis, IsiXhosa, iyo SiPhuthi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesotho Government Gazette Number 73 |date=31 August 2022 |url=https://gazettes.africa/akn/ls/officialGazette/government-gazette/2022-08-31/73/eng@2022-08-31 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref> Lesotho waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay tahay dal dakhligiisu hooseeyo ilaa dhexe oo qaba caqabado dhaqaale iyo bulsho oo waaweyn, laakiin sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu heerka sarreeya akhris-qoraalka Afrika (81% marka loo eego 2021). Lesotho waa xubin ka tirsan Qaramada Midoobay, Dhaqdhaqaaqa Aan-Caddayn, Barwaaqo-sooranka, Midowga Afrika, iyo Bulshada Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika. ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} olitq298o6o496xfukg17j4r9qtpp2y Eswatini 0 5981 300600 213644 2026-07-01T15:40:09Z Isma4l 41797 300600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Eswatini | common_name = Eswatini | native_name = {{native name|ss|Umbuso weSwatini}} | image_flag = Flag of Eswatini.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ss|"Siyinqaba"|italics=on}}<br />"Waxaan nahay qalcad"<br />"Waxaan nahay wax qarsoon"<br />"Waan is qarinnaa"<br />"Waxaan nahay kuwa awoodda leh" | national_anthem = <br />"[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]"<br /> "Illaahow, Deeqbixiyaha Barakooyinka reer Swazi"<br />[[File:Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati (instrumental).ogg]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Eswatini on the globe (special marker) (Madagascar centered).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = {{plainlist| * [[Mbabane]] (fulinta) * [[Lobamba]] (xeer-dejinta)}} | largest_city = [[Mbabane]] | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 84% [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]] | 10% [[Zulu (qoomiyad)|Zulu]] | 6% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 89.3% [[Masiixiyadda Eswatini|Masiixiyad]] ** 84.2% [[Bortestantiis]] ** 3.7% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga|Roomaan Kaatoolig]] ** 1.4% [[Liiska masiixiyiinta kala duwan|Masiixiyiin]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |7.4% [[Diin la'aan]] |2.5% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.8% kuwa kale<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/FinanceDocuments/Volume-3.pdf|title=The 2017 Population and Housing Census Volume 3|publisher=Central Statistics Office|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eswatini/|title=Eswatini}}</ref> }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = | demonym = [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]]{{efn|Luqadda Swaziga dhexdeeda, emaSwati (jamac) iyo liSwati (kali) ayaa la adeegsadaa.}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Labadii taliye|nus-boqortooyo dalxiis]] midaysan<ref>{{cite web| date=Aug 1, 2017| title= Diarchies Of The Modern World| url= https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/diarchies-of-the-modern-world-countries-with-two-rulers-or-heads-of-state.html| publisher = WorldAtlas| language= en}}</ref> iyo [[Boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Ngwenyama|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Mswati III]] | leader_title2 = [[Ndlovukati|Hooyada Boqortooyada]] | leader_name2 = [[Ntfombi]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Eswatini|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Russell Dlamini]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Bheki Maphalala]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Eswatini|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Eswatini|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka ee Eswatini|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Sifaynta madax-bannaanida | established_date1 = 6 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event2 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 24 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event3 = [[Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date3 = 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sz/sz010en.pdf |title=Laws |publisher=wipo.int |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929043736/https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/stories/Constitution%20of%20%20SD-2005A001.pdf |title=Constitution |publisher=gov.sz |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> | established_event4 = Magac beddelka | established_date4 = 19 Abriil 2018 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|30|S|31|30|E|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 17,364 | area_rank = 153aad | area_sq_mi = 6,704 | percent_water = 0.9 | population_estimate = 1,236,126<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SZ |title=Population, total – Eswatini|publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> | population_census = 1,093,238<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|title=Swaziland Releases Population Count from 2017 Census|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130048/https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 155aad | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 66.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 173.1 | population_density_rank = 135aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $13.797 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=734,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Eswatini) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 158aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,858<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 113aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $4.648 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 168aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $3,995<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 122aad | Gini = 54.6 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = kordhay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.695 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = joogto | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SWZ | title=Specific country data }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 126th | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|Lilangeni]] (SZL) * [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] (ZAR)}} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+268]] | cctld = [[.sz]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.sz/}} | today = }} {{Infobox ethnonym|root=Swati (Swazi)|person='''li'''Swati|people=[[Swazi (qoomiyad)|'''ema'''Swati]]|language=[[Af-Swazi|'''si'''Swati]]|country='''e'''Swatini}} '''Eswatini''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|s|w|ɑː|ˈ|t|iː|n|i|audio=en-us-Eswatini.oga}} {{respell|ESS|wah|TEE|nee}}; {{langx|ss|eSwatini}} {{IPA|ss|ɛswáˈtʼiːni|}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Boqortooyada Eswatini''' (taariikh ahaanna loo ogaa '''KaNgwane'''<ref>Philip Bonner (1982). Page 9</ref>), sidoo kale loo yaqaano magacyadeedii rasmiga ahaa ee hore ee '''Swaziland'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|z|i|l|æ|n|d|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Swaziland.wav}} {{respell|SWAH|zee|land}}}} iyo '''Boqortooyada Swaziland''', waa [[dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada oo dhan ka xiga [[Koonfur Afrika]] marka laga reebo dhanka bari, halkaas oo ay xuduud kula leedahay [[Musambiig]]. Iyadoo aan ka badnayn {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} waqooyi ilaa koonfur iyo {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} bari ilaa galbeed, Eswatini waa mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu yar [[Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cimiladeeda iyo dhulkeedu waa kuwo kala duwan, laga bilaabo dhul buuraley ah oo qabow oo loo yaqaan [[highveld]] ilaa dhul kulul oo qallalan oo loo yaqaan [[lowveld]]. Caasimadda fulinta iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Mbabane]], caasimadda labaad ee xeer-dejintana waa [[Lobamba]]. Dadka ku nool badankoodu waxay u dhasheen [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|qoomiyadda Swazi]]. Luqadda ugu weyn ee loogu hadlo waa [[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] (oo u qoran ''siSwati'' marka loo eego luqaddooda hooyo). Reer Swazi waxay aasaaseen boqortooyadooda bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad iyagoo hoos tanaasulaya hoggaanka [[Ngwane III]].<ref name="Bonner82">{{cite book |last=Bonner |first=Philip |title=Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0521242703 |pages=9–27}}</ref> Dalka iyo dadka Swazigaba waxay magacooda ka heleen [[Mswati II]], oo ahaa boqorkii qarnigii 19-aad kaas oo xukunkiisa dalka lagu ballaariyay laguna midoobay. Xuduudaheeda waxaa la dejiyay sanadkii 1881 xilligii reer Yurub ay ku jireen [[U-tartanka Afrika]].<ref name="Kuper86">{{cite book |last=Kuper |first=Hilda |title=The Swazi: A South African Kingdom |year=1986 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |pages=9–10}}</ref> Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], boqortooyada, iyadoo wadata magaca Swaziland, waxay ahayd dhul hoos yimaada [[Wakiilka Sare ee Ingiriiska ee Koonfurta Afrika]] laga soo bilaabo 1903 ilaa ay dib uga heshay madax-bannaanideedii buuxday 6 Sebtembar 1968.<ref name="Gillis99">{{cite book |last=Gillis |first=Hugh |title=The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313306702}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2018, boqorku wuxuu magacii rasmiga ahaa ee Boqortooyada Swaziland u beddelay Boqortooyada Eswatini, magacaas oo si caadi ah looga isticmaalo luqadda Swaziga.<ref name=KingdEswatini/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|title=Swaziland facts and guide as the country renamed the Kingdom of Eswatini|date=20 April 2018|website=How Dare She|language=en-US|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235735/https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoE |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=30 June 2018 |date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Eswatini waa [[dal soo koraya]] oo loo kala saaro inuu leeyahay dhaqaale dakhligiisu hooseeyo-dhexe yahay. Maadaama ay xubin ka tahay [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika]] iyo [[Suuqa Kaumanka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], lammaanaheeda ganacsi ee ugu weyn deegaanka waa Koonfur Afrika; si loo sugo xasiloonida dhaqaalaha, lacagta Eswatini ee [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|lilangeni]], waxay ku xiran tahay oo ay la qiimo tahay [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]]. Lammaanayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Eswatini ee dibadda waa [[Mareykanka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |title=Swaziland &#124; Office of the United States Trade Representative |publisher=Ustr.gov |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043500/http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Midowga Yurub]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |title=Swaziland |publisher=Comesaria.org |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010174918/http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inta badan shaqooyinka dalka waxaa bixiya qeybaha beeraha iyo wax-soosaarka. Eswatini waa xubin ka tirsan [[Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] iyo [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. Dawladda Eswatini waa [[boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]], tan ugu dambaysay ee caynkeeda ah ee ka jirta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2021-06-29 |title=Armed forces open fire in crackdown on anti-monarchy protests in Eswatini |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/soldiers-deployed-eswatini-crackdown-protests |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Dalka waxaa xukumayay Boqor [[Mswati III]] tan iyo 1986-dii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swaziland: Africa′s last absolute monarchy |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=19 October 2014 |date=14 July 2014 |url=http://www.dw.de/swaziland-africas-last-absolute-monarchy/a-17784664}}</ref> Doorashooyinka waxaa la qabtaa shantii sanaba mar si loo go'aamiyo Golaha Shacabka iyo aqlabiyadda Aqalka Sare, laakiin xisbiyada siyaasadeed waa laga mamnuucay inay u tartamaan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eligon |first1=John |last2=Silva |first2=Joao |date=2024-02-17 |title=The Father, the Son and the Fight Over Their King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/17/world/africa/king-mswati-eswatini-africa-youth.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Dastuurka Eswatini]] waxaa la ansixiyay sanadkii 2005. Dadka reer Swazi waxay la kulmaan arrimo caafimaad oo waaweyn: [[HIV/AIDS]] iyo (ilaa xad ka yar) [[qaaxo]] ayaa si weyn ugu faafay dalka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P110156 |title=Projects : Swaziland Health, HIV/AIDS and TB Project |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141926/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4861 Swaziland: Dual HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemic Demands Urgent Action] updated 18 November 2010</ref> Boqolkiiba labaatan iyo siddeed (28%) ka mid ah dadka qaangaarka ah waa kuwa qaba fayraska HIV-ga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eswatini 2021 Country Factsheet |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/swaziland |website=UNAIDS |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Markay ahayd 2018, Eswatini waxay leedahay kaalinta 12aad ee ugu hoosaysa [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego rajada nolosha|rajada nolosha adduunka]], taas oo ah 58 sano.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2018/05/economist-explains|title=The Economist explains: Why is Swaziland's king renaming his country?|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=30 April 2018|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Sidoo kale marka laga reebo 2018, dadka da'doodu tahay 14 sano ama ka yar waxay ka dhigayaan 35% dadka dalka oo dhan; celceliska da'du waa 22 sano.<ref name="Demo">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/swaziland/demographics_profile.html |title=Swaziland Demographics Profile 2013 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} mgkqdhyjml0qudskveijy8qdepnzm6d 300601 300600 2026-07-01T15:40:34Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Boqortooyada Eswatini | common_name = Eswatini | native_name = {{native name|ss|Umbuso weSwatini}} | image_flag = Flag of Eswatini.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Eswatini.svg | coa_size = 90 | national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ss|"Siyinqaba"|italics=on}}<br />"Waxaan nahay qalcad"<br />"Waxaan nahay wax qarsoon"<br />"Waan is qarinnaa"<br />"Waxaan nahay kuwa awoodda leh" | national_anthem = <br />"[[Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati]]"<br /> "Illaahow, Deeqbixiyaha Barakooyinka reer Swazi"<br />[[File:Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati (instrumental).ogg]] | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Eswatini on the globe (special marker) (Madagascar centered).svg|Show globe|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}} | map_caption = | capital = {{plainlist| * [[Mbabane]] (fulinta) * [[Lobamba]] (xeer-dejinta)}} | largest_city = [[Mbabane]] | official_languages = {{hlist |[[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] | [[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 84% [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]] | 10% [[Zulu (qoomiyad)|Zulu]] | 6% kuwa kale }} | ethnic_groups_year = 2017 | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space; |{{Tree list}} * 89.3% [[Masiixiyadda Eswatini|Masiixiyad]] ** 84.2% [[Bortestantiis]] ** 3.7% [[Kaniisadda Kaatooligga|Roomaan Kaatoolig]] ** 1.4% [[Liiska masiixiyiinta kala duwan|Masiixiyiin]] kale {{Tree list/end}} |7.4% [[Diin la'aan]] |2.5% [[Diimaha dhaqanka ee Afrika|diimaha dhaqanka]] |0.8% kuwa kale<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/FinanceDocuments/Volume-3.pdf|title=The 2017 Population and Housing Census Volume 3|publisher=Central Statistics Office|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eswatini/|title=Eswatini}}</ref> }} | religion_year = 2017 | religion_ref = | demonym = [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|Swazi]]{{efn|Luqadda Swaziga dhexdeeda, emaSwati (jamac) iyo liSwati (kali) ayaa la adeegsadaa.}} | government_type = Jamhuuriyad [[Labadii taliye|nus-boqortooyo dalxiis]] midaysan<ref>{{cite web| date=Aug 1, 2017| title= Diarchies Of The Modern World| url= https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/diarchies-of-the-modern-world-countries-with-two-rulers-or-heads-of-state.html| publisher = WorldAtlas| language= en}}</ref> iyo [[Boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]] | leader_title1 = [[Ngwenyama|Boqor]] | leader_name1 = [[Mswati III]] | leader_title2 = [[Ndlovukati|Hooyada Boqortooyada]] | leader_name2 = [[Ntfombi]] | leader_title3 = [[Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Eswatini|Ra'iisul Wasaare]] | leader_name3 = [[Russell Dlamini]] | leader_title4 = [[Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare]] | leader_name4 = [[Bheki Maphalala]] | legislature = [[Baarlamaanka Eswatini|Baarlamaan]] | upper_house = [[Aqalka Sare ee Eswatini|Aqalka Sare]] | lower_house = [[Golaha Shacabka ee Eswatini|Golaha Shacabka]] | sovereignty_type = Madax-bannaanida ka qaadashada [[Boqortooyada Midowday]] | established_event1 = Sifaynta madax-bannaanida | established_date1 = 6 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event2 = [[Xubinnimada Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 24 Sebtembar 1968 | established_event3 = [[Dastuurka hadda jira]] | established_date3 = 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/sz/sz010en.pdf |title=Laws |publisher=wipo.int |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929043736/https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/71892/111269/F1996008974/SWZ71892.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.sz/images/stories/Constitution%20of%20%20SD-2005A001.pdf |title=Constitution |publisher=gov.sz |access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> | established_event4 = Magac beddelka | established_date4 = 19 Abriil 2018 | coordinates = {{Coord|26|30|S|31|30|E|display=inline,title}} | area_km2 = 17,364 | area_rank = 153aad | area_sq_mi = 6,704 | percent_water = 0.9 | population_estimate = 1,236,126<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SZ |title=Population, total – Eswatini|publisher=The World Bank Group |access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> | population_census = 1,093,238<ref>{{cite web|url=https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|title=Swaziland Releases Population Count from 2017 Census|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|access-date=7 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807130048/https://swaziland.unfpa.org/en/news/swaziland-releases-population-count-2017-census|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 155aad | population_census_year = 2017 | population_density_km2 = 66.8 | population_density_sq_mi = 173.1 | population_density_rank = 135aad | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $13.797 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=734,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Eswatini) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 158aad | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $11,858<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 113aad | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $4.648 bilyan<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 168aad | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $3,995<ref name="IMFWEO.SZ" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 122aad | Gini = 54.6 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = kordhay | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient|publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.695 | HDI_year = 2023 | HDI_change = joogto | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SWZ | title=Specific country data }}</ref> | HDI_rank = 126th | currency = {{plainlist| * [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|Lilangeni]] (SZL) * [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]] (ZAR)}} | time_zone = [[Wakhtiga Caadiga ah ee Koonfur Afrika|SAST]] | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | calling_code = [[+268]] | cctld = [[.sz]] | official_website = {{URL|http://www.gov.sz/}} | today = }} '''Eswatini''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|s|w|ɑː|ˈ|t|iː|n|i|audio=en-us-Eswatini.oga}} {{respell|ESS|wah|TEE|nee}}; {{langx|ss|eSwatini}} {{IPA|ss|ɛswáˈtʼiːni|}}}} si rasmi ahna loo yiraahdo '''Boqortooyada Eswatini''' (taariikh ahaanna loo ogaa '''KaNgwane'''<ref>Philip Bonner (1982). Page 9</ref>), sidoo kale loo yaqaano magacyadeedii rasmiga ahaa ee hore ee '''Swaziland'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|z|i|l|æ|n|d|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Swaziland.wav}} {{respell|SWAH|zee|land}}}} iyo '''Boqortooyada Swaziland''', waa [[dal aan bad lahayn]] oo ku yaal [[Koonfurta Afrika]]. Waxaa dacallada oo dhan ka xiga [[Koonfur Afrika]] marka laga reebo dhanka bari, halkaas oo ay xuduud kula leedahay [[Musambiig]]. Iyadoo aan ka badnayn {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} waqooyi ilaa koonfur iyo {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} bari ilaa galbeed, Eswatini waa mid ka mid ah wadamada ugu yar [[Afrika]]. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cimiladeeda iyo dhulkeedu waa kuwo kala duwan, laga bilaabo dhul buuraley ah oo qabow oo loo yaqaan [[highveld]] ilaa dhul kulul oo qallalan oo loo yaqaan [[lowveld]]. Caasimadda fulinta iyo magaalada ugu weyn waa [[Mbabane]], caasimadda labaad ee xeer-dejintana waa [[Lobamba]]. Dadka ku nool badankoodu waxay u dhasheen [[Swazi (qoomiyad)|qoomiyadda Swazi]]. Luqadda ugu weyn ee loogu hadlo waa [[Af-Swazi|Swazi]] (oo u qoran ''siSwati'' marka loo eego luqaddooda hooyo). Reer Swazi waxay aasaaseen boqortooyadooda bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad iyagoo hoos tanaasulaya hoggaanka [[Ngwane III]].<ref name="Bonner82">{{cite book |last=Bonner |first=Philip |title=Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=0521242703 |pages=9–27}}</ref> Dalka iyo dadka Swazigaba waxay magacooda ka heleen [[Mswati II]], oo ahaa boqorkii qarnigii 19-aad kaas oo xukunkiisa dalka lagu ballaariyay laguna midoobay. Xuduudaheeda waxaa la dejiyay sanadkii 1881 xilligii reer Yurub ay ku jireen [[U-tartanka Afrika]].<ref name="Kuper86">{{cite book |last=Kuper |first=Hilda |title=The Swazi: A South African Kingdom |year=1986 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |pages=9–10}}</ref> Ka dib [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Boer]], boqortooyada, iyadoo wadata magaca Swaziland, waxay ahayd dhul hoos yimaada [[Wakiilka Sare ee Ingiriiska ee Koonfurta Afrika]] laga soo bilaabo 1903 ilaa ay dib uga heshay madax-bannaanideedii buuxday 6 Sebtembar 1968.<ref name="Gillis99">{{cite book |last=Gillis |first=Hugh |title=The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History |year=1999 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0313306702}}</ref> Bishii Abriil 2018, boqorku wuxuu magacii rasmiga ahaa ee Boqortooyada Swaziland u beddelay Boqortooyada Eswatini, magacaas oo si caadi ah looga isticmaalo luqadda Swaziga.<ref name=KingdEswatini/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|title=Swaziland facts and guide as the country renamed the Kingdom of Eswatini|date=20 April 2018|website=How Dare She|language=en-US|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235735/https://www.howdareshe.org/swaziland-facts-info-guide-swaziland-renamed-the-kingdom-of-eswatini/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UN Member States |url=http://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoE |publisher=[[United Nations]] |access-date=30 June 2018 |date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Eswatini waa [[dal soo koraya]] oo loo kala saaro inuu leeyahay dhaqaale dakhligiisu hooseeyo-dhexe yahay. Maadaama ay xubin ka tahay [[Midowga Kastamka Koonfurta Afrika]] iyo [[Suuqa Kaumanka ah ee Bariga iyo Koonfurta Afrika]], lammaanaheeda ganacsi ee ugu weyn deegaanka waa Koonfur Afrika; si loo sugo xasiloonida dhaqaalaha, lacagta Eswatini ee [[Lilangeni-ga Swazi|lilangeni]], waxay ku xiran tahay oo ay la qiimo tahay [[Rand-ka Koonfur Afrika]]. Lammaanayaasha ganacsi ee ugu weyn Eswatini ee dibadda waa [[Mareykanka]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |title=Swaziland &#124; Office of the United States Trade Representative |publisher=Ustr.gov |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720043500/http://www.ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/southern-africa/swaziland |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> iyo [[Midowga Yurub]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |title=Swaziland |publisher=Comesaria.org |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010174918/http://www.comesaria.org/site/en/article.php?chaine=swaziland&id_article=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inta badan shaqooyinka dalka waxaa bixiya qeybaha beeraha iyo wax-soosaarka. Eswatini waa xubin ka tirsan [[Ururka Horumarinta Koonfurta Afrika]], [[Midowga Afrika]], [[Barwaaqo-sooranka]] iyo [[Qaramada Midoobay]]. Dawladda Eswatini waa [[boqortooyo gabi ahaan ah]], tan ugu dambaysay ee caynkeeda ah ee ka jirta Afrika.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2021-06-29 |title=Armed forces open fire in crackdown on anti-monarchy protests in Eswatini |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/29/soldiers-deployed-eswatini-crackdown-protests |access-date=2023-08-31 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Dalka waxaa xukumayay Boqor [[Mswati III]] tan iyo 1986-dii.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swaziland: Africa′s last absolute monarchy |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=19 October 2014 |date=14 July 2014 |url=http://www.dw.de/swaziland-africas-last-absolute-monarchy/a-17784664}}</ref> Doorashooyinka waxaa la qabtaa shantii sanaba mar si loo go'aamiyo Golaha Shacabka iyo aqlabiyadda Aqalka Sare, laakiin xisbiyada siyaasadeed waa laga mamnuucay inay u tartamaan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eligon |first1=John |last2=Silva |first2=Joao |date=2024-02-17 |title=The Father, the Son and the Fight Over Their King |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/17/world/africa/king-mswati-eswatini-africa-youth.html |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Dastuurka Eswatini]] waxaa la ansixiyay sanadkii 2005. Dadka reer Swazi waxay la kulmaan arrimo caafimaad oo waaweyn: [[HIV/AIDS]] iyo (ilaa xad ka yar) [[qaaxo]] ayaa si weyn ugu faafay dalka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P110156 |title=Projects : Swaziland Health, HIV/AIDS and TB Project |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112141926/http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4861 Swaziland: Dual HIV and Tuberculosis Epidemic Demands Urgent Action] updated 18 November 2010</ref> Boqolkiiba labaatan iyo siddeed (28%) ka mid ah dadka qaangaarka ah waa kuwa qaba fayraska HIV-ga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eswatini 2021 Country Factsheet |url=https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/swaziland |website=UNAIDS |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Markay ahayd 2018, Eswatini waxay leedahay kaalinta 12aad ee ugu hoosaysa [[Liiska wadamada marka loo eego rajada nolosha|rajada nolosha adduunka]], taas oo ah 58 sano.<ref name=Economist>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2018/05/economist-explains|title=The Economist explains: Why is Swaziland's king renaming his country?|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=30 April 2018|access-date=30 April 2018}}</ref> Sidoo kale marka laga reebo 2018, dadka da'doodu tahay 14 sano ama ka yar waxay ka dhigayaan 35% dadka dalka oo dhan; celceliska da'du waa 22 sano.<ref name="Demo">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexmundi.com/swaziland/demographics_profile.html |title=Swaziland Demographics Profile 2013 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ka0hq1ar8oabrzka6v3czjb7olltj98 Sao Tome iyo Prinsipe 0 6387 300594 296621 2026-07-01T15:20:49Z Isma4l 41797 Hagaajinta maqaalka 300594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee {{nowrap|Sao Tome and Principe}} | native_name = {{native name|pt|República Democrática de {{nowrap|São Tomé e Príncipe}}}} | common_name = São Tomé and Príncipe | image_flag = Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | coa_size = 100 | image_map = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=light blue}} | national_motto = {{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Midnimo, Anshax, Shaqo") | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|"[[Independência total|Independência Total]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Madaxbannaanida Sifaysan"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Independência_total_(instrumental).ogg]]}} | languages_type = Luqadda rasmiga ah<br>{{nobold|iyo luqadda qaranka}} | languages = [[São Tomean Portuguese|Boortaqiis]] | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Forro Creole]] |[[Angolar Creole]] |[[Principense Creole]]}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Reer São Tomé<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |title=Nationality |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|Santomean}} | capital = [[São Tomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|0|20|N|6|44|E|type:city(72,000)_region:ST}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad nus-madaxtooyo oo midaysan [[Semi-presidential system|nus-madaxtooyo]]<ref name="SP-L">{{cite SSRN |first1=Octávio|last1=Amorim Neto|first2=Marina|last2=Costa Lobo |year=2010 |ssrn=1644026 |title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Carlos Vila Nova]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe|Ra'iisul Wasiire]] | leader_name2 = [[Américo Ramos]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]] | established_event1 = La siiyay | established_date1 = 12 July 1975 | established_event2 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 373|La aqbalay]] inuu ku biiro [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 16 September 1975 | established_event3 = [[1990 São Toméan constitutional referendum|Aftidii dastuuriga ahayd]] | established_date3 = 22 August 1990 | area_km2 = 964<ref name="cia1"/> | area_sq_mi = 372 | area_rank = 171aad | area_magnitude = | percent_water = mid aan la xusi karin | population_estimate = 220,372<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sao Tome and Principe|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 175aad | population_density_km2 = 199.7 | population_density_rank = 69aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1 bilyan<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=716,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=April 2024 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,238<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $751 milyan<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,167<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.637 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 141aad | currency = [[São Tomé and Príncipe dobra|Dobra]] | currency_code = STN | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[+239]] | iso3166code = ST | cctld = [[.st]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |81.1% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] |13.2% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |3.1% [[folk religion|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |2.4% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Sao Tome and Principe &#124; PEW-GRF|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104065707/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''São Tomé and Príncipe''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|aʊ|_|t|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|...|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|n|s|ᵻ|p|eɪ|audio=São Tomé and Príncipe English pronunciation.mp3}} {{respell|SOW|_|tə|MAY|_..._|PRIN|si|pay}};<ref>{{cite web |title=São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/sao-tome-and-principe |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> {{langx|pt|São Tomé e Príncipe}}, {{IPA|pt|sɐ̃w tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ|pron}}; Ingiriisi: "[[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] iyo [[Prince of Portugal|Amiirkii]]".}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Sao Tome and Principe''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe|links=no}}.}} waa [[island country|dal jasiirad ah]] oo ku yaal [[Gulf of Guinea|Gacanka Guinea]], ee ka baxsan xeebta galbeed ee dhul-baraha ee [[Central Africa|Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba [[archipelago|gasaaladood]] oo ku wareegsan labada jasiiradood ee ugu waaweyn ee [[São Tomé (island)|São Tomé]] iyo [[Príncipe]], kuwaas oo isu jira qiyaastii {{convert|81|nmi}} iyo qiyaastii {{convert|135|and|121|nmi}} meel ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad tiradoodu gaadhayso 201,800 (qiyaastii rasmiga ahayd ee 2018),<ref name="auto">Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, marka ay ahayd 13 May 2018.</ref> São Tomé and Príncipe waa dalka labaad ee ugu yar uguna dadka yar dhinaca dawladaha [[sovereign state|madaxabannaan]] ee Afrika marka laga reebo [[Seychelles]]. Jasiiraduhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aanay cidna deggenayn ilaa [[Portuguese explorers|thariikh-baadhayaashii Boortaqiiska]] ee [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pedro Escobar]] ay noqdeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee ogaaday 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=St Thomas (Gulf of Guinea) |volume=24 |page=48}}</ref> Si tartiib-tartiib ah ayaa loo [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|gumeystay]] oo loo degay intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 16aad, waxayna si wadajir ah u adeegeen sidii xarun ganacsi oo muhiim u ah [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha ee Atlaantigga]]. Ciidda fulkaanaha ee hodanka ah iyo u dhawaanshaha dhul-baraha ayaa ka dhigay São Tomé and Príncipe mid ku habboon beerista sokorta, taas oo ay markii dambe ku xigtay [[cash crop|dalagyada lacagta lagu beddelto]] ee ay ka mid yihiin [[Coffee bean|bunka]] iyo [[Cocoa bean|kookaha]]. [[plantation economy|Dhaqaalaha beero-weynta]] ee faa'iidada badan lahaa wuxuu aad ugu tiirsanaa addoomihii Afrikaanka ahaa. Wareegyadii rabshadaha bulshada iyo xasillooni-darrada dhaqaale ee ka dhacay qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad waxay ku dhammaadeen madaxbannaanidii nabdoonayd ee sannadkii 1975 iyadoo uu dalku noqday [[communist state|dawlad hantiwadaag ah]] oo hal xisbi leh, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1990. Tan iyo xilligaas, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay ku baaqday mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu xasilloon uguna dimuqraaddisan Afrika. São Tomé and Príncipe waa dhaqaale soo koraya oo leh [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] oo dhexdhexaad ah. [[Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe|Dadka São Tomé and Príncipe]] badankoodu waxay ka soo jeedaan Afrikaan iyo ''[[Mestiço#Mestiço community in São Tomé and Príncipe|mestiço]]'' (dad iska dhal ah oo isugu jira reer Yurub iyo Afrikaan), iyadoo inta badanna ay ku dhaqmaan [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Dhaxalkii xukunkii Boortaqiiska wuxuu sidoo kale ka muuqdaa dhaqanka, caadooyinka, iyo muusigga dalka, kuwaas oo isku dhex qasa saamaynta reer Yurub iyo tan Afrikaanka ah. São Tomé and Príncipe waa mid ka mid ah dawladaha aasaasay [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Ururka Waddamada Ku Hadla Luqadda Boortaqiiska]]. ==Taariikhda== {{Main|History of São Tomé and Príncipe}}[[File:Johannes Vingboons - 't eylant St. Thome (1665).jpg|thumb|Khariidaddii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Johannes Vingboons]] (1665)]] Jasiiradaha ka kooban São Tomé and Príncipe waxay weyshoobeen qiyaastii 30 milyan oo sano ka hor sababo la xidhiidha hawlo fulkaano ah oo ka dhacay biyo aad u mool dheer oo ku teedsan [[Cameroon Line|Khadka Cameroon]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Der-Chuen |last2=Halliday |first2=Alex N. |last3=Fitton |first3=J. Godfrey |last4=Poli |first4=Giampero |date=May 1994 |title=Isotopic variations with distance and time in the volcanic islands of the Cameroon line: evidence for a mantle plume origin |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E&PSL.123..119L/abstract |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=123 |issue=1–3 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(94)90262-3 |bibcode=1994E&PSL.123..119L |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, is-dhexgalka biyaha badda iyo xilliyadii qaraxyo fulkaano ah waxay jasiiradaha ku keeneen dhagaxaan dab-beereed iyo kuwo fulkaano oo aad u kala duwan oo leh isku-dhafnaan adblock ah oo [[mineral|macdan]] ah.<ref name=":12" /> === Imaatinka Yurubiyiinta === Jasiiradaha São Tomé and Príncipe ma ay deggenayn cidna markii ay Boortaqiisku yimiideen 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911/> Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee xeebta cagta saara waxay ahaayeen [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pêro Escobar]].<ref name=EB1911/> Bad-maaxiinta Boortaqiiska ayaa baadhay jasiiradaha waxayna go'aansadeen inay noqon lahaayeen meelo wanaagsan oo fadhi u ah ganacsiga ay la leeyihiin dhulka weyn. Taariikhda imaatinka reer Yurub mararka qaar waxaa lagu sheegaa 21ka Diisambar ([[Thomas the Apostle|Maalintii St Thomas]]) 1471, ee São Tomé; iyo 17ka Janaayo ([[Anthony the Great|Maalintii St Antony]]) 1472, ee Príncipe, in kasta oo ilo kale ay sheegayaan sannado kale oo ka duwan agagaarka waqtigaas. Príncipe markii hore waxaa loo bixiyay ''Santo Antão'' ("Saint Anthony"), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay 1502 oo laga dhigay ''Ilha do Príncipe'' ("Jasiiraddii Amiirka"), iyadoo loo tixraacayo Amiirka Boortaqiiska oo la siin jiray canshuurta laga qaado dalagga sokorta ee jasiiradda. Deegaankii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee São Tomé waxaa aasaasay 1493kii [[Álvaro Caminha]], oo dhulkaas hantidooda hadiyad ahaan uga helay boqortooyada.<ref name="Bijela pčela">{{cite journal |last=Stojković |first=Dragan |date=November 2020 |title=Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)|trans-title=Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe) |language=sr |journal=Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu |issue=261 |pages=20–31 |location=[[Rijeka]] |publisher=[[Prosvjeta]] }}</ref> Príncipe waxaa la degay sannadkii 1500 iyadoo la raacay habayn la mid ah. Soo jiidashada dadka deegaanka waxay noqotay mid adag, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badanna dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay waxay ahaayeen "kuwo aan la rabbin" oo laga soo tarxiilay Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo u badnaa [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Yuhuudda Sephardic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=hersh |date=29 December 2024 |title=The Underground Railroad of Portuguese Jews {{!}} Aish |url=https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408212118/https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=Aish.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 2,000 oo carruur Yuhuud ah, oo siddeed sano jir iyo ka yar ah, ayaa laga soo kaxeeyay jasiiradda Iberian si ay uga shaqeeyaan beerihii sokorta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The invention of the white race|last=Allen|first=Theodore|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=9781844677719|edition= Second|location=London|page=5|oclc=738350824}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, dadkii degay waxay ogaadeen in ciidda fulkaanaha ee gobolku ay ku habboon tahay beeraha, gaar ahaan koritaanka sokorta. ===Portuguese Sao Tomé and Principe=== {{Main|Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe}} Sannadkii 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay noqdeen xarumo lagu kaydiyo addoomaha ee ganacsiga addoomaha xeebaha kaas oo xaruntiisu ahayd [[Elmina]].<ref name="Bakewell">{{cite book|author=Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara|editor=Peter John Bakewell|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBhmQgAACAAJ|date=January 1997|publisher=Variorum|isbn=978-0-86078-513-2|chapter=Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|location=Aldershot|page=24}}</ref> Beerista sokorta waxay ahayd hawl u baahan cudud shaqaale oo aad u badan, Boortaqiiskuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu addoonsado tiro badan oo Afrikaan ah oo laga keenay qaaradda. Marxaladihii hore ee kor u kaca sokorta, hantida jasiiradaha ku taal waxay lahayd qiimo yar, iyadoo wax-beeristu ay ahayd mid ku kooban isticmaalka deegaanka oo qudha. Inkasta oo dhaqaaluhu uu inta badan ku tiirsanaa marinka addoomaha, cuntooyin badan ayaa durba la soo dhoofin jiray.<ref name=":0">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 41. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> Markii uu dhulka deegaanka lahaa ee Álvaro Borges dhintay 1504, dhulkiisii la nadiifiyay iyo xoolihiisii la rabbeeyay waxaa lagu iibiyay oo kaliya 13,000 réis, oo ah qiyaastii qiimaha saddex addoon.<ref>Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Chronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.</ref> Sida uu sheegay [[Valentim Fernandes]] agagaarkii 1506, São Tomé waxay lahayd beero sonkor ah oo ka badan kuwa [[Madeira]] "kuwaas oo ay durba ka soo saari jireen rami,"<ref>Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11</ref> laakiin jasiiraddu ma lahayn tas-hiilaad loogu talagalay wax-soo-saarka sokorta ee warshadaha.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Forte_de_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_-_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_(8084256064).jpg|thumb|left|[[São Sebastião Museum]] ee ku yaal São Tomé]] ==== Horumarka dhaqaalaha ee qarnigii 16aad ==== São Tomé waxay aragtay horumar dhaqaale oo weyn ka dib markii la soo hordhigay mashiinka sokorta oo ku shaqeeya biyaha sannadkii 1515, taas oo horseedday beerista ballaadhan ee sokorta:<ref name=":1">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 43. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> "Beeruhu way sii fidsanayaan mashiinnada sokortana sidoo kale. Waqtigan, kaliya laba mashiin oo sokor ah ayaa halkan ku yaal saddex kalena waa la dhisayaa, iyadoo la tirinayo mashiinka qandaraaslayaasha, kaas oo weyn. Sidoo kale, xaaladihii lagama maarmaanka ahaa waa ay jiraan, sida durdurrada iyo alwaaxda, si loo awoodo in la dhiso kuwo kale oo badan. Oo [sokorta] cawsduurradeedu waa kuwa ugu waaweyn ee aan weli noloshayda ku arko."{{Citation needed|reason=who?|date=December 2022}} Beerihii [[plantation|sokorta]] waxaa lagu agaasimay cududda addoomaha, badhtamihii qarnigii 16aadna, dadkii degay ee Boortaqiiska ahaa waxay jasiiradaha u beddeleen dalka ugu horreeya ee Afrika u dhoofiya sokorta.<ref>"As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as</ref> Addoomaha ku sugan São Tomé waxaa laga keenay [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], dusha sare ee Niger, jasiiradda Fernando Po, iyo dambarkiiba laga keenay Kongo iyo Angola.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Qarnigii 16aad, addoomaha waxaa laga soo dhoofin jiray lagana dhoofin jiray Boortaqiiska, [[Elmina]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Boqortooyada Kongo]], Angola, iyo Ameerikada Isbaanishka. Sannadkii 1510, waxaa la sheegay in 10,000 ilaa 12,000 oo addoon uu soo dhoofsaday Boortaqiisku.<ref name=":2">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1516, São Tomé waxay heshay 4,072 oo addoon iyada oo ujeeddadu ahayd in dib loo dhoofiyo.<ref name=":2" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1519 ilaa 1540, jasiiraddu waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga addoomaha ee u dhaxeeyay Elmina iyo dusha sare ee Niger.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray bilowgii ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad, São Tomé waxay si goor goor ah addoomo ula ganacsan jirtay Angola iyo Boqortooyada Kongo.<ref>SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1525 São Tomé waxay bilowday inay addoomo u kala goyso Ameerikada Isbaanishka, inta badanna Kariibiyaanka iyo Brazil.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1532 ilaa 1536, São Tomé waxay celcelis ahaan sannadkii u dirtay 342 addoon dhanka [[Antilles]].<ref name=":3">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Ka hor 1580, jasiiraddu waxay lahayd 75 boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ay soo dhoofisay Brazil, kuwaas oo u badnaa addoomo.<ref name=":3" /> Ganacsiga addoomaha wuxuu ahaa tiir-dhexaadka dhaqaalaha São Tomé ilaa ka dib 1600. Xoogagga awoodda ee São Tomé qarnigii 16aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo si layaab leh u kala duwan iyadoo ay ka qaybqaadanayeen dadka xorta ah ee [[mulatto|mulattos]] ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow ee maamulka. Dadka deegaanka ee ikhtiyaarkooda ku yimid waxay ka fogaadeen São Tomé sababo la xidhiidha cudurrada iyo cuntada yarida, sidaas darteed boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay dadka la xukumay u tarxiiltay jasiiradda waxayna dhiirrigelisay xidhiidhada qowmiyadaha kala duwan si loo sugo mustaqbalka gumeysiga. Addoonsigu sidoo kale ma ahayn mid joogto ah, sida lagu muujiyay amarkii boqortooyo ee 1515 kaas oo bixiyay [[manumission|xorriyadda]] xaasaska Afrikaanka ah ee dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa iyo carruurtooda iska dhalay qowmiyadaha kala duwan.<ref name=":4">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1517, amar kale ayaa xorreeyay addoomihii lab ahaa ee markii hore jasiiradda la yimid dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay.<ref name=":4" /> Sannadkii 1520 ka dib, axdi boqortooyo ayaa u oggolaaday mulattos-ka xorta ah, ee iska leh hantida isla markaana guursaday inay qaban karaan xafiisyada guud.<ref name=":4" /> Waxaa xigay amar sannadkii 1546 kaas oo dhaliyay isla-jirnaan madani ah oo dhexmarta mulattos-kan aqoonta leh iyo dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa,<ref name=":4" /> iyadoo u oggolaanaysa mulattos-ka xorta ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow fursado ay kor ugu kacaan isla markaana ay kaga qaybqaataan siyaasadda deegaanka iyo ganacsiga. Kala qaybsanaanta bulshada waxay keentay khilaafaad joogto ah oo dhexmara golayaasha magaalooyinka ee gumeysiga iyo gudoomiyaha iyo hoggaamiyaha diinta,<ref>Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> iyadoo ay jirtay xasillooni-darro siyaasadeed oo joogto ah. [[File:Gezicht op Sao Tomé, ca. 1641 Insvla S. Thomae (titel op object), RP-P-1951-70.jpg|thumb|Qabsashadii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Cornelis Jol]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Dutch West India Company]] sannadkii 1641]] Markii hore, addoonsiga ka jiray São Tomé wuxuu ahaa mid ka dabacsan. Badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, tijaabiye Boortaqiis ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa xusay in addoomaha loo shaqaaleysiin jiray sidii lammaane, ay dhisan jireen meelaha ay degayaan, isla markaana ay si madaxbannaan u shaqaysan jireen usbuucii mar si ay u beertaan cuntadooda u gaarka ah.<ref>For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., ''Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560'' (London, 1942), 145ff.</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamkan addoonsiga ee aadka u dabacsanaa ma uu sii waarin ka dib markii la soo hordhigay beerihii waaweynaa. Intii lagu guda jiray, addoomuhu waxay badanaa u baxsan jireen dhanka kaymaha buuraha ee aan lagu noolaan karin ee ku yaal gudaha jasiiradda.<ref name=":5">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1514 iyo 1527, shan boqolkiiba addoomihii la keenay São Tomé ayaa baxsaday, badanaaba si ay u gaajoodaan,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> in kasta oo sannadihii 1531–1535 ay jirtay cunto yari weyn xitaa beerihii waaweynaa dhexdiisa.<ref name=":6" /> Ugu dambeyntii, dadka [[Maroon (people)|Maroon-ta ah]] waxay ka dhex sameysteen gudaha jasiiradda deegaanno loo yaqaanno'' macambos''.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Kacdoonnada addoonsiga ==== Calaamadihii ugu horreeyay ee kacdoonka addoomaha waxay bilowdeen 1530-aadkii, markii kooxaha maroon-ta ah ay u abaabulmeen inay weeraraan beerihii waaweynaa, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga guuray.<ref name=":6" /> Cabasho rasmi ah ayaa waxaa gudbiyay maamulka Boortaqiiska ee deegaanka sannadkii 1531 iyagoo ka xun in dad badan oo degganaa iyo muwaadiniin madow ah lagu dilayo weerarada, iyo in jasiiradda la waayi doono haddii dhibaatadaas aan la xallin.<ref name=":6" /> Sannadkii 1533 'dagaalkii baadiyaha', 'kabtankii baadiyaha' ayaa hoggaamiyay unugyo ciidan si ay u cabudhiyaan maroon-ta. Dhacdo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka xorriyadda ee maroon-ta waxay dhacday 1549, markii laba nin oo sheegtay inay ku dhasheen xorriyad laga soo kaxeeyay ''macambos ''iyadoo uu keenay beeralay mulatto ah oo hodan ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo Ana de Chaves.<ref name=":6" /> Iyadoo la helayo taageerada de Chaves, labadii nin waxay codsi u gudan jireen boqorka si loogu dhawaaqo inay xor yihiin, codsigiina waa la oggolaaday. Tiradii ugu badnaayd ee maroon-ta waxay ku soo beegantay xilligii kor u kaca sokorta ee badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, maadaama beerihii waaweynaa ay ka buuxeen addoomo.<ref name=":6" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1587 iyo 1590, in badan oo ka mid ah addoomihii baxsaday ayaa looga adkaaday dagaal kale oo baadiyaha ah.<ref name=":7">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1593, gudoomiyuhu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in ciidammadii maroon-ta ah ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba la tirtiray.<ref>Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.</ref> Sidaas eraygaas, tirada maroon-ta ah waxay ka fogeeyeen dadkii degay gobollada koonfureed iyo kuwa galbeedka. Kacdoonkii ugu weynaa ee addoomaha wuxuu dhacay bishii Luulyo 1595, markii dawladdu ay daciiftay sababo la xidhiidha khilaafaad u dhaxeeyay hoggaamiyaha diinta iyo gudoomiyaha. Addoon deegaanka ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo [[Rei Amador|Amador]] ayaa qoray 5,000 oo addoon si ay u weeraraan uuna u burburiyaan beerihii waaweynaa, mashiinnada sokorta, iyo guryaha dadkii degay.<ref name=":7" /> Kacdoonkii Amador wuxuu saddex weerar ku qaaday magaalada wuxuuna burburiyay 60 ka mid ah 85 mashiin oo sokor ah oo jasiiradda ku yaallay, laakiin waxaa looga adkaaday ciidanka deegaanka saddex usbuuc ka dib.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2011 |title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Laba boqol oo addoon ayaa lagu dilay dagaalka, Amador iyo hoggaamiyayaashii kale ee jabhadda waa la dilay,<ref name=":11" /> halka intii kale ee addoomaha ahna loo oggolaaday cafis laguna celiyay beerihii waaweynaa. Kacdoonno ka yar kuwaas oo addoomo ah ayaa xigay qarniyadii 17aad iyo 18aad.<ref name=":11" /> ==== Qarniyadii 18aad, 19aad iyo 20aad ==== Ugu dambeyntii, tartanka uga imanayay gumeysigii soo saarayay sokorta ee ku yaallay [[Western Hemisphere|Cawlan Galbeed]] wuxuu bilaabay inuu saameyn ku yeesho jasiiradaha. Tirada weyn ee addoomaha ah waxay sidoo kale noqotay mid adag in la xakameeyo, iyadoo Boortaqiisku aanu awoodin inuu hanti badan geliyo dadaalkaas.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Beerista sokorta sidaas darteed way hoos u dhacday 100kii sano ee xigay, badhtamihii qarnigii 17aadna, São Tomé waxay inta badan noqotay meel ay maraan maraakiibta ku hawlan [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha]] ee u dhaxeeya qaaradda Afrika iyo Ameerika.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[File:Railway hangar in Sundy, São Tomé and Príncipe (Collection Jerónimo Carneiro).jpg|thumb|Khadiidka tareenka ee São Tomé and Príncipe {{Circa|1919}}]] Bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, laba dalag oo cusub oo lacag lagu beddelto, bunka iyo kookaha, ayaa la soo hordhigay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wikle |first=Thomas A. |title=Chocolate and the Ugly Secret of Cacao Production on São Tomé Island |journal=Focus on Geography |location=New York |date=2021 |volume=64 |page=1–18 |doi=10.21690/foge/2021.64.2f |doi-broken-date=6 April 2026 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2562738496 |id={{ProQuest|2562738496}} |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Sannadkii 1905, São Tomé waxay noqotay dalka ugu weyn dunida ee soo saara kookaha, kaas oo weli ah dalagga ugu muhiimsan dalka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=W. G. |title=Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765–1914 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21576-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeazRJXO8cgC |access-date=15 September 2024 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/sao-tome-and-principe-agricultural-sectors-and-agribuiness |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |language=en |date=11 August 2022 |ref={{harvid|International Trade Administration|2022}}}}</ref> Nidaamka ''roças'', kaas oo siiyay maamulayaasha beerihii waaweynaa awood heer sare ah, wuxuu keenay xadgudubyo ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha beeraha ee Afrikaanka ah. Inkasta oo Boortaqiisku uu si rasmi ah u tirtiray addoonsiga sannadkii 1876, dhaqanka shaqada khasabka ah ee lacagta la siiyo wuu sii socday. ''[[Scientific American]]'' waxay ku diiwaangelisay erayo iyo sawirro sii wadista isticmaalka addoomaha ee São Tomé cadadkeedii 13ka Maarso 1897.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} U fiirsashada [[solar eclipse of 29 May 1919|madoobaadkii qorraxda ee 29kii May 1919]] ee ka dhacay Príncipe oo uu sameeyay Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] waxay bixisay mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee [[Albert Einstein]] ee [[general theory of relativity|aragtiyada guud ee isu-sheegidda]]. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, khilaaf caalami ah oo si weyn loo baahiyay ayaa ka dhashay eedaymo sheegayay in shaqaalaha qandaraaska ee reer [[Angola]] ah lagu hayay shaqo khasab ah iyo xaalado shaqo oo aan lagu qanci karin. Rabshado shaqo oo goor goor ah iyo qanacnaan la'aan ayaa sii socday ilaa qarnigii 20aad, iyadoo ay ku dhammaatay kacdoon rabshado wata sannadkii 1953 kaas oo dhowr boqol oo shaqaale Afrikaan ah lagu dilay iska horimaad dhexmaray iyaga iyo taliyayaashoodii Boortaqiiska. Sannad-guurada "[[Batepá Massacre|Xasuuqii Batepá]]" waxaa weli si rasmi ah u xusa dawladda. ===Madaxbannaani=== [[File:Sao Tome Cathedral 7 (16223085806).jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda [[Our Lady of Grace Cathedral, São Tomé|Our Lady of Grace Cathedral]] ee ku taal [[São Tomé]]]] {{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} Dhammaadkii 1590-aadkii, markii waddamada kale ee soo koraya ee qaaradda Afrika ay dalbanayeen madaxbannaanidooda, koox yar oo reer São Tomé ah ayaa sameeyay [[Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe]] (MLSTP), kaas oo ugu dambeyntii saldhig ka samaystay dalka deriska ah ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo la helayo dardar intii lagu guda jiray 1690-aadkii, dhacdooyinka waxay u guureen si dhakhso ah ka dib markii la riday xukunkii kalitaliska ahaa ee [[Marcelo Caetano|Caetano]] ee Boortaqiiska bishii Abriil 1974.<ref>“Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.</ref> Nidaamkii cusbaa ee Boortaqiisku wuxuu ka go'naa inuu kala diro gumeysigiisii dibadda. Bishii Nofembar 1974, wakiilladiisu waxay Algiers kula kulmeen MLSTP waxayna ka shaqeeyeen heshiis ku saabsan wareejinta madaxbannaanida. Ka dib muddo dawlad ku-meel-gaadh ah ah, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay gaadheen madaxbannaanida 12kii Luulyo 1975, iyagoo u doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay Xoghayaha Guud ee MLSTP [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]]. Sannadkii 1990, São Tomé waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horreeyay ee Afrika ee mara [[Democratization|horumar dimuqraaddi ah]], iyo isbeddellada dastuurka—oo ay ku jirto sharciyeynta xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee mucaaradka—waxay horseedday doorashooyin dhacay 1991 kuwaas oo ahaa kuwo aan rabshado lahayn, xor ah, isla markaana hufan. [[Miguel Trovoada]], oo ahaa ra'iisul wasaarihii hore oo musaafuris ku maqnaa tan iyo 1986, ayaa u soo laabtay sidii mushaxax madaxbannaan waxaana loo doortay madaxweyne. Trovoada waxaa dib loo doortay doorashadiisii labaad ee madaxtooyada ee xisbiyada badan ee São Tomé sannadkii 1996. Xisbiga [[Democratic Convergence Party – Reflection Group|Party of Democratic Convergence]] wuxuu ku guulaystay aqlabiyadda kuraasta [[National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe|Aqlaka Qaranka]], iyadoo MLSTP ay noqotay xisbi mucaarad ah oo muhiim ah isla markaana cod weyn leh. Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose ayaa xigay dhammaadkii 1992, kuwaas oo MLSTP ay ku guulaysatay aqlabiyadda kuraasta shan ka mid ah toddobada gole ee gobolka. Doorashooyinkii hore ee baarlamaanka bishii Oktoobar 1994, MLSTP waxay ku guulaysatay kuraas badan oo baarlamaanka ah. Waxay dib u heshay aqlabiyad sugan oo kuraasta ah doorashooyinkii bishii Nofembar 1998. ===21st century=== Doorashooyinkii madaxtooyada ee 2001, mushaxaxii ay taageerayeen xisbiga [[Independent Democratic Action]], [[Fradique de Menezes]], ayaa lagu doortay wareeggii ugu horreeyay waxaana la caleemo-saaray 3dii Sebtembar.<ref>{{cite news |title=stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé |url=http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |work=www.afrol.com |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180955/http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka waxaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 2002. Afartii sano ee xigtay, taxane dawladood oo cimri gaaban oo ay hoggaaminayeen mucaaradka ayaa la dhisay.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} Bishii Luulyo 2003, ciidanku waxay la wareegeen awoodda muddo hal usbuuc ah, iyagoo ka cabanaya laaluush iyo in dakhliga saliidda ee soo socda aan si cadaalad ah loo qaybin doonin. Heshiis ayaa laga wadahadlay kaas oo Madaxweyne de Menezes loogu soo celiyay xafiiska.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seibert |first1=Gerald |title=The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |journal=Lusotopie |pages=245–260 |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=1 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215608/https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2006, muddadii [[Cohabitation (government)|wada-jirka maamulka]] way dhammaatay, markii isbahaysi taageersan madaxweynaha uu ku guulaystay kuraas ku filan doorashooyinkii Aqlaka Qaranka si loo dhiso dawlad cusub.<ref>Gerhard Seibert (2006), ''Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe'', Leiden: Brill.</ref> Doorashadii madaxtooyada ee 30kii Luulyo 2006 [[2006 São Toméan presidential election|presidential election]], Fradique de Menezes wuxuu si fudud ugu guulaystay muddo xileedkiisii labaad ee shan sano ah, isagoo ka guulaystay laba mushaxax oo kale, kuwaas oo kala ahaa [[Patrice Trovoada]] (wiilka madaxweynihii hore Miguel Trovoada) iyo mushaxaxa madaxbannaan ee [[Nilo Guimarães]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Incumbent wins vote |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |work=The New Humanitarian |date=2 August 2006 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195738/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose, oo ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1992, waxay dhaceen 27kii Ogosto 2006 waxaana ku awood batay xubnaha isbahaysiga talada haya.<ref>{{cite web |title=27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |website=africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 12kii Febraayo 2009, [[coup d'état|afgambi]] ayaa la isku dayay in xilka looga tuuro Madaxweyne Fradique de Menezes. Kooxdii qorshaysay waa la xidhay, laakiin markii dambe waxay cafis ka heleen Madaxweyne de Menezes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043116/http://www.orange.co.bw/news/?m=201001&paged=450 Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter]. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.</ref> [[Evaristo Carvalho]] wuxuu noqday [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweynaha São Tomé and Príncipe]] doorashooyinkii [[2016 São Toméan presidential election|2016]], ka dib markii uu ka guulaystay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay ee [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2016 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195036/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |url-status=live }}</ref> Madaxweyne Carvalho waa sidoo kale madaxweyne ku-xigeenka xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI). [[Patrice Emery Trovoada]] wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasiire sannadkii 2014; isagu waa sidoo kale hoggaamiyaha xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile|work=BBC News|date=14 May 2018|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152039/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Diisambar 2018, [[Jorge Bom Jesus]], oo ahaa hoggaamiyaha Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ra'iisul wasiirka cusub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4|title=Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222352/http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%25C_4|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Sebtembar 2021, mushaxaxii xisbiga mucaaradka ee dhexe-midig ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), [[Carlos Vila Nova]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2021 São Toméan presidential election|doorashadii madaxtooyada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |work=Africanews |date=6 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908031202/https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Sao Tome WV banner.jpg|thumb|center|550px|Muuqaalka ''[[Praia Inhame]]'', [[Caué District]], São Tomé]]Bishii Sebtembar 2022, xisbiga mucaaradka ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), oo uu hoggaaminayay ra'iisul wasaarihii hore ee [[Patrice Trovoada]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2022 São Toméan legislative election|doorashada]] isagoo ka guulaystay xisbiga talada hayay ee Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) ee Ra'iisul Wasiire Jorge Bom Jesus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |work=Africanews |date=n.d. |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930125216/https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Nofembar ee sannadkaas, dawladda iyo ciidanku waxay fashiliyeen [[2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt|isku-day afgambi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202185636/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ka dib markii Patrice Trovoada uu ra'iisul wasiirka São Tomé and Príncipe u magacaabay Carlos Vila Nova.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boechat |first1=Geraldine |title=Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times |url=https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111190836/https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ilza Amado Vaz]] waxay si kooban u adeegtay sidii badalkii Trovoada laga bilaabo 9kii Janaayo 2025 ilaa intii uu [[Américo Ramos]] magacaabista ka helayay 12kii Janaayo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome and Principe's president appoints central bank governor as new PM |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20250113/bb2a5df8aecd44b58c904f3a522c43d3/c.html |work=english.news.cn}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} 94qzsqtlac2xczq99egyvwzsk6wewix 300595 300594 2026-07-01T15:21:30Z Isma4l 41797 300595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee {{nowrap|Sao Tome and Principe}} | native_name = {{native name|pt|República Democrática de {{nowrap|São Tomé e Príncipe}}}} | common_name = São Tomé and Príncipe | image_flag = Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | coa_size = 100 | image_map = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=light blue}} | national_motto = {{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Midnimo, Anshax, Shaqo") | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|"[[Independência total|Independência Total]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Madaxbannaanida Sifaysan"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Independência_total_(instrumental).ogg]]}} | languages_type = Luqadda rasmiga ah<br>{{nobold|iyo luqadda qaranka}} | languages = [[São Tomean Portuguese|Boortaqiis]] | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Forro Creole]] |[[Angolar Creole]] |[[Principense Creole]]}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Reer São Tomé<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |title=Nationality |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|Santomean}} | capital = [[São Tomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|0|20|N|6|44|E|type:city(72,000)_region:ST}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad nus-madaxtooyo oo midaysan [[Semi-presidential system|nus-madaxtooyo]]<ref name="SP-L">{{cite SSRN |first1=Octávio|last1=Amorim Neto|first2=Marina|last2=Costa Lobo |year=2010 |ssrn=1644026 |title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Carlos Vila Nova]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe|Ra'iisul Wasiire]] | leader_name2 = [[Américo Ramos]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]] | established_event1 = La siiyay | established_date1 = 12 July 1975 | established_event2 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 373|La aqbalay]] inuu ku biiro [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 16 September 1975 | established_event3 = [[1990 São Toméan constitutional referendum|Aftidii dastuuriga ahayd]] | established_date3 = 22 August 1990 | area_km2 = 964<ref name="cia1"/> | area_sq_mi = 372 | area_rank = 171aad | area_magnitude = | percent_water = mid aan la xusi karin | population_estimate = 220,372<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sao Tome and Principe|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 175aad | population_density_km2 = 199.7 | population_density_rank = 69aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1 bilyan<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=716,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=April 2024 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,238<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $751 milyan<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,167<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.637 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 141aad | currency = [[São Tomé and Príncipe dobra|Dobra]] | currency_code = STN | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[+239]] | iso3166code = ST | cctld = [[.st]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |81.1% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] |13.2% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |3.1% [[folk religion|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |2.4% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Sao Tome and Principe &#124; PEW-GRF|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104065707/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''São Tomé and Príncipe''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|aʊ|_|t|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|...|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|n|s|ᵻ|p|eɪ|audio=São Tomé and Príncipe English pronunciation.mp3}} {{respell|SOW|_|tə|MAY|_..._|PRIN|si|pay}};<ref>{{cite web |title=São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/sao-tome-and-principe |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> {{langx|pt|São Tomé e Príncipe}}, {{IPA|pt|sɐ̃w tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ|pron}}; Ingiriisi: "[[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] iyo [[Prince of Portugal|Amiirkii]]".}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Sao Tome and Principe''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe|links=no}}.}} waa [[island country|dal jasiirad ah]] oo ku yaal [[Gulf of Guinea|Gacanka Guinea]], ee ka baxsan xeebta galbeed ee dhul-baraha ee [[Central Africa|Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba [[archipelago|gasaaladood]] oo ku wareegsan labada jasiiradood ee ugu waaweyn ee [[São Tomé (island)|São Tomé]] iyo [[Príncipe]], kuwaas oo isu jira qiyaastii {{convert|81|nmi}} iyo qiyaastii {{convert|135|and|121|nmi}} meel ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad tiradoodu gaadhayso 201,800 (qiyaastii rasmiga ahayd ee 2018),<ref name="auto">Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, marka ay ahayd 13 May 2018.</ref> São Tomé and Príncipe waa dalka labaad ee ugu yar uguna dadka yar dhinaca dawladaha [[sovereign state|madaxabannaan]] ee Afrika marka laga reebo [[Seychelles]]. Jasiiraduhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aanay cidna deggenayn ilaa [[Portuguese explorers|thariikh-baadhayaashii Boortaqiiska]] ee [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pedro Escobar]] ay noqdeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee ogaaday 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=St Thomas (Gulf of Guinea) |volume=24 |page=48}}</ref> Si tartiib-tartiib ah ayaa loo [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|gumeystay]] oo loo degay intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 16aad, waxayna si wadajir ah u adeegeen sidii xarun ganacsi oo muhiim u ah [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha ee Atlaantigga]]. Ciidda fulkaanaha ee hodanka ah iyo u dhawaanshaha dhul-baraha ayaa ka dhigay São Tomé and Príncipe mid ku habboon beerista sokorta, taas oo ay markii dambe ku xigtay [[cash crop|dalagyada lacagta lagu beddelto]] ee ay ka mid yihiin [[Coffee bean|bunka]] iyo [[Cocoa bean|kookaha]]. [[plantation economy|Dhaqaalaha beero-weynta]] ee faa'iidada badan lahaa wuxuu aad ugu tiirsanaa addoomihii Afrikaanka ahaa. Wareegyadii rabshadaha bulshada iyo xasillooni-darrada dhaqaale ee ka dhacay qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad waxay ku dhammaadeen madaxbannaanidii nabdoonayd ee sannadkii 1975 iyadoo uu dalku noqday [[communist state|dawlad hantiwadaag ah]] oo hal xisbi leh, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1990. Tan iyo xilligaas, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay ku baaqday mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu xasilloon uguna dimuqraaddisan Afrika. São Tomé and Príncipe waa dhaqaale soo koraya oo leh [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] oo dhexdhexaad ah. [[Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe|Dadka São Tomé and Príncipe]] badankoodu waxay ka soo jeedaan Afrikaan iyo ''[[Mestiço#Mestiço community in São Tomé and Príncipe|mestiço]]'' (dad iska dhal ah oo isugu jira reer Yurub iyo Afrikaan), iyadoo inta badanna ay ku dhaqmaan [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Dhaxalkii xukunkii Boortaqiiska wuxuu sidoo kale ka muuqdaa dhaqanka, caadooyinka, iyo muusigga dalka, kuwaas oo isku dhex qasa saamaynta reer Yurub iyo tan Afrikaanka ah. São Tomé and Príncipe waa mid ka mid ah dawladaha aasaasay [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Ururka Waddamada Ku Hadla Luqadda Boortaqiiska]]. ==Taariikhda== {{Main|History of São Tomé and Príncipe}}[[File:Johannes Vingboons - 't eylant St. Thome (1665).jpg|thumb|Khariidaddii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Johannes Vingboons]] (1665)]] Jasiiradaha ka kooban São Tomé and Príncipe waxay weyshoobeen qiyaastii 30 milyan oo sano ka hor sababo la xidhiidha hawlo fulkaano ah oo ka dhacay biyo aad u mool dheer oo ku teedsan [[Cameroon Line|Khadka Cameroon]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Der-Chuen |last2=Halliday |first2=Alex N. |last3=Fitton |first3=J. Godfrey |last4=Poli |first4=Giampero |date=May 1994 |title=Isotopic variations with distance and time in the volcanic islands of the Cameroon line: evidence for a mantle plume origin |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E&PSL.123..119L/abstract |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=123 |issue=1–3 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(94)90262-3 |bibcode=1994E&PSL.123..119L |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, is-dhexgalka biyaha badda iyo xilliyadii qaraxyo fulkaano ah waxay jasiiradaha ku keeneen dhagaxaan dab-beereed iyo kuwo fulkaano oo aad u kala duwan oo leh isku-dhafnaan adblock ah oo [[mineral|macdan]] ah.<ref name=":12" /> === Imaatinka Yurubiyiinta === Jasiiradaha São Tomé and Príncipe ma ay deggenayn cidna markii ay Boortaqiisku yimiideen 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911/> Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee xeebta cagta saara waxay ahaayeen [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pêro Escobar]].<ref name=EB1911/> Bad-maaxiinta Boortaqiiska ayaa baadhay jasiiradaha waxayna go'aansadeen inay noqon lahaayeen meelo wanaagsan oo fadhi u ah ganacsiga ay la leeyihiin dhulka weyn. Taariikhda imaatinka reer Yurub mararka qaar waxaa lagu sheegaa 21ka Diisambar ([[Thomas the Apostle|Maalintii St Thomas]]) 1471, ee São Tomé; iyo 17ka Janaayo ([[Anthony the Great|Maalintii St Antony]]) 1472, ee Príncipe, in kasta oo ilo kale ay sheegayaan sannado kale oo ka duwan agagaarka waqtigaas. Príncipe markii hore waxaa loo bixiyay ''Santo Antão'' ("Saint Anthony"), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay 1502 oo laga dhigay ''Ilha do Príncipe'' ("Jasiiraddii Amiirka"), iyadoo loo tixraacayo Amiirka Boortaqiiska oo la siin jiray canshuurta laga qaado dalagga sokorta ee jasiiradda. Deegaankii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee São Tomé waxaa aasaasay 1493kii [[Álvaro Caminha]], oo dhulkaas hantidooda hadiyad ahaan uga helay boqortooyada.<ref name="Bijela pčela">{{cite journal |last=Stojković |first=Dragan |date=November 2020 |title=Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)|trans-title=Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe) |language=sr |journal=Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu |issue=261 |pages=20–31 |location=[[Rijeka]] |publisher=[[Prosvjeta]] }}</ref> Príncipe waxaa la degay sannadkii 1500 iyadoo la raacay habayn la mid ah. Soo jiidashada dadka deegaanka waxay noqotay mid adag, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badanna dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay waxay ahaayeen "kuwo aan la rabbin" oo laga soo tarxiilay Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo u badnaa [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Yuhuudda Sephardic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=hersh |date=29 December 2024 |title=The Underground Railroad of Portuguese Jews {{!}} Aish |url=https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408212118/https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=Aish.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 2,000 oo carruur Yuhuud ah, oo siddeed sano jir iyo ka yar ah, ayaa laga soo kaxeeyay jasiiradda Iberian si ay uga shaqeeyaan beerihii sokorta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The invention of the white race|last=Allen|first=Theodore|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=9781844677719|edition= Second|location=London|page=5|oclc=738350824}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, dadkii degay waxay ogaadeen in ciidda fulkaanaha ee gobolku ay ku habboon tahay beeraha, gaar ahaan koritaanka sokorta. ===Portuguese Sao Tomé and Principe=== {{Main|Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe}} Sannadkii 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay noqdeen xarumo lagu kaydiyo addoomaha ee ganacsiga addoomaha xeebaha kaas oo xaruntiisu ahayd [[Elmina]].<ref name="Bakewell">{{cite book|author=Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara|editor=Peter John Bakewell|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBhmQgAACAAJ|date=January 1997|publisher=Variorum|isbn=978-0-86078-513-2|chapter=Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|location=Aldershot|page=24}}</ref> Beerista sokorta waxay ahayd hawl u baahan cudud shaqaale oo aad u badan, Boortaqiiskuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu addoonsado tiro badan oo Afrikaan ah oo laga keenay qaaradda. Marxaladihii hore ee kor u kaca sokorta, hantida jasiiradaha ku taal waxay lahayd qiimo yar, iyadoo wax-beeristu ay ahayd mid ku kooban isticmaalka deegaanka oo qudha. Inkasta oo dhaqaaluhu uu inta badan ku tiirsanaa marinka addoomaha, cuntooyin badan ayaa durba la soo dhoofin jiray.<ref name=":0">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 41. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> Markii uu dhulka deegaanka lahaa ee Álvaro Borges dhintay 1504, dhulkiisii la nadiifiyay iyo xoolihiisii la rabbeeyay waxaa lagu iibiyay oo kaliya 13,000 réis, oo ah qiyaastii qiimaha saddex addoon.<ref>Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Chronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.</ref> Sida uu sheegay [[Valentim Fernandes]] agagaarkii 1506, São Tomé waxay lahayd beero sonkor ah oo ka badan kuwa [[Madeira]] "kuwaas oo ay durba ka soo saari jireen rami,"<ref>Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11</ref> laakiin jasiiraddu ma lahayn tas-hiilaad loogu talagalay wax-soo-saarka sokorta ee warshadaha.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Forte_de_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_-_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_(8084256064).jpg|thumb|left|[[São Sebastião Museum]] ee ku yaal São Tomé]] ==== Horumarka dhaqaalaha ee qarnigii 16aad ==== São Tomé waxay aragtay horumar dhaqaale oo weyn ka dib markii la soo hordhigay mashiinka sokorta oo ku shaqeeya biyaha sannadkii 1515, taas oo horseedday beerista ballaadhan ee sokorta:<ref name=":1">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 43. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> "Beeruhu way sii fidsanayaan mashiinnada sokortana sidoo kale. Waqtigan, kaliya laba mashiin oo sokor ah ayaa halkan ku yaal saddex kalena waa la dhisayaa, iyadoo la tirinayo mashiinka qandaraaslayaasha, kaas oo weyn. Sidoo kale, xaaladihii lagama maarmaanka ahaa waa ay jiraan, sida durdurrada iyo alwaaxda, si loo awoodo in la dhiso kuwo kale oo badan. Oo [sokorta] cawsduurradeedu waa kuwa ugu waaweyn ee aan weli noloshayda ku arko."{{Citation needed|reason=who?|date=December 2022}} Beerihii [[plantation|sokorta]] waxaa lagu agaasimay cududda addoomaha, badhtamihii qarnigii 16aadna, dadkii degay ee Boortaqiiska ahaa waxay jasiiradaha u beddeleen dalka ugu horreeya ee Afrika u dhoofiya sokorta.<ref>"As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as</ref> Addoomaha ku sugan São Tomé waxaa laga keenay [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], dusha sare ee Niger, jasiiradda Fernando Po, iyo dambarkiiba laga keenay Kongo iyo Angola.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Qarnigii 16aad, addoomaha waxaa laga soo dhoofin jiray lagana dhoofin jiray Boortaqiiska, [[Elmina]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Boqortooyada Kongo]], Angola, iyo Ameerikada Isbaanishka. Sannadkii 1510, waxaa la sheegay in 10,000 ilaa 12,000 oo addoon uu soo dhoofsaday Boortaqiisku.<ref name=":2">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1516, São Tomé waxay heshay 4,072 oo addoon iyada oo ujeeddadu ahayd in dib loo dhoofiyo.<ref name=":2" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1519 ilaa 1540, jasiiraddu waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga addoomaha ee u dhaxeeyay Elmina iyo dusha sare ee Niger.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray bilowgii ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad, São Tomé waxay si goor goor ah addoomo ula ganacsan jirtay Angola iyo Boqortooyada Kongo.<ref>SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1525 São Tomé waxay bilowday inay addoomo u kala goyso Ameerikada Isbaanishka, inta badanna Kariibiyaanka iyo Brazil.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1532 ilaa 1536, São Tomé waxay celcelis ahaan sannadkii u dirtay 342 addoon dhanka [[Antilles]].<ref name=":3">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Ka hor 1580, jasiiraddu waxay lahayd 75 boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ay soo dhoofisay Brazil, kuwaas oo u badnaa addoomo.<ref name=":3" /> Ganacsiga addoomaha wuxuu ahaa tiir-dhexaadka dhaqaalaha São Tomé ilaa ka dib 1600. Xoogagga awoodda ee São Tomé qarnigii 16aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo si layaab leh u kala duwan iyadoo ay ka qaybqaadanayeen dadka xorta ah ee [[mulatto|mulattos]] ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow ee maamulka. Dadka deegaanka ee ikhtiyaarkooda ku yimid waxay ka fogaadeen São Tomé sababo la xidhiidha cudurrada iyo cuntada yarida, sidaas darteed boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay dadka la xukumay u tarxiiltay jasiiradda waxayna dhiirrigelisay xidhiidhada qowmiyadaha kala duwan si loo sugo mustaqbalka gumeysiga. Addoonsigu sidoo kale ma ahayn mid joogto ah, sida lagu muujiyay amarkii boqortooyo ee 1515 kaas oo bixiyay [[manumission|xorriyadda]] xaasaska Afrikaanka ah ee dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa iyo carruurtooda iska dhalay qowmiyadaha kala duwan.<ref name=":4">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1517, amar kale ayaa xorreeyay addoomihii lab ahaa ee markii hore jasiiradda la yimid dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay.<ref name=":4" /> Sannadkii 1520 ka dib, axdi boqortooyo ayaa u oggolaaday mulattos-ka xorta ah, ee iska leh hantida isla markaana guursaday inay qaban karaan xafiisyada guud.<ref name=":4" /> Waxaa xigay amar sannadkii 1546 kaas oo dhaliyay isla-jirnaan madani ah oo dhexmarta mulattos-kan aqoonta leh iyo dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa,<ref name=":4" /> iyadoo u oggolaanaysa mulattos-ka xorta ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow fursado ay kor ugu kacaan isla markaana ay kaga qaybqaataan siyaasadda deegaanka iyo ganacsiga. Kala qaybsanaanta bulshada waxay keentay khilaafaad joogto ah oo dhexmara golayaasha magaalooyinka ee gumeysiga iyo gudoomiyaha iyo hoggaamiyaha diinta,<ref>Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> iyadoo ay jirtay xasillooni-darro siyaasadeed oo joogto ah. [[File:Gezicht op Sao Tomé, ca. 1641 Insvla S. Thomae (titel op object), RP-P-1951-70.jpg|thumb|Qabsashadii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Cornelis Jol]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Dutch West India Company]] sannadkii 1641]] Markii hore, addoonsiga ka jiray São Tomé wuxuu ahaa mid ka dabacsan. Badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, tijaabiye Boortaqiis ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa xusay in addoomaha loo shaqaaleysiin jiray sidii lammaane, ay dhisan jireen meelaha ay degayaan, isla markaana ay si madaxbannaan u shaqaysan jireen usbuucii mar si ay u beertaan cuntadooda u gaarka ah.<ref>For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., ''Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560'' (London, 1942), 145ff.</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamkan addoonsiga ee aadka u dabacsanaa ma uu sii waarin ka dib markii la soo hordhigay beerihii waaweynaa. Intii lagu guda jiray, addoomuhu waxay badanaa u baxsan jireen dhanka kaymaha buuraha ee aan lagu noolaan karin ee ku yaal gudaha jasiiradda.<ref name=":5">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1514 iyo 1527, shan boqolkiiba addoomihii la keenay São Tomé ayaa baxsaday, badanaaba si ay u gaajoodaan,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> in kasta oo sannadihii 1531–1535 ay jirtay cunto yari weyn xitaa beerihii waaweynaa dhexdiisa.<ref name=":6" /> Ugu dambeyntii, dadka [[Maroon (people)|Maroon-ta ah]] waxay ka dhex sameysteen gudaha jasiiradda deegaanno loo yaqaanno'' macambos''.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Kacdoonnada addoonsiga ==== Calaamadihii ugu horreeyay ee kacdoonka addoomaha waxay bilowdeen 1530-aadkii, markii kooxaha maroon-ta ah ay u abaabulmeen inay weeraraan beerihii waaweynaa, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga guuray.<ref name=":6" /> Cabasho rasmi ah ayaa waxaa gudbiyay maamulka Boortaqiiska ee deegaanka sannadkii 1531 iyagoo ka xun in dad badan oo degganaa iyo muwaadiniin madow ah lagu dilayo weerarada, iyo in jasiiradda la waayi doono haddii dhibaatadaas aan la xallin.<ref name=":6" /> Sannadkii 1533 'dagaalkii baadiyaha', 'kabtankii baadiyaha' ayaa hoggaamiyay unugyo ciidan si ay u cabudhiyaan maroon-ta. Dhacdo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka xorriyadda ee maroon-ta waxay dhacday 1549, markii laba nin oo sheegtay inay ku dhasheen xorriyad laga soo kaxeeyay ''macambos ''iyadoo uu keenay beeralay mulatto ah oo hodan ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo Ana de Chaves.<ref name=":6" /> Iyadoo la helayo taageerada de Chaves, labadii nin waxay codsi u gudan jireen boqorka si loogu dhawaaqo inay xor yihiin, codsigiina waa la oggolaaday. Tiradii ugu badnaayd ee maroon-ta waxay ku soo beegantay xilligii kor u kaca sokorta ee badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, maadaama beerihii waaweynaa ay ka buuxeen addoomo.<ref name=":6" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1587 iyo 1590, in badan oo ka mid ah addoomihii baxsaday ayaa looga adkaaday dagaal kale oo baadiyaha ah.<ref name=":7">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1593, gudoomiyuhu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in ciidammadii maroon-ta ah ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba la tirtiray.<ref>Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.</ref> Sidaas eraygaas, tirada maroon-ta ah waxay ka fogeeyeen dadkii degay gobollada koonfureed iyo kuwa galbeedka. Kacdoonkii ugu weynaa ee addoomaha wuxuu dhacay bishii Luulyo 1595, markii dawladdu ay daciiftay sababo la xidhiidha khilaafaad u dhaxeeyay hoggaamiyaha diinta iyo gudoomiyaha. Addoon deegaanka ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo [[Rei Amador|Amador]] ayaa qoray 5,000 oo addoon si ay u weeraraan uuna u burburiyaan beerihii waaweynaa, mashiinnada sokorta, iyo guryaha dadkii degay.<ref name=":7" /> Kacdoonkii Amador wuxuu saddex weerar ku qaaday magaalada wuxuuna burburiyay 60 ka mid ah 85 mashiin oo sokor ah oo jasiiradda ku yaallay, laakiin waxaa looga adkaaday ciidanka deegaanka saddex usbuuc ka dib.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2011 |title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Laba boqol oo addoon ayaa lagu dilay dagaalka, Amador iyo hoggaamiyayaashii kale ee jabhadda waa la dilay,<ref name=":11" /> halka intii kale ee addoomaha ahna loo oggolaaday cafis laguna celiyay beerihii waaweynaa. Kacdoonno ka yar kuwaas oo addoomo ah ayaa xigay qarniyadii 17aad iyo 18aad.<ref name=":11" /> ==== Qarniyadii 18aad, 19aad iyo 20aad ==== Ugu dambeyntii, tartanka uga imanayay gumeysigii soo saarayay sokorta ee ku yaallay [[Western Hemisphere|Cawlan Galbeed]] wuxuu bilaabay inuu saameyn ku yeesho jasiiradaha. Tirada weyn ee addoomaha ah waxay sidoo kale noqotay mid adag in la xakameeyo, iyadoo Boortaqiisku aanu awoodin inuu hanti badan geliyo dadaalkaas.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Beerista sokorta sidaas darteed way hoos u dhacday 100kii sano ee xigay, badhtamihii qarnigii 17aadna, São Tomé waxay inta badan noqotay meel ay maraan maraakiibta ku hawlan [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha]] ee u dhaxeeya qaaradda Afrika iyo Ameerika.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[File:Railway hangar in Sundy, São Tomé and Príncipe (Collection Jerónimo Carneiro).jpg|thumb|Khadiidka tareenka ee São Tomé and Príncipe {{Circa|1919}}]] Bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, laba dalag oo cusub oo lacag lagu beddelto, bunka iyo kookaha, ayaa la soo hordhigay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wikle |first=Thomas A. |title=Chocolate and the Ugly Secret of Cacao Production on São Tomé Island |journal=Focus on Geography |location=New York |date=2021 |volume=64 |page=1–18 |doi=10.21690/foge/2021.64.2f |doi-broken-date=6 April 2026 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2562738496 |id={{ProQuest|2562738496}} |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Sannadkii 1905, São Tomé waxay noqotay dalka ugu weyn dunida ee soo saara kookaha, kaas oo weli ah dalagga ugu muhiimsan dalka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=W. G. |title=Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765–1914 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21576-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeazRJXO8cgC |access-date=15 September 2024 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/sao-tome-and-principe-agricultural-sectors-and-agribuiness |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |language=en |date=11 August 2022 |ref={{harvid|International Trade Administration|2022}}}}</ref> Nidaamka ''roças'', kaas oo siiyay maamulayaasha beerihii waaweynaa awood heer sare ah, wuxuu keenay xadgudubyo ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha beeraha ee Afrikaanka ah. Inkasta oo Boortaqiisku uu si rasmi ah u tirtiray addoonsiga sannadkii 1876, dhaqanka shaqada khasabka ah ee lacagta la siiyo wuu sii socday. ''[[Scientific American]]'' waxay ku diiwaangelisay erayo iyo sawirro sii wadista isticmaalka addoomaha ee São Tomé cadadkeedii 13ka Maarso 1897.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} U fiirsashada [[solar eclipse of 29 May 1919|madoobaadkii qorraxda ee 29kii May 1919]] ee ka dhacay Príncipe oo uu sameeyay Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] waxay bixisay mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee [[Albert Einstein]] ee [[general theory of relativity|aragtiyada guud ee isu-sheegidda]]. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, khilaaf caalami ah oo si weyn loo baahiyay ayaa ka dhashay eedaymo sheegayay in shaqaalaha qandaraaska ee reer [[Angola]] ah lagu hayay shaqo khasab ah iyo xaalado shaqo oo aan lagu qanci karin. Rabshado shaqo oo goor goor ah iyo qanacnaan la'aan ayaa sii socday ilaa qarnigii 20aad, iyadoo ay ku dhammaatay kacdoon rabshado wata sannadkii 1953 kaas oo dhowr boqol oo shaqaale Afrikaan ah lagu dilay iska horimaad dhexmaray iyaga iyo taliyayaashoodii Boortaqiiska. Sannad-guurada "[[Batepá Massacre|Xasuuqii Batepá]]" waxaa weli si rasmi ah u xusa dawladda. ===Madaxbannaani=== [[File:Sao Tome Cathedral 7 (16223085806).jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda [[Our Lady of Grace Cathedral, São Tomé|Our Lady of Grace Cathedral]] ee ku taal [[São Tomé]]]] {{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} Dhammaadkii 1590-aadkii, markii waddamada kale ee soo koraya ee qaaradda Afrika ay dalbanayeen madaxbannaanidooda, koox yar oo reer São Tomé ah ayaa sameeyay [[Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe]] (MLSTP), kaas oo ugu dambeyntii saldhig ka samaystay dalka deriska ah ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo la helayo dardar intii lagu guda jiray 1690-aadkii, dhacdooyinka waxay u guureen si dhakhso ah ka dib markii la riday xukunkii kalitaliska ahaa ee [[Marcelo Caetano|Caetano]] ee Boortaqiiska bishii Abriil 1974.<ref>“Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.</ref> Nidaamkii cusbaa ee Boortaqiisku wuxuu ka go'naa inuu kala diro gumeysigiisii dibadda. Bishii Nofembar 1974, wakiilladiisu waxay Algiers kula kulmeen MLSTP waxayna ka shaqeeyeen heshiis ku saabsan wareejinta madaxbannaanida. Ka dib muddo dawlad ku-meel-gaadh ah ah, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay gaadheen madaxbannaanida 12kii Luulyo 1975, iyagoo u doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay Xoghayaha Guud ee MLSTP [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]]. Sannadkii 1990, São Tomé waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horreeyay ee Afrika ee mara [[Democratization|horumar dimuqraaddi ah]], iyo isbeddellada dastuurka—oo ay ku jirto sharciyeynta xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee mucaaradka—waxay horseedday doorashooyin dhacay 1991 kuwaas oo ahaa kuwo aan rabshado lahayn, xor ah, isla markaana hufan. [[Miguel Trovoada]], oo ahaa ra'iisul wasaarihii hore oo musaafuris ku maqnaa tan iyo 1986, ayaa u soo laabtay sidii mushaxax madaxbannaan waxaana loo doortay madaxweyne. Trovoada waxaa dib loo doortay doorashadiisii labaad ee madaxtooyada ee xisbiyada badan ee São Tomé sannadkii 1996. Xisbiga [[Democratic Convergence Party – Reflection Group|Party of Democratic Convergence]] wuxuu ku guulaystay aqlabiyadda kuraasta [[National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe|Aqlaka Qaranka]], iyadoo MLSTP ay noqotay xisbi mucaarad ah oo muhiim ah isla markaana cod weyn leh. Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose ayaa xigay dhammaadkii 1992, kuwaas oo MLSTP ay ku guulaysatay aqlabiyadda kuraasta shan ka mid ah toddobada gole ee gobolka. Doorashooyinkii hore ee baarlamaanka bishii Oktoobar 1994, MLSTP waxay ku guulaysatay kuraas badan oo baarlamaanka ah. Waxay dib u heshay aqlabiyad sugan oo kuraasta ah doorashooyinkii bishii Nofembar 1998. ===Qarnigii 21aad=== Doorashooyinkii madaxtooyada ee 2001, mushaxaxii ay taageerayeen xisbiga [[Independent Democratic Action]], [[Fradique de Menezes]], ayaa lagu doortay wareeggii ugu horreeyay waxaana la caleemo-saaray 3dii Sebtembar.<ref>{{cite news |title=stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé |url=http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |work=www.afrol.com |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180955/http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka waxaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 2002. Afartii sano ee xigtay, taxane dawladood oo cimri gaaban oo ay hoggaaminayeen mucaaradka ayaa la dhisay.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} Bishii Luulyo 2003, ciidanku waxay la wareegeen awoodda muddo hal usbuuc ah, iyagoo ka cabanaya laaluush iyo in dakhliga saliidda ee soo socda aan si cadaalad ah loo qaybin doonin. Heshiis ayaa laga wadahadlay kaas oo Madaxweyne de Menezes loogu soo celiyay xafiiska.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seibert |first1=Gerald |title=The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |journal=Lusotopie |pages=245–260 |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=1 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215608/https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2006, muddadii [[Cohabitation (government)|wada-jirka maamulka]] way dhammaatay, markii isbahaysi taageersan madaxweynaha uu ku guulaystay kuraas ku filan doorashooyinkii Aqlaka Qaranka si loo dhiso dawlad cusub.<ref>Gerhard Seibert (2006), ''Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe'', Leiden: Brill.</ref> Doorashadii madaxtooyada ee 30kii Luulyo 2006 [[2006 São Toméan presidential election|presidential election]], Fradique de Menezes wuxuu si fudud ugu guulaystay muddo xileedkiisii labaad ee shan sano ah, isagoo ka guulaystay laba mushaxax oo kale, kuwaas oo kala ahaa [[Patrice Trovoada]] (wiilka madaxweynihii hore Miguel Trovoada) iyo mushaxaxa madaxbannaan ee [[Nilo Guimarães]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Incumbent wins vote |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |work=The New Humanitarian |date=2 August 2006 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195738/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose, oo ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1992, waxay dhaceen 27kii Ogosto 2006 waxaana ku awood batay xubnaha isbahaysiga talada haya.<ref>{{cite web |title=27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |website=africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 12kii Febraayo 2009, [[coup d'état|afgambi]] ayaa la isku dayay in xilka looga tuuro Madaxweyne Fradique de Menezes. Kooxdii qorshaysay waa la xidhay, laakiin markii dambe waxay cafis ka heleen Madaxweyne de Menezes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043116/http://www.orange.co.bw/news/?m=201001&paged=450 Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter]. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.</ref> [[Evaristo Carvalho]] wuxuu noqday [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweynaha São Tomé and Príncipe]] doorashooyinkii [[2016 São Toméan presidential election|2016]], ka dib markii uu ka guulaystay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay ee [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2016 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195036/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |url-status=live }}</ref> Madaxweyne Carvalho waa sidoo kale madaxweyne ku-xigeenka xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI). [[Patrice Emery Trovoada]] wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasiire sannadkii 2014; isagu waa sidoo kale hoggaamiyaha xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile|work=BBC News|date=14 May 2018|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152039/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Diisambar 2018, [[Jorge Bom Jesus]], oo ahaa hoggaamiyaha Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ra'iisul wasiirka cusub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4|title=Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222352/http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%25C_4|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Sebtembar 2021, mushaxaxii xisbiga mucaaradka ee dhexe-midig ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), [[Carlos Vila Nova]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2021 São Toméan presidential election|doorashadii madaxtooyada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |work=Africanews |date=6 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908031202/https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Sao Tome WV banner.jpg|thumb|center|550px|Muuqaalka ''[[Praia Inhame]]'', [[Caué District]], São Tomé]]Bishii Sebtembar 2022, xisbiga mucaaradka ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), oo uu hoggaaminayay ra'iisul wasaarihii hore ee [[Patrice Trovoada]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2022 São Toméan legislative election|doorashada]] isagoo ka guulaystay xisbiga talada hayay ee Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) ee Ra'iisul Wasiire Jorge Bom Jesus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |work=Africanews |date=n.d. |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930125216/https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Nofembar ee sannadkaas, dawladda iyo ciidanku waxay fashiliyeen [[2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt|isku-day afgambi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202185636/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ka dib markii Patrice Trovoada uu ra'iisul wasiirka São Tomé and Príncipe u magacaabay Carlos Vila Nova.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boechat |first1=Geraldine |title=Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times |url=https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111190836/https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ilza Amado Vaz]] waxay si kooban u adeegtay sidii badalkii Trovoada laga bilaabo 9kii Janaayo 2025 ilaa intii uu [[Américo Ramos]] magacaabista ka helayay 12kii Janaayo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome and Principe's president appoints central bank governor as new PM |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20250113/bb2a5df8aecd44b58c904f3a522c43d3/c.html |work=english.news.cn}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ejfc0cfckz506do45d4oeqhix00mvf8 300614 300595 2026-07-02T10:17:52Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee {{nowrap|Sao Tome iyo Principe}} | native_name = {{native name|pt|República Democrática de {{nowrap|São Tomé e Príncipe}}}} | common_name = São Tomé and Príncipe | image_flag = Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of São Tomé and Príncipe.svg | coa_size = 100 | image_map = Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=light blue}} | national_motto = {{native phrase|pt|"Unidade, Disciplina, Trabalho"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Midnimo, Anshax, Shaqo") | national_anthem = {{native name|pt|"[[Independência total|Independência Total]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}<br />("Madaxbannaanida Sifaysan"){{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Independência_total_(instrumental).ogg]]}} | languages_type = Luqadda rasmiga ah<br>{{nobold|iyo luqadda qaranka}} | languages = [[São Tomean Portuguese|Boortaqiis]] | regional_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Forro Creole]] |[[Angolar Creole]] |[[Principense Creole]]}} | demonym = {{unbulleted list |Reer São Tomé<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |title=Nationality |work=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626165447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2110.html#tp |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|Santomean}} | capital = [[São Tomé]] | coordinates = {{Coord|0|20|N|6|44|E|type:city(72,000)_region:ST}} | largest_city = caasimadda | government_type = Jamhuuriyad nus-madaxtooyo oo midaysan [[Semi-presidential system|nus-madaxtooyo]]<ref name="SP-L">{{cite SSRN |first1=Octávio|last1=Amorim Neto|first2=Marina|last2=Costa Lobo |year=2010 |ssrn=1644026 |title=Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweyne]] | leader_name1 = [[Carlos Vila Nova]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe|Ra'iisul Wasiire]] | leader_name2 = [[Américo Ramos]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (São Tomé and Príncipe)|Aqlaka Qaranka]] | sovereignty_type = Madaxbannaanida | sovereignty_note = ka qaadatay [[Portugal|Boortaqiiska]] | established_event1 = La siiyay | established_date1 = 12 July 1975 | established_event2 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 373|La aqbalay]] inuu ku biiro [[United Nations|Qaramada Midoobay]] | established_date2 = 16 September 1975 | established_event3 = [[1990 São Toméan constitutional referendum|Aftidii dastuuriga ahayd]] | established_date3 = 22 August 1990 | area_km2 = 964<ref name="cia1"/> | area_sq_mi = 372 | area_rank = 171aad | area_magnitude = | percent_water = mid aan la xusi karin | population_estimate = 220,372<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sao Tome and Principe|access-date=22 June 2023|year=2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 175aad | population_density_km2 = 199.7 | population_density_rank = 69aad | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1 bilyan<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=716,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2025&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |date=April 2024 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2024 (São Tomé and Príncipe) |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,238<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $751 milyan<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $3,167<ref name="imf2"/> | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = kor u kac<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = 40.7 <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.637 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = kor u kac <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 141aad | currency = [[São Tomé and Príncipe dobra|Dobra]] | currency_code = STN | utc_offset = +0 | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = midig | calling_code = [[+239]] | iso3166code = ST | cctld = [[.st]] | religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |81.1% [[Christianity|Masiixiyad]] |13.2% [[Irreligion|diin laawayaal]] |3.1% [[folk religion|diimaha hiddaha ah]] |2.4% kuwa kale }} | religion_year = 2020 | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Sao Tome and Principe &#124; PEW-GRF|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=4 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104065707/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/sao-tome-and-principe#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''São Tomé and Príncipe''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|s|aʊ|_|t|ə|ˈ|m|eɪ|...|ˈ|p|r|ɪ|n|s|ᵻ|p|eɪ|audio=São Tomé and Príncipe English pronunciation.mp3}} {{respell|SOW|_|tə|MAY|_..._|PRIN|si|pay}};<ref>{{cite web |title=São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/sao-tome-and-principe |website=Cambridge Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=5 July 2024}}</ref> {{langx|pt|São Tomé e Príncipe}}, {{IPA|pt|sɐ̃w tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ|pron}}; Ingiriisi: "[[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas]] iyo [[Prince of Portugal|Amiirkii]]".}} si rasmiga ahna loo yidhaahdo '''Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Sao Tome and Principe''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe|links=no}}.}} waa [[island country|dal jasiirad ah]] oo ku yaal [[Gulf of Guinea|Gacanka Guinea]], ee ka baxsan xeebta galbeed ee dhul-baraha ee [[Central Africa|Bartamaha Afrika]]. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba [[archipelago|gasaaladood]] oo ku wareegsan labada jasiiradood ee ugu waaweyn ee [[São Tomé (island)|São Tomé]] iyo [[Príncipe]], kuwaas oo isu jira qiyaastii {{convert|81|nmi}} iyo qiyaastii {{convert|135|and|121|nmi}} meel ka baxsan xeebta waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo ay ku nool yihiin dad tiradoodu gaadhayso 201,800 (qiyaastii rasmiga ahayd ee 2018),<ref name="auto">Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, marka ay ahayd 13 May 2018.</ref> São Tomé and Príncipe waa dalka labaad ee ugu yar uguna dadka yar dhinaca dawladaha [[sovereign state|madaxabannaan]] ee Afrika marka laga reebo [[Seychelles]]. Jasiiraduhu waxay ahaayeen kuwo aanay cidna deggenayn ilaa [[Portuguese explorers|thariikh-baadhayaashii Boortaqiiska]] ee [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pedro Escobar]] ay noqdeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee ogaaday 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=St Thomas (Gulf of Guinea) |volume=24 |page=48}}</ref> Si tartiib-tartiib ah ayaa loo [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|gumeystay]] oo loo degay intii lagu guda jiray qarnigii 16aad, waxayna si wadajir ah u adeegeen sidii xarun ganacsi oo muhiim u ah [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha ee Atlaantigga]]. Ciidda fulkaanaha ee hodanka ah iyo u dhawaanshaha dhul-baraha ayaa ka dhigay São Tomé and Príncipe mid ku habboon beerista sokorta, taas oo ay markii dambe ku xigtay [[cash crop|dalagyada lacagta lagu beddelto]] ee ay ka mid yihiin [[Coffee bean|bunka]] iyo [[Cocoa bean|kookaha]]. [[plantation economy|Dhaqaalaha beero-weynta]] ee faa'iidada badan lahaa wuxuu aad ugu tiirsanaa addoomihii Afrikaanka ahaa. Wareegyadii rabshadaha bulshada iyo xasillooni-darrada dhaqaale ee ka dhacay qarniyadii 19aad iyo 20aad waxay ku dhammaadeen madaxbannaanidii nabdoonayd ee sannadkii 1975 iyadoo uu dalku noqday [[communist state|dawlad hantiwadaag ah]] oo hal xisbi leh, taas oo jirtay ilaa 1990. Tan iyo xilligaas, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay ku baaqday mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu xasilloon uguna dimuqraaddisan Afrika. São Tomé and Príncipe waa dhaqaale soo koraya oo leh [[Human Development Index|Tusaha Horumarka Aadanaha]] oo dhexdhexaad ah. [[Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe|Dadka São Tomé and Príncipe]] badankoodu waxay ka soo jeedaan Afrikaan iyo ''[[Mestiço#Mestiço community in São Tomé and Príncipe|mestiço]]'' (dad iska dhal ah oo isugu jira reer Yurub iyo Afrikaan), iyadoo inta badanna ay ku dhaqmaan [[Christianity|Masiixiyadda]]. Dhaxalkii xukunkii Boortaqiiska wuxuu sidoo kale ka muuqdaa dhaqanka, caadooyinka, iyo muusigga dalka, kuwaas oo isku dhex qasa saamaynta reer Yurub iyo tan Afrikaanka ah. São Tomé and Príncipe waa mid ka mid ah dawladaha aasaasay [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries|Ururka Waddamada Ku Hadla Luqadda Boortaqiiska]]. ==Taariikhda== {{Main|History of São Tomé and Príncipe}}[[File:Johannes Vingboons - 't eylant St. Thome (1665).jpg|thumb|Khariidaddii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Johannes Vingboons]] (1665)]] Jasiiradaha ka kooban São Tomé and Príncipe waxay weyshoobeen qiyaastii 30 milyan oo sano ka hor sababo la xidhiidha hawlo fulkaano ah oo ka dhacay biyo aad u mool dheer oo ku teedsan [[Cameroon Line|Khadka Cameroon]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Der-Chuen |last2=Halliday |first2=Alex N. |last3=Fitton |first3=J. Godfrey |last4=Poli |first4=Giampero |date=May 1994 |title=Isotopic variations with distance and time in the volcanic islands of the Cameroon line: evidence for a mantle plume origin |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994E&PSL.123..119L/abstract |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=123 |issue=1–3 |pages=119–138 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(94)90262-3 |bibcode=1994E&PSL.123..119L |issn=0012-821X}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, is-dhexgalka biyaha badda iyo xilliyadii qaraxyo fulkaano ah waxay jasiiradaha ku keeneen dhagaxaan dab-beereed iyo kuwo fulkaano oo aad u kala duwan oo leh isku-dhafnaan adblock ah oo [[mineral|macdan]] ah.<ref name=":12" /> === Imaatinka Yurubiyiinta === Jasiiradaha São Tomé and Príncipe ma ay deggenayn cidna markii ay Boortaqiisku yimiideen 21kii Diisambar 1470.<ref name=EB1911/> Reer Yurubkii ugu horreeyay ee xeebta cagta saara waxay ahaayeen [[João de Santarém]] iyo [[Pêro Escobar]].<ref name=EB1911/> Bad-maaxiinta Boortaqiiska ayaa baadhay jasiiradaha waxayna go'aansadeen inay noqon lahaayeen meelo wanaagsan oo fadhi u ah ganacsiga ay la leeyihiin dhulka weyn. Taariikhda imaatinka reer Yurub mararka qaar waxaa lagu sheegaa 21ka Diisambar ([[Thomas the Apostle|Maalintii St Thomas]]) 1471, ee São Tomé; iyo 17ka Janaayo ([[Anthony the Great|Maalintii St Antony]]) 1472, ee Príncipe, in kasta oo ilo kale ay sheegayaan sannado kale oo ka duwan agagaarka waqtigaas. Príncipe markii hore waxaa loo bixiyay ''Santo Antão'' ("Saint Anthony"), iyadoo magaca loo beddelay 1502 oo laga dhigay ''Ilha do Príncipe'' ("Jasiiraddii Amiirka"), iyadoo loo tixraacayo Amiirka Boortaqiiska oo la siin jiray canshuurta laga qaado dalagga sokorta ee jasiiradda. Deegaankii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee São Tomé waxaa aasaasay 1493kii [[Álvaro Caminha]], oo dhulkaas hantidooda hadiyad ahaan uga helay boqortooyada.<ref name="Bijela pčela">{{cite journal |last=Stojković |first=Dragan |date=November 2020 |title=Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)|trans-title=Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe) |language=sr |journal=Bijela pčela: List za svu djecu |issue=261 |pages=20–31 |location=[[Rijeka]] |publisher=[[Prosvjeta]] }}</ref> Príncipe waxaa la degay sannadkii 1500 iyadoo la raacay habayn la mid ah. Soo jiidashada dadka deegaanka waxay noqotay mid adag, si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta badanna dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay waxay ahaayeen "kuwo aan la rabbin" oo laga soo tarxiilay Boortaqiiska, kuwaas oo u badnaa [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Yuhuudda Sephardic]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=hersh |date=29 December 2024 |title=The Underground Railroad of Portuguese Jews {{!}} Aish |url=https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250408212118/https://aish.com/the-underground-railroad-of-portuguese-jews/ |archive-date=8 April 2025 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=Aish.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 2,000 oo carruur Yuhuud ah, oo siddeed sano jir iyo ka yar ah, ayaa laga soo kaxeeyay jasiiradda Iberian si ay uga shaqeeyaan beerihii sokorta.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The invention of the white race|last=Allen|first=Theodore|publisher=Verso|year=1997|isbn=9781844677719|edition= Second|location=London|page=5|oclc=738350824}}</ref> Muddo ka dib, dadkii degay waxay ogaadeen in ciidda fulkaanaha ee gobolku ay ku habboon tahay beeraha, gaar ahaan koritaanka sokorta. ===Portuguese Sao Tomé and Principe=== {{Main|Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe}} Sannadkii 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay noqdeen xarumo lagu kaydiyo addoomaha ee ganacsiga addoomaha xeebaha kaas oo xaruntiisu ahayd [[Elmina]].<ref name="Bakewell">{{cite book|author=Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara|editor=Peter John Bakewell|title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oBhmQgAACAAJ|date=January 1997|publisher=Variorum|isbn=978-0-86078-513-2|chapter=Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries|location=Aldershot|page=24}}</ref> Beerista sokorta waxay ahayd hawl u baahan cudud shaqaale oo aad u badan, Boortaqiiskuna wuxuu bilaabay inuu addoonsado tiro badan oo Afrikaan ah oo laga keenay qaaradda. Marxaladihii hore ee kor u kaca sokorta, hantida jasiiradaha ku taal waxay lahayd qiimo yar, iyadoo wax-beeristu ay ahayd mid ku kooban isticmaalka deegaanka oo qudha. Inkasta oo dhaqaaluhu uu inta badan ku tiirsanaa marinka addoomaha, cuntooyin badan ayaa durba la soo dhoofin jiray.<ref name=":0">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 41. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> Markii uu dhulka deegaanka lahaa ee Álvaro Borges dhintay 1504, dhulkiisii la nadiifiyay iyo xoolihiisii la rabbeeyay waxaa lagu iibiyay oo kaliya 13,000 réis, oo ah qiyaastii qiimaha saddex addoon.<ref>Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Chronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V, 221–243.</ref> Sida uu sheegay [[Valentim Fernandes]] agagaarkii 1506, São Tomé waxay lahayd beero sonkor ah oo ka badan kuwa [[Madeira]] "kuwaas oo ay durba ka soo saari jireen rami,"<ref>Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11</ref> laakiin jasiiraddu ma lahayn tas-hiilaad loogu talagalay wax-soo-saarka sokorta ee warshadaha.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Forte_de_S%C3%A3o_Sebasti%C3%A3o_-_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_(8084256064).jpg|thumb|left|[[São Sebastião Museum]] ee ku yaal São Tomé]] ==== Horumarka dhaqaalaha ee qarnigii 16aad ==== São Tomé waxay aragtay horumar dhaqaale oo weyn ka dib markii la soo hordhigay mashiinka sokorta oo ku shaqeeya biyaha sannadkii 1515, taas oo horseedday beerista ballaadhan ee sokorta:<ref name=":1">Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ." ''African Economic History'' 39 (2011): 43. {{JSTOR|23718978}}.</ref> "Beeruhu way sii fidsanayaan mashiinnada sokortana sidoo kale. Waqtigan, kaliya laba mashiin oo sokor ah ayaa halkan ku yaal saddex kalena waa la dhisayaa, iyadoo la tirinayo mashiinka qandaraaslayaasha, kaas oo weyn. Sidoo kale, xaaladihii lagama maarmaanka ahaa waa ay jiraan, sida durdurrada iyo alwaaxda, si loo awoodo in la dhiso kuwo kale oo badan. Oo [sokorta] cawsduurradeedu waa kuwa ugu waaweyn ee aan weli noloshayda ku arko."{{Citation needed|reason=who?|date=December 2022}} Beerihii [[plantation|sokorta]] waxaa lagu agaasimay cududda addoomaha, badhtamihii qarnigii 16aadna, dadkii degay ee Boortaqiiska ahaa waxay jasiiradaha u beddeleen dalka ugu horreeya ee Afrika u dhoofiya sokorta.<ref>"As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as</ref> Addoomaha ku sugan São Tomé waxaa laga keenay [[Slave Coast of West Africa|Xeebta Addoomaha ee Galbeedka Afrika]], dusha sare ee Niger, jasiiradda Fernando Po, iyo dambarkiiba laga keenay Kongo iyo Angola.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 462. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Qarnigii 16aad, addoomaha waxaa laga soo dhoofin jiray lagana dhoofin jiray Boortaqiiska, [[Elmina]], [[Kingdom of Kongo|Boqortooyada Kongo]], Angola, iyo Ameerikada Isbaanishka. Sannadkii 1510, waxaa la sheegay in 10,000 ilaa 12,000 oo addoon uu soo dhoofsaday Boortaqiisku.<ref name=":2">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1516, São Tomé waxay heshay 4,072 oo addoon iyada oo ujeeddadu ahayd in dib loo dhoofiyo.<ref name=":2" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1519 ilaa 1540, jasiiraddu waxay ahayd xarunta ganacsiga addoomaha ee u dhaxeeyay Elmina iyo dusha sare ee Niger.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 467. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii lagu guda jiray bilowgii ilaa badhtamihii qarnigii lix iyo tobnaad, São Tomé waxay si goor goor ah addoomo ula ganacsan jirtay Angola iyo Boqortooyada Kongo.<ref>SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1525 São Tomé waxay bilowday inay addoomo u kala goyso Ameerikada Isbaanishka, inta badanna Kariibiyaanka iyo Brazil.<ref>Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540." ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'' 6, no. 3 (1973): 466. {{doi|10.2307/216611}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1532 ilaa 1536, São Tomé waxay celcelis ahaan sannadkii u dirtay 342 addoon dhanka [[Antilles]].<ref name=":3">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Ka hor 1580, jasiiraddu waxay lahayd 75 boqolkiiba waxyaabaha ay soo dhoofisay Brazil, kuwaas oo u badnaa addoomo.<ref name=":3" /> Ganacsiga addoomaha wuxuu ahaa tiir-dhexaadka dhaqaalaha São Tomé ilaa ka dib 1600. Xoogagga awoodda ee São Tomé qarnigii 16aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo si layaab leh u kala duwan iyadoo ay ka qaybqaadanayeen dadka xorta ah ee [[mulatto|mulattos]] ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow ee maamulka. Dadka deegaanka ee ikhtiyaarkooda ku yimid waxay ka fogaadeen São Tomé sababo la xidhiidha cudurrada iyo cuntada yarida, sidaas darteed boqortooyadii Boortaqiisku waxay dadka la xukumay u tarxiiltay jasiiradda waxayna dhiirrigelisay xidhiidhada qowmiyadaha kala duwan si loo sugo mustaqbalka gumeysiga. Addoonsigu sidoo kale ma ahayn mid joogto ah, sida lagu muujiyay amarkii boqortooyo ee 1515 kaas oo bixiyay [[manumission|xorriyadda]] xaasaska Afrikaanka ah ee dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa iyo carruurtooda iska dhalay qowmiyadaha kala duwan.<ref name=":4">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1517, amar kale ayaa xorreeyay addoomihii lab ahaa ee markii hore jasiiradda la yimid dadkii ugu horreeyay ee degay.<ref name=":4" /> Sannadkii 1520 ka dib, axdi boqortooyo ayaa u oggolaaday mulattos-ka xorta ah, ee iska leh hantida isla markaana guursaday inay qaban karaan xafiisyada guud.<ref name=":4" /> Waxaa xigay amar sannadkii 1546 kaas oo dhaliyay isla-jirnaan madani ah oo dhexmarta mulattos-kan aqoonta leh iyo dadkii degay ee caddaan ahaa,<ref name=":4" /> iyadoo u oggolaanaysa mulattos-ka xorta ah iyo muwaadiniinta madow fursado ay kor ugu kacaan isla markaana ay kaga qaybqaataan siyaasadda deegaanka iyo ganacsiga. Kala qaybsanaanta bulshada waxay keentay khilaafaad joogto ah oo dhexmara golayaasha magaalooyinka ee gumeysiga iyo gudoomiyaha iyo hoggaamiyaha diinta,<ref>Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> iyadoo ay jirtay xasillooni-darro siyaasadeed oo joogto ah. [[File:Gezicht op Sao Tomé, ca. 1641 Insvla S. Thomae (titel op object), RP-P-1951-70.jpg|thumb|Qabsashadii São Tomé oo uu sameeyay [[Cornelis Jol]] oo ka tirsanaa [[Dutch West India Company]] sannadkii 1641]] Markii hore, addoonsiga ka jiray São Tomé wuxuu ahaa mid ka dabacsan. Badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, tijaabiye Boortaqiis ah oo aan magaciisa la sheegin ayaa xusay in addoomaha loo shaqaaleysiin jiray sidii lammaane, ay dhisan jireen meelaha ay degayaan, isla markaana ay si madaxbannaan u shaqaysan jireen usbuucii mar si ay u beertaan cuntadooda u gaarka ah.<ref>For an English translation, see John William Blake, trans., ed., ''Europeans in West Africa, 1450–1560'' (London, 1942), 145ff.</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nidaamkan addoonsiga ee aadka u dabacsanaa ma uu sii waarin ka dib markii la soo hordhigay beerihii waaweynaa. Intii lagu guda jiray, addoomuhu waxay badanaa u baxsan jireen dhanka kaymaha buuraha ee aan lagu noolaan karin ee ku yaal gudaha jasiiradda.<ref name=":5">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Intii u dhaxeysay 1514 iyo 1527, shan boqolkiiba addoomihii la keenay São Tomé ayaa baxsaday, badanaaba si ay u gaajoodaan,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> in kasta oo sannadihii 1531–1535 ay jirtay cunto yari weyn xitaa beerihii waaweynaa dhexdiisa.<ref name=":6" /> Ugu dambeyntii, dadka [[Maroon (people)|Maroon-ta ah]] waxay ka dhex sameysteen gudaha jasiiradda deegaanno loo yaqaanno'' macambos''.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Kacdoonnada addoonsiga ==== Calaamadihii ugu horreeyay ee kacdoonka addoomaha waxay bilowdeen 1530-aadkii, markii kooxaha maroon-ta ah ay u abaabulmeen inay weeraraan beerihii waaweynaa, kuwaas oo qaarkood laga guuray.<ref name=":6" /> Cabasho rasmi ah ayaa waxaa gudbiyay maamulka Boortaqiiska ee deegaanka sannadkii 1531 iyagoo ka xun in dad badan oo degganaa iyo muwaadiniin madow ah lagu dilayo weerarada, iyo in jasiiradda la waayi doono haddii dhibaatadaas aan la xallin.<ref name=":6" /> Sannadkii 1533 'dagaalkii baadiyaha', 'kabtankii baadiyaha' ayaa hoggaamiyay unugyo ciidan si ay u cabudhiyaan maroon-ta. Dhacdo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka xorriyadda ee maroon-ta waxay dhacday 1549, markii laba nin oo sheegtay inay ku dhasheen xorriyad laga soo kaxeeyay ''macambos ''iyadoo uu keenay beeralay mulatto ah oo hodan ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo Ana de Chaves.<ref name=":6" /> Iyadoo la helayo taageerada de Chaves, labadii nin waxay codsi u gudan jireen boqorka si loogu dhawaaqo inay xor yihiin, codsigiina waa la oggolaaday. Tiradii ugu badnaayd ee maroon-ta waxay ku soo beegantay xilligii kor u kaca sokorta ee badhtamihii qarnigii 16aad, maadaama beerihii waaweynaa ay ka buuxeen addoomo.<ref name=":6" /> Intii u dhaxeysay 1587 iyo 1590, in badan oo ka mid ah addoomihii baxsaday ayaa looga adkaaday dagaal kale oo baadiyaha ah.<ref name=":7">SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In ''Commercial Agriculture, the Slave Trade and Slavery in Atlantic Africa'', edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. {{JSTOR|stable/10.7722/j.ctt31nj49.10}}.</ref> Sannadkii 1593, gudoomiyuhu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay in ciidammadii maroon-ta ah ku dhawaad gebi ahaanba la tirtiray.<ref>Caldeira,‘Rebelião e Outras Formas de Resistência’, 111.</ref> Sidaas eraygaas, tirada maroon-ta ah waxay ka fogeeyeen dadkii degay gobollada koonfureed iyo kuwa galbeedka. Kacdoonkii ugu weynaa ee addoomaha wuxuu dhacay bishii Luulyo 1595, markii dawladdu ay daciiftay sababo la xidhiidha khilaafaad u dhaxeeyay hoggaamiyaha diinta iyo gudoomiyaha. Addoon deegaanka ah oo magaciisa la yidhaahdo [[Rei Amador|Amador]] ayaa qoray 5,000 oo addoon si ay u weeraraan uuna u burburiyaan beerihii waaweynaa, mashiinnada sokorta, iyo guryaha dadkii degay.<ref name=":7" /> Kacdoonkii Amador wuxuu saddex weerar ku qaaday magaalada wuxuuna burburiyay 60 ka mid ah 85 mashiin oo sokor ah oo jasiiradda ku yaallay, laakiin waxaa looga adkaaday ciidanka deegaanka saddex usbuuc ka dib.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2011 |title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493 |access-date=16 September 2025 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Laba boqol oo addoon ayaa lagu dilay dagaalka, Amador iyo hoggaamiyayaashii kale ee jabhadda waa la dilay,<ref name=":11" /> halka intii kale ee addoomaha ahna loo oggolaaday cafis laguna celiyay beerihii waaweynaa. Kacdoonno ka yar kuwaas oo addoomo ah ayaa xigay qarniyadii 17aad iyo 18aad.<ref name=":11" /> ==== Qarniyadii 18aad, 19aad iyo 20aad ==== Ugu dambeyntii, tartanka uga imanayay gumeysigii soo saarayay sokorta ee ku yaallay [[Western Hemisphere|Cawlan Galbeed]] wuxuu bilaabay inuu saameyn ku yeesho jasiiradaha. Tirada weyn ee addoomaha ah waxay sidoo kale noqotay mid adag in la xakameeyo, iyadoo Boortaqiisku aanu awoodin inuu hanti badan geliyo dadaalkaas.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} Beerista sokorta sidaas darteed way hoos u dhacday 100kii sano ee xigay, badhtamihii qarnigii 17aadna, São Tomé waxay inta badan noqotay meel ay maraan maraakiibta ku hawlan [[Atlantic slave trade|ganacsiga addoomaha]] ee u dhaxeeya qaaradda Afrika iyo Ameerika.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[File:Railway hangar in Sundy, São Tomé and Príncipe (Collection Jerónimo Carneiro).jpg|thumb|Khadiidka tareenka ee São Tomé and Príncipe {{Circa|1919}}]] Bilowgii qarnigii 19aad, laba dalag oo cusub oo lacag lagu beddelto, bunka iyo kookaha, ayaa la soo hordhigay.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wikle |first=Thomas A. |title=Chocolate and the Ugly Secret of Cacao Production on São Tomé Island |journal=Focus on Geography |location=New York |date=2021 |volume=64 |page=1–18 |doi=10.21690/foge/2021.64.2f |doi-broken-date=6 April 2026 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2562738496 |id={{ProQuest|2562738496}} |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Sannadkii 1905, São Tomé waxay noqotay dalka ugu weyn dunida ee soo saara kookaha, kaas oo weli ah dalagga ugu muhiimsan dalka.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clarence-Smith |first=W. G. |title=Cocoa and Chocolate, 1765–1914 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21576-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VeazRJXO8cgC |access-date=15 September 2024 |page=6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sao Tome and Principe – Agricultural Sectors and Agribuiness |url=https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/sao-tome-and-principe-agricultural-sectors-and-agribuiness |publisher=[[International Trade Administration]] |language=en |date=11 August 2022 |ref={{harvid|International Trade Administration|2022}}}}</ref> Nidaamka ''roças'', kaas oo siiyay maamulayaasha beerihii waaweynaa awood heer sare ah, wuxuu keenay xadgudubyo ka dhanka ah shaqaalaha beeraha ee Afrikaanka ah. Inkasta oo Boortaqiisku uu si rasmi ah u tirtiray addoonsiga sannadkii 1876, dhaqanka shaqada khasabka ah ee lacagta la siiyo wuu sii socday. ''[[Scientific American]]'' waxay ku diiwaangelisay erayo iyo sawirro sii wadista isticmaalka addoomaha ee São Tomé cadadkeedii 13ka Maarso 1897.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} U fiirsashada [[solar eclipse of 29 May 1919|madoobaadkii qorraxda ee 29kii May 1919]] ee ka dhacay Príncipe oo uu sameeyay Sir [[Arthur Eddington]] waxay bixisay mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee [[Albert Einstein]] ee [[general theory of relativity|aragtiyada guud ee isu-sheegidda]]. Bilowgii qarnigii 20aad, khilaaf caalami ah oo si weyn loo baahiyay ayaa ka dhashay eedaymo sheegayay in shaqaalaha qandaraaska ee reer [[Angola]] ah lagu hayay shaqo khasab ah iyo xaalado shaqo oo aan lagu qanci karin. Rabshado shaqo oo goor goor ah iyo qanacnaan la'aan ayaa sii socday ilaa qarnigii 20aad, iyadoo ay ku dhammaatay kacdoon rabshado wata sannadkii 1953 kaas oo dhowr boqol oo shaqaale Afrikaan ah lagu dilay iska horimaad dhexmaray iyaga iyo taliyayaashoodii Boortaqiiska. Sannad-guurada "[[Batepá Massacre|Xasuuqii Batepá]]" waxaa weli si rasmi ah u xusa dawladda. ===Madaxbannaani=== [[File:Sao Tome Cathedral 7 (16223085806).jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda [[Our Lady of Grace Cathedral, São Tomé|Our Lady of Grace Cathedral]] ee ku taal [[São Tomé]]]] {{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}} Dhammaadkii 1590-aadkii, markii waddamada kale ee soo koraya ee qaaradda Afrika ay dalbanayeen madaxbannaanidooda, koox yar oo reer São Tomé ah ayaa sameeyay [[Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe]] (MLSTP), kaas oo ugu dambeyntii saldhig ka samaystay dalka deriska ah ee [[Gabon]]. Iyada oo la helayo dardar intii lagu guda jiray 1690-aadkii, dhacdooyinka waxay u guureen si dhakhso ah ka dib markii la riday xukunkii kalitaliska ahaa ee [[Marcelo Caetano|Caetano]] ee Boortaqiiska bishii Abriil 1974.<ref>“Sao Tome and Principe Country Profile.” BBC News, BBC, 19 July 2023, www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493.</ref> Nidaamkii cusbaa ee Boortaqiisku wuxuu ka go'naa inuu kala diro gumeysigiisii dibadda. Bishii Nofembar 1974, wakiilladiisu waxay Algiers kula kulmeen MLSTP waxayna ka shaqeeyeen heshiis ku saabsan wareejinta madaxbannaanida. Ka dib muddo dawlad ku-meel-gaadh ah ah, São Tomé and Príncipe waxay gaadheen madaxbannaanida 12kii Luulyo 1975, iyagoo u doortay madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay Xoghayaha Guud ee MLSTP [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]]. Sannadkii 1990, São Tomé waxay noqotay mid ka mid ah waddamada ugu horreeyay ee Afrika ee mara [[Democratization|horumar dimuqraaddi ah]], iyo isbeddellada dastuurka—oo ay ku jirto sharciyeynta xisbiyada siyaasadeed ee mucaaradka—waxay horseedday doorashooyin dhacay 1991 kuwaas oo ahaa kuwo aan rabshado lahayn, xor ah, isla markaana hufan. [[Miguel Trovoada]], oo ahaa ra'iisul wasaarihii hore oo musaafuris ku maqnaa tan iyo 1986, ayaa u soo laabtay sidii mushaxax madaxbannaan waxaana loo doortay madaxweyne. Trovoada waxaa dib loo doortay doorashadiisii labaad ee madaxtooyada ee xisbiyada badan ee São Tomé sannadkii 1996. Xisbiga [[Democratic Convergence Party – Reflection Group|Party of Democratic Convergence]] wuxuu ku guulaystay aqlabiyadda kuraasta [[National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe|Aqlaka Qaranka]], iyadoo MLSTP ay noqotay xisbi mucaarad ah oo muhiim ah isla markaana cod weyn leh. Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose ayaa xigay dhammaadkii 1992, kuwaas oo MLSTP ay ku guulaysatay aqlabiyadda kuraasta shan ka mid ah toddobada gole ee gobolka. Doorashooyinkii hore ee baarlamaanka bishii Oktoobar 1994, MLSTP waxay ku guulaysatay kuraas badan oo baarlamaanka ah. Waxay dib u heshay aqlabiyad sugan oo kuraasta ah doorashooyinkii bishii Nofembar 1998. ===Qarnigii 21aad=== Doorashooyinkii madaxtooyada ee 2001, mushaxaxii ay taageerayeen xisbiga [[Independent Democratic Action]], [[Fradique de Menezes]], ayaa lagu doortay wareeggii ugu horreeyay waxaana la caleemo-saaray 3dii Sebtembar.<ref>{{cite news |title=stp004 Fradique de Menezes new president on Sao Tomé |url=http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |work=www.afrol.com |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180955/http://www.afrol.com/News2001/stp004_menezes_pres.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinkii baarlamaanka waxaa la qabtay bishii Maarso 2002. Afartii sano ee xigtay, taxane dawladood oo cimri gaaban oo ay hoggaaminayeen mucaaradka ayaa la dhisay.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} Bishii Luulyo 2003, ciidanku waxay la wareegeen awoodda muddo hal usbuuc ah, iyagoo ka cabanaya laaluush iyo in dakhliga saliidda ee soo socda aan si cadaalad ah loo qaybin doonin. Heshiis ayaa laga wadahadlay kaas oo Madaxweyne de Menezes loogu soo celiyay xafiiska.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seibert |first1=Gerald |title=The Bloodless Coup of July 2003 in São Tomé e Príncipe |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |journal=Lusotopie |pages=245–260 |date=2003 |volume=10 |issue=1 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215608/https://www.persee.fr/doc/luso_1257-0273_2003_num_10_1_1557 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Maarso 2006, muddadii [[Cohabitation (government)|wada-jirka maamulka]] way dhammaatay, markii isbahaysi taageersan madaxweynaha uu ku guulaystay kuraas ku filan doorashooyinkii Aqlaka Qaranka si loo dhiso dawlad cusub.<ref>Gerhard Seibert (2006), ''Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe'', Leiden: Brill.</ref> Doorashadii madaxtooyada ee 30kii Luulyo 2006 [[2006 São Toméan presidential election|presidential election]], Fradique de Menezes wuxuu si fudud ugu guulaystay muddo xileedkiisii labaad ee shan sano ah, isagoo ka guulaystay laba mushaxax oo kale, kuwaas oo kala ahaa [[Patrice Trovoada]] (wiilka madaxweynihii hore Miguel Trovoada) iyo mushaxaxa madaxbannaan ee [[Nilo Guimarães]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Incumbent wins vote |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |work=The New Humanitarian |date=2 August 2006 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195738/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2006/08/02/incumbent-wins-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> Doorashooyinka dawladdaha hoose, oo ahaa kuwii ugu horreeyay tan iyo 1992, waxay dhaceen 27kii Ogosto 2006 waxaana ku awood batay xubnaha isbahaysiga talada haya.<ref>{{cite web |title=27 August 2006 Local Elections in São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |website=africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=27 September 2023 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205311/https://africanelections.tripod.com/st_2006local.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 12kii Febraayo 2009, [[coup d'état|afgambi]] ayaa la isku dayay in xilka looga tuuro Madaxweyne Fradique de Menezes. Kooxdii qorshaysay waa la xidhay, laakiin markii dambe waxay cafis ka heleen Madaxweyne de Menezes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043116/http://www.orange.co.bw/news/?m=201001&paged=450 Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter]. Orange Botswana Portal. 7 January 2010.</ref> [[Evaristo Carvalho]] wuxuu noqday [[President of São Tomé and Príncipe|Madaxweynaha São Tomé and Príncipe]] doorashooyinkii [[2016 São Toméan presidential election|2016]], ka dib markii uu ka guulaystay Madaxweynihii xilka hayay ee [[Manuel Pinto da Costa]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome's ex-prime minister elected president in one-man race |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |work=Reuters |date=8 August 2016 |language=en |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608195036/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-saotome-election-idUKKCN10J1JX |url-status=live }}</ref> Madaxweyne Carvalho waa sidoo kale madaxweyne ku-xigeenka xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI). [[Patrice Emery Trovoada]] wuxuu noqday ra'iisul wasiire sannadkii 2014; isagu waa sidoo kale hoggaamiyaha xisbiga Independent Democratic Action (ADI).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|title=Sao Tome and Principe country profile|work=BBC News|date=14 May 2018|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152039/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093493|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Diisambar 2018, [[Jorge Bom Jesus]], oo ahaa hoggaamiyaha Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), ayaa loo dhaariyay inuu noqdo ra'iisul wasiirka cusub.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C_4|title=Jorge Bom Jesus inaugurated as prime minister|access-date=8 March 2021|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222352/http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=197423203&Country=S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%25C_4|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishii Sebtembar 2021, mushaxaxii xisbiga mucaaradka ee dhexe-midig ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), [[Carlos Vila Nova]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2021 São Toméan presidential election|doorashadii madaxtooyada]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |work=Africanews |date=6 September 2021 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908031202/https://www.africanews.com/2021/09/06/opposition-candidate-carlos-vila-nova-wins-sao-tome-presidency-partial/ |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Sao Tome WV banner.jpg|thumb|center|550px|Muuqaalka ''[[Praia Inhame]]'', [[Caué District]], São Tomé]]Bishii Sebtembar 2022, xisbiga mucaaradka ee Independent Democratic Action (ADI), oo uu hoggaaminayay ra'iisul wasaarihii hore ee [[Patrice Trovoada]], wuxuu ku guulaystay [[2022 São Toméan legislative election|doorashada]] isagoo ka guulaystay xisbiga talada hayay ee Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) ee Ra'iisul Wasiire Jorge Bom Jesus.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome opposition wins legislative vote |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |work=Africanews |date=n.d. |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930125216/https://www.africanews.com/2022/09/27/sao-tome-opposition-wins-legislative-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bishii Nofembar ee sannadkaas, dawladda iyo ciidanku waxay fashiliyeen [[2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt|isku-day afgambi]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |access-date=2 December 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202185636/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ka dib markii Patrice Trovoada uu ra'iisul wasiirka São Tomé and Príncipe u magacaabay Carlos Vila Nova.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boechat |first1=Geraldine |title=Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times |url=https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |access-date=6 December 2022 |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111190836/https://medafricatimes.com/28855-patrice-trovoada-takes-office-as-prime-minister-of-sao-tome-and-principe.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ilza Amado Vaz]] waxay si kooban u adeegtay sidii badalkii Trovoada laga bilaabo 9kii Janaayo 2025 ilaa intii uu [[Américo Ramos]] magacaabista ka helayay 12kii Janaayo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sao Tome and Principe's president appoints central bank governor as new PM |url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20250113/bb2a5df8aecd44b58c904f3a522c43d3/c.html |work=english.news.cn}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} oe5j8j3q3awpco5w5pm74qgmg5z7arf Daguuro 0 11849 300615 298738 2026-07-02T11:04:28Z ~2026-37955-97 46320 /* Hormuudka Beesha Daguuro */ .hello 300615 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Beesha]] '''Daguuro''' waa xubin ka mid beellaha ugu waawayn ee beelaha [[Murursade]] Odayga Mohamed Foorculus waxaa dhashaye islaan oo u dhalatay Beesha Bimaal waxaa la sheegaa in waagii uu dhashtaye Daguuro in Hooyadiisa dhimatay markay dhashay odayga Forculus aya gacmihiisa ku soo qaadidaye ubadkiisii markii ay dhimatay hooyadii wuu naa keenaye xaaskiisa kowaad, Forculus wuxuu ka baryay xaaskiisii ​​ugu horeysay inaye u koriyos Ahmed (Daguuro) sidii iyadu inaye dhashaye okale xaaskiisa ayaa ogolaatay in ay u koriso ilmaha yar ee ( Daguuro ) sidii ay iyadu inaye dhashaye okale Beesha Daguuro {{Farac | | group = Daguuro | image= |region1={{flagcountry|Somalia}} |region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}} |region3={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}} |region4={{flagcountry|Djibouti}} | langs = [[Somali]] | rels = [[Islam]] | related-c = Kuwa kale qabiilka [[Murursade]],. }} waxey si wayn u dagaan maamulka Galmudug Gaar ahaan gobolka Galgaduud sida [[Ceeldaraad Derri,]] Towfiiq, Cowsweyne, Nooleeye, sidoo kale waxay si wayn u dagaan Gobolka Banaadir, Degmada Howlwadag, Gubta iyo Dayniile. Gobolka Sh/Hoose Afgooye, Buulomareer, Doondheere,tixsiile,4 ta buulo, magla,kaxarow, gumarey,damerale warmaxan,Sh dhexe guulane caloolweyn adan yabaal Marko Sida eey dadka u yaqaa niin Daguuro waaa dad dagaal yahano ah oo gumeysiga neceb. Gessiyaal ah Beesha Daguuro wexey u kala baxdan 3 jufo oo kala ah: ==Faraca ka tirsan== 1 maqafaad muuse 2 wanoow muuse 3 Bah Roon Bah maqafaad * Afey maqafaad * Geedoow maqafaad * Dacaley maqafaad Bah wanoow Muuse * Faqay wanoow Muuse * Ciise wanoow Muuse * xasab gaab wanoow (curadka wanoow Muuse) Bah roon *Duje ahmed *Abdi dhageey curadka Daguuro * carablaawe * Ducaale ahmed Waa geesiyaal Soomaaliyeed ==Hormuudka Beesha Daguuro== 1. Nabadoonka Guud ee Beesha Daguuro nabadoon Cabdulle macalin maxamed geedi 2. G/Sare Maxamed Abuukar Cali (Jacfar) 3.Captain Ahmed abdule adow (Ajmac) 4. Ganacsade= Cusmaan maxamuuud (jiisow ) 5. Prof. Salaad Maxamuud Maxamed (Tiirax) 6. Suldaan Sh.Ibraahim Sh.Xasan (Fagaareeye) 7. Ganacsade Daahir Maxamed Siyaad 8. Abwaan Muxudiin Shabuucshe 9. Nabadoon Axmadeey Khaliif cadow 10. Ciyaaryahan Jibriil Xasan Fariid (Jibriil Malag) 11. Nabadoon Xujaale Cabdulle Jiisow 12. Dhame Abdi Hassan Gacal Dooyow 13. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Xiirey Calasow 14. Dhame Cali Xasan siyaad Tariin 15. Nabadoon Geedi Ciyoow Ganle 16.Gud. jaaliyada Cabdi calas Maxamed Guure 17. Waziir Muqtaar cali Cusmaan 18. Ex Gud Axmednuur Cabdi Siyaad 19. Macallin Ibraahim Raage boore 20. Agaasime Axmed Faarax Maxamed (Gaatamow) 21. Cabdullaahi Maxamed Siyaad (Dhabaqle) 22. Gen. Xaaji Cabdullahi Ceynte 23. Col. Carab Ciid Guure 24. Gashanle Maxamed Cismaan caami 25. Col. Cabdirashiid Macalin seytun 26. Nabadoon Cabduqaadir Sh xuseen bacadow wabiin 27. Nabadoon Maxamed Yare Siyaad 28. Shiikh Xuseen Bacadoow 29. Prof. Ciise Macalin Seytuun 30. Siyaasi Ali Maxamud Ibrahin 31. Nabadoon Socdaal Jiisow Cosoble 32. Ciyaariyhan Cabdullahi Muxudiin Siyaad 33. Nabadoon Xasan Maxamuud Gurur 34. Dr Maxamed Salaad siyaad Dhiti 35. Siyaasi Jamaal Macallin Cabdi 36. Agaasime Cabdicaziiz Axmed Khaliif 37. Shiikh Maxamed Jimcaale Madax yare 38 Weriye Gacal Xuseen Gacal (Eyman) 39. Dr Cabdi Xaashi 40. Gen. Faarax Cabdulle Gacal (Garamgaram) 41. Eng Shaafici Cabdiraxmaan Xujaale 42. Weriye Jibriil Cabdulle Macalin (Jabra) 43. Weriye Maxamed Macalin Faarax 44. Weriye Maxamed Xaaji Xuseen Raage 45. Kabtan Cabdishakuur Abuukar Macallin (Rooble) 46. Cabdullaahi Maxamed Cadow 47. Yuusuf Cabdullaahi Shuushuule 48. Eng Axmed Khalif Maxamed 49. Dr Axmed Cali Cade 50. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Maxamed Yare Siyaad 51. G/Sare Ciise Cali Dheere 52. Col. Mahad xasan Jimcaale ( Mahad Looge ) 53. Nabadoon Cabdi Siyaad Habar-waa 54. Nabadoon Maxamed Siyaad Barrow 55. Eng Muxudiin Diiriye Jimcaale 56. Abwaan Barre Maxamed Fiidoow (Leento) 57. Gud Nucmaan Daahir Cali 58. Nabadoon Xasan Maxamed Cilmi (Xasan Fariid) 59. G/Sare Cabdiweli Daahir Ciid 60. Nabadoon Cabdikariin Macallin Bigbig 61. Eng Salaad Ahmed Hussein (Bacadow) 62. Dr Tahliil Xasan 63. Dr Maxamed Ismaaciil Qashaac 64. Kabtan Ayaanle Cabdi maxamed 65. Dr Daahir Abuukar Siyaad 66. Abwaan Muuse Maxamed Yare 67. Shiikh Daahir Gaabow 68. Nabadoon Xasan Siyaad Diirshe 69. Kabtan Axmed Cumar Yalaxoow 70. Abwaan Gacal Maxamuud Gurur 71. Drs Haboon Xasan Muudey 72. Dr Mahad Maxamed Guure 73. Gaashaanle Ciise Xasan Caraale (Jiijiile) 74. Garyaqaan Yuusuf Maxamed Maxamuud (Yuusuf Daguur) 75. Ganacsade Maxamed Xaaji Lugooyo 76. Ustaad Cabdullaahi Cali Shiikh (Xabeeb) 77. Nabadoon cabdi dahir geedi (juuqyare) 78. Dr. Mohamed Abdullahi Mire. 79. G/Sare Cadaawe Jiib 80. Ganacsade Cali Maxamuud Ciyow (Cali Ameeriko) 81. Xildhibaan Naciimo Maxamed Gacal 82. Nabadoon Cabdullaahi Xiirey 83. Dr Caseyr Maxamed Maxamuud Mooge 84. Nabadoon muhudin mahamud ( shabuucshe ) 85. Shiikh Jabaar Jilacow 86. Macallin Carabow Maxamuud Maxamed 87. Engineer cabdulaahi muhidin ( shabuucshe ) 88. Ganacsade Cabdulqaadir Nuur Fiidow 89. Nabadoon Cabdibaaqi M. Maxamed Geedi 90. Nabadoon Abuukar Ciise Yabaroow 91. Abuukaate Xuseen Nuur Daahir 92. Ganacsade Axmednuur Maxamuud Duqow 93. Safiir Maxamed Yuusuf Xasan 94. Engineer daahir hassan mahamud bariise 95. Nabadoon Xasan Eryaaye 96. Col. Fanax Cabdullaahi Dhicisow 97. Weriye Cabdullaahi Axmed Catoosh 98. Ganacsade abukar maxamed siyaad ( abuukar habartee) 99. Eng Cabdicaziiz Maxamuud Maxamed 100. Eng Axmed Xasan Maxamuud (Foodcade) 101. Dhamme Nuur Maxamed Cilmi (Nuur Dheere) 102. Abwaan Muuse Maxamed Yare 103. Nabadoon Cabdikariin Yuusuf Xasan Wargaadhi 104. Gud. Xuseen Ciise Maxamuud 105. AUN.Engineer Haji Ismail Jimale Osoble. 106. AUNt.Nbdn. Mohamed Gacal Barise(Hararre) 107.Macalin xasan Cabdi daahir 108.Professor/Engineer: Abdullahi Ali Hassan (Farey) 109. GANACSADE Saadaq muxidin cabdulle naxar 5ek8x5872p4704fwtvup90dq7xk405b Garsoorka Somaliland 0 32082 300611 300274 2026-07-01T20:27:55Z Garyaqaan 29387 /* Garyaqaanka guud */ 300611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Garsoorka Somaliland}} '''Garsoorka Somaliland''' Garsoorku waa waax ka mid ah saddexda waaxood ee ku cad dastuurka [[Somaliland]] . Waxa qeexaya [[Dastuurka]] Somaliland QAYBTA AFRAAD XUBINTA 1AAD WAAXDA GARSOORKA QODOBKA 97AAD 1. Waxa Qaranku yeelanayaa Waax Garsoor, oo hawsheedu tahay u gar-naqa ka dhaxeeya Dawladda & dadka; & dadka dhexdooda. 2. Waaxda Garsoorku waxay hawlaheeda u fulinaysaa si Dastuurka waafaqsan, iyada oo ka madax-bannaan waaxyaha kale ee Qaranka. QODOBKA 98AAD 1. Garsoorku waxa uu awood gaar ah u leeyahay: b). In uu fasiro micnaha xeerarka ka soo baxa Golayaasha dastuuriga ah iyo xeerarka degdegga ah iyada oo la raacayo Dastuurka. t). Inuu ka garsooro khilaafka ka dhex abuurma laamaha Dawladda oo dhinac ah iyo xubno ka tirsan dadweynaha oo dhinac ah ama dadweynaha dhexdooda. j). Inuu ka taliyo muran kasta oo Ia xidhiidha waafaqsanaanta Dastuurka. 2. Ma bannaana in garsooruhu qabto shaqo kale inta uu hayo xilka Garsoorka. 3. Daryeelka ku habboon garsoorayaasha xeer baa nidaaminaya QODOBKA 99AAD DHISMAHA GARSOORKA 1. Hay'adaha Garsoorku waxay ka kooban yihiin maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaalinta. 2. Garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha iyo Xeer-ilaaliyaashoodu waxay u madaxbannaan yihiin hawshooda garsoor iyaga oo raacaya xeerka oo keliya. Waxa sii sharaxaya xeerka nidaamka Garsoorka Somaliland == Taariikhda Nidaamka Sharciga == === Gumeysiga Kahor === Ka hor gumaysiga dhulka hadda ah [[Somaliland]] wuxuu ku tiirsanaa ''[[xeer]]'', ama [[Xeer|''xeerarka'']] dhaqameed dhaqameed. Sharcigan waxaa dhaqan galiyay odayaasha qabaa'ilka marka lagu daro sharciga shareecada ee ay ku dhaqmaan culimada diinta Islaamka. === Gumeysigii Ingiriiska (1884 ila Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka) === Ka dib markii ay si rasmi ah ugala wareegeen gacan ku haynta Somaliland dalka Masar 1884 aheyd, gumeystayaashii [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingriiska]] waxay soo saareen sharci guud oo Ingiriis ah oo ku saleysan nidaamkii sharci ee ay ka hirgeliyeen gumeysigii Hindiya. === Ka mid ahaanshaha Soomaaliya (1960 ila 1991) === Ka dib markii ay ku biirtay 1960-kii dalkii la odhan jiray [[Dhulka Talyaaniga ee Soomaaliya|Talyaanigu]] 1960 si loo abuuro dawlad cusub oo [[Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya ah]], Somaliland ma lahayn nidaam sharci oo madax-bannaan oo u gaar ah ilaa xorriyadeeda. Iyada oo ay taasi jirto, maxkamadaha hoose ee [[Gobolada Somaliland|goboladda Somaliland]] waxay wali adeegsadeen sharcigii gumaysiga Ingiriiska ilaa 1977. === Xorriyadda Kadib (1991 ila Maanta) === Ka dib markii [[Somaliland]] ku [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland|dhawaaqday]] inay ka go'day [[Soomaaliya]] 1991, maxkamadaha waxaa lagu xukumay muddo kooban iyadoo la adeegsanayay dhaqamadii Talyaaniga ilaa dagaalkii ka socday [[Boorama]] la joojiyay dhammaan horumarkii. Laga soo bilaabo 1993 ilaa 1997, Axdigii Boorama wuxuu faray sameynta garsoor madaxbanaan oo cusub oo adeegsaday sharciyo kahor 1969. Taan iyo markii la ansixiyaay dastuurka [[Somaliland|Soomaaliland]] 1997 nidaamkii sharci wuxuu ka koobnaa sadex qaabdhismeed sharciyeed oo isku dhafan, iyadoo garsoorayaashu ay si kale u dabaqeen shareecada, sharciga gumaysiga [[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska|Ingiriiska]], iyo ''xeer'' . == Qaab dhismeedka Maxkamadaha == Shanta heer ee maxkamadaha [[Somaliland]] waa: Maxkamadda Sare, Maxkamadda Dastuuriga, Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka ee Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Gobolaada, Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka, iyo Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka. [[Maxkamadda Sare ee Somaliland]] waa maxkamadda ugu sarraysa garsoorka waxayna ka kooban tahay Gudoomiyeha Maxkamadda sare iyo ugu yaraan afar kale oo la shaqeeya garsoorayaasha. Maxkamadda sare waxay ku shaqeysaa saddex awoodood oo kala duwan. Marka hore waa maxkamada racfaanka kama dambaysta ah sidaas darteedna waxay dhagaysan kartaa dacwadaha ay dib ugu celiso maxkamadaha hoose ee khuseeya dhammaan arrimaha ciqaabta ama sharciga madaniga ah. Awooddaan waxay sidoo kale kahadleysaa walaaca laga qabo ansaxnimada doorashooyinka qaranka. Ta labaad, waxay u dhaqantaa sidii maxkamadda dastuuriga ah, iyadoo ka hadlaysa arrimaha fasiraadda dastuurka iyo ku dhaqanka. Ugu dambeyntiina, kiisaska xil ka qaadista ee lagu soo oogay wasiirrada dowladda waxay u shaqeysaa sida Maxkamadda Sare ee Caddaaladda, iyada oo dusha kala socota dacwadda kuna baaqeysa in laga qaado wasiirrada haddii lagu helo dambi. Maxkamadda Sare ee Cadaaladda waxay ka kooban tahay shan xubnood oo ka tirsan Maxkamadda Sare iyo afar xubnood oo dheeri ah oo laga soo kala xulay min laba aqal ee Baarlamaanka. Hawsha shaqo ka xayuubinta Madaxweynaha ama Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka, iyada oo uu kormeerayo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare, waxa gacanta ku haya baarlamanka halkii ay ka ahaan lahayd Maxkamadda Sare lafteeda. {| class="wikitable" |+Liiska Gudoomuyayaasha soo maray Maxkamada sare ee Jamhuuriyadda somaliland ! Magaca ! Xafiiska ! Magacaabay ! Xusuusin |- | Muuse Xaaji Diiriye (Idaar) | 1993 – 1997 | Maxamed Xaaji I. Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 1997 – 1998 | Mohamed I. Cigaal. |- | Maxamed Xaaji Siciid: | 1999 – 2001 | Cigaal |- | Cismaan Xuseen Khayre (Shunuu) | 2001 – 2002 [Mar labaad]. | Cigaal | Waxaa uu hayay hal sanno oo ku meel gaadh ah |- | Siciid Axmed Faarax. | June 2002 – July 2003 | Daahir Rayaale Kaahin |- | Faysal Xaaji Jaamac Geeddi. | August 2003 – August 2006 | Daahir Rayaale |- | Maxamed Xirsi Ismaaciil Oomane. | September 2006 – June 2011 | Daahir Rayaale. |- | Yuusuf Ismaaciil Cali. | July 2011 – 19 April 2015. | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- | Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed. | 24 May 2015 – ilaa hadda | Axmed Maxamed Siilaanyo |- === Maxkamadaha Rayidka ee Hoose === Maxkamadaha Rafcaanka Gobollada, Maxkamaddaha Gobollada, iyo Maxkamadaha Degmooyinka dhammaantood waxaa maamula Guddiga Caddaaladda waxayna wax ka qabtan dhamman anshaxa sharciga madaniga iyo kan ciqaabta. === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka === Maxkamadaha Ciidamada Qaranka Somaliland waxay dhagaystaan dacwadaha ciqaabta ah ee lagu soo oogo xubnaha xoogagga hubeysan xilligii nabadda ama dagaalka. Magacaabista iyo xil ka qaadista gudoomiyaha maxkamada sare ahna guddoomiyaha guddiga cadaaladda Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxaa magacaaba madaxwaynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland waxaana labada goorba cod hal dheeri ah ku ansixiya xil Fadhi wada jir ah labada gole baarlamaan ee (wakiilada iyo guurtida) Waxaa xilka u dhaariya Madaxweynaha jamhuuriyada Somaliland Sida uu dhigayo dastuurka jamhuuriyadda Somaliland QODOBKA: 38AAD: BAARLAMAANKA IYO FADHIYADA WADA JIRKA AH Farqadiisa 5aad xarafka (D) Ansixinta Magacaabidda Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare QODOBKA 129AAD: DHAARTA DASTUURIGA AH Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare oo isla markaana ah Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah ayaa dhaarinaya cid kasta oo Dastuurku ku waajibiyey dhaartan Dastuuriga ah, ka hor inta aanu xilkiisa bilaabin; sidoo kale waxaa isagana dhaarinaya Madaxweynaha."WAXAAN ILLAAHAY UGU DHAARTAY IN AAN U NOQONAYO DAACAD DIINTA ISLAAMKA, DALKAYGA SOMALILAND, DADKIISANA KU MAAMULAYO SINNAAN IYO CADDAALAD INTA AAN XILKA HAYO". QODOBKA 105AAD: MAGACAABIDDA GUDOOMIYAHA MAXKAMADDA SARE IYO GARSOORAYAASHA MAXKAMADDA SARE 1. Madaxweynuhu isaga oo la tashanaya Guddida Cadaaladda, waxa uu magacaabayaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare iyo garsoorayaasha Maxamadda Sare, iyada oo Ia tixgelinayo:- heerka waxbarasho, waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed iyo suubanaan akhlaaqdeed. Magacaabidda Guddomiyaha Maxamadda Sare waxa ansixinaya Golayaasha (Wakiilada iyo Guurtida) oo fadhi wada jir ah yeesha muddo aan ka badnayn saddex {3} bilood marka laga bilaabo taariikhda magacawga. Waxa Ku-xigeenka Guddoomiyaha noqon doonaa garsooraha dhinaca darajada ugu sarreeya garsoorayaasha ka tirsan Maxamadda Sare (Seniority) 2. Ma bannaana in loo magacaabo xilka Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare qof aan buuxin shuruudaha hoos ku sheegan: b. Waa inuu yahay muwaadin ka tirsan Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland. t. Waa inuu haystaa shahaado jaamicadeed oo barasho sharciga ah oo la aqoonsanyahay. j. Waa inuu leeyahay waayo-aragnimo xirfadeed oo aan ka yarayn isugeyn toban sano; kuna soo shaqeeyey garsoore ama/iyo xeer-ilaaliye ama/iyo qareen ama/iyo macallin jaamicad ka bara sharciga. x. Waa inuu siyaasadda ka madax bannaan yahay. 3. Madaxweynuhu xilka wuu ka qaadi karaa Guddoomiyaha Maxamadda Sare, isaga oo u baahan oggolaanshaha Golaha Wakiilada & Golaha Guurtida. == Guddida Caddaaladda == Dastuurka Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland waxa uu sheegay sameynta (gudida Caddaaladda ), oo shaqadoodu tahay sida ku cad:- QODOBKA 108AAD HAWSHA GUDDIDA CADAALADDA 1. Guddida Cadaaladdu waxay u xil-saaran tahay: shaqo-siinta, xil-ka-qaadista, dallacaadda, hoos-u-dhigidda, bedelaadda iyo anshax-marinta garsoorayaasha maxkamadaha hoose (maxkamadaha racfaanka, gobollada iyo degmooyinka} iyo Ku-xigeenada Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. {| class="wikitable" |+Gudida Cadaalada Somaliland ! Cinwaanka ! Darajo ! Xusuusin |- | Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare | Gudoomiye | |- | Labada garsoore ee ku xiga dhinaca darajada | Xubnaha | |- | Xeer ilaaliyaha guud | Xubin | |- | Agaasimaha Wasaaradda Caddaaladda | Xubin | |- | Guddoomiyaha Hay'adda shaqaalaha Dawladda | Xubin | |- | Aqoonyahan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada]] |- | Ganacsade | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Wakiilada |- | Qof aqoon u leh dhaqanka dhaqan yaqaan | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay [[Golaha Guurtida Somaliland|Golaha Guurtida]] |- | Aqoon diimeed leh culimada Diinta | Xubin | Waxaa magacaabay Golaha Guurtida |- | '''Xigasho:''' | | |} == Garyaqaanka guud == Garyaqaanka guud ee Somaliland waxaa magacaabay Madaxweynaha, waxaana ansixinaya Golaha Wakiilada. L Sida uu dhigayo qodobada 5aad iyo 6aad ee xeerka xafiiska garyaqaanka guud ee somaliland (XEER NO.89/2024) Waxaa ka mid ah Awoodaha iyo shaqada Garyaqaanka Guud Sidan: (QODOBKA 5AAD aasaasidda Xafliska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumadda Ujeeddada loo sasaessay Xafiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu waa in la helo xafiis dawladeed oo qaabilsan adeegyada sharci se ay ka mid yihin: 1. Ka qayb qaadashada ama bilaabidda dacwadaha madaniga ah lyo kuwa Idaarige sh ee ka furan maxkamadaha dalka ee ay hay'adaha dawladdu qayb ka yihin. 2. Kala talinta sharci ee dawladde lyo laamaheeda kala duwan si loo xaqiljiyo in tallaabooyinka la qaadayaa ay noodaan kuwa sharciga waafaqsan. 3. Diyaarinta ama dibu/eegista qahyn-qoraallada xeerarka ay xukuumaddu curiso ee loo gudbinayo Golsha Wasiirrada (Cabinet) 4. Soo saaridda lyo faafinta xeerarka iya qorzallada ay tahay in lagu daabaco faafinta si laamaha dawładda iyo dadwaynuhuba u helaan xeerarka dalka ee soo baxe 5. Ku soo saarista faafinta rasmiga an xeerarka ama wax ka beddeilada xeer, 30 masimoed gudahood, kaddib markuu Madaxweynuhu saxeexo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer, haddli dan xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer gudahooda lagu cayimin muddo lagu faaliyo xeerarka ama wax ka beddellada xeer oo ka duwan muddada ku susan faqraddan. QODOBKA 6aad Xil gudashada Xafiiska 1. Xil gudashada Xafiiska Garyaqaanka Guud ee Xukuumaddu marka uu gudanayo waajibaadkiisa ama uu isticmaalayo awoodihiisa xeerkan ku xusan waxa hagaya oo saldrig u an Shareecadda Islaamka, Dastuurka JSL, xeerkan lyo xeerarka kale JSL. 2. Waxa uu xilkisa iyo woajbaadklisa shago u gudanayaa si madax bannaan on waafaqsan xeerkan, xeerka kala xaddaynta awoodaha dawladde lyo xeerarka kale en dalka. == Dhaleecayn iyo isku dayga dib u habaynta == Dhaliil badan ayaa loo jeediyaa garsoorka Somaliland, gaar ahaan waxqabad la’aantiisa iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga oo aan loo sinayn. Intaa waxaa dheer, garsoorka waxaa loo arkaa inuu si aad ah ugu xoog badan yahay xoogag ka baxsan, oo ay ku jiraan laamaha Fulinta iyo Sharci dejinta. Mid ka mid ah tusaalahan ayaa ah awooda Madaxweynaha ee ah inuu shaqada ka eryi karo garsoorayaasha maxkamada sare sabab la'aan sabab la'aan, waa awood uu madaxweyne Mohamoud adeegsaday 2011 markii uu kala diray sideed garsoore oo maxkamada sare ah oo fadhiyay. Sida ku xusan daraasad la sameeyay 2016 oo ku saabsan xaaladda garsoorka Somaliland, sababaha ugu horreeya ee garsoorka u liito iyo madax-bannaanidooda waxaa ka mid ahaa maalgelin la’aan, sharciyo badan oo iskhilaafsan oo khuseeya garsoorka, iyo door aan caddayn oo garsoorka sida lagu qeexay dastuurka. Sharciga ku saabsan Abaabulka Garsoorka, oo ah isku daygii ugu dambeeyay ee wax ku oolka ah ee dib u habeynta garsoorka, waxaa loo ansixiyay laba qaab oo kala duwan labadaba 2003 iyo 2008 maaddaama labaduba ay farsamo ahaan u ansixiyeen labada aqal ee Baarlamaanku uuna ansixiyay Madaxweynaha, labaduba wali xukuma nidaamka garsoorka maanta. Shuruucdani waxay ka kooban yihiin dhowr qaybood oo is burinaya ama aan caddayn, in kasta oo sharci saddexaad oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo labada ka horreeyay hadda la qorayo, weli sharci lama gelin. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa jiray iskudayo badan oo dib-u-habeyn ah, gaar ahaan tan iyo markii la magacaabay 2015-kii Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare ee isbedel-doonka ah Aadan Xaaji Cali Axmed . Laga soo bilaabo 2012–2016 [[Wasaaradda Caddaaladda ee Somaliland]] waxay hirgalisay barnaamij tababar oo socon doona muddo afar sano ah oo lagu tababarayo ardayda ka qalin jabisay dugsiyada sharciga si ay uga soo baxaan garsoorka. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, waxaa jiray NGO-yo badan oo soo saaray warbixino ku saabsan dib-u-habeynta iyo soo-jeedinta fikradaha ku saabsan sida loo horumarin karo garsoorka. == Tixraacyo == [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Distoorka_oo_Dhan.htm]] [[http://www.somalilandlaw.com/introduction_to_somaliland_law.html]] [[https://www.govsomaliland.org/]] [[https://www.linkedin.com/in/somaliland-lawyers-association-solla-6566377a?originalSubdomain=so]] [[Category: Qareenadda Somaliland]] krpxz03hvt1igiq55gj85wdfuhm1ovd Fiinstoon Shuurshiil 0 48466 300613 300555 2026-07-02T10:15:26Z Videoiib7 46243 Fixed grammar 300613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mudane Fiinstoon Liionaard Spiinsir Shuurshiil (30 Nofeembar 1874 - 24 Jannayo 1963) <small></small>wuxuu ahaa [[Siyaasi]] [[Ingiriis (Dad)|Ingiriis]] ah, sarkaal militari, iyo qoraa kaasoo ahaa [[Ra'iisul wasaare|Ra'iisul Wasaaraha]] [[Boqortooyada Midowday]]Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]] laga bilaabo 1940 ilaa 1945, intii lagu jiray [[Dagaalkii Labaad ee Aduunka|Dagaalkii 2aad]] ee Adduunka, iyo mar kale laga bilaabo 1951 ilaa 1955. Muddo 62 sano ah''' jgx377ii3j8ny1rm7h9zbvah7iwgjej Apollonia Mathia 0 48469 300562 2026-07-01T11:59:20Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Apollonia Mathia''' (waxay geeriyootay 18 Maarso 2011) waxay ahayd saxafiyad iyo [[Activism|u-dhaqdhaqaaqe bulsho]] oo u dhalatay [[South Sudan]]. Mathia waxay ka mid ahayd aasaasayaashii Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan (AMWISS), iyo sidoo kale Midowga Saxafiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan (UJOSS). == Nolosheedii hore iyo waxbarashada == Mathia waxay dhalatay sannadihii 1950-meeyadii.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Oduha |first=Joseph |date=19 March 2011 |title=Saxa... 300562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Apollonia Mathia''' (waxay geeriyootay 18 Maarso 2011) waxay ahayd saxafiyad iyo [[Activism|u-dhaqdhaqaaqe bulsho]] oo u dhalatay [[South Sudan]]. Mathia waxay ka mid ahayd aasaasayaashii Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan (AMWISS), iyo sidoo kale Midowga Saxafiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan (UJOSS). == Nolosheedii hore iyo waxbarashada == Mathia waxay dhalatay sannadihii 1950-meeyadii.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Oduha |first=Joseph |date=19 March 2011 |title=Saxafiyaddii hormuudka ahayd ee haweenka ayaa ku geeriyootay shil gaari |pages=3–4 |work=The Pioneer |url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/africacan/the_pioneer_issue_11_juba.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Waxay carruurnimadeeda ku qaadatay waqooyiga [[Uganda]] ka hor intii aysan u guurin [[Juba]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2021 |title=Apollonia Mathia: Tiir ka mid ah saxaafadda Suudaan |url=http://www.thejournalist.org.za/spotlight/apollonia-mathia-a-rock-of-sudanese-journalism-2/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=The Journalist}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2011 |title=Xusuusta wariyihii hormuudka ahaa ee haweenka Koonfur Suudaan |url=https://cpj.org/2011/03/remembering-south-sudans-pioneer-female-reporter/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists |language=en-US}}</ref> == Shaqada == Ka hor intii aysan ku biirin Wasaaradda Maaliyadda iyadoo xoghaye ka noqotay sannadkii 1978, Mathia waxay ka shaqaynaysay Kaniisadda Katooliga iyadoo ahayd Maareeyaha Warfaafinta.<ref name=":0" /> Markii dambe way iska casishay shaqadaas si ay ugu biirto [[Juba Post]], halkaas oo ay ahayd haweeneydii keliya ee tifaftire ahayd iyo [[Managing editor|tifaftiraha maamulka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Okello |first=Rosemary |date=May 2011 |title=Xuska nolosha Apollonia Mathia: Isuduwaha qaranka GMMP iyo saxafiyaddii ugu horreysay ee haweeney ah ee Koonfur Suudaan |pages=15–16 |work=Media & Gender Monitor |url=https://new.waccglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/wacc-global/Images/Galleries/RESOURCES/e-pubs/MGM/MGM-PDFS/mgm22.pdf |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> Waxay ka tagtay ''Juba Post'' sannadkii 2008, waxayna ku biirtay BBC Monitoring Service iyadoo noqotay wariyahooda Koonfur Suudaan.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Mathia waxay ka soo shaqeysay shaqooyin kala duwan, waxayna gacan ka geysatay aasaaska Midowga Saxafiyiinta Koonfurta Suudaan (UJOSS). Waxay sidoo kale lataliye ka ahayd waaxda maalgelinta microfinance ee Bangiga Adduunka ee Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2011 |title=Saxafiyaddii rug-caddaaga ahayd ee Koonfur Suudaan ayaa geeriyootay |url=https://www.media-diversity.org/south-sudans-veteran-female-journalist-passes-on/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Media Diversity Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref> Markii ay geeriyootay sannadkii 2011, Mathia waxay ahayd Agaasimaha Fulinta ee Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfur Suudaan (AMWISS), oo ay wada aasaaseen sannadkii 2008 iyada, [[Veronica Lucy Gordon]] iyo xubno kale.<ref name=":3" /> == Geerida == 18 Maarso 2011, Mathia waxay ku geeriyootay shil gaari kadib markii mooto ay saarneyd uu jiiray gaari xamuul ah.<ref name=":0" /> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Anna Nimiriano]] * [[Veronica Lucy Gordon]] == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} kr5j693hunoc3zne64y14qkva2thl56 Rebecca Joshua Okwaci 0 48470 300563 2026-07-01T12:15:27Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Rebecca Joshua Okwaci''' waa siyaasi u dhalatay [[South Sudan]], xildhibaan ka tirsan Baarlamaanka, isla markaana ah Madaxa Garabka Xildhibaannada (Chief Whip) ee xisbiga talada haya ee SPLM ee Golaha Sharci-dejinta Qaranka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah laga bilaabo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-27|title=Kiir appoints Rebecca Okwaci as SPLM's Chief Whip|url=https://www.eyeradio.org/kiir-appoints-rebecca-okwaci-as-splms-chief-whip/|access-date=2023-01-03|website=Eye Radio|language=e... 300563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rebecca Joshua Okwaci''' waa siyaasi u dhalatay [[South Sudan]], xildhibaan ka tirsan Baarlamaanka, isla markaana ah Madaxa Garabka Xildhibaannada (Chief Whip) ee xisbiga talada haya ee SPLM ee Golaha Sharci-dejinta Qaranka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah laga bilaabo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-27|title=Kiir appoints Rebecca Okwaci as SPLM's Chief Whip|url=https://www.eyeradio.org/kiir-appoints-rebecca-okwaci-as-splms-chief-whip/|access-date=2023-01-03|website=Eye Radio|language=en-US}}</ref> Waxay hore u soo noqotay Wasiirka Isgaarsiinta iyo Adeegyada Boostada, sidoo kale waxay ahayd Wasiirka Waddooyinka iyo Buundooyinka ee Dowladda Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Suudaan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/experts/rebecca-okwaci/|title=RebeccaJoshua Okwaci - Inclusive Security|author=|date=|website=inclusivesecurity.org|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2013/dec/06/rebecca-okwaci-south-sudan-role-model|title=Why Rebecca Okwaci should be the role model for girls around the world|first=Jess|last=Matthias|date=6 December 2013|publisher=www.theguardian.com|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref> Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inay tahay "u ololeeye firfircoon oo nabadda ah iyo qof si weyn ugu dooda doorka haweenka ee nabadda." Waxay sidoo kale ka mid tahay aasaasayaashii ururro dhowr ah oo haweenka Suudaan, Koonfur Suudaan iyo Afrika oo dhan ka shaqeeya, waxaana ka mid ah inay ahayd Xoghayaha Guud ee Women Action for Development. Bishii Diseembar 2013, Jess Mathias oo ka tirsan [[The Guardian]] ayaa ku tilmaamay inay tahay tusaale ku dayasho mudan oo gabdhaha da'da yar ay ku dayan karaan, halkii ay ka dooran lahaayeen haween caan ah sida [[Rihanna]] iyo [[Beyoncé]]. == Waxbarashada == Okwaci waxay shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ka qaadatay luqadda Ingiriisiga, suugaanta iyo turjumaadda oo ay ka baratay [[Alexandria University]] ee Masar. Waxay markii dambe shahaadada Master-ka ee horumarinta isgaarsiinta ka qaadatay [[Daystar University]] ee Kenya. == Saxaafadda == Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan sannadkii 1986, Okwaci waxay ku biirtay [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]], oo markaas la aasaasay, waxayna bilowday inay saxafiyad ka noqoto [[Radio SPLA]], halkaas oo loogu bixiyay naanaysta "Codkii Kacaanka". == Tixraacyo == nz9c2morrm4p0pahzc4esa8hinbbpkc Alfred Taban 0 48471 300564 2026-07-01T12:18:21Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Alfred Taban Logune''' (1957, [[Kajokeji]] – 27 Abriil 2019, [[Kampala]]) wuxuu ahaa saxafi warbaahineed oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]]. Wuxuu hore u ahaa weriyaha [[BBC]] ee magaalada [[Khartoum]]. Wuxuu ahaa aas-aasaha iyo tifaftirihii guud ee hore ee ''[[Juba Monitor]]'', oo ah wargeyska madaxbannaan ee ugu caansan [[South Sudan]], kaas oo markii hore loo yiqiin ''[[Khartoum Monitor]]'', wargeyskii ugu horreeyay ee madaxbannaan oo ku baxa afka Ingiriisiga ee [[Sudan]]. Taba... 300564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfred Taban Logune''' (1957, [[Kajokeji]] – 27 Abriil 2019, [[Kampala]]) wuxuu ahaa saxafi warbaahineed oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]]. Wuxuu hore u ahaa weriyaha [[BBC]] ee magaalada [[Khartoum]]. Wuxuu ahaa aas-aasaha iyo tifaftirihii guud ee hore ee ''[[Juba Monitor]]'', oo ah wargeyska madaxbannaan ee ugu caansan [[South Sudan]], kaas oo markii hore loo yiqiin ''[[Khartoum Monitor]]'', wargeyskii ugu horreeyay ee madaxbannaan oo ku baxa afka Ingiriisiga ee [[Sudan]]. Taban wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa guddoomiyihii hore ee [[Association for Media Development in South Sudan|Ururka Horumarinta Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan (AMDISS)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html|title=The Democracy Award – 2006 Democracy Award|date=24 August 2006|website=National Endowment for Democracy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824062550/https://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html|archive-date=24 August 2006|url-status = dead|access-date=6 February 2018}}</ref> Waqtigii uu geeriyooday wuxuu ahaa xildhibaan ka tirsan Golaha Sharci-dejinta Qaranka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Koonfurta Suudaan. Inkasta oo uu ku tababartay farsamada shaybaarka, Taban wuxuu doortay xirfadda saxaafadda. Bishii Abriil 2001 waxaa hay'adaha ammaanku xireen muddo shan maalmood ah isaga oo tebiyay shir jaraa'id oo ay qabteen hoggaamiyeyaasha kaniisadaha ee Khartuum, kuwaas oo ka mudaaharaaday joojinta adeeg kaniisadeed iyo xarigga ilaa boqol Masiixiyiin ah.<ref>[[UNHCR]], 3 May 2002, [http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,RSF,,SDN,456d621e2,487c52655,0.html Reporters Without Borders Annual Report 2002 – Sudan], accessed 8 July 2009</ref> Bishii Luulyo 2005, [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Guddoomiyaha]] [[British House of Commons]] [[Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn|Michael Martin]] ayaa Alfred Taban guddoonsiiyay Abaalmarinta Speaker Abbot, isaga oo ku maamuusay shaqadiisii uu ku iftiimiyay xasuuqii ka dhacay [[Darfur conflict|Darfur]]. Abaalmarintan waxaa la siiyaa saxafiga caalamka ugu waxqabadka badan ee ka qayb qaatay "ilaalinta, horumarinta iyo joogtaynta dimuqraadiyadda baarlamaannada".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk/page.php?domain_name=parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk&viewpage=Abbot%20Award |title=Abbot Award |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625175511/http://www.parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk/page.php?domain_name=parliamentarypressgallery.org.uk&viewpage=Abbot%20Award |archive-date=25 June 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 2006, Taban wuxuu ka mid ahaa saddex qof oo la guddoonsiiyay Abaalmarinta [[National Endowment for Democracy]] oo uu bixiyay madaxweynihii Maraykanka [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="NED">[[National Endowment for Democracy]], [http://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html 2006 Democracy Award] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609035332/http://www.ned.org/events/demaward/demaward2006.html |date=9 June 2009 }}</ref> 30 Oktoobar 2006, Taban ayaa loo yeeray waxaana loo sheegay inuu mas'uul ka yahay maqaal lagu daabacay wargeyska 14 Sebteembar 2006, kaas oo ku eedeeyay wasiirka arrimaha dibadda, wasiiru-dowlaha arrimaha dibadda iyo agaasimaha warfaafinta iyo xiriirka dadweynaha, [[Lam Akol]], inay yihiin afhayeenno iyo fuliyayaal [[genocide|xasuuq]] isla markaana ay yihiin xagjiriin [[Islam]]i ah. Waxaa lagu dooday in maqaalku uu ahaa dhaleeceyn guud iyo aragtida gaarka ah ee qoraaga. Marka laga soo tago canaanta la daabacay, waxaa sidoo kale lagu soo rogay ganaax.<ref>''[[Sudan Tribune]]'', 31 October 2006, [http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article18421 Khartoum Monitor reprimanded after complaint by Foreign Ministry]</ref> Bishii Luulyo 2016, Taban wuxuu qoray maqaal uu ugu baaqayay Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir]] iyo Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka [[Riek Machar]] inay xilka iska casilaan maadaama ay ku guuldareysteen inay hagaajiyaan xaaladda amniga ee Juba. Maalintii xigtay waa la xiray waxaana la hayay dhowr maalmood iyada oo aan wax dacwad ah lagu soo oogin.<ref>[https://cpj.org/2016/07/south-sudan-authorities-arrest-editor-order-juba-m.php South Sudan authorities arrest editor, order Juba Monitor to cease publishing], ''CPJ'', 18 July 2016.</ref> Taban wuxuu markii dambe noqday xildhibaan sharaf leh oo ka tirsan Golaha Sharci-dejinta Qaranka ee Ku-meel-gaarka ah ee Koonfurta Suudaan, wuxuuna sidoo kale xubin ka ahaa guddiga hagidda ee Wadahadalka Qaranka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ssnationaldialogue.org/news-item/press-freedom-in-south-sudan/|title=National Dialogue Hosts Forum on Press Freedom in South Sudan|last=Wanga|first=Vincent|date=25 January 2018|work=South Sudan National Dialogue|access-date=29 January 2018|archive-date=29 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140749/https://www.ssnationaldialogue.org/news-item/press-freedom-in-south-sudan/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wuxuu ku geeriyooday 27 Abriil 2019 magaalada [[Kampala]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200205192643/https://www.voanews.com/archive/south-sudan-mourns-veteran-journalist South Sudan Mourns Veteran Journalist], ''VOA'', 29 April 2019.</ref><ref>Franklin Draku, [https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/South-Sudanese-veteran-journalist-dies-Uganda/688334-5092028-oar89mz/index.html South Sudanese veteran journalist dies in Uganda], ''Daily Monitor'', 29 April 2019.</ref> == Tixraacyo == f79egnaalsdu0vqetmclxe0em9w46br Ateny Wek Ateny 0 48472 300565 2026-07-01T12:21:28Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Ateny Wek Ateny''' waa saxafi, qareen, iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]]. Wuxuu hore u soo noqday Xoghayaha Warfaafinta ee Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] intii u dhexeysay 2013 ilaa 2022. Hadda wuxuu yahay Wasiirka ICT-ga iyo Adeegyada Boostada ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MINISTER ATENY WEK ATENY OFFICIALLY ASSUMED OFFICE AS MINISTER OF ICT & POSTAL SERVICES, PROMISED TO PROTECT PRESIDENT|url=https://mictps.gov.ss/minister-aten... 300565 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ateny Wek Ateny''' waa saxafi, qareen, iyo mas'uul dowladeed oo u dhashay [[South Sudan]]. Wuxuu hore u soo noqday Xoghayaha Warfaafinta ee Madaxweyne [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] intii u dhexeysay 2013 ilaa 2022. Hadda wuxuu yahay Wasiirka ICT-ga iyo Adeegyada Boostada ee Jamhuuriyadda Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MINISTER ATENY WEK ATENY OFFICIALLY ASSUMED OFFICE AS MINISTER OF ICT & POSTAL SERVICES, PROMISED TO PROTECT PRESIDENT|url=https://mictps.gov.ss/minister-ateny-wek-ateny-officially-assumed-office-as-minister-of-ict-postal-services-promised-to-protect-president/|access-date=2026-01-21|website=mictps.gov.ss}}</ref> == Shaqada == Ka hor inta uusan qaban xil dowladeed, wuxuu ka soo shaqeeyay qareen ahaan, sidoo kale wuxuu ahaa saxafi<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-08|title=South Sudan President Salva Kiir fires his Press Secretary Ateny Wek Ateny|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-salva-kiir-fires-his-press-secretary-ateny-wek-ateny-3907074|access-date=2023-02-14|website=The East African|language=en}}</ref> iyo qoraa joogto ah oo wax ku qori jiray wargeyska ''The Citizen Daily''. Ateny wuxuu ahaa Xoghayaha Warfaafinta ee Madaxweynaha Koonfurta Suudaan [[Salva Kiir Mayardit]] laga soo bilaabo Noofambar 2013 ilaa laga eryay xilka sannadkii 2022.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|last=Ninrew|first=Chany|date=2022-08-06|title=Kiir sacks longtime Press Secretary Ateny Wek|url=https://www.eyeradio.org/kiir-sacks-longtime-press-secretary-ateny-wek/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Eye Radio|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>''[https://sudantribune.com/article47940/ Kiir appoints newspaper commentator as press secretary]'', [[Sudan Tribune]], November 27, 2013</ref><ref name=":0" /> Wuxuu ahaa xoghayihii saddexaad ee warfaafinta ee Xafiiska Madaxweynaha, sidoo kalena wuxuu ahaa kii muddada ugu dheer xilka hayay.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Presidential spokesman Ateny Wek sacked|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/presidential-spokesman-ateny-wek-sacked|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Radio Tamazuj|language=en}}</ref> Ka hor magacaabistiisa, Ateny wuxuu caan ku ahaa dhaleeceynta uu si fagaare ah ugu jeedin jiray maamulka Madaxweyne Kiir.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-08|title=South Sudan President Salva Kiir fires his Press Secretary Ateny Wek Ateny|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/south-sudan-salva-kiir-fires-his-press-secretary-ateny-wek-ateny-3907074|access-date=2023-01-14|website=The East African|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan President Salva Kiir fires his Press Secretary Ateny Wek Ateny|url=https://pachodo.org/latest-news-articles/news-from-various-sources/36470-south-sudan-president-salva-kiir-fires-his-press-secretary-ateny-wek-ateny|access-date=2023-01-14|website=Pachodo.org|language=en-gb}}</ref> Dad badan oo u ololeeya arrimaha bulshada iyo falanqeeyayaasha siyaasadda ayaa magacaabistiisa ku tilmaamay isku day lagu aamusiinayo dadka dhaliila dowladda si aysan u dhaawicin sumcadda hoggaamiyeyaasha siyaasadeed ee Koonfurta Suudaan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Joshua|first=Elvince|date=2022-08-09|title=This man Ateny: Pressman who 'loved women', humour and controversy|url=https://cityreviewss.com/this-man-ateny-pressman-who-loved-women-humour-and-controversy/|access-date=2023-01-14|website=The City Review South Sudan|language=en-US}}</ref> Safarkiisii labaad ee caalami ah ee uu la galay madaxweynaha, Ateny wuxuu isku dhacay Madaxweyne Kiir kadib markii uu diiday inuu ka baxo kulan uu madaxweynuhu la lahaa [[President of Uganda|Madaxweynaha Uganda]].<ref name=":1">''[https://sudantribune.com/article59617/ Ateny flip-flopping, where is his loyalty to President Kiir?]'', Chuor Deng Chuor, [[Sudan Tribune]]</ref> Xiriirka u dhexeeyay Ateny iyo Kiir ayaa xumaaday kadib safarkaas Uganda, waxaana uu bilaabay inuu si gooni ah u shaqeeyo, isagoo ay xiisad kala dhexeysay shaqaalaha kale ee Xafiiska Madaxweynaha, isla markaana uusan heli karin xiriir toos ah oo uu la yeesho saraakiisha sare ee dowladda.<ref name=":1" /> == Tixraacyo == ctkrhemkmwx3nac4dyc9zwnhmtitof8 Ururka Haweenka Saxaafadda Koonfurta Suudaan 0 48473 300566 2026-07-01T12:28:56Z Ayanfo189 46015 Bog cusub: '''Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan''' ('''Association of Media Women in South Sudan''' (AMWISS)) waa urur xirfadeed la aasaasay sannadkii 2008 si loo dhiirrigeliyo sinnaanta jinsiga iyo horumarinta haweenka ka shaqeeya warbaahinta [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South Sudan |url=https://medialandscapes.org/country/south-sudan/education/professional-development |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Media Landscapes |language=en}}</ref> Ujeeddada ururku... 300566 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan''' ('''Association of Media Women in South Sudan''' (AMWISS)) waa urur xirfadeed la aasaasay sannadkii 2008 si loo dhiirrigeliyo sinnaanta jinsiga iyo horumarinta haweenka ka shaqeeya warbaahinta [[South Sudan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=South Sudan |url=https://medialandscapes.org/country/south-sudan/education/professional-development |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Media Landscapes |language=en}}</ref> Ujeeddada ururku waa in uu tababaro haweenka [[Journalist|saxafiyiinta]] ah si ay u noqdaan xirfadlayaal, isla markaana ay si wanaagsan u fahmaan xirfaddooda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SOUTH SUDAN: Association of Media Women trains Journalists on Gender Reporting Manual |url=https://communications.amecea.org/index.php/2017/04/11/south-sudan-association-of-media-women-trains-journalists-on-gender-reporting-manual/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=communications.amecea.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Ururku wuxuu bixiyaa tababaro saxaafadeed, ololeyaal u doodid, iyo barnaamijyo badbaado oo si gaar ah loogu talagalay haweenka ka shaqeeya warbaahinta, isaga oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la xoojiyo codka haweenka ee doodaha bulshada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Catholic Radio |date=2017-03-30 |title=Media Women train Journalists on gender reporting manual |url=https://catholicradionetwork.org/2017/03/30/media-women-train-journalists-on-gender-reporting-manual/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Catholic Radio Network for South Sudan and Nuba Mountains {{!}} CRN |language=en-US}}</ref> == Iskaashiyo == AMWISS waxay iskaashi la leedahay hay'ado ay ka mid yihiin: * '''[[Association for Media Development in South Sudan]] (AMDISS)''' – tababaro iyo ololeyaal wadajir ah.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Norwegian People’s Aid''' iyo '''International Media Support'''. * '''JMEC''' iyo '''South Sudan Women Empowerment Network'''. == Aasaasayaal == * [[Apollonia Mathia]], saxafiyad iyo u-dhaqdhaqaaqe bulsho, kana mid ahayd aas-aasayaashii AMWISS iyo [[Union of Journalists of Southern Sudan]] (UJOSS). * [[Veronica Lucy Gordon]], saxafiyad isla markaana ka mid ahayd aas-aasayaashii Ururka Haweenka Warbaahinta ee Koonfurta Suudaan (AMWISS).<ref name=":0" /> == Tixraacyo == {{Reflist}} f81uljda4sa4ko9u7u7yae63iu0v25j Template:Gloss 10 48474 300592 2026-07-01T15:08:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{term|}}}|<dfn>{{{term|}}}</dfn>&#32;}}<span class="{{#ifeq:{{{mode}}}|wikt|gloss-brac|gloss-quot}}">{{#if:{{{mode|{{{term|}}}}}}|{{gloss/brac-start|brac={{{mode|{{{quot}}}}}}|term={{{term}}}}}|<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}</span><span class="{{#ifeq:{{{mode}}}|wikt|gloss-content|gloss-text}}">{{{1}}}</span><span class="{{#ifeq:{{{mode}}}|wikt|gloss-brac|gloss-quot}}">{{#if:{{{mode|{{{term|}}}}}}|{{gloss/brac-end|brac={{{mode|{{{quot}}}}}}|term={{{term}}}}}|<nowiki>'</nowiki>}}</span><noinclude> <!-- Categories go in the /doc page --> {{Documentation}}</noinclude> no8e5qweyekz6zhinzt6mafj4l0wonb Template:Space 10 48475 300610 2026-07-01T16:06:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 300610 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Template:Spaces]] ox12ekkowioy7uiwg47qmdn6epzwzce